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Gnomeo & Juliet
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Gnomeo & Juliet
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Kelly Asbury
Produced by
Baker Bloodworth
David Furnish
Steve Hamilton Shaw
Screenplay by
Kelly Asbury
Mark Burton
Andy Riley
Kevin Cecil
Emily Cook
Kathy Greenberg
Steve Hamilton Shaw
Story by
Kelly Asbury
John R. Smith
Rob Sprackling
Andy Riley
Kevin Cecil
Steve Hamilton Shaw
Based on
Romeo and Juliet
by William Shakespeare
an Original Screenplay
by John R. Smith
Rob Sprackling
Starring
James McAvoy
Emily Blunt
Michael Caine
Jason Statham
Maggie Smith
Patrick Stewart
Ashley Jensen
Stephen Merchant
Ozzy Osbourne
Music by
Chris Bacon
James Newton Howard
Edited by
Catherine Apple
Production
company
Touchstone Pictures[1]
Rocket Pictures[1]
Distributed by
Walt Disney Studios
Motion Pictures
Entertainment One Films[2][3]
(United Kingdom and Canada)
Release date
January 23, 2011 (2011-01-23) (Hollywood)
February 11, 2011 (2011-02-11) (US and UK)
Running time
84 minutes[2]
Country
United Kingdom[1]
United States[1]
Language
English
Budget
$36 million[4]
Box office
$194 million[5]
Gnomeo & Juliet is a 2011 3D computer-animated fantasy romantic comedy film loosely based on William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. Financed by Disney[6] and released through its Touchstone Pictures banner,[7] the film was independently produced by Rocket Pictures and animated by Starz Animation.[6] It was written and directed by Kelly Asbury and starring the voices of James McAvoy, Emily Blunt, Michael Caine, Jason Statham, Maggie Smith, Patrick Stewart, Ashley Jensen, Stephen Merchant, and Ozzy Osbourne.
The film premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on January 23, 2011. It was theatrically released in the United Kingdom and United States on February 11, 2011.[2][8] Despite mixed reviews, the film earned $194 million on a $36 million budget. The film received nominations for the Satellite Award for Original Song, the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, the Critics' Choice Award for Best Song and the Annie Award for Directing in a Feature Production, Storyboarding in a Feature Production, Voice Acting in a Feature Production and Writing in a Feature Production.
A sequel titled Sherlock Gnomes was released in 2018, with Paramount Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer replacing Touchstone.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
4.1 Track listing
4.2 Musicians
5 Release
5.1 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
6.2 Box office
6.3 Accolades
7 Sequel
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Miss. Montague (blue) and Mr. Capulet (red) (Julie Walters and Richard Wilson) are two elderly neighbors who despise each other. When they leave their respective gardens, their garden gnomes and other lawn ornaments come alive. The Montague garden is filled with blue-hat gnomes led by Lady Bluebury (Maggie Smith), and the Capulet garden has red-hat gnomes led by Lord Redbrick (Michael Caine). Like their human gardeners, the gnomes also despise each other.
The gnomes hold a back alley lawnmower race, with Lady Bluebury's son Gnomeo (James McAvoy) driving for the blues and Tybalt (Jason Statham) for the reds. Tybalt cheats to win the race, destroying Gnomeo's lawnmower. Gnomeo and his best friend, Benny (Matt Lucas), are disappointed to see Mrs. Montague ordering a new "Kitty Clipper" lawnmower to replace it.
That night, Gnomeo and Benny infiltrate the red garden in black disguise. Benny sprays Tybalt's well and accidentally triggers a security light. During the escape Gnomeo ends up in a nearby garden where he bumps into a disguised Juliet (Emily Blunt), the daughter of Lord Redbrick. Juliet is attempting to retrieve a unique orchid, and the two romantically fight over it. They each discover the other's color before fleeing the garden. When they both go back to their own gardens, Juliet tells her frog-sprinkler friend Nanette (Ashley Jensen) about her newfound love. Nanette states that the relationship is romantically tragic.
Gnomeo and Juliet have secret meetings in the nearby garden, where they meet a pink plastic flamingo named Featherstone (Jim Cummings) who encourages their love. Lord Redbrick pairs Juliet with a Red Gnome named Paris (Stephen Merchant), but Juliet isn't interested in him and distracts him with Nanette who has feelings for him.
Lady Bluebury is distraught after the reds infiltrate the garden and destroy the plant nurtured by Gnomeo's late father. The blues want Gnomeo to take revenge on the reds, and he realizes that he cannot refuse unless he tells his secret. Just as he is about to spray the prized tulips of the reds, Juliet sees him and he backs out of the attack.
When he and Juliet meet up again, they argue until Featherstone stops them, telling them he lost his wife when the couple living in the house, where the garden is, broke up and never saw each other again. Benny sees them and runs away into the alleyway, where Tybalt is waiting with his lawnmower, attempting to run Benny down and ends up chops off his hat. Gnomeo intervenes, and he and Tybalt fight on the red lawnmower until the lawnmower runs into the wall. Gnomeo jumps off at the last minute, but Tybalt crashes into the wall, causing him to shatter himself. The reds attempt to attack Gnomeo, thinking that Tybalt died because of him. To the surprise of her clan, Juliet defends Gnomeo, saying that she loves him. Gnomeo ends up on a road, and everyone believes he was run over by a truck. Lord Redbrick has the other red gnomes glue Juliet's feet to her fountain because he does not want to lose her like he lost her mother.
Gnomeo's mushroom friend, Shroom, finds out that Gnomeo is still alive as blue teapots fell out of the truck that "ran him over", which all the gnomes came to believe was Gnomeo. He and Featherstone eventually reaches a park where Gnomeo climbs onto a statue of William Shakespeare (Patrick Stewart) and tells him his story. Shakespeare tells Gnomeo that his story is very similar to another and that it is likely Gnomeo's will have a sad ending as well.
Benny gets onto Miss. Montague's computer and changes her lawnmower order to a powerful Terrafirminator unit, intending to get revenge on the reds. However, the Terrafirminator goes out of control, destroys most of the two gardens, and gets itself stuck while the gnomes wage a full-scale war. Gnomeo returns to Juliet with the help of Featherstone. However, when he arrives, the Terrafirminator frees itself, sending it flying. Gnomeo tries to un-glue Juliet, but is unable to. She tells him to go, but he refuses. The two share a passionate kiss just as the lawnmower crashes into the fountain, self-destructing in the process.
When everyone believes that both are dead, Lord Redbrick and Lady Bluebury decide to end the feud. Miraculously, Gnomeo and Juliet emerge from the ruins and the two clans celebrate. Miss. Montague and Mr. Capulet come home to find their backyards a mess.
The film ends happily with the red and blue gnomes finally coming together to celebrate their newfound peace. Tybalt is revealed to still be alive having been glued back together, Featherstone is reunited with his wife after Benny finds and orders her online, and Gnomeo and Juliet are married on a purple lawnmower, which symbolizes the new union of both gnome clans.
Cast[edit]
James McAvoy as Gnomeo, Lady Bluebury's son, Juliet's love interest (later husband), and a blue gnome counterpart to Romeo Montague.
Emily Blunt as Juliet, Lord Redbrick's daughter, Gnomeo's love interest (later wife), and a red gnome counterpart to Juliet Capulet.
Michael Caine as Lord Redbrick, the leader of the red gnomes, Juliet's overprotective widower father this husband deceased of juliet´s mother lady bluebury´s new husband of gnomeo´s mother and Paris' boss; counterpart to Lord Capulet.
Jason Statham as Tybalt, Gnomeo and Benny's arch-nemesis and a red gnome counterpart to Tybalt.
Maggie Smith as Lady Bluebury, the leader of the blue gnomes and Gnomeo's widowed mother this wife deceased of gnomeo´s father and lord redbrick´s new wife of juliet´s father; counterpart to Lady Montague.
Patrick Stewart as William Shakespeare who wrote Romeo and Juliet.
Ashley Jensen as Nanette, a Scottish-accented plastic garden frog, Juliet's best friend and Paris' love interest counterpart to Nurse.
Stephen Merchant as Paris, a nerdy red gnome who was arranged to marry Juliet and nanette´s love interest; counterpart to Count Paris.
Ozzy Osbourne as Fawn, a garden deer and Tybalt's best friend; counterpart to Peter.
Matt Lucas as Benny, Gnomeo's impulsive and tall-hatted best friend and call me doll´s love interest; counterpart to Benvolio.
Jim Cummings as Featherstone, a lonely plastic flamingo with a thick Spanish accent; counterpart to Friar Laurence.
Hulk Hogan as Terrafirminator Announcer, an unseen person who promotes the Terrafirminator lawnmower on TV.
Julie Walters as Ms. Montague, the elderly owner of the Blue garden whose face is not seen.
Richard Wilson as Mr. Capulet, the elderly owner of the Red garden whose face is not seen.
Kelly Asbury as Red Goon Gnomes; counterparts to Gregory, Sampson, Anthony, and Potpan.
Dolly Parton as Dolly Gnome, the lawnmower race announcer and mankini gnome´s love interest.
Julia Braams as Stone Fish, a stone fish that attached to the Fishing Gnome. In the end, it is seen being dragged by Gnomeo and Juliet's purple lawnmower.
James Daniel Wilson as Fishing Gnome, a red gnome.
Tim Bentinck as Conjoined Gnome Left, a red gnome.
Julio Bonet as Mankini Gnome, dolly gnome´s love interest and a red gnome.
Neil McCaul as Conjoined Gnome Right, a red gnome.
Maurissa Horwitz as Call Me Doll, Benny's love interest.
John Todd as Dancer.
Silent characters include:
Shroom, a silent mushroom and Gnomeo’s friend/pet; counterpart to Romeo's servant Balthasar.
The Bunnies, a group of small, cement bunnies that act as servants for Lady Bluebury and others in the Blue Garden; counterparts to Abram and other miscellaneous servants of the Montagues.
There is no counterpart for Mercutio, as stated by James McAvoy in an interview with NBC, ”Gnomeo in this is a little bit of amalgamation between Romeo and Mercutio. We don’t have that Mercutio character in this. We don’t have that leader of the pack, which Romeo isn’t but Gnomeo is a little bit."[9] Prince Escalus also doesn't have a counterpart.
Production[edit]
The film was the original idea of Sprackling and Smith, who sold the spec script to Disney through Rocket Pictures. Disney studio chairman Dick Cook greenlit the film, under the Disney-owned Miramax Films.[10] Miramax was later sold by Disney in 2010, but the latter studio retained the rights to the film.[1] Disney then opted to release the film through its Touchstone Pictures banner, when Starz Animation decided to produce and animate the film. Disney Australian director Adam Elliot was approached and asked to direct the film, but he rejected the offer due the film's incompatibility with his style, as well as his lack of experience with CGI.[11] Starz Animation Toronto (which also made 9) produced all of the animation for the film, including the stereoscopic version.
Asbury got on board in 2006, and was attracted the movie in order to work with Elton John. [12] Asbury and Hamilton Shaw then rewrote the film " sort of from scratch," [12] A particular challenge, according to Asbury was how to differentiate the ending between the original play and the movie in order to "keep daggers and poison and suicide out".[12] Ashbury had free range of the casting and conducted the process only through listening to voices, not knowing which actor was auditioning until he felt they were right for the character. [12] Prior to the casting of James McAvoy and Emily Blunt, the roles of Gnomeo and Juliet were to be voiced by Ewan McGregor and Kate Winslet, respectively.[13]
Soundtrack[edit]
Gnomeo & Juliet (Original Soundtrack)
Soundtrack album by Elton John
Released
February 8, 2011 (2011-02-08)
Recorded
2009-2010
Genre
Orchestral, pop, rock
Length
60:24
Label
Buena Vista
Producer
Elton John and David Furnish
Elton John chronology
The Union
(2010)The Union2010 Gnomeo & Juliet Soundtrack
(2011) Good Morning to the Night
(2012)Good Morning to the Night2012
Gnomeo & Juliet: Original Soundtrack is the soundtrack album and was released by Buena Vista Records on February 8, 2011.[14] It features music by Elton John (who was also the film's executive producer), Nelly Furtado, Kiki Dee, and selections from the score composed by Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard (who played keyboards for Elton John and arranged strings on many previous projects).
The duet of John and Lady Gaga for "Hello, Hello" was featured in the film, released on February 11, 2011, but the soundtrack version only features John.[15] Additionally, on May 4, 2011 the duet was leaked online and available for download on most sharing websites.
Track listing[edit]
"Hello Hello" (Album Version) – Elton John
"Crocodile Rock" – Nelly Furtado & Elton John
"Saturday Night's Alright For Fighting" – Elton John
"Don't Go Breaking My Heart" – Elton John & Kiki Dee
"Love Builds a Garden" – Elton John
"Your Song" – Elton John
"Rocket Man" – Elton John
"Tiny Dancer" – Elton John
"Bennie and the Jets" – Elton John
"Gnomeo & Juliet (Score)" – Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard
"Dandelions (Score)" – Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard
"Bennie and the Bunnies (Score)" – Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard
"Terrafirminator (Score)" – Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard
"The Tiki Tiki Tiki Room" – Wally Boag, Thurl Ravenscroft, Fulton Burley & The Mellomen
Track 1-9: Original lyrics by Bernie Taupin, all music by Elton John & band.
Track 10: Written by James Newton Howard, contains music by Elton John.
Track 11 & 13: Written by James Newton Howard & Chris P. Bacon, contains music by Elton John.
Track 12: Written by James Newton Howard & Stuart Michael Thomas, contains music by Elton John.
Track 14: Written by Robert & Richard Sherman.
Musicians[edit]
Elton John & band:
Elton John: Piano, vocals
Davey Johnstone: Guitars, backing vocals
Bob Birch: Bass, backing vocals
Nigel Olsson: Drums, backing vocals
John Mahon: Percussion, backing vocals
James Newton Howard: Keyboards
Release[edit]
Gnomeo & Juliet's worldwide premiere was at El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on January 23, 2011.[16] The film was released by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures under the Touchstone Pictures banner on February 11, 2011.[1] The film was Touchstone's first animated film since 1993's The Nightmare Before Christmas and also Touchstone's first and, so far, only film to receive a G rating from the MPAA, despite some mild language. The film was distributed in the United Kingdom and Canada by Entertainment One Films.[3] Elton John and director Asbury presented 10 minutes of the film at the Cannes Film Festival.[17]
Home media[edit]
Gnomeo & Juliet was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu-ray 3D, Blu-ray, and DVD on May 24, 2011.[18][19] The film was produced as three different packages: a 1-disc DVD, a 2-disc Blu-ray/DVD combo pack, and a 3-disc Blu-ray 3D, Blu-ray, and DVD combo pack. The 3-disc package also includes access to a digital download of the film.[20] Both the DVD and Blu-ray versions of the release include the music video for Elton John and Nelly Furtado's version of John's "Crocodile Rock", as well as the extras "Elton Builds a Garden" and "Frog Talk" with Ashley Jensen.[21] In addition, the Blu-ray version also has several deleted and alternate scenes, as well as a feature with Ozzy Osbourne called "The Fawn of Darkness".[22]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Gnomeo & Juliet received generally mixed reviews. Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 55% of professional critics gave positive reviews, based on 121 reviews with an average rating of 5.6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "While it has moments of inspiration, Gnomeo & Juliet is often too self-referential for its own good."[23] Another review aggregator, Metacritic, gave the film a 53 rating based on 28 reviews on its review scale, meaning “mixed or average reviews”.[24]
Box office[edit]
Gnomeo and Juliet earned about $100,000,000 in North America and $94,000,000 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $194,000,000.[5] Gnomeo & Juliet was ultimately a sleeper hit for Disney, outperforming the much higher-budgeted (and eventual box office bomb)[25] Mars Needs Moms the studio released a month following Gnomeo & Juliet. On its first weekend, the film had a worldwide opening of $30.7,000,000, finishing in second place behind Just Go with It ($35.8,000,000).[26][27] However, on its second weekend —Presidents' Day weekend— it topped the worldwide box office (although not being in first place either in North America[28] or overseas[29]) with $29.8,000,000, ahead of Unknown which ranked second ($26.4,000,000).
It opened in 2,994 theaters in North America on Friday, February 11, 2011, grossing $6.2,000,000 on its first day and ranking third behind Justin Bieber: Never Say Never and Just Go with It. It then finished the weekend with $25.4,000,000 in 3rd place.[30] However, it scored the largest opening weekend ever for an animated feature released during the winter period (both January and February). It also made the largest debut on record for a minor animated movie (i.e., one with little status, expectations and/or built-in audience), according to Box Office Mojo.[31] With a $99.97,000,000 total it became the highest-grossing animated feature among those released in winter, until it was surpassed by The Lego Movie in 2014.[32]
In the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Malta, it topped the weekend box office by earning £2.9,000,000 ($4.7,000,000) on its opening. In total it has grossed $25.3,000,000, making the UK the only market, except North America, where it grossed more than $10,000,000.[33]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Category
Winner/Nominee
Result
Annie Awards[34] Directing in a Feature Production Kelly Asbury Nominated
Storyboarding in a Feature Production Nelson Yokota
Voice Acting in a Feature Production Jim Cummings
Writing in a Feature Production Andy Riley, Kevin Cecil, Mark Burton, Kathy Greenburg, Emily Cook, Rob Sprackling, John R. Smith, Kelly Asbury, Steve Hamilton Shaw
Critics' Choice Awards[35] Best Song Hello Hello, performed by Elton John and Lady Gaga/written by Elton John and Bernie Taupin
Golden Globe Awards[36] Best Original Song "Hello Hello"
Satellite Awards[37] Original Song
Sequel[edit]
In March 2012, it was reported that a sequel titled Sherlock Gnomes was in development at Rocket Pictures. Andy Riley and Kevin Cecil, two of the nine writers on the first film, are writing the script for the sequel. Steve Hamilton Shaw and David Furnish are producing the film, and Elton John, an exec producer, is again composing new songs for the film. The film will feature Sherlock Gnomes, "the greatest ornamental detective" hired by the characters from the first film, who will try to solve the mystery of disappearing gnomes.[38] In September 2012, it was reported that John Stevenson, the director of Kung Fu Panda, has been set to direct the sequel.[39] In November 2015, it was announced that Johnny Depp would voice Sherlock Gnomes and that the film is scheduled for release on January 12, 2018.[40] Paramount Animation and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer will produce the film, with McAvoy and Blunt reprising their roles.[41] On May 26, 2017, Paramount delayed the film's release date to March 23, 2018.[42]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Gnomeo & Juliet (2011)". British Film Institute. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Gnomeo & Juliet (2D)". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved May 27, 2014. 83m 45s
^ Jump up to: a b Vlessing, Etan (May 23, 2011). "Film and TV Focus Lifts Entertainment One Profits". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 28, 2015. Among Entertainment One’s movie releases was Gnomeo & Juliet 3D released in Canada and Britain,...
Jump up ^ Screened Forums - Gnomeo and Juliet
^ Jump up to: a b "Gnomeo and Juliet". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved April 6, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Desowitz, Bill (February 11, 2011). "Cultivating 'Gnomeo & Juliet'". Animated World Network. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Day, Patrick Kevin (February 11, 2011). "Critical Mass: 'Gnomeo & Juliet'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "A dazzling Emily Blunt has the white stuff at the Hollywood premiere of Gnomeo and Juliet". Daily Mail Online. January 24, 2011. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Huver, Scott. "Emily Blunt and James MacAvoy on the Terror of Gnomes". NBC.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (November 6, 2015). "Johnny Depp Lending His Voice To Paramount/MGM Sequel 'Sherlock Gnomes'". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Interview with Adam Elliot, writer/director/designer of Mary and Max". Crickey.com.au. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Eisenberg, Eric. "Exclusive Interview: Gnomeo And Juliet Director Kelly Asbury". Cinemablend. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Simon. "Gnomeo & Juliet". Digital Spy. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Buena Vista Records to Release Gnomeo & Juliet Original Soundtrack 2/8". PR Newsire. January 25, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lady Gaga, Elton John Duet Won't Appear On 'Gnomeo & Juliet' Soundtrack". Billboard.com. Associated Press. February 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "A dazzling Emily Blunt has the white stuff at the Hollywood premiere of Gnomeo and Juliet". Daily Mail Online. January 24, 2011. Retrieved August 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Elton John in Cannes to promote Gnomeo And Juliet". Citizenside.com. Retrieved July 24, 2010.
Jump up ^ McCutcheon, David (April 1, 2011). "Gnomeo & Juliet Get Together". IGN. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ Grabert, Jessica (April 3, 2011). "Gnomeo & Juliet Rushing Out Of Theaters And On To DVD". Cinema Blend. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ Propst, Andy (April 1, 2011). "Gnomeo and Juliet, Featuring Elton John Songs, Set for May 24 DVD Release". Theater Mania. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Gnomeo & Juliet Announced and Detailed for Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D". High-Def Digest. April 4, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ Ribera, J.C. (April 2, 2011). "Disney Brings Gnomeo & Juliet to Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D". Blu-ray.com. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Gnomeo and Juliet (2011)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Gnomeo and Juliet Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ Ben Riley-Smith (March 21, 2011). "'Mars Needs Moms': does flop mean 3D is history?". thefirstpost.co.uk. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Overseas Total Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "February 11–13, 2011 Weekend". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "February 18–20, 2011". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Overseas Total Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "February 11–13, 2011". Amazon.com. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gray, Brandon (February 13, 2011). "'Just,' 'Justin,' 'Juliet' Jumpin'". Amazon.com. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Animation". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ "GNOMEO AND JULIET". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn (February 4, 2012). "'Rango' Wins Annie Award for Best Animated Feature". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Karger, Dave (December 13, 2011). "'The Artist' and 'Hugo' lead Broadcast Film Critics nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Golden Globes 2012: The Winners List". The Hollywood Reporter. January 15, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2011". International Press Academy. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike (March 8, 2012). "Rocket Pictures Plots 'Gnomeo & Juliet' Sequel, With New Tunes By Elton John". Deadline. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike (September 5, 2012). "John Stevenson Tapped To Direct 'Gnomeo & Juliet' Sequel 'Sherlock Gnomes'". Deadline. Retrieved September 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Will (November 7, 2015). "Johnny Depp takes lead in Sherlock Gnomes". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ CS (November 10, 2015). "Paramount Animation Announces Release Dates". comingsoon.net. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Greg Evans (May 26, 2017). "Paramount Nudges 'Sherlock Gnomes' To Later Release Date". Deadline. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Gnomeo & Juliet
Gnomeo & Juliet on IMDb
Gnomeo & Juliet at AllMovie
Gnomeo & Juliet at Box Office Mojo
Gnomeo & Juliet at Rotten Tomatoes
Gnomeo & Juliet at Metacritic
[show]
v
t
e
Kevin Cecil and Andy Riley
Television shows
The Armando Iannucci Shows
Robbie the Reindeer
Hyperdrive
The Great Outdoors
Radio
The 99p Challenge
Movies by Andy Riley
Gnomeo & Juliet
Books by Andy Riley
The Book of Bunny Suicides
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[show]
v
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Films directed by Kelly Asbury
Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron (2002)
Shrek 2 (2004)
Gnomeo & Juliet (2011)
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[show]
v
t
e
William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet
Characters
Romeo
Juliet
Mercutio
Tybalt
Benvolio
Friar Laurence
Nurse
Paris
Rosaline
Queen Mab
Atomy
Sources
The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet
Pyramus and Thisbe
Palace of Pleasure
Troilus and Criseyde
Ballets
Romeo and Juliet (1938, Prokofiev)
Romeo and Juliet (1962, Cranko)
Romeo and Juliet (1965, MacMillan)
Romeo and Juliet (1977, Nureyev)
Romeo and Juliet (1965, Lavery)
Radio and Juliet (2005)
Romeo + Juliet (2007, Martins)
Romeo and Juliet (2008, Pastor)
Operas
Romeo und Julie (1776, Benda)
Giulietta e Romeo (1796, Zingarelli)
Giulietta e Romeo (1825, Vaccai)
I Capuleti e i Montecchi (1830, Bellini)
Gloria (1874, Cilea)
Roméo et Juliette (1867, Gounod)
A Village Romeo and Juliet (1907, Delius)
Romeo und Julia (1940, Sutermeister)
Musicals
The Belle of Mayfair (1906)
West Side Story (1957)
Once on This Island (1990)
Roméo et Juliette, de la Haine à l'Amour (2001)
Giulietta e Romeo (2007)
Classical
Beethoven's String Quartet No. 1 (c. 1800)
Roméo et Juliette (1839, Berlioz)
Romeo and Juliet (1870, Tchaikovsky)
On screen
1900
1908
1916 Metro Pictures
1916 Fox
1936
1953
1954
1955
1964
1968
1978 (TV)
1992 (TV)
1996
2006
2007
2013
Film
adaptations
English
Beneath the 12-Mile Reef (1953)
Romanoff and Juliet (1961)
West Side Story (1961)
Gonks Go Beat (1965)
Lonesome Cowboys (1968)
Romie-0 and Julie-8 (TV; 1979)
The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet (1982)
Valley Girl (1983)
Bullies (1986)
China Girl (1987)
Romeo.Juliet (1990)
Tromeo and Juliet (1996)
Love Is All There Is (1996)
Rose by Any Other Name... (1997)
The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998)
Shakespeare in Love (1998)
The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns (1999)
Romeo Must Die (2000)
Brooklyn Babylon (2001)
Pizza My Heart (TV; 2005)
West Bank Story (2005)
Life and Lyrics (2006)
Romeo & Juliet: Sealed with a Kiss (2006)
Rome & Jewel (2006)
David & Fatima (2008)
The Cross Road (2008)
Vicious Circle (2008)
Gnomeo & Juliet (2011)
Private Romeo (2011)
Warm Bodies (2013)
Make Your Move (2013)
Romeo & Juliet (2013)
Hindi
Ek Duuje Ke Liye (1981)
Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988)
Saudagar (1991)
Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein (2002)
Bollywood Queen (2002)
Ishaqzaade (2012)
Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela (2013)
Issaq (2013)
Telugu
Maro Charitra (1978)
Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi (1996)
Kalisundam Raa (2000)
Maro Charitra (2010)
Spanish
Romeo and Juliet (1940)
Los Tarantos (1963)
30:e november (Swedish/Spanish 1995)
Amar te duele (2002)
Italian
Fury of Johnny Kid (1967)
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People's Party (United States)
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This article is about the American political party also known as the 'Populists' which existed from 1891 to 1919. For other American and worldwide parties using the term populists, see Populist Party. For 1850s groups in Ohio and Indiana affiliated with the Anti-Nebraska movement and Know-Nothing party, see Fusion Party. For the American party with the same name which was active in the 1970s, see People's Party (United States, 1971). For the party existing in the Utah Territory from 1870–1891, see People's Party (Utah).
People's Party
Leader
James B. Weaver
William Jennings Bryan
Thomas E. Watson
Founded
1891 (1891)
Dissolved
1908 (1908)
Preceded by
Farmers' Alliance
Greenback Party
Union Labor Party
Merged into
Democratic Party
Ideology
Populism
Agrarianism
Bimetallism
Political position
Left-wing
Politics of United States
Political parties
Elections
The People's Party, also known as the Populist Party or the Populists, was an agrarian-populist political party in the United States. For a few years, 1892–96, it played a major role as a left-wing force in American politics. It was merged into the Democratic Party in 1896; a small independent remnant survived until 1908. It drew support from angry farmers in the West and South and operated on the left-wing of American politics. It was highly critical of capitalism, especially banks and railroads, and allied itself with the labor movement.[1][2][3]
Established in 1891, as a result of the Populist movement, the People's Party reached its peak in the 1892 presidential election, when its ticket, composed of James B. Weaver and James G. Field, won 8.5% of the popular vote and carried five states (Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Nevada and North Dakota), and the 1894 House of Representatives elections, when it took over 10% of the vote. Built on a coalition of poor, white cotton farmers in the South (especially North Carolina, Alabama and Texas) and hard-pressed wheat farmers in the Plains states (especially Kansas and Nebraska), the Populists represented a radical crusading form of agrarianism and hostility to elites, cities, banks, railroads, and gold.
The party sometimes allied with labor unions in the North and Republicans in the South. In the 1896 presidential elections the Populists endorsed the Democratic presidential nominee, William Jennings Bryan, adding their own vice presidential nominee. By joining with the Democrats, the People's Party lost its independent identity and rapidly withered away.
The terms "populism" and "populist" have been used in the 20th and 21st centuries to describe anti-elitist appeals against established interests or mainstream parties, referring to both the political left and right.
Contents
[hide]
1 Formation
2 Presidential election of 1896
3 Populist-GOP fusion in North Carolina
4 Collapse
5 Debate by historians over populism
6 Elected officials
6.1 Governors
6.2 United States Congress
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
10.1 Contemporary accounts
10.2 Party publications and materials
10.3 Secondary sources
Formation[edit]
People's Party candidate nominating convention held at Columbus, Nebraska, July 15, 1890.
A People's Party grew out of a large mood of agrarian unrest in response to low agricultural prices in the South and the trans-gender West, as well as thought that the "Eastern Elites" were taking advantage of the farmers by charging higher rates on loans and trains.[4] The Farmers' Alliance, formed in Lampasas, Texas, in 1876, promoted collective economic action by farmers and achieved widespread popularity in the South and Great Plains. The Farmers' Alliance ultimately did not achieve its wider economic goals of collective economic action against brokers, railroads, and merchants, and many in the movement advocated for changes in national policy. By the late 1880s, the Alliance had developed a political agenda that called for regulation and reform in national politics, most notably an opposition to the gold standard to counter the high deflation in agricultural prices in relation to other goods such as farm implements.
In 1886, an entirely different "People's Party" elected 6 assemblymen to the Wisconsin State Assembly and 1 senator to the Wisconsin State Senate. However this was a labor party, and by the 1888 elections it was using the Union Labor Party label.
In December 1888 the National Agricultural Wheel and the Southern Farmer’s Alliance met at Meridian, Mississippi, where the national farmers convention was held that year. In that meeting they decided to consolidate the two parties pending ratification. This consolidation gave the organization a new name, the Farmers and Laborers’ Union of America, and by 1889 the merger had been ratified, although there were conflicts between “conservative” Alliance men and “political” Wheelers in Texas and Arkansas, which delayed the unification in these states until 1890 and 1891 respectively. The merger eventually united white Southern Alliance and Wheel members, but it would not include African American members of agricultural organizations.[5]
During their move towards consolidation in 1889, the leaders of both Southern Farmers’ Alliance and the Agricultural Wheel organizations contacted Terence V. Powderly, leader of the Knights of Labor. “This contact between leaders of the farmers’ movement and Powderly helped pave the way for a series of reform conferences held between December 1889 and July 1892 that resulted in the formation of the national People’s (or Populist) Party.”[6]
1892 People's Party campaign poster promoting James Weaver for President of the United States.
The drive to create a new political party out of the movement arose from the belief that the two major parties, Democrats and Republicans, were controlled by bankers, landowners and elites hostile to the needs of the small farmer. The movement reached its peak in 1892 when the party held a convention chaired by Frances Willard (leader of the WCTU and a friend of Powderly's)[7] in Omaha, Nebraska and nominated candidates for the national election.
The party's platform, commonly known as the Omaha Platform, called for the abolition of national banks, a graduated income tax, direct election of Senators, civil service reform, a working day of eight hours and Government control of all railroads, telegraphs, and telephones. In the 1892 Presidential election, James B. Weaver received 1,027,329 votes. Weaver carried four states (Colorado, Kansas, Idaho, and Nevada) and received electoral votes from Oregon and North Dakota as well.
The party flourished most among farmers in the Southwest and Great Plains, as well as making significant gains in the South, where they faced an uphill battle given the firmly entrenched monopoly of the Democratic Party. Success was often obtained through electoral fusion, with the Democrats outside the South, but with alliances with the Republicans in Southern states like Alabama, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas.[8] For example, in the elections of 1894, a coalition of Populists and Republicans led by Populist Marion Butler swept state and local offices in North Carolina, and the coalition would go on to elect Republican Daniel Lindsay Russell as Governor in 1896.[9]
Quite separate from the Populists were the Silverites in the western mining states, who demanded Free silver to solve the Panic of 1893. By allowing the coining of silver coins, they hoped to make the value of the money more than what it represented, which would lead to inflation of the currency, and thus, reduce the debt of the farmers to the Eastern Elites. This idea led former Greenback Party members to join the Populist Party.
The Populists followed the Prohibition Party in actively including women in their affairs. Some southern Populists, including Thomas E. Watson of Georgia, openly talked of the need for poor blacks and poor whites to set aside their racial differences in the name of shared economic self-interest. Regardless of these rhetoric appeals, however, racism did not evade the People's Party. Prominent Populist Party leaders such as Marion Butler, a United States Senator from North Carolina, at least partially demonstrated a dedication to the cause of white supremacy, and there appears to have been some support for this viewpoint among the rank-and-file of the party's membership.[10] After 1900 Watson himself became an outspoken white supremacist and became the party's presidential nominee in 1904 and 1908, winning 117,000 and 29,000 votes.
Presidential election of 1896[edit]
In 1896, the 36-year-old William Jennings Bryan was the chosen candidate resulting from the fusion of the Democrats and the People's Party.
By 1896, the Democratic Party took up many of the People's Party's causes at the national level, and the party began to fade from national prominence. In that year's presidential election, the Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan, who focused on the free silver issue as a solution to the economic depression and the maldistribution of power. One of the great orators of the day, Bryan generated enormous excitement among Democrats with his "Cross of Gold" speech, and appeared in the middle of 1896 to have a good chance of winning the election, if the Populists voted for him.
The Populists had the choice of endorsing Bryan or running their own candidate. After great infighting at their St. Louis convention they decided to endorse Bryan but with their own vice presidential nominee, Thomas E. Watson of Georgia. Watson was cautiously open to cooperation, but after the election would recant any hope he had in the possibility of cooperation as a viable tool.[11] Bryan's strength was based on the traditional Democratic vote (minus the middle class and German Catholics); he swept the old Populist strongholds in the west and South, and added the silverite states in the west, but did poorly in the industrial heartland. He lost to Republican William McKinley by a margin of 600,000 votes and lost again in a rematch in 1900 by a larger margin. Historians believe this was because of the tactics Bryan used, which had not been used before; he had aggressively "run" for president, while traditional candidates would use "front porch campaigns." [12]
Populist-GOP fusion in North Carolina[edit]
In 1894-96 the Populist wave of agrarian unrest swept through the cotton and tobacco regions of the South. The most dramatic impact came in North Carolina, where the poor white farmers who comprised the Populist party formed a working coalition with the Republican Party, then largely controlled by blacks in the low country, and poor whites in the mountain districts. They took control of the state legislature in both 1894 and 1896, and the governorship in 1896. Restrictive rules on voting were repealed. In 1895 the Legislature rewarded its black allies with patronage, naming 300 black magistrates in eastern districts, as well as deputy sheriffs and city policemen. They also received some federal patronage from the coalition congressman, and state patronage from the governor.[13]
Collapse[edit]
The Populist movement never recovered from the failure of 1896, and national fusion with the Democrats proved disastrous to the party in the South. National alliance with the Democrats sapped the ability of the Populists to fight the Democrats locally in the South. Early on, this was less of an issue in the Western states where Republicans were strong, as the Democratic-Populist alliance was a more natural fit there, but eventually ended the party.
In North Carolina, the state Democratic-party orchestrated propaganda campaign in newspapers across the state, and created a brutal and violent white supremacy election campaign to defeat the North Carolina Populists and GOP, the Fusionist revolt in North Carolina collapsed in 1898, and white Democrats returned to power. The gravity of the crisis was underscored by a major race riot in Wilmington, in 1898, two days after the election. Knowing they had just retaken control of the state legislature, the Democrats were confident they could not be overcome. They attacked and overcame the Fusionists; mobs roamed the black neighborhoods, shooting, killing, burning buildings, and making a special target of the black newspaper.[14] There were no further insurgencies in any Southern states involving a successful black coalition at the state level. </ref> By 1900, the gains of the populist-Republican coalition were reversed, and the Democrats ushered in disfranchisement[15]: practically all blacks lost their vote. The Populist/Republican alliance which had governed North Carolina, the only state in which it had any success, fell apart.
Tennessee’s Populist Party was demoralized by a diminishing membership, and puzzled and split by the dilemma of whether to fight the state-level enemy (the Democrats) or the national foe (the Republicans and Wall Street). By 1900 the People’s Party of Tennessee was a shadow of what it once was.[16] A similar pattern was repeated elsewhere throughout the South, where the Populist Party had previously sought alliances with the Republican Party against the dominant state Democrats, including in Watson's Georgia.
In 1900, while many Populist voters supported Bryan again, the weakened party nominated a separate ticket of Wharton Barker and Ignatius L. Donnelly, and disbanded afterwards. Populist activists either retired from politics, joined a major party, or followed Eugene Debs into his new Socialist Party. In 1904, the party was re-organized, and Thomas E. Watson was their nominee for president in 1904 and in 1908, after which the party disbanded again.
In A Preface to Politics, published in 1913, Walter Lippmann wrote, "As I write, a convention of the Populist Party has just taken place. Eight delegates attended the meeting, which was held in a parlor."[17] This may record the last gasp of the party organization.
Debate by historians over populism[edit]
Since the 1890s historians have vigorously debated the nature of Populism; most scholars have been liberals who admired the Populists for their attacks on banks and railroads. Some historians see a close link between the Populists of the 1890s and the progressives of 1900-1912, but most of the leading progressives (except Bryan himself) fiercely opposed Populism. For example, Theodore Roosevelt, George W. Norris, Robert La Follette Sr., William Allen White and Woodrow Wilson all strongly opposed Populism. It is debated whether any Populist ideas made their way into the Democratic party during the New Deal era. The New Deal farm programs were designed by experts (like Henry Wallace) who had nothing to do with Populism.[18]
People's Party campaign poster from 1904 touting the candidacy of Thomas E. Watson
Some historians see the populists as forward-looking liberal reformers. Others view them as reactionaries trying to recapture an idyllic and utopian past. For some they were radicals out to restructure American life, and for others they were economically hard-pressed agrarians seeking government relief. Much recent scholarship emphasizes Populism's debt to early American republicanism.[19] Clanton (1991) stresses that Populism was "the last significant expression of an old radical tradition that derived from Enlightenment sources that had been filtered through a political tradition that bore the distinct imprint of Jeffersonian, Jacksonian, and Lincolnian democracy." This tradition emphasized human rights over the cash nexus of the Gilded Age's dominant ideology.[20]
Frederick Jackson Turner and a succession of western historians depicted the Populist as responding to the closure of the frontier. Turner explained:
The Farmers' Alliance and the Populist demand for government ownership of the railroad is a phase of the same effort of the pioneer farmer, on his latest frontier. The proposals have taken increasing proportions in each region of Western Advance. Taken as a whole, Populism is a manifestation of the old pioneer ideals of the native American, with the added element of increasing readiness to utilize the national government to effect its ends.[21]
The most influential Turner student of Populism was John D. Hicks, who emphasized economic pragmatism over ideals, presenting Populism as interest group politics, with have-nots demanding their fair share of America's wealth which was being leeched off by nonproductive speculators. Hicks emphasized the drought that ruined so many Kansas farmers, but also pointed to financial manipulations, deflation in prices caused by the gold standard, high interest rates, mortgage foreclosures, and high railroad rates. Corruption accounted for such outrages and Populists presented popular control of government as the solution, a point that later students of republicanism emphasized.[22]
In the 1930s C. Vann Woodward stressed the southern base, seeing the possibility of a black-and-white coalition of poor against the overbearing rich. Georgia politician Tom Watson served as Woodward's hero.[23] In the 1950s, however, scholars such as Richard Hofstadter portrayed the Populist movement as an irrational response of backward-looking farmers to the challenges of modernity. He discounted third party links to Progressivism and argued that Populists were provincial, conspiracy-minded, and had a tendency toward scapegoatism that manifested itself as nativism, anti-Semitism, anti-intellectualism, and Anglophobia. The antithesis of anti-modern Populism was modernizing Progressivism according to Hofstadter's model, with such leading progressives as Theodore Roosevelt, Robert La Follette Sr., George Norris and Woodrow Wilson pointed as having been vehement enemies of Populism, though William Jennings Bryan did cooperate with them and accepted the Populist nomination in 1896.[24]
Michael Kazin's The Populist Persuasion (1995) argued that Populism reflected a rhetorical style that manifested itself in spokesmen like Father Charles Coughlin in the 1930s and Governor George Wallace in the 1960s.
Goodwyn (1976)[25] and Postel (2007) reject the notion that the Populists were traditionalistic and anti-modern. Quite the reverse, they argue, the Populists aggressively sought self-consciously progressive goals. Goodwyn criticizes Hofstadter’s reliance on secondary sources to characterize the Populists, working instead with the material generated by the Populists themselves. Goodwyn determined that the farmers’ cooperatives gave rise to a Populist culture, and their efforts to free farmers from lien merchants revealed to them the political structure of the economy, which propelled them into politics. The Populists sought diffusion of scientific and technical knowledge, formed highly centralized organizations, launched large-scale incorporated businesses, and pressed for an array of state-centered reforms. Hundreds of thousands of women committed to Populism seeking a more modern life, education, and employment in schools and offices. A large section of the labor movement looked to Populism for answers, forging a political coalition with farmers that gave impetus to the regulatory state. Progress, however, was also menacing and inhumane, Postel notes. White Populists embraced social-Darwinist notions of racial improvement, Chinese exclusion and separate-but-equal.[26]
Populists saw the Panic of 1893 as confirmation that evil global conspiracies and big city villains were to blame. Historian Hasia Diner says:
Some Populists believed that Jews made up a class of international financiers whose policies had ruined small family farms, they asserted, owned the banks and promoted the gold standard, the chief sources of their impoverishment. Agrarian radicalism posited the city as antithetical to American values, asserting that Jews were the essence of urban corruption.[27]
Elected officials[edit]
Governors[edit]
Colorado: Davis Hanson Waite, 1893–1895
Idaho: Frank Steunenberg, 1897–1901 (Fusion of Democrats and Populists)
Kansas: Lorenzo D. Lewelling, 1893–1895
Kansas: John W. Leedy, 1897–1899
Nebraska: Silas A. Holcomb, 1895–1899 (Fusion of Democrats and Populists)
Nebraska: William A. Poynter, 1899–1901 (Fusion of Democrats and Populists)
North Carolina: Daniel Lindsay Russell, 1897–1901 (Coalition of Republicans and Populists)
Oregon: Sylvester Pennoyer, 1887–1895 (Fusion of Democrats and Populists)
South Dakota: Andrew E. Lee, 1897–1901
Tennessee: John P. Buchanan, 1891–1893
Washington: John Rogers, 1897–1901 (Fusion of Democrats and Populists)
United States Congress[edit]
Approximately forty-five members of the party served in the U.S. Congress between 1891 and 1902. These included six United States Senators:
William A. Peffer and William A. Harris from Kansas
Marion Butler of North Carolina
James H. Kyle from South Dakota
Henry Heitfeld of Idaho
William V. Allen from Nebraska
The following were Populist members of the U.S. House of Representatives:
52nd United States Congress
Thomas E. Watson, Georgia's 10th congressional district
Benjamin Hutchinson Clover, Kansas's 3rd congressional district
John Grant Otis, Kansas's 4th congressional district
John Davis, Kansas's 5th congressional district
William Baker, Kansas's 6th congressional district
Jerry Simpson, Kansas's 7th congressional district
Kittel Halvorson, Minnesota's 6th congressional district
William A. McKeighan, Nebraska's 2nd congressional district
Omer Madison Kem, Nebraska's 3rd congressional district
53rd United States Congress
Haldor Boen, Minnesota's 7th congressional district
Marion Cannon, California's 6th congressional district
Lafayette Pence, Colorado's 1st congressional district
John Calhoun Bell, Colorado's 2nd congressional district
Thomas Jefferson Hudson, Kansas's 3rd congressional district
John Davis, Kansas' 5th congressional district
William Baker, Kansas' 6th congressional district
Jerry Simpson, Kansas' 7th congressional district
William A. Harris, Kansas Member-at-large
William A. McKeighan, Nebraska's 5th congressional district
Omer Madison Kem, Nebraska's 6th congressional district
Alonzo C. Shuford, North Carolina's 7th congressional district
54th United States Congress
Albert Taylor Goodwyn, Alabama's 5th congressional district
Milford W. Howard, Alabama's 7th congressional district
William Baker, Kansas' 6th congressional district
Omer Madison Kem, Nebraska's 6th congressional district
Harry Skinner, North Carolina's 1st congressional district
William F. Strowd, North Carolina's 4th congressional district
Charles H. Martin (1848–1931), North Carolina's 6th congressional district
Alonzo C. Shuford, North Carolina's 7th congressional district
55th United States Congress
Albert Taylor Goodwyn, Alabama's 5th congressional district
Charles A. Barlow, California's 6th congressional district
Curtis H. Castle, California's 7th congressional district
James Gunn, Idaho's 1st congressional district
Mason Summers Peters, Kansas's 2nd congressional district
Edwin Reed Ridgely, Kansas's 3rd congressional district
William Davis Vincent, Kansas's 5th congressional district
Nelson B. McCormick, Kansas's 6th congressional district
Jerry Simpson, Kansas's 7th congressional district
Jeremiah Dunham Botkin, Kansas Member-at-large
Samuel Maxwell, Nebraska's 3rd congressional district
William Ledyard Stark, Nebraska's 4th congressional district
Roderick Dhu Sutherland, Nebraska's 5th congressional district
William Laury Greene, Nebraska's 6th congressional district
Harry Skinner, North Carolina's 1st congressional district
John E. Fowler, North Carolina's 3rd congressional district
William F. Strowd, North Carolina's 4th congressional district
Charles H. Martin, North Carolina's 5th congressional district
Alonzo C. Shuford, North Carolina's 7th congressional district
John Edward Kelley, South Dakota's 1st congressional district
Freeman T. Knowles, South Dakota's 2nd congressional district
56th United States Congress
William Ledyard Stark, Nebraska's 4th congressional district
Roderick Dhu Sutherland, Nebraska's 5th congressional district
William Laury Greene, Nebraska's 6th congressional district
John W. Atwater, North Carolina's 4th congressional district
57th United States Congress
Thomas L. Glenn, Idaho's 1st congressional district
Caldwell Edwards, Montana's 1st congressional district
William Ledyard Stark, Nebraska's 4th congressional district
William Neville, Nebraska's 6th congressional district
See also[edit]
Greenback Party
Left-wing populism
List of political parties in the United States
Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
Bryant W. Bailey (Louisiana Populist)
William Jennings Bryan (leading Populist politician)
Annie Le Porte Diggs (1853-1916), Populist advocate
Leonard M. Landsborough (California Populist)
Bring The Jubilee by Ward Moore; set in a parallel universe where the Confederacy won the Southern War of Independence, the right-wing Whigs and the left-wing Populists replace the Democratic and Republican parties as the two main political parties in the rump United States, with William Jennings Bryan being mentioned as a former three term president.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Peter Knight (1 January 2003). Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 82.
Jump up ^ Norman Pollack (1 January 1976). The Populist Response to Industrial America: Midwestern Populist Thought. Harvard University Press. pp. 11–12.
Jump up ^ Palmer, Bruce (1980). "Man Over Money": the Southern Populist Critique of American Capitalism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-1427-X.
Jump up ^ Foner, Eric (2005). Give Me Liberty! An American History, Volume Two Second Edition. W. W. Norton & Company, New York, London.
Jump up ^ Hild, Matthew (2007). Greenbackers, Knights of Labor, and Populists, Farmer-Labor Insurgency in the Late-Nineteenth-Century South. The University of Georgia Press, Athens & London.
Jump up ^ Hild, Matthew (2007). Greenbackers, Knights of Labor, and Populists, Farmer-Labor Insurgency in the Late-Nineteenth-Century South.The University of Georgia Press, Athens & London, p. 123.
Jump up ^ Gusfield, Joseph (1963). Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement The University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Chicago & London, p. 78, 93.
Jump up ^ http://history.missouristate.edu/wrmiller/Populism/Texts/bibliography.htm
Jump up ^ William S. Powell, "Marion Butler", Dictionary of North Carolina Biography (1979)
Jump up ^ James L. Hunt, Marion Butler and American Populism (2003), pp. 3-7
Jump up ^ James L. Hunt, Marion Butler and American Populism (2003), pp. 4-6.
Jump up ^ R. Hal Williams, Realigning America: McKinley, Bryan, and the Remarkable Election of 1896 (2010)
Jump up ^ Helen G. Edmonds, The Negro and Fusion Politics in North Carolina, 1894-1901 (1951). pp 97-136
Jump up ^ Andrea Meryl Kirshenbaum, "'The Vampire That Hovers Over North Carolina': Gender, White Supremacy, and the Wilmington Race Riot of 1898," Southern Cultures 4#3 (1998) pp. 6-30 online
Jump up ^ Eric Anderson, Race and Politics in North Carolina, 1872-1901 (1981)
Jump up ^ Connie L. Lester, Up from the Mudsills of Hell: The Farmers' Alliance, Populism, and Progressive Agriculture in Tennessee, 1870-1915 (2007)
Jump up ^ Walter Lippmann, A Preface to Politics, New York and London: Mitchell Kennerley, 1913, p. 275.
Jump up ^ For a summary or how historians approach the topic see Worth Robert Miller, "A Centennial Historiography of American Populism." Kansas History 1993 16(1): 54-69.
Jump up ^ See Worth Robert Miller, "The Republican Tradition," in Miller, Oklahoma Populism: A History of the People's Party in the Oklahoma Territory (1987) online edition
Jump up ^ Gene Clanton, Populism: The Humane Preference in America, 1890-1900 (1991) p, xv
Jump up ^ Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History, (1920) p. 148; online edition
Jump up ^ Martin Ridge, "Populism Revolt: John D. Hicks and The Populist Revolt," Reviews in American History 13 (March 1985): 142-54.
Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward, Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel (1938); Woodward, "Tom Watson and the Negro in Agrarian Politics," The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Feb., 1938), pp. 14-33 in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R. (1955)
Jump up ^ Goodwyn, Lawrence (1976). Democratic promise: the populist moment in America. Oxford University Press. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Charles Postel, The Populist Vision (2007)
Jump up ^ Hasia R. Diner (2004). The Jews of the United States, 1654 to 2000. U. of California Press. p. 170.
Further reading[edit]
Beeby, James M. Revolt of the Tar Heels: The North Carolina Populist Movement, 1890–1901 (2008)
Clanton, Gene. Populism: The Humane Preference in America, 1890-1900 (1991).
Formisano, Ronald P. For the People: American Populist Movements from the Revolution to the 1850s (2009), populist movements flourished long before People's Party began
Goodwyn, Lawrence. The Populist Moment: A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America. (1978).
Hackney, Sheldon, ed. Populism: The Critical Issues (1971).
Hicks, John D. "The Sub-Treasury: A Forgotten Plan for the Relief of Agriculture". Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Dec., 1928), pp. 355–373. in JSTOR.
Hicks, John D. The Populist Revolt: A History of the Farmers' Alliance and the People's Party Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1931.
Kazin, Michael. The Populist Persuasion: An American History. New (1995).
Knoles, George Harmon. "Populism and Socialism, with Special Reference to the Election of 1892," Pacific Historical Review, vol. 12, no. 3 (Sept. 1943), pp. 295–304. In JSTOR
Lester, Connie. Up from the Mudsills of Hell: The Farmers' Alliance, Populism, And Progressive Agriculture in Tennessee, 1870-1915. University of Georgia Press, 2006.
McMath, Robert C., Jr. American Populism: A Social History, 1877-1898. (1993).
Miller, Worth Robert. "A Centennial Historiography of American Populism." Kansas History 1993 16(1): 54-69. online edition
Miller, Worth Robert. "Farmers and Third-Party Politics in Late Nineteenth Century America," in Charles W. Calhoun, ed. The Gilded Age: Essays on the Origins of Modern America (1995) online edition
Nugent, Walter T. K. The Tolerant Populists: Kansas Populism and Nativism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1962.
Peterson, James. "The Trade Unions and the Populist Party," Science & Society, vol. 8, no. 2 (Spring 1944), pp. 143–160. In JSTOR.
Postel, Charles. The Populist Vision (2007).
Rogers, William Warren The One-Gallused Rebellion: Agrarianism in Alabama, 1865-1896. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1970.
Stock, Catherine McNicol. Rural Radicals: Righteous Rage in the American Grain. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. 1996.
Woodward, C. Vann. Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel (1938) online edition
Woodward, C. Vann. "Tom Watson and the Negro in Agrarian Politics," The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Feb., 1938), pp. 14–33 in JSTOR
External links[edit]
40 original Populist cartoons, primary sources
Peffer, William A. "The Mission of the Populist Party," The North American Review (Dec 1993) v. 157 #445 pp 665–679; full text online. important policy statement by leading Populist senator
People's Party Hand-Book of Facts. Campaign of 1898 96 p., official party pamphlet for North Carolina election of 1898
Populist, republican and Democratic cartoons, 189s election, primary sources
Populist Party timeline and texts; edited by Professor Edwards, secondary and primary sources
Contemporary accounts[edit]
Gompers, Samuel (July 1892). "Organized Labor in the Campaign". The North American Review. University of Northern Iowa. 155 (428): 91–97. Retrieved 2006-10-09.
Dolph, Senator Joseph N. (January 1893). "Does the Republican Party Need Reorganization?,". The North American Review. University of Northern Iowa. 156 (434): 54–61. Retrieved 2006-10-09.
Peffer, Senator William A. (December 1893). "The Mission of the Populist Party". The North American Review. University of Northern Iowa. 157 (445): 665–679. Retrieved 2006-10-09.
Lewelling, L. D. (January 1895). "Problems Before the Western Farmer". The North American Review. University of Northern Iowa. 160 (458): 16–21. Retrieved 2006-10-09.
Stahl, John M. (September 1896). "Are the Farmers Populists?". The North American Review. University of Northern Iowa. 163 (478): 266–276. Retrieved 2006-10-09.
Trent, W. P. (January 1897). "Dominant Forces in Southern Life". The Atlantic Monthly. University of Northern Iowa. 79 (471): 42–53. Retrieved 2006-10-09.
Turner, Frederick J. (April 1897). "Dominant Forces in Western Life". The Atlantic Monthly. University of Northern Iowa. 79 (474): 433–443. Retrieved 2006-10-09.
Peffer, Senator William A. (January 1898). "The Passing of the People's Party". The North American review. University of Northern Iowa. 166 (494): 12–24. Retrieved 2006-10-09.
Party publications and materials[edit]
The People's Advocate (1892-1900), digitized copies of the Populist Party's newspaper in Washington State, from The Labor Press Project.
Populist Cartoon Index. Archived at Missouri State University. Retrieved August 24, 2006.
Buttons, tokens and ribbons of the Populist Party. Reprinted from Issue 19, Buttons and Ballots, Fall 1998. Retrieved August 26, 2006.
People's Party Hand-Book of Facts. Campaign of 1898: Electronic Edition. Populist Party (N.C.). State Executive Committee. Reformated and reprinted by the University Library, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Populist materials online courtesy University Library, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Secondary sources[edit]
The Populist Movement in the United States by Anna Rochester, 1943.
Farmers, the Populist Party, and Mississippi (1870-1900). By Kenneth G. McCarty. Published by Mississippi History Now a project of the Mississippi Historical Society. Retrieved August 24, 2006.
The Populist Party in Nebraska. Published by the Nebraskastudies.org, a project of the Nebraska Department of Education.
Fusion Politics. The Populist Party in North Carolina. A project of the John Locke Foundation. Retrieved August 24, 2006.
The Decline of the Cotton Farmer. Anecdotal account of rise and fall of Farmers Alliance and Populist Party in Texas.
"Populist Party". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
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values: Parti populiste (États-Unis, 1891-1908) – French

values: Partito del Popolo (Stati Uniti d'America) – Italian

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