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Muscat
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This article is about the capital and largest city of Oman. For the grape, see Muscat (grape). For other uses, see Muscat (disambiguation).
Muscat
مسقط
City
Muscat Gate
Muscat
Location of Muscat in Oman
Coordinates: 23°36′N 58°33′E / 23.600°N 58.550°E / 23.600; 58.550Coordinates: 23°36′N 58°33′E / 23.600°N 58.550°E / 23.600; 58.550
Country
Oman
Governorate
Muscat
Government
• Type
Absolute monarchy
• Sultan
Qaboos bin Said
Area
• Land
273.9 km2 (105.8 sq mi)
• Metro
3,797 km2 (1,466 sq mi)
Population (May 2017)
1,560,330
• Density
450/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
• Metro
1,560,330 [1]
Time zone
GST (UTC+4)
Website
Muscat Municipality
Muscat (Arabic: مسقط, Masqaṭ pronounced [ˈmasqatˤ]) is the capital and largest metropolitan city of Oman. It is also the seat of government and largest city in the Governorate of Muscat. Muscat is also considered as a Global City. According to the National Centre for Statistics and Information (NCSI), the total population of Muscat Governorate reached 1.28 million as of September 2015.[2] The metropolitan area spans approximately 3,500 km2 (1,400 sq mi)[3] and includes six provinces called wilayats.[citation needed] Known since the early 1st century CE as an important trading port between the west and the east, Muscat was ruled by various indigenous tribes as well as foreign powers such as the Persians, the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire at various points in its history. A regional military power in the 18th century, Muscat's influence extended as far as East Africa and Zanzibar. As an important port-town in the Gulf of Oman, Muscat attracted foreign tradesmen and settlers such as the Persians and the Balochis. Since the ascension of Qaboos bin Said as Sultan of Oman in 1970, Muscat has experienced rapid infrastructural development that has led to the growth of a vibrant economy and a multi-ethnic society.
The rocky Western Al Hajar Mountains dominate the landscape of Muscat. The city lies on the Arabian Sea along the Gulf of Oman and is in the proximity of the strategic Straits of Hormuz. Low-lying white buildings typify most of Muscat's urban landscape, while the port-district of Muttrah, with its corniche and harbour, form the north-eastern periphery of the city. Muscat's economy is dominated by trade, petroleum and porting.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
3 Geography
4 Climate
5 Economy
6 Demographics
7 Notable landmarks
8 Notable people
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Etymology[edit]
Ptolemy's Map of Arabia identifies the territories of Cryptus Portus[4] and Moscha Portus.[5] Scholars are divided in opinion on which of the two related to the city of Muscat. Similarly, Arrianus references Omana and Moscha in Voyage of Nearchus. Interpretations of Arrianus' work by William Vincent and Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville conclude that Omana was a reference to Oman, while Moscha referred to Muscat.[6] Similarly, other scholars identify Pliny the Elder's reference to Amithoscuta to be Muscat.[4]
The origin of the word Muscat is disputed. Some authors claim that the word has Arabic origins – from moscha, meaning an inflated hide or skin.[7] Other authors claim that the name Muscat means anchorage or the place of "letting fall the anchor".[8] Other derivations include muscat from Old Persian, meaning strong-scented,[9] or from Arabic, meaning falling-place,[10] or hidden.[11] Cryptus Portus is synonymous with Oman ("hidden land"). But "Ov-man" (Omman), and the old Sumerian name Magan (Maa-kan), means sea-people in Arabic. An inhabitant is a Muscatter, Muscatian, Muscatite or Muscatan.
History[edit]
See also: Timeline of Muscat, Oman
Muscat harbour, ca. 1903. Visible in the background is Fort Al Jalali.
Muscat in 2013
A view of Muscat ca. 1902
Evidence of communal activity in the area around Muscat dates back to the 6th millennium BCE in Ras al-Hamra, where burial sites of fishermen have been found. The graves appear to be well formed and indicate the existence of burial rituals. South of Muscat, remnants of Harappan pottery indicate some level of contact with the Indus Valley Civilisation.[12] Muscat's notability as a port was acknowledged as early as the 1st century CE by the Greek geographer Ptolemy, who referred to it as Cryptus Portus (the Hidden Port), and by Pliny the Elder, who called it Amithoscuta.[13]
The port fell to a Sassanid invasion in the 3rd century CE, under the rule of Shapur I,[14] while conversion to Islam occurred during the 7th century. Muscat's importance as a trading port continued to grow in the centuries that followed, under the influence of the Azd dynasty, a local tribe. The establishment of the First Imamate in the 9th century CE was the first step in consolidating disparate Omani tribal factions under the banner of an Ibadi state. However, tribal skirmishes continued, allowing the Abbasids of Baghdad to conquer Oman. The Abbasids occupied the region until the 11th century, when they were driven out by the local Yahmad tribe. Power over Oman shifted from the Yahmad tribe to the Azdi Nabahinah clan, during whose rule, the people of coastal ports such as Muscat prospered from maritime trade and close alliances with the Indian subcontinent, at the cost of the alienation of the people of the interior of Oman.
Al Alam Palace in Muscat
The Portuguese admiral Afonso de Albuquerque sailed to Muscat in 1507, in an attempt to establish trade relations. As he approached the harbor, his ships were fired on. He then decided to conquer Muscat. Most of the city burned to the ground during and after the fighting.
The Portuguese maintained a hold on Muscat for over a century, despite challenges from Persia and a bombardment of the town by the Ottoman Turks in 1546.[15] The Turks twice captured Muscat from the Portuguese, in the Capture of Muscat (1552) and 1581-88. The election of Nasir bin Murshid Al-Ya'rubi as Imam of Oman in 1624 changed the balance of power again in the region, from the Persians and the Portuguese to local Omanis. On August 16, 1648 the Imam dispatched an army to Muscat, which captured and demolished the high towers of the Portuguese, weakening their grip over the town. Decisively, in 1650, a small but determined body of the Imam's troops attacked the port at night, forcing an eventual Portuguese surrender on January 23, 1650.[16] A civil war and repeated incursions by the Persian king Nader Shah in the 18th century destabilised the region, and further strained relations between the interior and Muscat. This power vacuum in Oman led to the emergence of the Al Bu Sa‘id dynasty, which has ruled Oman ever since.[17]
"Muscat is a large and very populous town, flanked on both sides with high mountains and the front is close to the water's edge; behind, towards the interior, there is a plain as large as the square of Lisbon, all covered with salt pans. [T]here are orchards, gardens, and palm groves with wells for watering them by means of swipes and other engines. The harbour is small, shaped like a horse-shoe and sheltered from every wind."
—Afonso de Albuquerque, after the fall of Muscat, in 1507.[18]
Muscat's naval and military supremacy was re-established in the 19th century by Said bin Sultan, who signed a treaty with U.S. President Andrew Jackson's representative Edmund Roberts on September 21, 1833.[19] Having gained control over Zanzibar, in 1840 Said moved his capital to Stone Town, the ancient quarter of Zanzibar City; however, after his death in 1856, control over Zanzibar was lost when it became an independent sultanate under his sixth son, Majid bin Said (1834/5–1870), while the third son, Thuwaini bin Said, became the Sultan of Oman. During the second half of the 19th century, the fortunes of the Al Bu Sa`id declined and friction with the Imams of the interior resurfaced. Muscat and Muttrah were attacked by tribes from the interior in 1895 and again in 1915.[20] A tentative ceasefire was brokered by the British, which gave the interior more autonomy. However, conflicts among the disparate tribes of the interior, and with the Sultan of Muscat and Oman continued into the 1950s, and eventually escalated into the Dhofar Rebellion (1962). The rebellion forced the Sultan Said bin Taimur to seek the assistance of the British in quelling the uprisings from the interior. The failed assassination attempt of April 26 1966 on Said bin Taimur led to the further isolation of the Sultan, who had moved his residence from Muscat to Salalah, amidst the civilian armed conflict. On July 23, 1970, Qaboos bin Said, son of the Sultan, staged a bloodless[21] coup d'état in the Salalah palace with the assistance of the British, and took over as ruler.
Muscat harbor during World War I
With the assistance of the British, Qaboos bin Said put an end to the Dhofar uprising and consolidated disparate tribal territories. He renamed the country the Sultanate of Oman (called Muscat and Oman hitherto), in an attempt to end to the interior's isolation from Muscat. Qaboos enlisted the services of capable Omanis to fill positions in his new government,[22] drawing from such corporations as Petroleum Development Oman (PDO). New ministries for social services such as health and education were established. The construction of Mina Qaboos, a new port conceived initially by Sa`id bin Taimur, was developed during the early days of Qaboos' rule. Similarly, a new international airport was developed in Muscat's Seeb district. A complex of offices, warehouses, shops and homes transformed the old village of Ruwi in Muttrah into a commercial district.[23] The first five-year development plan in 1976 emphasised infrastructural development of Muscat, which provided new opportunities for trade and tourism in the 1980s – 1990s, attracting migrants from around the region. On June 6, 2007, Cyclone Gonu hit Muscat causing extensive damage to property, infrastructure and commercial activity. Muscat might hold the 2016 Arab League Summit.
Early photographs of the city and harbor, taken in the early 20th century by German explorer and photographer, Hermann Burchardt, are now held at the Ethnological Museum of Berlin.[24]
Geography[edit]
Muscat by SPOT Satellite
Muscat's rugged terrain, with plutonic Western Al Hajar Mountains dotting the landscape
Muscat is located in northeast Oman, at 24°00′N 57°00′E / 24.000°N 57.000°E / 24.000; 57.000. The Tropic of Cancer passes south of the area. It is bordered to its west by the plains of the Al Batinah Region and to its east by Ash Sharqiyah Region. The interior plains of the Ad Dakhiliyah Region border Muscat to the south, while the Gulf of Oman forms the northern and western periphery of the city. The water along to coast of Muscat runs deep, forming two natural harbours, in Muttrah and Muscat. The Western Al Hajar Mountains run through the northern coastline of the city.
Volcanic rocks are apparent in the Muscat area, and are composed of serpentine and diorite, extending along the Gulf of Oman coast for ten or twelve 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from the district of Darsait to Yiti.[25] Plutonic rocks constitute the hills and mountains of Muscat and span approximately 30 miles (48 km) from Darsait to Ras Jissah. These igneous rocks consists of serpentine, greenstone and basalt, typical of rocks in southeastern regions of the Arabian Peninsula. South of Muscat, the volcanic rock strata are broken up and distorted, rising to a maximum height of 6,000 feet (1,800 m), in Al Dakhiliyah, a region which includes Jebel Akhdar, the country's highest range. The hills in Muscat are mostly devoid of vegetation but are rich in iron.
The halophytic sabkha type desert vegetation is predominant in Muscat.[26] The Qurum Nature Reserve contains plants such as the Arthrocnemum Macrostachyum and Halopeplis Perfoliata. Coral reefs are common in Muscat. Acropora reefs exist in the sheltered bays of the satellite towns of Jussah and Khairan.[27] Additionally, smaller Porites reef colonies exist in Khairan, which have fused to form a flat-top pavement is visible at low tide. Crabs and spiny crayfish are found in the waters of the Muscat area, as are sardines and bonito.[28] Glassfish are common in freshwater estuaries, such as the Qurum Nature Reserve.[29]
The Al Sultan Qaboos Street forms the main artery of Muscat, running west-to-east through the city. The street eventually becomes Al Nahdah Street near Al Wattayah. Several inter-city roads such as Nizwa Road and Al Amrat Road, intersect with Al Sultan Qaboos Road (in Rusail and Ruwi, respectively). Muttrah, with the Muscat Harbour, Corniche, and Mina Qaboos is located in the north-eastern coastline of the city, adjacent to the Gulf of Oman. Other coastal districts of Muscat include Darsait, Mina Al Fahal, Ras Al Hamar, Al Qurum Heights, Al Khuwair and Al Seeb. Residential and commercial districts further inland include Al Hamriyah, Al Wadi Al Kabir, Ruwi, Al Wattayah, Madinat Qaboos, Al Azaiba and Al Ghubra.
Climate[edit]
Main article: Climate of Muscat
Muscat features a hot, arid climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with long and very hot summers and warm "winters". Annual rainfall in Muscat is about 10 cm (4 in), falling mostly from December to April. In general precipitation is scarce in Muscat, with several months on average seeing only a trace of rainfall. However, in recent years, heavy precipitation events from tropical systems originating in the Arabian Sea have affected the city. Cyclone Gonu in June 2007 and Cyclone Phet in June 2010 affected the city with damaging winds and rainfall amounts exceeding 100 mm (4 in) in just a single day. The climate generally is very hot and also very humid in the summer, with temperatures frequently reaching as high as 40 °C (104 °F) in the summer.
[hide]Climate data for Muscat
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
34.6
(94.3) 38.2
(100.8) 41.5
(106.7) 44.9
(112.8) 48.3
(118.9) 48.5
(119.3) 49.1
(120.4) 49.2
(120.6) 47.2
(117) 43.6
(110.5) 39.4
(102.9) 37.8
(100) 49.2
(120.6)
Average high °C (°F)
25.5
(77.9) 26.1
(79) 29.8
(85.6) 34.7
(94.5) 39.5
(103.1) 40.4
(104.7) 38.6
(101.5) 36.2
(97.2) 36.3
(97.3) 35.0
(95) 30.5
(86.9) 27.1
(80.8) 33.31
(91.96)
Daily mean °C (°F)
21.3
(70.3) 21.9
(71.4) 25.2
(77.4) 29.8
(85.6) 34.2
(93.6) 35.2
(95.4) 34.3
(93.7) 32.0
(89.6) 31.4
(88.5) 29.7
(85.5) 25.7
(78.3) 22.6
(72.7) 28.61
(83.5)
Average low °C (°F)
17.3
(63.1) 17.6
(63.7) 20.7
(69.3) 24.7
(76.5) 29.1
(84.4) 30.6
(87.1) 30.4
(86.7) 28.4
(83.1) 27.5
(81.5) 24.9
(76.8) 20.9
(69.6) 18.9
(66) 24.25
(75.65)
Record low °C (°F)
1.6
(34.9) 2.3
(36.1) 7.0
(44.6) 10.3
(50.5) 17.2
(63) 21.6
(70.9) 23.5
(74.3) 21.3
(70.3) 19.0
(66.2) 14.3
(57.7) 9.4
(48.9) 4.5
(40.1) 1.6
(34.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
12.8
(0.504) 24.5
(0.965) 15.9
(0.626) 17.1
(0.673) 7.0
(0.276) 0.9
(0.035) 0.2
(0.008) 0.8
(0.031) 0.0
(0) 1.0
(0.039) 6.8
(0.268) 13.3
(0.524) 100.3
(3.949)
Average relative humidity (%)
63 64 58 45 42 49 60 67 63 55 60 65 57.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours
268.6 244.8 278.3 292.5 347.4 325.7 277.7 278.6 303.9 316.9 291.9 267.0 3,493.3
Source: NOAA [30]
Economy[edit]
Stadium Racing in Muscat
Muscat's economy, like that of Oman, is dominated by trade. The more traditional exports of the city included dates, mother of pearl, and fish. Many of the souks of Muttrah sell these items and traditional Omani artefacts. Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) has been central to Muscat's economy since at least 1962 and is the country's second largest employer, after the government. PDO's major shareholders include Royal Dutch/Shell, Total, and Partex and its production is estimated to be about 720,000 barrels per day (114,000 m3/d). Muscat also has major trading companies such as Suhail Bahwan Group, which is a trading partner for corporations such as Toshiba, Subaru, Seiko, Hewlett Packard, General Motors, RAK Ceramics; Saud Bahwan Group whose trading partners are Toyota, Daihatsu, KIA and Hertz Rent-a-Car; Zubair Automotive whose trading partners include Mitsubishi, and Chrysler brands such as Dodge; and Moosa AbdulRahman Hassan which operates as one of the oldest automotive agencies in the entire region being established in 1927.[citation needed] The private Health Care sector of Muscat, Oman has numerous hospitals and clinics.
The Muscat Securities Market is the principal stock exchange of Oman. It is located in Central Business District of Muscat and it was established in 1988, and has since distinguished itself as a pioneer among its regional peers in terms of transparency and disclosure regulations and requirements.
Ruwi, the main business district of Muscat
Mina'a Sultan Qaboos, Muscat's main trading port, is a trading hub between the Persian Gulf, the Indian subcontinent and the Far East with an annual volume of about 1.6 million tons. However, the emergence of the Jebel Ali Free Zone in neighboring Dubai, United Arab Emirates, has made that port the premier maritime trading port of the region with about 44 million tons traded in cargo annually. Many infrastructural facilities are owned and operated by the government of Oman. Omantel is the major telecommunications organization in Oman and provides local, long-distance and international dialing facilities and operates as the country's only ISP. Recent liberalization of the mobile telephone market has seen the establishment of a second provider — Nawras.[citation needed]
Muscat is home to multibillion-dollar conglomerate Ck Industries with their headquarters located in Ruwi.[31] Ajman based Amtek Industries also have a couple of offices around the city.[31] It is also home to Galfar Engineering,[32] headed by P. Mohammed Ali.
The airline Oman Air has its head office on the grounds of Muscat International Airport.[33]
Demographics[edit]
According to the 2003 census conducted by the Oman Ministry of National Economy, the population of Muscat is over 630,000, which included 370,000 males and 260,000 females.[34] Muscat formed the second largest governorate in the country, after Al Batinah, accounting for 27% of the total population of Oman. As of 2003, Omanis constituted 60% of the total population of Muscat, while expatriates accounted for about 40%.[35] The population density of the city was 162.1 per km2.[citation needed]
The governorate of Muscat comprises six wilayats: Muttrah, Bawshar, Seeb, Al Amrat, Muscat and Qurayyat. Of the wilayats, Seeb, located in the western section of the governorate, was the most populous (with over 220,000 residents), while Muttrah had the highest number of expatriates (with over 100,000).[34] Approximately 71% of the population was within the 15–64 age group, with the average Omani age being 23 years.[36] About 10% of the population is illiterate, an improvement when compared to the 18% illiteracy rate recorded during the 1993 census. Expatriates accounted for over 60% of the labour force, dominated by males, who accounted for 80% of the city's total labour. A majority of expatriates (34%) engineering-related occupations, while most Omanis worked in engineering, clerical, scientific or technical fields. The defense sector was the largest employer for Omanis, while construction, wholesale and retail trade employed the largest number of expatriates.
The ethnic makeup of Muscat has historically been influenced by people not native to the Arabian Peninsula. British Parliamentary papers dating back to the 19th century indicate the presence of a significant Hindu Gujarati merchants in the city[37] Indeed, four Hindu temples existed in Muscat ca. 1760.[38] Christianity flourished in Oman (Bēṯ Mazūnāyē "land of the Maganites"; a name deriving from its Sumerian designation) from the late 4th century to early 5th century. Missionary activity by the Assyrians of the Church of the East resulted in a significant Christian population living in the region, with a bishop being attested by 424 AD under the Metropolitan of Fars and Arabia. The rise of Islam saw the Syriac and Arabic-speaking Christian population eventually disappear. It is thought to have been brought back in by the Portuguese in 1507.[39] Protestant missionaries established a hospital in Muscat in the 19th century.
Like the rest of Oman, Arabic is the predominant language of the city. In addition, English, Balochi, Swahili and South Asian languages such as Hindi, Konkani, Marathi, Gujarati, Malayalam, Tamil and Urdu[40] are spoken by the residents of Muscat. Islam is the predominant religion in the city, with most followers being Ibadi Muslims. Non-Muslims are allowed to practice their religion, but may not proselytize publicly or distribute religious literature.
Notable landmarks[edit]
The Port Sultan Qaboos
The city has numerous mosques including the Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque, Ruwi Mosque, Saeed bin Taimoor and Zawawi Mosque. A few Shi'ite mosques also exist here.
Muscat has a number of museums. These include Museum of Omani Heritage, National Museum of Oman, Oman Children's Museum, Bait Al Zubair, Oman Oil and Gas Exhibition Centre, Omani French Museum, Sultan's Armed Forces Museum and the Omani Aquarium and Marine Science and Fisheries Centre.[41] The Bait Al Falaj Fort played an important role in Muscat's military history.
Recent projects include an opera house which opened on October 14, 2011. One of the most notable new projects is the Oman National Museum. It is expected to be an architectural jewel along with the Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque.
Visitors are also encouraged to visit Old Muscat and the Old Palace. The main shopping district is situated in Al Qurum Commercial Area, however shopping malls are spread out throughout the city. One of the largest malls in Oman is Oman Avenues Mall, located in Ghubra.
The main airport is Muscat International Airport around 25 km (16 mi) from the city's business district of Ruwi and 15 to 20 km from the main residential localities of Al-Khuwair, Madinat Al Sultan Qaboos, Shati Al-Qurm and Al-Qurm. Muscat is the headquarters for the local Oman Air, which flies to several destinations within the Middle East, the Indian Subcontinent, East Africa and Europe. Other airlines such as Qatar Airways, Turkish Airlines, KLM, SriLankan, Royal Jordanian, British Airways, PIA, Jet Airways, Lufthansa, Emirates, Swiss International Air Lines, Kuwait Airways, Air India and Thai Airways also fly through Muscat International Airport.
Muscat International Airport
The Muscat area is well serviced by paved roads and dual-carriageway connects most major cities and towns in the country. Since November 2015, Public transportation in Muscat has been revamped with a bus network connecting most important parts of the city with a modern Mwasalat (earlier Oman National Transport Company (ONTC) buses. Mwasalat buses were procured from VDL Company of The Netherlands and they have several hi-tech features. Route 1 (Ruwi-Mabela) serves people travelling major shopping destinations (Oman Avenues Mall, Muscat Grand Mall, Qurum City Centre, Muscat City Centre, Markaz al Bhaja) and Muscat Airport. Route 2 (Ruwi-Wadi Kabir) serves the residential and industrial district of Wadi Kabir. Route 3 (Ruwi-Wadi Adei) serves the downmarket residential belt of Wadi Adei. Route 4 (Ruwi-Mattrah) serves the tourist destination of Muttrah Corniche, Al Alam Palace, National Museum and Port Sultan Qaboos. Route 5 (Ruwi-Amerat) serves the rapidly developing Amerat suburb. Route 6 (Ruwi-SQU&KOM) serves the student community of Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) and the office commuters of Knowledge Oasis Muscat (KOM).
There is no rail or metro network in the country. Several forms of public transport are popular in Oman. Most popular are the "Baiza" buses, so named for the lower denomination of the Omani rial, the baiza (an adaptation of the Indian lower denomination paisa). These are relatively inexpensive and service all major roadways, as well as a wide and loose network of smaller byways in the greater Muscat metropolitan area, opportunistically dropping off and picking up passengers at any location. Less popular and slightly more expensive are large public buses, coloured red and green, whose service is limited to major roadways and point-to-point travel routes between Oman's major cities and towns. Taxis, also colour-coded orange and white, provide semi-personal transportation in the form of both individual hire and the same opportunistic roadway service as Baiza buses.
Baiza buses and colour-coded orange-and-white taxis are unmetered, after several government initiatives to introduce meters were rejected. The fare is set by way of negotiation, although taxi drivers usually adhere to certain unwritten rules for fares within the city. In many countries, one is advised to negotiate a fare with the driver before getting into a taxi. However, in Oman, asking for the fare beforehand often demonstrates a passenger's newness and unfamiliarity with the area. One should always find out the normally accepted fare for one's journey from one's hotel or host before looking for a taxi. Taxis will also generally take passengers to locations out of the city, including Sohar, Buraimi and Dubai.
A rail network named Oman Rail is expected to be completed by 2018. This will connect Oman with the GCC countries.
Notable people[edit]
Mahesh Bhupathi (b. 1974), Indian tennis player, studied at the Indian School, Muscat
Sarah-Jane Dias (b. 1974), Indian Actress, studied at the Indian School, Muscat
Isla Fisher (b. 1976), Australian actress, born to Scottish parents and lived in Australia
Ali Al-Habsi (b. 1981), Omani professional footballer, captain of the Oman national and goalkeeper for English club Reading
Sneha Ullal (b. 1987), Indian Bollywood Actress, studied at the Indian School, Muscat
See also[edit]
Old Muscat
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "UNdata - country profile - Oman".
Jump up ^ "The population of the Sultanate by the end of May 2015".
Jump up ^ الدراسات الاجتماعية. Ministry of Education, Sultanate of Oman.
^ Jump up to: a b Foster (1844), p.231.
Jump up ^ Foster (1844), p.241.
Jump up ^ Foster (1844), p.173.
Jump up ^ Foster (1844), p.173
Jump up ^ Miles (1997), p.468.
Jump up ^ Hailman (2006), p.49.
Jump up ^ Philips (1966), p.4.
Jump up ^ Room (2003), p.246.
Jump up ^ Rice (1994), p.255-256
Jump up ^ Foster (1844), p.234.
Jump up ^ Potter (2002), p.41.
Jump up ^ Miles (1997), p.167
Jump up ^ Miles (1997), p. 196.
Jump up ^ Miles (1997), p.256.
Jump up ^ Miles (1997), p.147.
Jump up ^ Cotheal, Alexander I. (2008-01-17). "Treaty between the United States of America and the Sultân of Masḳaṭ: The Arabic Text". Journal of the American Oriental Society (free)|format= requires |url= (help). JSTOR. 4 (1854): 341–343. JSTOR 592284.
Jump up ^ JE Peterson's Britannica entry (1990), p.6.
Jump up ^ Long (2007), p.188.
Jump up ^ Middle East Policy (2004), p.126.
Jump up ^ Middle East Policy (2004), p.128
Jump up ^ View of the city and city walls in 1904 (Click on photo to enlarge); Muscat's wall and gate.
Jump up ^ Miles (1997), p. 399.
Jump up ^ Ghazanfar (1998), p. 80.
Jump up ^ Salm (1993), p. 52
Jump up ^ Miles (1997), p. 410.
Jump up ^ Barth (2002), p. 292.
Jump up ^ "Seeb Climate Normals". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Amtek". Amtek.ae. Retrieved 2014-02-18.
Jump up ^ "Contact". Galfar.com. Retrieved 2014-02-18.
Jump up ^ "Contact Us". Omanair.com. Archived from the original on 2012-11-20.
^ Jump up to: a b Oman Census (2003), p.6.
Jump up ^ Oman Census (2003), p.9.
Jump up ^ Oman Census(2003), Data and Other Indicators
Jump up ^ British Parliamentary Papers (1876), p. 189.
Jump up ^ Kechichian (1995), p. 215.
Jump up ^ Fahlbusch (1999), p. 829.
Jump up ^ Peterson (2004), p. 34.
Jump up ^ "Museums". Omanet.om. Archived from the original on February 1, 2009. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
Further reading[edit]
See also: Bibliography of the history of Muscat, Oman
omancensus.net (PDF)
Miles, Samuel Barrett; Robin Bidwell (1997). The Countries and Tribes of the Persian Gulf. Garnet & Ithaca Press. ISBN 978-1-873938-56-0.
Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Martin Fisher (1998). Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula. Springer. ISBN 978-0-7923-5015-6.
Salm, Rodney V.; Rolf A.C. Jensen; Vassili Papastavrou (1993). Marine Fauna of Oman. IUCN. ISBN 978-2-8317-0180-6.
2010 Preliminary Results (PDF)
Phillips, Wendell (1966). Unknown Oman. D. McKay Co. p. 4.
Room, Adrian (2003). Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historic Sites. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1814-5.
Barth, Hans-Jörg; Benno Böer (2002). Sabkha Ecosystems: The Arabian Peninsula and Adjacent Countries. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-0504-6.
Census Administration. "Final Results of the Census 2003" (PDF). Ministry of the National Economy, Government of Oman. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
Census Administration. "Data & Indicators of the Population". Ministry of the National Economy, Government of Oman. Archived from the original on 2008-06-13. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
Parliamentary Papers. London: United Kingdom Parliament. 1876.
Kechichian, Joseph A. (1995). Oman and the World: The Emergence of an Independent Foreign Policy. Great Britain: RAND Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-2332-2.
Fahlbusch, Erwin; Geoffrey William Bromiley; David B. Barrett (1999). The Encyclopedia of Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-2415-8.
Rice, Michael (1994). The Archeology of the Arabian Gulf. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-03268-1.
Potter, Lawrence; Sick, Gary (2002). Security in the Persian Gulf. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-23950-3.
Long, David E.; Reich, Bernard; Gasiorowski, Mark (2007). The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-4361-7.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muscat.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Muscat.
Middle East portal
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Official Ministry Of Tourism site
omancensus.net (PDF)
Oman Avenues Mall
[show]
v
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Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics
North and Central Asia South Asia Southeast Asia West and Southwest Asia
Ashgabat, Turkmenistan
Astana, Kazakhstan*
Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Dushanbe, Tajikistan
Moscow, Russia*
Tashkent, Uzbekistan
East Asia
Beijing, China
Hong Kong, Hong Kong (China)
Macau, Macau (China)
Pyongyang, North Korea
Seoul, South Korea
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Tokyo, Japan
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Kabul, Afghanistan
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Diego Garcia, BIOT (UK)
Islamabad, Pakistan
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Malé, Maldives
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Thimphu, Bhutan
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Dili, East Timor
Flying Fish Cove, Christmas Island (Australia)
Hanoi, Vietnam
Jakarta, Indonesia*
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Manila, Philippines
Naypyidaw, Myanmar
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Singapore
Vientiane, Laos
West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia)
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Amman, Jordan
Ankara, Turkey*
Baghdad, Iraq
Baku, Azerbaijan*
Beirut, Lebanon
Cairo, Egypt*
Doha, Qatar
Jerusalem, Israel/Palestine †
Kuwait City, Kuwait
Manama, Bahrain
Muscat, Oman
Nicosia, Cyprus*
North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus*
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Sana'a, Yemen
Stepanakert, Artsakh*
Sukhumi, Abkhazia*
Tbilisi, Georgia*
Tehran, Iran
Tskhinvali, South Ossetia*
Yerevan, Armenia*
*Transcontinental country.
† Disputed. See: Positions on Jerusalem.
[show]
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Tifariti (de facto), Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic1
Khartoum, Sudan
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Amman, Jordan
Baghdad, Iraq
Beirut, Lebanon
Damascus, Syria
Doha, Qatar
Jerusalem (proclaimed)
Ramallah (de facto), Palestine1
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Muscat, Oman
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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1 An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation
[show]
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Muscat 2006 (Oman)
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[show]
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Portuguese overseas empire
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1489 Graciosa
16th century
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1506–1769 Mazagan (El Jadida)
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[show]
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1482–1637 Elmina (São Jorge da Mina)
1482–1642 Portuguese Gold Coast
1508–15472 Madagascar3
1498–1540 Mascarene Islands
16th century
1500–1630 Malindi
1501–1975 Portuguese Mozambique
1502–1659 Saint Helena
1503–1698 Zanzibar
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1588–1974 Cacheu4
1593–1698 Mombassa (Mombasa)
17th century
1645–1888 Ziguinchor
1680–1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá
1687–1974 Bissau4
18th century
1728–1729 Mombassa (Mombasa)
1753–1975 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe
19th century
1879–1974 Portuguese Guinea
1885–1974 Portuguese Congo5
1 Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753.
2 Or 1600.
3 A factory (Anosy Region) and small temporary coastal bases.
4 Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879.
5 Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s.
[show]
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1515–? Qalhat
1515–1650 Muscat
1515?–? Barka
1515–1633? Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)
1521–1602 Bahrain (Muharraq • Manama)
1521–1529? Qatif
1521?–1551? Tarut Island
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1588–1648 Matrah
17th century
1620–? Khor Fakkan
1621?–? As Sib
1621–1622 Qeshm
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1624–? Kalba
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1624?–? Bandar-e Kong
[show]
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1659–1661
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1750
Calicut
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Portuguese India
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18th century
Portuguese India
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[show]
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1580–1586 Nagasaki [Japan]
17th century
1642–1975 Portuguese Timor (East Timor)1
19th century
Portuguese Macau
• 1864–1999 Coloane
• 1851–1999 Taipa
• 1890–1999 Ilha Verde
20th century
Portuguese Macau
• 1938–1941 Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin)
1 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.
[show]
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[show]
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19th century
1808–1822 Cisplatina (Uruguay)
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1822 Upper Peru (Bolivia)
Coats of arms of Portuguese colonies
Evolution of the Portuguese Empire
Portuguese colonial architecture
Portuguese colonialism in Indonesia
Portuguese colonization of the Americas
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[show]
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Muscat Governorate
Capital: Muscat
Abu Nukhayl
Ad Duwaykah
Al Amarat
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Ash Shutayfi
Bandar Jissah
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Ghursheba
Halban
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Haramil
Hayl al `Umayr
Jal
Jifar
Kalbuh
Lansab
Ma`abilah
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Matrah
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Mu`skar al Murtafi`ah
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Ruwi
Sad
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 130198269
LCCN: n81110529
GND: 4239248-2
BNF: cb12237079c (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muscat&oldid=832727996"
Categories:
Muscat, Oman
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Flag of Oman

values:
/wiki/Al_Bustan,_Oman
mw-redirect
Al Bustan, Oman

values:
/wiki/Muscat,_Oman
mw-redirect
Muscat, Oman

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/130198269

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4239248-2

values: Category:Populated places in the Muscat Governorate

values: Category:Populated coastal places in Oman

values: Category:Populated places established in the 2nd century

values: Category:Port cities in the Arabian Peninsula

values: Category:Pages using citations with format and no URL

values: Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

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values:
/wiki/Muscat
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

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navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Muscat&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

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values:
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Visit the main page

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values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

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Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
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values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

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values: wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskat
Muskat – Achinese
ace
ace
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ace
display: none;

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat
Maskat – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

values: مسقط (عمان) – Arabic

values:
https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascate
Mascate – Arpitan
frp
frp
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frp
display: none;

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascate
Mascate – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat
Maskat – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: মাস্কাট – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masqat
Masqat – Banjar
bjn
bjn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Маскат – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Маскат – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values: མི་སི་ཁ་ཁྲི། – Tibetan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bo
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat
Maskat – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masqat
Masqat – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masqat
Masqat – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Маскат – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat
Muscat – Cebuano
ceb
ceb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat
Maskat – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat
Muscat – Shona
sn
sn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sn
display: none;

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat
Muscat – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat
Muscat – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat
Maskat – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Μουσκάτ – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascate
Mascate – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskato
Maskato – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat
Maskat – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat
Muscat – Fiji Hindi
hif
hif
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hif
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascate
Mascate – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat
Maskat – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat
Muscat – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat
Muscat – Scottish Gaelic
gd
gd
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascate
Mascate – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat
Muscat – Hakka Chinese
hak
hak
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat
Muscat – Hawaiian
haw
haw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-haw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: मस्क़त – Hindi

values:
https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat
Maskat – Upper Sorbian
hsb
hsb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb
display: none;

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskat
Muskat – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat
Muscat – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskat
Muskat – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values: Маскат – Ossetic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-os
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascate
Mascate – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kl
display: none;

values: ಮಸ್ಕಟ್ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: მასკატი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Маскат – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskat
Muskat – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascat
Mascat – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values: Маскат – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascate
Mascate – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskata
Maskata – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat
Maskat – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskatas
Maskatas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascate
Mascate – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maszkat
Maszkat – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: मस्कट, ओमान – Maithili

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mai
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masqat
Masqat – Malagasy
mg
mg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
display: none;

values: മസ്കറ്റ് – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values:
https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat
Muscat – Min Dong Chinese
cdo
cdo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masqat
Masqat – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: मस्कट, ओमान – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: Маскат – Chechen

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ce
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pih
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat
Muscat – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascate
Mascate – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values: ମସ୍କଟ – Odia

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-or
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat
Maskat – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat
Muscat – Papiamento
pap
pap
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pap
display: none;

values:
https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascate
Mascate – Piedmontese
pms
pms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pms
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat
Maskat – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascate
Mascate – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat
Maskat – Kara-Kalpak
kaa
kaa
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa
display: none;

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat
Muscat – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Маскат – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat
Maskat – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat
Maskat – Silesian
szl
szl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-szl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Маскат – Serbian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat
Muscat – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masqat
Masqat – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskat
Muskat – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskate
Maskate – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: மஸ்கத் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kab
display: none;

values: మస్కట్ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: มัสกัต – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Масқат – Tajik

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat
Maskat – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: مۇسكات – Uyghur

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ug
display: none;

values:
https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskat
Maskat – Veps
vep
vep
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vep
display: none;

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat
Muscat – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat
Muscat – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat
Muscat – Yoruba
yo
yo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: मस्कट – Doteli

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dty
display: none;

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