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I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
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I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
by William Wordsworth
A hand-written manuscript of the poem (1802). British Library Add. MS 47864[1]
I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o'er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

Continuous as the stars that shine
And twinkle on the milky way,
They stretched in never-ending line
Along the margin of a bay:
Ten thousand saw I at a glance,
Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.

The waves beside them danced; but they
Out-did the sparkling waves in glee:
A poet could not but be gay,
In such a jocund company:
I gazed—and gazed—but little thought
What wealth the show to me had brought:

For oft, when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude;
And then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the daffodils.
.
William Wordsworth (1815)
"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" (also commonly known as "Daffodils"[2]) is a lyric poem by William Wordsworth. It is Wordsworth's most famous work.[3]
The poem was inspired by an event on 15 April 1802, in which Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy came across a "long belt" of daffodils. Written some time between 1804 and 1807 (in 1804 by Wordsworth's own account),[4] it was first published in 1807 in Poems in Two Volumes, and a revised version was published in 1815.[5]
In a poll conducted in 1995 by the BBC Radio 4 Bookworm programme to determine the nation's favourite poems, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud came fifth.[6] Often anthologised, the poem is commonly seen as a classic of English romantic poetry, although Poems in Two Volumes, in which it first appeared, was poorly reviewed by Wordsworth's contemporaries.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Revised version
3 Reception
3.1 Contemporary
3.2 Modern usage
3.2.1 Daffodil tourism
3.2.1.1 Anniversaries
3.2.2 In popular culture
4 References
5 Notes
6 Bibliography
7 External links
Background[edit]
The inspiration for the poem came from a walk Wordsworth took with his sister Dorothy around Glencoyne Bay, Ullswater, in the Lake District.[7][8] He would draw on this to compose "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" in 1804, inspired by Dorothy's journal entry describing the walk:[8]
Ullswater in the English Lake District. Ullswater from Gobarrow Park, J. M. W. Turner, watercolor, 1819.
When we were in the woods beyond Gowbarrow park we saw a few daffodils close to the water side, we fancied that the lake had floated the seed ashore and that the little colony had so sprung up – But as we went along there were more and yet more and at last under the boughs of the trees, we saw that there was a long belt of them along the shore, about the breadth of a country turnpike road. I never saw daffodils so beautiful they grew among the mossy stones about and about them, some rested their heads upon these stones as on a pillow for weariness and the rest tossed and reeled and danced and seemed as if they verily laughed with the wind that blew upon them over the Lake, they looked so gay ever glancing ever changing. This wind blew directly over the lake to them. There was here and there a little knot and a few stragglers a few yards higher up but they were so few as not to disturb the simplicity and unity and life of that one busy highway – We rested again and again. The Bays were stormy and we heard the waves at different distances and in the middle of the water like the Sea.[9]
—  Dorothy Wordsworth, The Grasmere Journal Thursday, 15 April 1802
At the time he wrote the poem, Wordsworth was living with his wife, Mary Hutchinson, and sister Dorothy at Town End,[Note 1] in Grasmere in England's Lake District.[7] Mary contributed what Wordsworth later said were the two best lines in the poem, recalling the "tranquil restoration" of Tintern Abbey,[Note 2]
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude
Wordsworth was aware of the appropriateness of the idea of daffodils which “flash upon that inward eye” because in his 1815 version he added a note commenting on the “flash” as an “ocular spectrum”. Coleridge in Biographia Literaria of 1817, while he acknowledging the concept of “visual spectrum” as being “well known”, described Wordsworth’s (and Mary’s) lines, amongst others, as “mental bombast”. Fred Blick, [10] has shown that the idea of flashing flowers was derived from the “Elizabeth Linnaeus Phenomenon”, so-called because of the discovery of flashing flowers by Elizabeth Linnaeus in 1762. The phenomenon was reported upon in 1789 and 1794 by Erasmus Darwin, whose work Wordsworth certainly read.
The entire household thus contributed to the poem.[11] Nevertheless, Wordsworth's biographer Mary Moorman, notes that Dorothy was excluded from the poem, even though she had seen the daffodils together with Wordsworth. The poem itself was placed in a section of Poems in Two Volumes entitled Moods of my Mind in which he grouped together his most deeply felt lyrics. Others included To a Butterfly, a childhood recollection of chasing butterflies with Dorothy, and The Sparrow's Nest, in which he says of Dorothy "She gave me eyes, she gave me ears".[12]
The earlier Lyrical Ballads, a collection of poems by both himself and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, had been first published in 1798 and had started the romantic movement in England. It had brought Wordsworth and the other Lake poets into the poetic limelight. Wordsworth had published nothing new since the 1800 edition of Lyrical Ballads, and a new publication was eagerly awaited.[13] Wordsworth had, however, gained some financial security by the 1805 publication of the fourth edition of Lyrical Ballads; it was the first from which he enjoyed the profits of copyright ownership. He decided to turn away from the long poem he was working on (The Recluse) and devote more attention to publishing Poems in Two Volumes, in which "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" first appeared.[14]
Revised version[edit]
Narcissus pseudonarcissus, the "daffodil" native to the Lake District
Wordsworth revised the poem in 1815. He replaced "dancing" with "golden"; "along" with "beside"; and "ten thousand" with "fluttering and". He then added a stanza between the first and second, and changed "laughing" to "jocund". The last stanza was left untouched.[15]
The plot of the poem is simple. In the 1815 revision, Wordsworth described it as "rather an elementary feeling and simple impression (approaching to the nature of an ocular spectrum) upon the imaginative faculty, rather than an exertion of it..."[16]
I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o'er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
Continuous as the stars that shine
and twinkle on the Milky Way,
They stretched in never-ending line
along the margin of a bay:
Ten thousand saw I at a glance,
tossing their heads in sprightly dance.
The waves beside them danced; but they
Out-did the sparkling waves in glee:
A poet could not but be gay,
in such a jocund company:
I gazed—and gazed—but little thought
what wealth the show to me had brought:
For oft, when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude;
And then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the daffodils.
Pamela Woof notes "The permanence of stars as compared with flowers emphasises the permanence of memory for the poet."[17]
Andrew Motion notes that the final verse replicates in the minds of its readers the very experience it describes.[16]
Reception[edit]
Contemporary[edit]
The title page of Poems in Two Volumes
Poems in Two Volumes was poorly reviewed by Wordsworth's contemporaries, including Lord Byron, whom Wordsworth came to despise.[18] Byron said of the volume, in one of its first reviews, "Mr. W[ordsworth] ceases to please, ... clothing [his ideas] in language not simple, but puerile".[19] Wordsworth himself wrote ahead to soften the thoughts of The Critical Review, hoping his friend Francis Wrangham would push for a softer approach. He succeeded in preventing a known enemy from writing the review, but it didn't help; as Wordsworth himself said, it was a case of "Out of the frying pan, into the fire". Of any positives within Poems in Two Volumes, the perceived masculinity in The Happy Warrior, written on the death of Nelson and unlikely to be the subject of attack, was one such. Poems like "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" could not have been further from it. Wordsworth took the reviews stoically.[13]
Even Wordsworth's close friend Samuel Taylor Coleridge said (referring especially to the "child-philosopher" stanzas VII and VIII of Intimations of Immortality) that the poems contained "mental bombast".[20] Two years later, however, many were more positive about the collection. Samuel Rogers said that he had "dwelt particularly on the beautiful idea of the 'Dancing Daffodils'", and this was echoed by Henry Crabb Robinson. Critics were rebutted by public opinion, and the work gained in popularity and recognition, as did Wordsworth.[16]
Poems in Two Volumes was savagely reviewed by Francis Jeffrey in the Edinburgh Review (without, however, singling out "I wandered lonely as a Cloud"), but the Review was well known for its dislike of the Lake poets. As Sir Walter Scott put it at the time of the poem's publication, "Wordsworth is harshly treated in the Edinburgh Review, but Jeffrey gives ... as much praise as he usually does", and indeed Jeffrey praised the sonnets.[21]
Upon the author's death in 1850, the Westminster Review called "I wandered lonely as a Cloud" "very exquisite".[22]
Modern usage[edit]
The poem is presented and taught in many schools in the English-speaking world: these include the 7th grade of most schools of the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), India; the English Literature GCSE course in some examination boards in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland; and in the current Higher School Certificate syllabus topic, Inner Journeys, New South Wales, Australia. It is also frequently used as a part of the Junior Certificate English Course in Ireland as part of the Poetry Section. In The Middle Passage, V.S.Naipaul refers to a campaign in Trinidad against the use of the poem as a set text because daffodils do not grow in the tropics.[citation needed]
Because it is one of the best known poems in the English language, it has frequently been the subject of parody and satire.[23]
The English Prog Rock band Genesis parodies the poem in the opening lyrics to the song "The Colony of Slippermen",[24] from their 1974 album The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway.
It was the subject of a 1985 Heineken beer TV advertisement, which depicts a poet having difficulties with his opening lines, only able to come up with I walked about a bit on my own or I strolled around without anyone else until downing a Heineken and reaching the immortal "I wandered lonely as a Cloud" (because "Heineken refreshes the poets other beers can't reach").[25] The assertion that Wordsworth originally hit on "I wandered lonely as a cow" until Dorothy told him "William, you can't put that" occasionally finds its way into print.[26]
Daffodil tourism[edit]
The daffodils Wordsworth saw would have been wild daffodils.[27] However, the National Gardens Scheme runs a Daffodil Day every year, allowing visitors to view daffodils in Cumbrian gardens including Dora's Field, which was planted by Wordsworth.[28] In 2013 the event was held in March, when unusually cold weather meant that relatively few of the plants were in flower.[29] April, the month that Wordsworth saw the daffodils at Ullswater, is usually a good time to view them, although the Lake District climate has changed since the poem was written.[30]
Anniversaries[edit]
In 2004, in celebration of the 200th anniversary of the writing of the poem, it was also read aloud by 150,000 British schoolchildren, aimed both at improving recognition of poetry, and in support of Marie Curie Cancer Care.[31]
In 2007, Cumbria Tourism released a rap version of the poem, featuring MC Nuts, a Lake District Red squirrel, in an attempt to capture the "YouTube generation" and attract tourists to the Lake District. Published on the two-hundredth anniversary of the original, it attracted wide media attention.[32] It was welcomed by the Wordsworth Trust,[33] but attracted the disapproval of some commentators.[34]
In 2015 events marking the 200th anniversary of the publication of the revised version were celebrated at Rydal Mount.[35]
In popular culture[edit]
In the 2013 musical Big Fish (musical), composed by Andrew Lippa, some lines from the poem are used in the song "Daffodils," which concludes the first act. Lippa mentioned this in a video created by Broadway.com in the same year.[36]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wordsworth, William. "I wandered lonely as a cloud". British Library Images Online.
Jump up ^ "William Wordsworth (1770–1850): I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud". Representative Poetry Online. 2009. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
Jump up ^ BBC. "Historic figures: William Wordsworth (1770–1850)". Retrieved 26 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Moorman (1965) p.27
Jump up ^ Magill, Frank Northen; Wilson, John; Jason, Philip K. (1992). Masterplots II. (Goa-Lov, Vol. 3). Salem Press. p. 1040. ISBN 978-0-89356-587-9.
Jump up ^ Gryff Rhys Jones, ed. (1996). The Nation's Favourite Poems. BBC Books. p. 17. ISBN 0563387823.
^ Jump up to: a b The Wordsworth Trust. "Dove Cottage". The Wordsworth Museum & Art Gallery. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Daffodils at Glencoyne Bay.". Visit Cumbria. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Wordsworth ed. Woof (2002) p. 85
Jump up ^ (https://wordsworth.org.uk/blog/2017/02/22/flashes-upon-the-inward-eye-wordsworth-coleridge-and-flashing-flowers
Jump up ^ Moorman (1965) p. 27
Jump up ^ Moorman (1965) p. 96-7
^ Jump up to: a b Davies, Hunter (2009). William Wordsworth. Frances Lincoln Ltd. pp. 189–190. ISBN 978-0-7112-3045-3. Retrieved 30 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Kenneth R. (1998). The Hidden Wordsworth. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 822–823. ISBN 0-393-04623-0.
Jump up ^ "I wandered lonely as a Cloud by William Wordsworth". The Wordsworth Museum & Art Gallery. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Motion, Andrew (6 March 2004). "The host with the most". Guardian Online. London. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Pamela Woof (November 2009). "The Wordsworths and the Cult of Nature:The daffodils". British History in-depth. BBC. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "William Wordsworth". Britain Express. 2000. Retrieved 25 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Byron, Baron George (1837). The works of Lord Byron complete in one volume. H.L. Broenner. p. 686.
Jump up ^ Hill, John Spencer. "The Structure of Biographia Literaria". John Spencer Hill (self-published).
Jump up ^ Woof, Robert; et al. (2001). William Wordsworth: the critical heritage. Routlege. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-415-03441-8.
Jump up ^ Editor (1850). "The Prelude...". Westminster Review. New York: Leonard Scott and Co. 53 (October): 138.
Jump up ^ Rilkoff, Matt (27 December 2011). "Greenie of the week: William Wordsworth". Taranaki Daily News. p. 14.
Jump up ^ "Lyrics to The Colony of Slippermen".
Jump up ^ "Flowery language". Scottish Poetry Library. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Wainwright, Martin (20 March 2012). "The ruthless side of William Wordsworth". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Michael (March 2015). "I wandered lonely through a secret daffodil wood". Retrieved 8 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "From Cartmel to Carlisle. Wordsworth's Daffodil Legacy". National Gardens Scheme. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Opportunity to view host of golden daffodils". Westmorland Gazette. March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Wainwright, Martin (March 2012). "The ruthless side of William Wordsworth". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mass recital celebrates daffodils". BBC. March 2004. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Poem set to rap to lure visitors". BBC. April 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Martin Wainwright (April 2007). "Respect for Wordsworth 200 years on with daffodil rap". guardian.co.uk. London. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Ben Marshall (April 2007). "Romantic poetry will never rock the house". guardian.co.uk. London. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Exhibition tribute to Wordsworth’s Daffodils". Cumbria Crack: Breaking News Penrith, Cumbria, Carlisle, Lake District.
Jump up ^ Broadwaycom (2013-09-25), Composer Andrew Lippa Sits Down at the Piano to Share the Larger-Than-Life Tales of "Big Fish", retrieved 2016-11-29
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Their cottage is known as Dove Cottage today, but in fact it had no name in their time and their address was simply "Town End, Grasmere", Town End being the name of the hamlet in Grasmere they lived in c.f. Moorman (1957) pp. 459–60.
Jump up ^ In the Preface to the Lyrical Ballads Wordsworth famously defined poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility." Mary Moorman (1957 pp. 148–9) remarks that in this manner spring poems such as "Tintern Abbey" and "I wandered lonely as a Cloud", as well as all the best of The Prelude.
Bibliography[edit]
Davies, Hunter. William Wordsworth, Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1980
Gill, Stephen. William Wordsworth: A Life, Oxford University Press 1989
Moorman, Mary. William Wordsworth, A Biography: The Early Years, 1770–1803 v. 1, Oxford University Press 1957
Moorman, Mary. William Wordsworth: A Biography: The Later Years, 1803–50 v. 2, Oxford University Press 1965
Wordsworth, Dorothy (ed. Pamela Woof). The Grasmere and Alfoxden Journals. Oxford University Press 2002
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
Daffodils, The Wordsworth Trust
Information about William Wordsworth
Facsimile of Dorothy's "daffodils" entry in her journal
Google Books archive of Poems in Two Volumes Volume II
Preface to Lyrical Ballads
Google Books archive of Francis Jeffrey's review of Poems in Two Volumes
"Daffodils" set to music From the 1990 concept album "Tyger and Other Tales"
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text:
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)
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For the Broadway play, see One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (play).
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Miloš Forman
Produced by
Saul Zaentz
Michael Douglas
Screenplay by
Lawrence Hauben
Bo Goldman
Based on
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
by Ken Kesey
Starring
Jack Nicholson
Louise Fletcher
William Redfield
Music by
Jack Nitzsche
Cinematography
Haskell Wexler
Bill Butler[1]
Edited by
Richard Chew[2]
Sheldon Kahn
Lynzee Klingman
Production
company
Fantasy Films
Distributed by
United Artists
Release date
November 19, 1975 (1975-11-19)
Running time
133 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$3 million[3]
Box office
$109 million[3]
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a 1975 American comedy-drama film directed by Miloš Forman, based on the 1962 novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Ken Kesey. The film stars Jack Nicholson, and features a supporting cast of Louise Fletcher, William Redfield, Will Sampson, and Brad Dourif. The film also featured Christopher Lloyd in his film debut.
Considered to be one of the greatest films ever made, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is No. 33 on the American Film Institute's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. The film was the second to win all five major Academy Awards (Best Picture, Actor in Lead Role, Actress in Lead Role, Director, and Screenplay) following It Happened One Night in 1934, an accomplishment not repeated until 1991 by The Silence of the Lambs. It also won numerous Golden Globe and BAFTA Awards.
In 1993, the film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress, and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Casting
3.2 Rehearsals
3.3 Filming
4 Reception
5 Awards and honors
5.1 Others
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1963 Oregon, recidivist criminal Randle McMurphy is moved to a mental institution after serving a short sentence on a prison farm for statutory rape of a 15-year-old. Though not actually mentally ill, McMurphy hopes to avoid hard labor and serve the rest of his sentence in a relaxed environment. Upon arriving at the hospital, he finds the ward run by the steely, strict Nurse Ratched, who subtly suppresses the actions of her patients through a passive-aggressive routine, intimidating the patients.
The other patients include anxious, stuttering Billy Bibbit; Charlie Cheswick, who is prone to childish tantrums; delusional Martini; the well-educated, paranoid Dale Harding; belligerent Max Taber; epileptic Jim Sefelt; and “Chief” Bromden, a tall Native American believed to be deaf and mute. Ratched soon sees McMurphy’s lively, rebellious presence to be a threat to her authority, confiscating the patients’ cigarettes and rationing them. During his time in the ward, McMurphy gets into a battle of wits with Ratched. He steals a hospital bus, escaping with several patients to go on a fishing trip, encouraging his friends to become more self-confident.
McMurphy learns his sentence may become indefinite, and he makes plans to escape, exhorting Chief to throw a hydrotherapy cart through a window. He, Chief, and Cheswick get into a fight with the orderlies after the latter becomes agitated over his stolen cigarettes. Ratched sends them to the “shock shop,” and McMurphy discovers Chief can actually speak, feigning being deaf and mute to avoid engaging with anyone. After being subjected to electroconvulsive therapy, McMurphy returns to the ward pretending to have brain damage, but reveals the treatment has charged him up even more. McMurphy and Chief make plans to escape, but decide to throw a secret Christmas party for their friends after Ratched leaves for the night.
McMurphy sneaks two women, Candy and Rose, into the ward, and bribes the night guard. After a night of partying, McMurphy and Chief prepare to escape, inviting Billy to come with them. He refuses, not ready to leave the hospital. McMurphy instead convinces him to have sex with Candy. Ratched arrives in the morning to find the ward in disarray and most of the patients passed out drunk. She discovers Billy and Candy together, the former now free of his stutter, until Ratched threatens to inform his mother about his escapade. Billy is overwhelmed with fear and locks himself in the doctor’s office and commits suicide. The enraged McMurphy chokes Ratched, before being knocked out by an orderly.
Ratched comes back with a neck brace and a scratchy voice. Rumors spread that McMurphy escaped, rather than be taken "upstairs". Later that night, Chief sees McMurphy being returned to his bed. He discovers McMurphy has lobotomy scars on his forehead, and smothers his friend with a pillow. Chief finally throws the hydrotherapy cart through the window and escapes into the night, cheered on by Taber.
Cast[edit]
Jack Nicholson as Randle McMurphy
Louise Fletcher as Nurse Ratched
Will Sampson as "Chief" Bromden
William Redfield as Dale Harding
Brad Dourif as Billy Bibbit
Sydney Lassick as Charlie Cheswick
Christopher Lloyd as Max Taber
Danny DeVito as Martini
Dean Brooks as Dr. John Spivey
William Duell as Jim Sefelt
Vincent Schiavelli as Bruce Frederickson
Michael Berryman as Ellis
Nathan George as Attendant Washington
Marya Small as Candy
Scatman Crothers as Orderly Turkle
Louisa Moritz as Rose
Peter Brocco as Col. Matterson
Production[edit]
Actor Kirk Douglas—who had originated the role of McMurphy in the 1963–1964 Broadway stage version of the Ken Kesey novel—had purchased the film rights to the story, and tried for a decade to bring it to the big screen, but was unable to find a studio willing to make it with him. Eventually, he gave the rights to his son Michael Douglas, who succeeded in getting the film produced—but the elder Douglas, by then nearly 60, was considered too old for the McMurphy role, which ultimately went to 38-year-old Jack Nicholson.
Douglas brought in Saul Zaentz as co-producer.[4]
The film's first screenwriter, Lawrence Hauben, introduced Douglas to the work of Miloš Forman, whose 1967 Czechoslovak film The Firemen's Ball had the sort of qualities they were looking for. Forman flew to California and went through the script page by page and outlined what he would do, in contrast with other directors who had been approached who were less than forthcoming. Forman wrote in 2012: "To me [the story] was not just literature but real life, the life I lived in Czechoslovakia from my birth in 1932 until 1968. The Communist Party was my Nurse Ratched, telling me what I could and could not do; what I was or was not allowed to say; where I was and was not allowed to go; even who I was and was not."[5]
Saul Zaentz, a voracious reader, felt an affinity with Kesey, and so after Hauben's first attempt he asked Kesey to write the screenplay, and promised him a piece of the action, but it didn’t work out and ended in a financial dispute.[4]
Hal Ashby, who had been an early consideration for director, suggested Jack Nicholson for the role of McMurphy. Production was delayed for about six months because of Nicholson's schedule. However, Douglas later felt that this ended up as a blessing, as it gave more time to get the ensemble right.[4]
Casting[edit]
Danny DeVito, who was Douglas's oldest friend, was the first to be cast as he had played Martini, one of the patients, in the 1971 off-Broadway production. Douglas found Will Sampson, who played Chief Bromden, through a used car dealer that Douglas was sitting next to on an aircraft. Douglas had told him that they were looking for a big guy to play the chief. He sold a lot of cars to Native Americans and six months later called Douglas to say: “the biggest sonofabitch Indian came in the other day!”[4]
Miloš Forman had considered Shelley Duvall for the role of Candy. While screening Thieves Like Us (1974) to see if she was right for the role, he became interested in Louise Fletcher, who had a supporting role, for the role of Nurse Ratched. A mutual acquaintance, the casting director Fred Roos, had already mentioned her name as a possibility. Even so it took four or five meetings, over a year, (during which the role was offered to other actresses) for Fletcher to secure the role of Nurse Ratched. Her final audition was late in 1974, with Forman, Zaentz and Douglas. The day after Christmas, her agent called to say she was expected at the Oregon State Hospital in Salem on 4 January to begin rehearsals.[6]
Rehearsals[edit]
Prior to commencement of filming, a week of rehearsals started on 4 January 1975 in Oregon, during which the actors watched the patients in their daily routine and at group therapy. Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher also witnessed electroconvulsive therapy on a patient.[4]
Filming[edit]
Other than Nicholson, the rest of the cast were working for scale, or a little above that.[clarification needed] Fletcher worked for 11 weeks, and made $10,000 before taxes.[6]
Filming began in January 1975, and concluded approximately three months later, and was shot on location in Salem, Oregon, and the surrounding area, as well as on the Oregon coast.[7][8][9]
The producers decided to shoot the film in the Oregon State Hospital, an actual mental hospital, as this was also the setting of the novel.[10] The hospital’s director, Dean Brooks, was supportive of the filming and eventually ended up playing the character of Dr. John Spivey in the film. Brooks identified a patient for each of the actors to shadow, and some of the cast even slept on the wards at night. He also wanted to incorporate his patients into the crew, to which the producers agreed. Douglas recalls that it wasn't until later that he found out that many of them were criminally insane.[4]
As Forman didn't allow the actors to see the day's filming, this led to the cast losing confidence in him, while Nicholson also began to wonder about his performance. Douglas convinced Forman to show Nicholson something, which he did, and restored the actor's confidence.[4]
Haskell Wexler was fired as cinematographer and replaced by Bill Butler. Wexler believed his dismissal was due to his concurrent work on the documentary Underground, in which the radical terrorist group The Weather Underground were being interviewed while hiding from the law. However, Miloš Forman said he had terminated Wexler over artistic differences. Both Wexler and Butler received Academy Award nominations for Best Cinematography for One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, though Wexler said there was "only about a minute or two minutes in that film I didn't shoot.”[11]
According to Butler, Jack Nicholson refused to speak to Forman: "...[Jack] never talked to Miloš at all, he only talked to me."[1]
Filming went over the initial budget of $2m and over-schedule, but Saul Zaentz, who was personally financing the movie, was able to fund this by borrowing against his company, Fantasy Records. The movie cost in total $4.4m to make.[4]
Reception[edit]
The film was met with overwhelming critical acclaim; Roger Ebert said "Miloš Forman's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a film so good in so many of its parts that there's a temptation to forgive it when it goes wrong. But it does go wrong, insisting on making larger points than its story really should carry, so that at the end, the human qualities of the characters get lost in the significance of it all. And yet there are those moments of brilliance."[12] Ebert would later put the film on his "Great Movies" list.[13] A.D. Murphy of Variety wrote a mixed review as well,[14] as did Vincent Canby: Writing in The New York Times, Canby called the film "a comedy that can't quite support its tragic conclusion, which is too schematic to be honestly moving, but it is acted with such a sense of life that one responds to its demonstration of humanity if not to its programmed metaphors".[15]
The film opens with original music by composer Jack Nitzsche, featuring an eerie bowed saw (performed by Robert Armstrong) and wine glasses. Commenting on the score, reviewer Steven McDonald has said, "The edgy nature of the film extends into the score, giving it a profoundly disturbing feel at times -- even when it appears to be relatively normal. The music has a tendency to always be a little off-kilter, and from time to time it tilts completely over into a strange little world of its own ..."[16]
The film went on to win the "Big Five" Academy Awards at the 48th Oscar ceremony. These include the Best Actor for Jack Nicholson, Best Actress for Louise Fletcher, Best Direction for Forman, Best Picture, and Best Adapted Screenplay for Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman. The film currently has a 95% "Certified Fresh" rating at Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 9/10.[17] Its consensus states: "The onscreen battle between Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher serves as a personal microcosm of the culture wars of the 1970s - and testament to the director's vision that the film retains its power more than three decades later."
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is considered to be one of the greatest American films. Ken Kesey participated in the early stages of script development, but withdrew after creative differences with the producers over casting and narrative point of view; ultimately he filed suit against the production and won a settlement.[18] Kesey himself claimed never to have seen the movie, but said he disliked what he knew of it,[19] a fact confirmed by Chuck Palahniuk who wrote, "The first time I heard this story, it was through the movie starring Jack Nicholson. A movie that Kesey once told me he disliked."[20]
In 1993, this film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in their National Film Registry.[21]
Awards and honors[edit]
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
Academy Award Academy Award for Best Picture Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz Won
Academy Award for Best Director Miloš Forman Won
Academy Award for Best Actor Jack Nicholson Won
Academy Award for Best Actress Louise Fletcher Won
Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman Won
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor Brad Dourif Nominated
Academy Award for Best Cinematography Haskell Wexler and Bill Butler Nominated
Academy Award for Best Film Editing Richard Chew, Lyzee Klingman and Sheldon Kahn Nominated
Academy Award for Original Music Score Jack Nitzsche Nominated
Golden Globe Award Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Drama Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz Won
Golden Globe Award for Best Director - Motion Picture Miloš Forman Won
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama Jack Nicholson Won
Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama Louise Fletcher Won
Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman Won
Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year - Actor Brad Dourif Won
BAFTA Award BAFTA Award for Best Film Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz Won
BAFTA Award for Best Direction Miloš Forman Won
BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Jack Nicholson Won
BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Louise Fletcher Won
BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Brad Dourif Won
BAFTA Award for Best Editing Richard Chew, Lynzee Klingman and Sheldon Kahn Won
BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography Haskell Wexler and Bill Butler Nominated
BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman Nominated
Others[edit]
American Film Institute
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies - #20
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains:
Nurse Ratched - #5 Villain
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers - #17
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) - #33
See also[edit]
Film in the United States portal
1970s portal
List of Academy Award records
List of Big Five Academy Award winners and nominees
Mental illness in film
White savior narrative in film
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Townsend, Sylvia (19 December 2014). "Haskell Wexler and the Making of 'One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'". Retrieved 13 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Chew was listed as "supervising editor" in the film's credits, but was included in the nomination for an editing Academy Award.
^ Jump up to: a b "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, Box Office Information". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Hood, Phil (April 11, 2017). "Michael Douglas: how we made One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest". The Guardian. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Forman, Milos (10 July 2012). "Opinion - Obama the Socialist? Not Even Close" – via NYTimes.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Walker, Tim (January 22, 2016). "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest: Louise Fletcher recalls the impact of landing the Oscar-winning role of Nurse Ratched". The Independent. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest at the American Film Institute".
Jump up ^ "Story Notes for One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest".
Jump up ^ "Hollywood's Love Affair with Oregon Coast Continues". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Oregon State Hospital – A documentary film (Mental Health Association of Portland)".
Jump up ^ Anderson, John. "Haskell Wexler, Oscar-Winning Cinematographer, Dies at 93." The New York Times, December 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Suntimes.com - Roger Ebert review, Chicago Sun-Times, January 1, 1975
Jump up ^ Suntimes.com - Roger Ebert review, Chicago Sun-Times, February 2, 2003.
Jump up ^ Variety.com - A.D. Murphy, Variety, November 7, 1975
Jump up ^ Canby, Vincent (November 28, 1975). "Critic's Pick: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest [Original Soundtrack] - Jack Nitzsche - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic". AllMusic.
Jump up ^ "One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest Movie Reviews, Pictures - Rotten Tomatoes". Retrieved 2010-08-19.
Jump up ^ Carnes, Mark Christopher, Paul R. Betz, et al. (1999). American National Biography, Volume 26. New York: Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 0-19-522202-4. p. 312,
Jump up ^ Carnes, p. 312
Jump up ^ Foreword of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, Copyright 2007 by Chuck Palahniuk. Available in the 2007 Edition published by Penguin Books
Jump up ^ "U.S. National Film Registry -- Titles". Retrieved September 2, 2016.
External links[edit]
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One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest at Box Office Mojo
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BNE: XX3870952
BNF: cb16732665j (data)
GND: 7512848-2
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SUDOC: 180849603
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Flew_Over_the_Cuckoo%27s_Nest_(film)&oldid=841634826"
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Academy Award

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Golden Globe

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AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers

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Mental illness in film

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Sunset Boulevard (1950 film)

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The Defiant Ones (film)

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values: أحدهم طار فوق عش الوقواق (فيلم) – Arabic

values: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (cinta) – Aragonese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values: Ququ quşu yuvasının üzərindən uçarkən (film, 1975) – Azerbaijani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: ওয়ান ফ্লু ওভার দ্য কুকুস নেস্ট (চলচ্চিত্র) – Bangla

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interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: Палёт над гняздом зязюлі (фільм) – Belarusian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: Полет над кукувиче гнездо (филм) – Bulgarian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values: Let iznad kukavičijeg gnijezda (film) – Bosnian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values: Algú va volar sobre el niu del cucut – Catalan

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
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interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (ffilm) – Welsh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: Einer flog über das Kuckucksnest (Film) – German

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values: Στη Φωλιά του Κούκου – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: Qualcuno volò sul nido del cuculo – Emiliano-Romagnolo

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eml
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values: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest – Spanish

values: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest – Esperanto

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest – Basque

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: دیوانه از قفس پرید – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
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values: Vol au-dessus d'un nid de coucou – French

values: Alguén voou sobre o niño do cuco – Galician

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 뻐꾸기 둥지 위로 날아간 새 (영화) – Korean

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
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values: Թռիչք կկվի բնի վրայով (ֆիլմ) – Armenian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
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values: Let iznad kukavičjeg gnijezda (1975.) – Croatian

values:
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values: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (pelikula) – Iloko

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo
display: none;

values: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film) – Indonesian

values: Qualcuno volò sul nido del cuculo – Italian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-it
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values: קן הקוקייה – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: ვიღაცამ გუგულის ბუდეს გადაუფრინა – Georgian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
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values: Күкүктүн уясынан учуп баратып (тасма) – Kyrgyz

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values: One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest (pellicula) – Latin

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values: Kāds pārlaidās pār dzeguzes ligzdu – Latvian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values: Száll a kakukk fészkére (film) – Hungarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Лет над кукавичјото гнездо – Macedonian

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values: وطار فوق عش المجانين – Egyptian Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
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values: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (filem) – Malay

values: Хөхөөний үүрэн дээгүүрх нислэг (кино) – Mongolian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

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values: カッコーの巣の上で – Japanese

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values: Lot nad kukułczym gniazdem (film) – Polish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
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values: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest – Portuguese

values: Zbor deasupra unui cuib de cuci – Romanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
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values: Пролетая над гнездом кукушки (фильм) – Russian

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values: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film) – Scots

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values: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (movie) – Simple English

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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
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values: Лет изнад кукавичјег гнезда (филм) – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
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values: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film) – Serbo-Croatian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values: Yksi lensi yli käenpesän (elokuva) – Finnish

values:
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
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values: ஒன் ப்லூவ் ஓவர் த குக்கூஸ் நெஸ்ட் (திரைப்படம்) – Tamil

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values: Пролітаючи над гніздом зозулі (фільм) – Ukrainian

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values: Bay trên tổ chim cúc cu (phim) – Vietnamese

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