text:
Old North Church
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This article is about the Christ Church in the City of Boston. For other places, see Old North.
Old North Church
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
Image of the North End, Boston neighborhood. The Old North Church is at center, a Big Dig vent building is near the bottom, and the green Tobin Bridge over the Mystic River is at the top.
Location
Boston
Coordinates
42°21′58.78″N 71°3′16.04″W / 42.3663278°N 71.0544556°W / 42.3663278; -71.0544556Coordinates: 42°21′58.78″N 71°3′16.04″W / 42.3663278°N 71.0544556°W / 42.3663278; -71.0544556
Built
1723
Architect
Price, William
Architectural style
Georgian
NRHP reference #
66000776
[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHP
October 15, 1966
Designated NHL
January 20, 1961
Interior of the Old North Church
Old North Church (officially, Christ Church in the City of Boston), at 193 Salem Street, in the North End, Boston, is the location from which the famous "One if by land, two if by sea" signal is said to have been sent. This phrase is related to Paul Revere's midnight ride, of April 18, 1775, which preceded the Battles of Lexington and Concord during the American Revolution.
The church is a mission of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts. It is the oldest standing church building in Boston and is a National Historic Landmark. Inside the church is a bust of George Washington, which Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, reportedly remarked was the best likeness of the first president he had ever seen.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 U.S. bicentennial celebration
3 The bells
4 Steeple damage
5 The other "Old North"
6 Crypt
7 Today
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
History[edit]
The Old North Church was built in December, 1723, and was inspired by the works of Christopher Wren, the British architect who was responsible for rebuilding London after the Great Fire. Timothy Cutler was the founding rector after serving as third rector of Yale College from 1719 to 1722.
In April 1775, Paul Revere told three Boston patriots to hang two lanterns in the steeple. These men were the church sexton Robert Newman and Captain John Pulling—the two of whom historian David Hackett Fischer suggests each carried one lantern up to the steeple—as well as Thomas Bernard, who stood watch for British troops outside the church. The lanterns were displayed to send a warning to Charlestown patriots across the Charles River about the movements of the British Army. Revere and William Dawes would later deliver the same message to Lexington themselves, but this lantern method was a fast way to inform the back-up riders in Charlestown about the movements of the British; these back-up riders planned to deliver the warning message to Lexington and Concord in case Revere and Dawes were arrested on the way.
The lanterns were hung for just under a minute to avoid catching the eyes of the British troops occupying Boston, but this was long enough for the message to be received in Charlestown. The militia waiting across the river had been told to look for the signal lanterns, and were prepared to act as soon as they saw them.
The meaning of two lanterns has been memorized by countless American schoolchildren. "One if by land, and two if by sea" is from Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem "Paul Revere's Ride". One lantern was to notify Charlestown that the British Army would march over Boston Neck and the Great Bridge, and two were to notify them that the troops were taking boats across the Charles River to land near Phips farm (the British Army would take the "sea" route; thus, two lanterns were hung). After receiving the signal, the Charlestown Patriots sent out a rider to Lexington, but this rider did not reach his destination and his identity has disappeared from history. He was the one who might have been captured by a British patrol.
But the warning was delivered miles away to dozens of towns, first by Revere and Dawes on horses, and then by other men on horses and men who rang church bells and town bells, beat drums, and shot off warning guns. (The current status of the lanterns is not entirely clear; one is said to be in the hands of a private collector, another broken during a tour, and yet another is on display at the Concord Museum.)
U.S. bicentennial celebration[edit]
This statue of Paul Revere outside the Old North Church commemorates his memorable ride.
President Gerald Ford visited Old North Church on April 18, 1975. In his nationally televised speech, the President said, in part:
Let us pray here in the Old North Church tonight that those who follow 100 years or 200 years from now may look back at us and say: We were a society which combined reason with liberty and hope with freedom. May it be said above all: We kept the faith, freedom flourished, liberty lived. These are the abiding principles of our past and the greatest promise of our future.
Following President Ford's remarks, two lanterns were lit by Robert Newman Ruggles and Robert Newman Sheet, descendants of Robert Newman, who, as sexton of the Old North Church in 1775, lit the two lanterns which signaled the movement of British troops. The President then lit a third lantern, which hangs in a window of the church today.
On July 11, 1976, Queen Elizabeth II visited Boston as part of celebrations honoring the United States Bicentennial, and made reference to the aforementioned celebration events in April 1975 that followed President Ford's speech. She said: "At the Old North Church last year, your President lit a third lantern dedicated to America's third century of freedom and to renewed faith in the American ideals. May its light never be dimmed."
The Queen and Prince Philip attended a Sunday morning service at the Old North Church, sitting in a pew at the right front. The Rev. Robert W. Golledge led the service and later presented the Queen with a replica of a silver chalice made by Paul Revere. The Queen was shown the iconic statue of Paul Revere by Cyrus E. Dallin near the church before departing in a motorcade to attend a function at the Old State House.
The bells[edit]
Steeple of the Old North Church
Eight change ringing bells (tenor: 13 long cwt 3 qr 5 lb (1,545 lb or 701 kg) in F) at Old North Church were cast by Abel Rudhall (Rudhall of Gloucester) in Gloucester, England in 1744 and hung in 1745.[2] One bell has the inscription: "We are the first ring of bells cast for the British Empire in North America, A.R. 1744." The bells were restored in 1894 and in 1975. They are maintained and rung regularly by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Guild of Bellringers.
Steeple damage[edit]
Sketch of the Old North Church c. 1882, showing the 1807 steeple that was destroyed in 1954.
The original steeple of the Old North Church was destroyed by the 1804 Snow hurricane. A replacement steeple, designed by Charles Bulfinch, was toppled by Hurricane Carol on August 25, 1954. The current steeple uses design elements from the original and the Bulfinch version. The church is now 174 feet (53 m) tall.[3] At its tip is the original weather vane.
The other "Old North"[edit]
Main article: Second Church, Boston
Before the construction of the "Old North Church" (Christ Church, Boston), there was another church in Boston called the "Old North" (Meetinghouse). This Congregationalist meeting house was founded in North Square, across the street from what is now called "Paul Revere's house". This church was once pastored by Cotton Mather, the minister now known largely for his involvement in the Salem witch trials.
Crypt[edit]
In 2009, an archeologist began examining the estimated 1,100 bodies buried in 37 tombs in the basement.[4] The crypt was in use between 1732 and 1860, and each tomb is sealed with a wooden or slate door, with many doors covered over by plaster as ordered by the city of Boston in the 1850s.
Founding Rector Timothy Cutler and his wife were buried under the altar together. Other notable figures buried under the church include British Marine Major John Pitcairn, who died at the Battle of Bunker Hill and was entombed along with many other soldiers killed in this battle. So is Captain Samuel Nicholson of the USS Constitution. A behind the scenes tour run by the church takes tourists down into the crypt, as well as up to the bell-ringing chamber.
Today[edit]
Old North Church is today one of four church sites among the 16 stops on the Freedom Trail.
See also[edit]
Anglicanism portal
Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills), where there is a replica of the church
List of National Historic Landmarks in Boston
National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston
References[edit]
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2007-01-23). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
Jump up ^ Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers
Jump up ^ Skyscraperpage.com
Jump up ^ Secrets: Church of the Dead
Further reading[edit]
Asa Eaton. Historical account of Christ church, Boston: A discourse in said church, on Sunday, December 28, 1823. Boston: Printed by J.W. Ingraham, 1824. Google books
Henry Burroughs. A historical account of Christ Church, Boston: an address, delivered on the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the opening of the church, December 29, 1873. Boston: A. Williams & Co., 1874. Google books
Christ Church, Salem Street, Boston, 1723. Boston: 1912. Google books
Percival Merritt. The parochial library of the eighteenth century in Christ Church, Boston. Boston: Merrymount Press, 1917
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Old North Church.
Old North Church
Mayo family history
Boston National Historical Park Official Website
Listing and photographs at the Historic American Buildings Survey
Old North Church (Christ Church) at Find a Grave
C-SPAN American History TV Tour of Old North Church - Part 1
C-SPAN American History TV Tour of Old North Church - Part 2
Preceded by
Old State House, Boston Tallest Building in Boston
1745–1810
53 m Succeeded by
Park Street Church
Preceded by
Paul Revere House Locations along Boston's Freedom Trail
Old North Church Succeeded by
Copp's Hill
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Microsoft Azure SQL Database
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. The talk page may contain suggestions. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Microsoft Azure SQL Database (formerly SQL Azure, SQL Server Data Services, SQL Services, and Windows Azure SQL Database)[1] is a managed cloud database (SaaS) provided as part of Microsoft Azure.
A cloud database is a database that runs on a cloud computing platform, and access to it is provided as a service. Managed database services take care of scalability, backup, and high availability of the database. Azure SQL Database is a managed database service which is different from AWS RDS which is a container service.
Microsoft Azure SQL Database includes built-in intelligence that learns app patterns and adapts to maximize performance, reliability, and data protection.
It was originally announced in 2009 and released in 2010.
Key capabilities include:
Continuous learning of your unique app patterns, adaptive performance tuning, and automatic improvements to reliability and data protection[2]
Scaling as needed, with virtually no app downtime[3]
Management and monitoring of multitenant apps with isolation benefits of one-customer-per-database[4]
Leverage open source tools like cheetah,[5] sql-cli,[6] VS Code [7] and Microsoft tools like Visual Studio[8] and SQL Server Management Studio,[9] Azure Management Portal, PowerShell, and REST APIs
Data protection[10] with encryption, authentication, limiting user access to the appropriate subset of the data, continuous monitoring and auditing to help detect potential threats and provide a record of critical events in case of a breach
Contents
[hide]
1 Popular Use Cases
2 Design
3 Timeline
4 Pricing
5 See also
6 References
Popular Use Cases[edit]
Relational data storage for cloud based applications and web sites
Business and consumer web and mobile apps
Manage databases for multi-tenant apps (software-as-a-service)
Quickly create dev and test databases to speed up development cycles
Scale production business services quickly and at a known cost
Containerize data in the cloud for isolation and security
Outsource database management in order to focus on value-added services
Design[edit]
Azure SQL Database shares the SQL Server 2016 codebase. It is compatible with SQL Server 2014 and 2016 and most of the features available in SQL Server 2016 are available in Azure SQL Database. A list of incompatibilities[11] is published by Microsoft.
Timeline[edit]
2009 – Service announced[12]
2010 – Service went live[13]
2014 – New version announced[14]
2015 – Elastic Pools announced[15]
Pricing[edit]
Azure SQL Database is offered either as a Standalone database or Elastic database pool, and is priced in three tiers: Basic, Standard and Premium. Each tier offers different performance levels to accommodate a variety of workloads.
The resources available for Standalone databases are expressed in terms of Database Transaction Units (DTUs) and for elastic pools in terms of elastic DTUs or eDTUs. A DTU is defined as a blended measure of CPU, memory, and data I/O and transaction log I/O in a ratio determined by an OLTP benchmark workload designed to be typical of real-world OLTP workloads.
Databases are available as Standalone databases or in database pools which allow multiple databases to share storage and compute resources.
Service tier
Target workloads
Basic
Best suited for a small database, supporting typically one single active operation at a given time. Examples include databases used for development or testing, or small-scale infrequently used applications.
Standard
The go-to option for most cloud applications, supporting multiple concurrent queries. Examples include workgroup or web applications.
Premium
Designed for high transactional volume, supporting many concurrent users and requiring the highest level of business continuity capabilities. Examples are databases supporting mission critical applications.
It is also available as a limited service offering with a trial Web site or Mobile service and eligible for use with an Azure trial subscription.
See also[edit]
Microsoft Azure
SQL Server
Amazon Relational Database Service
Relational Database
Cloud computing
Software as a service
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "MS Branding".
Jump up ^ Rabeler, Carl (October 13, 2016). "Azure SQL Database Learns & Adapts". Retrieved 2016-11-03.
Jump up ^ Rabeler, Carl (October 13, 2016). "Azure SQL Database Scales on the fly".
Jump up ^ Rabeler, Carl (October 13, 2016). "Builds Multi-tenant Apps with Azure SQL Database With Isolation and Efficiency".
Jump up ^ "wunderlist/cheetah". GitHub. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
Jump up ^ "sql-cli". npm. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Visual Studio Code - Code Editing. Redefined". code.visualstudio.com. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Any Developer, Any App, Any Platform | Visual Studio". www.visualstudio.com. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Use SQL Server Management Studio". msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
Jump up ^ Rabeler, Carl (September 13, 2016). "Azure SQL Database Secures and Protects".
Jump up ^ Byham, Rick (August 30, 2016). "Azure SQL Database Transact-SQL differences".
Jump up ^ "SQL Data Services announces plans to accelerate core relational database features". azure.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
Jump up ^ "SQL Azure - The Year in Review". azure.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Preview for greater SQL Server compatibility coming soon to Azure SQL Database". azure.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Azure continues to be the best place for Software as a Service". azure.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2016-11-03.

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