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Market integration
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Market integration occurs when prices among different locations or related goods follow similar patterns over a long period of time. Groups of good often move proportionally to each other and when this relation is very clear among different markets it is said that the markets are integrated. Thus market integration is an indicator that explains how much different markets are related to each other.

This economics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Tyronn Lue
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Tyronn Lue
Lue with the Cavaliers in 2016
Cleveland Cavaliers
Position
Head coach
League
NBA
Personal information
Born
(1977-05-03) May 3, 1977 (age 41)
Mexico, Missouri
Nationality
American
Listed height
6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)
Listed weight
175 lb (79 kg)
Career information
High school
Raytown (Raytown, Missouri)
College
Nebraska (1995–1998)
NBA draft
1998 / Round: 1 / Pick: 23rd overall
Selected by the Denver Nuggets
Playing career
1998–2009
Position
Point guard
Number
10
Coaching career
2009–present
Career history
As player:
1998–2001
Los Angeles Lakers
2001–2003
Washington Wizards
2003–2004
Orlando Magic
2004
Houston Rockets
2004–2008
Atlanta Hawks
2008
Dallas Mavericks
2008–2009
Milwaukee Bucks
2009
Orlando Magic
As coach:
2011–2013
Boston Celtics (assistant)
2013–2014
Los Angeles Clippers (assistant)
2014–2016
Cleveland Cavaliers (associate HC)
2016–present
Cleveland Cavaliers
Career highlights and awards
As player:
2× NBA champion (2000, 2001)
First-team All-Big 12 (1998)
Second-team All-Big 12 (1997)
No. 10 retired by the University of Nebraska
As coach:
NBA champion (2016)
All-Star Game head coach (2016)
Career NBA statistics
Points
4,710 (8.5 ppg)
Rebounds
943 (1.7 rpg)
Assists
1,727 (3.1 apg)
Stats at Basketball-Reference.com
Tyronn Jamar Lue (/tɪˈrɒn ˈljuː/, born May 3, 1977) is an American professional basketball coach and former player. He is the current head coach of the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA).
The 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m), 175 lb (79 kg) point guard was selected out of the University of Nebraska by the Denver Nuggets with the 23rd overall pick in the 1998 NBA draft and was traded shortly thereafter to the Los Angeles Lakers, where he won two NBA Championships in his first three seasons.
After his playing career ended in 2009, Lue became Director of Basketball Development for the Boston Celtics.[1] In 2014, he was hired by the Cavaliers as associate head coach and was promoted to head coach midseason in 2015–16, replacing the fired David Blatt.[2] That same season, Lue led the Cavaliers to their first NBA championship and became one of the few rookie coaches in the NBA to ever lead his team to a title.
Contents
1 Playing career
1.1 High school and college career
1.2 NBA career
2 NBA career statistics
2.1 Regular season
2.2 Playoffs
3 Coaching career
4 Coaching record
5 Awards and honors
6 References
7 External links
Playing career[edit]
High school and college career[edit]
Lue attended Raytown Senior High School in Raytown, Missouri. He later went to University of Nebraska. He played basketball and studied sociology. He was a key member of the 1995-96 team that won the NIT, defeating St. Joseph's in the finals.[3] He finished his Nebraska career ranked third all-time in assists (432), fourth in three-pointers made (145) and attempted (407), fifth in steals (154) and seventh in scoring (1,577). Declaring for the NBA draft after his junior season, he led the Cornhuskers in assists in each of his three seasons and finished his career tied with Dave Hoppen for most games with 30 or more points (7).
NBA career[edit]
Lue opted for early entry into the 1998 NBA draft. He was selected 23rd overall by the Denver Nuggets but was traded on draft night to the Los Angeles Lakers with Tony Battie in exchange for Nick Van Exel. His first three years with the Lakers were disappointing. His playing time was limited and he suffered from injuries in 2000. But Lue excelled in the 2001 playoffs. Due to his quickness, he was specifically used to guard Allen Iverson during Game 1 of the Finals. The Lakers lost Game 1, but swept the next four games, giving them the second of three consecutive titles.
In the off-season of 2001, Lue signed with the Washington Wizards, where he got considerably more playing time and subsequently became a better point guard. He played with the Orlando Magic in 2003–04 and had a lot of minutes alongside Tracy McGrady, but the team had the worst record in the NBA that season: 21–61. After the season Lue, Juwan Howard and McGrady were traded to the Houston Rockets for Steve Francis, Cuttino Mobley and Kelvin Cato. In Houston, Lue did not get much playing time because of the number of point guards the Rockets had on their roster. He was traded mid-season to the Atlanta Hawks for Jon Barry. Lue starred in Atlanta, although again his team had the worst record in the NBA and their worst record in franchise history: 13–69.
On February 16, 2008, Lue was acquired by the Sacramento Kings in a trade with the Hawks. He was waived by the Kings on February 28, 2008. After clearing waivers, Lue signed a contract with the Dallas Mavericks on March 4.[4]
On July 17, 2008, Lue was signed by the Milwaukee Bucks.[5]
On February 5, 2009, Lue was traded back to the Magic in exchange for Keith Bogans and cash considerations.[6]
NBA career statistics[edit]
Legend
GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game
FG% Field goal percentage 3P% 3-point field goal percentage FT% Free throw percentage
RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game
BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high
Regular season[edit]
† Denotes seasons in which Lue won an NBA championship
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG
1998–99 L.A. Lakers 15 0 12.5 .431 .438 .571 .4 1.7 .3 .0 5.0
1999–00† L.A. Lakers 8 0 18.3 .487 .500 .750 1.5 2.1 .4 .0 6.0
2000–01† L.A. Lakers 38 1 12.3 .427 .324 .792 .8 1.2 .5 .0 3.4
2001–02 Washington 71 0 20.5 .427 .447 .762 1.7 3.5 .7 .0 7.8
2002–03 Washington 75 24 26.5 .433 .341 .875 2.0 3.5 .6 .0 8.6
2003–04 Orlando 76 69 30.7 .433 .383 .771 2.5 4.2 .8 .1 10.5
2004–05 Houston 21 3 22.8 .393 .333 .778 1.9 2.8 .4 .0 6.0
2004–05 Atlanta 49 46 31.2 .464 .364 .871 2.2 5.4 .5 .0 13.5
2005–06 Atlanta 51 10 24.2 .459 .457 .855 1.6 3.1 .5 .1 11.0
2006–07 Atlanta 56 17 26.6 .416 .348 .883 1.9 3.6 .4 .0 11.4
2007–08 Atlanta 33 3 17.1 .439 .435 .857 1.2 1.8 .3 .0 6.8
2007–08 Dallas 17 0 10.1 .474 .529 .250 .8 .9 .0 .1 3.8
2008–09 Milwaukee 30 0 13.1 .454 .467 .750 1.2 1.5 .2 .0 4.7
2008–09 Orlando 14 0 9.2 .395 .353 .667 .8 1.0 .1 .0 3.0
Career 554 173 22.7 .437 .391 .829 1.7 3.1 .5 .0 8.5
Playoffs[edit]
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG
1999 L.A. Lakers 3 0 11.0 .412 .000 .000 .7 2.0 .7 .0 4.7
2001† L.A. Lakers 15 0 8.7 .345 .385 .800 .7 .7 .8 .1 1.9
2008 Dallas 2 0 1.0 .000 .000 .000 .5 .5 .0 .0 .0
2009 Orlando 1 0 4.0 1.000 1.000 .000 .0 .0 .0 .0 5.0
Career 21 0 8.1 .388 .375 .800 .6 .8 .7 .0 2.3
Coaching career[edit]
On October 23, 2009, Boston named Lue director of basketball development.[1] In July 2013, he joined the Los Angeles Clippers' coaching staff.[7]
On June 23, 2014, Lue joined the Cleveland Cavaliers as associate head coach, making him the highest-paid assistant coach in the NBA in the process. Lue had been a top candidate for the Cavs' head coaching job, which eventually went to David Blatt.[8]
On January 22, 2016, Lue was named head coach of the Cavaliers immediately following the mid-season firing of Blatt.[9] The contract was for three years.[2]
On May 19, 2016, the Cavaliers defeated the Toronto Raptors in Game 2 of the Eastern Conference Finals, continuing their unbeaten streak in the 2016 playoffs and making Lue the first coach in NBA history to win his first 10 postseason games.[10] Eight days later, Lue led the Cavaliers to the NBA Finals in his first year of coaching, becoming one of the few coaches to make it to the Finals after replacing a head coach during the regular season. On June 19, 2016, the Cavaliers won their first NBA Championship, with Lue becoming the second rookie coach in consecutive seasons to win it all, the third person to become champion as a mid-season replacement coach (after Paul Westhead in 1979–80, and Pat Riley in 1981–82, also his rookie coaching season), and the 14th person to win an NBA championship as a head coach and player.[11][12]
In the 2016–17 NBA season, Lue coached the Cavaliers to a 51–31 record. In the playoffs, the Cavaliers went 12–1 heading into the 2017 NBA Finals before losing to the Golden State Warriors in five games.
On March 19, 2018, Lue announced that he would take a leave of absence from coaching the Cavaliers, citing chest pain as one of the recurring problems.[13] Lue returned to coach before the regular season ended and helped the Cavaliers reach the 2018 NBA Finals where they lost to the Warriors in four games.
Lue's coaching style relies on flexibility and James's consistency while shuffling players around him to adjust to matchups. In the 2015 Finals as an assistant to David Blatt, the Cavaliers used a large front court and a slow pace to win surprise victories in games 2 and 3. In 2016, his finals team followed the Warriors' own blueprint to beat them. His style has been described as undisciplined and unprepared in the regular season, but in the playoffs he has been praised for his ability to "think several moves ahead and create matchup advantages."[14]
At the 2016 ESPY Awards, Lue was named Best Coach/Manager, and the Cavs were named Best Team. In honor of his achievements, a portion of Walnut Street in Lue's hometown of Mexico, Missouri, was renamed Tyronn Lue Boulevard.[15]
Coaching record[edit]
Legend
Regular season G Games coached W Games won L Games lost W–L % Win–loss %
Post season PG Playoff games PW Playoff wins PL Playoff losses PW–L % Playoff win–loss %
hideTeam
Year
G
W
L
W–L%
Finish
PG
PW
PL
PW–L%
Result
Cleveland 2015–16 41 27 14 .659 1st in Central 21 16 5 .762 Won NBA Championship
Cleveland 2016–17 82 51 31 .622 1st in Central 18 13 5 .722 Lost in NBA Finals
Cleveland 2017–18 82 50 32 .610 1st in Central 22 12 10 .545 Lost in NBA Finals
Career
205
128
77
.624
61
41
20
.672
Awards and honors[edit]
As player:
2× NBA champion (2000, 2001)
First-team All-Big 12 (1998)
Number 10 retired by the Nebraska Cornhuskers
Street named "Tyronn Lue Boulevard" in his hometown of Mexico, MO.
As coach:
NBA champion (2016)
All-Star Game head coach (2016)
2016 ESPY Award Best Coach/Manager
2016 ESPY Award for Best Team (as coach of the Cavaliers)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Celtics Name Tyronn Lue Director of Basketball Development
^ Jump up to: a b "David Blatt fired as Cavaliers coach; Tyronn Lue to take over team". ESPN. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.huskers.com/SportSelect.dbml?SPSID=22&SPID=24&DB_OEM_ID=100&Q_SEASON=1995
Jump up ^ Mavs sign free agent Lue to be backup point guard
Jump up ^ Bucks sign Tyronn Lue and Malik Allen
Jump up ^ ORLANDO ACQUIRES TYRONN LUE FROM MILWAUKEE
Jump up ^ CLIPPERS NAME ALVIN GENTRY ASSOCIATE HEAD COACH AND ADD ARMOND HILL, KEVIN EASTMAN AND TYRONN LUE AS ASSISTANT COACHES
Jump up ^ Cavs hire Lue – 92.3 The Fan.com
Jump up ^ Fedor, Chris (January 22, 2016). "David Blatt fired by Cleveland Cavaliers; Tyronn Lue elevated to head coach". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland.com. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Matthey, James (May 20, 2016). "LeBron James and co racked up some crazy stats in their game two win over the Raptors". news.com.au. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Vogel, Brandon (June 20, 2016). "Hot Reads: Tryonn". Hail Varsity. Archived from the original on June 21, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Matthey, James (June 20, 2016). "Cavaliers defeat Warriors 93-89, clinch first NBA title". MEREDITHAZ. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Boren, Cindy (March 19, 2018). "Cavaliers' Tyronn Lue takes leave of absence with just 13 games left, citing health issues". Washington Post. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Tjarks, Jonathan. Tyronn Lue Is Running Circles Around Dwane Casey, The Ringer, May 4, 2018
Jump up ^ Tyronn Lue Blvd. - Mexico Ledger.com
External links[edit]
National Basketball Association portal
Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com
show
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Cleveland Cavaliers current roster
0 Love
1 Hood
2 Sexton
3 Hill
5 Smith
8 Clarkson
9 Frye
10 Holland (TW)
13 Thompson
15 Dekker
16 Osman
20 Preston (TW)
22 Nance
26 Korver
41 Žižić
Head coach: Lue
Assistant coaches: Drew
Geriot
Jones
Longabardi
Posey
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Current head coaches of the National Basketball Association
Eastern
Conference
Atlantic
Brad Stevens (Boston Celtics)
Kenny Atkinson (Brooklyn Nets)
David Fizdale (New York Knicks)
Brett Brown (Philadelphia 76ers)
Nick Nurse (Toronto Raptors)
Central
Fred Hoiberg (Chicago Bulls)
Tyronn Lue (Cleveland Cavaliers)
Dwane Casey (Detroit Pistons)
Nate McMillan (Indiana Pacers)
Mike Budenholzer (Milwaukee Bucks)
Southeast
Lloyd Pierce (Atlanta Hawks)
James Borrego (Charlotte Hornets)
Erik Spoelstra (Miami Heat)
Steve Clifford (Orlando Magic)
Scott Brooks (Washington Wizards)
Western
Conference
Northwest
Michael Malone (Denver Nuggets)
Tom Thibodeau (Minnesota Timberwolves)
Billy Donovan (Oklahoma City Thunder)
Terry Stotts (Portland Trail Blazers)
Quin Snyder (Utah Jazz)
Pacific
Steve Kerr (Golden State Warriors)
Doc Rivers (Los Angeles Clippers)
Luke Walton (Los Angeles Lakers)
Igor Kokoškov (Phoenix Suns)
Dave Joerger (Sacramento Kings)
Southwest
Rick Carlisle (Dallas Mavericks)
Mike D'Antoni (Houston Rockets)
J. B. Bickerstaff (Memphis Grizzlies)
Alvin Gentry (New Orleans Pelicans)
Gregg Popovich (San Antonio Spurs)
show
Links to related articles
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Cleveland Cavaliers head coaches
Bill Fitch (1970–1979)
Stan Albeck (1979–1980)
Bill Musselman (1980–1981)
Don Delaney # (1981)
Bob Kloppenburg # (1981)
Chuck Daly (1981–1982)
Bill Musselman (1982)
Tom Nissalke (1982–1984)
George Karl (1984–1986)
Gene Littles # (1986)
Lenny Wilkens (1986–1993)
Mike Fratello (1993–1999)
Randy Wittman (1999–2001)
John Lucas II (2001–2003)
Keith Smart # (2003)
Paul Silas (2003–2005)
Brendan Malone # (2005)
Mike Brown (2005–2010)
Byron Scott (2010–2013)
Mike Brown (2013–2014)
David Blatt (2014–2016)
Tyronn Lue (2016– )
(#) denotes interim head coach.
show
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Los Angeles Lakers 1999–2000 NBA champions
2 Fisher
3 George
4 Harper
5 Horry
8 Bryant
10 Lue
11 Celestand
16 Salley
17 Fox
20 Shaw
34 O'Neal (Finals MVP)
40 Knight
41 Rice
45 Green
Head coach Jackson
Assistant coaches Winter
Hamblen
Cleamons
Bertka
Regular season
Playoffs
show
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Los Angeles Lakers 2000–01 NBA champions
2 Fisher
3 George
4 Harper
5 Horry
7 Rider
8 Bryant
10 Lue
12 Penberthy
14 Medvedenko
17 Fox
20 Shaw
34 O'Neal (Finals MVP)
35 Madsen
40 Foster
54 Grant
Head coach Jackson
Assistant coaches Winter
Hamblen
Cleamons
Regular season
Playoffs
show
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Cleveland Cavaliers 2015–16 NBA champions
0 Love
1 J. Jones
2 Irving
4 Shumpert
5 Smith
8 Dellavedova
9 Frye
12 McRae
13 Thompson
14 Kaun
20 Mozgov
23 James (Finals MVP)
24 Jefferson
30 Dah. Jones
52 Williams
Head coach Lue
Assistant coaches Brielmaier
Boylan
Drew
Handy
Longabardi
Dam. Jones
Posey
Potapenko
Regular season
Playoffs
show
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1998 NBA draft
First round
Michael Olowokandi
Mike Bibby
Raef LaFrentz
Antawn Jamison
Vince Carter
Robert Traylor
Jason Williams
Larry Hughes
Dirk Nowitzki
Paul Pierce
Bonzi Wells
Michael Doleac
Keon Clark
Michael Dickerson
Matt Harpring
Bryce Drew
Radoslav Nesterović
Mirsad Türkcan
Pat Garrity
Roshown McLeod
Ricky Davis
Brian Skinner
Tyronn Lue
Felipe López
Al Harrington
Sam Jacobson
Vladimir Stepania
Corey Benjamin
Nazr Mohammed
Second round
Ansu Sesay
Ruben Patterson
Rashard Lewis
Jelani McCoy
Shammond Williams
Bruno Šundov
Jerome James
Casey Shaw
DeMarco Johnson
Rafer Alston
Korleone Young
Cuttino Mobley
Miles Simon
Jahidi White
Sean Marks
Toby Bailey
Andrae Patterson
Tyson Wheeler
Ryan Stack
Cory Carr
Andrew Betts
Corey Brewer
Derrick Dial
Greg Buckner
Tremaine Fowlkes
Ryan Bowen
J. R. Henderson
Torraye Braggs
Maceo Baston
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyronn_Lue&oldid=851338150"
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J
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the letter J of the alphabet. For other uses, see J (disambiguation).
For technical reasons, "J#" redirects here. For the programming language, see J Sharp.
ISO basic
Latin alphabet
Aa Bb Cc Dd
Ee Ff Gg Hh
Ii Jj Kk Ll
Mm Nn Oo Pp
Qq Rr Ss Tt
Uu Vv Ww Xx
Yy Zz
v
t
e
Writing cursive forms of J
J is the tenth letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its normal name in English is jay /dʒeɪ/ or, now uncommonly, jy /dʒaɪ/.[1][2] When used for the palatal approximant, it may be called yod (/jɒd/ or /joʊd/) or yot (/jɒt/ or /joʊt/).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Use in writing systems
2.1 English
2.2 Other languages
2.2.1 Germanic and Eastern-European languages
2.2.2 Romance languages
2.2.3 Basque
2.2.4 Non-European languages
3 Related characters
4 Computing codes
4.1 Wingdings smiley issue
5 Other representations
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
The letter J originated as a swash letter I, used for the letter I at the end of Roman numerals when following another I, as in XXIIJ or xxiij instead of XXIII or xxiii for the Roman numeral representing 23. A distinctive usage emerged in Middle High German.[3] Gian Giorgio Trissino (1478–1550) was the first to explicitly distinguish I and J as representing separate sounds, in his Ɛpistola del Trissino de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua italiana ("Trissino's epistle about the letters recently added in the Italian language") of 1524.[4] Originally, 'I' and 'J' were different shapes for the same letter, both equally representing /i/, /iː/, and /j/; but, Romance languages developed new sounds (from former /j/ and /ɡ/) that came to be represented as 'I' and 'J'; therefore, English J, acquired from the French J, has a sound value quite different from /j/ (which represents the initial sound in the English word "yet").
Use in writing systems[edit]
English[edit]
In English, ⟨j⟩ most commonly represents the affricate /dʒ/. In Old English, the phoneme /dʒ/ was represented orthographically with ⟨cg⟩ and ⟨cȝ⟩.[5] Under the influence of Old French, which had a similar phoneme deriving from Latin /j/, English scribes began to use ⟨i⟩ (later ⟨j⟩) to represent word-initial /dʒ/ in Old English (for example, iest and, later jest), while using ⟨dg⟩ elsewhere (for example, hedge).[5] Later, many other uses of ⟨i⟩ (later ⟨j⟩) were added in loanwords from French and other languages (e.g. adjoin, junta). The first English language book to make a clear distinction between ⟨i⟩ and ⟨j⟩ was published in 1633.[6] In loan words such as raj, ⟨j⟩ may represent /ʒ/. In some of these, including raj, Azerbaijan, Taj Mahal, and Beijing, the regular pronunciation /dʒ/ is actually closer to the native pronunciation, making the use of /ʒ/ an instance of a hyperforeignism.[7] Occasionally, ⟨j⟩ represents the original /j/ sound, as in Hallelujah and fjord (see Yodh for details). In words of Spanish origin, where ⟨j⟩ represents the voiceless velar fricative [x] (such as jalapeño), English speakers usually approximate with the voiceless glottal fricative /h/.
In English, ⟨j⟩ is the fourth least frequently used letter in words, being more frequent only than ⟨z⟩, ⟨q⟩, and ⟨x⟩. It is, however, quite common in proper nouns, especially personal names.
Other languages[edit]
Germanic and Eastern-European languages[edit]
Pronunciation of written <j> in European languages
The great majority of Germanic languages, such as German, Dutch, Icelandic, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian, use ⟨j⟩ for the palatal approximant /j/, which is usually represented by the letter ⟨y⟩ in English. Notable exceptions are English, Scots and (to a lesser degree) Luxembourgish. ⟨j⟩ also represents /j/ in Albanian, and those Uralic, Slavic and Baltic languages that use the Latin alphabet, such as Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian, Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Latvian and Lithuanian. Some related languages, such as Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian, also adopted ⟨j⟩ into the Cyrillic alphabet for the same purpose. Because of this standard, the lower case letter was chosen to be used in the IPA as the phonetic symbol for the sound.
Romance languages[edit]
In the Romance languages, ⟨j⟩ has generally developed from its original palatal approximant value in Latin to some kind of fricative. In French, Portuguese, Catalan, and Romanian it has been fronted to the postalveolar fricative /ʒ/ (like ⟨s⟩ in English measure). In Spanish, by contrast, it has been both devoiced and backed from an earlier /ʝ/ to a present-day /x ~ h/,[8] with the actual phonetic realization depending on the speaker's dialect/s.
In modern standard Italian spelling, only Latin words, proper nouns (such as Jesi, Letojanni, Juventus etc.) or those borrowed from foreign languages have ⟨j⟩. Until the 19th century, ⟨j⟩ was used instead of ⟨i⟩ in diphthongs, as a replacement for final -ii, and in vowel groups (as in Savoja); this rule was quite strict for official writing. ⟨j⟩ is also used to render /j/ in dialect, e.g. Romanesque ajo for standard aglio (–/ʎ/–) (garlic). The Italian novelist Luigi Pirandello used ⟨j⟩ in vowel groups in his works written in Italian; he also wrote in his native Sicilian language, which still uses the letter ⟨j⟩ to represent /j/ (and sometimes also [dʒ] or [gj], depending on its environment).[9]
Basque[edit]
In Basque, the diaphoneme represented by ⟨j⟩ has a variety of realizations according to the regional dialect: [gʰ, kʰ, j, ʝ, ɟ, ʒ, ʃ, x] (the last one is typical of Gipuzkoa).
Non-European languages[edit]
Among non-European languages that have adopted the Latin script, ⟨j⟩ stands for /ʒ/ in Turkish and Azerbaijani, for /ʐ/ in Tatar. ⟨j⟩ stands for /dʒ/ in Indonesian, Somali, Malay, Igbo, Shona, Oromo, Turkmen, and Zulu. It represents a voiced palatal plosive /ɟ/ in Konkani, Yoruba, and Swahili. In Kiowa, ⟨j⟩ stands for a voiceless alveolar plosive, /t/.
In Chinese Pinyin, ⟨j⟩ stands for /tɕ/, the unaspirated equivalent of ⟨q⟩.
The Royal Thai General System of Transcription does not use the letter ⟨j⟩, although it is used in some proper names and non-standard transcriptions to represent either จ [tɕ] or ช [tɕʰ] (the latter following Pali/Sanskrit root equivalents).
In romanized Pashto, ⟨j⟩ represents ځ, pronounced [dz].
Related characters[edit]
𐤉 : Semitic letter Yodh, from which the following symbols originally derive
I i : Latin letter I, from which J derives
ȷ : Dotless j
ᶡ : Modifier letter small dotless j with stroke[10]
ᶨ : Modifier letter small j with crossed-tail[10]
IPA-specific symbols related to J: ʝ ɟ ʄ ʲ
Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to J: U+1D0A ᴊ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL J[11], U+1D36 ᴶ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL J[11], and U+2C7C ⱼ LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER J[12]
J with diacritics: Ĵ ĵ ǰ Ɉ ɉ J̃ j̇̃
Computing codes[edit]
Character
J
j
ȷ
Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J LATIN SMALL LETTER J LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J
Encodings
decimal
hex
decimal
hex
decimal
hex
Unicode 74 U+004A 106 U+006A 567 U+0237
UTF-8 74 4A 106 6A 200 183 C8 B7
Numeric character reference J J j j ȷ ȷ
EBCDIC family 209 D1 145 91
ASCII 1 74 4A 106 6A
1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Unicode also has a dotless variant, ȷ (U+0237). It is primarily used in Landsmålsalfabet and in mathematics. It is not intended to be used with diacritics since the normal j is softdotted in Unicode (that is, the dot is removed if a diacritic is to be placed above; Unicode further states that, for example i+ ¨ ≠ ı+¨ and the same holds true for j and ȷ).[13]
In Unicode, a duplicate of 'J' for use as a special phonetic character in historical Greek linguistics is encoded in the Greek script block as ϳ (Unicode U+03F3). It is used to denote the palatal glide /j/ in the context of Greek script. It is called "Yot" in the Unicode standard, after the German name of the letter J.[14][15] An uppercase version of this letter was added to the Unicode Standard at U+037F with the release of version 7.0 in June 2014.[16][17]
Wingdings smiley issue[edit]
In the Wingdings font by Microsoft, the letter "J" is rendered as a smiley face (note this is distinct from the Unicode code point U+263A, which renders as ☺). In Microsoft applications, ":)" is automatically replaced by a smiley rendered in a specific font face when composing rich text documents or HTML email. This autocorrection feature can be switched off or changed to a Unicode smiley.[18] [19]
Other representations[edit]
NATO phonetic Morse code
Juliet ·–––
Signal flag Flag semaphore American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling) Braille
dots-245
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "J", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989)
Jump up ^ "J" and "jay", Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993)
Jump up ^ "Wörterbuchnetz". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ De le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua Italiana in Italian Wikisource.
^ Jump up to: a b Hogg, Richard M.; Norman Francis Blake; Roger Lass; Suzanne Romaine; R. W. Burchfield; John Algeo (1992). The Cambridge History of the English Language. Cambridge University Press. p. 39. ISBN 0-521-26476-6.
Jump up ^ English Grammar, Charles Butler, 1633
Jump up ^ Wells, John (1982). Accents of English 1: An Introduction. Cambridge, UN: Cambridge University Press. p. 108. ISBN 0-521-29719-2.
Jump up ^ Penny, Ralph John (2002). A History of the Spanish Language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-01184-1.
Jump up ^ Cipolla, Gaetano (2007). The Sounds of Sicilian: A Pronunciation Guide. Mineola, NY: Legas. pp. 11–12. Retrieved 2013-03-31.
^ Jump up to: a b Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Ruppel, Klaas; Rueter, Jack; Kolehmainen, Erkki I. (2006-04-07). "L2/06-215: Proposal for Encoding 3 Additional Characters of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF).
Jump up ^ The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0, p. 293 (at the very bottom)
Jump up ^ Nick Nicholas, "Yot" Archived 2012-08-05 at Archive.is
Jump up ^ "Unicode Character 'GREEK LETTER YOT' (U+03F3)". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Unicode: Greek and Coptic" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Unicode 7.0.0". Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 2014-06-26.
Jump up ^ Pirillo, Chris (26 June 2010). "J Smiley Outlook Email: Problem and Fix!". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Chen, Raymond (23 May 2006). "That mysterious J". The Old New Thing. MSDN Blogs. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to J.
The dictionary definition of J at Wiktionary
The dictionary definition of j at Wiktionary
"J". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). 1911.
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text:
Maltase
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Not to be confused with Maltese.
Alpha-glucosidase
Identifiers
EC number
3.2.1.20
CAS number
9001-42-7
Databases
IntEnz
IntEnz view
BRENDA
BRENDA entry
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metabolic pathway
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proteins
Maltose
Maltase (EC 3.2.1.20, alpha-glucosidase, glucoinvertase, glucosidosucrase, maltase-glucoamylase, alpha-glucopyranosidase, glucosidoinvertase, alpha-D-glucosidase, alpha-glucoside hydrolase, alpha-1,4-glucosidase, alpha-D-glucoside glucohydrolase) is an enzyme located in on the brush border of the small intestine that breaks down the disaccharide maltose.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Maltase catalyzes the hydrolysis of maltose to the simple sugar glucose. This enzyme is found in plants, bacteria, and yeast. Acid maltase deficiency is categorized into three separate types based on the age of onset of symptoms in the affected individual.
In most cases, it is equivalent to alpha-glucosidase, but the term "maltase" emphasizes the disaccharide nature of the substrate from which glucose is cleaved, and "alpha-glucosidase" emphasizes the bond, whether the substrate is a disaccharide or polysaccharide.[citation needed]
Vampire bats are the only vertebrates known to not exhibit intestinal maltase activity.[7]
See also[edit]
Maltase-glucoamylase
Sucrase-isomaltase
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Maltase – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Retrieved 2009-04-06.
Jump up ^ Bruni CB, Sica V, Auricchio F, Covelli I (September 1970). "Further kinetic and structural characterization of the lysosomal alpha-D-glucoside glucohydrolase from cattle liver". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 212 (3): 470–7. doi:10.1016/0005-2744(70)90253-6. PMID 5466143.
Jump up ^ Flanagan PR, Forstner GG (August 1978). "Purification of rat intestinal maltase/glucoamylase and its anomalous dissociation either by heat or by low pH". The Biochemical Journal. 173 (2): 553–63. doi:10.1042/bj1730553. PMC 1185809  . PMID 29602.
Jump up ^ Larner, J. (1960). "Other glucosidases". In Boyer, P.D.; Lardy, H.; Myrbäck, K. The Enzymes. 4 (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press. pp. 369–378.
Jump up ^ Sivakami S, Radhakrishnan AN (December 1973). "Purification of rabbit intestinal glucoamylase by affinity chromatography on Sephadex G-200". Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics. 10 (4): 283–4. PMID 4792946.
Jump up ^ Sørensen SH, Norén O, Sjöström H, Danielsen EM (September 1982). "Amphiphilic pig intestinal microvillus maltase/glucoamylase. Structure and specificity". European Journal of Biochemistry. 126 (3): 559–68. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb06817.x. PMID 6814909.
Jump up ^ Schondube JE, Herrera-M LG, Martínez del Rio C (2001). "Diet and the evolution of digestion and renal function in phyllostomid bats" (PDF). Zoology. 104 (1): 59–73. doi:10.1078/0944-2006-00007. PMID 16351819.
External links[edit]
Maltases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Structure and evolution of the mammalian maltase-glucoamylase and sucrase-isomaltase
show
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t
e
Hydrolase: sugar hydrolases (EC 3.2)
3.2.1: Glycoside hydrolases
Disaccharidase
Sucrase/Sucrase-isomaltase/Invertase
Maltase
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NAGA
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Fucosidase
Hexosaminidase
HEXA
HEXB
Iduronidase
Maltase-glucoamylase
Heparanase
HPSE2
3.2.2: Hydrolysing
N-Glycosyl compounds
DNA glycosylases: Oxoguanine glycosylase
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Molecular and Cellular Biology portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maltase&oldid=828588732"
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Maltas – Swedish
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