text:
Magnesium sulfate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Magnesium sulfate

hexahydrate

Anhydrous magnesium sulfate

Epsomite (heptahydrate)
Names
IUPAC name
Magnesium sulfate
Other names
Epsom salt (heptahydrate)
English salt
Bitter salts
Bath salts
Identifiers
CAS Number
7487-88-9 (anhydrous) Y
14168-73-1 (monohydrate) Y
24378-31-2 (tetrahydrate) Y
15553-21-6 (pentahydrate) Y
13778-97-7 (hexahydrate) Y
10034-99-8 (heptahydrate) Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:32599 Y
ChEMBL
ChEMBL1200456 N
ChemSpider
22515 Y
DrugBank
DB00653 Y
ECHA InfoCard 100.028.453
E number E518 (acidity regulators, ...)
PubChem CID
24083
RTECS number OM4500000
UNII
ML30MJ2U7I Y
InChI[show]
InChI=1S/Mg.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2 Y
Key: CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Y
InChI=1/Mg.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2
Key: CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-NUQVWONBAQ
SMILES[show]
[Mg+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O
Properties
Chemical formula
MgSO4
Molar mass 120.366 g/mol (anhydrous)
138.38 g/mol (monohydrate)
174.41 g/mol (trihydrate)
210.44 g/mol (pentahydrate)
228.46 g/mol (hexahydrate)
246.47 g/mol (heptahydrate)
Appearance white crystalline solid
Odor odorless
Density 2.66 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
2.445 g/cm3 (monohydrate)
1.68 g/cm3 (heptahydrate)
1.512 g/cm3 (11-hydrate)
Melting point anhydrous decomposes at 1,124°C
monohydrate decomposes at 200°C
heptahydrate decomposes at 150°C
undecahydrate decomposes at 2°C
Solubility in water
anhydrous
26.9 g/100 mL (0 °C)
35.1 g/100 mL (20 °C)
50.2 g/100 mL (100 °C)
heptahydrate
113 g/100 mL (20 °C)
Solubility 1.16 g/100 mL (18°C, ether)
slightly soluble in alcohol, glycerol
insoluble in acetone
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)
−50·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)
1.523 (monohydrate)
1.433 (heptahydrate)
Structure
Crystal structure
monoclinic (hydrate)
Pharmacology
ATC code
A06AD04 (WHO) A12CC02 (WHO) B05XA05 (WHO) D11AX05 (WHO) V04CC02 (WHO)
Hazards
Safety data sheet External MSDS
NFPA 704
0
1
0
Related compounds
Other cations
Beryllium sulfate
Calcium sulfate
Strontium sulfate
Barium sulfate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is Y N ?)
Infobox references
Magnesium sulfate is an inorganic salt with the formula MgSO4(H2O)x where 0≤x≤7. It is often encountered as the heptahydrate sulfate mineral epsomite (MgSO4·7H2O), commonly called Epsom salt. The overall global annual usage in the mid-1970s of the monohydrate was 2.3 million tons, of which the majority was used in agriculture.[1]
Epsom salt has been traditionally used as a component of bath salts. Epsom salt can also be used as a beauty product. Athletes use it to soothe sore muscles, while gardeners use it to improve crops. It has a variety of other uses: for example, Epsom salt is also effective in the removal of splinters.[2]
Contents
1 Hydrates and anhydrous material, production
2 Uses
2.1 Medical
2.2 Agriculture
2.3 Food preparation
2.4 Chemistry
2.5 Niche uses
3 Minerals
4 Double salts
5 Safety
6 References
7 External links
Hydrates and anhydrous material, production[edit]
A variety of hydrates are known.[3]
The heptahydrate (epsomite) readily loses one equivalent of water to form the hexahydrate. Epsom salt takes its name from a bitter saline spring in Epsom in Surrey, England, where the salt was produced from the springs that arise where the porous chalk of the North Downs meets non-porous London clay.
The monohydrate, MgSO4·H2O is found as the mineral kieserite. It can be prepared by heating the hexahydrate to approximately 150 °C. Further heating to approximately 200 °C gives anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Upon further heating, the anhydrous salt decomposes into magnesium oxide (MgO) and sulfur trioxide (SO3).
The heptahydrate can be prepared by neutralizing sulfuric acid with magnesium carbonate or oxide, but it is usually obtained directly from natural sources.
Uses[edit]
Medical[edit]
See also: Magnesium sulfate (medical use)
It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[4]
Magnesium sulfate is a common mineral pharmaceutical preparation of magnesium, commonly known as Epsom salt, used both externally and internally. Magnesium sulfate is highly water-soluble and solubility is inhibited with lipids typically used in lotions. Lotions often employ the use of emulsions or suspensions to include both oil and water-soluble ingredients. Hence, magnesium sulfate in a lotion may not be as freely available to migrate to the skin nor to be absorbed through the skin, hence both studies may properly suggest absorption or lack thereof as a function of the carrier (in a water solution vs. in an oil emulsion/suspension). Temperature and concentration gradients may also be contributing factors to absorption.[5]
Externally, magnesium sulfate paste is used to treat skin inflammations such as small boils or localised infections. Known in the UK as 'drawing paste' it is also used to remove splinters.[6] The standard British Pharmacopoeia composition is dried Magnesium Sulfate 47.76 % w/w, Phenol 0.49 % w/w. and glycerol (E422).[7]
Epsom salt is used as bath salts and for isolation tanks. Magnesium sulfate is the main preparation of intravenous magnesium.
Internal uses include:
Oral magnesium sulfate is commonly used as a saline laxative or osmotic purgative.
Replacement therapy for hypomagnesemia[8]
Magnesium sulfate is a antiarrhythmic agent for torsades de pointes in cardiac arrest under the ECC guidelines and for managing quinidine-induced arrhythmias.[9]
As a bronchodilator after beta-agonist and anticholinergic agents have been tried, e.g. in severe exacerbations of asthma,[10] magnesium sulfate can be nebulized to reduce the symptoms of acute asthma.[10] It is commonly administered via the intravenous route for the management of severe asthma attacks.
Magnesium sulfate is effective in decreasing the risk that pre-eclampsia progresses to eclampsia.[11] IV magnesium sulfate is used to prevent and treat seizures of eclampsia. It reduces the systolic blood pressure but doesn't alter the diastolic blood pressure, so the blood perfusion to the fetus isn't compromised. It is also commonly used for eclampsia where compared to diazepam or phenytoin it results in better outcomes.[12][13]
Agriculture[edit]
In agriculture, magnesium sulfate is used to increase magnesium or sulfur content in soil. It is most commonly applied to potted plants, or to magnesium-hungry crops, such as potatoes, roses, tomatoes, lemon trees, carrots, and peppers. The advantage of magnesium sulfate over other magnesium soil amendments (such as dolomitic lime) is its high solubility, which also allows the option of foliar feeding. Solutions of magnesium sulfate are also nearly neutral, compared with alkaline salts of magnesium as found in limestone; therefore, the use of magnesium sulfate as a magnesium source for soil does not significantly change the soil pH.[14]
Food preparation[edit]
Magnesium sulfate is used as a brewing salt in beer.
It may also be used as a coagulant for making tofu.[15]
Chemistry[edit]
Anhydrous magnesium sulfate is commonly used as a desiccant in organic synthesis due to its affinity for water. During work-up, an organic phase is treated with anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The hydrated solid is then removed with filtration or decantation. Other inorganic sulfate salts such as sodium sulfate and calcium sulfate may be used in the same way.
Niche uses[edit]
Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate is also used to maintain the magnesium concentration in marine aquaria which contain large amounts of stony corals, as it is slowly depleted in their calcification process. In a magnesium-deficient marine aquarium, calcium and alkalinity concentrations are very difficult to control because not enough magnesium is present to stabilize these ions in the saltwater and prevent their spontaneous precipitation into calcium carbonate.[16]
Minerals[edit]
Magnesium sulfates are common minerals in geological environments. Their occurrence is mostly connected with supergene processes. Some of them are also important constituents of evaporitic potassium-magnesium (K-Mg) salts deposits.
Bright spots observed by the Dawn Spacecraft in Occator Crater on the dwarf planet Ceres are most consistent with reflected light from magnesium sulfate hexahydrate.[17]
Almost all known mineralogical forms of MgSO4 are hydrates. Epsomite is the natural analogue of "Epsom salt". Another heptahydrate, the copper-containing mineral alpersite (Mg,Cu)SO4·7H2O,[18] was recently recognized. Both are, however, not the highest known hydrates of MgSO4, due to the recent terrestrial find of meridianiite, MgSO4·11H2O, which is thought to also occur on Mars. Hexahydrite is the next lower (6) hydrate. Three next lower hydrates—pentahydrite, starkeyite, and especially sanderite are rare. Kieserite is a monohydrate and is common among evaporitic deposits. Anhydrous magnesium sulfate was reported from some burning coal dumps.
Double salts[edit]
Double salts containing magnesium sulfate exist, for example there are several known sodium magnesium sulfates and potassium magnesium sulfates.
Safety[edit]
An abnormally elevated plasma concentration of magnesium is called hypermagnesemia.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Industrial Inorganic Chemistry, Karl Heinz Büchel, Hans-Heinrich Moretto, Dietmar Werner, John Wiley & Sons, 2d edition, 2000, ISBN 978-3-527-61333-5
Jump up ^ "Quick Cures/Quack Cures: Is Epsom Worth Its Salt?". Wall Street Journal. April 9, 2012. Archived from the original on 12 April 2012. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Lucia Odochian "Study of the nature of the crystallization water in some magnesium hydrates by thermal methods," Archived 26 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Volume 45, Number 6, December, 1995. doi:10.1007/BF02547437
Jump up ^ "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Does Epsom Salt Work?". www.PainScience.com. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ "Pharmaceutical Information – Magnesium Sulfate". RxMed. Archived from the original on 3 April 2009. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "CPR and First Aid: Antiarrhythmic Drugs During and Immediately After Cardiac Arrest (section)". American Heart Association. Retrieved 29 August 2016. Previous ACLS guidelines addressed the use of magnesium in cardiac arrest with polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (ie, torsades de pointes) or suspected hypomagnesemia, and this has not been reevaluated in the 2015 Guidelines Update. These previous guidelines recommended defibrillation for termination of polymorphic VT (ie, torsades de pointes), followed by consideration of intravenous magnesium sulfate when secondary to a long QT interval.
^ Jump up to: a b Blitz M, Blitz S, Hughes R, Diner B, Beasley R, Knopp J, Rowe BH. Aerosolized magnesium sulfate for acute asthma: a systematic review. Chest 2005;128:337-44. doi:10.1378/chest.128.1.337 PMID 16002955.
Jump up ^ Duley, L; Gülmezoglu, AM; Henderson-Smart, DJ; Chou, D (Nov 10, 2010). "Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (11): CD000025. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000025.pub2. PMID 21069663.
Jump up ^ Duley, L; Henderson-Smart, DJ; Walker, GJ; Chou, D (Dec 8, 2010). "Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam for eclampsia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (12): CD000127. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000127.pub2. PMID 21154341.
Jump up ^ Duley, L; Henderson-Smart, DJ; Chou, D (Oct 6, 2010). "Magnesium sulphate versus phenytoin for eclampsia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (10): CD000128. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000128.pub2. PMID 20927719.
Jump up ^ "Pubchem: magnesium sulfate". Archived from the original on 18 October 2016.
Jump up ^ US The present invention relates to a novel process for producing packed tofu, particularly a process for producing long-life packed tofu from sterilized soybean milk. 6042851, Matsuura, Masaru; Masaoki Sasaki & Jun Sasakib et al., "Process for producing packed tofu", published 28 Mar 2000
Jump up ^ "Do-It-Yourself Magnesium Supplements for the Reef Aquarium". Reefkeeping. 2006. Archived from the original on 22 March 2008. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
Jump up ^ M. C. De Sanctis; E. Ammannito; A. Raponi; S. Marchi; T. B. McCord; H. Y. McSween; F. Capaccioni; M. T. Capria; F. G. Carrozzo; M. Ciarniello; A. Longobardo; F. Tosi; S. Fonte; M. Formisano; A. Frigeri; M. Giardino; G. Magni; E. Palomba; D. Turrini; F. Zambon; J.-P. Combe; W. Feldman; R. Jaumann; L. A. McFadden; C. M. Pieters (2015). "Ammoniated phyllosilicates with a likely outer Solar System origin on (1) Ceres". Nature. 528: 241–244. doi:10.1038/nature16172. PMID 26659184.
Jump up ^ Peterson, Ronald C.; Hammarstrom, Jane M.; Seal, II, Robert R (Feb 2006). "Alpersite (Mg,Cu)SO4·7H2O, a new mineral of the melanterite group, and cuprian pentahydrite: Their occurrence within mine waste". American Mineralogist. 91 (2–3): 261–269. doi:10.2138/am.2006.1911.
External links[edit]
International Chemical Safety Cards – Magnesium Sulfate
show
v
t
e
Magnesium compounds
MgB2
MgBr2
MgCO3
MgC2O4
MgC6H6O7
MgC14H10O4
MgCl2
Mg(ClO4)2
MgF2
MgH2
Mg(HCO3)2
MgI2
Mg(NO3)2
MgO
MgO2
Mg(OH)2
MgPo
MgS
MgSO3
MgSO4
MgU2O7
Mg2Al3
Mg2Si
Mg2SiO4
Mg2Si3O8
Mg3N2
Mg3(PO4)2
Mg2(CrO4)2
show
v
t
e
Drugs for constipation (laxatives and cathartics) (A06)
Stool softeners
Docusate
Stimulant laxatives
Bisacodyl
Bisoxatin
Cascara
Castor oil
Dantron
Oxyphenisatine
Phenolphthalein
Senna glycosides
Sodium picosulfate
Bulk-forming laxatives
Dietary fiber
Ethulose
Ispaghula
Methylcellulose
Polycarbophil calcium
Sterculia
Triticum
Lubricant laxatives
Liquid paraffin
Mineral oil
White petrolatum (petroleum jelly)
Osmotic laxatives
Lactitol
Lactulose
Laminarid
Magnesium carbonate
Magnesium citrate
Magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia)
Magnesium oxide
Magnesium peroxide
Magnesium sulfate
Mannitol
Pentaerythritol
Polyethylene glycol (macrogol)
Sodium phosphate
Sodium sulfate
Sodium tartrate
Sorbitol
Enemas
Bisacodyl
Dantron
Glycerol
Oil
Sodium laurilsulfate
Sodium lauryl sulfoacetate
Sodium phosphate
Sorbitol
Opioid antagonists
Alvimopan
Methylnaltrexone bromide
Naloxegol
Naloxone (Oxycodone/naloxone)
Others
Linaclotide
Lubiprostone
Oxyphenisatine
Prucalopride
Tegaserod
Ulimorelin
show
v
t
e
Mineral supplements (A12)
Major
Calcium
β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate
carbonate
chloride
+cholecalciferol
citrate
glubionate
glucoheptonate
gluconate#
glycerylphosphate
hydroxyapatite
lactate gluconate
lactate
pangamate
phosphate
Magnesium
aspartate
chloride
citrate
gluconate
glycinate
lactate
levulinate
malate
orotate
oxide
pidolate
sulfate
taurate
Phosphorus
adenosine triphosphate disodium
hydroxyapatite
monosodium phosphate
Potassium
bicarbonate
bitartrate
chloride
citrate
gluconate
Sodium
chloride
sulfate
Sulfur
L-cysteine
L-cystine
L-glutathione
L-methionine
methylsulfonylmethane
N-acetyl-L-cysteine
R-α-lipoic acid
S-adenosyl methionine
taurine
Trace
Copper
gluconate
Iodine
potassium iodide
Iron
(II) fumarate
(II) sulfate
Selenium
selenate
selenite
Zinc
acetate
L-aspartate
L-carnosine
gluconate
oxide
proteinate
sulfate
Ultratrace
Chromium
(III) picolinate
(III) chloride
Fluorine
fluoride#
monofluorophosphate
Lithium
aspartate
carbonate
orotate
Vanadium
(IV) sulfate
#WHO-EM
‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
†Phase III
§Never to phase III
show
v
t
e
Other hematological agents
Antianemic
preparations
(B03)
Erythropoietins
Darbepoetin alfa
Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta
Peginesatide
Iron supplements
Ferrous ascorbate
Ferrous aspartate
Ferrous carbonate
Ferrous chloride
Ferrous fumarate
Ferrous gluconate
Ferrous glycine sulfate
Ferrous iodine
Ferrous succinate
Ferrous sulfate
Ferrous tartrate
Iron sucrose
Sodium ferric gluconate complex
Blood substitutes and
perfusion solutions (B05)
Dextran
Gelatin agents
Hemoglobin crosfumaril
Hemoglobin raffimer
Hydroxyethyl starch
Icodextrin
Mannitol
Serum albumin
Sorbitol
Enzymes (B06AA)
Bromelain
Chymotrypsin
Deoxyribonuclease
Fibrinolysin
Hyaluronidase
Streptokinase
Trypsin
Drugs used i hereditary
angioedema (B06AC)
C1-inhibitor
Conestat alfa
Ecallantide
Icatibant
show
v
t
e
Antiarrhythmic agents (C01B)
Channel blockers
class I
(Na+ channel blockers)
class Ia (Phase 0→ and Phase 3→)
Ajmaline
Disopyramide
Hydroquinidine
Lorajmine
Prajmaline
Procainamide#
Quinidine#
Sparteine
class Ib (Phase 3←)
IV
Lidocaine#
enteral
Aprindine
Mexiletine
Tocainide
class Ic (Phase 0→)
Encainide‡
Ethacizine
Flecainide
Indecainide‡
Lorcainide
Moracizine‡
Propafenone
class III
(Phase 3→, K+ channel blockers)
Amiodarone
Bretylium
Bunaftine
Celivarone†
Dofetilide
Dronedarone
E-4031†
Ibutilide
Nifekalant
Sotalol
Tedisamil
Vernakalant
class IV
(Phase 4→, Ca2+ channel blockers)
Diltiazem
Verapamil#
Receptor agonists
and antagonists
class II
(Phase 4→, β blockers)
Nadolol
Pindolol
Propranolol
cardioselective
Acebutolol
Atenolol
Esmolol
Metoprolol
A1 agonist
Adenosine
Benzodiazepines
Barbiturates
M2
muscarinic antagonist: Atropine
Disopyramide
Quinidine
muscarinic agonist: Digoxin
α receptors
Amiodarone
Bretylium
Quinidine
Verapamil
Ion transporters
Na+/ K+-ATPase
Digitoxin
Digoxin
Ouabain
#WHO-EM
‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
†Phase III
§Never to phase III
show
v
t
e
Other dermatological preparations (D11)
Anti-seborrheics
Antiandrogens
Bicalutamide
Cyproterone acetate
Flutamide
Spironolactone
Antifungals
Bifonazole
Cetrimonium bromide (cetrimide)
Ciclopirox olamine (ciclopirox)
Climbazole
Clotrimazole
Ketoconazole
Miconazole
Piroctone olamine
Selenium disulfide (selenium sulfide)
Xenysalate
Zinc pyrithione (pyrithione zinc)
Antihistamines
Calcineurin inhibitors
Cyclosporin
Pimecrolimus
Tacrolimus
Isotretinoin
Keratolytics
Coal tar
Resorcinol
Salicylic acid
Sulfur
Urea (urea-containing cream)
Lithium salts
Lithium gluconate
Lithium succinate
Topical corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone)
Skin lightening
Hydroquinone
Mequinol
Monobenzone
Skin darkening
Afamelanotide
Melanotan II
Anti-inflammatories
Oxaceprol
Gamolenic acid
Pimecrolimus
Tacrolimus
Alitretinoin
Alopecia treatments
5α-Reductase inhibitors
Alfatradiol
Dutasteride
Finasteride
Saw palmetto extract
Antiandrogens
Bicalutamide
Cyproterone acetate
Flutamide
Spironolactone
Topilutamide (fluridil)
Potassium channel openers
Minoxidil
Others
Nepidermin
Hair growth inhibitors
5α-Reductase inhibitors
Dutasteride
Finasteride
Antiandrogens
Bicalutamide
Cyproterone acetate
Flutamide
Spironolactone
Eflornithine
Others
Androgens (e.g., testosterone)
Brimonidine
Calcium gluconate
Estrogens (e.g., estradiol)
Hyaluronic acid
Magnesium sulfate
Pregnenolone acetate
Progestogens (e.g., progesterone)
Povidone-iodine
Tiratricol
show
v
t
e
Tocolytics/labor repressants (G02CA)
β2 adrenoreceptor agonists
Buphenine
Fenoterol
Hexoprenaline
Ritodrine
Terbutaline
Oxytocin antagonists
Atosiban
NSAIDs
Indometacin
Calcium channel blockers
Nifedipine
Myosin inhibitors
Magnesium sulfate
show
v
t
e
Diagnostic agents (V04)
Digestive system
Diabetes
Glucose
Tolbutamide
Fat absorption
Vitamin A concentrates
Bile duct patency
Ceruletide
Magnesium sulfate
Sincalide
Sorbitol
Liver functional capacity
Galactose
Sulfobromophthalein
Gastric secretion
Betazole
Caffeine and sodium benzoate
Cation exchange resins
Histamine phosphate
Methylthioninium chloride
Pentagastrin
Exocrine pancreatic function
Bentiromide
Pancreozymin
cholecystokinin
Secretin
Endocrine system
Pituitary function
cortisol
Corticorelin
Metyrapone
GH
Pralmorelin
Sermorelin
Somatorelin
Thyroid function
Protirelin
Thyrotropin
Fertility disturbances
Gonadorelin
Tuberculosis
Tuberculin
Renal function
Alsactide
Aminohippuric acid
Indigo carmine
Inulin and other polyfructosans
Phenolsulfonphthalein
hide
v
t
e
Compounds containing the sulfate group
H2SO4 He
Li2SO4 BeSO4 B esters
ROSO3−
(RO)2SO2 (NH4)2SO4
[N2H5]HSO4
(NH3OH)2SO4
NOHSO4 HOSO4 F Ne
Na2SO4
NaHSO4 MgSO4 Al2(SO4)3
Al2SO4(OAc)4 Si P SO42−
HSO3HSO4
(HSO4)2 Cl Ar
K2SO4
KHSO4 CaSO4 Sc2(SO4)3 TiOSO4 VSO4
V2(SO4)3
VOSO4 CrSO4
Cr2(SO4)3 MnSO4 FeSO4
Fe2(SO4)3 CoSO4 NiSO4 CuSO4
Cu2SO4
[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)]SO4 ZnSO4 Ga2(SO4)3 Ge As Se Br Kr
RbHSO4
Rb2SO4 SrSO4 Y2(SO4)3 Zr(SO4)2 Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh PdSO4 Ag2SO4 CdSO4 In2(SO4)3 SnSO4 Sb2(SO4)3 Te I Xe
Cs2SO4
CsHSO4 BaSO4 Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg2SO4
HgSO4 Tl2SO4
Tl2(SO4)3 PbSO4 Bi2(SO4)3 Po At Rn
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
↓
La Ce2(SO4)3
Ce(SO4)2 Pr2(SO4)3 Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb2(SO4)3 Lu
Ac Th Pa U(SO4)2
UO2SO4 Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_sulfate&oldid=857956903"
Categories:
Magnesium compounds
Sulfates
Laxatives
Desiccants
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
Webarchive template wayback links
Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs
Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing
Chemical articles with multiple CAS registry numbers
Articles without KEGG source
Articles with changed EBI identifier
ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata
E number from Wikidata
Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes
Use dmy dates from June 2011
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
فارسی
Français
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Кыргызча
Latviešu
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
吴语
粵語
中文
35 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 4 September 2018, at 03:38 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: caption

value: img

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

attrs: href title

values: background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;

values: chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00653

values:
/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard
mw-redirect
ECHA InfoCard

values: font-size: 105%; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;

values: word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:11px; line-height:120%;

values: border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;

values: list-style: none none; margin-left: 0px; word-break: break-all; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: inherit; display: none;

values:
NavFrame collapsed
border: none; padding: 0;
NavFrame1

values: Simplified molecular-input line-entry system

values: border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:11px; line-height:120%;

values:
NavFrame collapsed
border: none; padding: 0;
NavFrame2

values: Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System

values: Flammability code 0: Will not burn. E.g., water

values: Health code 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g., turpentine

values: Reactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g., liquid nitrogen

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height usemap

values: width:12px; text-align:center; position:absolute; top:12px; left:35px;

values: width:13px; text-align:center; position:absolute; top:31px; left:15px;

values: width:13px; text-align:center; position:absolute; top:31px; left:54px;

values: width:100%; background:transparent; margin:0 auto; width:82px; font-family:sans-serif background:; float:left; font-size:20px; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; position:relative; height:80px; width:80px; padding:1px;

values: margin:0 auto; text-align:left; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;

values: background:#f8eaba; border-top:2px solid transparent;

values: width:40%; max-height:1px; border-top:2px solid transparent; border-right:1px solid transparent;

values: width:60%; max-height:1px; border-top:2px solid transparent; border-left:1px solid transparent;

values: border-collapse:collapse; width:22em; text-align:left; ;

values:
/wiki/Sulfate_mineral
mw-redirect
Sulfate mineral

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Edit section: Hydrates and anhydrous material, production

values:
/wiki/Intravenous_magnesium
mw-redirect
Intravenous magnesium

values:
/wiki/Beta_agonist
mw-redirect
Beta agonist

values:
/wiki/Soil_amendment
mw-redirect
Soil amendment

values:
/wiki/Dawn_Spacecraft
mw-redirect
Dawn Spacecraft

values:
/wiki/Occator_Crater
mw-redirect
Occator Crater

values:
/wiki/Double_salts
mw-redirect
Double salts

values: Potassium magnesium sulfate (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal
mw-redirect
Wall Street Journal

values: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

values:
nofollow
external text
https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02547437

values:
nofollow
external autonumber
http://www.tipking.co.uk/tip/5929.html

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16002955

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21069663

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21154341

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20927719

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature16172

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26659184

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2138%2Fam.2006.1911

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/Stool_softener
mw-redirect
Stool softener

values:
/wiki/Stimulant_laxative
mw-redirect
Stimulant laxative

values:
/wiki/White_petrolatum
mw-redirect
White petrolatum

values:
/wiki/Osmotic_laxative
mw-redirect
Osmotic laxative

values:
/wiki/Sodium_lauryl_sulfoacetate
mw-redirect
Sodium lauryl sulfoacetate

values:
/wiki/Methylnaltrexone_bromide
mw-redirect
Methylnaltrexone bromide

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta

values: Ferrous glycine sulfate (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Ferrous_succinate
mw-redirect
Ferrous succinate

values: Hemoglobin crosfumaril (page does not exist)

values: Hemoglobin raffimer (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Conestat_alfa
mw-redirect
Conestat alfa

values: Template talk:Other dermatological preparations

values:
/wiki/Ciclopirox_olamine
mw-redirect
Ciclopirox olamine

values:
/wiki/Calcineurin_inhibitor
mw-redirect
Calcineurin inhibitor

values:
/wiki/Hair_growth_inhibitor
mw-redirect
Hair growth inhibitor

values:
/wiki/Myosin_inhibitor
mw-redirect
Myosin inhibitor

values:
/wiki/Fat_soluble_vitamins
mw-redirect
Fat soluble vitamins

values:
plainlinks hlist navbar mini
float:left; text-align:left

values:
/wiki/Yttrium_sulfate
mw-redirect
Yttrium sulfate

values: Palladium(II) sulfate (page does not exist)

values: Thallium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)

values: Bismuth(III) sulfate (page does not exist)

values: navbox mw-collapsible expanded mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs

values: Category:Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing

values: Category:Chemical articles with multiple CAS registry numbers

values: Category:Articles with changed EBI identifier

values: Category:Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: كبريتات المغنسيوم – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Θειικό μαγνήσιο – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: منیزیم سولفات – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: Մագնեզիումի սուլֆատ – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: मैग्निसियम सल्फेट – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: מגנזיום גופרתי – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Магний сульфаты – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Магнезиум сулфат – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: മഗ്നീഷ്യം സൾഫേറ്റ് – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: 硫酸マグネシウム – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Сульфат магния – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Магнезијум сулфат – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values: மக்னீசியம் சல்பேட்டு – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: แมกนีเซียมซัลเฟต – Thai

values: Сульфат магнію – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Magnesium_sulfate rootpage-Magnesium_sulfate skin-vector action-view


text:
Somatic nervous system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Somatic nervous system
1. (Brain) Precentral gyrus: the origin of nerve signals initiating movement.
2. (Cross Section of Spinal Cord) Corticospinal tract: Mediator of message from brain to skeletal muscles.
3. Axon: the messenger cell that carries the command to contract muscles.
4. Neuromuscular junction: the messenger axon cell tells muscle cells to contract at this intersection
Details
Part of
Peripheral nervous system
Identifiers
FMA
9904
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The somatic nervous system (SNS or voluntary nervous system) is the part of the peripheral nervous system[1] associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles.
The somatic nervous system consists of afferent nerves or sensory nerves, and efferent nerves or motor nerves. Afferent nerves are responsible for relaying sensation from the body to the central nervous system; efferent nerves are responsible for sending out commands from the CNS to the body, stimulating muscle contraction; they include all the non-sensory neurons connected with skeletal muscles and skin. The a- of afferent and the e- of efferent correspond to the prefixes ad- (to, toward) and ex- (out of).
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Function
2.1 Reflex arcs
3 Other animals
4 See also
5 References
Structure[edit]
There are 43 segments of nerves in the human body. With each segment, there is a pair of sensory and motor nerves. In the body, 31 segments of nerves are in the spinal cord and 12 are in the brain stem.
Besides these, thousands of association nerves are also present in the body.
Thus somatic nervous system consists of two parts:
Spinal nerves: They are peripheral nerves that carry sensory information into and motor commands out of the spinal cord.
Cranial nerves: They are the nerve fibers that carry information into and out of the brain stem. They include smell, vision, eye, eye muscles, mouth, taste, ear, neck, shoulders, and tongue.
Function[edit]
The somatic nervous system controls all voluntary muscular systems within the body, and the process of voluntary reflex arcs.
The basic route of nerve signals within the efferent somatic nervous system involves a sequence that begins in the upper cell bodies of motor neurons (upper motor neurons) within the precentral gyrus (which approximates the primary motor cortex). Stimuli from the precentral gyrus are transmitted from upper motor neurons and down the corticospinal tract, via axons to control skeletal (voluntary) muscles. These stimuli are conveyed from upper motor neurons through the ventral horn of the spinal cord, and across synapses to be received by the sensory receptors of alpha motor neurons (large lower motor neurons) of the brainstem and spinal cord.
Upper motor neurons release a neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, from their axon terminal knobs, which are received by nicotinic receptors of the alpha motor neurons. In turn, alpha motor neurons relay the stimulus.
From there, acetylcholine is released from the axon terminal knobs of alpha motor neurons and received by postsynaptic receptors (Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors) of muscles, thereby relaying the stimulus to contract muscle fibers.
Reflex arcs[edit]
A reflex arc is a neural circuit that creates a more or less automatic link between a sensory input and a specific motor output. Reflex circuits vary in complexity—the simplest spinal reflexes are mediated by a two-element chain, of which in the human body there is only one, also called a monosynaptic reflex (there is only one synapse between the two neurones taking part in the arc: sensory and motor). The singular example of a monosynaptic reflex is the patellar reflex. The next simplest reflex arc is a three-element chain, beginning with sensory neurons, which activate interneurons in the spinal cord, which then activate motor neurons. Some reflex responses, such as withdrawing the hand after touching a hot surface, are protective, but others, such as the patellar reflex ("knee jerk") activated by tapping the patellar tendon, contribute to ordinary behaviour.
Other animals[edit]
In invertebrates, depending on the neurotransmitter released and the type of receptor it binds, the response in the muscle fiber could either be excitatory or inhibitory. For vertebrates, however, the response of a skeletal striated muscle fiber to a neurotransmitter – always acetylcholine (ACh) – can only be excitatory.
See also[edit]
Autonomic nervous system
Enteric nervous system
Nervous system
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "somatic nervous system" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
[hide]
v
t
e
Nervous system
Central nervous system
Meninges
Spinal cord
Brain
Rhombencephalon
Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum
Midbrain
Forebrain
Diencephalon
Retina
Optic nerve
Cerebrum
Limbic system
Peripheral nervous system
Somatic
Sensory nerve
Motor nerve
Cranial nerve
Spinal nerve
Autonomic
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somatic_nervous_system&oldid=825192060"
Categories:
Somatic nervous system
Sensory systems
Peripheral nervous system
Hidden categories:
Pages with unresolved properties
Articles needing additional references from March 2015
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
ދިވެހިބަސް
Eesti
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Kreyòl ayisyen
Latviešu
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Türkçe
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 12 February 2018, at 00:26.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: b

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Skeletal_muscles
mw-redirect
Skeletal muscles

values:
/wiki/Voluntary_muscle
mw-redirect
Voluntary muscle

values:
/wiki/Nerve_signal
mw-redirect
Nerve signal

values:
/wiki/Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord
mw-redirect
Anterior horn of spinal cord

values:
/wiki/Sensory_receptor
mw-redirect
Sensory receptor

values:
/wiki/Alpha_motor_neurons
mw-redirect
Alpha motor neurons

values:
/wiki/Skeletal_striated_muscle
mw-redirect
Skeletal striated muscle

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Cranial_nerve
mw-redirect
Cranial nerve

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Pages with unresolved properties

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2015

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: جهاز عصبي جسدي – Arabic

values: Саматычная нервовая сістэма – Belarusian

values: Соматична нервна система – Bulgarian

values: ސޮމެޓިކް ނާރވަސް ސިސްޓަމް – Divehi

values: دستگاه عصبی پیکری – Persian

values: 몸신경계통 – Korean

values: מערכת העצבים הסומטית – Hebrew

values: Соматическая нервная система – Russian

values: Соматична нервова система – Ukrainian

values: 躯体神经系统 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Somatic_nervous_system rootpage-Somatic_nervous_system skin-vector action-view


text:
List of California state high school football champions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Below is a list of California state and regional high school football champions sanctioned by the California Interscholastic Federation since the organization began holding state championship games in 2006.[1] High schools in the state are divided into four divisions (three prior to 2008) based roughly on enrollment; since 2008, there has also been an Open Division for which all schools are eligible.[2] Starting in 2015, a new format was implemented to increase the number of state bowl games from 5 to 13, thus allowing every CIF Section champion to qualify.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 State Champions
2 Regional Champions
2.1 Northern California Champions
2.2 Southern California Champions
3 References
State Champions[edit]
Year
Open Division
Division I
Division II
Division III
Division IV
2006 Not awarded Canyon (Santa Clarita) def. De La Salle (Concord) 27-13 Lutheran (Orange) def. Palo Alto 42-28 Oaks Christian (Westlake Village) def. Cardinal Newman (Santa Rosa) 27-20 OT Not awarded
2007 Not awarded De La Salle (Concord) def. Centennial (Corona) 37-31 Oceanside def. Novato 28-14 St. Bonaventure (Ventura) def. Central Catholic (Modesto) 35-21 Not awarded
2008 Grant Union (Sacramento) def. Long Beach Poly 25-20 Centennial (Corona) def. De La Salle (Concord) 21-16 Cathedral Catholic (San Diego) def. St. Mary's (Stockton) 37-34 St. Bonaventure (Ventura) def. Cardinal Newman (Santa Rosa) 28-6 St. Margaret's Episcopal (San Juan Capistrano) def. Hamilton Union (Hamilton City) 59-7
2009 De La Salle (Concord) def. Crenshaw (Los Angeles) 28-14 Oceanside def. Bellarmine (San Jose) 24-19 Servite (Anaheim) def. Rocklin 33-30 Serra (Gardena) def. Marin Catholic 24-20 Modesto Christian (Modesto) def. Francis Parker (San Diego) 44-40
2010 De La Salle (Concord) def. Servite (Anaheim) 48-8 Palo Alto def. Centennial (Corona) 15-13 Folsom def. Serra (Gardena) 48-20 Escalon def. Madison (San Diego) 30-14 Bishop's (La Jolla) def. Brookside Christian (Stockton) 40-14
2011 De La Salle (Concord) def. Westlake (Westlake Village) 35-0 Santa Margarita Catholic (Rancho Santa Margarita) def. Bellarmine (San Jose) 42-37 Helix (La Mesa) def. Del Oro (Loomis) 35-24 Washington Union (Fresno) def. Campolindo (Moraga) 21-16 Sierra Canyon (Chatsworth) def. Le Grand 34-13
2012 De La Salle (Concord) def. Centennial (Corona) 48-28 Granite Bay def. Long Beach Poly 21-20 Serra (Gardena) def. Oakdale 42-15 Madison (San Diego) def. Marin Catholic 38-35 Central Catholic (Modesto) def. Santa Fe Christian (Solana Beach) 66-7
2013[4] St. John Bosco (Bellflower) def. De La Salle (Concord) 20-14 Bakersfield def. Del Oro (Loomis) 56-26 Chaminade (West Hills) def. Enterprise (Redding) 41-9 Corona del Mar (Newport Beach) def. Sacred Prep (Atherton) 27-15 Central Catholic (Modesto) def. Bakersfield Christian 36-23
2014 De La Salle (Concord) def. Centennial (Corona) 63-42 Folsom def. Oceanside 68-7 Redlands East Valley def. Clayton Valley Charter (Concord) 34-33 Campolindo (Moraga) def. El Capitan (Lakeside) 35-28 Central Catholic (Modesto) def. St. Margaret's Episcopal (San Juan Capistrano) 31-19
Year
Open Division
Open Division Small Schools
Division 1-AA
Division 1-A
Division 2-AA
Division 2-A
Division 3-AA
Division 3-A
Division 4-AA
Division 4-A
Division 5-AA
Division 5-A
Division 6-AA
Division 6-A
2015 De La Salle (Concord) def. Centennial (Corona) 28-21 Central Catholic (Modesto) def. San Marino 56-21 Mission Viejo def. Bellarmine (San Jose) 24-0 Narbonne (Los Angeles) def. Clayton Valley Charter (Concord) 28-14 Del Oro (Loomis) def. Camarillo 16-13 Citrus Hill (Perris) def. St. Francis (Mountain View) 23-20 La Mirada def. Campolindo (Moraga) 27-3 Rancho Bernardo (San Diego) def. Sacred Heart Prep (Atherton) 35-14 Hanford def. Bonita Vista (Chula Vista) 33-21 Sierra (Manteca) def. Chowchilla 20-15 Mater Dei Catholic (Chula Vista) def. Immanuel (Reedley) 56-21 St. Bernard's (Eureka) def. Saddleback Valley Christian (San Juan Capistrano) 28-21 East Nicolaus def. Coronado 16-6 Not awarded
2016[5] St. John Bosco (Bellflower) def. De La Salle (Concord) 56-33 Not awarded Cathedral Catholic (San Diego) def. St. Mary's (Stockton) 38-35 OT San Clemente def. Del Oro (Loomis) 22-17 Madison (San Diego) def. Valley Christian (San Jose) 21-17 Sierra Canyon (Chatsworth) def. Serra (San Mateo) 42-40 Paraclete def. Menlo-Atherton 39-21 Oakdale def. Bishop's (La Jolla) 47-0 Campolindo (Moraga) def. Bakersfield Christian 31-7 Pleasant Valley def. St. Anthony (Long Beach) 50-49 OT Bishop O'Dowd (Oakland) def. Valley View 43-24 McClymonds (Oakland) def. La Jolla Country Day 20-17 Rancho Christian def. Amador (Sutter Creek, CA) 38-13 St. Patrick-St. Vincent (Vallejo) def. Strathmore 29-28
2017 Mater Dei (Santa Ana) def. De La Salle (Concord) 52-21 Not awarded Folsom def. Helix (La Mesa) 49-42 Narbonne (Los Angeles) def. Pittsburg 28-21 Serra (San Mateo) def. Cajon (San Bernardino) 38-14 St. Francis (Mountain View) def. Grace Brethren 22-13 Bishop Diego (Santa Barbara) def. Shasta (Redding) 41-6 Steele Canyon (Spring Valley) def. Half Moon Bay 44-42 Crenshaw (Los Angeles) def. Placer (Auburn) 46-43 Milpitas def. Southwest (El Centro) 45-41 McClymonds (Oakland) def. Golden West (Visalia) 42-12 Fortuna def. Katella (Anaheim) 54-33 Strathmore def. Orange 31-29 Galileo (San Francisco) def. Vincent Memorial (Calexico) 38-20
Regional Champions[edit]
Northern California Champions[edit]
Year
Open Division
Division I
Division II
Division III
Division IV
2006 Not awarded De La Salle (Concord)* Palo Alto* Cardinal Newman (Santa Rosa)* Not awarded
2007 Not awarded De La Salle (Concord)* Novato* Central Catholic (Modesto)* Not awarded
2008 Grant Union (Sacramento)* De La Salle (Concord)* St. Mary's (Stockton)* Cardinal Newman (Santa Rosa)* Hamilton Union (Hamilton City)*
2009 De La Salle (Concord)* Bellarmine (San Jose)* Rocklin* Marin Catholic* Modesto Christian (Modesto)*
2010 De La Salle (Concord)* Palo Alto* Folsom* Escalon* Brookside Christian (Stockton)*
2011 De La Salle (Concord)* Bellarmine (San Jose)* Del Oro (Loomis)* Campolindo (Moraga)* Le Grand*
2012[6] De La Salle (Concord) def. Folsom 49-15 Granite Bay def. St. Ignatius (San Francisco) 45-17 Oakdale def. Clayton Valley Charter (Concord) 27-24 Marin Catholic def. Sutter 23-7 Central Catholic (Modesto) def. McClymonds (Oakland) 42-12
2013[7] De La Salle (Concord) def. Folsom 45-17 Del Oro (Loomis) def. Serra (San Mateo) 28-20 Enterprise (Redding) def. Manteca 27-21 Sacred Prep (Atherton) def. El Cerrito 42-7 Central Catholic (Modesto) def. McClymonds (Oakland) 17-14
2014[8] De La Salle (Concord)** Folsom def. Grant Union (Sacramento) 52-21 Clayton Valley Charter (Concord) def. Oakdale 28-7 Campolindo (Moraga) def. Sutter 35-14 Central Catholic (Modesto) def. Capital Christian (Sacramento) 35-14
Year
Open Division
Open Division Small Schools
Division 1-AA
Division 1-A
Division 2-AA
Division 2-A
Division 3-AA
Division 3-A
Division 4-AA
Division 4-A
Division 5-AA
Division 5-A
Division 6-AA
Division 6-AA Play-in Game
Division 6-A
Division 6-A Play-in Game
2015[9] De La Salle (Concord)** Central Catholic (Modesto) def. Marin Catholic 49-14 Bellarmine (San Jose) def. Folsom 42-35 Clayton Valley Charter (Concord) def. Oak Grove (San Jose) 21-3 Del Oro (Loomis) def. Liberty (Bakersfield) 28-24 St. Francis (Mountain View) def. Pleasant Valley 29-7 Campolindo (Moraga) def. Milpitas 27-24 Sacred Heart Prep (Atherton) def. McClymonds (Oakland) 56-20 Hanford def. Sonora 42-18 Sierra (Manteca) def. Sutter 17-13 Immanuel (Reedley) def. Bradshaw Christian (Sacramento) 31-21 St. Bernard's (Eureka) def. Fall River 55-0 East Nicolaus def. Stone Ridge Christian (Merced) 34-14 Stone Ridge Christian def. Mission (San Francisco) 70-21 Not awarded Not awarded
2016[10] De La Salle (Concord)** Not awarded St. Mary's (Stockton) def. Freedom (Oakley) 49-40 Del Oro (Loomis) def. Bakersfield 57-16 Valley Christian (San Jose) def. Cardinal Newman (Santa Rosa) 31-6 Serra (San Mateo) def. Sanger 49-36 Menlo-Atherton def. Manteca 49-21 Oakdale def. Sutter 27-10 Campolindo (Moraga) def. Palma (Salinas) 30-21 Pleasant Valley def. Milpitas 24-21 Bishop O'Dowd (Oakland) def. Capital Christian (Sacramento) 24-21 McClymonds (Oakland) def. East Nicolaus 45-26 Amador (Sutter Creek, CA) def. Mendota 21-14 Amador (Sutter Creek, CA) def. Lincoln (San Francisco) 45-20 St. Patrick-St. Vincent (Vallejo) def. Brookside Christian (Stockton) 47-18 Brookside Christian (Stockton) def. Biggs 52-30
2017 De La Salle (Concord)** Not awarded Folsom def. Central (Fresno) 54-35 Pittsburg def. Granite Bay 37-14 Serra (San Mateo) def. Tulare Union 76-43 St. Francis (Mountain View) def. Manteca 28-23 Shasta (Redding) def. Marin Catholic 40-27 Half Moon Bay def. Sutter 28-7 Placer (Auburn) def. Salinas 43-42 OT Milpitas def. Campolindo (Moraga) 52-38 McClymonds (Oakland) def. East Nicolaus 35-12 Fortuna def. Bear River (Grass Valley) 34-20 Strathmore def. St. Patrick-St. Vincent (Vallejo) 49-35 Strathmore def. Hilmar 53-52 2OT Galileo (San Francisco) def. Rio Vista 20-14 Not awarded
Southern California Champions[edit]
Year
Open Division
Division I
Division II
Division III
Division IV
2006 Not awarded Canyon (Santa Clarita)* Lutheran (Orange)* Oaks Christian (Westlake Village)* Not awarded
2007 Not awarded Centennial (Corona)* Oceanside* St. Bonaventure (Ventura)* Not awarded
2008 Long Beach Poly* Centennial (Corona)* Cathedral Catholic (San Diego)* St. Bonaventure (Ventura)* St. Margaret's Episcopal (San Juan Capistrano)*
2009 Crenshaw (Los Angeles)* Oceanside* Servite (Anaheim)* Serra (Gardena)* Francis Parker (San Diego)*
2010 Servite (Anaheim)* Centennial (Corona)* Serra (Gardena)* Madison (San Diego)* Bishop's (La Jolla)*
2011 Westlake (Westlake Village)* Santa Margarita Catholic (Rancho Santa Margarita)* Helix (La Mesa)* Washington Union (Fresno)* Sierra Canyon (Chatsworth)*
2012[11] Centennial (Corona) def. Narbonne (Los Angeles) 41-34 Long Beach Poly def. Clovis North 28-7 Serra (Gardena) def. Edison High School (Huntington Beach, California) 27-10 Madison (San Diego) def. Monrovia 21-17 Santa Fe Christian (Solana Beach) def. Rio Hondo Prep (Arcadia) 30-28
2013[12] St. John Bosco (Bellflower) def. Centennial (Corona) 70-49 Bakersfield def. Mission Hills (San Marcos) 35-28 Chaminade (West Hills) def. Hart (Newhall) 28-10 Corona del Mar (Newport Beach) def. Nordhoff (Ojai) 24-8 Bakersfield Christian def. View Park (Los Angeles) 40-8
2014[13] Centennial (Corona)** Oceanside def. Edison (Fresno) 37-22 Redlands East Valley def. Ridgeview (Bakersfield) 59-42 El Capitan (Lakeside) def. Paso Robles 41-0 St. Margaret's Episcopal (San Juan Capistrano) def. Christian (El Cajon) 48-21
Year
Open Division
Open Division Small Schools
Division 1-AA
Division 1-A
Division 2-AA
Division 2-A
Division 3-AA
Division 3-A
Division 4-AA
Division 4-A
Division 5-AA
Division 5-A
Division 6-AA
Division 6-A
2015[14] Centennial (Corona)** San Marino def. Sierra Canyon 36-35 Mission Viejo def. Helix (La Mesa) 32-28 Narbonne (Los Angeles) def. Ridgeview (Bakersfield) 35-20 Camarillo def. La Habra 63-49 Citrus Hill (Perris) def. Calabasas 56-21 La Mirada def. Oceanside 36-14 Rancho Bernardo (San Diego) def. Oak Hills (Hesperia) 31-30 Bonita Vista (Chula Vista) def. Canyon (Anaheim) 24-21 Chowchilla def. Fairfax (Los Angeles) 28-16 Mater Dei Catholic (Chula Vista) def. Notre Dame (Riverside) 21-14 Saddleback Valley Christian (San Juan Capistrano) def. Kennedy (Delano) 59-45 Coronado def. Belmont (Los Angeles) 14-0 Not awarded
2016[15] St. John Bosco (Bellflower)** Not awarded Cathedral Catholic (San Diego) def. Narbonne (Los Angeles) 35-28 San Clemente def. Edison (Huntington Beach) 39-35 Madison (San Diego) def. Calabasas 60-53 OT Sierra Canyon (Chatsworth) def. Los Angeles 21-6 Paraclete def. Mater Dei Catholic (Chula Vista) 34-18 Bishop's (La Jolla) def. Valley Christian (Cerritos) 29-8 Bakersfield Christian def. Selma 28-27 St. Anthony (Long Beach) def. Yorba Linda 55-23 Valley View def. San Gorgonio (San Bernardino) 31-14 La Jolla Country Day def. Arroyo (El Monte) 63-42 Rancho Christian def. Franklin (Los Angeles) 56-21 Strathmore def. Horizon Christian Academy (San Diego) 62-22
2017 Mater Dei (Santa Ana)** Not awarded Helix (La Mesa) def. Oaks Christian (Westlake Village) 28-13 Narbonne (Los Angeles) def. Paraclete 56-14 Cajon (San Bernardino) def. Rancho Verde (Moreno Valley) 70-23 Grace Brethren def. Aquinas 24-8 Bishop Diego (Santa Barbara) def. Quartz Hill 41-7 Steele Canyon (Spring Valley) def. El Modena (Orange) 28-26 Crenshaw (Los Angeles) def. El Camino (Oceanside) 13-10 Southwest (El Centro) def. San Joaquin Memorial (Frenso) 31-28 Golden West (Visalia) def. Big Bear 41-21 Katella (Anaheim) def. Monte Vista (Spring Valley) 36-35 Orange def. Caruthers 46-43 OT Vincent Memorial (Calexico) def. Huntington Park 40-18
Listed in years from 2006-2011 is Regional Selection for each division. Regional Games began in 2012.
Open Division regional champions are selected effective 2014 and advance directly to Open Division State Championship. Listed in respective years is Open Division regional selection.
Due to the number of section divisions, a play-in game is conducted in the North for Division VI-AA and Division VI-A. Listed in respective years is result of Division VI-AA North play-in game and Division VI-A North play-in game.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ State Football Championship Results - Retrieved September 2, 2013
Jump up ^ 2013 State Football Divisions - Retrieved September 2, 2013
Jump up ^ MaxPreps California Bowl Game Rankings - Retrieved September 12, 2015
Jump up ^ 2013 CIF State Football Championship Bowl Games - Retrieved August 27, 2014
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ [4]
Jump up ^ [5]
Jump up ^ [6]
Jump up ^ [7]
Jump up ^ [8]
Jump up ^ [9]
Jump up ^ [10]
Jump up ^ [11]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_California_state_high_school_football_champions&oldid=817083713"
Categories:
American football in California
California sports-related lists
Lists of people by educational affiliation in California
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 26 December 2017, at 01:17.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: sup

value: p

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

attrs: class dir xml:lang

values: toctitle ltr en

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Canyon High School (Santa Clarita, California)

values: De La Salle High School (Concord, California)

values: Cardinal Newman High School (Santa Rosa, California)

values: Centennial High School (Corona, California)

values: Central Catholic High School (Modesto, California)

values: Grant Union High School (Sacramento, California)

values: St. Mary's High School (Stockton, California)

values: Junípero Serra High School (Gardena, California)

values:
/wiki/Modesto_Christian_High_School
mw-redirect
Modesto Christian High School

values: Chaminade College Preparatory School (California)

values: Enterprise High School (Redding, California)

values: Sacred Heart Preparatory (Atherton, California)

values: Saint Francis High School (Mountain View)

values: Hanford Joint Union High School District

values: Sierra High School (Manteca, California)

values: Mater Dei Catholic High School (Chula Vista, California)

values: St. Bernard's High School (Eureka, California)

values: Coronado High School (Coronado, California)

values: San Clemente High School (San Clemente, California)

values: Valley Christian High School (San Jose, California)

values: Junípero Serra High School (San Mateo, California)

values: Pleasant Valley High School (California)

values: Valley View High School (Moreno Valley, California)

values: Mater Dei High School (Santa Ana, California)

values: Southwest High School (El Centro, California)

values: Galileo Academy of Science and Technology

values: Edit section: Northern California Champions

values: Oak Grove High School (San Jose, California)

values: Liberty High School (Bakersfield, California)

values: Mission High School (San Francisco, California)

values: Freedom High School (Oakley, California)

values: Abraham Lincoln High School (San Francisco)

values: Central High School (Fresno, California)

values: Edit section: Southern California Champions

values: William S. Hart High School (California)

values: Ridgeview High School (Bakersfield, California)

values: Canyon High School (Anaheim, California)

values: Fairfax High School (Los Angeles, California)

values: Notre Dame High School (Riverside, California)

values: Belmont High School (Los Angeles, California)

values: Valley Christian High School (Cerritos, California)

values: Arroyo High School (El Monte, California)

values: Franklin High School (Los Angeles, California)

values: El Camino High School (Oceanside, California)

values: Monte Vista High School (Spring Valley, California)

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:American football in California

values: Category:Lists of people by educational affiliation in California

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_California_state_high_school_football_champions rootpage-List_of_California_state_high_school_football_champions skin-vector action-view


text:
Suffolk Resolves
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Suffolk Resolves House, 2009
[show]
v
t
e
Boston campaign
1774–1776
Powder Alarm
Suffolk Resolves
Lexington and Concord
Boston
Thompson's War
Chelsea Creek
Machias
Bunker Hill
Gloucester
Falmouth
Knox artillery train
Dorchester Heights
The Suffolk Resolves was a declaration made on September 9, 1774 by the leaders of Suffolk County, Massachusetts, of which Boston is the major city. The declaration rejected the Massachusetts Government Act and resolved on a boycott of imported goods from Britain unless the Intolerable Acts were repealed. The Resolves were recognized by statesman Edmund Burke as a major development in colonial animosity leading to adoption of the United States Declaration of Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1776, and he urged British conciliation with the American colonies, to little effect. The First Continental Congress endorsed the Resolves on September 17, 1774.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Commemoration
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
On August 26–27, the Committees of Correspondence from Suffolk, Middlesex, Essex, and Worcester counties met at Faneuil Hall in Boston to oppose the recent Massachusetts Government Act, which had disenfranchised citizens of Massachusetts by revoking key provisions of the provincial Charter of 1691. This convention urged all Massachusetts counties to close their courts rather than submit to the oppressive measure. Berkshire had already done so, and by the first week of October, seven of the nine contiguous mainland counties in Massachusetts had followed suit.
As each county, in turn, closed its court, it issued a set of resolves to explain its actions.[2] Although these resolves were all similar in tone and scope, the one written by patriots in Suffolk has received more attention for two reasons: it was better crafted, and it was formally endorsed by the Continental Congress. Ironically, Suffolk, which contained Boston, was the only county in which courts remained nominally open, under the protection of British troops.[3]
At the Suffolk County Convention of the Committees of Correspondence on September 6, 1774, Joseph Warren introduced the first draft of the Suffolk Resolves, which were edited and approved three days later at the Daniel Vose House in Milton, Massachusetts which was then part of Suffolk County but is now in Norfolk County, Massachusetts. The convention that adopted them had first met at the Woodward Tavern in Dedham, which is today the site of the Norfolk County Courthouse. As with the other county resolves, the Suffolk document denounced the Intolerable Acts, or Coercive Acts, that had recently been passed by the British Parliament, and specifically resolved to:
boycott British imports, curtail exports, and refuse to use British products;
pay "no obedience" to the Massachusetts Government Act or the Boston Port Bill;
demand resignations from those appointed to positions under the Massachusetts Government Act;
refuse payment of taxes until the Massachusetts Government Act was repealed;
support a colonial government in Massachusetts free of royal authority until the Intolerable Acts were repealed;
urge the colonies to raise militia of their own people.
In one of his less famous rides, Paul Revere delivered a copy of the Resolves to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where it was endorsed on September 17 as a show of colonial solidarity. In response, John Adams commented in his diary: "This was one of the happiest days of my life. In Congress we had generous, noble sentiments, and manly eloquence. This day convinced me that America will support Massachusetts or perish with her."[4] Endorsement of the Suffolk Resolves, and with it the rebellion that had enveloped Massachusetts, altered the political balance in Congress and paved the way for radical measures, such as the Continental Association, a general nonimportation agreement. Previously, nonimportation agreements had been limited to specific localities, but this one applied throughout the rebellious colonies. The Committees of inspection (also called the Committees of Safety), that was formed to enforce the Continental Association, established a revolutionary infrastructure, similar to the Sons of Liberty in the early days of resistance.
A number of counties in other colonies adopted declarations of grievances against Britain during the period before the Declaration of Independence, including the Mecklenburg Resolves and the Tryon Resolves in 1775 and at least 90 other documents favoring independence in the spring of 1776,[5] but the resolves from the Massachusetts County Conventions in August–October, 1774, were the first to promote across-the-board noncompliance with British governmental authority.
Commemoration[edit]
A historic plaque on Adams Street in the Lower Mills area of Milton commemorates the original site of the Daniel Vose House, where the Suffolk Resolves were signed on September 4, 1774. In order to prevent its demolition, the house was moved in 1950 from Lower Mills to 1370 Canton Avenue in Milton. Now known as the Suffolk Resolves House, it was restored to its original colonial appearance and is the headquarters of the Milton Historical Society. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and is open to public view.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ John K. Alexander (2011). Samuel Adams: The Life of an American Revolutionary. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 187–94.
Jump up ^ William Lincoln, ed., Journals of Each Provincial Congress in Massachusetts in 1774 and 1775 ... Containing the Proceedings of the County Conventions (Boston: Dutton and Wentworth, 1838).
Jump up ^ Ray Raphael, The First American Revolution: Before Lexington and Concord (New York: The New Press, 2002), 82-156.
Jump up ^ John Adams, Diary and Autobiography, L. H. Butterfield, ed., (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1961), 2:134-135.
Jump up ^ Pauline Maier, American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence (New York: Knopf, 1997).
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Suffolk Resolves
Milton Historical Society homepage
Website of the Milton Historical Commission
[hide]
v
t
e
Origins of the American Revolution: writings
American resolves, declarations, petitions, essays and pamphlets prior to the Declaration of Independence (July 1776)
Following the
Stamp Act (1765)
Virginia Resolves (May 1765)
Braintree Instructions (September 1765)
Declaration of Rights and Grievances (October 1765)
An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies (1766)
Following the
Townshend Acts (1767)
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (1767, 1768)
Massachusetts Circular Letter (February 1768)
Journal of Occurrences (1768, 1769)
Virginia Association (May 1769)
Boston Pamphlet (1772)
Sheffield Declaration (January 1773)
Following the
Coercive Acts (1774)
Maryland
Chestertown Resolves (May 1774)
Bush River Resolution (March 1775)
Massachusetts
Suffolk Resolves (September 1774)
New York
Orangetown Resolutions (July 1774)
A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress (December 1774)
The Farmer Refuted (February 1775)
North Carolina
Mecklenburg Resolves or Declaration (May 1775)
Liberty Point Resolves (June 1775)
Tryon Resolves (August 1775)
Halifax Resolves (April 1776)
Virginia
Fairfax Resolves (July 1774)
Fincastle Resolutions (January 1775)
Virginia Declaration of Rights (June 1776)
1st Continental
Congress
Declaration and Resolves (October 1774)
Continental Association (October 1774)
Petition to the King (October 1774)
2nd Continental
Congress
Olive Branch Petition (July 1775)
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms (July 1775)
May 15 preamble (May 1776)
Lee Resolution (July 1776)
Essays and pamphlets
"Letters to the inhabitants of Canada" (1774, 1775, 1776)
A Summary View of the Rights of British America (1774)
Novanglus (1775)
Common Sense (January 1776)
Thoughts on Government (Spring, 1776)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffolk_Resolves&oldid=815317369"
Categories:
Documents of the American Revolution
1774 in the Thirteen Colonies
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Français
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 December 2017, at 03:55.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

attrs: id href

value: abbr

attrs: title style

values: Template:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Boston

value: li

values: Template talk:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Boston

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts
mw-redirect
Boston, Massachusetts

values:
/wiki/Committee_of_Correspondence
mw-redirect
Committee of Correspondence

values:
/wiki/British_Parliament
mw-redirect
British Parliament

values:
/wiki/Boston_Port_Bill
mw-redirect
Boston Port Bill

values:
/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania
mw-redirect
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

values: Committees of safety (American Revolution)

values: List of Registered Historic Places in Milton, Massachusetts

values:
nofollow
http://www.miltonhistoricalsociety.org/
external text

values: Template talk:American Revolution origins

values: Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress

values: nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner

values: Category:Documents of the American Revolution

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Suffolk_Resolves rootpage-Suffolk_Resolves skin-vector action-view


text:
G0 phase
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Many mammal cells, such as this 9x H neuron, remain permanently or semipermanently in G0.
The G0 phase describes a cellular state outside of the replicative cell cycle. Classically, cells were thought to enter G0 primarily due to environmental factors, like nutrient deprivation, that limited the resources necessary for proliferation. Thus it was thought of as a resting phase. G0 is now known to take different forms and occur for multiple reasons. For example, most adult neuronal cells, among the most metabolically active cells in the body, are fully differentiated and reside in a terminal G0 phase. Neurons reside in this state, not because of stochastic or limited nutrient supply, but because it's part of their internal genetic programming.
G0 was first suggested as a cell state based on early cell cycle studies. When the first studies defined the four phases of the cell cycle using radioactive labeling techniques, it was discovered that not all cells in a population proliferate at similar rates.[1] A population’s “growth fraction” – or the fraction of the population that was growing – was actively proliferating, but other cells existed in a non-proliferative state. Some of these non-proliferating cells could respond to extrinsic stimuli and proliferate by re-entering the cell cycle.[2] Early contrasting views either considered non-proliferating cells to simply be in an extended G1 phase or in a cell cycle phase distinct from G1 – termed G0.[3] Subsequent research pointed to a restriction point (R-point) in G1 where cells can enter G0 before the R-point but are committed to mitosis after the R-point.[4] These early studies provided evidence for the existence of a G0 state to which access is restricted.
Contents
[hide]
1 Diversity of G0 states
2 Examples of reversible G0 phase
2.1 Tissue stem cells
2.2 Mature hepatocytes
3 Examples of irreversible G0 phase
3.1 Senescent cells
3.2 Differentiated muscle
3.3 Differentiated bone
3.4 Differentiated nerve
4 References
Diversity of G0 states[edit]
Three G0 states exist and can be categorized as either reversible (quiescent) or irreversible (senescent and differentiated). Each of these three states can be entered from the G1 phase before the cell commits to the next round of the cell cycle. Quiescence refers to a reversible G0 state where subpopulations of cells reside in a 'quiescent' state before entering the cell cycle after activation in response to extrinsic signals. Quiescent cells are often identified by low RNA content, lack of cell proliferation markers, and increased label retention indicating low cell turnover.[5][6] Senescence is distinct from quiescence because senescence is an irreversible state that cells enter in response to DNA damage or degradation that would make a cell's progeny nonviable. Such DNA damage can occur from telomere shortening over many cell divisions as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) exposure, oncogene activation, and cell-cell fusion. While senescent cells can no longer replicate, they remain able to perform many normal cellular functions.[7][8][9][10] Senescence is often a biochemical alternative to the self-destruction of such a damaged cell by apoptosis. In contrast to cellular senescence, quiescence is not a reactive event but part of the core programming of several different cell types. Finally, differentiated cells are stem cells that have progressed through a differentiation program to reach a mature – terminally differentiated – state. Differentiated cells continue to stay in G0 and perform their main functions indefinitely.
Examples of reversible G0 phase[edit]
Tissue stem cells[edit]
Stem cells are cells with the unique ability to produce differentiated daughter cells and to preserve their stem cell identity through self-renewal.[11] In mammals, most adult tissues contain tissue-specific stem cells that reside in the tissue and proliferate to maintain homeostasis for the lifespan of the organism. These cells can undergo immense proliferation in response to tissue damage before differentiating and engaging in regeneration. Some tissue stem cells exist in a reversible, quiescent state indefinitely until being activated by external stimuli. Many different types of tissue stem cells exist, including muscle stem cells (MuSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), intestinal stem cells (ISCs), and many others.
Stem cell quiescence has been recently suggested to be composed of two distinct functional phases, G0 and an ‘alert’ phase termed GAlert.[12] Stem cells are believed to actively and reversibly transition between these phases to respond to injury stimuli and seem to gain enhanced tissue regenerative function in GAlert. Thus, transition into GAlert has been proposed as an adaptive response that enables stem cells to rapidly respond to injury or stress by priming them for cell cycle entry. In muscle stem cells, mTORC1 activity has been identified to control the transition from G0 into GAlert along with signaling through the HGF receptor cMet.[12]
Mature hepatocytes[edit]
While a reversible quiescent state is perhaps most important for tissue stem cells to respond quickly to stimuli and maintain proper homeostasis and regeneration, reversible G0 phases can be found in non-stem cells such as mature hepatocytes.[13] Hepatocytes are typically quiescent in normal livers but undergo limited replication (less than 2 cell divisions) during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. However, in certain cases, hepatocytes can experience immense proliferation (more than 70 cell divisions) indicating that their proliferation capacity is not hampered by existing in a reversible quiescent state.[13]
Examples of irreversible G0 phase[edit]
Senescent cells[edit]
Often associated with aging and age-related diseases in vivo, senescent cells can be found in many renewable tissues, including the stroma, vasculature, hematopoietic system, and many epithelial organs. Resulting from accumulation over many cell divisions, senescence is often seen in age-associated degenerative phenotypes. Senescent fibroblasts in models of breast epithelial cell function have been found to disrupt milk protein production due to secretion of matrix metalloproteinases.[14] Similarly, senescent pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells caused nearby smooth muscle cells to proliferate and migrate, perhaps contributing to hypertrophy of pulmonary arteries and eventually pulmonary hypertension.[15]
Differentiated muscle[edit]
During skeletal myogenesis, cycling progenitor cells known as myoblasts differentiate and fuse together into non-cycling muscle cells called myocytes that remain in a terminal G0 phase.[16] As a result, the fibers that make up skeletal muscle (myofibers) are cells with multiple nuclei, referred to as myonuclei, since each myonucleus originated from a single myoblast. Skeletal muscle cells continue indefinitely to provide contractile force through simultaneous contractions of cellular structures called sarcomeres. Importantly, these cells are kept in a terminal G0 phase since disruption of muscle fiber structure after myofiber formation would prevent proper transmission of force through the length of the muscle. Muscle growth can be stimulated by growth or injury and involves the recruitment of muscle stem cells – also known as satellite cells – out of a reversible quiescent state. These stem cells differentiate and fuse to generate new muscle fibers both in parallel and in series to increase force generation capacity.
Cardiac muscle is also formed through myogenesis but instead of recruiting stem cells to fuse and form new cells, heart muscle cells – known as cardiomyocytes – simply increase in size as the heart grows larger. Similarly to skeletal muscle, if cardiomyocytes had to continue dividing to add muscle tissue the contractile structures necessary for heart function would be disrupted.
Differentiated bone[edit]
Of the four major types of bone cells, osteocytes are the most common and also exist in a terminal G0 phase. Osteocytes arise from osteoblasts that are trapped within a self-secreted matrix. While osteocytes also have reduced synthetic activity, they still serve bone functions besides generating structure. Osteocytes work through various mechanosensory mechanisms to assist in the routine turnover over bony matrix.
Differentiated nerve[edit]
Outside of a few neurogenic niches in the brain, most neurons are fully differentiated and reside in a terminal G0 phase. These fully differentiated neurons form synapses where electrical signals are transmitted by axons to the dendrites of nearby neurons. In this G0 state, neurons continue functioning until senescence or apoptosis.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Howard, Alma; Pelc, S.R. (2009). "Synthesis of Desoxyribonucleic Acid in Normal and Irradiated Cells and Its Relation to Chromosome Breakage". International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine. 49 (2): 207–218. doi:10.1080/09553008514552501. ISSN 0020-7616.
Jump up ^ Baserga, Renato (2008). "BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE CELL CYCLE: A REVIEW". Cell Proliferation. 1 (2): 167–191. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2184.1968.tb00957.x. ISSN 0960-7722.
Jump up ^ Patt, Harvey; Quastler, Henry (1963). "Radiation Effects on Cell Renewal and Related Systems". Physiological Reviews. 43 (3): 357–396.
Jump up ^ Pardee, Arthur (1974). "A Restriction Point for Control of Normal Animal Cell Proliferation". PNAS. 71 (4): 1286–1290. doi:10.1073/pnas.71.4.1286. PMC 388211  . PMID 4524638.
Jump up ^ Hüttmann, A (2001). "Functional heterogeneity within rhodamine123lo Hoechst33342lo/sp primitive hemopoietic stem cells revealed by pyronin Y". Experimental Hematology. 29 (9): 1109–1116. doi:10.1016/S0301-472X(01)00684-1. ISSN 0301-472X.
Jump up ^ Fukada, So-ichiro; Uezumi, Akiyoshi; Ikemoto, Madoka; Masuda, Satoru; Segawa, Masashi; Tanimura, Naoki; Yamamoto, Hiroshi; Miyagoe-Suzuki, Yuko; Takeda, Shin'ichi (2007). "Molecular Signature of Quiescent Satellite Cells in Adult Skeletal Muscle". Stem Cells. 25 (10): 2448–2459. doi:10.1634/stemcells.2007-0019. ISSN 1066-5099.
Jump up ^ Hayflick L; Moorhead PS (December 1961). "The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains". Exp. Cell Res. 25: 585–621. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(61)90192-6. PMID 13905658.
Jump up ^ Campisi, Judith (February 2013). "Aging, Cellular Senescence, and Cancer". Annual Review of Physiology. 75: 685–705. doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183653. PMC 4166529  . PMID 23140366.
Jump up ^ Rodier, F.; Campisi, J. (14 February 2011). "Four faces of cellular senescence". The Journal of Cell Biology. 192 (4): 547–556. doi:10.1083/jcb.201009094. PMC 3044123  .
Jump up ^ Burton, Dominick G. A.; Krizhanovsky, Valery (31 July 2014). "Physiological and pathological consequences of cellular senescence". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 71 (22): 4373–4386. doi:10.1007/s00018-014-1691-3.
Jump up ^ Weissman, Irving L (2000). "Stem Cells". Cell. 100 (1): 157–168. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81692-X. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 10647940.
^ Jump up to: a b Rodgers, Joseph T.; King, Katherine Y.; Brett, Jamie O.; Cromie, Melinda J.; Charville, Gregory W.; Maguire, Katie K.; Brunson, Christopher; Mastey, Namrata; Liu, Ling; Tsai, Chang-Ru; Goodell, Margaret A.; Rando, Thomas A. (2014). "mTORC1 controls the adaptive transition of quiescent stem cells from G0 to GAlert". Nature. 510: 393–6. doi:10.1038/nature13255. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 4065227  . PMID 24870234.
^ Jump up to: a b Fausto, Nelson (2004). "Liver regeneration and repair: Hepatocytes, progenitor cells, and stem cells". Hepatology. 39 (6): 1477–1487. doi:10.1002/hep.20214. ISSN 0270-9139.
Jump up ^ Downward, Julian; Coppé, Jean-Philippe; Patil, Christopher K; Rodier, Francis; Sun, Yu; Muñoz, Denise P; Goldstein, Joshua; Nelson, Peter S; Desprez, Pierre-Yves; Campisi, Judith (2008). "Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotypes Reveal Cell-Nonautonomous Functions of Oncogenic RAS and the p53 Tumor Suppressor". PLoS Biology. 6 (12): e301. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060301. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 2592359  . PMID 19053174.
Jump up ^ Noureddine, H.; Gary-Bobo, G.; Alifano, M.; Marcos, E.; Saker, M.; Vienney, N.; Amsellem, V.; Maitre, B.; Chaouat, A.; Chouaid, C.; Dubois-Rande, J.-L.; Damotte, D.; Adnot, S. (2011). "Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell Senescence Is a Pathogenic Mechanism for Pulmonary Hypertension in Chronic Lung Disease". Circulation Research. 109 (5): 543–553. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.241299. ISSN 0009-7330. PMC 3375237  . PMID 21719760.
Jump up ^ page 395, Biology, Fifth Edition, Campbell, 1999
[hide]
v
t
e
Cell cycle proteins
Cyclin
A (A1, A2)
B (B1, B2, B3)
D (D1, D2, D3)
E (E1, E2)
CDK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
CDK-activating kinase
CDK inhibitor
INK4a/ARF (p14arf/p16, p15, p18, p19)
cip/kip (p21, p27, p57)
P53 p63 p73 family
p53
p63
p73
Other
Cdc2
Cdc25
Cdc42
Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein
E2F
Maturation promoting factor
Wee
Cullin (CUL7)
Phases and
checkpoints
Interphase
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
M phase
Mitosis (Preprophase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase)
Cytokinesis
Cell cycle checkpoints
Restriction point
Spindle checkpoint
Postreplication checkpoint
Other cellular phases
Apoptosis
G0 phase
Meiosis
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G0_phase&oldid=841397972"
Categories:
Cell cycle
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from December 2013
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Hrvatski
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Türkçe
Українська
4 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 15 May 2018, at 16:11.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: sub

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: Edit section: Examples of reversible G0 phase

values: Edit section: Examples of irreversible G0 phase

values:
/wiki/Hematopoietic_system
mw-redirect
Hematopoietic system

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7616

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0960-7722

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.71.4.1286

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4524638

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0301-472X

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1634%2Fstemcells.2007-0019

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1066-5099

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13905658

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23140366

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.201009094

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10647940

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature13255

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24870234

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fhep.20214

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0270-9139

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1545-7885

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19053174

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-7330

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21719760

values: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2013

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/G0_phase
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=G0_phase&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fase_G0
Fase G0 – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values: فاز جی صفر – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faza_G0
Faza G0 – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fase_G0
Fase G0 – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-G0_phase rootpage-G0_phase skin-vector action-view