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Joseph Swan
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Sir Joseph Wilson Swan
Photograph of Swan, circa 1900
Born
Joseph Wilson Swan
(1828-10-31)31 October 1828
Bishopwearmouth, Sunderland, County Durham, England, United Kingdom
Died
27 May 1914(1914-05-27) (aged 85)
Warlingham, Surrey, England, United Kingdom
Nationality
British
Known for
Incandescent light bulb
Photographic process
Awards
Hughes Medal (1904)
Albert Medal (1906)
Scientific career
Fields
Physics, Chemistry
Sir Joseph Wilson Swan FRS (31 October 1828 – 27 May 1914) was a British physicist, chemist, and inventor. He is known as an independent early developer of a successful incandescent light bulb, and is the person responsible for developing and supplying the electric lights used in the world's first homes and public buildings (including the Savoy Theatre, London in 1881) to be lit with electric light bulbs.[1][2]
In 1904, Swan was knighted by King Edward VII, awarded the Royal Society's Hughes Medal, and was made an honorary member of the Pharmaceutical Society. He had received the highest decoration in France, the Légion d'honneur, when he visited an international exhibition[which?] in Paris in 1881. The exhibition included exhibits of his inventions, and the city was lit with his electric lighting.[3]
Swan was the maternal grandfather of Christopher Morcom,[4] Alan Turing's close friend and first love during their studies at the Sherborne boarding school.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Electric light
3 Conjunction with Edison
3.1 Ediswan
4 Photography
5 Later life
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Joseph Wilson Swan was born in 1828 at Pallion Hall in Pallion, in the Parish of Bishopwearmouth, Sunderland, County Durham. His parents were John Swan and Isabella Cameron.[6] Swan was apprenticed for six years to a Sunderland firm of druggists, Hudson and Osbaldiston.[3] However, it is not known if Swan completed his six-year apprenticeship, as both partners subsequently died.[3] He was said to have had an enquiring mind,[3] even as a child. He augmented his education with a fascination of his surroundings, the industry of the area, and reading at Sunderland Library.[3] He attended lectures at the Sunderland Atheneum.[7] Swan subsequently joined Mawson's, a firm of manufacturing chemists in Newcastle upon Tyne, started in the year of Swan's birth by John Mawson[3] (9 September 1819 – 17 December 1867), the husband of his sister, Elizabeth Swan (22 Nov 1822 – 2 August 1905). In 1846, Swan was offered a partnership at Mawson's.[3] This company subsequently existed as Mawson, Swan and Morgan until 1973, formerly located on Grey Street in Newcastle upon Tyne, near Grey's Monument. The premises, now occupied by burger chain restaurant Byron, can be identified by a line of Victorian-style electric street lamps in front of the store on Grey Street.
Swan lived at Underhill, Low Fell, Gateshead, a large house on Kells Lane North, where he conducted most of his experiments in the large conservatory.[8] The house was later converted into a private fee paying, grant aided co-educational grammar school named Beaconsfield School.[9] Here, students could still find examples of Swan's original electrical fittings.[9]
Electric light[edit]
Carbon filament lamp (E27 socket, 220 volts, approx. 30 watts, left side: running with 100 volts)
In 1850, Swan began working on a light bulb using carbonised paper filaments in an evacuated glass bulb. By 1860, he was able to demonstrate a working device, and obtained a British patent covering a partial vacuum, carbon filament incandescent lamp.[citation needed] However, the lack of a good vacuum and an adequate electric source resulted in an inefficient light bulb with a short lifetime.
In 1875, Swan returned to consider the problem of the light bulb with the aid of a better vacuum and a carbonised thread as a filament. The most significant feature of Swan's improved lamp was that there was little residual oxygen in the vacuum tube to ignite the filament, thus allowing the filament to glow almost white-hot without catching fire. However, his filament had low resistance, thus needing heavy copper wires to supply it.[10]
Swan first publicly demonstrated his incandescent carbon lamp at a lecture for the Newcastle upon Tyne Chemical Society on 18 December 1878. However, after burning with a bright light for some minutes in his laboratory, the lamp broke down due to excessive current. On 17 January 1879, this lecture was successfully repeated with the lamp shown in actual operation; Swan had solved the problem of incandescent electric lighting by means of a vacuum lamp. On 3 February 1879, he publicly demonstrated a working lamp to an audience of over seven hundred people in the lecture theatre of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne, Sir William Armstrong of Cragside presiding. Swan turned his attention to producing a better carbon filament, and the means of attaching its ends. He devised a method of treating cotton to produce 'parchmentised thread', and obtained British Patent 4933 on 27 November 1880.[11] From that time he began installing light bulbs in homes and landmarks in England.
Blue plaque commemorates Swan's invention of the electric light bulb and Underhill as the first house in the world to have electric lighting installed
His house, Underhill, Low Fell, Gateshead, was the world's first to have working light bulbs installed.[12] The Lit & Phil Library in Westgate Road, Newcastle, was the first public room lit by electric light during a lecture by Swan on 20 October 1880.[13][14] In 1881, he founded his own company, The Swan Electric Light Company,[15] and started commercial production.[16]
The Savoy, a state-of-the-art theatre in the City of Westminster, London, was the first public building in the world lit entirely by electricity.[2][17] Swan supplied about 1,200 incandescent lamps, powered by an 88.3 kilowatts (118.4 horsepower) generator on open land near the theatre.[18][19] The builder of the Savoy, Richard D'Oyly Carte, explained why he had introduced Swan's electric light: "The greatest drawbacks to the enjoyment of the theatrical performances are, undoubtedly, the foul air and heat which pervade all theatres. As everyone knows, each gas-burner consumes as much oxygen as many people, and causes great heat beside. The incandescent lamps consume no oxygen, and cause no perceptible heat."[20] The first generator proved too small to power the whole building, and though the entire front-of-house was electrically lit, the stage was lit by gas until 28 December 1881. At that performance, Carte stepped onstage and broke a glowing lightbulb before the audience to demonstrate the safety of Swan's new technology. On 29 December 1881, The Times described the electric lighting as superior, visually, to gaslight.[21]
The first private residence, other than the inventor's, lit by the new incandescent lamp was that of his friend, Sir William Armstrong at Cragside, near Rothbury, Northumberland. Swan personally supervised the installation there in December 1880. Swan had formed 'The Swan Electric Light Company Ltd' with a factory at Benwell, Newcastle, and had established the first commercial manufacture of incandescent lightbulbs by the beginning of 1881.
Swan's carbon rod lamp and carbon filament lamp, while functional, were still relatively impractical due to low resistance (needing very expensive thick copper wiring) and short running life.[10][22] While searching for a better filament for his light bulb, Swan inadvertently made another advance. In 1881, he developed and patented a process for squeezing nitro-cellulose through holes to form conducting fibres. His newly established company (which by merger eventually became the Edison and Swan United Company) used Swan's cellulose filaments in their bulbs. The textile industry has also used this process.[6][23]
The first ship to use Swan's invention was The City of Richmond, owned by the 'Inman Line'. She was fitted with incandescent lamps in June 1881. The Royal Navy also introduced them to their ships soon after; with HMS Inflexible having the new lamps installed in the same year.[24]
Swan was one of the early developers of the electric safety lamp for miners, exhibiting his first in Newcastle upon Tyne at the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers on 14 May 1881.[25] This required a wired supply, so the following year, he presented one with a battery[26] and other improved versions followed.[27] By 1886, a lamp with better light output than a flame safety lamp was in production by the Edison-Swan Company.[28] However, it suffered from problems of reliability and was not a success. It took development by others over the next 20 years or so before effective electric lamps were in common use.[29]
Conjunction with Edison[edit]
Edison & Swan United Electric Light Company, otherwise known as 'Ediswan'
In what is considered to be independent lines of inquiry, Swan's incandescent electric lamp was developed at the same time Thomas Edison was working on his incandescent lamp[30] with Swan's first successful lamp and Edison's lamp both patented in 1879.[31] Edison's goal in developing his lamp was for it to be used as one part of a much larger system: a long-life high-resistance lamp that could be connected in parallel to work economically with the large-scale electric-lighting utility he was creating.[32][30] Swan's original lamp design, with its low resistance (the lamp could only be used in series) and short life span, was not suited for such an application.[30]
Ediswan[edit]
Swan's strong patents in Great Britain led, in 1883, to the two competing companies merging to exploit both Swan's and Edison's inventions,[24] with the establishment of the Edison & Swan United Electric Light Company. Known commonly as Ediswan, the company sold lamps made with a cellulose filament that Swan had invented in 1881, while the Edison Company continued using bamboo filaments outside of Britain. In 1892, General Electric (GE) began exploiting Swan's patents to produce cellulose filaments, until they were replaced in 1904 by a GE developed 'GEM' (General Electric Metallized) baked cellulose filaments.[33]
In 1886, Ediswan moved production to a former jute mill at Ponders End, North London.[34] In 1916, Ediswan set up the UK's first radio thermionic valve factory at Ponders End. This area, with nearby Brimsdown subsequently developed as a centre for the manufacture of thermionic valves, cathode ray tubes, etc., and nearby parts of Enfield became an important centre of the electronics industry for much of the 20th century. Ediswan became part of British Thomson-Houston and Associated Electrical Industries (AEI) in the late 1920s.[35]
Photography[edit]
Stone tablet of Sir Joseph Wilson Swan in Pilgrim Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, on former Electricity Board building
When working with wet photographic plates, Swan noticed that heat increased the sensitivity of the silver bromide emulsion. By 1871, he had devised a method of using dry plates, and substituting nitro-cellulose plastic for glass plates, thus initiating the age of convenience in photography. Eight years later, he patented bromide paper, developments of which are still used for black-and-white photographic prints.
In 1864, Swan patented the transfer process for making carbon prints, a permanent photographic process. By adding the transfer step, Swan was able to easily make photographs with a full tonal range.
Later life[edit]
In 1894, Swan was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS),[36] and in September 1901, he was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) from the University of Durham.[37] In 1904, he was knighted, awarded the Royal Society's Hughes Medal, and made an honorary member of the Pharmaceutical Society. Swan died in 1914 at Warlingham in Surrey.
In 1945, the London Power Company commemorated Swan by naming a new 1,554 GRT coastal collier SS Sir Joseph Swan.[24][38]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kenneth E. Hendrickson III, The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3, Rowman & Littlefield - 2014, page 564[ISBN missing]
^ Jump up to: a b Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 434–435. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Pharmacy - the mother of invention? — Sir Joseph Swan (1828–1914)". RPSGB.org.uk. Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB). Archived from the original on 24 September 2006. Retrieved 11 January 2010. Swan made groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of electric lighting and photography. He had already received the Legion of Honour when he visited an international exhibition in Paris in 1881. The exhibition included exhibits of his inventions, and the city was lit with electric light, thanks to Swan's invention.
Jump up ^ Hodges, Andrew (2012). Alan Turing: The Enigma (The Centenary Edition). UK; US: Princeton University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-691-15564-7.
Jump up ^ "Turing biography". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Davidson, Michael W. and The Florida State University. "Molecular expressions. Science, optics and you. Pioneers in optics. Joseph Swan (1828–1914)." Last modification 26 February 2004. Retrieved 16 November 2009
Jump up ^ Plumley, Jon. "Joseph Swan: Biography". www.kstc.co.uk. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Newton, Douglas (1978) New Scientist, 26 October 1978 Retrieved 30 December 2010
^ Jump up to: a b Electrical times, Volume 145 p. 220. Retrieved 30 December 2010
^ Jump up to: a b "Lighting A Revolution: Joseph W. Swan". americanhistory.si.edu. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Swan K. R. Sir Joseph Swan and the Invention of the incandescent electric lamp. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1946 pp. 21–25[ISBN missing]
Jump up ^ "Tale of tragedy behind the triumphs of Joseph Swan". The Journal. 11 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Glover, Andrew (8 February 2011). "Alexander Armstrong in appeal to save Lit and Phil". The Journal. Archived from the original on 15 February 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2011. The society's lecture theatre was the first public room to be lit by electric light, during a lecture by Sir Joseph Swan on October 20, 1880.
Jump up ^ History in pictures – The Lit & Phil, BBC. Retrieved 8 August 2011
Jump up ^ Ideafinder.com, Light Bulb History, accessed 17 July 2012
Jump up ^ Chirnside, R.C. Sir Joseph Wilson Swan FRS Newcastle upon Tyne: Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne 1979
Jump up ^ Burgess, Michael. "Richard D'Oyly Carte", The Savoyard, January 1975, pp. 7–11[ISBN missing]
Jump up ^ "The Savoy Theatre", The Times, 3 October 1881
Jump up ^ Gooday, Graeme. Domesticating electricity: technology, uncertainty and gender, 1880–1914. Pickering & Chatto, 2008, p.107, accessed 30 November 2010[ISBN missing]
Jump up ^ "Richard D'Oyly Carte" Archived 13 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine., at the Lyric Opera San Diego website, June 2009
Jump up ^ Description of lightbulb experiment in The Times, 29 December 1881
Jump up ^ "Dec. 18, 1878: Let There Be Light — Electric Light". Retrieved 10 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Joseph Wilson Swan". Timmonetk. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sir Josepth Swan and the Invention of the Incandescent Electric Lamp by Kenneth R. Swan 1948
Jump up ^ Swan. J.W. Swan's electric light Transactions, North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers 30, 1881, 149–159
Jump up ^ Swan, J.W. On an electric safety lamp, with portable secondary battery Transactions, North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers 31 1881-2, 117–9
Jump up ^ Swan, J.W. On an improved electric safety lamp for miners Transactions, North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers 36 1886-7, 3–11
Jump up ^ Discussion on electric lamps Transactions, North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers 36 1886-7 55 – 59
Jump up ^ Jones, A. V. and Tarkenter, R. P. Electrical technology in mining: the dawn of a new age. London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd, 1993.[ISBN missing]
^ Jump up to: a b c Maury Klein, The Power Makers: Steam, Electricity, and the Men Who Invented Modern America, Bloomsbury Publishing USA - 2010, Chapter 9 - The Cowbird, The Plugger, and the Dreamer
Jump up ^ Kenneth E. Hendrickson III, The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3, Rowman & Littlefield - 2014, page 564
Jump up ^ David O. Whitten, Bessie Emrick Whitten, Handbook of American Business History: Manufacturing, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1990, pages 315-316
Jump up ^ Incandescent Lamps, History of the Incandescent Light (1802 - today), EdisonTechCenter.org Archived 28 January 2013 at WebCite
Jump up ^ Pam, D. (1977),The New Enfield: Stories of Enfield Edmonton and Southgate, a Jubilee History, London Borough of Enfield Libraries, Arts & Entertainment Dept
Jump up ^ Lewis J.(2001), London's Lea Valley: more secrets revealed, Phillimore, ISBN 1-86077-190-4
Jump up ^ "Library and Archive Catalogue". Royal Society. Retrieved 23 October 2010. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "University intelligence". The Times (36573). London. 30 September 1901. p. 4.
Jump up ^ Anderson, James B (2008). Sommerville, Iain, ed. "Ships built by the Burntisland Shipbuilding Company Ltd: arranged by date of launch". Welcome to Burntisland. Iain Sommerville. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
Further reading[edit]
Swan, M.E. and Swan, K.R. (1929). Sir Joseph Wilson Swan FRS: inventor and scientist. London: Ernest Benn, reprinted with an appendix, Newcastle upon Tyne: Oriel Press, 1968. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) [ISBN missing]
Clouth, D.E. (1979). Joseph Swan 1828–1914: A pictorial account of a North Eastern scientist's life and work. Gateshead: Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council, Dept of Education. [ISBN missing]
External links[edit]
Tyne & Wear Archives Service Joseph Swan collection
"Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Swan, Joseph Wilson". New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
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MatPat
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Matthew Patrick
Matthew Patrick in 2016
Personal information
Born
Matthew Robert Patrick
(1986-11-15) November 15, 1986 (age 30)
Medina, Ohio, U.S.
Education
Duke University
Residence
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation
Internet personality
Spouse(s)
Stephanie Patrick (m. 2012)
YouTube information
Pseudonym
MatPat
Years active
2009–present
Subscribers
8.5 million+ (The Game Theorists)
4.9 million+ (The Film Theorists)
1.2 million+ (GTLive)
Total views
1.2 billion+ (The Game Theorists)
420 million+ (The Film Theorists)
115 million+ (GTLive)
Network
Long Haul Management Clients & Partners[1]/ Studio 71[2]
Associated acts
ScrewAttack
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Did You Know Gaming?
Catchphrase(s)
"But hey, that's just a theory/stream, a GAME THEORY/FILM THEORY/LIVE STREAM! Thanks for watching!/And Cut"
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100,000 subscribers 2013
1,000,000 subscribers 2013
Subscriber and view counts updated as of June 1, 2017.
Matthew Robert "Matt" Patrick,[3][4] also known by screen name MatPat, is an American internet personality, actor, writer, and producer. He is best known as the creator and narrator of the YouTube webseries Game Theory, where he comments on topics such as the logic, scientific accuracy, and lore of various video games and the gaming industry. He is also known for creating the spinoff Film Theory, centering around cinema and internet filmography. In 2015, Patrick created one of YouTube's first live gaming channels, GTLive, and in 2016, he created the YouTube Red series MatPat's Game Lab. As of June 2017, Patrick has amassed over 13 million subscribers and over 1.6 billion views total across his three channels. Between July 1, 2016 and July 31, 2016, he starred in the game show The Runner. The show was produced by Ben Affleck and Matt Damon and was available on Go90.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 The Game Theorists
2.1.1 Viewer demographics
2.2 The Film Theorists
2.3 MatPat's Game Lab
2.4 GTLive
2.5 Theorist Media
3 Collaborations
4 Personal life
5 Awards and nominations
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Matthew Patrick was born on November 15, 1986 in Medina County, Ohio. Growing up, Patrick was very involved in the arts, especially musical theatre. He valued education and spent most of his school career studying or taking classes. His enthusiasm led him to skip his lunch periods to take classes and to spend his summer vacations taking courses at college campuses. He eventually became the valedictorian of his graduating class, and earned a perfect score on his SAT. His strong academic record earned him a full academic scholarship into Duke University.[6]
Immediately after graduating Summa Cum Laude from Duke University with a double major in neuroscience and theater, Patrick moved to New York City in order to pursue an acting career, which he eventually quit because he could not make a lot of money. After two years of mostly unemployment, he uploaded the promotional trailer for Game Theory, and four days later, he uploaded the first episode, explaining the scientific accuracy of the time travel of the SNES game Chrono Trigger.
He currently resides in Los Angeles, California with his wife Stephanie Cordato.[7]
Career[edit]
The Game Theorists[edit]
Patrick first created a YouTube account under the name "MatthewPatrick13" in 2009. He uploaded numerous videos of his performances and auditions for musical theatre, including one where he sang "It Takes Two" from the musical Hairspray. The first video he put a lot of time to edit was a video he used to propose to his now wife, Stephanie.
On April 18, 2011, he uploaded the first episode of his new show, Game Theory, where he discusses the relationship between reality and gaming in terms of science, math and culture. Inspired by the YouTube series Extra Credits episode Tangential Learning (March 23, 2011) he created Game Theory with the goal of creating "gaming's tangential learning experience" to show his abilities to companies that might watch his channel.[8] He frequently uploads episodes covering Nintendo characters, as well as popular games such as Minecraft, Five Nights at Freddy's, Call of Duty and Pokémon, as well as numerous other games.[9][10] Early on in the show's history, MatPat was interviewed by Ronnie Edwards, host of his Internet show Random Encounters. After this meeting, Ronnie accepted MatPat's offer to be Game Theory's main editor. Before this, MatPat was the sole editor of the show. The first episode of Game Theory that Ronnie edited was How Much is Minecraft Diamond Armor Worth?[11] He occasionally uploads videos commenting on the gaming market, as well as on other matters that he deems noteworthy.[12] He gained subscribers and his videos were being posted on the front pages of sites such as ScrewAttack and GameTrailers.[8] Game Theory has become known for Patrick's educational, consistent and in-depth approach to game analysis.
During the course of its life, The Game Theorists has hosted numerous spin-offs and separate shows. Some of the shows are only partly on The Game Theorists and consist of more episodes on the creators' channels.
Game Exchange (July 5, 2012 – June 7, 2014 on The Game Theorists, still on Gaijin Goombah) is a show by Michael Sundman[13] where he talks in a high-pitched voice as a Goomba character named Gaijin Goombah about gaming in relation to various international cultures. The version on The Game Theorists has since been replaced permanently with Culture Shock which started on April 10, 2014 as a show very similar in style and content. Starting in 2016, his real voice was used in The Game Theorists version.
Digressing and Sidequesting (December 26, 2011 – ) is a show hosted by Ronnie Edwards which focuses on game design. It started on the YouTube channel DigressingNSQ and moved to The Game Theorists on August 30, 2012.
Crossover (December 28, 2013 – September 9, 2014) was a show hosted by Drake McWhorter and Ken Landefeld which proved that two gaming characters or series exist within the same universe. In February 2016, the script for a relaunch was finalised.[14] In August 2016, McWhorter tweeted that the first episode of the second season has already been done and they were waiting for the official approval.[15] In June 2016, they announced that they hadn't received any response and that the project was in limbo.[16] In August 2017, Landefeld tweeted that "MatPat didn't pick up the season 2 pilot of Crossover so [they] ended it there".[17]
Smash History (August 26, 2014 – July 23, 2016) was a show by Drake McWhorter that focused on the development and content of Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U. According to McWhorter, the show was cancelled because "it's not as high quality, the Smash hype is dead, and it's not an educational show."[18] In early November 2016 all episodes were made private and McWhorter himself did not know the reason for this.[19] Because of this, he started to upload the series on his channel Trailer Drake on November 9, 2016.
A Brief History (February 4, 2013 – August 24, 2017 on The Game Theorists, still on FootofaFerret) is a show hosted by Ryder Burgin that covers the entire development of a game series in a very fast-spoken manner. It started on the YouTube channel FootofaFerret and partly moved to The Game Theorists on April 20, 2015. In the episode of August 24, 2017, Burgin announced that that episode would be the last episode on The Game Theorists and the series would fully move back to FootofaFerret.
DeadLock (February 17, 2015 – ) is a show by Matthew Patrick that pits two video game concepts against each other to show their flaws and strengths. Each episode usually features Patrick and another member of The Game Theorists debating these concepts. Two special episodes feature Patrick debating against Nintendo of America's own Reggie Fils-Aimé. The first one was released on June 25, 2016 with them debating on the grounds of motion controls versus traditional controls in The Legend of Zelda series and the second one was released on January 28, 2017 with them debating if Nintendo should continue making consoles. As of July 29, 2017, there are nine episodes of the show.
Break Down (December 25, 2015 – ) is a show by Forrest Lee (tehFurst) which similarly to A Brief History talks about the development of a video game series.
The SCIENCE! (January 29, 2016 – ) is a show by Austin Hourigan which picks video games apart with science and logic. It started on the YouTube channel ShoddyCast, the first video on The Game Theorists was uploaded on December 21, 2016.
The Game Theorists reached one million subscribers on December 17, 2013.
On October 1, 2013, a re-mastered version of the first episode of the Newgrounds show TOME: Terrain of Magical Expertise by Chris Niosi (Kirbopher) was uploaded to the channel to generate more attention for the series and give it more exposure.[20][21][22] On October 31, 2013, the second episode featuring JonTron was uploaded.[23][24] According to Niosi, the episodes were uploaded to the channel and he was given a cut of the revenue each month because he wasn't able to earn money from Google AdSense on his YouTube channel. Within two months, the show was pulled from the channel and the episodes were removed. Niosi stated that the reason behind this was because it didn't perform as well as projected within the first two episodes.[25][26] In February 2017, Patrick stated in a GTLive episode that "YouTube wouldn't let [the video] be monetized because [...] 'someone else owns this video'. [...] It also deviated far too much from what we did because it [...] had nothing to do with education and gaming."[27]
Viewer demographics[edit]
In the GTLive episode of August 29, 2017, responding to allegations of The Game Theorists being watched mainly by younger viewers, The Game Theorists revealed their viewership at that time to mainly consist of people between the age of 18 and 34.[28] According to the data, 78 percent of his viewers are male, while 22 percent are female. Shown data from a one-month period leading up to the livestream is as follows:
Age class
Male
Female
Total
13–17 years 9.9% 3.7% 13.6%
18–24 years 27% 8.2% 35.2%
25–34 years 25% 5.1% 30.1%
35–44 years 9.4% 3.1% 12.5%
45–54 years 4.5% 1.6% 6.1%
55–64 years 0.8% 0.3% 1.1%
65+ years 1.3% 0.3% 1.4%
All ~78% ~22% 100%
The Film Theorists[edit]
On May 12, 2014, Patrick created a second channel called The Film Theorists where he debuted his second show, Film Theory. The first video was uploaded on June 2, 2015, focusing on the science of the TV series Doctor Who.[29] Film Theory follows the same formula as Game Theory, but in relation to films and series as well as the film industry instead of gaming. Within a month following the first episode, The Film Theorists reached one million subscribers.[30]
Like The Game Theorists, The Film Theorists is a host of spin-off shows.
Did You Know Movies? (June 2, 2015 – ) is a spin-off of the popular video game-based blog Did You Know Gaming?.
Frame by Frame (June 9, 2015 – 2017) by Kyle Adams of YouTube channel PwnageShow is a show analyzing film techniques. As of August 26, 2017, only one episode is still available on the channel. The latest episode called “How Spielberg Makes the Cut!... A Guide to Scene Transitions” was uploaded on July 25, 2017.
Film Legends (February 18, 2017 – ) by the creators of the YouTube channel Wisecrack is a show hosted by Jacob Salamon evaluating a movie in different categories in order to rank it and thus finding the best movie of all time.
Film Theory has covered episodes on franchises like Star Wars, Marvel Studios, Harry Potter, Doctor Who, and even the 2016 United States presidential election.[31][32]
MatPat's Game Lab[edit]
Main article: MatPat's Game Lab
On June 8, 2016, Patrick posted via his YouTube channel his new show, MatPat's Game Lab, on Google's paid subscription service, YouTube Red. The show mainly focuses on placing video game players in real life scenarios mimicking scenarios that occur in video games, such as bomb defusing, parkour, and military training.[33][34][35]
GTLive[edit]
Patrick started a Let's Play series called GTLive on August 26, 2015[36] where he streams mostly gameplay with his wife Stephanie and then uploads it to the GTLive archive channel he created on September 14, 2015. Streams are usually conducted at 4 pm PST. Regular guest appearances on the streams include Jason, the producer of GTLive, the co-producer Chris, who became part of the streams after standing in for Jason during his wedding, the Patricks' cat Skip, also known as “CatPat,” Peepachu, a cushion in the form of a yellow, rabbit-shaped Peep and a llama plushie, referred to as "Drama Llama". Repeated themes of this livestream include "Mario Maker Wednesday" (abbr. “MMW”), "Motion-Control Thursday" and "Scary Games Friday" (abbr. “TGISGF” for “Thank Goodness It's Scary Games Friday”), also occasionally known as "Spoopy Games Friday". A common feature is the 'clap-and-a-half' which Patrick reclaimed from his seventh grade Social Studies teacher. On one live stream, they used Verizon's in-game Minecraft smartphone for ordering pizza as well as taking "the worlds largest [in-game] selfie".[37]
Starting on October 3, 2016, the Monday streams became part of YouTube Gaming Primetime and are therefore scheduled for 3 pm to 5 pm PST. It also includes a voting mechanism, which can be used by Patrick to conduct quick polls.[38]
As of 2016, GTLive streams five days per week on average, garnering roughly 80,000 to 110,000 total viewers for each stream.
On April 3, 2017, Patrick announced that the show would go on a brief hiatus until April 25, 2017, due to VidCon Europe and scouting different filming locations.[39] Due to VidCon Australia, the show was again paused on September 4, 2017 and is scheduled to return on September 25, 2017.[40]
Theorist Media[edit]
Patrick is the Founder and President of Theorist Media, a digital media production and consulting company. He co-owns Theorist Media with his spouse, Stephanie.
Collaborations[edit]
Patrick has collaborated with numerous channels, featuring them as guests on his own shows, or being featured himself. He has done numerous voice-over work for video game-based blog Did You Know Gaming?, covering episodes on Portal, Super Mario, and Five Nights at Freddy's. He often shouts out the Wisecrack channel at the end of videos of Film Theory. Patrick has also played in Random Encounters' FNAF: The Musical, and voiced Bendy in Bendy and the Ink Musical from the same channel. He also has collaborated with Petcentric by Purina in the Pet-U-Cation videos.
Patrick has also worked with plenty of clients, including Samsung, Warner Bros., Ubisoft, Defy Media, and YouTube.
Numerous internet personalities have done voice-over work for Patrick's numerous shows, such as Austin Hargrave (PeanutButterGamer) and Jonathan Jafari, as well as Arin Hanson (Egoraptor) and Dan Avidan (Ninja Sex Party) of the web series Game Grumps.
In the popular web series Death Battle by ScrewAttack, Patrick voiced Keith Kogane from the Voltron franchise in the "Power Rangers vs Voltron" episode.
Patrick will voice Computron in the Transformers: Titans Return animated series.[41]
Personal life[edit]
Patrick is married to Stephanie Cordato, whom he met while at Duke University. The two became close after creating a Legend of Zelda parody called The Epic of Stew. The couple married on May 19, 2012 in North Carolina.[42] The couple owns a cat named Skip, who occasionally makes appearances in livestreams and is also known as 'CatPat'
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Nominated
Work
Award
Result
2015 Streamy Awards The Game Theorists Gaming Nominated
The Game Theorists, Ronnie Edwards, Forrest Lee Black, and Ryder Burgin Editing Nominated
2016 Streamy Awards The Game Theorists Show of the Year Nominated
Gaming Won
MatPat’s Game Lab Non-Fiction Nominated
Virtual Reality and 360 Won
Shorty Awards The Game Theorists Tech and Innovation: Gaming Nominated
2017 Shorty Awards MatPat Tech and Innovation: Gaming Nominated
See also[edit]
List of YouTube personalities
The Runner (2016 reality series)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Roster of Long Haul Management Clients & Partners
Jump up ^ The Game Theorists, Socialblade. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
Jump up ^ "Just got ordained to officiate Jason's wedding. But I can do house blessings and funerals too! I'M A ONE-STOP SHOP! #PastorPat". Twitter. Retrieved 2016-10-27.
Jump up ^ The Game Theorists (2017-06-20), GTLive: SHE LOVES ME NOT?! | Emily is Away Too (Part 4), retrieved 2017-06-23, If you spell your name Matt, it's M-A-T-T, not M-A-T. Not like 'doormat'.
Jump up ^ "Ben Affleck & Matt Damon's Interactive Series, The Runner, Gets Trailer". People.com. Retrieved 2016-07-01.
Jump up ^ The Game Theorists (2013-09-24), Draw My Life - Game Theory, MatPat, and YOU!, retrieved 2016-05-11
Jump up ^ "Matthew Patrick | Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Brief History Of The Game Theorists". YouTube. Retrieved January 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Five Nights At Freddy's' Theorist MatPat Claims To Solve Scott Cawthon's Lore, Video Incoming". Design & Trend. 2015-11-18. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
Jump up ^ "'Five Nights At Freddy's 4' Story Theories: Why Scott's Child Character Is Truly Golden Freddy". Design & Trend. 2015-09-05. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
Jump up ^ FootofaFerret (August 3, 2014), A Brief History Of The Game Theorists, retrieved October 28, 2016
Jump up ^ "Game Theory: YouTube Is Broken, Even For PewDiePie - New Media Rockstars". New Media Rockstars. 2014-12-23. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
Jump up ^ "AngryJoe Drives a Tank! – [War Thunder Event]". The Angry Joe Show. 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
Jump up ^ "Tweet by Drake McWhorter". Twitter. 2016-02-18. Retrieved 2017-06-19. We finalized the script for the re-launch of Crossover. Here's a taste! :D
Jump up ^ "Tweet by Drake McWhorter". Twitter. 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2017-06-19. The first episode of Crossover season 2 has been done for a while. We're just waiting to hear if it's official back.
Jump up ^ "Tweet by Ken Landefeld". Twitter. 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2017-06-19. To be perfectly honest, Crossover's in limbo. We finished the first episode, sent it off, and never heard back. :-(
Jump up ^ "Tweet by Ken Landefeld". Twitter. 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2017-08-24. MatPat didn't pick up the season 2 pilot of Crossover so we ended it there.
Jump up ^ "Tweet by Drake McWhorter". Twitter. 2016-07-23. Retrieved 2017-06-19. Smash History doesn't belong on Game Theory. It's not as high quality, the Smash hype is dead, and it's not an educational show.
"Tweet by Drake McWhorter". Twitter. 2016-07-23. Retrieved 2017-06-19. It's not self deprecation. It's literally why the show was canceled. I am explaining the situation.
Jump up ^ McWhorter, Drake (2016-11-09). "Smash History: Mario & Dr. Mario - Trailer Drake". Yes, this is a reupload. I am putting the old Smash Histories onto my channel while we figure out why they were taken off of the Game Theorists.
Jump up ^ "SERIES PREMIERE: TOME Promo and Episode 1". YouTube. The Game Theorists. 2013-10-01. Archived from the original on 2013-10-01. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
Jump up ^ "Post by MatPat". Facebook. 2013-10-01. Retrieved 2017-02-21. [...] today we premiere a web series that deserves much more attention than it has received up until now: TOME.
Jump up ^ "Post by Kirbopher". Tumblr. 2013-10-01. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
Jump up ^ "Tweet by Chris Niosi". Twitter. 2013-10-31. Retrieved 2017-02-21. TOME Episode 02: Mansion Midnight is now live on the Game Theorist YouTube channel!
Jump up ^ "TOME: Mansion Midnight (ft. JonTron)". YouTube. The Game Theorists. 2013-10-31. Archived from the original on 2013-11-06. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
Jump up ^ "YouTube Updates ‘n Vlogs + New TOME stuff COMING SOON!". Newgrounds. Kirbopher. 2013-12-06. Retrieved 2017-02-21. I haven't been able to get google adsense to work on my YouTube channel for well over a year. The "experiment" was MatPat would be uploading TOME episodes and shorts to their channel as a new show (since they have 3 shows on the GT channel) and giving me a cut of the revenue each month. However, the show didn't perform as well as we were hoping within the first two episodes, so it was ultimately decided to pull it from their channel.
Jump up ^ "TOME now on Game Theorist YT & Progress Report". Newgrounds. Kirbopher. 2013-10-09. Retrieved 2017-02-21. MatPat and the Game Theorist crew reached out to me, as fans of the show, and wanted to give it more exposure. So, they've graciously invited me to be part of their channel and help TOME reach a bigger audience than before.
Jump up ^ The Game Theorists (3 February 2017). GTLive: Our PlayDate From HELL! | Emily Wants to Play. The Game Theorists. YouTube. Event occurs at 55:53. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
Jump up ^ The Game Theorists (August 29, 2017). GTLive: MATPAT REACTS to YOUTUBERS REACT to GAME THEORY!. The Game Theorists (Internet video). YouTube. Event occurs at 0:55:37. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Film Theory: Can a Doctor Who Doctor ACTUALLY EXIST? (pt. 1, Biology) on YouTube
Jump up ^ "MatPat Theorizes How He Hit 1MM Subscribers In A Month On His Film Theorists Channel [INTERVIEW] - New Media Rockstars". New Media Rockstars. 2015-07-09. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
Jump up ^ Simpson, Ian M. "This Professional Theorist Proves Luke Skywalker Has Joined The Dark Side!?". moviepilot.com. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
Jump up ^ "This video gives logical reasoning why Batman can totally win against Superman (spoiler alert)". The Indian Express. 2016-03-22. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
Jump up ^ "YouTube Teases ‘Red’ Series From CollegeHumor, The Game Theorists, Joey Graceffa In Latest Trailer". Tubefilter. 2016-05-05. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
Jump up ^ "YouTube Red gives Game Theorists star MatPat a science-meets-video games show". VentureBeat. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
Jump up ^ The Game Theorists (2016-05-06), NEW SHOW! Get Ready for Game Lab!, retrieved 2016-05-11
Jump up ^ GT Live: FNAF Chat with MatPat! on YouTube
Jump up ^ "Take Selfies and Order Pizza in Minecraft With Verizon's In-Game Smartphone - Interactive (video) - Creativity Online". creativity-online.com.
Jump up ^ http://www.megaphonetv.com/news-list/2016/9/30/youtube-launches-primetime-gaming-lineup-with-interactive-technology-from-megaphone-tv
Jump up ^ GTLive: THE FINAL EPISODE | Reacting to My Old Videos! on YouTube
Jump up ^ GTLive: CHLOE, GET GOOD! | Life is Strange: Before the Storm (Part 2) on YouTube
Jump up ^ http://collider.com/transformers-titans-return-peter-cullen-optimus-prime/
Jump up ^ "Stephanie & Matthew's Wedding Website". cordatopatrick.ourwedding.com. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
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Hard bop
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the jazz style. For the album by Art Blakey and The Jazz Messengers, see Hard Bop (album).
Hard bop
Stylistic origins
Jazz
blues
bebop
rhythm and blues
gospel music
Cultural origins
1950s
Typical instruments
Piano
saxophone
trumpet
trombone
double bass
drums
Hammond organ
guitar
Other topics
List of hard bop musicians
Hard bop is a subgenre of jazz that is an extension of bebop (or "bop") music. Journalists and record companies began using the term in the mid-1950s[1] to describe a new current within jazz which incorporated influences from rhythm and blues, gospel music, and blues, especially in saxophone and piano playing.
David H. Rosenthal contends in his book Hard Bop that the genre is, to a large degree, the natural creation of a generation of African-American musicians who grew up at a time when bop and rhythm and blues were the dominant forms of black American music.[2]:24 Prominent hard bop musicians included Horace Silver, Clifford Brown, Charles Mingus, Art Blakey, Cannonball Adderley, Miles Davis, John Coltrane, Thelonious Monk and Tadd Dameron.
Hard bop is sometimes referred to as "funky hard bop."[1][3] The "funky" label refers to the rollicking, rhythmic feeling associated with the style.[3] The descriptor is also used to describe soul jazz, which is commonly associated with hard bop.[1][3] According to Mark C. Gridley, soul jazz more specifically refers to music with "an earthy, bluesy melodic concept and... repetitive, dance-like rhythms.... Note that some listeners make no distinction between 'soul-jazz' and 'funky hard bop,' and many musicians don't consider 'soul-jazz' to be continuous with 'hard bop.'"[1] The term "soul" suggests the church, and traditional gospel music elements such as "amen chords" (the plagal cadence) and triadic harmonies that seemed to suddenly appear in jazz during the era.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Noteworthy performances
3 See also
4 References
History[edit]
According to Nat Hentoff in his 1957 liner notes for the Art Blakey Columbia LP entitled Hard Bop, the phrase was originated by music critic and pianist John Mehegan, jazz reviewer of the New York Herald Tribune at that time. Hard bop first developed in the mid-1950s, and is generally seen as originating with The Jazz Messengers, a quartet led by pianist Horace Silver and drummer Art Blakey.[3][4] Some saw hard bop as a response to cool jazz and West Coast jazz.[4] As Paul Tanner, Maurice Gerow, and David Megill explain, "the hard bop school... saw the new instrumentation and compositional devices used by cool musicians as gimmicks rather than valid developments of the jazz tradition."[3] However, Shelly Manne suggested that cool jazz and hard bop simply reflected their respective geographic environments: the relaxed cool jazz style reflected a more relaxed lifestyle in California, while driving bop typified the New York scene.[5] Some writers, such as James Lincoln Collier, suggest that the style was an attempt to recapture jazz as a form of African American expression.[6] Whether or not this was the intent, many musicians quickly adopted the style, regardless of race.[3]
Michael Cuscuna maintains that Silver and Blakey's efforts were in response to the New York bebop scene:
Both Art and Horace were very, very aware of what they wanted to do. They wanted to get away from the jazz scene of the early '50s, which was the Birdland scene—you hire Phil Woods or Charlie Parker or J. J. Johnson, they come and sit in with the house rhythm section, and they only play blues and standards that everybody knows. There's no rehearsal, there's no thought given to the audience. Both Horace and Art knew that the only way to get the jazz audience back and make it bigger than ever was to really make music that was memorable and planned, where you consider the audience and keep everything short. They really liked digging into blues and gospel, things with universal appeal. So they put together what was to be called the Jazz Messengers.[7]
David Rosenthal sees the development of hard bop as a response to both a decline in bebop and the rise of rhythm and blues:
The early fifties saw an extremely dynamic rhythm-and-blues scene take shape.... This music, and not cool jazz, was what chronologically separated bebop and hard bop in ghettos. Young jazz musicians, of course, enjoyed and listened to these R & B sounds which, among other things, began the amalgam of blues and gospel that would later be dubbed 'soul music.' And it is in this vigorously creative black pop music, at a time when bebop seemed to have lost both its direction and its audience, that some of hard bop's roots may be found.[2]:24
A key recording in the early development of hard bop was Silver's composition "The Preacher", which was considered "old-timey" or "corny", such that Blue Note head Alfred Lion was hesitant to record the song.[2]:38[7] However, the song became a successful hit.[7]
Miles Davis, who had performed the title track of his album Walkin' at the inaugural Newport Jazz Festival in 1954, would form the Miles Davis Quintet with John Coltrane in 1955, becoming prominent in hard bop before moving on to other styles.[4] Other early documents were the two volumes of the Blue Note albums A Night at Birdland, also from 1954, recorded by the Jazz Messengers at Birdland months before the Davis set at Newport. Clifford Brown, the trumpeter on the Birdland albums, formed the Brown-Roach Quintet with drummer Max Roach. Other musicians who contributed prominently to the hard bop style include Donald Byrd, Sonny Clark, Lou Donaldson, Kenny Drew, Benny Golson, Dexter Gordon, Johnny Griffin, Joe Henderson, Freddie Hubbard, Jackie McLean, Blue Mitchell, Hank Mobley, Thelonious Monk, Lee Morgan, Carl Perkins (pianist),[3] Bud Powell, Sonny Rollins, and Sonny Stitt.
The hard bop style enjoyed its greatest popularity in the 1950s and 1960s, but hard bop performers and elements of the music remain popular in jazz.
Noteworthy performances[edit]
A Night at Birdland (Vols. 1, 2, 3), Art Blakey 1954
Walkin', Miles Davis 1954
Horace Silver and the Jazz Messengers, Horace Silver & the Jazz Messengers 1955
Saxophone Colossus, Sonny Rollins 1956
Blue Train, John Coltrane 1957
Blowing in from Chicago, Clifford Jordan and John Gilmore 1957
Moanin', Art Blakey & the Jazz Messengers 1958
Somethin' Else, Cannonball Adderley 1958
Finger Poppin', Horace Silver 1959
Work Song, Nat Adderley 1960
Soul Station, Hank Mobley 1960
Genius+Soul=Jazz, Ray Charles 1961
Ready for Freddie, Freddie Hubbard 1961
Page One, Joe Henderson 1963
Maiden Voyage, Herbie Hancock 1966
See also[edit]
Jazz portal
List of hard bop musicians
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gridley, Mark C. (1994), Ron Wynn, ed., All Music Guide to Jazz, M. Erlewine, V. Bogdanov, San Francisco: Miller Freeman, pp. 11–12, ISBN 0-87930-308-5
^ Jump up to: a b c Rosenthal, David H. (1992), Hard Bop: Jazz and Black Music 1955-1965, New York: Oxford Univ., ISBN 0-19-505869-0
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Tanner, Paul O. W.; Maurice Gerow; David W. Megill (1988) [1964]. "Hard Bop — Funky". Jazz (6th ed.). Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown, College Division. pp. 112–121. ISBN 0-697-03663-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c Case, Brian (2006) [1997], "The Harder They Come", in Roy Carr, A Century of Jazz: A Hundred Years of the Greatest Music Ever Made, London: Hamlyn, pp. 106–121, ISBN 0-681-03179-4
Jump up ^ Manne, Shelly. "Jazz: American Classic" (Interview: video). Interview with Reginald Buckner. Cited in Tanner et al, p. 113.
Jump up ^ Collier, James Lincoln (1978), The Making of Jazz, New York: Dell, pp. 435–453 . Cited in Tanner et al, p. 112.
^ Jump up to: a b c Schaffer, Dean (2010-08-20). "Secrets of the Blue Note Vault: Michael Cuscuna on Monk, Blakey, and the One That Got Away". Collectors Weekly. Market Street Media LLC. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
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American System (economic plan)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is part of a series
about
Henry Clay
Early life
Legal career
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War of 1812
American System
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v
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The Monkey System or Every One For Himself Henry Clay says "Walk in and see the new improved grand original American System!" The cages are labeled: "Home, Consumption, Internal, Improv". This 1831 cartoon ridiculing Clay's American System depicts monkeys, labeled as being different parts of a nation's economy, stealing each other's resources (food) with commentators describing it as either great or a humbug.
The American System was an economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy during the first half of the 19th century. Rooted in the "American School" ideas of Alexander Hamilton, the plan "consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster care; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other 'internal improvements' to develop profitable markets for farmculture".[attribution needed][1] Congressman Henry Clay was the plan's foremost proponent and the first to refer to it as the "American System".
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Main points
3 Annual Message of 1815 (Seven Points)
4 See also
5 Further reading
5.1 Modern Books
5.2 Other/older Books
6 Sources and Notes
History[edit]
A plan to strengthen and unify the nation, the American System, was advanced by the Whig Party and a number of leading politicians including Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams. The System ran counter to federalism and included:
Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government
Maintenance of high public land prices to generate federal revenue
Preservation of the Bank of the United States to stabilize the currency and rein in risky state and local banks
Development of a system of internal improvements (such as roads and canals) which would knit the nation together and be financed by the tariff and land sales
Clay protested that the West, which opposed the tariff, should support it since urban factory workers would be consumers of western foods. In Clay’s view, the South (which also opposed high tariffs) should support them because of the ready market for cotton in northern mills. This last argument was the weak link. The South never strongly supported the American System and had access to plenty of markets for its cotton exports.
Portions of the American System were enacted by the United States Congress. The Second Bank of the United States was rechartered in 1816 for 20 years. High tariffs were first suggested by Alexander Hamilton in his 1791 Report on Manufactures but were not approved by Congress until the Tariff of 1816. Tariffs were subsequently raised until they peaked in 1828 after the so-called Tariff of Abominations. After the Nullification Crisis in 1833, tariffs remained the same rate until the Civil War. However, the national system of internal improvements was never adequately funded; the failure to do so was due in part to sectional jealousies and constitutional squabbles about such expenditures.
The American System did not enjoy universal success, however; in 1830, President Jackson vetoed a bill which would allow the federal government to purchase stock in the Maysville, Washington, Paris, and Lexington Turnpike Road Company, which had been organized to construct a road linking Lexington and the Ohio River, the entirety of which would be in the state of Kentucky. Jackson's Maysville Road veto was due to both his personal conflict with Clay and his ideological objections.
Main points[edit]
The establishment of a protective tariff, a 20%–25% tax on imported goods, would protect a nation’s business from foreign competition. Congress passed a tariff in 1816 which made European goods more expensive and encouraged consumers to buy relatively cheap American-made goods.
The establishment of a national bank would promote a single currency, making trade easier, and issue what was called sovereign credit, i.e., credit issued by the national government, rather than borrowed from the private banking system. In 1816, Congress created the Second Bank of the United States.
The improvement of the country’s infrastructure, especially transportation systems, made trade easier and faster for everyone. Poor roads made transportation slow and costly.
This program became the leading tenet of the Whig Party of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. It was opposed by the Democratic Party of Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, James K. Polk, Franklin Pierce, and James Buchanan prior to the Civil War, often on the grounds that the points of it were unconstitutional.
Among the most important internal improvements created under the American System was the Cumberland Road.
Henry Clay's "American System," devised in the burst of nationalism that followed the War of 1812, remains one of the most historically significant examples of a government-sponsored program to harmonize and balance the nation's agriculture, commerce, and industry. This "System" consisted of three mutually reenforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture. Funds for these subsidies would be obtained from tariffs and sales of public lands. Clay argued that a vigorously maintained system of sectional economic interdependence would eliminate the chance of renewed subservience to the free-trade, laissez-faire "British System."
— United States Senate website[1]
Annual Message of 1815 (Seven Points)[edit]
Funds for national defense
Frigates for the Navy
A standing army and federal control of the militia
Federal aid for building roads and canals
A protective tariff to encourage manufacturers
Re-establishing the National Bank
Federal assumption of some state debt
See also[edit]
American School (economics)
Friedrich List, German-American economist
Import substitution industrialization, a key feature of the American System adopted in much of the Third World during the twentieth century
Lincoln's expansion of the federal government's economic role
National Policy, a similar economic plan used by Canada circa 1867–1920s
Further reading[edit]
Modern Books[edit]
Michael, Diaz, The Promise of American Life (2005-reprint)
Joseph Dorfman. The Economic Mind in American Civilization, 1606-1865 (1947) 2 vol
Eckes,Jr. Alfred E. "Opening America's Market-U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since (1995) University of North Carolina Press
Foner, Eric. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (1970)
Gill, William J. Trade Wars Against America: A History of United States Trade and Monetary Policy (1990)
Carter Goodrich, Government Promotion of American Canals and Railroads, 1800-1890 (Greenwood Press, 1960)
Goodrich, Carter. "American Development Policy: the Case of Internal Improvements," Journal of Economic History, 16 ( 1956), 449-60. in JSTOR
Goodrich, Carter. "National Planning of Internal Improvements," Political Science Quarterly, 63 (1948), 16-44. in JSTOR
John Lauritz Larson. Internal Improvement: National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States (2001)
Lively, Robert A. "The American System, a Review Article," Business History Review, XXIX (March, 1955), 81-96. recommended starting point
Lind, Michael Hamilton's Republic: Readings in the American Democratic Nationalist Tradition (1997)
Lind, Michael What Lincoln Believed: The Values and Convictions of America's Greatest President (2004)
Remini, Robert V. Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union, 1991
Edward Stanwood, American Tariff Controversies in the 19th Century (1903; reprint 1974), 2 vols., favors protectionism
Charles M. Wiltse, John C. Calhoun: Nationalist, 1782-1828 (1944)
Other/older Books[edit]
G. B. Curtiss, Protection and Prosperity: an ; W. H. Dawson, Protection in Germany (London, 1904)
Alexander Hamilton, Report on the Subject of Manufactures, communicated to the House of Representatives, 5 December 1791
H. C. Carey, Principles of Social Science (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1858–1859), Harmony of Interests Agricultural, Manufacturing and Commercial (Philadelphia, 1873)
Friedrich List, Outlines of American Political Economy (1980-reprint)
Friedrich List, National System of Political Economy (1994-reprint)
A. M. Low, Protection in the United States (London, 1904); H. 0. Meredith, Protection in France (London, 1904)
Ellis H. Roberts, Government Revenue, especially the American System, an argument for industrial freedom against the fallacies of free trade (Boston, 1884)
J. P. Young, Protection and Progress: a Study of the Economic Bases of the American Protective System (Chicago, 1900)
Clay, Henry. The Papers of Henry Clay, 1797-1852. Edited by James Hopkins
Sources and Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Classic Senate Speeches: Henry Clay In Defense of the American System at the US Senate website
The American System: Speeches on the Tariff Question and Internal Improvements by Congressman Andrew Stewart
[show]
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John Quincy Adams
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Related
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← James Monroe
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Category
[show]
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Alexander Hamilton
Senior Officer of the United States Army, 1799–1800
1st Secretary of the Treasury, 1789–1795
Delegate, Congress of the Confederation, 1782–1783, 1788–1789
United States
founding events
A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress (1774)
The Farmer Refuted (1775)
Delegate, 1786 Annapolis Convention
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Initiated, main author, The Federalist Papers
written by Hamilton
Founding Father
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the Treasury
First Bank of the United States
Revenue Marine (United States Coast Guard)
United States Customs Service
Hamiltonian economic program
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Compromise of 1790
"First Report on the Public Credit", 1790
Funding Act of 1790
"Operations of the Act Laying Duties on Imports", 1790
"Second Report on Public Credit", a.k.a. "Report on a National Bank", 1790
"Report On Manufactures", 1791
Tariff of 1790
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Coinage Act of 1792
United States Mint
Whiskey Rebellion
Jay Treaty
Military career
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In the Revolutionary War
Battles: Harlem Heights
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