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Redding, California
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City in California in California, United States
Redding, California
City in California
City of Redding
Sundial Bridge at Turtle Bay

Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): "The Jewel of Northern California"[1]

Location of Redding in Shasta County, California
Redding
Location in the United States
Redding
Redding (the US)
Show map of California Show map of the US Show all
Coordinates: 40°35′N 122°22′W / 40.583°N 122.367°W / 40.583; -122.367Coordinates: 40°35′N 122°22′W / 40.583°N 122.367°W / 40.583; -122.367
Country
United States
State
California
County
Shasta
Incorporated
October 4, 1887
Founded by
Pierson B. Reading
Government
• Type
Council-manager
• City council
Mayor Kristen Schreder
Brent Weaver
Francie Sullivan
Julie Winter
Adam McElvain
• City manager
Barry Tippin
Area[2]
• Total
61.17 sq mi (158.44 km2)
• Land
59.65 sq mi (154.49 km2)
• Water
1.53 sq mi (3.96 km2) 2.50%
Elevation[3]
344 ft (172 m)
Population (2010)
• Total
89,861
• Estimate (2016)[4]
91,808
• Density
1,539.19/sq mi (594.28/km2)
Demonym(s)
Reddingite
Time zone
UTC−8 (Pacific Time Zone)
• Summer (DST)
UTC−7 (PDT)
ZIP codes
96001–96003, 96049, 96099
Area code
530
FIPS code
06-59920
GNIS feature IDs
277582, 2411531
Website
Official website
Redding, officially the City of Redding, is the county seat of Shasta County, California, in the northern part of the state. It lies along the Sacramento River, 162 miles (261 kilometers) north of Sacramento, and 120 miles (190 km) south of California's northern border, shared with the state of Oregon. Interstate 5 bisects the entire city, from the south to north before it approaches Shasta Lake, which is located 15 miles (24 km) to the north. The 2010 population was 89,861.[5][6] Redding is the largest city in the Shasta Cascade region, and it is the sixth-largest city in the Sacramento Valley, behind Sacramento, Elk Grove, Roseville, Vacaville and Chico.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Indigenous culture
2.2 First settlers
2.3 Founding of Redding
2.4 Early 20th century
2.5 Mid to late 20th century
2.6 21st century
3 Geography and climate
3.1 Location
3.2 Subdivisions / Areas
3.2.1 Official
3.2.2 Non-Official
3.2.3 Mobile Home Communities
3.2.4 Shopping Centers
3.3 Ecology
3.4 Climate
4 Demographics
4.1 2010
5 Economy
5.1 Top employers
6 Government
6.1 State and federal representation
6.2 Municipal government
7 Parks and recreation
7.1 Museums and public art
7.2 Architecture
7.3 Venues
7.4 Performing arts
8 Education
8.1 Higher education
8.1.1 Public
8.1.2 Private
8.2 High schools
8.2.1 Public
8.2.2 Secondary
8.3 Charter schools
8.4 Other schools
8.5 Trade schools
8.6 Non-academic learning
9 Media
9.1 Print
9.2 Broadcast
9.2.1 Television
9.2.2 Radio
9.2.2.1 AM radio
9.2.2.2 FM radio
10 Transportation
10.1 Major highways
10.2 Rail and bus transportation
10.3 Air transportation
11 Prominent persons
11.1 Actors and entertainment industry
11.2 Authors
11.3 Business leaders and entrepreneurs
11.4 Musicians and bands
11.5 Athletes
11.6 Politicians, civil servants and activists
11.7 Other people
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
15 Geographic Location
Etymology[edit]
Benjamin Bernard Redding, namesake of the city.
During the gold rush, the area that is now composed of Redding was called Poverty Flats. In 1868 the first land agent for the Central Pacific Railroad, a former Sacramento politician named Benjamin Bernard Redding, bought property in Poverty Flats on behalf of the railroad so that it could build a northern terminus there. In the process of building the terminus, the railroad also built a town in the same area, which they named Redding in honor of Benjamin Redding. In 1874 there was a dispute over the name by local legislators and it was changed for a time to Reading, in order to honor Pierson B. Reading, who founded the community of Shasta, but the name was officially changed back to Redding by 1880. It has been called Redding ever since.[7]
History[edit]
Indigenous culture[edit]
Before European settlers came to the area, it was inhabited by a tribe of Native Americans called the Wintu. At their height, the Wintu had as many as 239 villages in the Shasta County area.[8]
First settlers[edit]
Although Europeans had been to California as early as 1542, when Juan Cabrillo sailed to what is now the San Diego Bay, the indigenous Indians were probably the only inhabitants of far Northern California region until Russian fur trappers came through the area in 1815.
The first European settlement in the area was established in 1844 by Pierson B. Reading, an early California pioneer who received a Rancho Buena Ventura Mexican land grant for 26,632 acres (10,778 ha) that is now covered by Redding and Cottonwood, California. At the time, it was the northernmost nonnative settlement in California.
Founding of Redding[edit]
During the gold rush, the area that is now Redding was called Poverty Flats. In 1868 the first land agent for the Central Pacific Railroad, a former Sacramento politician named Benjamin Bernard Redding, bought property in Poverty Flats on behalf of the railroad for a northern terminus. In the process of building the terminus, the railroad also built the town of Redding which was officially incorporated on October 4, 1887.[9]
Early 20th century[edit]
In the early twentieth century the town's economic growth was spurred by the significant copper and iron mineral extraction industry nearby. However, the mining industry eventually declined, causing the economy and population to falter by 1920. It recovered in the thirties as the economy boomed due to the construction of Shasta Dam to the northwest. The building of the dam, which was completed in 1945, caused Redding's population to nearly double, also spurring the growth and development of other towns in the area.[10]
Mid to late 20th century[edit]
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Redding continued to grow steadily in the nineteen fifties due to the region's growing lumber industry and tourism brought about by the newly completed dam. The constructions of Whiskeytown and Keswick dams also helped boost the economy by bringing new workers to the area. Highway Interstate 5 was built during the sixties and seventies, which added to development and tourism in the region.
Growth in Redding during the 60s and 70s was also caused by annexation of an area east of the Sacramento River made up of the unincorporated community of Enterprise. Enterprise residents voted to support the annexation primarily to acquire less expensive electricity via Redding's municipal utility, which receives power from the dam.
During the 1970s, the lumber industry suffered from decline. Lumber mills in the area closed down and heavily impacted the Redding area. Things later picked up, due to a retail and housing boom in the late 1980s that continued until the mid-1990s.
21st century[edit]
In 2017, the city adopted a new flag after holding a redesign contest.[11]
In late July 2018, the Carr Fire in Shasta county seriously impacted the Redding area with the destruction of at least 1100[12] buildings, with several thousand more threatened, and 38,000 people instructed to evacuate.[13]
Geography and climate[edit]
Location[edit]
Redding is located at 40°34′36″N 122°22′13″W / 40.57667°N 122.37028°W / 40.57667; -122.37028 (40.576606, −122.370325).[14] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 61.2 square miles (159 square kilometers). 59.6 square miles (154 km2) of it is land, and 1.5 square miles (3.9 km2) of it (2.50%) is beneath water.
Redding is located at the very northwestern end of the Central Valley, which transitions into the Cascade foothills. The city is surrounded by mountains to the north, east, and west and fertile farm land to the south. Outermost parts of the city are part of the Cascade foothills, whereas southern and central areas are in the Sacramento Valley.[citation needed]
The elevation in Redding is 495 feet (151 meters) on average, whereas anywhere to the north, east, or west of downtown ranges between 550 feet (170 m) and 800 feet (240 m) feet. Southern portions range between 400 feet (120 m) and 500 feet (150 m).
The Shasta Dam on the Sacramento River provides a considerable level of flood protection for Redding. The dam is capable of controlling flows up to 79,000 cubic feet (7,300 cubic meters) per second. The flow rate exceeded this threshold in both 1970 and 1974.[15]
Soils in and around town are composed mostly of clay or gravelly loam texture, with red or brown mineral horizons. They are slightly or moderately acidic in their natural state.[16]
Subdivisions / Areas[edit]
Official[edit]
Bonnyview
Boulder Creek
College Highlands
Garden Tract
Gold Hills
Hacienda Heights
Hidden Hills
Lake Redding Estates
Layton Oaks
Mary Lake
Miracle Mile
Parkview
Plateau Circle
Ridgewood Estates
Shasta View Gardens
Stanford Hills
Sunset Terrace
Sunset West
The Bluffs
Western Ranches (Greenbelt)
Westwood Manor
Non-Official[edit]
Blossom Park
Buckeye
Buckeye Terrace
Downtown
Enterprise
Girvan
Greenwood Heights
Kutras Tract
Mt. Shasta Mall
Oasis
Powerline
Quartz Hill
Spring Hill
West Ridge
Mobile Home Communities[edit]
Redwood Estates
Los Robles Estates
Mountain Shadows Mobile Home Estates
Twin View Terrace Mobile Home Park
Redding Lakeside Mobile Homes Estates
Shopping Centers[edit]
Cobblestone Shopping Center
Cypress Square Shopping Center
Mt. Shasta Mall
Ecology[edit]
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There are several rare and endangered species in Redding and its immediate vicinity. The Redding Redevelopment Plan EIR notes the California State listed endangered species, slender Orcutt grass (Orcuttia tenuis), occurs in eastern Redding near the municipal airport, where vernal pools are known to exist. This endemic grass is a Federal Candidate for listing and is endangered throughout its range, confined to several populations, and seriously threatened by agriculture, overgrazing, and residential development. Vernal pools provide the preferred habitat for this plant, which the California Native Plant Society considers a rare and endangered species. These same vernal pools also support federally protected species such as the federally threatened vernal pool fairy shrimp (Branchinecta lynchi).
Climate[edit]
Redding has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa), with very hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. Winter (October–April) provides the most precipitation of any season in Redding—the weather tends to be either rainy or foggy and at times, snow occurs. Summers are hot and dry, but rain is possible, usually with a thunderstorm. The average daily maximum temperature in July stays near 100 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius). The highest official recorded temperature in Redding was 118 °F (48 °C) on July 20, 1988. That was recorded at the nearby Redding airport. Some people in town recorded as high as 122 °F (50 °C) that same day. Redding has an average possible sunshine of 88%, the second-highest percentage (after Yuma, Arizona) of any US city.[17]
The city receives an average of 4.8 inches (12 centimeters) of snow annually.[18] It rarely gets sleet or freezing rain. Frost occurs commonly in December through February, less often in March or November. In spring, rain is common. The city is located near the southernmost point of the influence of the westerlies, and it therefore gets much more rain than most places in the Sacramento Valley; temperature differentials between land and sea cause moist air from the latter to flow over the city, producing precipitation, cloud and fog in the winter. The direction of this wind reverses in the summer, as hot, high-pressure air flows from land to sea, making the area very dry. Tornadoes are extremely rare; flooding occurs only around the area near the Sacramento River. The coldest temperature recorded in Redding was 17 °F (−8 °C).[citation needed]
hideClimate data for Redding Municipal Airport (1981–2010)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
80
(27) 83
(28) 88
(31) 96
(36) 106
(41) 117
(47) 118
(48) 115
(46) 116
(47) 105
(41) 88
(31) 78
(26) 118
(48)
Average high °F (°C)
55.0
(12.8) 59.7
(15.4) 64.5
(18.1) 70.5
(21.4) 80.8
(27.1) 90.2
(32.3) 98.4
(36.9) 96.6
(35.9) 90.4
(32.4) 77.8
(25.4) 62.5
(16.9) 54.5
(12.5) 75.1
(23.9)
Daily mean °F (°C)
45.7
(7.6) 49.5
(9.7) 53.7
(12.1) 58.3
(14.6) 67.3
(19.6) 75.9
(24.4) 82.2
(27.9) 79.8
(26.6) 74.1
(23.4) 63.6
(17.6) 51.7
(10.9) 45.4
(7.4) 62.3
(16.8)
Average low °F (°C)
36.5
(2.5) 39.3
(4.1) 42.9
(6.1) 46.1
(7.8) 53.8
(12.1) 61.6
(16.4) 66.0
(18.9) 63.0
(17.2) 57.7
(14.3) 49.4
(9.7) 40.9
(4.9) 36.3
(2.4) 49.2
(9.6)
Record low °F (°C)
16
(−9) 21
(−6) 28
(−2) 28
(−2) 34
(1) 42
(6) 53
(12) 50
(10) 40
(4) 33
(1) 22
(−6) 16
(−9) 16
(−9)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
5.96
(151.4) 5.51
(140) 4.37
(111) 2.48
(63) 1.85
(47) 0.69
(17.5) 0.09
(2.3) 0.18
(4.6) 0.64
(16.3) 2.10
(53.3) 4.48
(113.8) 6.27
(159.3) 34.62
(879.5)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
1.4
(3.6) 0.6
(1.5) 0.2
(0.5) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0.1
(0.3) 3.2
(8.1) 5.5
(14)
Average precipitation days
13.1 8.7 12.3 7.9 7.2 4.0 0.6 0.9 2.1 4.1 6.8 10.2 77.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours
226 256 312 351 395 423 451 421 338 314 251 204 3,942
Source: [19]
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1880 600 —
1890 1,821 203.5%
1900 2,946 61.8%
1910 3,572 21.2%
1920 2,962 −17.1%
1930 4,188 41.4%
1940 8,109 93.6%
1950 10,256 26.5%
1960 12,773 24.5%
1970 16,659 30.4%
1980 42,103 152.7%
1990 66,462 57.9%
2000 80,865 21.7%
2010 89,861 11.1%
Est. 2016 91,808 [4] 2.2%
U.S. Decennial Census[20]
2010[edit]
The 2010 United States Census[5] reported that Redding had a population of 89,861. The population density was 1,468.9 people per square mile (567.2/km²). The racial makeup of Redding was 77,117 (85.8%) White, 1,092 (1.2%) African American, 2,034 (2.3%) Native American, 3,034 (3.4%) Asian, 156 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 2,307 (2.6%) from other races, and 4,121 (4.6%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7,787 persons (8.7%).
The Census reported that 87,841 people (97.8% of the population) lived in households, 1,138 (1.3%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 882 (1.0%) were institutionalized.
There were 36,130 households, out of which 11,012 (30.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 16,001 (44.3%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 4,806 (13.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,984 (5.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 2,570 (99.0%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 204 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 10,344 households (28.6%) were made up of individuals and 4,622 (12.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43. There were 22,791 families (63.1% of all households); the average family size was 2.94.
The population was spread out with 20,518 people (22.8%) under the age of 18, 9,436 people (10.5%) aged 18 to 24, 21,725 people (24.2%) aged 25 to 44, 23,424 people (26.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 14,758 people (16.4%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.4 males.
There were 38,679 housing units at an average density of 632.3 per square mile (244.1/km²), of which 19,968 (55.3%) were owner-occupied, and 16,162 (44.7%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.9%. 48,179 people (53.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 39,662 people (44.1%) lived in rental housing units.
Economy[edit]
The economy in Redding is largely a service economy. Therefore, employment is spread across a wide range of service professions that include healthcare, retail, and tourism.
Top employers[edit]
According to the City's 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR),[21] these are the top employers in the city:
#
Employer
# of employees
1 Mercy Medical Center 1,832
2 Shasta County 1,750
3 City of Redding 1,129
4 Shasta Regional Medical Center 856
5 CA Transportation Department 663
6 Redding Rancheria 523
7 Wal-Mart 450
8 Shasta Union High School District 406
9 Shasta College 352
10 Blue Shield of California 330
Government[edit]
State and federal representation[edit]
In the California State Legislature, Redding is in the 1st Senate District, represented by Republican Ted Gaines,[22] and the 1st Assembly District, represented by Republican Brian Dahle.[23]
In the United States House of Representatives, Redding is in California's 1st congressional district, represented by Republican Doug LaMalfa.[24]
Municipal government[edit]
The city council is composed of Mayor Brent Weaver, Vice Mayor Kristen Schreder, Adam McElvain, Francie Sullivan, and Julie Winter.[25] The city manager is Barry Tippin.[26]
Redding is a general law city operating under the council-manager form of government.[25][25]
Parks and recreation[edit]
Dancing Shiva by Bryan Tedrick at Old City Hall, Redding, Ca
Museums and public art[edit]
Calatrava Sculpture
Sculpture park at City Hall
Sundial Bridge at Turtle Bay
Architecture[edit]
Carnegie Library
Cascade Theatre
Hotel Lorenz
Pilgrim Congregational Church
Sundial Bridge
The Cascade Theater
Venues[edit]
Redding Civic Auditorium
Cascade Theatre
Riverfront Amphitheater
Old City Hall
Performing arts[edit]
Riverfront Playhouse
Redding Improv Players
Education[edit]
Higher education[edit]
Public[edit]
Shasta College
Private[edit]
Simpson University
National University
Shasta Bible College and Graduate School
High schools[edit]
Public[edit]
Shasta High School
Enterprise High School
Foothill High School
Pioneer High School
University prep school
Secondary[edit]
Freedom High School
University Preparatory School
North State Independence High School
Redding Christian High School
Liberty Christian High School
Charter schools[edit]
Monarch Learning Center
Stellar Charter School
Academy of Personalized Learning
Redding Collegiate Academy
Redding School of the Arts
Rocky Point Charter School
Shasta Charter Academy
Other schools[edit]
Redding Adventist Academy
Bethel Christian School
Trade schools[edit]
Redding Institute of Technology
Shasta School of Cosmetology
Non-academic learning[edit]
Code IT
Build It
Shasta County Public Library
Media[edit]
Print[edit]
Redding Record Searchlight
After Five
Broadcast[edit]
Television[edit]
Channel
Call sign
Network
7.1 KRCR-DT ABC
9.1 KIXE-DT PBS
9.2 KIXE-DT2 Create
9.3 KIXE-DT3 PBS World
12.1 KHSL-DT CBS
12.2 KHSL-DT2 The CW
17.1 KXVU-LD Telemundo
20.1 KCVU-DT Fox
20.2 KCVU-DT2 ThisTV
21.1 KRVU-LD MyNetworkTV
23.1 KRDT-LD Religious
23.2 KRDT-LD2 HSN
24.1 KNVN-DT NBC
26 KGEC-LD Religious
27.1 KUCO-LD Univision
33 K33HH 3ABN
35.1 KKTF-LD Telefutura
41.1 KRHT-LD Azteca America
Radio[edit]
AM radio[edit]
Call letters
kHz
Format
KVIP 540 Religious[27]
KLXR 1230 Nostalgia[27]
KQMS 1400 News/Talk[28]
KCNR 1460 Talk[27]
KNRO 1670 Sports[27]
FM radio[edit]
Call letters
MHz
Format
KNNN-LP 87.7 Indie & Alternative Rock
KKRN 88.5 Community Radio[27]
KFPR 88.9 Public Radio[27]
K211CO (KHRI translator) 90.1 Air 1 Christian Contemporary[27]
K227AE (KHRD translator) 93.3 Classic Rock [27]
KEWB 94.7 Top 40[27]
KALF 95.7 Hot Country
KNCQ 97.3 Country[27]
K249EW (KAWZ translator) 97.7 Religious[27]
KWLZ 99.3 Rhythmic Contemporary[27]
KWCA 101.1 Hot AC/Mix (licensed to suburb Palo Cedro)[29]
K268AJ (KHAP translator) 101.5 Religious [27]
KSHA 104.3 Adult Contemporary[27]
KRDG 105.3 Classic Hits[27]
KRRX 106.1 Rock[27]
K298AF (KAWZ translator) 107.5 Religious (licensed to nearby Shasta)[27]
KKLC 107.9 Christian Contemporary[27]
Transportation[edit]
Major highways[edit]
Interstate 5 runs through the east central portion of this city.
CA 299, formerly U.S. 299, runs through the western, central, and northeastern parts of the city.
CA 44 runs through the middle and eastern part of town. Its western terminus is at Market Street (California 273) in downtown Redding.
CA 273, was formerly the Interstate 5 Business Route, and also formerly the U.S. 99, directly through the city.
Rail and bus transportation[edit]
Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Redding, operating its Coast Starlight daily in both directions between Seattle, Washington, and Los Angeles, California VA Portland, Oregon; Sacramento, California; Oakland, California; San Jose, California; Santa Barbara, California and all Intermediate station stops. Amtrak California also provides Thruway Motorcoach service to Stockton or Sacramento for connections to the San Joaquins, which serve the San Francisco Bay Area, San Joaquin Valley and the Los Angeles area via bus connections.
Redding provides a city bus transportation system called RABA (Redding Area Bus Authority). RABA provides routes throughout the city of Redding and also provides transportation throughout Redding's suburbs. Transportation is also available by Sage Stage to Alturas and Trinity Transit to Weaverville.[30] Redding is also served by the intercity bus companies Greyhound and Fronteras del Norte.[31]
Air transportation[edit]
Air transportation for the Redding area is provided by two general aviation airports. Redding Municipal Airport, located south of Redding, has scheduled flights from SkyWest (United Express). The smaller Benton Airpark is located on the western side of Redding.
Prominent persons[edit]
This list includes persons who were born/raised/worked in, lived in, or whose identity was significantly influenced by Redding, as well as music groups that were founded in the area.
Actors and entertainment industry[edit]
Ashley Parker Angel – recording artist and Broadway actor
David de Berry – theater composer and actor
Kathleen Kennedy – film producer
Shane Drake – music video director
Rich Eisen – sportscaster
Francesca Eastwood – actor
Authors[edit]
Bill Johnson, author and Senior Pastor of Bethel Church in Redding
Matthew Kennedy – author
Business leaders and entrepreneurs[edit]
Kevin Rose – Internet entrepreneur
Musicians and bands[edit]
Duffy Bishop – electric blues singer and songwriter
Randy Miller – drummer of the Myriad
Roy Rogers – guitarist
Craig Padilla – ambient electronic musician and film score composer
Athletes[edit]
Bill Plummer – MLB player, coach and manager
Greg Cadaret – MLB player
Mark Parent – MLB player and coach
Rick Bosetti – professional baseball player
Mel Hein – football player, 1938 MVP, NFL Hall of Fame inductee
Eddie Machen – heavyweight boxer
Buck Martinez – professional MLB player, manager, broadcaster
Matt Nichols – player in Canadian Football League
Ryan O'Callaghan – NFL football player
Megan Rapinoe – professional soccer player, Olympic gold medalist
Ricky Ray – football player in the Canadian Football League
Lynne Roberts – college basketball coach
D. J. Seeley – basketball player in Israeli Premier League and Euroleague
Jason Sehorn – former NFL player
Politicians, civil servants and activists[edit]
Raymond Jacobs – US Marine, said to be in photo of first flag raised on Iwo Jima
Brian Sandoval – 29th governor of Nevada
Other people[edit]
Ruggles brothers – stagecoach robbers
Sam Butcher – Artist, Precious Moments
See also[edit]
2018 Shasta County Wildfires: Carr Fire, Hirz Fire, Delta Fire
California portal
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Jun 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Redding". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA – Redding city". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Redding (city) QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 1, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "How Redding got its Name". Retrieved August 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Papers On Wintu Ethnography : 239 Wintu Villages In Shasta County Circa 1850. Redding, CA: Redding Museum and Art Center. 1980.
Jump up ^ "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Historic Redding California". Retrieved August 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "City of Redding Flag". Retrieved 2017-08-19.
Jump up ^ "Carr Fire Incident Update 7/29/18 PM" (PDF). Retrieved 30 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "'Terrifying' tornadoes of flame leave 2 dead as inferno destroys Californian city of Redding". The Daily Telegraph. London. July 28, 2018. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
Jump up ^ Environmental Impact Report for the Redding Redevelopment Plan, Earth Metrics, City of Redding and California State Clearinghouse Report (1990)
Jump up ^ "Web Soil Survey". Websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-28.
Jump up ^ "NOAA". noaa.gov. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Redding, CA Climate". Western Regional Climate Center. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data". Retrieved August 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Comprehensive Annual Financial Report". cityofredding.org. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Senators". State of California. Retrieved March 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Members Assembly". State of California. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "California's 1st Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "City Council Information". City of Redding. Retrieved November 12, 2016. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Redding's City Manager". City of Redding. Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Radio Stations in Redding, California". Radio-locator.com. Retrieved 2016-02-28.
Jump up ^ United States. Congress (1969). Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress. U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Radio Stations in Redding, California". Radio-locator.com. Retrieved 2016-02-28.
Jump up ^ "Modoc County, California : Redding". Sage Stage. 2014-01-30. Retrieved 2016-02-28.
Jump up ^ "AIBRA – Find a Station". Retrieved 2015-05-02.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Redding, California.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Redding, California.
Official website
Images of Redding from the Eastman's Originals Collection, Special Collections Dept., University of California, Davis.
"Redding, California". C-SPAN Cities Tour. May 2017.
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Mussel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Muscle.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Mussel
A bed of blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, in the intertidal zone in Cornwall, England
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Subclasses
Pteriomorphia (marine mussels)
Palaeoheterodonta (freshwater mussels)
Heterodonta (zebra mussels)
Mussel is the common name used for members of several families of bivalve molluscs, from saltwater and freshwater habitats. These groups have in common a shell whose outline is elongated and asymmetrical compared with other edible clams, which are often more or less rounded or oval.
The word "mussel" is most frequently used to mean the edible bivalves of the marine family Mytilidae, most of which live on exposed shores in the intertidal zone, attached by means of their strong byssal threads ("beard") to a firm substrate.[1] A few species (in the genus Bathymodiolus) have colonised hydrothermal vents associated with deep ocean ridges.
In most marine mussels the shell is longer than it is wide, being wedge-shaped or asymmetrical. The external colour of the shell is often dark blue, blackish, or brown, while the interior is silvery and somewhat nacreous.
The common name "mussel" is also used for many freshwater bivalves, including the freshwater pearl mussels. Freshwater mussel species inhabit lakes, ponds, rivers, creeks, canals, and they are classified in a different subclass of bivalves, despite some very superficial similarities in appearance.
Freshwater zebra mussels and their relatives in the family Dreissenidae are not related to previously mentioned groups, even though they resemble many Mytilus species in shape, and live attached to rocks and other hard surfaces in a similar manner, using a byssus. They are classified with the Heterodonta, the taxonomic group which includes most of the bivalves commonly referred to as "clams".
Contents
[hide]
1 General anatomy
2 Life habits
2.1 Feeding
2.2 Reproduction
2.3 Predators
3 Distribution and habitat
4 Aquaculture
4.1 Culture methods
4.2 Harvest
5 Medical
6 Environmental applications
7 Mussels and nutrient mitigation
8 Conservation
8.1 Freshwater Mussels
9 As food
9.1 Preparation
9.2 Nutrition highlights
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
General anatomy[edit]
Marine blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, showing some of the inner anatomy. The white posterior adductor muscle is visible in the upper image, and has been cut in the lower image to allow the valves to open fully.
Play media
Flight around a 3D-Rendering of a µCT-Scan of a young Mytilus that is almost completely covered with Balanidae (barnacles). Resolution of the scan is 29µm/Voxel.
The mussel's external shell is composed of two hinged halves or "valves". The valves are joined together on the outside by a ligament, and are closed when necessary by strong internal muscles (anterior and posterior adductor muscles). Mussel shells carry out a variety of functions, including support for soft tissues, protection from predators and protection against desiccation.

The shell has three layers. In the pearly mussels there is an inner iridescent layer of nacre (mother-of-pearl) composed of calcium carbonate, which is continuously secreted by the mantle; the prismatic layer, a middle layer of chalky white crystals of calcium carbonate in a protein matrix; and the periostracum, an outer pigmented layer resembling a skin. The periostracum is composed of a protein called conchin, and its function is to protect the prismatic layer from abrasion and dissolution by acids (especially important in freshwater forms where the decay of leaf materials produces acids).
Like most bivalves, mussels have a large organ called a foot. In freshwater mussels, the foot is large, muscular, and generally hatchet-shaped. It is used to pull the animal through the substrate (typically sand, gravel, or silt) in which it lies partially buried. It does this by repeatedly advancing the foot through the substrate, expanding the end so it serves as an anchor, and then pulling the rest of the animal with its shell forward. It also serves as a fleshy anchor when the animal is stationary.
In marine mussels, the foot is smaller, tongue-like in shape, with a groove on the ventral surface which is continuous with the byssus pit. In this pit, a viscous secretion is exuded, entering the groove and hardening gradually upon contact with sea water. This forms extremely tough, strong, elastic, byssal threads that secure the mussel to its substrate allowing it to remain sessile in areas of high flow.[2] The byssal thread is also sometimes used by mussels as a defensive measure, to tether predatory molluscs, such as dog whelks, that invade mussel beds, immobilising them and thus starving them to death.
In cooking, the byssus of the mussel is known as the "beard" and is removed before the mussels are prepared.
Life habits[edit]
A Mytilus with its byssus clearly showing, at Ocean Beach, San Francisco, California
A starfish consuming a mussel in Northern California
Feeding[edit]
Both marine and freshwater mussels are filter feeders; they feed on plankton and other microscopic sea creatures which are free-floating in seawater. A mussel draws water in through its incurrent siphon. The water is then brought into the branchial chamber by the actions of the cilia located on the gills for ciliary-mucus feeding. The wastewater exits through the excurrent siphon. The labial palps finally funnel the food into the mouth, where digestion begins.
Marine mussels are usually found clumping together on wave-washed rocks, each attached to the rock by its byssus. The clumping habit helps hold the mussels firm against the force of the waves. At low tide mussels in the middle of a clump will undergo less water loss because of water capture by the other mussels.
Reproduction[edit]
Both marine and freshwater mussels are gonochoristic, with separate male and female individuals. In marine mussels, fertilization occurs outside the body, with a larval stage that drifts for three weeks to six months, before settling on a hard surface as a young mussel. There, it is capable of moving slowly by means of attaching and detaching byssal threads to attain a better life position.
Freshwater mussels reproduce sexually. Sperm is released by the male directly into the water and enters the female via the incurrent siphon. After fertilization, the eggs develop into a larval stage called a glochidium (plural glochidia), which temporarily parasitizes fish, attaching themselves to the fish's fins or gills. Prior to their release, the glochidia grow in the gills of the female mussel where they are constantly flushed with oxygen-rich water. In some species, release occurs when a fish attempts to attack the mussel's minnow or other mantle flaps shaped like prey; an example of aggressive mimicry.
Glochidia are generally species-specific, and will only live if they find the correct fish host. Once the larval mussels attach to the fish, the fish body reacts to cover them with cells forming a cyst, where the glochidia remain for two to five weeks (depending on temperature). They grow, break free from the host, and drop to the bottom of the water to begin an independent life.
Predators[edit]
Marine mussels are eaten by humans, starfish, seabirds, and by numerous species of predatory marine gastropods in the family Muricidae, such as the dog whelk, Nucella lapillus. Freshwater mussels are eaten by otters, raccoons, ducks, baboons, humans (off the coast of South Africa)[further explanation needed] and geese, although the main cause of mortality is starfish.
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Mussels completely covering rocks in intertidal zone, in Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
Marine mussels are abundant in the low and mid intertidal zone in temperate seas globally.[1] Other species of marine mussel live in tropical intertidal areas, but not in the same huge numbers as in temperate zones.
Certain species of marine mussels prefer salt marshes or quiet bays, while others thrive in pounding surf, completely covering wave-washed rocks. Some species have colonized abyssal depths near hydrothermal vents. The South African white mussel exceptionally doesn't bind itself to rocks but burrows into sandy beaches extending two tubes above the sand surface for ingestion of food and water and exhausting wastes.
Freshwater mussels inhabit permanent lakes, rivers, canals and streams throughout the world except in the polar regions. They require a constant source of cool, clean water. They prefer water with a substantial mineral content, using calcium carbonate to build their shells.
Aquaculture[edit]
Mussel dredgers
Bouchots are marine pilings for growing mussels, here shown at an agricultural fair.
Bamboo is used for mussel breeding and propagation (Abucay, Bataan, Philippines).
In 2005, China accounted for 40% of the global mussel catch according to a FAO study.[3] Within Europe, where mussels have been cultivated for centuries, Spain remained the industry leader. Aquaculture of mussels in North America began in the 1970s.[4] In the US, the northeast and northwest have significant mussel aquaculture operations, where Mytilus edulis (blue mussel) is most commonly grown. While the mussel industry in the US has increased, in North America, 80% of cultured mussels are produced in Prince Edward Island in Canada.[5] In Washington State, an estimated 2.9M pounds of mussels were harvested in 2010, valued at roughly $4.3M.[6]
Culture methods[edit]
Longline culture (rope culture) mussel farm in Bay of Kotor, (Montenegro).
Freshwater mussels are used as host animals for the cultivation of freshwater pearls. Some species of marine mussel, including the Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and the New Zealand green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus), are also cultivated as a source of food.
In some areas of the world, mussel farmers collect naturally occurring marine mussel seed for transfer to more appropriate growing areas, however, most North American mussel farmers rely on hatchery-produced seed.[4] Growers typically purchase seed after it has set (about 1mm in size) or after it has been nursed in upwellers for 3-6 additional weeks and is 2-3mm.[4] The seed is then typically reared in a nursery environment, where it is transferred to a material with a suitable surface for later relocation to the growing area. After about three months in the nursery, mussel seed is "socked" (placed in a tube-like mesh material) and hung on longlines or rafts for grow-out. Within a few days, the mussels migrate to the outside of the sock for better access food sources in the water column. Mussels grow quickly and are usually ready for harvest in less than two years. Unlike other cultured bivalves, mussels use byssus threads (beard) to attach themselves to any firm substrate, which makes them suitable for a number of culture methods.
There are a variety of techniques for growing mussels.
Bouchot culture: Intertidal growth technique, or bouchot technique: pilings, known in French as bouchots, are planted at sea; ropes, on which the mussels grow, are tied in a spiral on the pilings; some mesh netting prevents the mussels from falling away. This method needs an extended tidal zone.
On-bottom culture: On-bottom culture is based on the principle of transferring mussel seed (spat) from areas where they have settled naturally to areas where they can be placed in lower densities to increase growth rates, facilitate harvest, and control predation (Mussel farmers must remove predators and macroalgae during the growth cycle).[7]
Raft culture: Raft culture is a commonly used method throughout the world. Lines of rope mesh socks are seeded with young mussels and suspended vertically from a raft. The specific length of the socks depends on depth and food availability.
Longline culture (rope culture): Mussels are cultivated extensively in New Zealand, where the most common method is to attach mussels to ropes which are hung from a rope back-bone supported by large plastic floats. The most common species cultivated in New Zealand is the New Zealand green-lipped mussel. Longline culture is the most recent development for mussel culture[7] and are often used as an alternative to raft culture in areas that are more exposed to high wave energy. A long-line is suspended by a series of small anchored floats and ropes or socks of mussels are then suspended vertically from the line.
Harvest[edit]
In roughly 12–15 months, mussels reach marketable size (40mm) and are ready for harvest. Harvesting methods depend on the grow-out area and the rearing method being used. Dredges are currently used for on-bottom culture. Mussels grown on wooden poles can be harvested by hand or with a hydraulic powered system. For raft and longline culture, a platform is typically lowered under the mussel lines, which are then cut from the system and brought to the surface and dumped into containers on a nearby vessel. After harvest, mussels are typically placed in seawater tanks to rid them of impurities before marketing.
Cleaning mussels in a mussel farm (Bay of Kotor, Montenegro).
Medical[edit]
Byssal threads, used to anchor mussels to substrates, are now recognized as superior bonding agents. A number of studies have investigated mussel "glues" for industrial and surgical applications.[8]
Additionally byssal threads have provided insight into the construction of artificial tendons.[9]
Environmental applications[edit]
Mussels are widely used as bio-indicators to monitor the health of aquatic environments in both fresh water and the marine environments. They are particularly useful since they are distributed worldwide and they are sessile. These characteristics ensure that they are representative of the environment where they are sampled or placed. Their population status or structure, physiology, behaviour or the level of contamination with elements or compounds can indicate the status of the ecosystem.[10]
Mussels and nutrient mitigation[edit]
Marine nutrient bioextraction is the practice of farming and harvesting marine organisms such as shellfish and seaweed for the purpose of reducing nutrient pollution. Mussels and other bivalve shellfish consume phytoplankton containing nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). On average, one live mussel is 1.0% N and 0.1% P.[11] When the mussels are harvested and removed, these nutrients are also removed from the system and recycled in the form of seafood or mussel biomass, which can be used as an organic fertilizer or animal feed-additive. These ecosystem services provided by mussels are of particular interest to those hoping to mitigate excess anthropogenic marine nutrients, particularly in eutrophic marine systems. While mussel aquaculture is actually promoted in some countries such as Sweden as a water management strategy to address coastal eutrophication,[11] mussel farming as a nutrient mitigation tool is still in its infancy in most parts of the world. Ongoing efforts in the Baltic Sea (Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Poland) and Long Island Sound[12] and Puget Sound[13] in the U.S. are currently examining nutrient uptake, cost-effectiveness, and potential environmental impacts of mussel farming as a means to mitigate excess nutrients and complement traditional wastewater treatment programs.
Conservation[edit]
Freshwater Mussels[edit]
In the United States and Canada, areas home to the most diverse freshwater mussel fauna in the world, there are 297 known freshwater mussel taxa.[14] Of the 297 known species, 213 (71.7%) taxa are listed as endangered, threatened, of special concern.[15] The main factors contributing to the decline of freshwater mussels include destruction from dams, increased siltation, channel modification, and the introduction of invasive species like the Zebra mussel.[14]
As food[edit]
Mussel farm, New Zealand.
The Asian green mussel, Perna viridis, gathered in Chonburi Province, Thailand
Humans have used mussels as food for thousands of years. About 17 species are edible, of which the most commonly eaten are Mytilus edulis, M. galloprovincialis, M. trossellus and Perna canaliculus.[16]
Freshwater mussels nowadays are generally considered to be unpalatable, though the native peoples in North America ate them extensively. During the second World War in the United States, mussels were commonly served in diners. This was due to the unavailability of red meat related to wartime rationing.[17]
In Belgium, the Netherlands, and France, mussels are consumed with french fries ("mosselen met friet" or "moules-frites") or bread. In Belgium, mussels are sometimes served with fresh herbs and flavorful vegetables in a stock of butter and white wine. Fries and Belgian beer sometimes are accompaniments. In the Netherlands, mussels are sometimes served fried in batter or breadcrumbs, particularly at take-out food outlets or informal settings. In France, the Éclade des Moules, or, locally, Terré de Moules, is a mussel bake that can be found along the beaches of the Bay of Biscay.
In Italy, mussels are mixed with other sea food, they are consumed often steam cooked (most popular), sometimes with white wine, herbs, and served with the remaining water and some lemon. In Spain, they are consumed mostly steam cooked, sometimes boiling white wine, onion and herbs, and served with the remaining water and some lemon. They can also be eaten as "tigres", a sort of croquette using the mussel meat, shrimps and other pieces of fish in a thick bechamel then breaded and fried in the clean mussel shell. They are used in other sort of dishes such as rices or soups or commonly eaten canned in a pickling brine made of oil, vinegar, peppercorns, bay leaves and paprika.
In Turkey, mussels are either covered with flour and fried on shishs ('midye tava'), or filled with rice and served cold ('midye dolma') and are usually consumed after alcohol (mostly raki or beer).
They are used in Ireland boiled and seasoned with vinegar, with the "bray" or boiling water as a supplementary hot drink.
In Cantonese cuisine, mussels are cooked in a broth of garlic and fermented black bean. In New Zealand, they are served in a chili or garlic-based vinaigrette, processed into fritters and fried, or used as the base for a chowder.
In India, mussels are popular in Kerala, Maharashtra, Karnataka-Bhatkal, and Goa. They are either prepared with drumsticks, breadfruit or other vegetables, or filled with rice and coconut paste with spices and served hot. Fried mussels ('Kadukka' കടുക്ക in Malayalam) of north Kerala especially in Kozhikode are a spicy, favored delicacy. In coastal Karnataka Beary's prepare special rice ball stuffed with spicy fried mussels and steamed locally known as "pachilede pindi".
Preparation[edit]
Moules frites
A mussel dish with cherry tomatoes and croutons
Simple mussels roasting in a mussel farm (Bay of Kotor, Montenegro.
Mussels can be smoked, boiled, steamed, roasted, barbecued or fried in butter or vegetable oil. As with all shellfish, except shrimp, mussels should be checked to ensure they are still alive just before they are cooked; enzymes quickly break down the meat and make them unpalatable or poisonous after dying or uncooked.[citation needed] Some mussels might contain toxins.[18] A simple criterion is that live mussels, when in the air, will shut tightly when disturbed. Open, unresponsive mussels are dead, and must be discarded. Unusually heavy, wild-caught, closed mussels may be discarded as they may contain only mud or sand. (They can be tested by slightly opening the shell halves.) A thorough rinse in water and removal of "the beard" is suggested. Mussel shells usually open when cooked, revealing the cooked soft parts. Historically, it has been believed that after cooking all the mussels should have opened and those that have not are not safe to eat and should be discarded. However, according to marine biologist Nick Ruello, this advice may have arisen from an old, poorly researched cookbook's advice, which has now become an assumed truism for all shellfish. Ruello found 11.5% of all mussels failed to open during cooking, but when forced open, 100% were "both adequately cooked and safe to eat."[19]
Although mussels are valued as food, mussel poisoning due to toxic planktonic organisms can be a danger along some coastlines. For instance, mussels should be avoided along the west coast of the United States during the warmer months. This poisoning is usually due to a bloom of dinoflagellates (red tides), which contain toxins. The dinoflagellates and their toxin are harmless to mussels, even when concentrated by the mussel's filter feeding, but if the mussels are consumed by humans, the concentrated toxins cause serious illness, such as paralytic shellfish poisoning. A person affected in this way after eating mussels is said to be musselled.[20]
Nutrition highlights[edit]
Raw blue mussels[21]
Serving size 3 ounces (85 g)
Calories 70
Protein 10.1 g
Carbohydrate 3.1 g
Fiber 0.0 g
Total fat 1.9 g
Saturated fat 0.4 g
Sodium 243 mg
Excellent source of: selenium (44.8 µg), and vitamin B12 (12 µg)
Good source of: zinc (1.6 mg), and folate (42 µg)[22]
Foods that are an "excellent source" of a particular nutrient provide 20% or more of the recommended daily value. Foods that are a "good source" of a particular nutrient provide between 10 and 20% of the recommended daily value.
See also[edit]
Marine life portal
Food portal
Clam
Oyster
Zebra mussel
California mussel
Dwarf wedgemussel
Water purification
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (22 May 2009). "Mussel". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ Vaccaro, Eleonora; Waite, J. Herbert (2001-09-01). "Yield and Post-Yield Behavior of Mussel Byssal Thread: A Self-Healing Biomolecular Material". Biomacromolecules. 2 (3): 906–911. doi:10.1021/bm0100514. ISSN 1525-7797.
Jump up ^ China catches 0.77m tonnes of mussels in 2005
^ Jump up to: a b c "Mussel Culture in British Columbia". BC Shellfish Growers Association.
Jump up ^ Calta, Marialisa (August 28, 2005). "Mussels on Prince Edward Island". The New York Times. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Northern Economics, Inc. "The Economic Impact of Shellfish Aquaculture in Washington, Oregon and California" (PDF). Prepared for Pacific Shellfish Institute. Retrieved April 2013. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b "Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme, Mytilus edulis". FAO.
Jump up ^ Bilic, Grozdana; Brubaker, Carrie; Messersmith, Phillip B.; Mallik, Ajit S.; Quinn, Thomas M.; Haller, Claudia; Done, Elisa; Gucciardo, Leonardo; Zeisberger, Steffen M.; Zimmermann, Roland; Deprest, Jan; Zisch, Andreas H. (2010). "Injectable candidate sealants for fetal membrane repair: bonding and toxicity in vitro". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 202 (1): 85.e1–9. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.07.051. PMC 2837921  . PMID 20096254. Lay summary – Science Daily (January 23, 2010).
Jump up ^ Qin, Zhao; Buehler, Markus J. (2013). "Impact tolerance in mussel thread networks by heterogeneous material distribution". Nature Communications. 4: 2187. doi:10.1038/ncomms3187. PMID 23880603. Lay summary – redOrbit (July 24, 2013).
Jump up ^ Mussel Watch Programme Archived 2015-09-07 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Lindahl, O, Hernroth, R., Kollberg, S., Loo, L.-O, Olrog, L., Rehnstam-Holm, A.-S., Svensson, J., Svensson S., Syversen, U. (2005). "Improving marine water quality by mussel farming: A profitable solution for Swedish society". Ambio. 34 (2): 131–138. doi:10.1579/0044-7447-34.2.131. PMID 15865310. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Ribbed Mussel Pilot Study in the Bronx River, New York City". Long Island Sound Study.
Jump up ^ "Nutrient Mitigation". Puget Sound Restoration Fund.
^ Jump up to: a b Haag, Wendell (2012). North American Freshwater Mussels: Natural History, Ecology, and Conservation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521199384.
Jump up ^ Williams, James D.; Jr, Melvin L. Warren; Cummings, Kevin S.; Harris, John L.; Neves, Richard J. (1993-09-01). "Conservation Status of Freshwater Mussels of the United States and Canada". Fisheries. 18 (9): 6–22. doi:10.1577/1548-8446(1993)0182.0.CO;2. ISSN 0363-2415.
Jump up ^ Zeldes, Leah A. (2010-10-13). "Eat this! Mussels, mighty fine mollusks". Dining Chicago. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Retrieved 2010-11-17.
Jump up ^ Alton Brown, Good Eats,
Jump up ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Poisoning - fish and shellfish
Jump up ^ "Mussel myth an open and shut case". ABC Science. 2008-10-29. Retrieved 2015-08-04.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary: mussel (verb).
Jump up ^ "Calories in Mussel, raw | Nutrition, Carbohydrate and Calorie Counter". Calorieking.com. Retrieved 2012-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Full Nutrition Info and calories in Raw Blue Mussels".
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mussel.
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
Mussel
Look up mussel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The MUSSEL Project - Hosted by The University of Alabama and Funded by The National Science Foundation
MolluSCAN eye, online biomonitoring project hosted by the University of Bordeaux and the CNRS
Freshwater Mussel Genera
Methods of mussel farming
Mississippi River Mussels
Marine Ecology Station
Nutrition Facts for Mussels
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Zebra mussels

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/wiki/Computed_tomography
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Computed tomography

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/wiki/Mytilus_(mollusc)
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Mytilus (mollusc)

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Filter feeders

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Sessility (zoology)

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Liaoning Province

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Hydrothermal vents

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Freshwater pearl

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New Zealand green-lipped mussel

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Mussel adhesive protein

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Wartime rationing

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Raki (alcoholic beverage)

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Chicken (food)

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https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm0100514

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//doi.org/10.1021%2Fbm0100514

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//www.worldcat.org/issn/1525-7797

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//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajog.2009.07.051

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PubMed Identifier

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//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20096254

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//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23880603

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/wiki/Helix_aspersa
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Helix aspersa

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/wiki/Cepaea_nemoralis
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Cepaea nemoralis

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/wiki/Mercenaria_mercenaria
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Mercenaria mercenaria

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/wiki/Spisula_solidissima
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Spisula solidissima

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/wiki/Pearl_oyster
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Pearl oyster

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/wiki/Scallop_dredge
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Scallop dredge

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Bugeye (boat)

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/wiki/Pearl_diving
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Pearl diving

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List of fishing topics by subject

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/wiki/File:Atlantic_cod.jpg
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Atlantic cod

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Pacific oysters

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/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon
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Aquaculture of salmon

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World fish production

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Fisheries glossary

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/wiki/Spisula_aequilateralis
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Spisula aequilateralis

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/wiki/Cerastoderma_edule
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Cerastoderma edule

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/wiki/Blood_cockle
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Blood cockle

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/wiki/Auckland_oyster
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Auckland oyster

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/wiki/Olympia_oyster
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Olympia oyster

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/wiki/Tiostrea_chilensis
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Tiostrea chilensis

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/wiki/Strombus_canarium
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Strombus canarium

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/wiki/Lightning_whelk
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Lightning whelk

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/wiki/Channeled_whelk
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Channeled whelk

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Octopus macropus

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Thaumoctopus mimicus

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