text:
Texas General Land Office
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Texas General Land Office
Seal of the Texas General Land Office

Stephen F. Austin State Office Building
Agency overview
Formed
22 December 1836; 180 years ago (1836-12-22)
Jurisdiction
Texas public lands
Headquarters
Stephen F. Austin State Office Building
1700 N. Congress Ave
Austin, Texas 78701
30°16′46″N 97°44′22″W / 30.27944°N 97.73944°W / 30.27944; -97.73944
Agency executive
George P. Bush, Land Commissioner
Website
glo.texas.gov
The Texas General Land Office (GLO) is a state agency of the U.S. state of Texas, responsible for managing lands and mineral rights properties that are owned by the state. The GLO also manages and contributes to the state's Permanent School Fund. The agency has its headquarters in the Stephen F. Austin State Office Building in Downtown Austin.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Role and remit
2 History
3 Texas Land Commissioner
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Role and remit[edit]
The General Land Office's main role is to manage Texas's publicly owned lands, by negotiating and enforcing leases for the use of the land, and sometimes by making sales of public lands. Royalties and proceeds from land sales are added to the state's Permanent School Fund, which helps to fund public education within the state.[2] The agency is also responsible for keeping records of land grants and titles and for issuing maps and surveys of public lands.[3]
Since 2011 the GLO has managed The Alamo in San Antonio. The management of the Alamo was transferred to the General Land Office after allegations of mismanagement were directed at the prior manager, the Daughters of the Republic of Texas.[4]
History[edit]
The Congress of the Republic of Texas established the General Land Office on 22 December 1836 (making the GLO the oldest existing Texas public agency).[5] The agency's constitutional purpose was to "superintend, execute, and perform all acts touching or respecting the public lands of Texas."[6] Since its establishment the agency has been located in Austin, although a relocation to Houston was briefly attempted during the Texas Archive War. One former home of the GLO, the Old Land Office Building, is a registered historic place and now serves as the Texas State Capitol Visitor's Center.
When Texas was annexed into the United States in 1845, it kept control of all of its public lands from its time as a sovereign state.[7] As a result, Texas is the only US state to control all of its own public lands;[6] all federal lands in Texas were acquired by purchase (e.g. military bases) or donation (e.g. national parks).
Texas's public lands were significantly enlarged by the US Submerged Lands Act of 1953 and the resolution of the ensuing Tidelands Controversy. Because Texas's historical territorial waters originated with the Republic, the US Supreme Court ruled in 1960 that Texas was in the unique position of owning territory out to three leagues (10.35 miles) from its coastline (significantly more than the three miles controlled by other coastal states). All of these lands (and the oil and gas deposits beneath them) are managed by the General Land Office.
Texas Land Commissioner[edit]
Commissioner of the Texas General Land Office
Incumbent
George P. Bush
since January 2, 2015
Style
The Honorable
Term length
Four years, no term limits
Formation
Texas Constitution
Website
Official Website
The head of the General Land Office is the Texas Land Commissioner, a statewide public official elected every four years. The current land commissioner is George P. Bush, who was elected on 4 November 2014. On June 19, 2017, Bush announced he would be running for re-election to the Texas Land Commissioner position, focusing on veteran issues, protection for the Gulf Coast from future disasters, continue to renovate the Alamo, and financing Texas children's education.[8]
See also[edit]
Texas portal
Permanent School Fund
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Locations and Hours". Texas General Land Office. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Satija, Neena (October 28, 2014). "All Eyes on Land Office if George P. Bush Wins". Texas Tribune. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "History of the Texas General Land Office". Texas General Land Office. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Brown, Beth (26 July 2011). "Control of Alamo Begins to Shift Away From DRT". Texas Tribune. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to the Texas General Land Office!". Texas General Land Office. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Johnson, John G. (15 June 2010). "GENERAL LAND OFFICE". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Joint Resolution for annexing Texas to the United States, J.Res. 8, enacted March 1, 1845, 5 Stat. 797. Joint Resolution for the admission of the state of Texas into the Union, J.Res. 1, enacted December 29, 1845, 9 Stat. 108.
Jump up ^ Wissert, Will (June 19, 2017). "George P Bush seeks re-election as Texas land commissioner". Associated Press. New York City: Star Tribune Media Company. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
[show]
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George P. Bush, Land Commissioner
Sid Miller, Agriculture Commissioner
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Senate
Juan Hinojosa, President pro tempore
In the Texas Senate, there are no majority or minority leaders.
House
Joe Straus, Speaker
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In the Texas House, there are no majority or minority leaders.
Supreme Court (civil)
Nathan Hecht, Chief Justice
Don Willett
Debra Lehrmann
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Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
Sharon Keller, Presiding Justice
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Elsa Alcala
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_General_Land_Office&oldid=786470410"
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text:
Reunited (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Reunited"
Single by Peaches & Herb
from the album 2 Hot
B-side
"Easy as Pie"
Released
March 1979 (1979-03)
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
1977
Genre
R&B
Length
5:46
Label
Polydor
Songwriter(s)
Dino Fekaris
Freddie Perren
Producer(s)
Freddie Perren
Peaches & Herb singles chronology
"Shake Your Groove Thing"
(1978) "Reunited"
(1979) "We've Got Love"
(1979)
"Reunited" was a hit song for R&B vocal duo Peaches & Herb. As the second single release from their 1978 album, 2 Hot, the song was a huge crossover smash, topping both the pop and soul charts. It spent four weeks at number one on both the R&B singles chart and the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in 1979[1] and sold over 2 million copies. Billboard ranked it as the No. 5 song for 1979. In Canada, "Reunited" likewise reached number one and was the No. 9 song for the year.[2]
The song was written by Dino Fekaris and Freddie Perren, and was the sequel song to the duo's 1968 hit "(We'll Be) United", which was itself a cover of The Intruders' original 1966 hit.[3][4][5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart performance
1.1 Weekly singles charts
1.2 Year-end charts
2 Sales and certifications
3 Cover versions
4 Sampled versions
5 Uses in popular culture
6 References
7 External links
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly singles charts[edit]
Chart (1979)
Peak
position
Australia 8
Canada 1
Netherlands 2
New Zealand [7] 2
UK 4
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[8] 1
U.S. Billboard R&B 1
U.S. Cash Box Top 100[9] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1979)
Rank
Australia [10] 58
Canada [11] 9
New Zealand [12] 18
UK [13][not in citation given] 27
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [14] 5
U.S. Cash Box [15] 9
Sales and certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[16]
Platinum 10,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[17]
Silver 250,000^
United States (RIAA)[18]
Platinum 2,000,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Cover versions[edit]
A version by Louise Mandrell and R. C. Bannon reached #13 on the Hot Country Singles chart in 1979.
It was regularly covered by Faith No More as the intro song to the live shows on their 2009/2010 reunion tour.
It was sung by David Hasselhoff at the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989.
Lulu recorded a version with Cliff Richard for her Together album.
Raven-Symoné and Bobb'e J. Thompson sang "Reunited" in 2005 in the season 3 episode of That's So Raven, "The Grill Next Door".
Sampled versions[edit]
South Korean rapper Cho PD sampled in First Love (첫사랑) from the 2007 album Money Talks.
Uses in popular culture[edit]
Peaches and Herb's version appears in a 2014 TV commercial for H&R Block. It appears in the TV shows Son of the Beach, Haven, Grounded for Life, King of the Hill, Brooklyn Nine-Nine and was also used as the theme for the BBC TV series Stars Reunited between 2003 and 2004.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 454.
Jump up ^ "Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada". Bac-lac.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2016-10-06. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
Jump up ^ "The Intruders - (We'll Be) United". YouTube. 2008-03-31. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
Jump up ^ "(We'll Be ) United - Peaches & Herb". YouTube. 2012-09-04. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Reunited (Peaches & Herbs) with lyrics". YouTube. 2010-05-15. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Peaches & Herb on Apple Music". Itunes.apple.com. 1942-10-01. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
Jump up ^ "NZ Top 40 Singles Chart | The Official New Zealand Music Chart". Nztop40.co.nz. 1979-06-24. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
Jump up ^ "Australian Chart Book". Austchartbook.com.au. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles – Volume 32, No. 13, December 22, 1979". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top Selling Singles of 1979 | The Official New Zealand Music Chart". Nztop40.co.nz. 1979-12-31. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Chart Archive – 1970s Singles". everyHit.com. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1979/Top 100 Songs of 1979". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Peaches & Herb – Reunited". Music Canada. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Peaches & Herb – Reunited". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 29 March 2012. Enter Reunited in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Peaches & Herb – Reunited". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 29 March 2012. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song
Preceded by
"Heart of Glass" by Blondie Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
May 5–26, 1979 Succeeded by
"Hot Stuff" by Donna Summer
Preceded by
"Disco Nights (Rock-Freak)" by GQ Billboard Hot Soul Singles number-one single
April 28 - May 19, 1979 Succeeded by
"I Wanna Be with You (Part 1)" by The Isley Brothers
[show]
v
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Peaches & Herb
Studio albums
2 Hot
Singles
"Shake Your Groove Thing"
"Reunited"
Related topics
Freddie Perren
Meritxell Negre
Book:Peaches & Herb
[show]
v
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Louise Mandrell
Notable singles
"Everlasting Love"
"Save Me"
"Too Hot to Sleep"
"I'm Not Through Loving You Yet"
"Maybe My Baby"
"I Wanna Say Yes"
"Some Girls Have All the Luck"
"I Wanna Hear It from Your Lips"
Collaboration singles
"Reunited" (with R.C. Bannon)
Related articles
Barbara Mandrell
Irlene Mandrell

This 1970s pop song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
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This 1970s R&B/soul music song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reunited_(song)&oldid=804061684"
Categories:
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Number-one dance singles in Canada
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Hidden categories:
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This page was last edited on 6 October 2017, at 13:43.
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Quill
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For other uses, see Quill (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Quill and a parchment
Feathers in stages of being made into quills
Ink bottle and quill
Quill with stripped barbs and insets of tips
A quill pen is a writing implement made from a moulted flight feather (preferably a primary wing-feather) of a large bird. Quills were used for writing with ink before the invention of the dip pen, the metal-nibbed pen, the fountain pen, and, eventually, the ballpoint pen. The hand-cut goose quill is rarely used as a calligraphy tool, because many papers are now derived from wood pulp and wear down the quill very quickly. However, it is still the tool of choice for a few professionals and provides an unmatched sharp stroke as well as greater flexibility than a steel pen.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Sources
3 Uses
4 History
5 Today
6 Music
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Description[edit]
In a carefully prepared quill the slit does not widen through wetting and drying with ink. It will retain its shape adequately and only requires infrequent sharpening and can be used time and time again until there is little left of it. The hollow shaft of the feather (the calamus) acts as an ink reservoir and ink flows to the tip by capillary action.
Sources[edit]
The strongest quills come from the primary flight feathers discarded by birds during their annual moult. Generally the left wing (it is supposed) is favored by the right-handed majority of writers because the feather curves away from the sight line, over the back of the hand. The quill barrel is cut to six or seven inches in length, so no such consideration of curvature or 'sight-line' is necessary. Additionally, writing with the left-hand in the long era of the quill was discouraged, and quills were never sold as left and right-handed, only by their size and species.
Goose feathers are most commonly used; scarcer, more expensive swan feathers are used for larger lettering. Depending on availability and strength of the feather, as well as quality and characteristic of the line wanted by the writer, other feathers used for quill-pen making include feathers from the crow, eagle, owl, hawk, and turkey. On a true quill the barbs are always stripped off completely on the trailing edge. (The pinion for example only has significant barbs on one side of the barrel.) Later a fashion developed for stripping partially and leaving a decorative top of a few barbs. The fancy, fully plumed quill is mostly a Hollywood invention and has little basis in reality. Most, if not all, manuscript illustrations of scribes show a quill devoid of decorative barbs, or at least mostly stripped.[1]
Uses[edit]
Quill pens were used to write the vast majority of medieval manuscripts, the Magna Carta and the Declaration of Independence. Quill pens are still used today mainly by professional scribes and calligraphers.
Quills are also used as the plectrum material in string instruments, particularly the harpsichord.[2]
History[edit]
Sharpening a quill
Quills were the primary writing instrument in the western world from the 6th to the 19th century. The best quills were usually made from goose, swan, and later turkey feathers. Quills went into decline after the invention of the metal pen, mass production beginning in Great Britain as early as 1822 by John Mitchell of Birmingham.
Quill pens were the instrument of choice during the medieval era due to their compatibility with parchment and vellum. Before this the reed pen had been used, but a finer letter was achieved on animal skin using a cured quill. Other than written text, they were often used to create figures, decorations, and images on manuscripts, although many illuminators and painters preferred fine brushes for their work. The variety of different strokes in formal hands was accomplished by good penmanship as the tip was square cut and rigid, exactly as it is today with modern steel pens.
It was much later, in the 1600s, with the increased popularity of writing, especially in the copperplate script promoted by the many printed manuals available from the 'Writing Masters', that quills became more pointed and flexible.
According to the Supreme Court Historical Society, 20 goose-quill pens, neatly crossed, are placed at the four counsel tables each day the U.S. Supreme Court is in session; "most lawyers appear before the Court only once, and gladly take the quills home as souvenirs."[3] This has been done since the earliest sessions of the Court.[4]
Quills are denominated from the order in which they are fixed in the wing; the first is favoured by the expert calligrapher, the second and third quills being very satisfactory also, plus the pinion feather. Flags the 5th and 6th feathers are also used. No other feather on the wing would be considered suitable by a professional scribe.
Information can be obtained on the techniques of curing and cutting quills[5]
In order to harden a quill that is soft, thrust the barrel into hot ashes, stirring it till it is soft; then taking it out, press it almost flat upon your knees with the back of a penknife, and afterwards reduce it to a roundness with your fingers. If you have a number to harden, set water and alum over the fire; and while it is boiling put in a handful of quills, the barrels only, for a minute, and then lay them by.[6]
An accurate account of the Victorian process by William Bishop, from researches with one of the last London quill dressers, is recorded in the Calligrapher's Handbook cited on this page.
Today[edit]
Line art representation of a quill pen
A quill knife was the original primary tool used for cutting and sharpening quills, known as "dressing".
Following the decline of the quill in the 1820s, after the introduction of the maintenance-free, mass-produced steel dip nib by John Mitchell, knives were still manufactured but became known as desk knives, stationery knives or latterly as the name stuck "pen" knives.
A "pen" knife by contrast has two flat sides. This distinction is not recognised by modern traders, dealers or collectors who define a quill knife as any small knife with a fixed or hinged blade, including such items as ornamental fruit knives.
Music[edit]
Plectra for psalteries and lutes can be cut similarly to writing pens. The rachis, the portion of the stem between the barbs, not the calamus, of the primary flight feathers of birds of the crow family was preferred for harpsichords. In modern instruments, plastic is more common, but they are often still called "quills".[2] The lesiba uses a quill attached to a string to produce sound.
See also[edit]
Crowquill pen
The spiny barbs of a porcupine
In a zoological context, a spine is a hard, needle-like anatomical structure.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Thor Hanson (31 July 2012). Feathers: The Evolution of a Natural Miracle. Basic Books. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-465-02878-8.
^ Jump up to: a b John Koster. "Quill". In L. Root, Deane. Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ "How the court works." Supreme Court Historical Society.
Jump up ^ "The Court and Its Traditions." Supreme Court of the United States.
Jump up ^ Child, Heather (1985). The Calligraphers Handbook. A & C Black UK. ISBN 0-7136-2695-X.
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, 6th edition, 1823.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quills.
A brief history of writing instruments
Tutorial on Medieval method of creating quills
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