text:
Amendments to the Constitution of Pakistan
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This is a list of all the amendments to the Constitution of Pakistan.
#
Amendments
Proposal date
Enactment date
Full text
1st Redefined the boundaries of Pakistan and removed references to East Pakistan. May 4, 1974 Full Text
2nd Defined a Muslim and declared the status of Ahmadis as minority and 'non-Muslim'. September 7, 1974 Full Text
3rd Extended the period of preventive detention. February 18, 1975 Full Text
4th Decreed additional seats for minorities, it also deprived courts of the power to grant bail to any person detained under any preventive detention. November 21, 1975 Full Text
5th Widened the scope of restriction on the High Courts. September 5, 1976 Full Text
6th Provided that Chief Justice of Supreme Court will be retired at the age of 65 and High Court judges at age 62. December 22, 1976 Full Text
7th Enables the Prime Minister to obtain a vote of confidence of the people of Pakistan. May 16, 1977 Full Text
8th Changed Pakistan's government from a Parliamentary system to a Semi-presidential system by giving the President a number of additional powers. November 11, 1985 Full Text
9th Bill to impose Shariah law as the supreme law of land. The bill was passed by Senate but could never be passed by National Assembly owing to the latter's dissolution. 1985 Not passed Full Text
10th Fixed the interval period between sessions of the National Assembly to not exceed 130 days. March 29, 1987 Full Text
11th Revision of the reserved seats for women in the National and the provincial assemblies. The bill was withdrawn in 1992. 1989 Not passed Full Text
12th Created Speedy Trial Court for 3 years. 1991 Full Text
13th Stripped the President of Pakistan of his reserve power to dissolve the National Assembly of Pakistan, and thereby triggering new elections and dismissing the Prime Minister. 1997 Full Text
14th Allowed members of parliament to be dismissed if they defect. July 3, 1997 Full Text
15th Bill to impose Shariah law as supreme law of land. Was never passed. 1998 Not passed Full Text
16th Increased the term appointed for quota system as per 1973 Constitution from 20 to 40 years. 1999 Full Text
17th Made changes dealing with the office of the President and the reversal of the effects of the Thirteenth Amendment. 2003 Full Text
18th Removed the power of President of Pakistan to dissolve the Parliament unilaterally. April 8, 2010 Full Text
19th Provided for the appointment of the Judges of the Supreme Court of Pakistan and made amendments in the number of members of the parliamentary committee for the appointment of Chief Electoral Officers at Election Commission of Pakistan. December 22, 2010 Full Text
20th For Free and Fair Elections.[1] February 14, 2012 Full Text
21st For Speedy Trial Military Courts to deal with terrorism. January 7, 2015 Full Text
22nd ECP powers deputed to Chief Election Commissioner [2] June 8, 2016 Full Text
23rd The 23rd Amendment was passed to re-establish the military courts for further two years till 6th January 2019.[3] In 2015, National Assembly passed the 21st Amendment and created the military courts for the period of 2 years. The period of two years was expired on 6th January 2017 hence this 23rd Amendment was passed to re-establish the military courts for further two years till 6th January 2019. At the end of this period all the amendments will be expired/removed automatically. January 7, 2017 Full Text
24th Reallocation of National Assembly seats among federating units and allowing election authorities to update boundaries of constituencies based on provisional results of 2017 Census of Pakistan. December 22, 2017 Full Text
25th 2017 Not passed
26th 2017 Not passed
27th 2017 Not passed
28th 2017 Not passed
29th 2017 Not passed
30th 2017 Not passed
31st Merges Federally Administered Tribal Areas with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 2018 Not passed
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Zardari signs 20th Constitutional Amendment bill". DAWN.COM. DAWN MEDIA GROUP. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Wasim, Amir (2016-06-03). "Senate passes 22nd constitution amendment bill". Retrieved 2016-08-02.
Jump up ^ "constitution of pakistan amendment".
External links[edit]
The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
[hide]
v
t
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Constitution of Pakistan
By year
1956
1962
1973
Annex (written 1949, incorporated 1985)
Amendments
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX*
X
XI*
XII
XIII
XIV
XV*
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
XXI
XXII
XXIII
XXIV
XXV*
XXVI*
XXVII*
XXVIII*
XXIX*
XXX*
XXXI*
* Not passed
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I'm the One Mama Warned You About
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"I'm the One Mama Warned You About"
Single by Mickey Gilley
from the album Too Good to Stop Now
B-side
"You Can Lie to Me Tonight"
Released
January 28, 1985
Genre
Country
Length
2:50
Label
Epic
Songwriter(s)
Mickey James, Gayle Zeiler
Producer(s)
John Boylan
Mickey Gilley singles chronology
"Too Good to Stop Now"
(1984) "I'm the One Mama Warned You About"
(1985) "You've Got Something on Your Mind"
(1985)
"Too Good to Stop Now"
(1984) "I'm the One Mama Warned You About"
(1985) "You've Got Something on Your Mind"
(1985)
"I'm the One Mama Warned You About" is a song written by Mickey James and Gayle Zeiler, and recorded by American country music artist Mickey Gilley. It was released in January 1985 as the second and final single from his album Too Good to Stop Now. The song reached number 10 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles chart[1] and number 10 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada.
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1985)
Peak
position
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[2] 10
Canadian RPM Country Tracks 10
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mickey Gilley Billboard Singles
Jump up ^ "Mickey Gilley Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
[hide]
v
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Mickey Gilley
Albums
Too Good to Stop Now
Invitation Only
Notable singles
"Room Full of Roses"
"I Overlooked an Orchid"
"City Lights"
"Window Up Above"
"Bouquet of Roses"
"Overnight Sensation"
"Don't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time"
"Bring It On Home to Me"
"Lawdy Miss Clawdy"
"She's Pulling Me Back Again"
"Honky Tonk Memories"
"Chains of Song"
"The Power of Positive Drinkin'"
"Here Comes the Hurt Again"
"The Song We Made Love To"
"Just Long Enough to Say Goodbye"
"My Silver Lining"
"True Love Ways"
"Stand by Me"
"That's All That Matters"
"A Headache Tomorrow (Or a Heartache Tonight)"
"You Don't Know Me"
"Lonely Nights"
"Tears of the Lonely"
"Put Your Dreams Away"
"Talk to Me"
"Fool for Your Love"
"Your Love Shines Through"
"You've Really Got a Hold on Me"
"Too Good to Stop Now"
"I'm the One Mama Warned You About"
"You've Got Something on Your Mind"
"Your Memory Ain't What It Used to Be"
"Doo-Wah Days"
"Full Grown Fool"
"She Reminded Me of You"
"There I've Said It Again"
Guest singles
"Paradise Tonight" (with Charly McClain)
Related articles
Discography
Playboy Records
Epic Records
Jerry Lee Lewis
Jimmy Swaggart
Barbi Benton
Ray Charles
Gilley's Club
This 1985 country song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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text:
London Bridge Is Falling Down
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"London Bridge Is Falling Down"
Illustration from Walter Crane's A Baby's Bouquet (c. 1877). Play (help·info)
Nursery rhyme
Published
c. 1744
Songwriter(s)
Unknown
"London Bridge Is Falling Down" (also known as "My Fair Lady" or "London Bridge") is a traditional English nursery rhyme and singing game, which is found in different versions all over the world. It deals with the depredations of London Bridge and attempts, realistic or fanciful, to repair it. It may date back to bridge rhymes and games of the Late Middle Ages, but the earliest records of the rhyme in English are from the seventeenth century. The lyrics were first printed in close to their modern form in the mid-eighteenth century and became popular, particularly in Britain and the United States in the nineteenth century.
The modern melody was first recorded in the late nineteenth century and the game resembles arch games of the Middle Ages, but seems to have taken its modern form in the late nineteenth century. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 502. Several theories have been advanced to explain the meaning of the rhyme and the identity of the "fair lady" of the refrain. The rhyme is one of the best known in the world and has been referenced in a variety of works of literature and popular culture.
Contents
[hide]
1 Lyrics
2 Melody
3 The game
4 Origins
5 Meaning
5.1 Viking attack theory
5.2 Child sacrifice theory
5.3 Age and damage theory
5.4 "Fair lady" identity
6 Legacy
7 See also
8 References
Lyrics[edit]
London Bridge Is Falling Down
Tune for London Bridge Is Falling Down
Problems playing this file? See media help.
London Bridge (1616) by Claes Van Visscher
A prospect of Old London Bridge in 1710.
New London Bridge in the late nineteenth century.
The reconstructed New London Bridge in Lake Havasu City, Arizona.
The modern concrete London Bridge.
There is considerable variation in the lyrics of the rhyme. The most frequently used first verse is:
London Bridge is falling down,
Falling down, falling down.
London Bridge is falling down,
My fair lady.[1]
In the version quoted by Iona and Peter Opie in 1951 the first verse is:
London Bridge is broken down,
Broken down, broken down.
London Bridge is broken down,
My fair lady.[2]
The rhyme is constructed of quatrains in trochaic tetrameter catalectic,[3] (each line made up of four metrical feet of two syllables, with the stress falling on the first syllable in a pair; the last foot in the line missing the unstressed syllable), which is common in nursery rhymes.[4] In its most common form it relies on a double repetition, rather than a rhyming scheme, which is a frequently employed device in children's rhymes and stories.[5] The Roud Folk Song Index, which catalogues folk songs and their variations by number, classifies the song as 502.[6]
Melody[edit]
The melody now most associated with the rhyme.
A melody is recorded for "London Bridge" in an edition of John Playford's The Dancing Master published in 1718, but it differs from the modern tune and no lyrics were given. An issue of Blackwood's Magazine in 1821 noted the rhyme as a being sung to the tune of "Nancy Dawson", now better known as "Nuts in May" and the same tune was given in Richard Thomson's Chronicles of London Bridge (1827).[2]
Another tune was recorded in Samuel Arnold's Juvenile Amusements in 1797. E. F. Rimbault's Nursery Rhymes (1836) has the same first line, but then a different tune.[1] The tune now associated with the rhyme was first recorded in 1879 in the US in A. H. Rosewig's Illustrated National Songs and Games.[7]
The game[edit]
Girls playing "London Bridge" in 1898.
The rhyme is often used in a children's singing game, which exists in a wide variety of forms, with additional verses. Most versions are similar to the actions used in the rhyme "Oranges and Lemons". The most common is that two players hold hands and make an arch with their arms while the others pass through in single file. The "arch" is then lowered at the song's end to "catch" a player. In the United States it is common for two teams of those that have been caught to engage in a tug of war.[2] In England until the nineteenth century the song may have been accompanied by a circle dance, but arch games are known to have been common across late medieval Europe.[1]
Five of nine versions published by Alice Gomme in 1894 included references to a prisoner who has stolen a watch and chain. This may be a late nineteenth century addition from another game called "Hark the Robbers",[8] or "Watch and Chain". This rhyme is sung to the same tune and may be an offshoot of "London Bridge" or the remnant of a distinct game. In one version the first two verses have the lyrics:
Who has stole my watch and chain,
Watch and chain, watch and chain;
Who has stole my watch and chain,
My fair lady?

Off to prison you must go,
You must go, you must go;
Off to prison you must go,
My fair lady.[1]
This 1904 column from the Tacoma Times describes various alternate verses and their accompanying gestures
Origins[edit]
Detail from Philippe Pigouchet's Heures a lusaige de Paris (1497), showing an arch game similar to that known to be associated with the rhyme from the late nineteenth century.
The cover of the third edition of Dumpling and Pudding, which contains Henry Carey's satire "Namby Pamby" (1725), one of the earliest surviving works to refer to the rhyme.
Similar rhymes can be found across Europe, pre-dating the records in England. These include "Knippelsbro Går Op og Ned" from Denmark, "Die Magdeburger Brück" from Germany, "pont chus" from sixteenth-century France; and "Le porte", from fourteenth-century Italy. It is possible that the rhyme was acquired from one of these sources and then adapted to fit the most famous bridge in England.[2]
One of the earliest references to the rhyme in English is in the comedy The London Chaunticleres, printed in 1657, but probably written about 1636,[9] in which the dairy woman Curds states that she had "danced the building of London-Bridge" at the Whitsun Ales in her youth, although no words or actions are mentioned.[1] Widespread familiarity with the rhyme is suggested by its use by Henry Carey in his satire Namby Pamby (1725), as:
Namby Pamby is no Clown,
London Bridge is broken down:
Now he courts the gay Ladee
Dancing o'er The Lady-Lee.[1]
The oldest extant version could be that recalled by a correspondent to the Gentleman's Magazine in 1823, which he claimed to have heard from a woman who was a child in the reign of Charles II (r. 1660–85) and had the lyrics:
London Bridge is broken down,
Dance over the Lady Lea;
London Bridge is broken down,
With a gay lady (la-dee).
The earliest printed English version is in the oldest extant collection of nursery rhymes, Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book, printed by John Newbery in London (c. 1744), beginning with the following text:
The first page of the rhyme from an 1815 edition of Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book (c. 1744).
James Ritson, whose Gammer Gurton's Garland contains one of the earliest versions of the rhyme (Engraving by James Sayers, published in 1803).
London Bridge
Is Broken down,
Dance over my Lady Lee.
London Bridge
Is Broken down
With a gay Lady.[2]
A version from James Ritson's Gammer Gurton's Garland (1784) is similar but replaces the last verse with:
Build it up with stone so strong,
Dance o'er my Lady lee,
Huzza! 'twill last for ages long,
With a gay lady.[2]
Meaning[edit]
Cnut the Great's men on the London bridge, under attack by Olaf II of Norway from a Victorian children's book published in 1894.
The meaning of the rhyme is not certain. It may simply relate to the many difficulties experienced in bridging the River Thames, but a number of alternative theories have been put forward.
Viking attack theory[edit]
One theory of origin is that the rhyme relates to the supposed destruction of London Bridge by Olaf II of Norway in 1014 (or 1009).[10] The nineteenth-century translation of the Norse saga the Heimskringla, published by Samuel Laing in 1844, included a verse by Óttarr svarti, that looks very similar to the nursery rhyme:
London Bridge is broken down. —
Gold is won, and bright renown.
Shields resounding,
War-horns sounding,
Hild is shouting in the din!
Arrows singing,
Mail-coats ringing —
Odin makes our Olaf win!
However, modern translations make it clear that Laing was using the nursery rhyme as a model for his very free translation, and the reference to London Bridge does not appear at the start of the verse and it is unlikely that this is an earlier version of the nursery rhyme.[11] Some historians have raised the possibility that the attack never took place. However, the original document detailing the attack was written only about 100 years after what would be a famous event in a highly populated area, leading the majority of historians to conclude that the account is at least relatively accurate.[12][13] While it might or might not be the origin of the rhyme, this would make King Olaf's victory the only historically recorded incidence of London Bridge "falling down."
Child sacrifice theory[edit]
Detail of the Great Fire of London 1666 by an unknown painter. The Tower of London is on the right and London Bridge on the left.
The theory that the song refers to the burying, perhaps alive, of children in the foundations of the bridge was first advanced by Alice Bertha Gomme (later Lady Gomme) in The Traditional Games of England, Scotland and Ireland (1894–1898) and perpetuated by the usually sceptical Iona and Peter Opie.[11] This was based around the idea that a bridge would collapse unless the body of a human sacrifice were buried in its foundations and that the watchman is actually a human sacrifice, who will then watch over the bridge. However, there is no archaeological evidence for any human remains in the foundations of London Bridge.[11]
Age and damage theory[edit]
Until the mid-eighteenth century the Old London Bridge was the only crossing on the Thames in London. It was damaged in a major fire in 1633, but in the fire of 1666 this damage acted as a fire break and prevented the flames from further damaging the bridge and crossing to the south side of the Thames. With its 19 narrow arches, it impeded river traffic and flow. Central piers were removed to create a wider navigational span. Widening and the removal of its houses was completed in 1763, but it remained relatively narrow and needed continual and expensive repairs. In the early nineteenth century it was decided to replace the bridge with a new construction. New London Bridge was opened in 1831 and survived until it was replaced in 1972. It was then transported and reconstructed in Lake Havasu City, Arizona.[14]
"Fair lady" identity[edit]
The seal of Matilda of Scotland, one of the candidates for the "fair lady" of the refrain.
Several attempts have been made to identify the 'fair lady', 'lady gay', or lady 'lee/lea' of the rhyme. They include:
Matilda of Scotland (c. 1080–1118) Henry I's consort, who between 1110 and 1118 was responsible for the building of the series of bridges that carried the London-Colchester road across the River Lea and its side streams between Bow and Stratford.[11]
Eleanor of Provence (c. 1223–91), consort of Henry III who had custody of the bridge revenues from 1269 to about 1281.[11]
A member of the Leigh family of Stoneleigh Park, Warwickshire, who have a family story that a human sacrifice lies under the building.[2]
The River Lea, which is a tributary of the Thames.[2]
Legacy[edit]
Since the late nineteenth century the rhyme has been seen as one of the most popular and well known in the English-speaking world.[1] It has also been referenced in both literature and popular culture.
It was used by T. S. Eliot at the climax of his poem The Waste Land (1922).[15]
The final line of the verse was probably the inspiration for the title of Lerner and Loewe's 1956 musical My Fair Lady.[16]
The musical unicorn-in-glass-dome ornament bought by William Foster in the 1993 movie Falling Down plays the tune of the nursery rhyme "London Bridge is falling down" [17]. (So the movie title is evidently derived from this old nursery rhyme.)
The tune is often used by English football supporters as the basis for chants.[18][19]
In 1982 was sampled as "Halloween Montage" by John Carpenter and Alan Howarth feat. Tommy Lee Wallace, for the Film Halloween III: Season of the Witch, who was used as Song of the Silver Shamrock Commercial.[20]
See also[edit]
Children's literature portal
Dong, Dong, Dongdaemun, a similar Korean nursery rhyme.
References[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
London Bridge Is Falling Down
Wikimedia Commons has media related to London Bridge Is Falling Down.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g I. Opie and P. Opie, The Singing Game (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), ISBN 0192840193, pp. 61–72.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h I. Opie and P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd edn., 1997), ISBN 0198600887, pp. 270–6.
Jump up ^ A. L. Lazarus, A. MacLeish, and H. W. Smith, Modern English: a Glossary of Literature and Language (London: Grosset & Dunlap, 1971), ISBN 0448021315, p. 194
Jump up ^ L. Turco, The Book of Forms: a Handbook of Poetics (Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England, 3rd edn., 2000), ISBN 1-58465-022-2, pp. 28–30.
Jump up ^ R. B. Browne, Objects of Special Devotion: Fetishism in Popular Culture (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 1982), ISBN 087972191X, p. 274.
Jump up ^ Searchable database, English Folk Song and Dance Society, retrieved 12 July 2012.
Jump up ^ J. J. Fuld, The Book of World-famous Music: Classical, Popular, and Folk (London: Courier Dover, 2000), ISBN 0486414752, p. 337.
Jump up ^ S. Roud, The Lore of the Playground: One Hundred Years of Children's Games, Rhymes & Traditions (New York City, NY: Random House, 2010), ISBN 1905211511, pp. 270–1.
Jump up ^ W. Carew Hazlitt, A Manual for the Collector and Amateur of Old English Plays (London: Ayer Publishing, 1966), ISBN 0833716298, p. 131.
Jump up ^ M. Gibson, The Vikings (London: Wayland, 1972), ISBN 0-85340-164-0, p. 72.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e J. Clark, 'London bridge archaeology of a nursery rhyme', London Archaeologist, 9 (2002), pp. 338–40; for the original Old Norse see Wikisource
Jump up ^ J. R. Hagland and B. Watson, 'Fact or folklore: the Viking attack on London Bridge', London Archaeologist, 12 (2005), pp. 328–33.
Jump up ^ E. Monsen 'Heimskringla or the Lives of the Norse Kings', Dover Publications, Inc[1] (ISBN 978-0-486-26366-3)
Jump up ^ D. J. Brown, Bridges: Three Thousand Years of Defying Nature (St. Paul, MN: MBI, 2001), ISBN 0760312346, pp. 52–55.
Jump up ^ C. Raine, T.S. Eliot (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), ISBN 0195309936, p. 87.
Jump up ^ W. E. Studwell, The National and Religious Song Reader: Patriotic, Traditional, and Sacred Songs from Around the World (London: Routledge, 1996), ISBN 0789000997, p. 63.
Jump up ^ ""Not Economically Viable"". YouTube. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
Jump up ^ G. Robson, No One Likes Us, We Don't Care: The Myth and Reality of Millwall Fandom (Berg, 2000), ISBN 1859733727, p. 65.
Jump up ^ D. Russell, Looking North: Northern England And The National Imagination (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), ISBN 0719051789, p. 276.
Jump up ^ The repeated notes of London Bridge is Falling Down (where the Silver Shamrock song comes from) add to a already disturbing scene.
hide
v
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e
Nursery rhymes (list)
"A-Tisket, A-Tasket"
"Aiken Drum"
"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep"
"Did You Ever See a Lassie?"
"Hey Diddle Diddle"
"Hickory Dickory Dock"
"Hot Cross Buns"
"Humpty Dumpty"
"I'm a Little Teapot"
"It's Raining, It's Pouring"
"Jack and Jill"
"Little Bo-Peep"
"Little Boy Blue"
"Little Jack Horner"
"Little Miss Muffet"
"Mary Had a Little Lamb"
"Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary"
"Old King Cole"
"Old MacDonald Had a Farm"
"Old Mother Hubbard"
"Peter Piper"
"Polly Put the Kettle On"
"Poor Mary"
"Pop Goes the Weasel"
"Pussy Cat Pussy Cat"
"Rain Rain Go Away"
"Roses Are Red"
"Rub-a-dub-dub"
"Simple Simon"
"Sing a Song of Sixpence"
"Sticks and Stones"
"The Grand Old Duke of York"
"The Queen of Hearts"
"There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe"
"Three Little Kittens"
"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star"
Clapping
"A Sailor Went to Sea"
"Down Down Baby"
"Mary Mack"
"Miss Susie"
"Miss Lucy"
"Pat-a-cake"
"Pease Porridge Hot"
"Pretty Little Dutch Girl"
"Stella Ella Ola"
Counting
"Duck, duck, goose"
"Eeny, meeny, miny, moe"
"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe"
"One, Two, Three, Four, Five"
"This Old Man"
"Tinker, Tailor"
Finger-
plays
"Five Little Ducks"
"Five Little Monkeys"
"Five Little Speckled Frogs"
"Itsy Bitsy Spider"
"Little Robin Redbreast"
"Round and Round the Garden"
"This Little Piggy"
"Two Little Dickie Birds"
Games
"London Bridge"
"The Muffin Man"
"Mulberry Bush"
"Oranges and Lemons"
"Ring a Ring o' Roses"
"The Farmer in the Dell"
Riddle
"As I was going to St Ives"
Lullabies
"Hush, Little Baby"
"Rock-a-bye Baby"
Rounds
"Ding Dong Bell"
"Frère Jacques"
"Kookaburra"
"Row, Row, Row Your Boat"
"Scotland's Burning"
"Three Blind Mice"
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American System (economic plan)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is part of a series
about
Henry Clay
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v
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The Monkey System or Every One For Himself Henry Clay says "Walk in and see the new improved grand original American System!" The cages are labeled: "Home, Consumption, Internal, Improv". This 1831 cartoon ridiculing Clay's American System depicts monkeys, labeled as being different parts of a nation's economy, stealing each other's resources (food) with commentators describing it as either great or a humbug.
The American System was an economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy during the first half of the 19th century. Rooted in the "American School" ideas of Alexander Hamilton, the plan "consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other 'internal improvements' to develop profitable markets for agriculture".[attribution needed][1] Congressman Henry Clay was the plan's foremost proponent and the first to refer to it as the "American System".
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Main points
3 Annual Message of 1815 (Seven Points)
4 See also
5 Further reading
5.1 Modern Books
5.2 Other/older Books
6 Sources and Notes
History[edit]
A plan to strengthen and unify the nation, the American System, was advanced by the Whig Party and a number of leading politicians including Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams. The System ran counter to federalism and included:
Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government
Maintenance of high public land prices to generate federal revenue
Preservation of the Bank of the United States to stabilize the currency and rein in risky state and local banks
Development of a system of internal improvements (such as roads and canals) which would knit the nation together and be financed by the tariff and land sales
Clay protested that the West, which opposed the tariff, should support it since urban factory workers would be consumers of western foods. In Clay’s view, the South (which also opposed high tariffs) should support them because of the ready market for cotton in northern mills. This last argument was the weak link. The South never strongly supported the American System and had access to plenty of markets for its cotton exports.
Portions of the American System were enacted by the United States Congress. The Second Bank of the United States was rechartered in 1816 for 20 years. High tariffs were first suggested by Alexander Hamilton in his 1791 Report on Manufactures but were not approved by Congress until the Tariff of 1816. Tariffs were subsequently raised until they peaked in 1828 after the so-called Tariff of Abominations. After the Nullification Crisis in 1833, tariffs remained the same rate until the Civil War. However, the national system of internal improvements was never adequately funded; the failure to do so was due in part to sectional jealousies and constitutional squabbles about such expenditures.
The American System did not enjoy universal success, however; in 1830, President Jackson vetoed a bill which would allow the federal government to purchase stock in the Maysville, Washington, Paris, and Lexington Turnpike Road Company, which had been organized to construct a road linking Lexington and the Ohio River, the entirety of which would be in the state of Kentucky. Jackson's Maysville Road veto was due to both his personal conflict with Clay and his ideological objections.
Main points[edit]
The establishment of a protective tariff, a 20%–25% tax on imported goods, would protect a nation’s business from foreign competition. Congress passed a tariff in 1816 which made European goods more expensive and encouraged consumers to buy relatively cheap American-made goods.
The establishment of a national bank would promote a single currency, making trade easier, and issue what was called sovereign credit, i.e., credit issued by the national government, rather than borrowed from the private banking system. In 1816, Congress created the Second Bank of the United States.
The improvement of the country’s infrastructure, especially transportation systems, made trade easier and faster for everyone. Poor roads made transportation slow and costly.
This program became the leading tenet of the Whig Party of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. It was opposed by the Democratic Party of Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, James K. Polk, Franklin Pierce, and James Buchanan prior to the Civil War, often on the grounds that the points of it were unconstitutional.
Among the most important internal improvements created under the American System was the Cumberland Road.
Henry Clay's "American System," devised in the burst of nationalism that followed the War of 1812, remains one of the most historically significant examples of a government-sponsored program to harmonize and balance the nation's agriculture, commerce, and industry. This "System" consisted of three mutually reenforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture. Funds for these subsidies would be obtained from tariffs and sales of public lands. Clay argued that a vigorously maintained system of sectional economic interdependence would eliminate the chance of renewed subservience to the free-trade, laissez-faire "British System."
—  United States Senate website[1]
Annual Message of 1815 (Seven Points)[edit]
Funds for national defense
Frigates for the Navy
A standing army and federal control of the militia
Federal aid for building roads and canals
A protective tariff to encourage manufacturers
Re-establishing the National Bank
Federal assumption of some state debt
See also[edit]
American School (economics)
Friedrich List, German-American economist
Import substitution industrialization, a key feature of the American System adopted in much of the Third World during the twentieth century
Lincoln's expansion of the federal government's economic role
National Policy, a similar economic plan used by Canada circa 1867–1920s
Further reading[edit]
Modern Books[edit]
Michael, Diaz, The Promise of American Life (2005-reprint)
Joseph Dorfman. The Economic Mind in American Civilization, 1606-1865 (1947) 2 vol
Eckes,Jr. Alfred E. "Opening America's Market-U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since (1995) University of North Carolina Press
Foner, Eric. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (1970)
Gill, William J. Trade Wars Against America: A History of United States Trade and Monetary Policy (1990)
Carter Goodrich, Government Promotion of American Canals and Railroads, 1800-1890 (Greenwood Press, 1960)
Goodrich, Carter. "American Development Policy: the Case of Internal Improvements," Journal of Economic History, 16 ( 1956), 449-60. in JSTOR
Goodrich, Carter. "National Planning of Internal Improvements," Political Science Quarterly, 63 (1948), 16-44. in JSTOR
John Lauritz Larson. Internal Improvement: National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States (2001)
Lively, Robert A. "The American System, a Review Article," Business History Review, XXIX (March, 1955), 81-96. recommended starting point
Lind, Michael Hamilton's Republic: Readings in the American Democratic Nationalist Tradition (1997)
Lind, Michael What Lincoln Believed: The Values and Convictions of America's Greatest President (2004)
Remini, Robert V. Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union, 1991
Edward Stanwood, American Tariff Controversies in the 19th Century (1903; reprint 1974), 2 vols., favors protectionism
Charles M. Wiltse, John C. Calhoun: Nationalist, 1782-1828 (1944)
Other/older Books[edit]
G. B. Curtiss, Protection and Prosperity: an ; W. H. Dawson, Protection in Germany (London, 1904)
Alexander Hamilton, Report on the Subject of Manufactures, communicated to the House of Representatives, 5 December 1791
H. C. Carey, Principles of Social Science (3 vols., Philadelphia, 1858–1859), Harmony of Interests Agricultural, Manufacturing and Commercial (Philadelphia, 1873)
Friedrich List, Outlines of American Political Economy (1980-reprint)
Friedrich List, National System of Political Economy (1994-reprint)
A. M. Low, Protection in the United States (London, 1904); H. 0. Meredith, Protection in France (London, 1904)
Ellis H. Roberts, Government Revenue, especially the American System, an argument for industrial freedom against the fallacies of free trade (Boston, 1884)
J. P. Young, Protection and Progress: a Study of the Economic Bases of the American Protective System (Chicago, 1900)
Clay, Henry. The Papers of Henry Clay, 1797-1852. Edited by James Hopkins
Sources and Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Classic Senate Speeches: Henry Clay In Defense of the American System at the US Senate website
The American System: Speeches on the Tariff Question and Internal Improvements by Congressman Andrew Stewart
[show]
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Disney Vault
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The "Disney Vault" is the term used by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment for its policy of putting home video releases of Walt Disney Animation Studios's animated features on moratorium. Each Disney film is available for purchase for a limited time, after which it is put "in the vault" and not made available in stores for several years until its re-release.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Controls
3 Films
3.1 Main features
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
The practice was started with Disney re-releasing its animated films in theaters every few years which began with the reissue of 1937’s Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1944.[1] In more recent times, this practice has been extended to home releases, in particular those in the Platinum and Diamond lines. Some direct-to-video Disney films, among them Bambi II, have also been released with a pre-established window of availability.[2]
Controls[edit]
The Walt Disney Company itself states that this process is done to both control their market and to allow Disney films to be fresh for new generations of young children.[3] As a side-effect of the moratorium process is the fact that videos and DVDs of Disney films placed on moratorium become collectibles, sold in stores and at auction websites such as eBay for sums in excess of their original suggested retail price. The practice also has made the Disney films a prime target for counterfeit DVD manufactures.[4]
Films[edit]
The following films are currently considered as being in the cycle of movies which are subject to the rules of the Disney Vault,[5][6][7] all of which have been announced in recent years to be in the Diamond/Platinum line up {even if the titles have been canceled*}.
Main features[edit]
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
Pinocchio
Fantasia
Dumbo
Bambi
Cinderella
Alice in Wonderland
Peter Pan
Lady and the Tramp
Sleeping Beauty
One Hundred and One Dalmatians
The Jungle Book
The Little Mermaid
Beauty and the Beast
Aladdin
The Lion King
See also[edit]
Disney portal
Artificial scarcity
Moratorium (entertainment)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Front Row, Sofa! - Di$ney Does The Little Mermaid". dvdfuture.com. 2011-11-10. Retrieved 2011-11-28. "Archived". Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ Arnold, Thomas K. (February 6, 2006). "'Bambi' is back for 70 'II' days". USA Today. Gannett Company. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Buena Vista Home Entertainment: A Very Lucky Accident Indeed". Animation World Network. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Wilson Rothman. "Why I Steal Movies... Even Ones I'm In". Gizmodo. Univision Communications.
Jump up ^ "Disney is taking a Movie out of the Vault, but why do they hold our childhoods hostage in the first place?!". E!. NBCUniversal. February 6, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'The Hunchback of Notre Dame' and 'Mulan' Are from Disney's Artistically Vital Years". PopMatters. March 14, 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "All Disney Princess Movies Coming Out of the Vault". nickisrandommusing.com. 2016-08-12. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
[hide]
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Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media
Licensing
Disney Retail
Disney Store
Publishing and
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Disney Publishing Worldwide
Disney comics
Disney English
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Disney Vault
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Hop on Pop
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Hop on Pop
Author
Dr. Seuss
Illustrator
Dr. Seuss
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Children's literature
Publication date
1963 (renewed 1991)
ISBN
978-0-394-80029-5
Preceded by
Dr. Seuss's ABC
Followed by
Fox in Socks
Hop on Pop (ISBN 978-0-394-80029-5) is a 1963 children's picture book by Dr. Seuss (Theodor Seuss Geisel). It was published as part of the Random House Beginner Books series, and is subtitled "The Simplest Seuss for Youngest Use". It contains several short poems about a variety of characters, and is designed to introduce basic phonics concepts to children.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Reception
3 Inspiration for others
4 See also
5 External links
6 References
History[edit]
One of Geisel's manuscript drafts for the book contained the lines, "When I read I am smart / I always cut whole words apart. / Con Stan Tin O Ple, Tim Buk Too / Con Tra Cep Tive, Kan Ga Roo."[1] Geisel had included the contraceptive reference to ensure that publisher Bennett Cerf was reading the manuscript. Cerf did notice the line,[2] and the poem was changed to the following: "My father / can read / big words, too. / Like... / Constantinople / and / Timbuktu."[1]
Reception[edit]
A popular choice of elementary school teachers and children's librarians, Hop on Pop ranked sixteenth on Publishers Weekly's 2001 list of the all-time best-selling hardcover books for children.[3] Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association named the book one of its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children."[4]
One of the book's most notable advocates is former United States First Lady Laura Bush, who listed it as her favorite book in a 2006 Wall Street Journal article. "It features Dr. Seuss's typically wonderful illustrations and rhymes, of course, but the main thing for me is the family memory—the loving memory—that the book evokes of George lying on the floor and reading it to our daughters, Barbara and Jenna. They were little bitty things, and they took Hop on Pop literally, and jumped on him—we have the pictures to prove it," she wrote.[5]
In 2013, an official complaint was made to the Toronto Public Library that the book "encourages children to use violence against their fathers." The library decided against removing the book, finding it "is a humorous and well-loved children’s book designed to engage children while teaching them reading skills."[6]
Inspiration for others[edit]
Like many Dr. Seuss books, Hop on Pop has inspired others. Big Brother Mouse, a publishing project in Laos, drew on Hop on Pop to develop The Polar Bear Visits Laos, which matches short sentences that include an internal rhyme with cartoon images.
See also[edit]
Seussical
External links[edit]
Seussville
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Thomas Fensch. The Man Who Was Seuss. New Century Books, 2001. 149.
Jump up ^ Judith and Neil Morgan. Dr. Seuss and Mr. Geisel. Random House. 1995. 178-9.
Jump up ^ Phillip Nel. Dr. Seuss: American Icon. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005. 3-4.
Jump up ^ National Education Association (2007). "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children". Retrieved August 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Laura Bush. "Pursuits: Books; Five Best". Wall Street Journal. September 30, 2006. 8.
Jump up ^ Lauren O'Neil, "Toronto library asked to ban 'violent' Dr. Seuss book Hop on Pop," CBC News, April 30, 2014, URL accessed May 1, 2014.
[show]
v
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Dr. Seuss
Characters
The Cat in the Hat
The Grinch
Horton the Elephant
Bartholomew Cubbins
Bibliography
And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street
The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins
The King's Stilts
The Seven Lady Godivas
Horton Hatches the Egg
McElligot's Pool
Thidwick the Big-Hearted Moose
Bartholomew and the Oobleck
If I Ran the Zoo
Scrambled Eggs Super!
Horton Hears a Who!
On Beyond Zebra!
If I Ran the Circus
How the Grinch Stole Christmas!
The Cat in the Hat
The Cat in the Hat Comes Back
Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories
Happy Birthday to You!
Green Eggs and Ham
One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish
The Sneetches and Other Stories
Dr. Seuss's Sleep Book
Dr. Seuss's ABC
Fox in Socks
Hop on Pop
I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew
Come over to My House 1
The Foot Book
I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today! and Other Stories
Mr. Brown Can Moo! Can You?: Dr. Seuss's Book of Wonderful Noises!
The Lorax
Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now!
Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are?
Wacky Wednesday 1
Great Day for Up!
Oh, the Thinks You Can Think!
The Cat's Quizzer
I Can Read with My Eyes Shut!
Oh Say Can You Say?
The Butter Battle Book
You're Only Old Once!
I Am Not Going to Get Up Today!
Oh, the Places You'll Go!
There's a Wocket in My Pocket
I Wish That I Had Duck Feet 1
Daisy-Head Mayzie 2
My Many Colored Days 2
Hooray for Diffendoofer Day! 2
The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories 2
Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories 2
What Pet Should I Get? 2
Adaptations
Television
The Gerald McBoing-Boing Show (1956–57)
Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (1966)
Horton Hears a Who! (1970)
The Cat in the Hat (1971)
The Lorax (1972)
Dr. Seuss on the Loose (1973)
The Hoober-Bloob Highway (1975)
Halloween Is Grinch Night (1977)
Pontoffel Pock, Where Are You? (1980)
The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat (1982)
The Butter Battle Book (1989)
In Search of Dr. Seuss (1994)
Daisy-Head Mayzie (1995)
The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss (1996–98)
Gerald McBoing-Boing (2005–07)
The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That! (2010–present)
Green Eggs and Ham (2018)
Film
Horton Hatches the Egg (short; 1942)
Gerald McBoing-Boing (short; 1950)
How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000)
The Cat in the Hat (2003)
Horton Hears a Who! (2008)
The Lorax (2012)
How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2018)
Other media
Welcome (Russian short film)
Seussical (musical)
Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical
The Grinch (video game)
Dr. Seuss: How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (video game)
"You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch" (song)
The Lorax (play)
Other works
Private Snafu
The Pocket Book of Boners
Your Job in Germany
Our Job in Japan
Design for Death
The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T
Hejji
Society of Red Tape Cutters
Flit
Related
A Fish out of Water
Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum
Beginner Books
Dr. Seuss Goes to War
The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss
Dr. Seuss National Memorial
Geisel Award
Geisel Library
Geisel School of Medicine
Helen Palmer Geisel
PM
Political messages of Dr. Seuss
Read Across America
Seuss Landing
1 as "Theo. LeSieg". 2 Posthumous.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hop_on_Pop&oldid=803927179"
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This page was last edited on 5 October 2017, at 15:31.
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