text:
Wind shear
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Wind shear (disambiguation).
Cirrus uncinus ice crystal plumes showing high level wind shear, with changes in wind speed and direction.
Wind shear (or windshear), sometimes referred to as wind gradient, is a difference in wind speed and/or direction over a relatively short distance in the atmosphere. Atmospheric wind shear is normally described as either vertical or horizontal wind shear. Vertical wind shear is a change in wind speed or direction with change in altitude. Horizontal wind shear is a change in wind speed with change in lateral position for a given altitude.[1]
Wind shear is a microscale meteorological phenomenon occurring over a very small distance, but it can be associated with mesoscale or synoptic scale weather features such as squall lines and cold fronts. It is commonly observed near microbursts and downbursts caused by thunderstorms, fronts, areas of locally higher low-level winds referred to as low level jets, near mountains, radiation inversions that occur due to clear skies and calm winds, buildings, wind turbines, and sailboats. Wind shear has significant effects on control of an aircraft effect, and it has been a sole or contributing cause of many aircraft accidents.
Wind shear is sometimes experienced by pedestrians at ground level when walking across a plaza towards a tower block and suddenly encountering a strong wind stream that is flowing around the base of the tower.
Sound movement through the atmosphere is affected by wind shear, which can bend the wave front, causing sounds to be heard where they normally would not, or vice versa. Strong vertical wind shear within the troposphere also inhibits tropical cyclone development, but helps to organize individual thunderstorms into longer life cycles which can then produce severe weather. The thermal wind concept explains how differences in wind speed at different heights are dependent on horizontal temperature differences, and explains the existence of the jet stream.[2]
Down draft winds with associated virga allow these clouds in the eastern sky at civil twilight to mimic aurora borealis in the Mojave desert
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 Where and when it is strongly observed
3 Horizontal component
3.1 Weather fronts
3.2 Near coastlines
4 Vertical component
4.1 Thermal wind
4.2 Effects on tropical cyclones
4.3 Effects on thunderstorms and severe weather
4.4 Planetary boundary layer
4.4.1 Effects on flight
4.4.1.1 Gliding
4.4.1.2 Parachuting
4.4.1.3 Soaring
4.4.1.4 Impact on passenger aircraft
4.4.2 Sailing
4.4.3 Sound propagation
4.4.4 Effects on architecture
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Definition[edit]
Wind shear refers to the variation of wind over either horizontal or vertical distances. Airplane pilots generally regard significant wind shear to be a horizontal change in airspeed of 30 knots (15 m/s) for light aircraft, and near 45 knots (22 m/s) for airliners at flight altitude.[3] Vertical speed changes greater than 4.9 knots (2.5 m/s) also qualify as significant wind shear for aircraft. Low level wind shear can affect aircraft airspeed during take off and landing in disastrous ways, and airliner pilots are trained to avoid all microburst wind shear (headwind loss in excess of 30 knots).[4] The rationale for this additional caution includes: (1) microburst intensity can double in a minute or less, (2) the winds can shift to excessive cross wind, (3) 40-50 knots is the threshold for survivability at some stages of low-altitude operations, and (4) several of the historical wind shear accidents involved 35-45 knot microbursts. Wind shear is also a key factor in the creation of severe thunderstorms. The additional hazard of turbulence is often associated with wind shear.
Where and when it is strongly observed[edit]
See also: Jet stream
Microburst schematic from NASA. Note the downward motion of the air until it hits ground level, then spreads outward in all directions. The wind regime in a microburst is completely opposite to a tornado.
Weather situations where shear is observed include:
Weather fronts. Significant shear is observed when the temperature difference across the front is 5 °C (9 °F) or more, and the front moves at 30 knots or faster. Because fronts are three-dimensional phenomena, frontal shear can be observed at any altitude between surface and tropopause, and therefore be seen both horizontally and vertically. Vertical wind shear above warm fronts is more of an aviation concern than near and behind cold fronts due to their greater duration.[2]
Upper-level jet streams. Associated with upper level jet streams is a phenomenon known as clear air turbulence (CAT), caused by vertical and horizontal wind shear connected to the wind gradient at the edge of the jet streams.[5] The CAT is strongest on the anticyclonic shear side of the jet,[6] usually next to or just below the axis of the jet.[7]
Low-level jet streams. When a nocturnal low-level jet forms overnight above the Earth's surface ahead of a cold front, significant low level vertical wind shear can develop near the lower portion of the low level jet. This is also known as nonconvective wind shear since it is not due to nearby thunderstorms.[2]
Mountains. When winds blow over a mountain, vertical shear is observed on the lee side. If the flow is strong enough, turbulent eddies known as "rotors" associated with lee waves may form, which are dangerous to ascending and descending aircraft.[8]
Inversions. When on a clear and calm night, a radiation inversion is formed near the ground, the friction does not affect wind above the top of the inversion layer. The change in wind can be 90 degrees in direction and 40 kt in speed. Even a nocturnal (overnight) low level jet can sometimes be observed. It tends to be strongest towards sunrise. Density differences cause additional problems to aviation.[2]
Downbursts. When an outflow boundary forms due to a shallow layer of rain-cooled air spreading out near ground level from the parent thunderstorm, both speed and directional wind shear can result at the leading edge of the three dimensional boundary. The stronger the outflow boundary is, the stronger the resultant vertical wind shear will become.[9]
Horizontal component[edit]
Weather fronts[edit]
Main article: Weather fronts
Weather fronts are boundaries between two masses of air of different densities, or different temperature and moisture properties, which normally are convergence zones in the wind field and are the principal cause of significant weather. Within surface weather analyses, they are depicted using various colored lines and symbols. The air masses usually differ in temperature and may also differ in humidity. Wind shear in the horizontal occurs near these boundaries. Cold fronts feature narrow bands of thunderstorms and severe weather, and may be preceded by squall lines and dry lines. Cold fronts are sharper surface boundaries with more significant horizontal wind shear than warm fronts. When a front becomes stationary, it can degenerate into a line which separates regions of differing wind speed, known as a shear line, though the wind direction across the front normally remains constant. In the tropics, tropical waves move from east to west across the Atlantic and eastern Pacific basins. Directional and speed shear can occur across the axis of stronger tropical waves, as northerly winds precede the wave axis and southeast winds are seen behind the wave axis. Horizontal wind shear can also occur along local land breeze and sea breeze boundaries.[10]
Near coastlines[edit]
Play media
Wind shear along the coast with low level clouds moving towards the east and higher level clouds moving towards the south-west
The magnitude of winds offshore are nearly double the wind speed observed onshore. This is attributed to the differences in friction between land masses and offshore waters. Sometimes, there are even directional differences, particularly if local sea breezes change the wind on shore during daylight hours.[11]
Vertical component[edit]
Thermal wind[edit]
Main article: Thermal wind
Thermal wind is a meteorological term not referring to an actual wind, but a difference in the geostrophic wind between two pressure levels p 1 {\displaystyle p_{1}} and p 0 {\displaystyle p_{0}} , with p 1 < p 0 {\displaystyle p_{1}<p_{0}} ; in essence, wind shear. It is only present in an atmosphere with horizontal changes in temperature (or in an ocean with horizontal gradients of density), i.e. baroclinicity. In a barotropic atmosphere, where temperature is uniform, the geostrophic wind is independent of height. The name stems from the fact that this wind flows around areas of low (and high) temperature in the same manner as the geostrophic wind flows around areas of low (and high) pressure.[12]
The thermal wind equation is
f v T = k × ∇ ( ϕ 1 − ϕ 0 ) {\displaystyle f\mathbf {v} _{T}=\mathbf {k} \times \nabla (\phi _{1}-\phi _{0})} ,
where the ϕ x {\displaystyle \phi _{x}} are geopotential height fields with ϕ 1 > ϕ 0 {\displaystyle \phi _{1}>\phi _{0}} , f {\displaystyle f} is the Coriolis parameter, and k {\displaystyle \mathbf {k} } is the upward-pointing unit vector in the vertical direction. The thermal wind equation does not determine the wind in the tropics. Since f {\displaystyle f} is small or zero, such as near the equator, the equation reduces to stating that ∇ ( ϕ 1 − ϕ 0 ) {\displaystyle \nabla (\phi _{1}-\phi _{0})} is small.[12]
This equation basically describes the existence of the jet stream, a westerly current of air with maximum wind speeds close to the tropopause which is (even though other factors are also important) the result of the temperature contrast between equator and pole.
Effects on tropical cyclones[edit]
Strong wind shear in the high troposphere forms the anvil-shaped top of this mature cumulonimbus cloud, or thunderstorm.[13]
Main article: Tropical cyclogenesis
Tropical cyclones are basically heat engines that are fueled by the temperature gradient between the warm tropical ocean surface and the colder upper atmosphere. Tropical cyclone development requires relatively low values of vertical wind shear so that their warm core can remain above their surface circulation center, thereby promoting intensification. Vertical wind shear tears up the "machinery" of the heat engine causing it to break down. Strongly sheared tropical cyclones weaken as the upper circulation is blown away from the low level center.
The vertical wind shear in a tropical cyclone's environment is very important. When the wind shear is weak, the storms that are part of the cyclone grow vertically, and the latent heat from condensation is released into the air directly above the storm, aiding in development. When there is stronger wind shear, this means that the storms become more slanted and the latent heat release is dispersed over a much larger area [14][15]
Effects on thunderstorms and severe weather[edit]
Main article: Severe thunderstorm
Severe thunderstorms, which can spawn tornadoes and hailstorms, require wind shear to organize the storm in such a way as to maintain the thunderstorm for a longer period of time. This occurs as the storm's inflow becomes separated from its rain-cooled outflow. An increasing nocturnal, or overnight, low level jet can increase the severe weather potential by increasing the vertical wind shear through the troposphere. Thunderstorms in an atmosphere with virtually no vertical wind shear weaken as soon as they send out an outflow boundary in all directions, which then quickly cuts off its inflow of relatively warm, moist air and kills the thunderstorm.[16]
Planetary boundary layer[edit]
Depiction of where the planetary boundary layer lies on a sunny day
See also: Ekman layer, Ekman spiral, Planetary boundary layer, and Surface layer
The atmospheric effect of surface friction with winds aloft force surface winds to slow and back counterclockwise near the surface of the Earth blowing inward across isobars (lines of equal pressure), when compared to the winds in frictionless flow well above the Earth's surface.[17] This layer where friction slows and changes the wind is known as the planetary boundary layer, sometimes the Ekman layer, and it is thickest during the day and thinnest at night. Daytime heating thickens the boundary layer as winds at the surface become increasingly mixed with winds aloft due to insolation, or solar heating. Radiative cooling overnight further enhances wind decoupling between the winds at the surface and the winds above the boundary layer by calming the surface wind which increases wind shear. These wind changes force wind shear between the boundary layer and the wind aloft, and is most emphasized at night.
Effects on flight[edit]
Main articles: Aeronautics and Gliding
Gliding[edit]
Glider ground launch affected by wind shear.
In gliding, wind gradients just above the surface affect the takeoff and landing phases of flight of a glider. Wind gradient can have a noticeable effect on ground launches, also known as winch launches or wire launches. If the wind gradient is significant or sudden, or both, and the pilot maintains the same pitch attitude, the indicated airspeed will increase, possibly exceeding the maximum ground launch tow speed. The pilot must adjust the airspeed to deal with the effect of the gradient.[18]
When landing, wind shear is also a hazard, particularly when the winds are strong. As the glider descends through the wind gradient on final approach to landing, airspeed decreases while sink rate increases, and there is insufficient time to accelerate prior to ground contact. The pilot must anticipate the wind gradient and use a higher approach speed to compensate for it.[19]
Wind shear is also a hazard for aircraft making steep turns near the ground. It is a particular problem for gliders which have a relatively long wingspan, which exposes them to a greater wind speed difference for a given bank angle. The different airspeed experienced by each wing tip can result in an aerodynamic stall on one wing, causing a loss of control accident.[19][20]
Parachuting[edit]
Wind shear or wind gradients are a threat to parachutists, particularly to BASE jumping and wingsuit flying. Skydivers have been pushed off of their course by sudden shifts in wind direction and speed, and have collided with bridges, cliffsides, trees, other skydivers, the ground, and other obstacles.[citation needed] Skydivers routinely make adjustments to the position of their open canopies to compensate for changes in direction while making landings to prevent accidents such as canopy collisions and canopy inversion.
Soaring[edit]
Soaring related to wind shear, also called dynamic soaring, is a technique used by soaring birds like albatrosses, who can maintain flight without wing flapping. If the wind shear is of sufficient magnitude, a bird can climb into the wind gradient, trading ground speed for height, while maintaining airspeed.[21] By then turning downwind, and diving through the wind gradient, they can also gain energy.[22] It has also been used by glider pilots on rare occasions.
Wind shear can also create wave. This occurs when an atmospheric inversion separates two layers with a marked difference in wind direction. If the wind encounters distortions in the inversion layer caused by thermals coming up from below, it will create significant shear waves that can be used for soaring.[23]
Impact on passenger aircraft[edit]
Effect of wind shear on aircraft trajectory. Note how merely correcting for the initial gust front can have dire consequences.
Strong outflow from thunderstorms causes rapid changes in the three-dimensional wind velocity just above ground level. Initially, this outflow causes a headwind that increases airspeed, which normally causes a pilot to reduce engine power if they are unaware of the wind shear. As the aircraft passes into the region of the downdraft, the localized headwind diminishes, reducing the aircraft's airspeed and increasing its sink rate. Then, when the aircraft passes through the other side of the downdraft, the headwind becomes a tailwind, reducing lift generated by the wings, and leaving the aircraft in a low-power, low-speed descent. This can lead to an accident if the aircraft is too low to effect a recovery before ground contact.
Wreckage of Delta Air Lines Flight 191 tail section after a microburst slammed the aircraft into the ground. Another aircraft can be seen flying in the background past the crash scene.
As the result of the accidents in the 1970s and 1980s, most notably following the 1985 crash of Delta Air Lines Flight 191, in 1988 the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration mandated that all commercial aircraft have on-board wind shear detection systems by 1993. Between 1964 and 1985, wind shear directly caused or contributed to 26 major civil transport aircraft accidents in the U.S. that led to 620 deaths and 200 injuries.[24] Since 1995, the number of major civil aircraft accidents caused by wind shear has dropped to approximately one every ten years, due to the mandated on-board detection as well as the addition of Doppler weather radar units on the ground (NEXRAD).[citation needed] The installation of high-resolution Terminal Doppler Weather Radar stations at many U.S. airports that are commonly affected by wind shear has further aided the ability of pilots and ground controllers to avoid wind shear conditions.[25]
Sailing[edit]
Wind shear affects sailboats in motion by presenting a different wind speed and direction at different heights along the mast. The effect of low level wind shear can be factored into the selection of sail twist in the sail design, but this can be difficult to predict since wind shear may vary widely in different weather conditions. Sailors may also adjust the trim of the sail to account for low level wind shear, for example using a boom vang.[26]
Sound propagation[edit]
See also: Speed of sound
Wind shear can have a pronounced effect upon sound propagation in the lower atmosphere, where waves can be "bent" by refraction phenomenon. The audibility of sounds from distant sources, such as thunder or gunshots, is very dependent on the amount of shear. The result of these differing sound levels is key in noise pollution considerations, for example from roadway noise and aircraft noise, and must be considered in the design of noise barriers.[27] This phenomenon was first applied to the field of noise pollution study in the 1960s, contributing to the design of urban highways as well as noise barriers.[28]
Hodograph plot of wind vectors at various heights in the troposphere. Meteorologists can use this plot to evaluate vertical wind shear in weather forecasting. (Source: NOAA)
The speed of sound varies with temperature. Since temperature and sound velocity normally decrease with increasing altitude, sound is refracted upward, away from listeners on the ground, creating an acoustic shadow at some distance from the source.[29] In the 1862, during the American Civil War Battle of Iuka, an acoustic shadow, believed to have been enhanced by a northeast wind, kept two divisions of Union soldiers out of the battle,[30] because they could not hear the sounds of battle only six miles downwind.[31]
Effects on architecture[edit]
Wind engineering is a field of engineering devoted to the analysis of wind effects on the natural and built environment. It includes strong winds which may cause discomfort as well as extreme winds such as tornadoes, hurricanes and storms which may cause widespread destruction. Wind engineering draws upon meteorology, aerodynamics and a number of specialist engineering disciplines. The tools used include climate models, atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnels and numerical models. It involves, among other topics, how wind impacting buildings must be accounted for in engineering.[32]
Wind turbines are affected by wind shear. Vertical wind-speed profiles result in different wind speeds at the blades nearest to the ground level compared to those at the top of blade travel, and this in turn affects the turbine operation.[33] This low level wind shear can create a large bending moment in the shaft of a two bladed turbine when the blades are vertical.[34] The reduced wind shear over water means shorter and less expensive wind turbine towers can be used in shallow seas.[35]
See also[edit]
Aviation safety
Low level windshear alert system
Sailing
Cumulonimbus and aviation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Vertical wind shear. Retrieved on 2015-10-24".
^ Jump up to: a b c d Publishing, Integrated. "LOW-LEVEL WIND SHEAR.] Retrieved on 2007-11-25".
Jump up ^ FAA FAA Advisory Circular Pilot Wind Shear Guide. Retrieved on 2007-12-15.
Jump up ^ "Wind Shear". NASA. Archived from the original on 2007-10-09. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Jet Streams in the UK". BBC. Archived from the original on January 18, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
Jump up ^ Knox, John A. (1997). Possible Mechanisms of Clear-Air Turbulence in Strongly Anticyclonic Flows. Retrieved on 2015-01-13.
Jump up ^ CLARK T. L., HALL W. D., KERR R. M., MIDDLETON D., RADKE L., RALPH F. M., NEIMAN P. J., LEVINSON D. Origins of aircraft-damaging clear-air turbulence during the 9 December 1992 Colorado downslope windstorm : Numerical simulations and comparison with observations. Retrieved on 2008-05-08.
Jump up ^ National Center for Atmospheric Research. T-REX: Catching the Sierra’s waves and rotors Retrieved on 2006-10-21.
Jump up ^ Fujita, T.T. (1985). "The Downburst, microburst and macroburst". SMRP Research Paper 210, 122 pp.
Jump up ^ David M. Roth. Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Unified Surface Analysis Manual. Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
Jump up ^ Franklin B. Schwing and Jackson O. Blanton. The Use of Land and Sea Based Wind Data in a Simple Circulation Model. Retrieved on 2007-10-03.
^ Jump up to: a b James R. Holton (2004). An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology. ISBN 0-12-354015-1
Jump up ^ Mcilveen, J. (1992). Fundamentals of Weather and Climate. London: Chapman & Hall. p. 339. ISBN 0-412-41160-1.
Jump up ^ University of Illinois. Hurricanes. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
Jump up ^ "Hurricanes: a tropical cyclone with winds > 64 knots". University of Illinois.
Jump up ^ University of Illinois. Vertical Wind Shear Retrieved on 2006-10-21.
Jump up ^ "AMS Glossary of Meteorology, Ekman layer". American Meteorological Association. Retrieved 2015-02-15.
Jump up ^ Glider Flying Handbook. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.: U.S. Federal Aviation Administration. 2003. pp. 7–16. FAA-8083-13_GFH.
^ Jump up to: a b Piggott, Derek (1997). Gliding: a Handbook on Soaring Flight. Knauff & Grove. pp. 85–86, 130–132. ISBN 978-0-9605676-4-5.
Jump up ^ Knauff, Thomas (1984). Glider Basics from First Flight to Solo. Thomas Knauff. ISBN 0-9605676-3-1.
Jump up ^ Alexander, R. (2002). Principles of Animal Locomotion. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 206. ISBN 0-691-08678-8.
Jump up ^ Alerstam, Thomas (1990). Bird Migration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 275. ISBN 0-521-44822-0.
Jump up ^ Eckey, Bernard (2007). Advanced Soaring Made Easy. Eqip Verbung & Verlag GmbH. ISBN 3-9808838-2-5.
Jump up ^ National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center (June 1992). "Making the Skies Safer From Windshear". Archived from the original on March 29, 2010. Retrieved 2012-11-16.
Jump up ^ "Terminal Doppler Weather Radar Information". National Weather Service. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Garrett, Ross (1996). The Symmetry of Sailing. Dobbs Ferry: Sheridan House. pp. 97–99. ISBN 1-57409-000-3.
Jump up ^ Foss, Rene N. (June 1978). "Ground Plane Wind Shear Interaction on Acoustic Transmission". WA-RD 033.1. Washington State Department of Transportation. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
Jump up ^ "C. Michael Hogan, Analysis of highway noise, Journal of Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, Volume 2, Number 3, Biomedical and Life Sciences and Earth and Environmental Science Issue, Pages 387-392, September, 1973, Springer Verlag, Netherlands". ISSN 0049-6979.
Jump up ^ Everest, F. (2001). The Master Handbook of Acoustics. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 262–263. ISBN 0-07-136097-2.
Jump up ^ Cornwall, Sir (1996). Grant as Military Commander. Barnes & Noble Inc. p. 92. ISBN 1-56619-913-1.
Jump up ^ Cozzens, Peter (2006). The Darkest Days of the War: the Battles of Iuka and Corinth. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-5783-1.
Jump up ^ Professor John Twidell. Wind Engineering. Retrieved on 2007-11-25.
Jump up ^ Heier, Siegfried (2005). Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 45. ISBN 0-470-86899-6.
Jump up ^ Harrison, Robert (2001). Large Wind Turbines. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 30. ISBN 0-471-49456-9.
Jump up ^ Lubosny, Zbigniew (2003). Wind Turbine Operation in Electric Power Systems: Advanced Modeling. Berlin: Springer. p. 17. ISBN 3-540-40340-X.
External links[edit]
National Science Digital Library - Wind shear
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wind_shear&oldid=789040430"
Categories:
Wind
Weather hazards to aircraft
Microscale meteorology
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014
Good articles
Articles containing video clips
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Català
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Euskara
Français
Gaeilge
Italiano
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 July 2017, at 00:09.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: This is a good article. Click here for more information.

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Wind_shear_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Wind shear (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values:
/wiki/Cirrus_clouds
mw-redirect
Cirrus clouds

values:
/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere
mw-redirect
Earth's atmosphere

values:
/wiki/Synoptic_scale
mw-redirect
Synoptic scale

values:
/wiki/Aurora_borealis
mw-redirect
Aurora borealis

values:
/wiki/Mojave_desert
mw-redirect
Mojave desert

values: Edit section: Where and when it is strongly observed

values:
/wiki/Weather_fronts
mw-redirect
Weather fronts

values:
/wiki/Clear_air_turbulence
mw-redirect
Clear air turbulence

values:
/wiki/Shear_line_(meteorology)
mw-redirect
Shear line (meteorology)

values:
/wiki/Atlantic_basin
mw-redirect
Atlantic basin

values:
/wiki/Pacific_basin
mw-redirect
Pacific basin

values: File:20150226-08h40 to 09h45 - JBay - Wind shear.ogv

values: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/20150226-08h40_to_09h45_-_JBay_-_Wind_shear.ogv/640px--20150226-08h40_to_09h45_-_JBay_-_Wind_shear.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:640px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="21.083333333333" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="20150226-08h40_to_09h45_-_JBay_-_Wind_shear.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/20150226-08h40_to_09h45_-_JBay_-_Wind_shear.ogv/20150226-08h40_to_09h45_-_JBay_-_Wind_shear.ogv.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1026808" data-framerate="12"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/20150226-08h40_to_09h45_-_JBay_-_Wind_shear.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 640 × 480 (1.28 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="640" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1276274" data-framerate="12"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/20150226-08h40_to_09h45_-_JBay_-_Wind_shear.ogv/20150226-08h40_to_09h45_-_JBay_-_Wind_shear.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="129032" data-framerate="12"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/20150226-08h40_to_09h45_-_JBay_-_Wind_shear.ogv/20150226-08h40_to_09h45_-_JBay_-_Wind_shear.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="254728" data-framerate="12"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/20150226-08h40_to_09h45_-_JBay_-_Wind_shear.ogv/20150226-08h40_to_09h45_-_JBay_-_Wind_shear.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="506616" data-framerate="12"/></video>

values:
/wiki/Pressure_level
mw-redirect
Pressure level

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.079ex; width:2.32ex; height:2.009ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.079ex; width:7.671ex; height:2.176ex;

values:
/wiki/Low_pressure_area
mw-redirect
Low pressure area

values:
/wiki/High_pressure_area
mw-redirect
High pressure area

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.031ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.576ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.024ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.289ex; height:2.509ex;

values:
/wiki/Coriolis_parameter
mw-redirect
Coriolis parameter

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.421ex; height:2.176ex;

values:
/wiki/Vertical_direction
mw-redirect
Vertical direction

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.542ex; height:2.843ex;

values: Edit section: Effects on tropical cyclones

values: Edit section: Effects on thunderstorms and severe weather

values:
/wiki/Severe_thunderstorm
mw-redirect
Severe thunderstorm

values:
/wiki/Ground_launch
mw-redirect
Ground launch

values:
/wiki/Roll_(flight)
mw-redirect
Roll (flight)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Soaring_birds
mw-redirect
Soaring birds

values:
/wiki/Atmospheric_inversion
mw-redirect
Atmospheric inversion

values: Edit section: Impact on passenger aircraft

values: Airborne wind shear detection and alert system

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.tpub.com/weather3/6-15.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0049-6979

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014

values: Category:Articles containing video clips

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Wind_shear
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Διατμητικός άνεμος – Greek

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindskjer
Vindskjer – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windshear
Windshear – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: Сдвиг ветра – Russian

values: ลมเฉือน – Thai

values: Градієнт вітру – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Wind_shear rootpage-Wind_shear vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Fried Green Tomatoes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the 1991 film. For other uses, see Fried Green Tomatoes (disambiguation).
Fried Green Tomatoes
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Jon Avnet
Produced by
Jon Avnet
Norman Lear
Screenplay by
Fannie Flagg
Carol Sobieski
Based on
Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe
by Fannie Flagg
Starring
Kathy Bates
Jessica Tandy
Mary Stuart Masterson
Mary-Louise Parker
Cicely Tyson
Music by
Thomas Newman
Cinematography
Geoffrey Simpson
Edited by
Debra Neil-Fisher
Production
company
Act III Communications
Avnet/Kerner Productions
Electric Shadow Productions
Fried Green Tomatoes Productions
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
December 27, 1991 (1991-12-27)
Running time
130 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$11 million[1]
Box office
$119.4 million
Fried Green Tomatoes is a 1991 comedy-drama film based on the novel Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe by Fannie Flagg. Directed by Jon Avnet and written by Flagg and Carol Sobieski, it stars Kathy Bates, Jessica Tandy, Mary Stuart Masterson, and Mary-Louise Parker. It tells the story of a Depression-era friendship between two women, Ruth and Idgie, and a 1980s friendship between Evelyn, a middle-aged housewife, and Ninny, an elderly woman. The centerpiece and parallel story concerns the murder of Ruth's abusive husband, Frank, and the accusations that follow. It received a generally positive reception from film critics and was nominated for two Academy Awards.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Conception and casting
3.2 Setting
3.3 Differences between the film and novel
4 Release
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical reception
5.3 Accolades
6 Soundtrack
6.1 Track listing
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Evelyn Couch, a timid, unhappy housewife in her 40s, meets elderly Ninny Threadgoode in an Anderson, Alabama, nursing home. Over several encounters with Evelyn, Ninny tells her the story of the now abandoned town of Whistle Stop, and the people who lived there. The film's subplot concerns Evelyn's dissatisfaction with her marriage, her life, her growing confidence, and her developing friendship with Ninny. The narrative switches several times between Ninny's story, which is set between World War I and World War II, and Evelyn's life in 1980s Birmingham.
Ninny's story begins with tomboy Idgie Threadgoode, the youngest of the Threadgoode children, whom Ninny describes as her sister-in-law. Idgie's close relationship with her charming older brother, Buddy, is cut short when he is hit by a train and killed. Devastated, she recedes from formal society for much of her childhood and adolescence until Buddy's former girlfriend, the straitlaced Ruth Jamison, intervenes at the request of the concerned Threadgoode family.
Idgie initially resists Ruth's attempts at friendship, but gradually a deep attachment develops between them. Ruth leaves Whistle Stop to marry Frank Bennett and moves to Valdosta, Georgia. Idgie tries to forget her but later visits her house to find her pregnant and subject to physical abuse from Frank. Against his wishes and violent attempts to stop her, she returns to Whistle Stop with Idgie, where her baby, a boy whom she names Buddy, Jr., is born. Papa Threadgoode gives Idgie money to start a business so she can care for Ruth and Buddy, Jr. She and Ruth open the Whistle Stop Cafe, employing the family cook, Sipsey, and her son, Big George, who excels with a barbecue that becomes popular with their patrons.
Frank eventually returns to Whistle Stop to kidnap Buddy, Jr., but his attempt is thwarted by an unseen assailant, and he is later reported missing. Once his truck appears at the bottom of a nearby drying lake without its owner, Idgie is immediately a suspect, as she had publicly threatened violence against him for beating Ruth. She is detained along with Big George for his murder by Grady Kilgore, the local sheriff, who offers to release her and pin the crime solely on Big George; she refuses to sacrifice him. During the subsequent trial, the local minister, Reverend Scroggins, has no problem lying, providing Idgie and Big George with sound alibi for the time of Frank's disappearance. Taking into account his reputation for getting drunk, the judge rules his death an accident and dismisses the case. Idgie and Big George are cleared of all charges.
After the trial, Ruth is diagnosed with cancer, becomes very ill, and eventually dies. Following her death, the café closes. Over time, many Whistle Stop residents eventually move away, bringing Ninny to the end of her story, but not before the revelation of what really happened to Frank. Sipsey killed him with a blow to the head with a heavy cast iron frying pan while trying to prevent him from kidnapping Buddy, Jr. Idgie got Big George to barbecue Frank's body, which was later served to an investigator from Georgia searching for him. The investigator ate with gusto, proclaiming his meal the best pork barbecue he'd ever tasted.
Evelyn discovers that during Ninny's temporary stay at the nursing home, her house was condemned and torn down. Evelyn, having become friends with her, offers her a room in her house which she accepts. As they walk away from the empty lot where her house used to be, they pass Ruth's grave, freshly adorned with a jar of honey, a honeycomb, and a card which reads, "I'll always love you, the Bee Charmer". The Bee Charmer is Ruth's old nickname for Idgie, and the note reveals that she is still alive.
Cast[edit]
Kathy Bates as Evelyn Couch
Mary Stuart Masterson & Nancy Moore Atchison as Imogene "Idgie" Threadgoode
Mary-Louise Parker as Ruth Jamison
Jessica Tandy as Ninny Threadgoode
Cicely Tyson as Sipsey
Chris O'Donnell as Buddy Threadgoode
Stan Shaw as Big George
Gailard Sartain as Ed Couch
Timothy Scott as Smokey Lonesome
Gary Basaraba as Grady Kilgore
Lois Smith as Mama Threadgoode
Danny Nelson as Papa Threadgoode
Jo Harvey Allen as Women's Awareness Teacher
Macon McCalman as Prosecutor
Richard Riehle as Reverend Scroggins
Raynor Scheine as Curtis Smoot
Grace Zabriskie as Eva Bates
Reid Binion as Young Julian
Nick Searcy as Frank Bennett
Constance Shulman as Missy
Production[edit]
Conception and casting[edit]
Avnet first read the novel in 1987.[2] He was introduced to it by producer Lisa Lindstrom, with whom he worked on television films Heat Wave and Breaking Point. Although he wanted her to give him a synopsis of the story, she insisted he read the book and like her, he loved it. He decided to turn the story into a film and pitched the idea to Norman Lear's company, Act III Communications, who were interested and gave him a small budget for a screenwriter.[3] He hired Carol Sobieski who had written the screenplay for 1982's Annie. She wrote a draft for it as a musical, which he was unhappy with.[3] Sobieski left the project and he hired Flagg, who had been surprised that anyone would want to turn the novel into a film, to develop the script. Although she had some screenwriting experience, she found the process of turning her own novel into a script a strange one. The job was made somewhat easier by the work done by Sobieski and Avnet in choosing which characters from the book were going to be featured, but she found it difficult and also left the project, after writing 70 pages of the screenplay. With no money left to hire another writer, Avnet took the script over himself and spent the next 2–3 years developing it. Flagg gave her blessing to the final draft.[3]
Avnet wrote the film with Jessica Tandy in mind; she expressed excitement about making the film.[3] He had worked with Kathy Bates and Chris O'Donnell on the 1990 film Men Don't Leave before offering them the roles of Evelyn Couch and Buddy Threadgoode respectively.[2] When Bates read the script she loved the characters and was particularly keen to work with Tandy.[2] Mary-Louise Parker was casting director David Rubin's first choice for the role of Ruth Jamison. She read for the part several times, initially unhappy with her own tests. When she read along with Mary Stuart Masterson, they – and the producers – agreed that they had good chemistry.
Setting[edit]
Inside the Whistle Stop Cafe, Juliette, Georgia.
Avnet hired Barbara Ling as production designer. Scouting for a location, she found Juliette, Georgia, a town that was, according to Avnet, nearly deserted.[3][4] The building chosen to be the Whistle Stop Café was formerly an antique and hardware store. It was redesigned as a cafe, with a horseshoe shaped counter to allow for optimal camera angles.[3]
After the release of the film, Juliette saw an influx of tourists and, with Jon Avnet's encouragement, locals opened the Whistle Stop Café, recreated to mirror the film set.[5] Although "Whistle Stop Café" is now a registered trademark, other establishments have appeared using that name.[6] While writing the novel, Flagg based Whistle Stop on Irondale, Alabama, and the café on a real-life restaurant, the Irondale Café.[4] She was a frequent visitor there which was formerly owned by her great-aunt.[7]
The scene where Idgie goes to collect honey from a beehive for Ruth was originally intended to be performed by a stunt double. However, after the latter backed out at the last minute, Masterson volunteered to do it herself. The footage of her covered in a swarm of live bees is seen in the final version of the film.[2]
Differences between the film and novel[edit]
Unlike the novel, the film does not make the lesbian romance between the two central characters explicit, instead leaving the relationship between Idgie and Ruth ambiguous.[8] The DVD contains an audio commentary in which the director acknowledges the relationship and points out that a scene between Idgie and Ruth engaging in a food fight was intended to be seen as symbolic love-making. At the time of the film's debut, it was criticized by reviewers and activists for what was seen as "glossing over" the lesbian relationship.[8][9] However, it won an award from the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation for best feature film with lesbian content.[10] It shows examples of discrimination against African Americans, women, and the disabled, but the novel's examination of sexuality-based prejudice through a robust lesbian plot, is made more ambiguous.[11]
Though in the book, Idgie and Ninny are two separate characters, at the end of the film it's largely hinted that they are one and the same[citation needed], although this runs counter to Ninny's earlier comment that "I was practically adopted by the Threadgoodes; I married her [Idgie's] brother, Cleo".
Release[edit]
The film was given a limited release in the US on December 27, 1991, opening in five theaters.[12] It got a wide release four weeks later on January 24, 1992, in 673 theaters. It ran for 19 weeks in total, with its widest release having been 1,331 theaters.[12]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The film grossed a total of $82,418,501 in the United States alone, and took in $37,000,000 outside the US, bringing the total to $119,418,501 worldwide.[12] In its opening weekend it earned $105,317, and at its wide release opening weekend it earned $5,235,940, which was 6.4 percent of its total gross.[12] According to Box Office Mojo, it ranked at no. 11 for all films released in the US in 1991, and no. 5 for PG‑13 rated films released that year.[citation needed]
Critical reception[edit]
The film was generally well received by critics. Film review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes gave it a "fresh" score of 73% based on 41 reviews.[13]
Critics enjoyed the narrative, but found it conventional and predictable.[9][14] The adaptation of the separate narrative of book to the screen was criticised by Time Out as "clumsy", Roger Ebert praised the performances, Janet Maslin praised the costume and production design and Emanuel Levy praised the cinematography and score.[9][15] The cast drew praise for their performances, particularly Masterson and Tandy.[9][15]
Accolades[edit]
The film was nominated at the 64th Academy Awards for Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Jessica Tandy) and for Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium (Fannie Flagg and Carol Sobieski).[16]
At the 46th British Academy Film Awards in 1992, Tandy was nominated for the Best Actress award, and Bates was nominated as Best Actress in a Supporting Role. Both also received Golden Globe nominations for their work, and the film got a Best Picture (Comedy or Musical) nomination.[16] At the 28th Guldbagge Awards in Sweden, it was nominated for the Best Foreign Film award.[17]
Soundtrack[edit]
Fried Green Tomatoes
Studio album by Various Artists
Released
December 31, 1991
Genre
Soundtrack
Length
39:24
Label
MCA
Fried Green Tomatoes: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the film, and featured a new song by Patti LaBelle. For the original score, composed by Thomas Newman, see Fried Green Tomatoes (score).
Track listing[edit]
"I'll Remember You" (Grayson Hugh) – 5:08
"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted" (Paul Young) – 4:34
"Cherish" (Hip Hop Version) (Jodeci) – 3:58
"Danger Heartbreak Dead Ahead" (Taylor Dayne) – 3:20
"Rooster Blues" (Peter Wolf) – 3:15
"Barbecue Bess" (Patti LaBelle) – 2:54
"If I Can Help Somebody" (Aaron Hall) – 3:49
"Cool Down Yonder" (Marion Williams) – 3:10
"Cherish" (Movie Version) (Jodeci) – 2:29
"Ghost Train" (Main Title) (Thomas Newman) – 3:11
"Visiting Ruth" (Newman) – 1:46
"A Charge To Keep I Have" (Newman) – 1:50
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "'Green Tomatoes': Why a Little Film Bloomed: Movies: Film starts slowly at the box office but word of mouth, themes, strong cast ignite interest in the $11-million work". Los Angeles Times. February 10, 1992. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Avnet, Jon (1998), Director's Commentary (DVD)|format= requires |url= (help), Universal Studios
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Kenny, J. M. (director) (December 15, 1998), Moments of Discovery: The Making of Fried Green Tomatoes (DVD), Universal Studios Home Video, retrieved April 4, 2010
^ Jump up to: a b Park, Irby (May 7, 2003), "Fannie Flagg Captivates Audience at City Book Event", The Chattanoogan, retrieved December 28, 2009
Jump up ^ "Little Town Where Movie was Made Finally Gets Café, Fried Tomatoes", Rome News-Tribune, April 13, 1992, retrieved December 28, 2009
Jump up ^ Zganjar, Leslie (November 1, 2002), "The Whistle Stop name is just too popular", Birmingham Business Journal, retrieved December 28, 2009
Jump up ^ Nolan, Michael (October 20, 2002), "Fried Green Tomatoes At The Irondale Cafe", American Profile, retrieved December 28, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b Rockler, Naomi R. (March 22, 2001), "A Wall on the Lesbian Continuum: Polysemy and Fried Green Tomatoes", Women's Studies in Communication, 24, retrieved June 15, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b c d Levy, Emanuel (January 6, 2006), Fried Green Tomatoes, Emanuel Levy, retrieved June 15, 2009
Jump up ^ Pryor, Kelli; Isaak, Sharon (February 28, 1992), "Women in Love", Entertainment Weekly, Time, retrieved February 9, 2010
Jump up ^ Vickers, Lu (June 1994), "Fried Green Tomatoes Excuse me, did we see the same movie?", Jump Cut, 39: 25–30, retrieved February 12, 2012
^ Jump up to: a b c d Fried Green Tomatoes (1991), Box Office Mojo, retrieved April 5, 2008
Jump up ^ Fried Green Tomatoes (1991), Rotten Tomatoes, retrieved April 11, 2008
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (January 10, 1992), "Fried Green Tomatoes", Chicago Sun-Times, Sun-Times Media Group, retrieved December 28, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b Maslin, Janet (December 27, 1991), "Women Finding Strength In Women", The New York Times, The New York Times Company, retrieved December 28, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b "Fried Green Tomatoes (1991) Awards", The New York Times, The New York Times Company, retrieved June 19, 2009
Jump up ^ "Fried Green Tomatoes (1991)". Swedish Film Institute. March 22, 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Fried Green Tomatoes
Fried Green Tomatoes on IMDb
Fried Green Tomatoes at AllMovie
Fried Green Tomatoes at Rotten Tomatoes
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Jon Avnet
Between Two Women (1986)
Fried Green Tomatoes (1991)
The War (1994)
Up Close & Personal (1996)
Red Corner (1997)
Uprising (2001)
88 Minutes (2007)
Righteous Kill (2008)
Have a Little Faith (2011)
Three Christs (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film – Wide Release
Longtime Companion/The Handmaid's Tale (1991)
Fried Green Tomatoes/Frankie and Johnny (1992)
Philadelphia (1994)
Go Fish/The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert (1995)
Boys on the Side (1996)
Bound (1997)
In & Out (1998)
Gods and Monsters (1999)
Being John Malkovich (2000)
Billy Elliot (2001)
The Mexican (2002)
The Hours (2003)
Bend It Like Beckham (2004)
Kinsey (2005)
Brokeback Mountain (2006)
Little Miss Sunshine (2007)
Stardust (2008)
Milk (2009)
A Single Man (2010)
The Kids Are All Right (2011)
Beginners (2012)
The Perks of Being a Wallflower (2013)
Philomena (2014)
The Imitation Game (2015)
Carol (2016)
Moonlight (2017)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fried_Green_Tomatoes&oldid=838177508"
Categories:
1991 films
English-language films
1990s comedy-drama films
1990s LGBT-related films
1990s mystery films
American films
American comedy-drama films
American female buddy films
American LGBT-related films
American mystery films
Directorial debut films
Films scored by Thomas Newman
Films based on American novels
Films directed by Jon Avnet
Films set in the 1920s
Films set in the 1930s
Films set in the 1980s
Films set in Alabama
Films set in Georgia (U.S. state)
Films shot in Georgia (U.S. state)
Films about domestic violence
Lesbian-related films
LGBT-related comedy-drama films
Universal Pictures films
Hidden categories:
Pages using citations with format and no URL
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012
Articles with hAudio microformats
Album infoboxes lacking a cover
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
Català
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Emiliàn e rumagnòl
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Italiano
עברית
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Slovenščina
Suomi
Svenska
中文
14 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 April 2018, at 11:50.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: i

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

attrs: scope style

attrs: href title

value: li

values:
/wiki/Academy_Award
mw-redirect
Academy Award

values:
/wiki/Nursing_home
mw-redirect
Nursing home

values:
/wiki/Timothy_Scott_(actor,_died_1995)
mw-redirect
Timothy Scott (actor, died 1995)

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Edit section: Differences between the film and novel

values:
/wiki/GLAAD_Media_Awards
mw-redirect
GLAAD Media Awards

values: Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)

values:
/wiki/Time_Out_(company)
mw-redirect
Time Out (company)

values: Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress

values: Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background-color: lightsteelblue

values:
/wiki/Paul_Young_(singer_and_guitarist)
mw-redirect
Paul Young (singer and guitarist)

values:
/wiki/Universal_Studios
mw-redirect
Universal Studios

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0436599/
external text

values:
/wiki/Universal_Studios_Home_Video
mw-redirect
Universal Studios Home Video

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0101921/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v18668

values:
/wiki/Up_Close_%26_Personal
mw-redirect
Up Close & Personal

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film – Wide Release

values: Template talk:GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film – Wide Release

values:
col
navbox-title
2
background-color: #DDD;

values: Category:Films set in Georgia (U.S. state)

values: Category:Films shot in Georgia (U.S. state)

values: Category:Pages using citations with format and no URL

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Album infoboxes lacking a cover

values: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Fried_Green_Tomatoes
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: Πράσινες Τηγανητές Ντομάτες – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: Pomodori verdi fritti alla fermata del treno – Emiliano-Romagnolo

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: گوجه‌فرنگی‌های سبز سرخ‌شده – Persian

values: Pomodori verdi fritti alla fermata del treno – Italian

values: עגבניות ירוקות מטוגנות (סרט) – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: フライド・グリーン・トマト – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Smażone zielone pomidory (film) – Polish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Жареные зелёные помидоры – Russian

values: Fried Green Tomatoes (movie) – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: Stekta gröna tomater på Whistle Stop Café – Swedish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Fried_Green_Tomatoes rootpage-Fried_Green_Tomatoes skin-vector action-view


text:
Turn and slip indicator
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Illustration of the face of a turn-and-slip indicator
In aviation, the turn and slip indicator (T/S, a.k.a. turn and bank indicator) and the turn coordinator (TC) variant are essentially two aircraft flight instruments in one device. One indicates the rate of turn, or the rate of change in the aircraft's heading, the other part indicates whether the aircraft is in coordinated flight, showing the slip or skid of the turn. The slip indicator is actually an inclinometer that at rest displays the angle of the aircraft's transverse axis with respect to horizontal, and in motion displays this angle as modified by the acceleration of the aircraft.[1]
Contents
1 Name
2 Operation
2.1 Turn indicator
2.2 Inclinometer
2.3 Turn coordinator
3 Practical implications
4 See also
5 References
Name[edit]
The turn and slip indicator can be referred to as the turn and bank indicator, although the instrument does not respond directly to bank angle. Neither does the turn coordinator, but it does respond to roll rate, which enables it to respond more quickly to the start of a turn.[2]
Operation[edit]
Graphic of a turn and slip indicator and a turn coordinator
Turn indicator[edit]
The turn indicator is a gyroscopic instrument that works on the principle of precession. The gyro is mounted in a gimbal. The gyro's rotational axis is in-line with the transverse (pitch) axis of the aircraft, while the gimbal has limited freedom around the longitudinal (roll) axis of the aircraft.
As the aircraft yaws, a torque force is applied to the gyro around the vertical axis, due to aircraft yaw, which causes gyro precession around the roll axis. The gyro spins on an axis that is 90 degrees relative to the direction of the applied yaw torque force. The gyro and gimbal rotate (around the roll axis) with limited freedom against a calibrated spring.
The torque force against the spring reaches an equilibrium and the angle that the gimbal and gyro become positioned is directly connected to the display needle, thereby indicating the rate of turn.[3] In the turn coordinator, the gyro is canted 30 degrees from the horizontal so it responds to roll as well as yaw.
The display contains hash marks for the pilot's reference during a turn. When the needle is lined up with a hash mark, the aircraft is performing a "standard rate turn" which is defined as three degrees per second, known in some countries as "rate one". This translates to two minutes per 360 degrees of turn (a complete circle). Indicators are marked as to their sensitivity,[4] with "2 min turn" for those whose hash marks correspond to a standard rate or two-minute turn, and "4 min turn" for those, used in faster aircraft, that show a half standard rate or four-minute turn. The supersonic Concorde jet aircraft and many military jets are examples of aircraft that use 4 min. turn indicators. The hash marks are sometimes called "dog houses", because of their distinct shape on various makes of turn indicators. Under instrument flight rules, using these figures allows a pilot to perform timed turns in order to conform with the required air traffic patterns. For a change of heading of 90 degrees, a turn lasting 30 seconds would be required to perform a standard rate or "rate one" turn.
Inclinometer[edit]
Coordinated flight indication is obtained by using an inclinometer, which is recognized as the "ball in a tube". An inclinometer contains a ball sealed inside a curved glass tube, which also contains a liquid to act as a damping medium. The original form of the indicator is in effect a spirit level with the tube curved in the opposite direction and a bubble replacing the ball.[5] In some early aircraft the indicator was merely a pendulum with a dashpot for damping. The ball gives an indication of whether the aircraft is slipping, skidding or in coordinated flight. The ball's movement is caused by the force of gravity and the aircraft's centripetal acceleration. When the ball is centered in the middle of the tube, the aircraft is said to be in coordinated flight. If the ball is on the inside (wing down side) of a turn, the aircraft is slipping. And finally, when the ball is on the outside (wing up side) of the turn, the aircraft is skidding.
A simple alternative to the balance indicator used on gliders is a yaw string, which allows the pilot to simply view the string's movements as rudimentary indication of aircraft balance.
Turn coordinator[edit]
Image showing the face of a turn coordinator during a standard rate coordinated right turn.
The turn coordinator (TC) is a further development of the turn and slip indicator (T/S) with the major difference being the display and the axis upon which the gimbal is mounted. The display is that of a miniature airplane as seen from behind. This looks similar to that of an attitude indicator. "NO PITCH INFORMATION" is usually written on the instrument to avoid confusion regarding the aircraft's pitch, which can be obtained from the artificial horizon instrument.
In contrast to the T/S, the TC's gimbal is pitched up 30 degrees from the transverse axis. This causes the instrument to respond to roll as well as yaw. This allows the instrument to display a change more quickly as it will react to the change in roll before the aircraft has even begun to yaw. Although this instrument reacts to changes in the aircraft's roll, it does not display the roll attitude.
The turn coordinator may be used as a performance instrument when the attitude indicator has failed. This is called "partial panel" operations. It can be unnecessarily difficult or even impossible if the pilot does not understand that the instrument is showing roll rates as well as turn rates. The usefulness is also impaired if the internal dashpot is worn out. In the latter case, the instrument is underdamped and in turbulence will indicate large full-scale deflections to the left and right, all of which are actually roll rate responses.
Practical implications[edit]
Skidding. The corrective action is to press the "left" pedal adequately.
Slipping and skidding within a turn is sometimes referred to as a sloppy turn, due to the perceptive discomfort it can cause to the pilot and passengers. When the aircraft is in a balanced turn (ball is centered), passengers experience gravity directly in line with their seat (force perpendicular to seat). With a well balanced turn, passengers may not even realize the aircraft is turning unless they are viewing objects outside the aircraft.
While aircraft slipping and skidding are often undesired in a usual turn that maintains altitude, slipping of the aircraft can be used for practical purposes. Intentionally putting an aircraft into a slip is used as a forward slip and a sideslip. These slips are performed by applying opposite inputs of the aileron and rudder controls. A forward slip allows a pilot to quickly drop altitude without gaining unnecessary speed, while a sideslip is one method utilized to perform a crosswind landing.
See also[edit]
Flight dynamics
References[edit]
Advisory Circular AC 61-23C, Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, Revised 1997.
FAA-H-8083-15 Instrument Flying Handbook, U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (IFH), (Update 25 Nov 05)
Operation demonstration of a Turn & slip indicator. The indicator cover is removed and gyro is displayed as it operates.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-11. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-02-05.
Jump up ^ "How Aircraft Instruments Work." Popular Science, March 1944, pp. 117.
Jump up ^ "MS28041 H SHEET INDICATOR TURN SLIP 28V DC 1-7/8 INCH". Archived from the original on 2015-11-20.
Jump up ^ A. C. Kermode (2006). Mechanics of Flight. Pitman Boots LTD. p. 243. ISBN 978-1-4058-2359-3.
show
v
t
e
Flight instruments
Pitot-static
Altimeter
Airspeed indicator
Machmeter
Variometer
Gyroscopic
Attitude indicator
Heading indicator
Horizontal situation indicator
Turn and slip indicator
Turn coordinator
Turn indicator
Navigational
Course deviation indicator
Horizontal situation indicator
Inertial navigation system
Magnetic compass
Satellite navigation
SIGI
Related topics
Air data inertial reference unit
EFIS
Glass cockpit
Primary flight display
V speeds
Yaw string
show
v
t
e
Aircraft components and systems
Airframe structure
Aft pressure bulkhead
Cabane strut
Canopy
Cruciform tail
Dope
Empennage
Fabric covering
Fairing
Flying wires
Former
Fuselage
Hardpoint
Interplane strut
Jury strut
Leading edge
Lift strut
Longeron
Nacelle
Rib
Ring tail
Spar
Stabilizer
Stressed skin
Strut
T-tail
Tailplane
Trailing edge
Triple tail
Twin tail
Vertical stabilizer
V-tail
Y-tail
Wing root
Wing tip
Wingbox
Flight controls
Aileron
Airbrake
Artificial feel
Autopilot
Canard
Centre stick
Deceleron
Dive brake
Electro-hydraulic actuator
Elevator
Elevon
Flaperon
Flight control modes
Fly-by-wire
Gust lock
Rudder
Servo tab
Side-stick
Spoiler
Spoileron
Stabilator
Stick pusher
Stick shaker
Trim tab
Wing warping
Yaw damper
Yoke
Aerodynamic and high-lift
devices
Active Aeroelastic Wing
Adaptive compliant wing
Blown flap
Channel wing
Dog-tooth
Droop
Flap
Gouge flap
Gurney flap
Krueger flap
Leading edge cuff
LEX
Slats
Slot
Stall strips
Strake
Variable-sweep wing
Vortex generator
Vortilon
Wing fence
Winglet
Avionic and flight
instrument systems
ACAS
Air data computer
Airspeed indicator
Altimeter
Annunciator panel
Attitude indicator
Compass
Course deviation indicator
EFIS
EICAS
Flight management system
Glass cockpit
GPS
Heading indicator
Horizontal situation indicator
INS
Pitot-static system
Radar altimeter
TCAS
Transponder
Turn and slip indicator
Vertical Speed Indicator
Yaw string
Propulsion controls,
devices and fuel systems
Autothrottle
Drop tank
FADEC
Fuel tank
Gascolator
Inlet cone
Intake ramp
NACA cowling
Self-sealing fuel tank
Splitter plate
Throttle
Thrust lever
Thrust reversal
Townend ring
Wet wing
Landing and arresting gear
Aircraft tire
Arrestor hook
Autobrake
Conventional landing gear
Drogue parachute
Landing gear
Landing gear extender
Oleo strut
Tricycle landing gear
Tundra tire
Escape systems
Ejection seat
Escape crew capsule
Other systems
Aircraft lavatory
Auxiliary power unit
Bleed air system
Deicing boot
Emergency oxygen system
Flight data recorder
Entertainment system
Environmental control system
Hydraulic system
Ice protection system
Landing lights
Navigation light
Passenger service unit
Ram air turbine
Weeping wing
show
v
t
e
Sensors
Acoustic, sound, vibration
Geophone
Hydrophone
Microphone
Seismometer
Automotive, transportation
Air–fuel ratio meter
Blind spot monitor
Crankshaft position sensor
Curb feeler
Defect detector
Engine coolant temperature sensor
Hall effect sensor
MAP sensor
Mass flow sensor
Omniview technology
Oxygen sensor
Parking sensors
Radar gun
Speed sensor
Speedometer
Throttle position sensor
Tire-pressure monitoring system
Torque sensor
Transmission fluid temperature sensor
Turbine speed sensor
Variable reluctance sensor
Vehicle speed sensor
Water sensor
Wheel speed sensor
Chemical
Breathalyzer
Carbon dioxide sensor
Carbon monoxide detector
Catalytic bead sensor
Chemical field-effect transistor
Electrochemical gas sensor
Electrolyte–insulator–semiconductor sensor
Electronic nose
Fluorescent chloride sensors
Holographic sensor
Hydrocarbon dew point analyzer
Hydrogen sensor
Hydrogen sulfide sensor
Infrared point sensor
Ion selective electrode
Microwave chemistry sensor
Nitrogen oxide sensor
Nondispersive infrared sensor
Olfactometer
Optode
Oxygen sensor
Pellistor
pH glass electrode
Potentiometric sensor
Redox electrode
Smoke detector
Zinc oxide nanorod sensor
Electric, magnetic, radio
Current sensor
Electroscope
Galvanometer
Hall effect sensor
Hall probe
Magnetic anomaly detector
Magnetometer
MEMS magnetic field sensor
Metal detector
Planar Hall sensor
Radio direction finder
Test light
Environment, weather,
moisture
Actinometer
Bedwetting alarm
Ceilometer
Dew warning
Electrochemical gas sensor
Fish counter
Frequency domain sensor
Gas detector
Hook gauge evaporimeter
Humistor
Hygrometer
Leaf sensor
Psychrometer
Pyranometer
Pyrgeometer
Rain gauge
Rain sensor
SNOTEL
Snow gauge
Soil moisture sensor
Stream gauge
Tide gauge
Weather radar
Flow, fluid velocity
Air flow meter
Anemometer
Flow sensor
Gas meter
Mass flow sensor
Water metering
Ionising radiation,
subatomic particles
Bubble chamber
Cloud chamber
Geiger–Müller tube
Geiger counter
Ionization chamber
Neutron detection
Particle detector
Proportional counter
Scintillation counter
Semiconductor detector
Scintillator
Thermoluminescent dosimeter
Wire chamber
Navigation instruments
Airspeed indicator
Machmeter
Altimeter
Attitude indicator
Depth gauge
Fluxgate compass
Gyroscope
Inertial navigation system
Inertial reference unit
Magnetic compass
MHD sensor
Ring laser gyroscope
Turn coordinator
Variometer
Vibrating structure gyroscope
Yaw-rate sensor
Position, angle,
displacement
Accelerometer
Angular rate sensor
Auxanometer
Capacitive displacement sensor
Capacitive sensing
Gravimeter
Inclinometer
Integrated circuit piezoelectric sensor
Laser rangefinder
Laser surface velocimeter
Lidar
Linear encoder
Linear variable differential transformer
Liquid capacitive inclinometers
Odometer
Photoelectric sensor
Piezoelectric accelerometer
Position sensor
Rotary encoder
Rotary variable differential transformer
Selsyn
Sudden Motion Sensor
Tachometer
Tilt sensor
Ultrasonic thickness gauge
Variable reluctance sensor
Velocity receiver
Optical, light, imaging
Active pixel sensor
Angle–sensitive pixel
Back-illuminated sensor
Charge-coupled device
Contact image sensor
Electro-optical sensor
Flame detector
Infrared
Kinetic inductance detector
LED as light sensor
Light-addressable potentiometric sensor
Nichols radiometer
Optical fiber
Photodetector
Photodiode
Photoelectric sensor
Photoionization detector
Photomultiplier
Photoresistor
Photoswitch
Phototransistor
Phototube
Position sensitive device
Scintillometer
Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor
Single-photon avalanche diode
Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector
Transition edge sensor
Tristimulus colorimeter
Visible-light photon counter
Wavefront sensor
Pressure
Barograph
Barometer
Boost gauge
Bourdon gauge
Hot-filament ionization gauge
Ionization gauge
McLeod gauge
Oscillating U-tube
Permanent Downhole Gauge
Piezometer
Pirani gauge
Pressure gauge
Pressure sensor
Tactile sensor
Time pressure gauge
Force, density, level
Bhangmeter
Force gauge
Hydrometer
Level sensor
Load cell
Magnetic level gauge
Nuclear density gauge
Piezoelectric sensor
Strain gauge
Torque sensor
Viscometer
Thermal, heat,
temperature
Bimetallic strip
Bolometer
Calorimeter
Exhaust gas temperature gauge
Flame detection
Gardon gauge
Golay cell
Heat flux sensor
Infrared thermometer
Microbolometer
Microwave radiometer
Net radiometer
Quartz thermometer
Resistance thermometer
Silicon bandgap temperature sensor
Special sensor microwave/imager
Thermistor
Thermocouple
Thermometer
Proximity, presence
Alarm sensor
Doppler radar
Motion detector
Occupancy sensor
Passive infrared sensor
Proximity sensor
Reed switch
Stud finder
Touch switch
Triangulation sensor
Wired glove
Sensor technology
Active pixel sensor
Back-illuminated sensor
Biochip
Biosensor
Capacitance probe
Carbon paste electrode
Catadioptric sensor
Digital sensors
Displacement receiver
Electromechanical film
Electro-optical sensor
Fabry–Pérot interferometer
Fisheries acoustics
Image sensor
Image sensor format
Inductive sensor
Intelligent sensor
Lab-on-a-chip
Leaf sensor
Machine vision
Microelectromechanical systems
Photoelasticity
Quantum sensor
Radar
Ground-penetrating radar
Synthetic aperture radar
Radar tracker
Sensor array
Sensor fusion
Sensor grid
Sensor node
Soft sensor
Sonar
Staring array
Transducer
Ultrasonic sensor
Video sensor technology
Visual sensor network
Wheatstone bridge
Wireless sensor network
Related
List of sensors
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turn_and_slip_indicator&oldid=845281079"
Categories:
Aircraft instruments
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Čeština
Deutsch
Hrvatski
Nederlands
Norsk
Polski
Română
Русский
Slovenščina
Türkçe
4 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 10 June 2018, at 18:46 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: class style

value: b

values:
/wiki/Flight_instrument
mw-redirect
Flight instrument

values:
/wiki/Slip_(aerodynamic)
mw-redirect
Slip (aerodynamic)

values:
/wiki/Skid_(aerodynamic)
mw-redirect
Skid (aerodynamic)

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/ROT_(aviation)
mw-redirect
ROT (aviation)

values:
/wiki/Forward_slip
mw-redirect
Forward slip

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Turn_coordinator
mw-redirect
Turn coordinator

values:
/wiki/Turn_indicator
mw-redirect
Turn indicator

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
/wiki/Cabane_strut
mw-redirect
Cabane strut

values:
/wiki/Flying_wires
mw-redirect
Flying wires

values:
/wiki/Interplane_strut
mw-redirect
Interplane strut

values:
/wiki/Leading-edge_extension
mw-redirect
Leading-edge extension

values:
/wiki/Leading-edge_slats
mw-redirect
Leading-edge slats

values: Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system

values:
/wiki/Flight_data_recorder
mw-redirect
Flight data recorder

values:
/wiki/Weeping_wing
mw-redirect
Weeping wing

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/Engine_coolant_temperature_sensor
mw-redirect
Engine coolant temperature sensor

values:
/wiki/Parking_sensors
mw-redirect
Parking sensors

values:
/wiki/Speed_sensor
mw-redirect
Speed sensor

values:
/wiki/PH_glass_electrode
mw-redirect
PH glass electrode

values:
/wiki/Redox_electrode
mw-redirect
Redox electrode

values:
/wiki/Flow_sensor
mw-redirect
Flow sensor

values:
/wiki/Magnetic_compass
mw-redirect
Magnetic compass

values: Linear variable differential transformer

values: Rotary variable differential transformer

values:
/wiki/Tilt_sensor
mw-redirect
Tilt sensor

values:
/wiki/LED_as_light_sensor
mw-redirect
LED as light sensor

values:
/wiki/Transition_edge_sensor
mw-redirect
Transition edge sensor

values:
/wiki/Bourdon_gauge
mw-redirect
Bourdon gauge

values:
/wiki/Ionization_gauge
mw-redirect
Ionization gauge

values:
/wiki/Permanent_Downhole_Gauge
mw-redirect
Permanent Downhole Gauge

values:
/wiki/Pressure_gauge
mw-redirect
Pressure gauge

values:
/wiki/Flame_detection
mw-redirect
Flame detection

values:
/wiki/Digital_sensors
mw-redirect
Digital sensors

values:
/wiki/Synthetic_aperture_radar
mw-redirect
Synthetic aperture radar

values:
/wiki/Ultrasonic_sensor
mw-redirect
Ultrasonic sensor

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: مؤشر الانعطاف – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values: Indicator de viraj și glisadă – Romanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Указатель поворота и скольжения – Russian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Turn_and_slip_indicator rootpage-Turn_and_slip_indicator skin-vector action-view