text:
Common raven
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
A large, black, passerine bird of the Northern Hemisphere
"Corvus corax" redirects here. For the German band, see Corvus Corax (band).
For the butterfly called "common raven", see Papilio castor.
Common raven
Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Corvidae
Genus: Corvus
Species: C. corax
Binomial name
Corvus corax
Linnaeus, 1758
Subspecies
8–11, see Classification
Common raven range
The common raven (Corvus corax), also known as the northern raven, is a large all-black passerine bird. Found across the Northern Hemisphere, it is the most widely distributed of all corvids. There are at least eight subspecies with little variation in appearance, although recent research has demonstrated significant genetic differences among populations from various regions. It is one of the two largest corvids, alongside the thick-billed raven, and is possibly the heaviest passerine bird; at maturity, the common raven averages 63 centimetres (25 inches) in length and 1.2 kilograms (2.6 pounds) in mass. Common ravens can live up to 21 years in the wild,[2] a lifespan surpassed among passerines by only a few Australasian species such as the satin bowerbird[3] and probably the lyrebirds. Young birds may travel in flocks but later mate for life, with each mated pair defending a territory.
Common ravens have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and in some areas have been so numerous that people have regarded them as pests. Part of their success as a species is due to their omnivorous diet; they are extremely versatile and opportunistic in finding sources of nutrition, feeding on carrion, insects, cereal grains, berries, fruit, small animals, and food waste.
Some notable feats of problem-solving provide evidence that the common raven is unusually intelligent.[4] Over the centuries, it has been the subject of mythology, folklore, art, and literature. In many cultures, including the indigenous cultures of Scandinavia, ancient Ireland and Wales, Bhutan, the northwest coast of North America, and Siberia and northeast Asia, the common raven has been revered as a spiritual figure or godlike creature.[5]
Contents
1 Taxonomy
1.1 Classification
1.2 Evolutionary history
2 Description
3 Distribution and habitat
4 Behaviour
4.1 Predation
4.2 Breeding
4.3 Feeding
4.4 Intelligence
4.5 Play
5 Relationship with humans
5.1 Conservation and management
5.2 Cultural depictions
5.2.1 Mythology
6 References
6.1 Cited texts
7 Further reading
8 External links
Taxonomy[edit]
The common raven was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th century work, Systema Naturae, and it still bears its original name of Corvus corax.[6] It is the type species of the genus Corvus, derived from the Latin word for "raven".[7] The specific epithet, corax/κοραξ, is the Ancient Greek word for "raven" or "crow".[8]
The modern English word raven has cognates in all other Germanic languages, including Old Norse (and subsequently modern Icelandic) hrafn[9] and Old High German (h)raban,[9] all which descend from Proto-Germanic *khrabanas.[10] An old Scottish word corby or corbie, akin to the French corbeau, has been used for both this bird and the carrion crow.[11] Obsolete collective nouns for a group of ravens (or at least the common raven) include "unkindness"[12] and "conspiracy".[13] In practice, most English-speakers use the more generic "flock".
Classification[edit]
The closest relatives of the common raven are the brown-necked raven (C. ruficollis), the pied crow (C. albus) of Africa, and the Chihuahuan raven (C. cryptoleucus) of the North American southwest.[14] While some authorities have recognized as many as 11 subspecies,[15] others recognize only eight:[16]
Subspecies
Image
Distribution
Notes
C. c. corax From Europe eastwards to Lake Baikal, south to the Caucasus region and northern Iran It has a relatively short, arched bill. The population in southwestern Europe (including the Balearic Islands, Corsica and Sardinia) has an even more arched bill and shorter wings than "typical" nominate, leading some authorities to recognize it as a separate subspecies, C. c. hispanus.[15]
C. c. varius Iceland and the Faroe Islands It is less glossy than C. c. principalis or nominate corax, is intermediate in size, and the bases of its neck feathers are whitish (not visible at a distance). An extinct white and black color morph found only on the Faroes is known as the pied raven.
C. c. subcorax From Greece eastwards to northwestern India, Central Asia and western China, though not the Himalayan region It is larger than the nominate form, but has relatively short throat feathers (hackles). Its plumage is generally all black, though its neck and breast have a brownish tone similar to that of the brown-necked raven; this is more evident when the plumage is worn. The bases of its neck feathers, although somewhat variable in colour, are often almost whitish.
The name C. c. laurencei (also spelt lawrencii or laurencii) is sometimes used instead of C. c. subcorax.[15] It is based on the population from Sindh described by Hume in 1873[17] and is sometimes preferred since the type specimen of subcorax collected by Nikolai Severtzov is possibly a brown-necked raven.[18]
The population restricted to the Sindh district of Pakistan and adjoining regions of northwestern India is sometimes known as the Punjab raven.[19][20]
C. c. tingitanus North Africa and the Canary Islands It is the smallest subspecies, with the shortest throat hackles and a distinctly oily plumage gloss. Its bill is short but markedly stout, and the culmen is strongly arched. Canary Islands ravens are browner than the North African ravens, leading some authorities to treat them as separate subspecies, with the latter maintaining the name C. c. tingitanus and the former known as C. c. canariensis.[15]
C. c. tibetanus Himalayas It is the largest and glossiest subspecies, with the longest throat hackles. Its bill is large but less imposing than that of C. c. principalis, and the bases of its neck feathers are grey.
C. c. kamtschaticus Northeastern Asia Intergrades into the nominate subspecies in the Baikal region. It is intermediate in size between C. c. principalis and C. c. corax and has a distinctly larger and thicker bill than does the nominate race.
C. c. principalis, the northern raven Northern North America and Greenland It has a large body and the largest bill, its plumage is strongly glossed, and its throat hackles are well developed.
C. c. sinuatus, the western raven South-central North America and Central America It is smaller, with a smaller and narrower bill than C. c. principalis. Populations in far southwestern USA and northwestern Mexico (including the Revillagigedo Islands) are the smallest in North America. They are sometimes included in C. c. sinuatus, while other authorities recognize them as a distinct subspecies, C. c. clarionensis, the southwestern raven.[15]
Evolutionary history[edit]
The common raven evolved in the Old World and crossed the Bering land bridge into North America.[21] Recent genetic studies, which examined the DNA of common ravens from across the world, have determined that the birds fall into at least two clades: a California clade, found only in the southwestern United States, and a Holarctic clade, found across the rest of the Northern Hemisphere. Birds from both clades look alike, but the groups are genetically distinct and began to diverge about two million years ago.[22][23]
The findings indicate that based on mitochondrial DNA, common ravens from the rest of the United States are more closely related to those in Europe and Asia than to those in the California clade, and that common ravens in the California clade are more closely related to the Chihuahuan raven (C. cryptoleucus) than to those in the Holarctic clade.[22] Ravens in the Holarctic clade are more closely related to the pied crow (C. albus) than they are to the California clade.[24] Thus, the common raven species as traditionally delimited is considered to be paraphyletic.[24]
One explanation for these genetic findings is that common ravens settled in California at least two million years ago and became separated from their relatives in Europe and Asia during an ice age. One million years ago, a group from the California clade evolved into a new species, the Chihuahuan raven. Other members of the Holarctic clade arrived later in a separate migration from Asia, perhaps at the same time as humans.[25]
A 2011 study suggested that there are no restrictions on gene flow between the Californian and Holarctic common raven groups, and that the lineages can remerge, effectively reversing a potential speciation.[26]
A recent study of raven mitochondrial DNA showed that the isolated population from the Canary Islands is distinct from other populations.[27] The study did not include any individuals from the North African population,[27] and its position is therefore unclear, though its morphology is very close to the population of the Canaries (to the extent that the two are often considered part of a single subspecies).[16]
Description[edit]
For physiology, see Common raven physiology.
In sunlight, the plumage can display a blue or purple sheen which is a result of iridescence.
A mature common raven ranges between 54 and 67 cm (21" and 26") long, with a wingspan of 115 to 150 cm (45–51").[28][29][30][31] Recorded weights range from 0.69 to 2 kg (1.5 to 4.4 lb),[32][33] thus making the common raven one of the heaviest passerines. Birds from colder regions such as the Himalayas and Greenland are generally larger with slightly larger bills, while those from warmer regions are smaller with proportionally smaller bills.[34] Representative of the size variation in the species, ravens from California weighed an average of 784 g (1.728 lb), those from Alaska weighed an average of 1,135 g (2.502 lb) and those from Nova Scotia weighed an average of 1,230 g (2.71 lb).[35][36][37] The bill is large and slightly curved, with a culmen length of 5.7 to 8.5 cm (2.2 to 3.3 in), easily one of the largest bills amongst passerines (perhaps only the thick-billed raven has a noticeably larger bill). It has a longish, strongly graduated tail, at 20 to 26.3 cm (7.9 to 10.4 in), and mostly black iridescent plumage, and a dark brown iris. The throat feathers are elongated and pointed and the bases of the neck feathers are pale brownish-grey. The legs and feet are good-sized, with a tarsus length of 6 to 7.2 cm (2.4 to 2.8 in).[38][39] Juvenile plumage is similar but duller with a blue-grey iris.[40]
Apart from its greater size, the common raven differs from its cousins, the crows, by having a larger and heavier black beak, shaggy feathers around the throat and above the beak, and a wedge-shaped tail.[41] Flying ravens are distinguished from crows by their tail shape, larger wing area, and more stable soaring style, which generally involves less wing flapping. Despite their bulk, ravens are easily as agile in flight as their smaller cousins. In flight the feathers produce a creaking sound that has been likened to the rustle of silk.[19] The voice of ravens is also quite distinct, its usual call being a deep croak of a much more sonorous quality than a crow's call. In North America, the Chihuahuan raven (C. cryptoleucus) is fairly similar to the relatively small common ravens of the American southwest and is best distinguished by the still relatively smaller size of its bill, beard and body and relatively longer tail. All-black carrion crow (C. corone) in Europe may suggest a raven due to their largish bill but are still distinctly smaller and have the wing and tail shapes typical of crows.[42]
In the Faroe Islands, a now extinct colour-morph of this species existed, known as the pied raven.[43]
White ravens are occasionally found in the wild. Birds in British Columbia lack the pink eyes of an albino, and are instead leucistic, a condition where an animal lacks any of several different types of pigment, not simply melanin.[44]
Play media
Vocalising
Common ravens have a wide range of vocalizations which are of interest to ornithologists. Gwinner carried out important studies in the early 1960s, recording and photographing his findings in great detail.[45] Fifteen to 30 categories of vocalization have been recorded for this species, most of which are used for social interaction. Calls recorded include alarm calls, chase calls, and flight calls. The species has a distinctive, deep, resonant prruk-prruk-prruk call, which to experienced listeners is unlike that of any other corvid. Its very wide and complex vocabulary includes a high, knocking toc-toc-toc, a dry, grating kraa, a low guttural rattle and some calls of an almost musical nature.[45]
Like other corvids, ravens can mimic sounds from their environment, including human speech. Non-vocal sounds produced by the common raven include wing whistles and bill snapping. Clapping or clicking has been observed more often in females than in males. If a member of a pair is lost, its mate reproduces the calls of its lost partner to encourage its return.[46]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Two juveniles in Iceland
Common ravens can thrive in varied climates; indeed this species has the largest range of any member of the genus,[47][48] and one of the largest of any passerine.[49] They range throughout the Holarctic from Arctic and temperate habitats in North America and Eurasia to the deserts of North Africa, and to islands in the Pacific Ocean. In the British Isles, they are more common in Scotland, Wales, northern England and the west of Ireland.[41] In Tibet, they have been recorded at altitudes up to 5,000 m (16,400 ft), and as high as 6,350 m (20,600 ft) on Mount Everest.[48][50] The population sometimes known as the Punjab raven—described as Corvus corax laurencei (also spelt lawrencii or laurencii) by Allan Octavian Hume but more often considered synonymous with subcorax[17]—is restricted to the Sindh district of Pakistan and adjoining regions of northwestern India.[19][20] They are generally resident within their range for the whole year. In his 1950 work, Grønlands Fugle [Birds of Greenland], noted ornithologist Finn Salomonsen indicated that common ravens did not overwinter in the Arctic.[51] However, in Arctic Canada and Alaska, they are found year-round.[52][53][54] Young birds may disperse locally.[55]
Most common ravens prefer wooded areas with large expanses of open land nearby, or coastal regions for their nesting sites and feeding grounds. In some areas of dense human population, such as California in the United States, they take advantage of a plentiful food supply and have seen a surge in their numbers.[56] On coasts, individuals of this species are often evenly distributed and prefer to build their nest sites along sea cliffs.[57] Common ravens are often located in coastal regions because these areas provide easy access to water and a variety of food sources.[57] Also, coastal regions have stable weather patterns without extreme cold or hot temperatures.
In general, common ravens live in a wide array of environments but prefer heavily contoured landscapes. When the environment changes in vast degrees, these birds will respond with a stress response. The hormone known as corticosterone is activated by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis.[58] Corticosterone is activated when the bird is exposed to stress, such as migrating great distances.
Behaviour[edit]
Group of ravens gathered around dead member
Common ravens usually travel in mated pairs, although young birds may form flocks. Relationships between common ravens are often quarrelsome, yet they demonstrate considerable devotion to their families.[59]
Predation[edit]
Owing to its size, gregariousness and its defensive abilities, the common raven has few natural predators. Predators of its eggs include owls, martens, and sometimes eagles. Ravens are quite vigorous at defending their young and are usually successful at driving off perceived threats. They attack potential predators by flying at them and lunging with their large bills. Humans are occasionally attacked if they get close to a raven nest, though serious injuries are unlikely. There are a few records of predation by large birds of prey. Their attackers in America have reportedly included great horned owls, northern goshawks, bald eagles, golden eagles and red-tailed hawks, it is possible that the two hawks only have attacked young ravens, as had a peregrine falcon who in one instance swooped at a newly fledged raven but was successfully chased off by the parent ravens.[60][61][62][63] In Eurasia, their reported predators include, in addition to golden eagles, Eurasian eagle-owls, white-tailed eagles, Steller's sea-eagles, eastern imperial eagles and gyrfalcons.[64][65][66][67][68] Because they are potentially hazardous prey for raptorial birds, raptors must usually take them by surprise and most attacks are on fledgling ravens. More rarely still, large mammalian predators such as lynxes, coyotes and cougars have also attacked ravens. This principally occurs at a nest site and when other prey for the carnivores are scarce. Ravens are highly wary around novel carrion sites and, in North America, have been recorded waiting for the presence of American crows and blue jays before approaching to eat.[69]
Breeding[edit]
Young on a nest – Hvítserkur, Iceland
Eggs of Corvus corax
Juveniles begin to court at a very early age, but may not bond for another two or three years. Aerial acrobatics, demonstrations of intelligence, and ability to provide food are key behaviors of courting. Once paired, they tend to nest together for life, usually in the same location.[59] Instances of non-monogamy have been observed in common ravens, by males visiting a female's nest when her mate is away.[70]
Breeding pairs must have a territory of their own before they begin nest-building and reproduction, and thus aggressively defend a territory and its food resources. Nesting territories vary in size according to the density of food resources in the area.[32] The nest is a deep bowl made of large sticks and twigs, bound with an inner layer of roots, mud, and bark and lined with a softer material, such as deer fur. The nest is usually placed in a large tree or on a cliff ledge, or less frequently in old buildings or utility poles.[71]
Females lay between three and seven pale bluish-green, brown-blotched eggs.[41] Incubation is about 18 to 21 days, by the female only. However, the male may stand or crouch over the young, sheltering but not actually brooding them.[72] Young fledge at 35 to 42 days, and are fed by both parents. They stay with their parents for another six months after fledging.[73]
In most of their range, egg laying begins in late February. In colder climates, it is later, e.g. April in Greenland and Tibet. In Pakistan, egg-laying takes place in December.[48] Eggs and hatchlings are preyed on, rarely, by large hawks and eagles, large owls, martens and canids. The adults, which are very rarely preyed upon, are often successful in defending their young from these predators, due to their numbers, large size and cunning.[69] They have been observed dropping stones on potential predators that venture close to their nests.[74]
Common ravens can be very long-lived, especially in captive or protected conditions; individuals at the Tower of London have lived for more than 40 years.[32] Lifespans in the wild are considerably shorter at typically 10 to 15 years. The longest known lifespan of a banded wild common raven was 23 years, 3 months.[75]
Feeding[edit]
Feeding
Common ravens are omnivorous and highly opportunistic: their diet may vary widely with location, season and serendipity.[76] For example, those foraging on tundra on the Arctic North Slope of Alaska obtained about half their energy needs from predation, mainly of microtine rodents, and half by scavenging, mainly of caribou and ptarmigan carcasses.[77]
In some places they are mainly scavengers, feeding on carrion as well as the associated maggots and carrion beetles. With large-bodied carrion, which they are not equipped to tear through as well as birds such as hook-billed vultures, they must wait for the prey to be torn open by another predator or flayed by other means.[78] Plant food includes cereal grains, berries and fruit. They prey on small invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, small mammals and birds.[79] Ravens may also consume the undigested portions of animal feces, and human food waste. They store surplus food items, especially those containing fat, and will learn to hide such food out of the sight of other common ravens.[55] Ravens also raid the food caches of other species, such as the Arctic fox.[80] They sometimes associate with another canine, the grey wolf, as a kleptoparasite, following to scavenge wolf-kills in winter.[81] Ravens are regular predators at bird nests, brazenly picking off eggs, nestlings and sometimes adult birds when they spot an opportunity. They are considered perhaps the primary natural threat to the nesting success of the critically endangered California condor, since they readily take condor eggs and are very common in the areas where the species is being re-introduced.[82]
Flock feeding at a garbage dump
Common ravens nesting near sources of human garbage included a higher percentage of food waste in their diet, birds nesting near roads consumed more road-killed vertebrates, and those nesting far from these sources of food ate more arthropods and plant material. Fledging success was higher for those using human garbage as a food source.[83] In contrast, a 1984–1986 study of common raven diet in an agricultural region of south-western Idaho found that cereal grains were the principal constituent of pellets, though small mammals, grasshoppers, cattle carrion and birds were also eaten.[84]
One behavior is recruitment, where juvenile ravens call other ravens to a food bonanza, usually a carcass, with a series of loud yells. In Ravens in Winter, Bernd Heinrich posited that this behavior evolved to allow the juveniles to outnumber the resident adults, thus allowing them to feed on the carcass without being chased away.[85] A more mundane explanation is that individuals co-operate in sharing information about carcasses of large mammals because they are too big for just a few birds to exploit.[70] Experiments with baits however show that such recruitment behaviour is independent of the size of the bait.[86]
Furthermore, there has been research suggesting that the common raven is involved in seed dispersal. In the wild, the common raven chooses the best habitat and disperses seeds in locations best suited for its survival.[57]
Intelligence[edit]
See also: Bird intelligence and Corvidae § Intelligence
Crows, ravens, magpies, and jays are not just feathered machines, rigidly programmed by their genetics. Instead, they are beings that, within the constraints of their molecular inheritance, make complex decisions and show every sign of enjoying a rich awareness.
—  Candace Savage[87]
The brains of common ravens count among the largest of any bird species. Specifically, their hyperpallium is large, for a bird. They display ability in problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes such as imitation and insight.[87]
Dilapidated NIKE Missile radar dome in Alaska with an evening roost
Linguist Derek Bickerton, building on the work of biologist Bernd Heinrich, has argued that ravens are one of only four known animals (the others being bees, ants, and humans) who have demonstrated displacement, the capacity to communicate about objects or events that are distant in space or time from the communication. Young, unmated common ravens roost together at night, but usually forage alone during the day. However, when one discovers a large carcass guarded by a pair of adult ravens, the unmated raven will return to the roost and communicate the find. The following day, a flock of unmated ravens will fly to the carcass and chase off the adults. Bickerton argues that the advent of linguistic displacement was perhaps the most important event in the evolution of human language, and that ravens are the only other vertebrate to share this with humans.[88]
One experiment designed to evaluate insight and problem-solving ability involved a piece of meat attached to a string hanging from a perch. To reach the food, the bird needed to stand on the perch, pull the string up a little at a time, and step on the loops to gradually shorten the string. Four of five common ravens eventually succeeded, and "the transition from no success (ignoring the food or merely yanking at the string) to constant reliable access (pulling up the meat) occurred with no demonstrable trial-and-error learning." This supports the hypothesis that common ravens are 'inventors', implying that they can solve problems. Many of the feats of common ravens were formerly argued to be stereotyped innate behaviour, but it now has been established that their aptitudes for solving problems individually and learning from each other reflect a flexible capacity for intelligent insight unusual among non-human animals.[89]
Another experiment proved that some could deceive intentionally at least to other common ravens.[90]
Common ravens have been observed calling wolves to the site of dead animals. The wolves open the carcass, leaving the scraps more accessible to the birds.[87] They watch where other common ravens bury their food and remember the locations of each other's food caches, so they can steal from them. This type of theft occurs so regularly that common ravens will fly extra distances from a food source to find better hiding places for food.[91] They have also been observed pretending to make a cache without actually depositing the food, presumably to confuse onlookers.[92]
Common ravens are known to steal and cache shiny objects such as pebbles, pieces of metal, and golf balls. One theory is that they hoard shiny objects to impress other ravens.[93] Other research indicates that juveniles are deeply curious about all new things, and that common ravens retain an attraction to bright, round objects based on their similarity to bird eggs. Mature birds lose their intense interest in the unusual, and become highly neophobic.[94]
Play[edit]
There has been increasing recognition of the extent to which birds engage in play. Juvenile common ravens are among the most playful of bird species. They have been observed to slide down snowbanks, apparently purely for fun. They even engage in games with other species, such as playing catch-me-if-you-can with wolves, otters and dogs.[95] Common ravens are known for spectacular aerobatic displays, such as flying in loops or interlocking talons with each other in flight.[96][97]
They are also one of only a few wild animals who make their own toys. They have been observed breaking off twigs to play with socially.[98]
Relationship with humans[edit]
Conservation and management[edit]
Compared to many smaller Corvus species (such as American crow), ravens prefer undisturbed montane or forest habitat or rural areas over urban areas.[99] In other areas, their numbers have increased dramatically and they have become agricultural pests. Common ravens can cause damage to crops, such as nuts and grain, or can harm livestock, particularly by killing young goat kids, lambs and calves.[100] Ravens generally attack the faces of young livestock, but the more common raven behaviour of scavenging may be misidentified as predation by ranchers.[101]
In the western Mojave Desert, human settlement and land development have led to an estimated 16-fold increase in the common raven population over 25 years. Towns, landfills, sewage treatment plants and artificial ponds create sources of food and water for scavenging birds. Ravens also find nesting sites in utility poles and ornamental trees, and are attracted to roadkill on highways. The explosion in the common raven population in the Mojave has raised concerns for the desert tortoise, a threatened species. Common ravens prey upon juvenile tortoises, which have soft shells and move slowly.[56] Plans to control the population have included shooting and trapping birds, as well as contacting landfill operators to ask that they reduce the amount of exposed garbage.[102] A hunting bounty as a method of control was historically used in Finland from the mid-18th century until 1923.[103] Culling has taken place to a limited extent in Alaska, where the population increase in common ravens is threatening the vulnerable Steller's eider (Polysticta stelleri).[104]
Cultural depictions[edit]
Bill Reid's sculpture The Raven and The First Men, showing part of a Haida creation myth. Museum of Anthropology, University of British Columbia.
See also: Cultural depictions of ravens
Across its range in the Northern Hemisphere, and throughout human history, the common raven has been a powerful symbol and a popular subject of mythology and folklore.
In some Western traditions, ravens have long been considered to be birds of ill omen, death and evil in general, in part because of the negative symbolism of their all-black plumage and the eating of carrion.[105] In Sweden, ravens are known as the ghosts of murdered people, and in Germany as the souls of the damned. In Danish folklore, valravne that ate a king's heart gained human knowledge, could perform great malicious acts, could lead people astray, had superhuman powers, and were "terrible animals".[106]
As in traditional mythology and folklore, the common raven features frequently in more modern writings such as the works of William Shakespeare, and, perhaps most famously, in the poem "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe. Ravens have appeared in the works of Charles Dickens,[107] J. R. R. Tolkien,[108] Stephen King,[109] George R. R. Martin[110] and Joan Aiken[111][112][113][114] among others.
It continues to be used as a symbol in areas where it once had mythological status: as the national bird of Bhutan[115] (Kings of Bhutan wear the Raven Crown), official bird of the Yukon territory,[116] and on the coat of arms of the Isle of Man (once a Viking colony).[117]
In Persia and Arabia the raven was held as a bird of bad omen but a 14th-century Arabic work reports use of the raven in falconry.[118]
The modern unisex given name Raven is derived from the English word "raven". As a masculine name, Raven parallels the Old Norse Hrafn,[119] and Old English *Hræfn, which were both bynames and personal names.[120]
Mythology[edit]
Main article: Raven in mythology
A valkyrie speaks with a raven in a 19th-century illustration of the Old Norse poem Hrafnsmál ("raven song") by Frederick Sandys
In Tlingit and Haida cultures, raven was both a trickster and creator god. Related beliefs are widespread among the peoples of Siberia and northeast Asia.[121] The Kamchatka Peninsula, for example, was supposed to have been created by the raven god Kutkh.[122] There are several references to common ravens in the Old Testament of the Bible and it is an aspect of Mahakala in Bhutanese mythology.[115]
In Norse mythology, Huginn (from the Old Norse for "thought") and Muninn (Old Norse for "memory" or "mind") are a pair of ravens that fly all over the world, Midgard, and bring the god Odin information. Additionally among the Norse, raven banner standards were carried by such figures as the Jarls of Orkney,[123] King Cnut the Great of England, Norway and Denmark,[124] and Harald Hardrada.[125] In the British Isles, ravens also were symbolic to the Celts. In Irish mythology, the goddess Morrígan alighted on the hero Cú Chulainn's shoulder in the form of a raven after his death.[126] In Welsh mythology they were associated with the Welsh god Bran the Blessed, whose name translates to "raven." According to the Mabinogion, Bran's head was buried in the White Hill of London as a talisman against invasion.[127]
A legend developed that England would not fall to a foreign invader as long as there were ravens at the Tower of London; although this is often thought to be an ancient belief, the official Tower of London historian, Geoff Parnell, believes that this is actually a romantic Victorian invention.[128]
In the Jewish, Christian and Islamic traditions, the raven was the first animal to be released from Noah's Ark. "So it came to pass, at the end of forty days, that Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made. Then he sent out a raven, which kept going to and fro until the waters had dried up from the earth. He also sent out from himself a dove, to see if the waters had receded from the face of the ground."[129] The raven is mentioned a dozen times in the Bible. In the New Testament Jesus tells a parable using the raven to show how people should rely on God for their needs and not riches (Luke 12:24).[130] The raven is also mentioned in Quran at the story of Cain and Abel. Adam's firstborn son Cain kills his brother Abel but he doesn't know what to do with the corpse: "Then Allah sent a raven scratching up the ground, to show him how to hide his brother's naked corpse. He said: Woe unto me! Am I not able to be as this raven and so hide my brother's naked corpse? And he became repentant."[131]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Corvus corax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Wasser, D. E.; Sherman, P.W. (2010). "Avian longevities and their interpretation under evolutionary theories of senescence". Journal of Zoology. 280 (2): 103–155. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00671.x.
Jump up ^ Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme Satin Bowerbird
Jump up ^ http://www.abc.es/ciencia/abci-cuervos-pueden-inteligentes-como-nino-tres-anos-201604262232_noticia.html
Jump up ^ Jones, Noragh (1995). Power of Raven, Wisdom of Serpent. Floris Books. ISBN 0-940262-66-5.
Jump up ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata (in Latin). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 105. C. ater, dorso caerulescente, cauda subrotundata.
Jump up ^ Simpson, D. P. (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5th ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 155. ISBN 0-304-52257-0.
Jump up ^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1980). A Greek–English Lexicon (Abridged Edition). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 387. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
^ Jump up to: a b "Raven". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Jump up ^ "Raven". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-05-14.
Jump up ^ Goodwin, p. 144
Jump up ^ "Baltimore Bird Club. Group Name for Birds: A Partial List". Retrieved 2007-06-03.
Jump up ^ "University of California Golf Club. List of Collective Nouns". Archived from the original on 2010-02-13. Retrieved 2008-07-16.
Jump up ^ Goodwin, pp. 70–72
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Marzluff, J. M. (2009). "Common Raven (Corvus corax)". pp. 638–639 in Handbook of the Birds of the World. Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows. del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. and Christie, D. A. (eds.). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 978-84-96553-50-7
^ Jump up to: a b Clements, J. F. (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World. 6th edition. Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7136-8695-1
^ Jump up to: a b Rasmussen, PC; Anderton, JC (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. pp. 600–601.
Jump up ^ Dickinson, E.C.; Dekker, R.W.R.J.; Eck, S.; Somadikarta, S. (2004). "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 45. Types of the Corvidae". Zool. Verh. Leiden. 350: 111–148.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ali, S; S D Ripley (1986). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. 5 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 261–265.
^ Jump up to: a b Eates, KR (1939). "The distribution and nidification of the Indian (Punjab) Raven (Corvus corax laurencei Hume) in Sind". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 40 (4): 747–750.
Jump up ^ Marzluff and Angell, p. 86
^ Jump up to: a b US Geological Survey. "California Ravens Are a Breed Apart". Retrieved 2007-05-11.
Jump up ^ Omland KE; Tarr CL; Boarman WI; Marzluff JM; Fleischer RC (2000). "Cryptic genetic variation and paraphyly in ravens". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 267: 2475–82. doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1308. PMC 1690844  . PMID 11197122.
^ Jump up to: a b Feldman, Christopher R.; Omland, Kevin E. (March 2005). "Phylogenetics of the common raven complex (Corvus: Corvidae) and the utility of ND4, COI and intron 7 of the β-fibrinogen gene in avian molecular systematics". Zoologica Scripta. 34 (2): 145–156. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00182.x.
Jump up ^ Marzluff and Angell, pp. 86–87
Jump up ^ Webb, William C.; Marzluff, John M.; Omland, Kevin E. (2011). "Random interbreeding between cryptic lineages of the Common Raven: evidence for speciation in reverse". 20 (11): 2390–2402. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05095.x.
^ Jump up to: a b Baker, Jason M.; Omland, Kevin E. (January 2006). "Canary Island Ravens Corvus corax tingitanus have distinct mtDNA". Ibis. 148 (1): 174–178. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2006.00493.x.
Jump up ^ Svensson, Lars; Mullarney, Killian; Zetterström, Dan (2015). Le guide ornitho: le guide le plus complet des oiseaux d'Europe, d'Afrique du Nord et du Moyen-Orient [The birding guide: The most comprehensive guide of birds from Europe, North Africa and the Middle East]. French: Éditions Delachaux et Niestlé.
Jump up ^ Common Raven. Nature.ca. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
Jump up ^ Raven. Garden-birds.co.uk (2010-07-01). Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
Jump up ^ Common Raven. Geobirds.com. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c Boarman, William I.; Heinrich, Bernd (1999). Poole, A.; Gill, F., eds. "Common Raven (Corvus corax)". Birds of North America. 476: 1–32. doi:10.2173/bna.476.
Jump up ^ Common Raven. Oiseaux-birds.com. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
Jump up ^ Goodwin, pp. 138–139
Jump up ^ Elliot, R. D. (1977). "Hanging behavior in Common Ravens". Auk. 94 (4): 777–778. doi:10.2307/4085278. JSTOR 4085278.
Jump up ^ Schwan, M. W.; Williams, D. D. (1978). "Temperature regulation in the common raven of interior Alaska". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 60: 31–36. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(78)90033-6.
Jump up ^ Linz, G. M., Knittle, C. E. and Johnson, R. E. (1990). Ecology of corvids in the vicinity of the Aliso Creek California Least Tern colony, Camp Pendelton, California. U.S. Dept. of Agric., North Dakota Field Stn. North Dakota State Univ., Fargo.
Jump up ^ Oberholser, Harry C. (1918). "The Common Ravens of North America". The Ohio Journal of Science. 18 (6): 213–225.
Jump up ^ Anonymous. (2013) "Corvus corax – Linnaeus, 1758 (Common Raven)" in Deomurari, A.N. (Compiler), 2010. AVIS-IBIS (Avian Information System – Indian BioDiversity Information System) v. 1.0. Foundation For Ecological Security, India
Jump up ^ Goodwin, p. 138
^ Jump up to: a b c Vere Benson, S. (1972). The Observer's Book of Birds. London: Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-7232-1513-8.
Jump up ^ Boarman, William I. and Heinrich, Bernd (1999) Common Raven (Corvus corax), The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
Jump up ^ Droste, Ferdinand Baron von (1869). "Vogelfauna der Färöer (Färöernes Fuglefauna af Sysselmaand Müller 1862.) Aus dem Dänischen übersetzt und mit Anmerkungen versehen. Teil 1". Journal of Ornithology (in German). 17 (2): 107–118. doi:10.1007/BF02261546.
Jump up ^ Dearing, Stephanie (5 July 2010). "Another rare white raven born this year on Canadian beach". Digital Journal. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Gwinner, E. (1964). "Untersuchungen über das ausdrucks und Sozialverhalten des Kolkraben (Corvus corax L.)". Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie (in German). 21 (6): 657–748. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1964.tb01212.x.
Jump up ^ Goodwin, p. 142
Jump up ^ Goodwin, p. 70
^ Jump up to: a b c Madge, Steve (1999) [1994]. Crows and jays : a guide to the crows, jays and magpies of the world. Helm Identification Guides. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-3999-7.
Jump up ^ "Common Raven". Audubon Society of Portland. 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Hingston, R W G (1927). "Bird notes from the Mount Everest expedition of 1924". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 32 (2): 320–329.
Jump up ^ Salomonsen, Finn (1950). Grønlands Fugle [Birds of Greenland]. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
Jump up ^ "Common raven (Corvus corax)". The National Bird Project. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Temple, Stanley. "Winter Food Habits of Ravens on the Arctic Slope of Alaska" (PDF). Retrieved December 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tulugaq — Raven". Canada's Arctic. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Goodwin, p. 139
^ Jump up to: a b U.S. Geological Survey. "Scientists Estimate Risk of Raven Predation on Desert Tortoises in the Western Mojave Desert". Retrieved 2007-05-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ewins, P. J.; Dymond, J. N.; Marquiss, M. (1986). "The distribution, breeding and diet of Ravens Corvus corax in Shetland". Bird Study. 33 (2): 110–116. doi:10.1080/00063658609476906.
Jump up ^ Cockrem, J. F. (2007). "Stress, corticosterone responses and avian personalities". Journal of Ornithology. 148: 169–178. doi:10.1007/s10336-007-0175-8.
^ Jump up to: a b "Oregon Zoo Animals: Common Raven". Oregon Zoo. Archived from the original on April 29, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-19.
Jump up ^ Boal, C. W. (1993). Northern goshawk diets in ponderosa pine forests in northern Arizona (Masters of Science Thesis). University of Arizona.
Jump up ^ Murie, O. J. (1940). "Food habits of the northern Bald Eagle in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska". Condor. 42: 198–202. doi:10.2307/1363948. JSTOR 1363948.
Jump up ^ Olendorff, R. R. (1976). "The food habits of North American golden eagles". American Midland Naturalist. 95: 231–236. doi:10.2307/2424254. JSTOR 2424254.
Jump up ^ Young, L. S.; Engel, K. A. (1988). Implications of communal roosting by Common Ravens to operation and maintenance of Pacific Power and Light Company's Malin to Midpoint 500 kV transmission line. Boise, ID: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Manage.
Jump up ^ Malafosse, J. (1985). "Quelques données sur le Hibou grand-duc (Bubo bubo) dans le département de la Lozère de 1978 à 1984" (PDF). Le Grand-Duc. 26: 26–32.
Jump up ^ Wille, F. & Kampp, K. (1983). "Food of the white-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla in Greenland". Ecography. 6 (1): 81–88. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1983.tb01068.x.
Jump up ^ Utekhina, I.; Potapov, E. & McGrady, M. J. (2000). "Diet of the Steller's Sea Eagle in the northern Sea of Okhotsk". First Symposium on Steller’s and White-tailed Sea Eagles in East Asia. Tokyo, Japan: Wild Bird Society of Japan. pp. 71–92.
Jump up ^ Chavko, J.; Danko, Š.; Obuch, J. & Mihók, J. (2007). "The food of the Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) in Slovakia". Slovak Raptor Journal. 1: 1–18. doi:10.2478/v10262-012-0001-y.
Jump up ^ Jenkins, M. A. (1978). "Gyrfalcon nesting behavior from hatching to fledging". Auk. 95: 122–127. doi:10.2307/4085502. JSTOR 4085502.
^ Jump up to: a b Berg R, Dewey T (1999). "Corvus corax". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
^ Jump up to: a b Heinrich, B. (1999). Mind of the Raven: Investigations and Adventures with Wolf-Birds pp. 119–120. New York: Cliff Street Books. ISBN 978-0-06-093063-9
Jump up ^ Savage, p. 35
Jump up ^ Gwinner, Eberhard (April 1965). "Beobachtungen über Nestbau und Brutpflege des Kolkraben (Corvus corax L.) in Gefangenschaft". Journal of Ornithology (in German). 106 (2): 145–178. doi:10.1007/BF01793758.
Jump up ^ Goodwin, p. 141
Jump up ^ Janes, Stewart W. (1976). "The apparent use of rocks by a raven in nest defense" (PDF). Condor. 78 (3): 409. doi:10.2307/1367704. JSTOR 1367704. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
Jump up ^ "European Longevity Records". European Union for Bird Ringing. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Nogales, Manuel; Hernández, Elizabeth C. (1997). "Diet of Common Ravens on El Hierro, Canary Islands" (PDF). Journal of Field Ornithology. 68 (3): 382–391. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
Jump up ^ Temple, Stanley A. (March 1974). "Winter food habits of Ravens on the Arctic Slope of Alaska" (PDF). Arctic. 27 (1): 41–46. doi:10.14430/arctic2851. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Nelson, A.L. (January 1934). "Some early summer food preferences of the American Raven in southeastern Oregon" (PDF). Condor. Cooper Ornithological Society. 36 (1): 10–15. doi:10.2307/1363515. JSTOR 1363515. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
Jump up ^ Gaston, A.J.; Elliot, R.D. (1996). "Brunnich's Guillemot". Ibis. 138 (4): 742–748. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1996.tb08831.x.
Jump up ^ Careau, Vincent; Lecomte, Nicolas; Giroux, Jean-François; Berteaux, Dominique (January 2007). "Common ravens raid arctic fox food caches". Journal of Ethology. 25 (1): 79–82. doi:10.1007/s10164-006-0193-7.
Jump up ^ Stahler, Daniel; Heinrich, Bernd; Smith, Douglas (August 2002). "Common ravens, Corvus corax, preferentially associate with grey wolves, Canis lupus, as a foraging strategy in winter". Animal Behaviour. 64 (2): 283–290. doi:10.1006/anbe.2002.3047.
Jump up ^ Snyder, Noel F. R.; Ramey, Rob R.; Sibley, Fred C (1986). "Nest-site Biology of the California Condor" (PDF). The Condor. 88 (2): 228–241. doi:10.2307/1368920.
Jump up ^ Kristan, William B.; Boarman, William I.; Crayon, John J. (March 2004). "Diet composition of common ravens across the urban-wildland interface of the West Mojave Desert" (PDF). Wildlife Society Bulletin. 32 (1): 244–253. doi:10.2193/0091-7648(2004)32[244:DCOCRA]2.0.CO;2.
Jump up ^ Engel, Kathleen A.; Young, Leonard S. (May 1989). "Spatial and temporal patterns in the diet of Common Ravens in southwestern Idaho" (PDF). Condor. Cooper Ornithological Society. 91 (2): 372–378. doi:10.2307/1368316. JSTOR 1368316. Retrieved 2005-05-16.
Jump up ^ Heinrich, Bernd (1989). Ravens in Winter. New York: Summit Books. ISBN 0-671-67809-4.
Jump up ^ Heinrich, Bernd (1988). "Winter foraging at carcasses by three sympatric corvids, with emphasis on recruitment by the raven, Corvus corax". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 23 (3): 141–156. doi:10.1007/BF00300349.
^ Jump up to: a b c "PBS Nature: The Bird in Black". PBS. Archived from the original on July 17, 2008. Retrieved 2007-05-07.
Jump up ^ Bickerton, Derek (2009). Adam's Tongue. Hill and Wang. ISBN 978-0-8090-2281-6.
Jump up ^ Heinrich, Bernd (1995). "An Experimental Investigation of Insight in Common Ravens (Corvus corax)" (PDF). The Auk. 112 (4): 994–1003. doi:10.2307/4089030. JSTOR 4089030. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
Jump up ^ Bugnyar, Thomas; Kotrschal, Kurt (2004). "Leading a conspecific away from food in ravens (Corvus corax)?" (PDF). Animal Cognition. 7 (2): 69–76. doi:10.1007/s10071-003-0189-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-28.
Jump up ^ Rozell, Ned. "The Raven's Game of Hide and Seek". Alaska Science Forum. Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Retrieved 2007-05-07.
Jump up ^ Marzluff and Angell, p. 230
Jump up ^ Marzluff and Angell, p. 232
Jump up ^ Kijne, M.; Kotrschal, K (2002). "Neophobia affects choice of food-item size in group-foraging common ravens (Corvus corax)". Acta ethologica. 5 (1): 13–18. doi:10.1007/s10211-002-0061-6.
Jump up ^ Savage, pp. 70–71
Jump up ^ Savage, p. 76
Jump up ^ Heinrich, B. (1999). Mind of the Raven: Investigations and Adventures with Wolf-Birds p. 290. New York: Cliff Street Books. ISBN 978-0-06-093063-9
Jump up ^ Heinrich, B. (1999). Mind of the Raven: Investigations and Adventures with Wolf-Birds p. 282. New York: Cliff Street Books. ISBN 978-0-06-093063-9
Jump up ^ Kelly, J. P.; Etienne, K. L. & Roth, J. E. (2002). "Abundance and distribution of the common raven and American Crow in the San Francisco Bay area, California" (PDF). Western Birds. 33: 202–217.
Jump up ^ Larsen, Kenneth H.; Dietrich, John H. (January 1970). "Reduction of a raven population on lambing grounds with DRC-1339". Journal of Wildlife Management. 34 (1): 200–204. doi:10.2307/3799509. JSTOR 3799509.
Jump up ^ Sheep and Goats Death Loss. National Agricultural Statistics Service. May 6, 2005. Retrieved 2007-12-27.
Jump up ^ Boarman, WI (1993). The Raven Management Program of the Bureau of Land Management : Status as of 1992 (PDF). Proceedings of 1992 Symposium. California. pp. 113–117. Retrieved 2007-05-21.
Jump up ^ Pohja-Mykrä M; Vuorisalo T; Mykrä S (2005). "Hunting bounties as a key measure of historical wildlife management and game conservation: Finnish bounty schemes 1647–1975". Oryx. 39 (3): 284–291. doi:10.1017/S0030605305000785.
Jump up ^ Minerals Management Service, Alaska (2007). "Foraging Ecology of Common Ravens (Corvus corax) on Alaska's Coastal Plain (AK-93-48-51)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-24.
Jump up ^ Schwan, Mark (January 1990). "Raven: The Northern Bird of Paradox". Alaska Fish and Game. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved 2007-02-12.
Jump up ^ Kristensen, Evald Tang. (1980) Danske Sagn: Som De Har Lyd I Folkemunde, Nyt Nordisk Forlag Arnold Busck, Copenhagen. ISBN 87-17-02791-8. p. 132.
Jump up ^ Dickens, Charles (1841) Barnaby Rudge online
Jump up ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1985). The Hobbit. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-33207-5.
Jump up ^ King, Stephen (1976). The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger. ISBN 0-8488-0780-4
Jump up ^ Martin, George (1996). A Song of Ice and Fire.
Jump up ^ Aiken, Joan (1974). Tales of Arabel's Raven. Cape. p. 160. ISBN 0-224-01059-X.
Jump up ^ Aiken, Joan (1980). Arabel and Mortimer. Cape. p. 144. ISBN 0-224-01765-9.
Jump up ^ Aiken, Joan (1983). Mortimer's Cross. Cape. p. 141. ISBN 0-224-02108-7.
Jump up ^ Aiken, Joan (1985). Mortimer Says Nothing and other stories. Cape. p. 181. ISBN 0-224-02335-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Bhutan Tourism Corporation. "The Himalaya Kingdom". Retrieved 2007-05-17.
Jump up ^ "Yukon Territorial Bird". Government of Yukon. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
Jump up ^ Isle of Man Government. "Island Facts – Isle of Man Government". Archived from the original on 2007-05-10. Retrieved 2007-05-19.
Jump up ^ Phillott, D.C. (1907). "Note on the common raven-Corvus corax". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 3: 115–116.
Jump up ^ Hanks, Patrick; Hardcastle, Kate; Hodges, Flavia (2006). A Dictionary of First Names. Oxford Paperback Reference (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-19-861060-1.
Jump up ^ Reaney, Percy Hilde; Wilson, Richard Middlewood (2006). A Dictionary of English Surnames (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 2594. ISBN 0-203-99355-1.
Jump up ^ Bogoras, W. (1902). "The Folklore of Northeastern Asia, as Compared with That of Northwestern America". American Anthropologist. 4 (4): 577–683. doi:10.1525/aa.1902.4.4.02a00020.
Jump up ^ Worth, D.D. (1961). Kamchadal Texts Collected by W. Jochelson, 's-Gravenhage, Mouton.
Jump up ^ Pálsson, Hermann; Edwards, Paul (1978). Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkney. London: Hogarth Press. ISBN 0-7012-0431-1.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Alistair; Keynes, Simon (1998). Encomium Emmae Reginae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62655-2.
Jump up ^ Sturluson, Snorri (2005). King Harald's Saga: Harald Hardradi of Norway: From Snorri Sturluson's Heimskringla. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044183-2.
Jump up ^ Jones, M. "The Death of Cu Chulainn". Academy for Ancient Texts. Retrieved 2007-05-19.
Jump up ^ Ford, Patrick K. (1977). "Branwen daughter of Llŷr". The Mabinogi and Other Medieval Welsh Tales. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03414-7.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Maev (15 November 2004). "Tower's raven mythology may be a Victorian flight of fantasy". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Genesis 8:6–8 (New King James Version). biblegateway.com
Jump up ^ Luke 12:24 (New Living Translation). Biblegateway.com. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
Jump up ^ (بَعَثَ اللّهُ غُرَابًا يَبْحَثُ فِي الأَرْضِ لِيُرِيَهُ كَيْفَ يُوَارِي سَوْءةَ أَخِيهِ قَالَ يَا وَيْلَتَا أَعَجَزْتُ أَنْ أَكُونَ مِثْلَ هَذَا الْغُرَابِ فَأُوَارِيَ سَوْءةَ أَخِي فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ النَّادِمِينَ) Qur'an 5:31, translation: Pickthall, Marmaduke The Meaning of the Glorious Koran: An Explanatory Translation, Amana Publications, 1st edition (1996) ISBN 978-0915957224
Cited texts[edit]
Goodwin D. (1983). Crows of the World. Queensland University Press, St Lucia, Qld. ISBN 0-7022-1015-3.
Marzluff, John M.; Angell, Tony (2005). In the Company of Crows and Ravens. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press. ISBN 0-300-10076-0.
Savage, Candace (1995). Bird Brains: The Intelligence of Crows, Ravens, Magpies and Jays. Toronto: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 1-55054-189-7.
Further reading[edit]
Heinrich, B. (1999). Mind of the Raven: Investigations and Adventures with Wolf-Birds. New York: Cliff Street Books. ISBN 978-0-06-093063-9
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Corvus corax.
Wikispecies has information related to Corvus corax
RSPB: Raven
Common Raven Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
"Common raven media". Internet Bird Collection.
Ageing and sexing (PDF; 3.1 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
Common Raven images at ARKive
Corvus corax at Encyclopedia of Life
Common Raven – Corvus corax – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter (includes CBC/BBS range maps)
Common raven photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
Raven recordings at naturesongs.com
show
v
t
e
Extant species of family Corvidae
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Subclass: Neornithes
Superorder: Neognathae
Order: Passeriformes
show
Family Corvidae
Choughs
Pyrrhocorax
Alpine chough (P. graculus)
Red-billed chough (P. pyrrhocorax)
Treepies
Crypsirina
Hooded treepie (C. cucullata)
Black racket-tailed treepie (C. temia)
Dendrocitta
Andaman treepie (D. bayleyi)
Bornean treepie (D. cinerascens)
Grey treepie (D. formosae)
Black-faced treepie (D. frontalis)
White-bellied treepie (D. leucogastra)
Sumatran treepie (D. occipitalis)
Rufous treepie (D. vagabunda)
Platysmurus
Black magpie (P. leucopterus)
Bornean black magpie (P. l. aterrimus)
Temnurus
Ratchet-tailed treepie (T. temnurus)
Oriental
magpies
Cissa
Common green magpie (C. chinensis)
Indochinese green magpie (C. hypoleuca)
Bornean green magpie (C. jefferyi)
Javan green magpie (C. thalassina)
Urocissa
Taiwan blue magpie (U. caerulea)
Red-billed blue magpie (U. erythrorhyncha)
Yellow-billed blue magpie (U. flavirostris)
Sri Lanka blue magpie (U. ornata)
White-winged magpie (U. whiteheadi)
Old World jays
Garrulus
Eurasian jay (G. glandarius)
Lanceolated jay (G. lanceolatus)
Lidth's jay (G. lidthi)
Podoces
(Ground jays)
Biddulph's ground jay (P. biddulphi)
Henderson's ground jay (P. hendersoni)
Pander's ground jay (P. panderi)
Persian ground jay (P. pleskei)
Ptilostomus
Piapiac (P. afer)
Stresemann's
bushcrow
Zavattariornis
Stresemann's bushcrow (Z. stresemanni)
hide
Family Corvidae (continued)
Nutcrackers
Nucifraga
Spotted nutcracker (N. caryocatactes)
Clark's nutcracker (N. columbiana)
Holarctic
magpies
Pica
Black-billed magpie (P. hudsonia)
Yellow-billed magpie (P. nuttalli)
Eurasian magpie (P. pica)
Oriental magpie (P. sericea)
Maghreb magpie (P. mauritanica)
Asir magpie (P. asirensis)
Black-rumped magpie (P. bottanensis)
True crows
(crows, ravens,
jackdaws and rooks)
Corvus
Australian and Melanesian species
Little crow (C. bennetti)
Australian raven (C. coronoides)
Bismarck crow (C. insularis)
Brown-headed crow (C. fuscicapillus)
Bougainville crow (C. meeki)
Little raven (C. mellori)
New Caledonian crow (C. moneduloides)
Torresian crow (C. orru)
Forest raven (C. tasmanicus)
Grey crow (C. tristis)
Long-billed crow (C. validus)
White-billed crow (C. woodfordi)
Pacific island species
Hawaiian crow (C. hawaiiensis)
Mariana crow (C. kubaryi)
Tropical Asian species
Daurian jackdaw (C. dauuricus)
Slender-billed crow (C. enca)
Flores crow (C. florensis)
Large-billed crow (C. macrorhynchos)
Eastern jungle crow (C. levaillantii)
Indian jungle crow (C. culminatus)
House crow (C. splendens)
Collared crow (C. torquatus)
Piping crow (C. typicus)
Banggai crow (C. unicolor)
Violet crow (C. violaceus)
Eurasian and North African species
Mesopotamian crow (C. capellanus)
Hooded crow (C. cornix)
Carrion crow (C. corone)
Rook (C. frugilegus)
Jackdaw (C. monedula )
Eastern carrion crow (C. orientalis)
Fan-tailed raven (C. rhipidurus)
Brown-necked raven (C. ruficollis)
Holarctic species
Common raven (C. corax)
North and Central American species
American crow (C. brachyrhynchos)
Northwestern crow (C. caurinus)
Chihuahuan raven (C. cryptoleucus)
Tamaulipas crow (C. imparatus)
Jamaican crow (C. jamaicensis)
White-necked crow (C. leucognaphalus)
Cuban crow (C. nasicus)
Fish crow (C. ossifragus)
Palm crow (C. palmarum)
Sinaloan crow (C. sinaloae)
Tropical African species
White-necked raven (C. albicollis)
Pied crow (C. albus)
Cape crow (C. capensis)
Thick-billed raven (C. crassirostris)
Somali crow (C. edithae)
show
Family Corvidae (continued)
Azure-winged
magpies
Cyanopica
Iberian magpie (C. cooki)
Azure-winged magpie (C. cyanus)
Grey jays
Perisoreus
Grey jay (P. canadensis)
Siberian jay (P. infaustus)
Sichuan jay (P. internigrans)
New World jays
Aphelocoma
(Scrub jays)
California scrub jay (A. californica)
Island scrub jay (A. insularis)
Woodhouse's scrub jay (A. woodhouseii)
Florida scrub jay (A. coerulescens)
Transvolcanic jay (A. ultramarina)
Unicolored jay (A. unicolor)
Mexican jay (A. wollweberi)
Calocitta
(Magpie-Jays)
Black-throated magpie-jay (C. colliei)
White-throated Magpie-jay (C. formosa)
Cyanocitta
Blue jay (C. cristata)
Steller's jay (C. stelleri)
Cyanocorax
Black-chested jay (C. affinis)
Purplish-backed jay (C. beecheii)
Azure jay (C. caeruleus)
Cayenne jay (C. cayanus)
Plush-crested jay (C. chrysops)
Curl-crested jay (C. cristatellus)
Purplish jay (C. cyanomelas)
White-naped jay (C. cyanopogon)
Tufted jay (C. dickeyi)
Azure-naped jay (C. heilprini)
Bushy-crested jay (C. melanocyaneus)
Brown jay (C. morio)
White-tailed jay (C. mystacalis)
San Blas jay (C. sanblasianus)
Violaceous jay (C. violaceus)
Green jay (C. ynca)
Yucatan jay (C. yucatanicus)
Cyanolyca
Silvery-throated jay (C. argentigula)
Black-collared jay (C. armillata)
Azure-hooded jay (C. cucullata)
White-throated jay (C. mirabilis)
Dwarf jay (C. nana)
Beautiful jay (C. pulchra)
Black-throated jay (C. pumilo)
Turquoise jay (C. turcosa)
White-collared jay (C. viridicyana)
Gymnorhinus
Pinyon jay (G. cyanocephalus)
Taxon identifiers
Wikidata: Q25357
Wikispecies: Corvus corax
ABA: comrav
ADW: Corvus_corax
ARKive: corvus-corax
Avibase: B9B272F40EE1570F
BirdLife: 22706068
BTO: RAVEN
eBird: comrav
EoL: 1177364
EPPO: CORVCR
Fauna Europaea: 97146
Fossilworks: 133788
GBIF: 2482492
IBC: common-raven-corvus-corax
iNaturalist: 8010
IRMNG: 10195300
ITIS: 179725
IUCN: 22706068
NBN: NHMSYS0000530313
NCBI: 56781
WoRMS: 159389
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_raven&oldid=853486512"
Categories:
IUCN Red List least concern species
Corvus (genus)
Holarctic birds
Ravens
Talking birds
Territorial symbols of Yukon
Birds described in 1758
Fauna of the San Francisco Bay Area
Hidden categories:
CS1 Latin-language sources (la)
CS1 German-language sources (de)
Articles with short description
Articles with 'species' microformats
Featured articles
Taxonbars with 20+ taxon IDs
Articles containing video clips
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikispecies
Languages
Адыгэбзэ
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
አማርኛ
العربية
Aragonés
Armãneashti
অসমীয়া
Asturianu
Atikamekw
বাংলা
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
བོད་ཡིག
Brezhoneg
Català
Чӑвашла
Cebuano
Čeština
Corsu
Cymraeg
Dansk
Davvisámegiella
Deutsch
Diné bizaad
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Эрзянь
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Gaeilge
Gàidhlig
Galego
𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Ido
Interlingua
Iñupiak
Ирон
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Kalaallisut
ქართული
Kaszëbsczi
Қазақша
Коми
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Limburgs
Livvinkarjala
Magyar
Македонски
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Нохчийн
Nordfriisk
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
Перем Коми
Picard
Piemontèis
Polski
Português
Qırımtatarca
Română
Rumantsch
Русиньскый
Русский
Саха тыла
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
Українська
Vepsän kel’
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
吴语
粵語
Žemaitėška
中文
ГӀалгӀай
97 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 August 2018, at 03:44 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This is a featured article. Click here for more information.

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: class style

values: shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: p

values: text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)

values:
/wiki/Least_Concern
mw-redirect
Least Concern

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values: font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;

values: min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)

values: text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%

values:
/wiki/Mate_for_life
mw-redirect
Mate for life

values: Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Culmen_(bird)
mw-redirect
Culmen (bird)

values: Corvus corax kamtschaticus, nortern Mongolia.JPG

values: Corvus corax clarionensis perched frontal.jpg

values:
/wiki/Bering_land_bridge
mw-redirect
Bering land bridge

values: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Two_Ravens_Talking_Mar_10_2012.ogv/854px--Two_Ravens_Talking_Mar_10_2012.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:854px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="56.576" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Two_Ravens_Talking_Mar_10_2012.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Two_Ravens_Talking_Mar_10_2012.ogv/Two_Ravens_Talking_Mar_10_2012.ogv.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1243824" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Two_Ravens_Talking_Mar_10_2012.ogv/Two_Ravens_Talking_Mar_10_2012.ogv.720p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="HD WebM (720P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="1684672" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Two_Ravens_Talking_Mar_10_2012.ogv/Two_Ravens_Talking_Mar_10_2012.ogv.1080p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Full HD WebM (1080P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 1080P" data-transcodekey="1080p.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="3184408" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Two_Ravens_Talking_Mar_10_2012.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 1,920 × 1,080 (6.32 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="6317530" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Two_Ravens_Talking_Mar_10_2012.ogv/Two_Ravens_Talking_Mar_10_2012.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="237696" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Two_Ravens_Talking_Mar_10_2012.ogv/Two_Ravens_Talking_Mar_10_2012.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="403064" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Two_Ravens_Talking_Mar_10_2012.ogv/Two_Ravens_Talking_Mar_10_2012.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="677128" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/></video>

values:
/wiki/Steller%27s_sea-eagle
mw-redirect
Steller's sea-eagle

values:
/wiki/Arctic_North_Slope
mw-redirect
Arctic North Slope

values:
/wiki/Carrion_beetle
mw-redirect
Carrion beetle

values: Edit section: Conservation and management

values:
/wiki/Corvus_(genus)
mw-redirect
Corvus (genus)

values:
/wiki/Unisex_given_name
mw-redirect
Unisex given name

values:
/wiki/Raven_in_mythology
mw-redirect
Raven in mythology

values:
/wiki/Creator_god
mw-redirect
Creator god

values:
/wiki/Bran_the_Blessed
mw-redirect
Bran the Blessed

values:
/wiki/Jesus_Christ
mw-redirect
Jesus Christ

values: International Union for Conservation of Nature

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1308

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11197122

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2173/bna.476

values:
nofollow
external text
https://sora.unm.edu/node/23073

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/4085278

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/4085278

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007/BF02261546

values:
nofollow
external text
https://sora.unm.edu/node/99047

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/1363948

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1363948

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/2424254

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/2424254

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2478/v10262-012-0001-y

values:
nofollow
external text
https://sora.unm.edu/node/23099

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/4085502

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/4085502

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007/BF01793758

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/1367704

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1367704

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.14430/arctic2851

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/1363515

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1363515

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2002.3047

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/1368920

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/1368316

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1368316

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007/BF00300349

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/4089030

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/4089030

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307/3799509

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3799509

values: National Agricultural Statistics Service

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/917

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gov.im/isleofman/facts.xml

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1525/aa.1902.4.4.02a00020

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Internet_Bird_Collection
mw-redirect
Internet Bird Collection

values:
nofollow
external text
http://eol.org/pages/1177364

values:
*_Kingdom:_Animalia
*_Phylum:_Chordata
*_Class:_Aves
*_Subclass:_Neornithes
*_Superorder:_Neognathae
*_Order:_Passeriformes

values:
/wiki/Black_racket-tailed_treepie
mw-redirect
Black racket-tailed treepie

values:
/wiki/Black-faced_treepie
mw-redirect
Black-faced treepie

values:
/wiki/Lanceolated_jay
mw-redirect
Lanceolated jay

values: Zavattariornis row navbox-group width:9em

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
Taxon_identifiers
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: left;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://ebird.org/ebird/map/comrav

values:
nofollow
external text
https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CORVCR

values: Global Biodiversity Information Facility

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.gbif.org/species/2482492

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/8010

values: National Center for Biotechnology Information

values: Category:IUCN Red List least concern species

values: Category:Fauna of the San Francisco Bay Area

values: Category:CS1 Latin-language sources (la)

values: Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)

values: Category:Articles with short description

values: Category:Articles with 'species' microformats

values: Category:Articles containing video clips

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Common_raven
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd
display: none;

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raaf
Raaf – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkrabe
Kolkrabe – Alemannisch
als
als
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values: ስሜናዊ ቁራ – Amharic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

values: غراب أسحم – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup
display: none;

values: ৰাভেন পখিলা – Assamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-as
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakakew
Kakakew – Atikamekw
atj
atj
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-atj
display: none;

values: করভাস কোরাক্স – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: Ҡоҙғон – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Крумкач – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values: ཕོ་རོག – Tibetan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corb
Corb – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbu
Corbu – Corsican
co
co
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-co
display: none;

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigfran
Cigfran – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravn
Ravn – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-se
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkrabe
Kolkrabe – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nv
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronk
Ronk – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Κοράκι – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: Кренч – Erzya

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-myv
display: none;

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korako
Korako – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erroi
Erroi – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: غراب معمولی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravnur
Ravnur – Faroese
fo
fo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitheach
Fitheach – Scottish Gaelic
gd
gd
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 𐌷𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌽𐍃 – Gothic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-got
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: Սև ագռավ – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korniko
Korniko – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulugaq
Tulugaq – Inupiaq
ik
ik
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ik
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-os
display: none;

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrafn
Hrafn – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: עורב שחור – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulugaq
Tulugaq – Kalaallisut
kl
kl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-csb
display: none;

values: Құзғын – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values: Кырныш – Komi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kv
display: none;

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qirgurg
Qirgurg – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Карга – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krauklis
Krauklis – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramm
Ramm – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raof
Raof – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-olo
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: राजा काग – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: ХьаргӀа – Chechen

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ce
display: none;

values:
https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raawen
Raawen – Northern Frisian
frr
frr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frr
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravn
Ravn – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramn
Ramn – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-koi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pms
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-crh
display: none;

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corb
Corb – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rm
display: none;

values: Ворон – Rusyn

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rue
display: none;

values: Суор – Sakha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbie
Corbie – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven
Raven – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: Обични гавран – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korppi
Korppi – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korp
Korp – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: சாதாரண ரேவன் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Козгын – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroikoi
Kroikoi – Veps
vep
vep
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vep
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: ХьаргӀа – Ingush

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-inh
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Common_raven rootpage-Common_raven skin-vector action-view