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The Beatles' rooftop concert
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The Beatles' rooftop concert
Aerial view
Date
30 January 1969
Venue
Apple Corps Ltd
3 Savile Row, London, UK
Coordinates
51°30′37.48″N 0°8′23.13″W / 51.5104111°N 0.1397583°W / 51.5104111; -0.1397583
Participants
John Lennon
Paul McCartney
George Harrison
Ringo Starr
Billy Preston
Length
42 minutes[1]
Producer
George Martin
Engineers
Glyn Johns
Alan Parsons
The Beatles' rooftop concert was the final public performance of the English rock band the Beatles. On 30 January 1969, the band, with keyboardist Billy Preston, surprised a central London office and fashion district with an impromptu concert from the roof of the headquarters of the band's multimedia corporation Apple Corps at 3 Savile Row. In a 42-minute set, the Beatles were heard playing nine takes of five songs before the Metropolitan Police Service asked them to reduce the volume. Footage from the performance was later used in the 1970 documentary film Let It Be.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Set list
3 Legacy
4 Personnel
5 Citations
6 Sources
7 External links
History[edit]
Although the concert was unannounced, the Beatles had planned on performing live during their Get Back sessions earlier in January.[2] It is uncertain who had the idea for a rooftop concert, but the suggestion was conceived just days before the actual event.[3] George Harrison brought in keyboardist Billy Preston as an additional musician, in the hope that a talented outside observer would encourage the band to be tight and focused.[3] Ringo Starr remembered:
"There was a plan to play live somewhere. We were wondering where we could go—'Oh, the Palladium or the Sahara'. But we would have had to take all the stuff, so we decided, 'Let's get up on the roof'".[4]
The audio was recorded onto two eight-track recorders in the basement of Apple[5] by engineer Alan Parsons,[6] and film director Michael Lindsay-Hogg[7] brought in a camera crew to capture several angles of the performance—including reactions from people on the street.[6]
When the Beatles first started playing, there was some confusion from spectators watching five stories below, many of whom were on their lunch break. As the news of the event spread, crowds of onlookers began to congregate in the streets and on the roofs of local buildings. While most responded positively to the concert, the Metropolitan Police Service grew concerned about noise and traffic issues.[8] Apple employees initially refused to let police inside, ultimately reconsidering when threatened with arrest.[8]
As police ascended to the roof, the Beatles realised that the concert would eventually be shut down, but continued to play for several more minutes.[9] Paul McCartney improvised the lyrics of his song "Get Back" to reflect the situation, "You've been playing on the roofs again, and you know your Momma doesn't like it, she's gonna have you arrested!"[10] The concert came to an end with the conclusion of "Get Back", with John Lennon saying, "I'd like to say thank you on behalf of the group and ourselves and I hope we've passed the audition".[11]
Set list[edit]
The rooftop concert consisted of nine takes of five Beatles songs, including:
"Get Back" (three takes)
"Don't Let Me Down" (two takes)
"I've Got a Feeling" (two takes)
"One After 909" (one take)
"Dig a Pony" (one take)
The first performance of "I've Got a Feeling", and the recordings of "One After 909", and "Dig a Pony" were later used for the album Let It Be.[12] In 1996, a "rooftop" version of "Get Back", which was the last song of the Beatles' final live performance, was included in Anthology 3.[13] An edit of the two takes of "Don't Let Me Down" was included on Let It Be... Naked.[14][better source needed] There was also a brief jam of "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" while the cameramen changed film.
Legacy[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
3 Savile Row, London, the location of the concert
The Beatles' rooftop concert marked the end of an era for many fans. They did record one more album, Abbey Road, but by September 1969 the Beatles had unofficially disbanded.[15] Several of the rooftop performances, particularly that of "Dig a Pony", showed the Beatles once again in top form, if only temporarily.[16] Fans believed the rooftop concert might have been a try-out for a return to live performances and touring.[17]
The Rutles' "Get Up and Go" sequence in the film All You Need Is Cash mimics the footage of the rooftop concert, and uses similar camera angles.[18] In January 2009, tribute band the Bootleg Beatles attempted to stage a 40th anniversary concert in the same location, but were refused permission by Westminster City Council due to licensing problems.[19]
In The Simpsons fifth season episode "Homer's Barbershop Quartet", the Be Sharps (Homer, Apu, Barney and Principal Skinner) perform a rendition of one of their previous hits on a rooftop. George Harrison, who guest-starred in the episode, is shown saying dismissively "It's been done!" As the song ends and the credits begin, Homer repeats John Lennon's phrase about passing the audition and everyone laughs, including Barney until he says, "I don't get it."[20]
In the 2007 film Across The Universe, a musical made up entirely of Beatles' music, Sadie's band performs a rooftop concert in New York City which mimics the original. It is interrupted and closed down by the New York Police Department.[21]
U2 also referenced the concert in their video for "Where the Streets Have No Name", which featured a similar rooftop concert in Los Angeles.
McCartney played a surprise mini-concert in midtown Manhattan on 15 July 2009 from the top of the marquee of the Ed Sullivan Theater, where he was recording a performance for Late Show with David Letterman. News of the event spread via Twitter and word of mouth, and nearby street corners were closed off to accommodate fans for the set, which duplicated the original Beatles gig.
Personnel[edit]
John Lennon – vocals, guitar
Paul McCartney – vocals, bass guitar
George Harrison – vocals, guitar
Ringo Starr – drums
Billy Preston – electric piano
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ "20 Things You Need To Know About The Beatles' Rooftop Concert". mojo4music.com. 30 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992, pp. 306–307.
^ Jump up to: a b Lewisohn 1992, p. 307.
Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000, p. 321.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Kevin; Kehew, Brian (2006). Recording the Beatles: the studio equipment and techniques used to create their classic albums. Curvebender. p. 518. ISBN 978-0-9785200-0-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Perone 2005, p. 5.
Jump up ^ Everett 1999, p. 216.
^ Jump up to: a b "Beatles rooftop birthday:It's 40 years since the fab four's last ever concert". BBC. 30 January 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Perone 2005, pp. 5–6.
Jump up ^ Lifton, Dave. "44 YEARS AGO: THE BEATLES PERFORM LIVE FOR THE LAST TIME, ON A LONDON ROOFTOP". Ultimate Classic Rock. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Everett 1999, p. 222.
Jump up ^ Everett 1999, p. 219.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 334.
Jump up ^ Beatles Bible
Jump up ^ "Paul McCartney: 'I Want to Live in Peace'". Life Magazine. 7 November 1969.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 331.
Jump up ^ Perone 2005, p. 6.
Jump up ^ "Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rutles!". CD Review. 12 (1–9): 80.
Jump up ^ Banerjee, Subhajit (30 January 2009). "The Beatles rooftop concert: It was 40 years ago today". The Telegraph. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Suebsaeng, Asawin (30 January 2012). "8 Videos to Commemorate the Beatles' Final Concert, 43 Years Later". Mother Jones. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (2009). Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2010. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7407-9218-2.
Sources[edit]
The Beatles (2000). The Beatles Anthology (1st ed.). Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-3636-4.
Everett, Walter (1999). The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver through the Anthology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512941-0.
MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (3rd (2007) ed.). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-55652-733-3.
Lewisohn, Mark (1992). The Complete Beatles Chronicle:The Definitive Day-By-Day Guide To the Beatles' Entire Career (2010 ed.). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-56976-534-0.
Perone, James E (2005). Woodstock: An Encyclopedia of the Music and Art Fair – American history through music. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33057-5.
External links[edit]
Don't Let Me Down from the rooftop
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v
t
e
Let It Be
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Side one
"Two of Us"
"Dig a Pony"
"Across the Universe"
"I Me Mine"
"Dig It"
"Let It Be"
"Maggie Mae"
Side two
"I've Got a Feeling"
"One After 909"
"The Long and Winding Road"
"For You Blue"
"Get Back"
Non-album B-side
"Don't Let Me Down"
Outtakes
"All Things Must Pass"
"Another Day"
"The Back Seat of My Car"
"Gimme Some Truth"
"Hear Me Lord"
"Let It Down"
"Teddy Boy"
"Watching Rainbows"
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The Song of Roland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the 1978 film starring Klaus Kinski, see The Song of Roland (film).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The eight phases of The Song of Roland in one picture.
The Song of Roland (French: La Chanson de Roland) is an epic poem (Chanson de geste) based on the Battle of Roncevaux Pass in 778, during the reign of Charlemagne. It is the oldest surviving major work of French literature and exists in various manuscript versions, which testify to its enormous and enduring popularity in the 12th to 14th centuries.
The date of composition is put in the period between 1040 and 1115: an early version beginning around 1040 with additions and alterations made up until about 1115. The final text has about 4,000 lines of poetry. The epic poem is the first[1] and, along with The Poem of the Cid, one of the most outstanding examples of the chanson de geste, a literary form that flourished between the 11th and 15th centuries and celebrated legendary deeds.
Contents
1 Manuscripts and dating
1.1 AOI
2 Critical opinions
2.1 Oral performance of the Song compared to manuscript versions
3 Plot
4 Form
5 Characters
5.1 Principal characters
5.2 Secondary characters
6 Durandal
7 Historical adaptations
8 Modern adaptations
9 See also
10 Notes
11 Further reading
12 External links
Manuscripts and dating[edit]
Bodleian Library, MS Digby 23, Part 2
Set in the Carolingian era, it was written much later. There is a single extant manuscript of the Song of Roland in Old French, held at the Bodleian Library at Oxford.[2] This copy dates between 1129 and 1165 and was written in Anglo-Norman.[3] There are also eight further manuscripts, and three fragments, of other poems on the subject of Roland.[4]
Some scholars estimate that the poem was written, possibly by a poet named Turold (Turoldus in the manuscript itself), between approximately 1040 and 1115, and most of the alterations were performed by about 1098. Some favor an earlier dating, because it allows one to say that the poem was inspired by the Castilian campaigns of the 1030s, and that the poem went on to be a major influence in the First Crusade. Those who prefer a later dating do so based upon what they interpret as brief references made in the poem to events of the First Crusade.
In the poem, the term d'oltre mer or l'oltremarin comes up three times in reference to named Muslims who came from oltre mer to fight in Spain and France. Oltre mer, modern French Outremer, literally "oversea, beyond sea, other side of the sea", is a native French term from the classical Latin roots ultra = "beyond" and mare = "sea". The name was commonly used by the Crusaders to refer to Palestine.[citation needed]
The occurrence of this term in the poem cannot be interpreted as showing influence from the Crusades in the poem; on the contrary, the way it is used in the poem, in which it is simply a Muslim land, indicates that the author of the poem was unacquainted with the Crusades, and that the term was in French before the Crusades began meaning the far side of the Mediterranean Sea. The bulk of the poem is adjudged to date from before the Crusades (which started in 1098), but there are a few items where questions remain about these items being late additions shortly after the Crusades started.
After two manuscripts were found in 1832 and 1835, the Song of Roland became recognized as France's national epic when an edition was published in 1837.[5]
AOI[edit]
Detail of manuscript showing "AOI"
Certain lines of the Oxford manuscript end with the letters "AOI". The meaning of this word or annotation is unclear. Scholars have hypothesized that the marking may have played a role in public performances of the text, such as indicating a place where a jongleur would change the tempo.[6]
Critical opinions[edit]
Oral performance of the Song compared to manuscript versions[edit]
Scholarly consensus has long accepted that the Song of Roland differed in its presentation depending on oral or textual transmission; namely, although a number of different versions of the song containing varying material and episodes would have been performed orally, the transmission to manuscript resulted in greater cohesiveness across versions.
Early editors of the Song of Roland, informed in part by patriotic desires to produce a distinctly French epic, could thus overstate the textual cohesiveness of the Roland tradition. This point is expressed by Andrew Taylor, who notes,[7] "[T]he Roland song was, if not invented, at the very least constructed. By supplying it with an appropriate epic title, isolating it from its original codicological context, and providing a general history of minstrel performance in which its pure origin could be located, the early editors presented a 4,002 line poem as sung French epic".
Plot[edit]
The death of Roland at the Battle of Roncevaux, from an illuminated manuscript c.1455–1460.
Charlemagne's army is fighting the Muslims in Spain. They have been there for seven years, and the last city standing is Saragossa, held by the Muslim King Marsile. Threatened by the might of Charlemagne's army of Franks, Marsile seeks advice from his wise man, Blancandrin, who councils him to conciliate the Emperor, offering to surrender and giving hostages. Accordingly, Marsile sends out messengers to Charlemagne, promising treasure and Marsile's conversion to Christianity if the Franks will go back to France.
Charlemagne and his men, tired of fighting, accept his peace offer and select a messenger to Marsile's court. The protagonist Roland, Charlemagne's nephew, nominates his stepfather Ganelon as messenger. Ganelon, who fears to be murdered by the enemy and accuses Roland of intending this, takes revenge by informing the Saracens of a way to ambush the rear guard of Charlemagne's army, led by Roland, as the Franks re-enter France through the mountain passes.
As Ganelon predicted, Roland leads the rear guard, with the wise and moderate Oliver and the fierce Archbishop Turpin. The Muslims ambush them at Roncesvalles and the Christians are overwhelmed. Oliver pleads with Roland to blow his horn to call for help, but Roland tells him that blowing his horn in the middle of the battle would be an act of cowardice. If Roland continues to refuse, Oliver will not let Roland see his sister again whom Roland loves the most. However, Archbishop Turpin intervenes and tells them that the battle will be fatal for all of them and so instructs Roland to blow his horn oliphant (the word is an old alternative to "elephant", and was used to refer to a hunting horn made from an elephant tusk) to call for help from the Frankish army. The emperor hears the call on their way to France. Charlemagne and his noblemen gallop back even though Count Ganelon tries to trick them.
The Franks fight well, but are outnumbered, until almost all Roland's men are dead and he knows that Charlemagne's army can no longer save them. Despite this, he blows his olifant to summon revenge, until his temples burst and he dies a martyr's death. Angels take his soul to Paradise.
When Charlemagne and his men reach the battlefield, they find the dead bodies of Roland's men, who have been utterly annihilated. They pursue the Muslims into the river Ebro, where the Muslims drown. Meanwhile, Baligant, the powerful emir of Babylon, has arrived in Spain to help Marsile. His army encounters that of Charlemagne at Roncesvalles, where the Christians are burying and mourning their dead. Both sides fight valiantly. When Charlemagne kills Baligant, the Muslim army scatters and flees, leaving the Franks to conquer Saragossa. With Marsile's wife Bramimonde, Queen of Saragossa, Charlemagne and his men ride back to Aix, their capital in France.
The Franks discover Ganelon's betrayal and keep him in chains until his trial, where Ganelon argues that his action was legitimate revenge, not treason. While the council of barons assembled to decide the traitor's fate is initially swayed by this claim, partially out of fear of Ganelon's friend Pinabel who threatens to fight anyone who judges Ganelon guilty, one man, Thierry, argues that because Roland was serving Charlemagne when Ganelon delivered his revenge on him, Ganelon's action constitutes a betrayal.
Pinabel challenges Thierry to trial by combat. By divine intervention, Thierry kills Pinabel. By this the Franks are convinced of Ganelon's treason. Thus, he is torn apart by having four galloping horses tied one to each arm and leg and thirty of his relatives are hanged. Bramimonde converts to Christianity, her name changing to Juliana. While sleeping, Charlemagne is told by Gabriel to ride to help King Vivien and bemoans his life.
Form[edit]
Charlemagne finds Roland dead (14th-century miniature).
The poem is written in stanzas of irregular length known as laisses. The lines are decasyllabic (containing ten syllables), and each is divided by a strong caesura which generally falls after the fourth syllable. The last stressed syllable of each line in a laisse has the same vowel sound as every other end-syllable in that laisse. The laisse is therefore an assonal, not a rhyming stanza.
On a narrative level, the Song of Roland features extensive use of repetition, parallelism, and thesis-antithesis pairs. Roland proposes Ganelon for the dangerous mission to Sarrogossa; Ganelon designates Roland to man the rearguard. Charlemagne is contrasted with Baligant.[8] Unlike later Renaissance and Romantic literature, the poem focuses on action rather than introspection. The characters are presented through what they do, not through what they think or feel.
The narrator gives few explanations for characters' behavior. The warriors are stereotypes defined by a few salient traits; for example, Roland is loyal and trusting while Ganelon, though brave, is traitorous and vindictive.
The narrator is openly biased towards the Franks. His moral view is very black-and-white: the Franks are good, and the pagans are bad.
The story moves at a fast pace, occasionally slowing down and recounting the same scene up to three times but focusing on different details or taking a different perspective each time. The effect is similar to a film sequence shot at different angles so that new and more important details come to light with each shot.
Characters[edit]
Principal characters[edit]
Andriodos, helpless boy; despite the honor came from King Charlemagne.
Baligant, emir of Babylon; Marsile enlists his help against Charlemagne.
Blancandrin, wise pagan; suggests bribing Charlemagne out of Spain with hostages and gifts, and then suggests dishonouring a promise to allow Marsile's baptism
Bassalt, came from the name of rocks that are solid and may occur in the second phrase of the poem; captured the horse of the king.
Bramimonde, Queen of Saragossa, King Marsile's wife; captured and converted by Charlemagne after the city falls.
Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor; his forces fight the Saracens in Spain.
Ganelon, treacherous lord and Roland's stepfather who encourages Marsile to attack the French army.
King Marsile, Saracen king of Spain; Roland wounds him and he dies of his wound later.
Naimon, Charlemagne's trusted adviser.
Oliver, Roland's friend; mortally wounded by Margarice. He represents wisdom.
Roland, the hero of the Song; nephew of Charlemagne; leads the rear guard of the French forces; bursts his temples by blowing his olifant-horn, wounds from which he eventually dies facing the enemy's land.
Turpin, Archbishop of Rheims, represents the force of the Church.
Secondary characters[edit]
Aude, the fiancée of Roland and Oliver's sister
Basan, French baron, murdered while serving as Ambassador of Marsile.
Bérengier, one of the twelve paladins killed by Marsile's troops; kills Estramarin; killed by Grandoyne.
Besgun, chief cook of Charlemagne's army; guards Ganelon after Ganelon's treachery is discovered.
Geboin, guards the French dead; becomes leader of Charlemagne's 2nd column.
Godefroy, standard bearer of Charlemagne; brother of Thierry, Charlemagne's defender against Pinabel.
Grandoyne, fighter on Marsile's side; son of the Cappadocian King Capuel; kills Gerin, Gerier, Berenger, Guy St. Antoine, and Duke Astorge; killed by Roland.
Hamon, joint Commander of Charlemagne's Eighth Division.
Lorant, French commander of one of the first divisions against Baligant; killed by Baligant.
Milon, guards the French dead while Charlemagne pursues the Saracen forces.
Ogier, a Dane who leads the third column in Charlemagne's army against Baligant's forces.
Othon, guards the French dead while Charlemagne pursues the Saracen forces.
Pinabel, fights for Ganelon in the judicial combat.
Thierry, fights for Charlemagne in the judicial combat.
Durandal[edit]
According to the Song of Roland, the legendary sword called Durandal was first given to Charlemagne by an angel. It contained one tooth of Saint Peter, blood of Saint Basil, hair of Saint Denis, and a piece of the raiment of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and was supposedly the sharpest sword in all existence. In the story of the Song of Roland, the weapon is given to Roland, and he uses it to defend himself single-handedly against thousands of Muslim attackers. According to one 12th-century legend from the French town of Rocamadour, Roland threw the sword into a cliffside.[citation needed] You can still see a sword there, allegedly Durandal, embedded into the cliff-face.[citation needed]
Historical adaptations[edit]
A Latin poem, Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis, was composed around 1120, and a Latin prose version, Historia Caroli Magni (often known as "The Pseudo-Turpin") even earlier. Around 1170, a version of the French poem was translated into the Middle High German Rolandslied by Konrad der Pfaffe[8] (formerly thought to have been the author of the Kaiserchronik). In his translation Konrad replaces French topics with generically Christian ones. The work was translated into Middle Dutch in the 13th century.
It was also rendered into Occitan verse in the 14th- or 15th-century poem of Ronsasvals, which incorporates the later, southern aesthetic into the story. An Old Norse version of the Song of Roland exists as Karlamagnús saga, and a translation into the artificial literary language of Franco-Venetian is also known; such translations contributed to the awareness of the story in Italy. In 1516 Ludovico Ariosto published his epic Orlando Furioso, which deals largely with characters first described in the Song of Roland.
There is also Faroese adoption of this ballad named "Runtsivalstríðið" (Battle of Roncevaux).[9] The ballad is one of many sung during the Faroese folkdance tradition of chain dancing.
Modern adaptations[edit]
The Chanson de Roland has an important place in the background of Graham Greene's The Confidential Agent, published in 1939. The book's protagonist had been a Medieval scholar specialising in this work, until the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War forced him to become a soldier and secret agent. Throughout the book, he repeatedly compares himself and other characters with the characters of "Roland". Particularly, the book includes a full two pages of specific commentary, which is relevant to its 20th-century plot line: "Oliver, when he saw the Saracens coming, urged Roland to blow his horn and fetch back Charlemagne – but Roland wouldn't blow. A big brave fool. In war one always chooses the wrong hero. Oliver should have been the hero of that song, instead of being given second place with the blood-thirsty Bishop Turpin.(...) In the Oxford version Oliver is reconciled in the end, he gives Roland his death-blow by accident, his eyes blinded by wounds. [But] the story had been tidied up. In truth, Oliver strikes his friend down in full knowledge – because of what he has done to his men, all the wasted lives. Oliver dies hating the man he loves – the big boasting courageous fool who was more concerned with his own glory than with the victory of his faith. This makes the story tragedy, not just heroics".[10]
It is also adapted by Stephen King, in the Dark Tower series in which Roland Deschain wishes to save the Dark Tower from the Crimson King.
The Song of Roland is part of the Matter of France (the Continental counterpart to the Arthurian legendarium known as the Matter of Britain), and related to Orlando Furioso. The names Roland and Orlando are cognates.
Emanuelle Luzzati's animated short film, I paladini di Francia, together with Giulio Gianini, in 1960, was turned into the children's picture-story book, with verse narrative, I Paladini de Francia ovvero il tradimento di Gano di Maganz, which translates literally as “The Paladins of France or the treachery of Gano of Maganz” (Ugo Mursia Editore, 1962). This was then republished, in English, as Ronald and the Wizard Calico (1969). The Picture Lion paperback edition (William Collins, London, 1973) is a paperback imprint of the Hutchinson Junior Books edition (1969), which credits the English translation to Hutchinson Junior Books.
Luzatti's original verse story in Italian is about the plight of a beautiful maiden called Biancofiore – White Flower, or Blanchefleur – and her brave hero, Captain Rinaldo, and Ricardo and his paladins – the term used for Christian knights engaged in Crusades against the Saracens and Moors. Battling with these good people are the wicked Moors – North African Muslims and Arabs – and their Sultan, in Jerusalem. With the assistance of the wicked and treacherous magician, Gano of Maganz, Biancofiore is stolen from her fortress castle, and taken to become the reluctant wife of the Sultan. The catalyst for victory is the good magician, Urlubulu, who lives in a lake, and flies through the air on the back of his magic blue bird. The English translators, using the original illustrations, and the basic rhyme patterns, slightly simplify the plot, changing the Christians-versus-Muslim-Moors conflict into a battle between good and bad magicians and between golden knights and green knights. The French traitor in The Song of Roland, who is actually Roland's cowardly step-father, is Ganelon – very likely the inspiration for Luzzati's traitor and wicked magician, Gano. Orlando Furioso (literally, Furious or Enraged Orlando, or Roland), includes Orlando's cousin, the paladin Rinaldo, who, like Orlando, is also in love with Angelica, a pagan princess. Rinaldo is, of course, the Italian equivalent of Ronald. Flying through the air on the back of a magic bird is equivalent to flying on a magic hippogriff.
On July 22, 2017, Michael Eging and Steve Arnold released a novel ″The Silver Horn Echoes: A Song of Roland," inspired by the La Chanson de Roland. This work is more closely based on a screenplay written by Michael Eging in 2008, simply known as "Song of Roland" and first optioned to Alan Kaplan at Cine LA that same year. The book explores the untold story of how Roland finds himself at Ronceveaux, betrayed by Ganelon and facing the expansive Saragossan host. Primary characters in the novel include Charles (Charlemagne), Ganelon, Bishop Turpin, Oliver, Aude, Marsilion, Blancandarin and others recognizable from the poem. Introduced in this tale are additional characters that inject intrigue and danger to the story, including Charles oldest son, Pepin, Marsilion's treacherous son, Saleem, and the scheming Byzantine emissary, Honorius. The cover artwork was hand painted by Jordan Raskin. The authors determined when writing both the screenplay and the novel to remain in the world created by the poem; thus Charles remains an older man near the end of his long reign rather than in 778 when the attack on the rearguard actually occurred. Further, this novel bookends the story with William the Conqueror's use of the poem as a motivator for Norman forces prior to the Battle of Hastings in 1066.[11]
See also[edit]
La Brèche de Roland
Matter of France
Herzog Ernst
Lamprecht
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Song of Roland". FordhamUniversity.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-02-04. Retrieved 2015-02-04.
Jump up ^ (in French) La Chanson de Roland on Dictionnaire Étymologique de l'Ancien Français
Jump up ^ Short, Ian (1990). Introduction. France: Le Livre de Poche. pp. 5–20.
Jump up ^ La Chanson de Roland on Archives de littérature du Moyen Âge
Jump up ^ Gaunt, Simon; Pratt, Karen (2016). The Song of Roland, and Other Poems of Charlemagne (1st ed.). New York, NY 10016, United States of America: Oxford University Press. p. xi. ISBN 978-0-19-965554-0.
Jump up ^ Love, Nathan (1984). "AOI in the Chanson de Roland: A divergent hypothesis". Olifant. 10 (4). Société Rencesvals.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Andrew, "Was There a Song of Roland?" Speculum 76 (January 2001): 28-65
^ Jump up to: a b Brault, Gerard J., Song of Roland: An Analytical Edition: Introduction and Commentary, Penn State Press, 2010 ISBN 9780271039145
Jump up ^ Part of Runtsivalstríðið with Dansifelagið í Havn
Jump up ^ "The Confidential Agent", Part 1, Ch. 2, quoted in "Graham Greene: an approach to the novels" by Robert Hoskins, p. 122 [1]
Jump up ^ Author's Notes, The Silver Horn Echoes: A Song of Roland, iUniverse, July 2017 (http://www.iuniverse.com/Bookstore/BookDetail.aspx?BookId=SKU-000995830)
Further reading[edit]
Brault, Gerard J. Song of Roland: An Analytical Edition: Introduction and Commentary (Penn State Press, 2010).
DiVanna, Isabel N. "Politicizing national literature: the scholarly debate around La chanson de Roland in the nineteenth century." Historical Research 84.223 (2011): 109-134.
Jones, George Fenwick. The ethos of the song of Roland (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1963).
Vance, Eugene. Reading the Song of Roland (1970).
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Song of Roland
French Wikisource has original text related to this article:
La Chanson de Roland
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Song of Roland
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chanson de Roland.
The Song of Roland at Project Gutenberg (English translation of Charles Kenneth Scott Moncrieff)
The Song of Roland--(Dorothy L. Sayers) at Faded Page (Canada)
The Song of Roland public domain audiobook at LibriVox
La Chanson de Roland (Old French)
The Romance of the Middle Ages: The Song of Roland, discussion of Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Digby 23, audio clip, and discussion of the manuscript's provenance.
Earliest manuscript of the Chanson de Roland, readable online images of the complete original, Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Digby 23 (Pt 2) La Chanson de Roland, in Anglo-Norman, 12th century, ? 2nd quarter".
Old French Audio clips of a reading of The Song of Roland in Old French
Timeless Myths: Song of Roland
"Roland, The Song of". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
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text:
List of Wimbledon ladies' singles champions
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Wimbledon Ladies’ Singles Champions
Location
London
United Kingdom
Venue
AELTC
Governing body
AELTC / LTA
Created
1884 (established)
Open Era: 1968
(51 editions)
Surface
Grass (1884–Present)
Prize money
£ 2,000,000 (2016)
Trophy
Venus Rosewater Dish
Website
aeltc2010.wimbledon.org/en_GB/about/history/rolls/ladiesroll.html
Most titles
Amateur era
7: Dorothea Lambert Chambers
(challenge round)
8: Helen Wills Moody
(regular)
Open era
9: Martina Navratilova
Most consecutive titles
Amateur era
3: Lottie Dod
Suzanne Lenglen
(challenge round)
4: Helen Wills Moody
(regular)
Open era
6: Martina Navratilova
Current champion
Angelique Kerber
(1st singles title)
The Championships, Wimbledon is an annual tennis tournament first contested in 1877 and played on outdoor grass courts[a][b][1] at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club (AELTC) in the Wimbledon suburb of London, United Kingdom.[2] The Ladies' Singles was started in 1884.[3]
Contents
1 History
2 Champions
2.1 Amateur Era
2.2 Open Era
3 Statistics
3.1 Multiple champions
3.2 Championships by country
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Wimbledon has historically been played in the last week of June and the first week of July (though changed to the first two weeks of July in 2017), and has been chronologically the third of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the tennis season since 1987.[2] The event was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I and again from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II.[4]
The Ladies' Singles' rules have undergone several changes since the first edition. From 1886 until 1921, the event started with a knockout phase, the All Comers' Singles, whose winner then faced the defending champion in a challenge round. The All Comers' winner was automatically awarded the title six times (1887, 1891, 1895, 1907, 1908) in the absence of the previous year's champion. The challenge round system was abolished with the 1922 edition.[5] Since the first championships, all matches have been played at the best-of-three sets. Between 1877 and 1883, the winner of the next game at five games-all took the set in every match except the All Comers' final, and the challenge round, which were won with six games and a two games advantage. All sets were decided in two-game advantage format from 1884 to 1970.[5] The lingering death best-of-12 points tie-break was introduced in 1971 for the first two sets, played at eight games-all until 1978 and at six games-all since 1979.[5][6][7]
The Ladies' Singles champion receives a sterling silver salver commonly known as the "Venus Rosewater Dish", or simply the "Rosewater Dish". The salver, which is 18.75 inches (about 48 cm) in diameter, is decorated with figures from mythology.[8] New singles champions are traditionally elected honorary members of the AELTC by the club's committee.[c][9] In 2012, the Ladies' Singles winner received prize money of £1,150,000.[10]
These records include the Amateur Era only, Dorothea Lambert Chambers (1903–1904, 1906, 1910–1911, 1913–1914) holds the record for most titles, with seven, and Lottie Dod (1891–1893) and Suzanne Lenglen (1919–1921) holds the record for most consecutive wins in the Ladies' Singles during the challenge round era, with three victories each. The record for most consecutive and most wins post challenge round during the Amateur Era is Helen Wills Moody (1927–1930), with four straight wins, and Moody holds the record for most victories in this era with eight (1927–1930, 1932–1933, 1935, 1938).[4]
These records only include the Open Era, since the inclusion of the professional tennis players, Martina Navratilova (1978–1979, 1982–1987, 1990) holds the record for most victories with nine. Navratilova holds the record for most consecutive victories with six (1982–1987).[4]
This event has been won without the loss of a set, during the Open Era of Tennis, by the following players: Billie Jean King in 1968, 1972, 1973 and 1975, Margaret Court in 1970, Evonne Goolagong Cawley in 1971 and 1980, Chris Evert in 1974 and 1981, Martina Navratilova in 1979, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, and 1990, Steffi Graf in 1992 and 1996, Jana Novotná in 1998, Lindsay Davenport in 1999, Venus Williams in 2000, 2007 and 2008, Serena Williams in 2002, 2009, 2010, 2015 and 2016, Maria Sharapova in 2004, Petra Kvitová in 2011 and 2014 and Marion Bartoli in 2013.
Champions[edit]
Regular competition
All Comers' winner, Challenge round winner ‡
Defending champion, Challenge round winner †
All Comers' winner, no Challenge round ◊
Amateur Era[edit]
Lottie Dod was a five-time champion and is the youngest ever winner of the ladies' singles championships (15 years and 285 days).
Charlotte Cooper Sterry was a five-time champion and is the oldest ladies’ singles champion (37 year and 282 days).
Dorothea Lambert Chambers was a seven-time champion between 1903 and 1914.
Suzanne Lenglen was a six-time champion.
Helen Wills Moody was an eight-time champion between 1927 and 1938.
Maureen Connolly competed in 1952, 1953 and 1954 and won the title on all three occasions.
Althea Gibson won the title in 1957, the first tennis player of colour to do so, and successfully defended her title in 1958.
Year[d]
Country
Champion
Country
Runner-up
Score in the final[4]
1884 BRI[e] Maud Watson BRI Lillian Watson 6–8, 6–3, 6–3
1885 BRI Maud Watson BRI Blanche Bingley 6–1, 7–5
1886 BRI Blanche Bingley ‡ BRI Maud Watson 6–3, 6–3
1887 BRI Lottie Dod ‡ BRI Blanche Bingley 6–2, 6–0
1888 BRI Lottie Dod † BRI Blanche Hillyard 6–3, 6–3
1889 BRI Blanche Hillyard ◊ BRI Lena Rice 4–6, 8–6, 6–4
1890 BRI Lena Rice ◊ BRI May Jacks 6–4, 6–1
1891 BRI Lottie Dod ◊ BRI Blanche Hillyard 6–2, 6–1
1892 BRI Lottie Dod † BRI Blanche Hillyard 6–1, 6–1
1893 BRI Lottie Dod † BRI Blanche Hillyard 6–8, 6–1, 6–4
1894 BRI Blanche Hillyard ◊ BRI Edith Austin 6–1, 6–1
1895 BRI Charlotte Cooper ◊ BRI Helen Jackson 7–5, 8–6
1896 BRI Charlotte Cooper † BRI Alice Pickering 6–2, 6–3
1897 BRI Blanche Hillyard ‡ BRI Charlotte Cooper 5–7, 7–5, 6–2
1898 BRI Charlotte Cooper ◊ BRI Louisa Martin 6–4, 6–4
1899 BRI Blanche Hillyard ‡ BRI Charlotte Cooper 6–2, 6–3
1900 BRI Blanche Hillyard † BRI Charlotte Cooper 4–6, 6–4, 6–4
1901 BRI Charlotte Sterry ‡ BRI Blanche Hillyard 6–2, 6–2
1902 BRI Muriel Robb ‡ BRI Charlotte Sterry 7–5, 6–1
1903 BRI Dorothea Douglass ◊ BRI Ethel Larcombe 4–6, 6–4, 6–2
1904 BRI Dorothea Douglass † BRI Charlotte Sterry 6–0, 6–3
1905 USA May Sutton ‡ BRI Dorothea Douglass 6–3, 6–4
1906 BRI Dorothea Douglass ‡ USA May Sutton 6–3, 9–7
1907 USA May Sutton ‡ BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers 6–1, 6–4
1908 BRI Charlotte Sterry ◊ BRI Agnes Morton 6–4, 6–4
1909 BRI Dora Boothby ◊ BRI Agnes Morton 6–4, 4–6, 8–6
1910 BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers ‡ BRI Dora Boothby 6–2, 6–2
1911 BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers † BRI Dora Boothby 6–0, 6–0
1912 BRI Ethel Larcombe ◊ BRI Charlotte Sterry 6–3, 6–1
1913 BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers ◊ BRI Winifred McNair 6–0, 6–4
1914 BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers † BRI Ethel Larcombe 7–5, 6–4
1915 No competition (due to World War I)
1916
1917
1918
1919 FRA Suzanne Lenglen ‡ BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers 10–8, 4–6, 9–7
1920 FRA Suzanne Lenglen † BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers 6–3, 6–0
1921 FRA Suzanne Lenglen † USA Elizabeth Ryan 6–2, 6–0
1922 FRA Suzanne Lenglen USA Molla Mallory 6–2, 6–0
1923 FRA Suzanne Lenglen GBR Kitty McKane 6–2, 6–2
1924 GBR Kitty McKane USA Helen Wills 4–6, 6–4, 6–4
1925 FRA Suzanne Lenglen GBR Joan Fry 6–2, 6–0
1926 GBR Kitty Godfree ESP Lilí Álvarez 6–2, 4–6, 6–3
1927 USA Helen Wills ESP Lilí Álvarez 6–2, 6–4
1928 USA Helen Wills ESP Lilí Álvarez 6–2, 6–3
1929 USA Helen Wills USA Helen Jacobs 6–1, 6–2
1930 USA Helen Moody USA Elizabeth Ryan 6–2, 6–2
1931 GER Cilly Aussem GER Hilde Krahwinkel 6–2, 7–5
1932 USA Helen Moody USA Helen Jacobs 6–3, 6–1
1933 USA Helen Moody GBR Dorothy Round 6–4, 6–8, 6–3
1934 GBR Dorothy Round USA Helen Jacobs 6–2, 5–7, 6–3
1935 USA Helen Moody USA Helen Jacobs 6–3, 3–6, 7–5
1936 USA Helen Jacobs DEN Hilde Sperling 6–2, 4–6, 7–5
1937 GBR Dorothy Round POL Jadwiga Jędrzejowska 6–2, 2–6, 7–5
1938 USA Helen Moody USA Helen Jacobs 6–4, 6–0
1939 USA Alice Marble GBR Kay Stammers 6–2, 6–0
1940 No competition (due to World War II)
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946 USA Pauline Betz USA Louise Brough 6–2, 6–4
1947 USA Margaret Osborne USA Doris Hart 6–2, 6–4
1948 USA Louise Brough USA Doris Hart 6–3, 8–6
1949 USA Louise Brough USA Margaret duPont 10–8, 1–6, 10–8
1950 USA Louise Brough USA Margaret duPont 6–1, 3–6, 6–1
1951 USA Doris Hart USA Shirley Fry 6–1, 6–0
1952 USA Maureen Connolly USA Louise Brough 7–5, 6–3
1953 USA Maureen Connolly USA Doris Hart 8–6, 7–5
1954 USA Maureen Connolly USA Louise Brough 6–2, 7–5
1955 USA Louise Brough USA Beverly Fleitz 7–5, 8–6
1956 USA Shirley Fry GBR Angela Buxton 6–3, 6–1
1957 USA Althea Gibson USA Darlene Hard 6–3, 6–2
1958 USA Althea Gibson GBR Angela Mortimer 8–6, 6–2
1959 BRA Maria Bueno USA Darlene Hard 6–4, 6–3
1960 BRA Maria Bueno RSA Sandra Reynolds 8–6, 6–0
1961 GBR Angela Mortimer GBR Christine Truman 4–6, 6–4, 7–5
1962 USA Karen Susman TCH Věra Suková 6–4, 6–4
1963 AUS Margaret Smith USA Billie Jean Moffitt 6–3, 6–4
1964 BRA Maria Bueno AUS Margaret Smith 6–4, 7–9, 6–3
1965 AUS Margaret Smith BRA Maria Bueno 6–4, 7–5
1966 USA Billie Jean King BRA Maria Bueno 6–3, 3–6, 6–1
1967 USA Billie Jean King GBR Ann Jones 6–3, 6–4
Open Era[edit]
Billie Jean King is a six-time champion overall and a four-time champion in the open era.
Martina Navratilova is a nine-time singles champion, an all-time Grand Slam record in the Open Era for women (Margaret Court won the Australian 11 times). She won six consecutive titles from 1982 to 1987.
Steffi Graf is a seven-time champion over a nine-year period from 1988 to 1996.
Serena Williams is a seven-time champion.
Venus Williams is a five-time champion.
Year[d]
Country
Champion
Country
Runner-up
Score in the final[4]
1968 USA Billie Jean King AUS Judy Tegart 9–7, 7–5
1969 GBR Ann Jones USA Billie Jean King 3–6, 6–3, 6–2
1970 AUS Margaret Court USA Billie Jean King 14–12, 11–9
1971 AUS Evonne Goolagong AUS Margaret Court 6–4, 6–1
1972 USA Billie Jean King AUS Evonne Goolagong 6–3, 6–3
1973 USA Billie Jean King USA Chris Evert 6–0, 7–5
1974 USA Chris Evert URS Olga Morozova 6–0, 6–4
1975 USA Billie Jean King AUS Evonne Goolagong Cawley 6–0, 6–1
1976 USA Chris Evert AUS Evonne Goolagong Cawley 6–3, 4–6, 8–6
1977 GBR Virginia Wade NED Betty Stöve 4–6, 6–3, 6–1
1978 USA Martina Navratilova[i][11] USA Chris Evert 2–6, 6–4, 7–5
1979 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert Lloyd 6–4, 6–4
1980 AUS Evonne Goolagong Cawley USA Chris Evert Lloyd 6–1, 7–6(7–4)
1981 USA Chris Evert Lloyd TCH[h] Hana Mandlíková 6–2, 6–2
1982 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert Lloyd 6–1, 3–6, 6–2
1983 USA Martina Navratilova USA Andrea Jaeger 6–0, 6–3
1984 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert Lloyd 7–6(7–5), 6–2
1985 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert Lloyd 4–6, 6–3, 6–2
1986 USA Martina Navratilova TCH Hana Mandlíková 7–6(7–1), 6–3
1987 USA Martina Navratilova FRG[j] Steffi Graf 7–5, 6–3
1988 FRG[j] Steffi Graf USA Martina Navratilova 5–7, 6–2, 6–1
1989 FRG Steffi Graf USA Martina Navratilova 6–2, 6–7(1–7), 6–1
1990 USA Martina Navratilova USA Zina Garrison 6–4, 6–1
1991 GER Steffi Graf ARG Gabriela Sabatini 6–4, 3–6, 8–6
1992 GER Steffi Graf YUG Monica Seles 6–2, 6–1
1993 GER Steffi Graf CZE Jana Novotná 7–6(8–6), 1–6, 6–4
1994 ESP Conchita Martínez USA Martina Navratilova 6–4, 3–6, 6–3
1995 GER Steffi Graf ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 4–6, 6–1, 7–5
1996 GER Steffi Graf ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 6–3, 7–5
1997 SUI Martina Hingis CZE Jana Novotná 2–6, 6–3, 6–3
1998 CZE Jana Novotná FRA Nathalie Tauziat 6–4, 7–6(7–2)
1999 USA Lindsay Davenport GER Steffi Graf 6–4, 7–5
2000 USA Venus Williams USA Lindsay Davenport 6–3, 7–6(7–3)
2001 USA Venus Williams BEL Justine Henin 6–1, 3–6, 6–0
2002 USA Serena Williams USA Venus Williams 7–6(7–4), 6–3
2003 USA Serena Williams USA Venus Williams 4–6, 6–4, 6–2
2004 RUS Maria Sharapova USA Serena Williams 6–1, 6–4
2005 USA Venus Williams USA Lindsay Davenport 4–6, 7–6(7–4), 9–7
2006 FRA Amélie Mauresmo BEL Justine Henin 2–6, 6–3, 6–4
2007 USA Venus Williams FRA Marion Bartoli 6–4, 6–1
2008 USA Venus Williams USA Serena Williams 7–5, 6–4
2009 USA Serena Williams USA Venus Williams 7–6(7–3), 6–2
2010 USA Serena Williams RUS Vera Zvonareva 6–3, 6–2
2011 CZE Petra Kvitová RUS Maria Sharapova 6–3, 6–4
2012 USA Serena Williams POL Agnieszka Radwańska 6–1, 5–7, 6–2
2013 FRA Marion Bartoli GER Sabine Lisicki 6–1, 6–4
2014 CZE Petra Kvitová CAN Eugenie Bouchard 6–3, 6–0
2015 USA Serena Williams ESP Garbiñe Muguruza 6–4, 6–4
2016 USA Serena Williams GER Angelique Kerber 7–5, 6–3
2017 ESP Garbiñe Muguruza USA Venus Williams 7–5, 6–0
2018 GER Angelique Kerber USA Serena Williams 6–3, 6–3
Statistics[edit]
Multiple champions[edit]
Title defended in the challenge round
Player
Amateur Era
Open Era
All-time
Years
Martina Navratilova (USA)[i] 0 9 9 1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1990
Helen Wills Moody (USA) 8 0 8 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1932, 1933, 1935, 1938
Dorothea Lambert Chambers (UK) 7 0 7 1903, 1904, 1906, 1910, 1911, 1913, 1914
Steffi Graf (GER) 0 7 7 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996
Serena Williams (USA) 0 7 7 2002, 2003, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2016
Blanche Bingley (UK) 6 0 6 1886, 1889, 1894, 1897, 1899, 1900
Suzanne Lenglen (FRA) 6 0 6 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1925
Billie Jean King (USA) 2 4 6 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1975
Charlotte Cooper Sterry (UK) 5 0 5 1895, 1896, 1898, 1901, 1908
Lottie Dod (UK) 5 0 5 1887, 1888, 1891, 1892, 1893
Venus Williams (USA) 0 5 5 2000, 2001, 2005, 2007, 2008
Louise Brough Clapp (USA) 4 0 4 1948, 1949, 1950, 1955
Maureen Connolly (USA) 3 0 3 1952, 1953, 1954
Maria Bueno (BRA) 3 0 3 1959, 1960, 1964
Margaret Court (AUS) 2 1 3 1963, 1965, 1970
Chris Evert (USA) 0 3 3 1974, 1976, 1981
Althea Gibson (USA) 2 0 2 1957, 1958
Dorothy Round (UK) 2 0 2 1934, 1937
Kitty McKane Godfree (UK) 2 0 2 1924, 1926
May Sutton Bundy (USA) 2 0 2 1905, 1907
Maud Watson (UK) 2 0 2 1884, 1885
Evonne Goolagong Cawley (AUS) 0 2 2 1971, 1980
Petra Kvitová (CZE) 0 2 2 2011, 2014
Championships by country[edit]
The Ladies' Singles plate (right) with the Gentlemen's Singles trophy (left).
Country
Amateur Era
Open Era
All-time
First title
Last title
United States (USA) 28 29 57 1905 2016
United Kingdom (UK) 34 2 36 1884 1977
Germany (GER)[j] 1 8 9 1931 2018
France (FRA) 6 2 8 1919 2013
Australia (AUS) 2 3 5 1963 1980
Brazil (BRA) 3 0 3 1959 1964
Czech Republic (CZE) 0 3 3 1998 2014
Spain (ESP) 0 2 2 1994 2017
Switzerland (SUI) 0 1 1 1997 1997
Russia (RUS) 0 1 1 2004 2004
See also[edit]
Wimbledon Open other competitions
List of Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champions
List of Wimbledon gentlemen's doubles champions
List of Wimbledon ladies' doubles champions
List of Wimbledon mixed doubles champions
Grand Slam women's singles
List of Australian Open women's singles champions
List of French Open women's singles champions
List of US Open women's singles champions
List of Grand Slam women's singles champions
Notes[edit]
a Since 2009, Centre Court features a retractable roof, allowing indoor and night-time play.[12]
b Wimbledon entered the Open Era with the 1968 edition, allowing professional players to compete alongside amateurs.[3]
c John McEnroe is the only player to have been denied membership in 1981, because of his on-court behaviour during the championships.[13][14]
d Each year is linked to an article about that particular year's draws, but pre-1922 they did not have draws due to the challenge round system. In 1922 till the present they do have draws, but the years of 1925–1939 do not have draw pages with links, so it is linked to the year's articles instead.
e "British Isles" (BRI) is used for players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922), distinct from "Great Britain" (GBR) used for players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1922–present).[4][15]
f The tournament was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I.[4]
g The tournament was not held from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II.[4]
h Czechoslovakia (TCH, 1918–1992) split into the Czech Republic (CZE, 1992–present) and Slovakia (SVK, 1992–present).
i Martina Navratilova was born in Czechoslovakia, but was stripped of her citizenship in 1975 when she defected to the United States. She became a US citizen in 1981.[16]
j FRG is West Germany, but after unification became just Germany (GER) after 1990.
References[edit]
General
"Ladies' Singles Finals". wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2017-09-18.
"Grand Slam Tournaments - Wimbledon" (PDF). usta.com. United States Tennis Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
Specific
Jump up ^ "FAQ - Grass Courts" (PDF). wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tournament profile - Wimbledon". atpworldtour.com. ATP Tour, Inc. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
^ Jump up to: a b "About Wimbledon - History: History". wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Ladies' Singles Finals". wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Archived from the original on 2010-04-28. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c Barrett, John (1986). 100 Wimbledon Championships: A Celebration. Collins Willow. ISBN 978-0-00-218220-1.
Jump up ^ Roberts, John (1998-08-05). "Tennis: Fast, fan friendly - but full of faults". The Independent. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Breaking with tradition". The Age. The Age Company Ltd. 2004-01-25. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
Jump up ^ "About Wimbledon - History: The trophies". wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
Jump up ^ "About Wimbledon - Behind the scenes: The All England Lawn Tennis Club". wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Archived from the original on 2010-12-25. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
Jump up ^ "2011 Prize Money" (PDF). wimbledon.org. All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2011-07-03.
Jump up ^ "Ladies' Singles Finals 1884-2017". wimbledon.com. Wimbledon Championships. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Harman, Neil (2009-04-22). "No more soaked strawberries - Centre Court, Wimbledon, gets a roof". The Times. Times Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
Jump up ^ "Jolly snub for McEnroe; he's refused All-England". St. Petersburg Times. United Press International. 1981-07-10. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
Jump up ^ Zenilman, Avi (2009-06-24). "Back Issues: McEnroe vs. Thatcher". The New Yorker. Condé Nast Publications. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
Jump up ^ "History - Rolls of Honour: Country abbreviations". wimbledon.org. IBM, All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
Jump up ^ McCurry, Justin (11 March 2008). "'Ashamed' Navratilove regains Czech nationality". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
External links[edit]
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Pre Open Era Wimbledon ladies' singles champions
(1884) Maud Watson
(1885) Maud Watson
(1886) Blanche Bingley
(1887) Lottie Dod
(1888) Lottie Dod
(1889) Blanche Bingley Hillyard
(1890) Lena Rice
(1891) Lottie Dod
(1892) Lottie Dod
(1893) Lottie Dod
(1894) Blanche Bingley Hillyard
(1895) Charlotte Cooper
(1896) Charlotte Cooper
(1897) Blanche Bingley Hillyard
(1898) Charlotte Cooper
(1899) Blanche Bingley Hillyard
(1900) Blanche Bingley Hillyard
(1901) Charlotte Sterry
(1902) Muriel Robb
(1903) Dorothea Douglass
(1904) Dorothea Douglass
(1905) May Sutton
(1906) Dorothea Lambert Chambers
(1907) May Sutton
(1908) Charlotte Sterry
(1909) Dora Boothby
(1910) Dorothea Lambert Chambers
(1912) Dorethea Lambert Chambers
(1913) Ethel Thomson Larcombe
(1914) Dorothea Lambert Chambers
(1915) Dorothea Lambert Chambers
(1915-18) No competition (due to World War I)
(1919) Suzanne Lenglen
(1920) Suzanne Lenglen
(1921) Suzanne Lenglen
(1922) Suzanne Lenglen
(1923) Suzanne Lenglen
(1924) Kathleen McKane
(1925) Suzanne Lenglen
(1926) Kathleen McKane Godfree
(1927) Helen Wills
(1928) Helen Wills
(1929) Helen Wills
(1930) Helen Wills Moody
(1931) Cilly Aussem
(1932) Helen Wills Moody
(1933) Helen Wills Moody
(1934) Dorothy Round
(1935) Helen Wills Moody
(1936) Helen Jacobs
(1937) Dorothy Round
(1938) Helen Wills Moody
(1939) Alice Marble
(1940–45) No competition (due to World War II)
(1946) Pauline Addie
(1947) Margaret Osborne
(1948) Louise Brough
(1949) Louise Brough
(1950) Louise Brough
(1951) Doris Hart
(1952) Maureen Connolly
(1953) Maureen Connolly
(1954) Maureen Connolly
(1955) Louise Brough
(1956) Shirley Fry
(1957) Althea Gibson
(1958) Althea Gibson
(1959) Maria Bueno
(1960) Maria Bueno
(1961) Angela Mortimer
(1962) Karen Hantze Susman
(1963) Margaret Smith
(1964) Maria Bueno
(1965) Margaret Smith
(1966) Billie Jean King
(1967) Billie Jean King
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Wimbledon (Open era) ladies' singles champions
(1968) Billie Jean King
(1969) Ann Haydon-Jones
(1970) Margaret Court
(1971) Evonne Goolagong
(1972) Billie Jean King
(1973) Billie Jean King
(1974) Chris Evert
(1975) Billie Jean King
(1976) Chris Evert
(1977) Virginia Wade
(1978) Martina Navratilova
(1979) Martina Navratilova
(1980) Evonne Goolagong
(1981) Chris Evert
(1982) Martina Navratilova
(1983) Martina Navratilova
(1984) Martina Navratilova
(1985) Martina Navratilova
(1986) Martina Navratilova
(1987) Martina Navratilova
(1988) Steffi Graf
(1989) Steffi Graf
(1990) Martina Navratilova
(1991) Steffi Graf
(1992) Steffi Graf
(1993) Steffi Graf
(1994) Conchita Martínez
(1995) Steffi Graf
(1996) Steffi Graf
(1997) Martina Hingis
(1998) Jana Novotná
(1999) Lindsay Davenport
(2000) Venus Williams
(2001) Venus Williams
(2002) Serena Williams
(2003) Serena Williams
(2004) Maria Sharapova
(2005) Venus Williams
(2006) Amélie Mauresmo
(2007) Venus Williams
(2008) Venus Williams
(2009) Serena Williams
(2010) Serena Williams
(2011) Petra Kvitová
(2012) Serena Williams
(2013) Marion Bartoli
(2014) Petra Kvitová
(2015) Serena Williams
(2016) Serena Williams
(2017) Garbiñe Muguruza
(2018) Angelique Kerber
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Wimbledon_ladies%27_singles_champions&oldid=850241275"
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values: All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club

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Dorothea Lambert Chambers

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Helen Wills Moody

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Tennis score

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Glossary of tennis

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values: 1884 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles

values: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

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Lillian Watson (tennis)

values: 1885 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles

values: 1886 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles

values: 1887 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles

values: 1888 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles

values: 1889 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles

values: 1890 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles

values: 1891 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles

values: 1892 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles

values: 1893 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles

values: 1894 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles

values: 1895 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles

values: Helen Jackson (tennis) (page does not exist)

values: 1896 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles

values: 1897 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles

values: 1898 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles

values: 1899 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles

values: 1900 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles

values: 1901 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles

values: 1902 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles

values: 1903 Wimbledon Championships – Ladies' Singles

values: 1904 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1905 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1906 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1907 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1908 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1909 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1910 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1911 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1912 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1913 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1914 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1919 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1920 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1921 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1922 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1923 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1924 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1925 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1926 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1927 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1928 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1929 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1930 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1931 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1932 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1933 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1934 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1935 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1936 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1937 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1938 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1939 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1946 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1947 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1948 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1949 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1950 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1951 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

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Shirley Fry Irvin

values: 1952 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1953 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1954 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1955 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1956 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1957 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1958 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1959 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1960 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1961 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1962 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1963 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1964 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1965 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1966 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1967 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: A brown haired women in a black jacket and white shirt

values: A blond-haired women with a white shirt, black shorts, and white tennis shoes on about ready to serve the tennis ball in hand

values: A blond-haired women wearing a white shirt

values: A black woman wearing a white ensemble with purple accents and headband

values: A black woman is serving the ball, and is wearing a white sleeveless top and blue skirt

values: 1968 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1969 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1970 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1971 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1972 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1973 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1974 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1975 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1976 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1977 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1978 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1979 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1980 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1981 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1982 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1983 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1984 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1985 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1986 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1987 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1988 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1989 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1990 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1991 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1992 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

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Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

values: 1993 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1994 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1995 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1996 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1997 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1998 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 1999 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 2000 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 2001 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 2002 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 2003 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 2004 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 2005 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 2006 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 2007 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 2008 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 2009 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 2010 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 2011 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 2012 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 2013 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 2014 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 2015 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 2016 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 2017 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

values: 2018 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles

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Blanche Bingley Hillyard

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Louise Brough Clapp

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Kitty McKane Godfree

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May Sutton Bundy

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values: List of Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champions

values: List of Wimbledon gentlemen's doubles champions

values: List of Wimbledon ladies' doubles champions

values: List of Wimbledon mixed doubles champions

values: List of Australian Open women's singles champions

values: List of French Open women's singles champions

values: List of US Open women's singles champions

values: List of Grand Slam women's singles champions

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News International

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St. Petersburg Times

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Condé Nast Publications

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2019 Wimbledon Championships

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values: List of Australian Open men's singles champions

values: List of Australian Open men's doubles champions

values: List of Australian Open women's doubles champions

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values: List of Australian Open singles finalists during the open era

values: List of French Open men's singles champions

values: List of French Open men's doubles champions

values: List of French Open women's doubles champions

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values: List of US Open women's doubles champions

values: List of US Open singles finalists during the open era

values: List of Grand Slam men's singles champions

values: List of Grand Slam men's doubles champions

values: List of Grand Slam women's doubles champions

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values: List of Grand Slam boys' singles champions

values: List of Grand Slam girls' singles champions

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Ann Haydon-Jones

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Evonne Goolagong

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values: قائمة الفائزات بفردي سيدات ويمبلدون – Arabic

values: Campiones d'individual femení del Torneig de Wimbledon – Catalan

values:
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values: Seznam vítězek ženské dvouhry ve Wimbledonu – Czech

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values: Wimbledon-mesterskabet i damesingle – Danish

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values: Liste der Wimbledonsieger (Dameneinzel) – German

values: Νικήτριες στο Γουίμπλεντον (απλό γυναικών) – Greek

values:
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values: Anexo:Campeones de Wimbledon (individual femenino) – Spanish

values: Palmarès du simple dames du tournoi de Wimbledon – French

values: Campións de Wimbledon (individual mulleres) – Galician

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values: Pobjednici Wimbledona (pojedinačno žene) – Croatian

values:
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values: Albo d'oro del singolare femminile del torneo di Wimbledon – Italian

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values: Sąrašas:Vimbldono moterų vienetų čempionės – Lithuanian

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values: ウィンブルドン選手権女子シングルス優勝者一覧 – Japanese

values: Wimbledon-vinnere (single damer) – Norwegian

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values: Mistrzynie Wimbledonu w grze pojedynczej – Polish

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values: Lista de finais femininas em simples do Torneio de Wimbledon – Portuguese

values: Lista câștigătorilor Wimbledon (simplu feminin) – Romanian

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values: Список финалов Уимблдонского турнира в женском одиночном разряде – Russian

values: Zoznam víťazok ženskej dvojhry na Wimbledone – Slovak

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values: Seznam zmagovalcev Odprtega prvenstva Anglije - ženske posamično – Slovenian

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values: Победници Вимблдона — жене појединачно – Serbian

values: Luettelo Wimbledonin naisten kaksinpelin voittajista – Finnish

values: Lista över Wimbledonmästare i damsingel – Swedish

values: Wimbledon tek kadınlar şampiyonları listesi – Turkish

values: Переможці Вімблдонського турніру серед жінок в одиночному розряді – Ukrainian

values: Danh sách vô địch đơn nữ Wimbledon – Vietnamese

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values: 溫布頓網球錦標賽女子單打冠軍列表 – Chinese

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