text:
Solar radius
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Conversion of nominal solar radius
1 R☉ =
Units
7008695700000000000♠6.95700×108 metres
695,700 kilometres
0.00465047 astronomical unit
432,288 miles
6992735355000000000♠7.35355×10−8 light-year
6992225461000000000♠2.25461×10−8 parsec
2.32061 light-seconds
Solar radius is a unit of distance used to express the size of stars in astronomy. The solar radius is usually defined as the radius to the layer in the Sun's photosphere where the optical depth equals 2/3:
1 R ⊙ = 6.957 × 10 5 km {\displaystyle 1\,R_{\odot }=6.957\times 10^{5}{\hbox{ km}}}
The solar radius is approximately 695,700 kilometres (432,300 miles), which is about 10 times the average radius of Jupiter, 110 times the radius of the Earth, and 1/215th of an astronomical unit, the distance of the Earth from the Sun. It varies slightly from pole to equator due to its rotation, which induces an oblateness in the order of 10 parts per million. (See 1 gigametre for similar distances.)[1]
The unmanned SOHO spacecraft was used to measure the radius of the Sun by timing transits of Mercury across the surface during 2003 and 2006. The result was a measured radius of 696,342 ± 65 kilometres (432,687 ± 40 miles).[2]
Haberreiter, Schmutz & Kosovichev (2008)[3] determined the radius corresponding to the solar photosphere to be 695,660 ± 140 kilometres (432,263 ± 87 miles). This new value is consistent with helioseismic estimates; the same study showed that previous estimates using inflection point methods had been overestimated by approximately 300 km (190 mi).
Contents
[hide]
1 Nominal solar radius
2 Examples
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Nominal solar radius[edit]
In 2015, the International Astronomical Union passed Resolution B3, which defined a set of nominal conversion constants for stellar and planetary astronomy. Resolution B3 defined the nominal solar radius (symbol R ⊙ N {\displaystyle R_{\odot }^{N}} ) to be equal to exactly 695,700 km.[4] The nominal values were adopted to help astronomers avoid confusion when quoting stellar radii in units of the Sun's radius, even when future observations will likely refine the Sun's actual photospheric radius (which is currently only known to about the ±100–200 km accuracy).

Examples[edit]
Solar radii as a unit are popular when talking about spacecraft moving close to the sun. Two spacecraft in the 2010s.
Solar Orbiter (as close as 45 Solar radii, Rs)
Parker Solar Probe (as close as 9 Solar radii, Rs)
See also[edit]
Astronomical unit
Orders of magnitude (length)
Solar luminosity
Solar mass
References[edit]
Jump up ^ NASA RHESSI oblateness measurements 2012
Jump up ^ Emilio, Marcelo; Kuhn, Jeff R.; Bush, Rock I.; Scholl, Isabelle F., "Measuring the Solar Radius from Space during the 2003 and 2006 Mercury Transits", The Astrophysical Journal, 750: 135, arXiv:1203.4898  , Bibcode:2012ApJ...750..135E, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/135
Jump up ^ Haberreiter, M; Schmutz, W; Kosovichev, A.G., "Solving the Discrepancy between the Seismic and Photospheric Solar Radius", Astrophysical Journal, 675 (1): L53–L56, arXiv:0711.2392  , Bibcode:2008ApJ...675L..53H, doi:10.1086/529492
Jump up ^ Mamajek, E.E.; Prsa, A.; Torres, G.; et, al., IAU 2015 Resolution B3 on Recommended Nominal Conversion Constants for Selected Solar and Planetary Properties, arXiv:1510.07674  , Bibcode:2015arXiv151007674M
External links[edit]
S. C. Tripathy; H. M. Antia (1999). "Influence of surface layers on the seismic estimate of the solar radius". Solar Physics. 186 (1/2): 1–11. Bibcode:1999SoPh..186....1T. doi:10.1023/A:1005116830445.
T. M. Brown; J. Christensen-Dalsgaard (1998). "Accurate Determination of the Solar Photospheric Radius". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 500 (2): L195. arXiv:astro-ph/9803131  . Bibcode:1998ApJ...500L.195B. doi:10.1086/311416.
[hide]
v
t
e
Units of length used in Astronomy
Astronomical system of units
Earth radius (R⊕ or RE)
Light-second (ls)
Solar radius (R☉)
gigametre (Gm)
Astronomical unit (AU)
terametre (Tm)
light-year (ly)
parsec (pc)
kiloparsec (kpc)
megaparsec (Mpc)
gigaparsec (Gpc)
See also
Cosmic distance ladder
Orders of magnitude (length)
Conversion of units
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text:
How Come
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the single from D12. For the song by Ronnie Lane, see How Come (Ronnie Lane song). For the song by The Sports, see How Come (The Sports song).
"How Come"
Single by D12
from the album D12 World
Released
June 8, 2004
Format
CD
Genre
Hip hop, Horrorcore
Length
4:09
Label
Shady
Interscope
Songwriter(s)
M. Mathers, D. Porter, D. Holton, D. Moore, B. Johnson
Producer(s)
Witt & Pep
D12 singles chronology
"My Band"
(2004) "How Come"
(2004)
Music video
Video on YouTube
"How Come" is a song by the American rap group D12. It was released in June 2004 as the second single from their second album D12 World. The song was certified Gold by the RIAA.[1]
Contents
1 Content
2 Music video
3 Track listing
4 Charts
5 Cover
6 References
7 External links
Content[edit]
The song is about the relationship between the members of D12. Eminem makes reference to his relationship to Proof, Kon Artis talks about Eminem and Kim's relationship, and Proof talks about the rift between him and Eminem.
Bizarre and Swift had verses in the extended version, but these were cut from the official release of the song.
Music video[edit]
The video depicts members of D12 fighting with Eminem in the Shady Records studio. It shows a detailed strain on the members relationships. They discuss how Eminem rose to stardom, and they can't get a deal. They envy Eminem, but he doesn't think there is anything to envy, the song ends, leaving people wondering, with the members dissatisfied. In the second verse of the song, Kon Artis talks about a time when he claims to have seen Eminem's girlfriend Kim cheating on him. The video ends with a clip of another song from D12 World, "Git Up". The beginning also shows a home video of Eminem rapping at an underground show with Proof and Bizarre.
Track listing[edit]
UK CD single
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
1. "How Come[A]" M. Mathers, D. Porter, D. Holton, D. Moore, B. Johnson Witt & Pep, Eminem 4:41
2. "40 Oz." M. Williams, J. Kent, M. Mathers, R. Johnson, V. Carlisle, D. Holton Trackboyz 4:08
3. "How Come - Video" M. Mathers, D. Porter, D. Holton, D. Moore, B. Johnson Witt & Pep, Eminem 5:24
4. "40 Oz. - Video" M. Williams, J. Kent, M. Mathers, R. Johnson, V. Carlisle, D. Holton Trackboyz 3:56
5. "40 Oz. - Instrumental" M. Williams, J. Kent, M. Mathers, R. Johnson, V. Carlisle, D. Holton Trackboyz 4:05
European CD single
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
1. "How Come[A]" M. Mathers, D. Porter, D. Holton, D. Moore, B. Johnson Witt & Pep, Eminem 4:41
2. "40 Oz." M. Williams, J. Kent, M. Mathers, R. Johnson, V. Carlisle, D. Holton Trackboyz 4:08
3. "How Come - Video" M. Mathers, D. Porter, D. Holton, D. Moore, B. Johnson Witt & Pep, Eminem 5:24
4. "40 Oz. - Video" M. Williams, J. Kent, M. Mathers, R. Johnson, V. Carlisle, D. Holton Trackboyz 3:56
Notes:
^ This is an extended version of the song, containing Swifty McVay and Bizarre's verses, which were cut off the album version.
Charts[edit]
Chart (2004)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[2] 4
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[3] 17
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[4] 15
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[5] 26
Denmark (Tracklisten)[6] 5
Germany (Official German Charts)[7] 15
Ireland (IRMA) 4
Italy (FIMI)[8] 17
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[9] 7
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[10] 6
Norway (VG-lista)[11] 10
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[12] 42
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[13] 17
UK Singles (The Official Charts Company) 4
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 27
U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs 68
U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Tracks 18
Cover[edit]
A cover version was first performed by English rock band Embrace for BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge show. This version is shortened to Eminem's lyrics on the song, cutting out Kon Artis and Proof.[14] The song was released B-sides to their single "Ashes" and on their album Dry Kids: B-Sides 1997–2005. When the video is played for this song, the song often joins onto a shortened version of the D12 song, "Git Up."
References[edit]
Jump up ^ RIAA Archived 2015-03-29 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – D12 – How Come". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – D12 – How Come" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – D12 – How Come" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – D12 – How Come" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – D12 – How Come". Tracklisten.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – D12 Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – D12 – How Come". Top Digital Download.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – D12" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Charts.nz – D12 – How Come". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – D12 – How Come". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – D12 – How Come". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – D12 – How Come". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ Embrace - Embrace To Embrace Rap
External links[edit]
"How Come/Git Up" Official music video on YouTube
hide
v
t
e
D12
Eminem
Bizarre
Kon Artis
Kuniva
Swift
Proof
Bugz
Fuzz Scoota
Studio albums
Devil's Night
D12 World
Compilations
Eminem Presents: The Re-Up
Shady XV
Singles
"Shit on You"
"Purple Pills"
"Ain't Nuttin' But Music"
"Fight Music"
"911" (with Gorillaz)
"My Band"
"How Come"
Related articles
Discography
Shady Records
Goliath Management
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Come&oldid=853219291"
Categories:
D12 songs
2004 singles
Songs written by Eminem
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Shady Records singles
Songs written by Mr. Porter
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Ellie (The Last of Us)
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Ellie
The Last of Us character
Ellie, as she appears in The Last of Us
First game
The Last of Us
Created by
Neil Druckmann
Portrayed by
Ashley Johnson
Ellie is a fictional character in the 2013 video game The Last of Us, and the main protagonist of the upcoming video game The Last of Us Part II. In the first game, the character Joel is tasked with escorting Ellie across a post-apocalyptic United States in an attempt to create a potential cure for an infection to which Ellie is immune. She is voiced by Ashley Johnson, who also provided motion capture for the character. While players briefly assume control of Ellie for a portion of the game, the computer's artificial intelligence primarily controls her actions, often assisting in combat by attacking or identifying enemies. Ellie reappeared as the sole playable character in the downloadable content prequel campaign, The Last of Us: Left Behind, in which she spends time with her friend Riley. Ellie is also the main character in the comic book prequel, The Last of Us: American Dreams, wherein she befriends Riley and has her first encounter with the rebel group the Fireflies.
Ellie was created by Neil Druckmann, the creative director and writer of The Last of Us. Inspired by a mute character proposed for Uncharted 2: Among Thieves, Druckmann created her as a strong female character with a close relationship with Joel; throughout the game's development, the relationship between Ellie and Joel was the central focus, with all other elements developed around it. Johnson inspired aspects of Ellie's personality, prompting Druckmann to make her more active in fighting hostile enemies. Naughty Dog also redesigned her appearance during the game's development to more closely resemble Johnson. Her appearance has also been compared to that of actress Ellen Page.
The character has been well-received by critics, with Ellie's relationship with Joel most frequently the subject of praise. The strength and complexity of her character, and its subversion of the damsel in distress stereotype, have also been commended. Ellie's role in Left Behind's plot has prompted some social commentary within the industry, with coverage focusing on a scene depicting LGBT themes. Both the character and Johnson's performance received numerous awards and nominations, and have regularly been placed favorably in polls and lists.
Contents
[hide]
1 Character design
2 Attributes
3 Appearances
4 Reception
5 References
5.1 Sources
5.2 Footnotes
Character design[edit]
American actress Ashley Johnson, who portrayed Ellie in The Last of Us
Creative director Neil Druckmann designed Ellie as a counterpart to Joel, the game's main playable character.[1] She was also intended to demonstrate that a character bond could be created entirely through gameplay. Druckmann described the game as a coming of age story for Ellie, in which she adopts the qualities of a survivor.[2] Ashley Johnson was chosen to portray Ellie in The Last of Us shortly after her auditions;[3] the development team felt that she fit the role, particularly when acting alongside Troy Baker, who portrayed Joel. Johnson made important contributions to Ellie's character development. She convinced Druckmann to give Ellie a more independent personality, and to make her more successful in combat.[4] As Ellie, Johnson's performances were mostly recorded using motion capture technology which produced approximately 85% of the game's animations. The remaining audio elements were recorded later in a studio.[5] When portraying Ellie, Johnson was sometimes uncomfortable while performing "disturbing" scenes.[4] But, she was excited to play the role, which she felt was a rare example of a strong female video game character.[6]
The various iterations that Ellie's physical appearance underwent throughout development. Each design was tested with various hair colors and styles.[7]
The development team felt that establishing Ellie's physical appearance was "critical". They felt that she needed to appear young enough to make her relationship with Joel—who is in his 40s[8]—believable, but old enough to be credible as a resourceful teenager capable of surviving.[9] A redesign of Ellie's physical appearance was publicized in May 2012; Druckmann stated that the change was to make her look more like Johnson.[10] Prior to the redesign, comparisons were made between Ellie and actress Ellen Page; in June 2013, Page accused Naughty Dog of "ripping off [her] likeness".[11] The team felt that Ellie was important for the game's marketing; Druckmann said that, when asked to move the image of Ellie from the front of the game's packaging to the back, "everyone at Naughty Dog just flat-out refused".[12]
When asked about the inspiration for Ellie as a gameplay feature, Druckmann recalled when he and game director Bruce Straley brainstormed ideas for Uncharted 2: Among Thieves (2009). One of their ideas was a sequence with a mute female character whose role was to summon Nathan Drake, Uncharted's main character, and briefly accompany him throughout the sequence; Druckmann felt this created a "beautiful" relationship through gameplay alone. Though this concept was scrapped for Uncharted 2, the idea was raised again when discussing a new project, ultimately inspiring the character of Ellie.[2] The addition of Ellie as an artificial intelligence (AI) required significant overhauling of the game engine.[13] The team intentionally added a feature where Ellie remains close to Joel, to avoid being viewed by players as a "burden".[14] Programmer Max Dyckhoff stated that, when working on Ellie as an AI, he imagined her experiences throughout the game's events in an attempt to achieve realism.[14] Druckmann also felt inspired by wars that took place in Syria and Afghanistan when creating Ellie; he felt that conflict was familiar to the children in those countries, which is similar to Ellie's view.[15] During the Winter segment of the game, players assume control of Ellie. The developers ensured that this change, as well as the knowledge of Ellie's immunity, was kept secret prior to the game's release to surprise players.[1]
Attributes[edit]
A fourteen-year-old survivor, Ellie is "mature beyond her years" as a result of the circumstances of her environment. Ellie is characterized as "[s]trong, witty, and a little rough around the edges".[16] Her emotional trauma is accentuated after her encounter with David.[17][18] Having lost many people in her life, she suffers from severe monophobia and survivor's guilt.[19] This results in her becoming a very hardened person; she uses violence without hesitation[20][21][22] and frequently swears.[23] Ellie also feels worthless, believing her life is a burden, and that her death would be beneficial for others.[24] While she shows initiative, she is not as adept at survival as Joel, being somewhat impulsive and naïve,[15][25] and unable to swim.[26] Despite this, she displays great physical resilience, emotional strength and complete fearlessness, as demonstrated by her ability to look after both herself and Joel when he is severely injured. She constantly perseveres in the face of the many often dire situations that her travels put her through.[27][28] There is a scene where Ellie kisses her friend Riley. After the game was released, Druckmann said that he wrote Ellie as a gay character, though he preferred to leave the subject of her sexuality up to players to decide.[29]
Appearances[edit]
Main articles: The Last of Us: American Dreams, The Last of Us: Left Behind, The Last of Us, and The Last of Us Part II
Ellie lost her mother at birth and grew up in an orphanage. She later attends a military boarding school in the Boston quarantine zone, where she befriends Riley Abel, a fellow rebel who protects her from bullies, as depicted in the comic book series The Last of Us: American Dreams.[30] During the events of Left Behind, which take place several weeks before the beginning of The Last of Us, Riley returns to Ellie after a long absence and tells her that she has joined the Fireflies, a revolutionary militia group. While spending time together at an abandoned shopping mall near the quarantine zone, Riley reveals that she is about to be posted to another city, and Ellie hesitantly supports her decisions. Riley abandons her Firefly pendant when Ellie pleads for her to remain. In response, she impulsively kisses Riley who happily responds. Drawn by the noise of their activities, the Infected pursues Ellie and Riley. They attempt to escape, but are bitten. The pair considers suicide, but choses to spend their final hours together.[31] However, Ellie survives the infection and seeks help from Marlene, the leader of the Fireflies. She agrees to escort Ellie as she tries to find a cure thanks to her immunity to the Infected. Marlene is later wounded, and early in The Last of Us, assigns Joel the task of escorting Ellie.[32]
Initially annoyed by Joel's surliness, Ellie begins to feel a strong attachment to him. However, upon learning that he intends to leave her with his brother Tommy and return to Boston, she runs away. She later confronts him demanding that he not abandon her. This strengthens the bond between them, and they continue their journey. After experiencing a traumatizing encounter in the Winter, where Ellie is nearly raped and murdered by a band of cannibals and their leader David, she becomes withdrawn and introverted. When Joel finally gets her to the Fireflies, it is discovered that Ellie requires an operation to remove the mutant strain of the Cordyceps fungus growing on her brain, which may be used to create a vaccine; the operation will likely kill her. While she is being prepared for surgery, Joel kills Marlene and the Fireflies, makes his way to the operating room, and carries Ellie to safety.[32] Because she was unconscious during the battle, Ellie is unaware of what has transpired. As they leave the hospital, Joel lies about the events, telling her that the Fireflies had found many other subjects, and had stopped looking for a cure.[22] When Ellie later confronts him about it, describing her survivor's guilt and demanding to know the truth, Joel reassures her that he is telling the truth; she replies "Okay".[32]
At the December 2016 PlayStation Experience event, a sequel titled The Last of Us Part II was announced as being in early development.[33][34] The game's first trailer reveals the return of Ellie and Joel. Events take place about five years after the first game; Ellie, who will be 19 during Part II, has been confirmed as the main playable character.[35]
Reception[edit]
Ellie's character received generally positive feedback. Jason Killingsworth of Edge praised Ellie's complexity and commended Naughty Dog for not having made her "a subordinate ... precocious teen girl that Joel must babysit".[36] Ashley Reed and Andy Hartup of GamesRadar named Ellie one of the "most inspirational female characters in games", writing that she is "one of the most modern, realistic characters ever designed".[37] Eurogamer's Ellie Gibson commended the character's strength and vulnerability, praising the game's subversion of the damsel in distress cliché.[38] GamesRadar listed Ellie among the best characters of the video game generation, stating that her courage exceeds that of most male characters.[39] IGN's Greg Miller compared Ellie to Elizabeth from BioShock Infinite (2013), and felt that the former was a "much more rounded out, full-fledged" character.[40] Conversely, Game Informer's Kimberley Wallace felt that the game focused too much on Joel, "hardly capitalizing on Ellie's importance",[41] and Chris Suellentrop of The New York Times judged that Ellie is cast "in a secondary, more subordinate role".[42]
Critics praised the relationship between Ellie and Joel. Matt Helgeson of Game Informer wrote that the relationship was "poignant" and "well-drawn",[43] Joystiq's Richard Mitchell found it "genuine" and emotional,[44] and IGN's Colin Moriarty identified it as a highlight of the game.[45] Eurogamer's Oli Welsh felt the characters were developed with "real patience and skill".[46] Philip Kollar of Polygon found the relationship was assisted by the game's optional conversations.[47] Wallace of Game Informer named Joel and Ellie one of the "best gaming duos of 2013", appreciating their interest in protecting each other.[48] Game Informer's Kyle Hilliard compared Joel and Ellie's relationship to that of the Prince and Elika from Prince of Persia (2008), writing that both duos care deeply for one another, and praising the "emotional crescendo" in The Last of Us, which he judged had not been achieved in Prince of Persia.[49] PlayStation Official Magazine's David Meikleham named Joel and Ellie the best characters in a PlayStation 3 game.[50]
Following the release of The Last of Us: Left Behind, Ellie's relationship with Riley was commended by reviewers. GameSpot's Tom McShea felt a new appreciation for Ellie by seeing her actions around Riley.[25] The Daily Telegraph's Tim Martin praised the characters' interactions,[51] and Eurogamer's Stace Harman felt that Left Behind improves the understanding of Joel and Ellie's relationship.[52] Kotaku's Kirk Hamilton described Ellie and Riley's kiss as "video gaming's latest breakthrough moment", declaring it "a big deal".[53] Keza MacDonald of IGN wrote that the kiss was "so beautiful and natural and funny that [she] was left dumbstruck".[54] IGN's Luke Karmali questioned Naughty Dog's motivation behind the kiss, noting the "bait-and-switch" in which they made players care for the character before revealing her sexuality, but ultimately dismissed this and commended the handling of Ellie's sexuality and the subtlety of the writing.[55]
The character of Ellie won year-end awards, including Best New Character from Hardcore Gamer[56] and Most Valuable Character at the SXSW Gaming Awards for Left Behind;[57] she received a nomination for Best Character from Destructoid.[58] Ashley Johnson's performance also received various accolades: Best Performer at the 10th and 11th British Academy Video Games Awards,[59][60] Outstanding Character Performance the 17th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards,[61] Lead Performance in a Drama at the 13th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards,[62] Best Voice Actress at the Spike VGX 2013,[63] and Best Performer from The Daily Telegraph.[64]
References[edit]
Sources[edit]
Druckmann, Neil; Straley, Bruce (June 2013), The Art of The Last of Us, United States of America: Dark Horse Comics
Footnotes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Takahashi, Dean (August 5, 2013). "The definitive interview with the creators of Sony's blockbuster The Last of Us (part 1)". GamesBeat. VentureBeat. p. 1. Archived from the original on April 10, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Takahashi, Dean (August 5, 2013). "The definitive interview with the creators of Sony's blockbuster The Last of Us (part 1)". GamesBeat. VentureBeat. p. 1. Archived from the original on April 10, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dutton, Fred (May 31, 2013). "The Last of Us: Ashley Johnson bringing Ellie to life". PlayStation Blog. Sony Computer Entertainment. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Robertson, Andy (May 31, 2013). "The Last of Us: interview with Neil Druckmann and Ashley Johnson". The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Archived from the original on October 13, 2014. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hanson, Ben (February 20, 2012). "Capturing Joel And Ellie For The Last Of Us". Game Informer. GameStop. Archived from the original on January 7, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Naughty Dog and Area 5 (2013). Grounded: Making The Last of Us. Sony Computer Entertainment. Event occurs at 11:06. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2014. To sort of be such a strong female character that is completely normal-looking—regular t-shirt and jeans—and she's fourteen, and she's still a total bad-ass: it's really exciting to be a part of that.
Jump up ^ Druckmann & Straley 2013, pp. 22
Jump up ^ Moriarty, Colin (February 8, 2012). "The Last of Us Storyline Explained in Detail". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Druckmann & Straley 2013, pp. 19
Jump up ^ Gera, Emily (May 16, 2012). "The Last of Us gets new trailer, reveals Ellie redesign". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on October 10, 2014. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Plunkett, Luke (June 23, 2013). "Ellen Page Says The Last Of Us' Ellie "Ripped Off My Likeness"". Kotaku. Gawker Media. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Weber, Rachel (December 12, 2012). "Naughty Dog: We've been asked to push Ellie to the back of the box art". Gamesindustry.biz. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Moriarty, Colin (February 13, 2012). "Naughty Dog Talks Combat in The Last of Us". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on October 23, 2014. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Farokhmanesh, Megan (March 22, 2014). "How Naughty Dog created a partner, not a burden, with Ellie in The Last of Us". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on January 14, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Parker, Laura (February 1, 2013). "Staying Human in the Inhuman World of The Last of Us". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on January 7, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Clements, Ryan (February 9, 2014). "The Drop: New PlayStation Releases for February 11th, 2014". PlayStation Blog. Sony Computer Entertainment. Archived from the original on March 26, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ O'Brien, Lucy (December 1, 2013). "Is This the Most Important Moment in The Last of Us". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on March 26, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hamilton, Kirk (June 27, 2013). "The Last Of Us' Climactic Moments Could Have Been Very Different". Kotaku. Gawker Media. Archived from the original on March 26, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Amini, Tina (July 2, 2013). "The Moral Ambiguities In The Last Of Us". Kotaku. Gawker Media. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mc Shea, Tom (June 5, 2013). "The Last of Us Review". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on March 1, 2015. Retrieved March 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Agnello, Anthony John (December 27, 2013). "2013 in Review: In The Last of Us, No Death is Meaningless". USGamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on October 18, 2015. Retrieved March 26, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Plante, Chris (July 24, 2013). "Let's Talk About: The ending of The Last of Us". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on March 26, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Plunkett, Luke (July 4, 2013). "Every Time Ellie Says F**k, S**t (And Motherf**ker) In The Last Of Us". Kotaku. Gawker Media. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kerzner, Liana (September 18, 2014). "Some of gaming's greatest heroes are mentally ill, and that's a great thing". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on March 26, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Mc Shea, Tom (February 13, 2014). "The Last of Us: Left Behind Review". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bradford, Matt (July 16, 2013). "The 12 biggest nitpicks of The Last of Us". GamesRadar. Future plc. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ MacDonald, Keza (February 17, 2014). "The Last of Us: Left Behind – review". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Orland, Kyle (June 6, 2013). "The Last of Us review: Me, you, and the infected". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mattos, Sal (February 21, 2014). "Is Ellie Gay? Naughty Dog's Neil Druckmann Weights In on The Last of Us: Left Behind". GayGamer.net. Archived from the original on February 21, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Druckmann, Neil, Hicks, Faith Erin (w), Hicks, Faith Erin (a), Rosenberg, Rachelle (col), Robins, Clem (let), Edidin, Rachel, Wright, Brendan (ed). The Last of Us: American Dreams #1: 10 (April 3, 2013), Dark Horse Comics
Jump up ^ Naughty Dog (February 14, 2014). The Last of Us: Left Behind. PlayStation 3. Sony Computer Entertainment.
^ Jump up to: a b c Naughty Dog (June 14, 2013). The Last of Us. PlayStation 3. Sony Computer Entertainment.
Jump up ^ Druckmann, Neil (December 3, 2016). "The Last of Us Part II". PlayStation Blog. Sony Interactive Entertainment. Archived from the original on December 3, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dornbush, Jonathon (December 3, 2016). "The Last of Us Part 2 Announced". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on December 3, 2016. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Martin (December 3, 2016). "Ellie is the lead character in The Last of Us Part 2". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on December 4, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Killingsworth, Jason (June 25, 2013). "Sexism sells? The Last Of Us begs to differ". Edge. Future plc. Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Reed, Ashley; Hartup, Andy (March 11, 2014). "The 20 most inspirational female characters in games". GamesRadar. Future plc. Archived from the original on April 26, 2015. Retrieved April 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Gibson, Ellie (July 5, 2013). "The Last of Us isn't the solution to sexism in games, but it's a start". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on April 23, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Best game characters of the generation". GamesRadar. Future plc. October 11, 2013. Archived from the original on April 28, 2015. Retrieved April 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Miller, Greg; Moriarty, Colin; Altano, Brian (June 24, 2013). "The Last of Us' Ellie vs. BioShock Infinite's Elizabeth". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on April 29, 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wallace, Kimberley (December 23, 2013). "Opinion: Important Female Character Weren't Marketed Well This Year". Game Informer. GameStop. Archived from the original on April 23, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Suellentrop, Chris (June 14, 2013). "In the Video Game The Last of Us, Survival Favors the Man". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on October 11, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Helgeson, Matt (June 5, 2013). "Naughty Dog's Grim Masterpiece". Game Informer. GameStop. Archived from the original on March 1, 2015. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Richard (June 5, 2013). "The Last of Us review: Humans, conditioned". Joystiq. AOL. Archived from the original on March 1, 2015. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Moriarty, Colin (June 5, 2013). "The Last of Us Review". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on March 1, 2015. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Welsh, Oli (July 31, 2014). "The Last of Us review". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on March 1, 2015. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kollar, Philip (June 5, 2013). "The Last of Us review: dead inside". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on March 1, 2015. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wallace, Kimberley (December 28, 2013). "The Best Gaming Duos Of 2013". Game Informer. Archived from the original on April 22, 2015. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hilliard, Kyle (July 22, 2013). "From Elika To Ellie: Comparing Prince Of Persia And The Last Of Us". Game Informer. GameStop. Archived from the original on April 28, 2015. Retrieved April 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Meikleham, David (June 5, 2013). "The Last Of Us review SPOILER FREE - Naughty Dog's latest masterpiece is apocalypse wow". PlayStation Official Magazine. Future plc. Archived from the original on June 8, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Martin, Tim (March 1, 2014). "The Last of Us: Left Behind review". The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Harman, Stace (February 14, 2014). "The Last of Us: Left Behind review". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
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Jump up ^ Karmali, Luke (March 14, 2014). "Why We Need More Gay Characters In Video Games". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on April 29, 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
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Punt (gridiron football)
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St. Louis Post-Dispatch photograph (1905), of Bradbury Robinson, football's first triple threat man, preparing to punt
In American and Canadian football, a punt is a drop kick performed by dropping the ball from the hands and then kicking the ball before it hits the ground. The most common use of this tactic is to punt the ball downfield to the opposing team, usually on the final down, with the hope of giving the receiving team a field position that is more advantageous to the kicking team when possession changes. The result of a typical punt, barring any penalties or extraordinary circumstances, is a first down for the receiving team.
The type of punt leads to different motion of the football. Alex Moffat invented the now-common spiral punt, as opposed to end-over-end.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Rules
2.1 Common to American and Canadian football
2.2 American football
2.3 Canadian football
3 Types of punts
3.1 End-over-end punt
3.2 Spiral punt
3.3 Pooch punt
3.4 Fake punts
3.5 Rugby-style punt
4 Record punts
5 Return
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Description[edit]
A punt in gridiron football is a drop kick performed by dropping the ball from the hands and then kicking the ball before it hits the ground. In football, the offense has a limited number of downs, or plays, in which to move the ball at least ten yards. The team in possession of the ball will typically punt the ball to the opposing team when they are on their final down (fourth down in American football, third down in Canadian football), do not want to risk a turnover on downs by not gaining enough yardage to make a first down and are in such a field position that they do not believe they can successfully make a field goal. The purpose of the punt is for the team in possession, or "kicking team", to move the ball as far as possible towards the opponent's end zone; this maximizes the distance the receiving team must advance the ball in order to score a touchdown upon taking possession. Thus, the most common use of this tactic is to punt the ball downfield to the opposing team, usually on the final down, with the hope of giving the receiving team a field position that is more advantageous to the kicking team when possession changes.
A punt play involves the kicking team lining up at the line of scrimmage with the kicker, or punter, typically lined up about 15 yards behind the center (in American football, where the end zone is only ten yards deep as opposed to twenty yards in Canadian football, this distance must be shortened if the ball is on a spot such that the kicker's normal position is on or beyond the end line). The receiving team lines up with one or two players downfield to catch the ball. The center makes a long snap to the kicker who then drops the ball and kicks it before it hits the ground. The player who catches the ball is then entitled to attempt to advance the ball.
The result of a typical punt, barring any penalties or extraordinary circumstances, is a first down for the receiving team at the spot where:
the receiver or subsequent receiving team ball carrier is downed or goes Out of bounds;
the ball crosses out of bounds, whether in flight or after touching the ground;
there is "illegal touching", defined as when a player from the kicking team is the first player to touch the ball after it has been punted beyond the line of scrimmage; or
a ball which is allowed to land comes to rest in-bounds without being touched (American football only).
Other possible results include the punt being blocked behind the line of scrimmage, and the ball being touched, but not caught or possessed, downfield by the receiving team. In both cases the ball is then "free" and "live" and will belong to whichever team recovers it.
Rules[edit]
The Baylor Bears punting against the Texas A&M Aggies in 2007
Common to American and Canadian football[edit]
If the kicked ball is blocked and fails to cross the line of scrimmage, it may be picked up and advanced by either team. However, if it is picked up by the kicking team, the play is treated as any other play from scrimmage; i.e., if it is the team's final down, it must advance the ball beyond the first down marker in order to avoid a turnover on downs.
The official rules regulate when and how the receiving team may hit the kicker before, during, and after the kick.
If the receiving team drops the ball or touches the ball beyond the line of scrimmage without catching it then it is considered a live ball and may be recovered by either team. If the receiving team never had full possession, it is considered to be a muffed punt rather than a fumble. However, the receiving player must be actively pursuing the ball. If the receiving player is blocked into the ball, it is not considered "touching" the ball.
A field goal cannot be scored on a punt kick.
American football[edit]
The player attempting to catch the kicked ball may attempt a fair catch. If caught, the ball becomes dead and the receiving team gets the ball at the spot of the catch.
A touchback may be called if the kicked ball enters the receiving team's end zone without first touching any player, whether in flight or on a bounce; or if the receiving team catches the ball in its own end zone and downs it before advancing the ball out of the end zone; or if the ball enters then exits the end zone behind the goal line. (In high school football, the ball automatically becomes dead when it crosses the goal line and cannot be returned out of the end zone.) The receiving team gets the ball at its own 20-yard line.
If a player from the kicking team is the first to touch the ball after it crosses the line of scrimmage, "illegal touching" is called and the receiving team gains possession at the spot where the illegal touching occurred. This is often not considered to be detrimental to the kicking team; for example, it is common for a player on the kicking team deliberately to make contact with the ball near the goal line before it enters the end zone to prevent a touchback. Since there is no further yardage penalty awarded, the kicking team is often said to have "downed the ball" when this occurs (and the NFL does not count it as an official penalty). While the ball is not automatically dead upon an illegal touch, and can be advanced by the receiving team (who would then have the choice of accepting the result of the play or taking the ball at the spot of the illegal touch), this rarely happens in practice, as illegal touching typically occurs when members of the kicking team are closer to the ball than members of the receiving team.
The length of the punt, referred to as punting yards or gross punting yards, is measured from the line of scrimmage (not the spot where the punter punts) to whichever of the following points applies: (1) the spot that a punt is caught; (2) the spot that a punt goes out of bounds; (3) the spot that a punt is declared dead because of illegal touching; or (4) the goal line, for punts that are ruled touchbacks.
The net punting yardage is taken by calculating the total punting yardage and subtracting any yardage earned by the receiving team on returns, and subtracting 20 yards for each touchback.
Under no circumstance can the kicking team score points as the direct result of a punt. (It can score indirectly if the receiving team loses possession of the ball or runs back into its own end zone and gets tackled.)
Canadian football[edit]
The 2007 Virginia Tech Hokies football team blocks a punt against the Duke Blue Devils
The kicker and any players behind him at the time of the kick are considered "onside"; any other players on the kicking team are considered "offside". A player who is onside may recover the kicked ball, while a player who is offside may not be the first to touch the kicked ball and is required to remain at least 5 yards from an opposing player attempting to catch the ball. Violations of these restrictions on an offside player are called "no yards" infractions, with various penalties associated with them.
The ball remains in play if it enters the goal area (end zone) until it is downed by a player on either team or goes out of bounds:
If a member of the receiving team downs it in the goal area or the ball goes out of bounds before being brought back into the field of play, a single is awarded to the kicking team and the receiving team gains possession at their own 35-yard line.
If an onside player downs the ball in the goal area the kicking team is awarded a touchdown.
If an offside player downs the ball in the goal area the receiving team gains possession after a "no yards" penalty is applied from their own 10-yard line.
If the ball strikes the goalpost assembly while in flight the receiving team gains possession at their own 25-yard line.
The length of the punt is measured from the line of scrimmage to the spot of the catch or the point where the kick goes out of bounds. The punt return is measured independently, though the value of the punt to the kicking team is determined by distance from the line of scrimmage to the end of the return.
Canadian rules also allow a punt when the punter is not behind the line of scrimmage, which is not permitted in American rules. This tactic (termed an "open-field kick" in the rule book) is usually reserved for last-second desperation: for example, a player, after receiving a forward pass with no time left on the clock and with no hope of evading tacklers, may punt the ball in the hope that it will score a single or be recovered by an onside teammate. After recovering a ball kicked by the other team a player can also punt out of his own end zone in order to avoid a single. On at least two occasions in the CFL, a last-second missed field goal attempt was followed by three punts, all on one play, as the teams alternately tried to avoid a single and score a single.[1][2][3][4]
Types of punts[edit]
The type of punt leads to different motion of the football.
End-over-end punt[edit]
See also: drop punt
Spiral punt[edit]
See also: torpedo punt
Alex Moffat invented the spiral punt.[citation needed] It is the longest type of punt kick. In flight, the ball spins about its long axis, instead of end over end (like a drop punt) or not at all (like a regular punt kick). This makes the flight of the ball more aerodynamic, and the pointy ends of gridiron footballs mitigate the difficulty to catch.
Pooch punt[edit]
Main article: quick kick
Teams may line up in a normal offensive formation and have the quarterback perform a pooch punt, also known as a quick kick. This usually happens in situations where the offense is in a 4th and long situation in their opponent's territory, but are too close to the end zone for a traditional punt and (depending on weather conditions) too far for a field goal try. Like fake punt attempts, these are rarely tried, although Randall Cunningham, Tom Brady, Matt Cassel and Ben Roethlisberger have successfully executed pooch punts in the modern NFL era.[5][6][7] Some pooch punts occur on third down and long situations in American football to fool the defense, which is typically not prepared to return a punt on third down.
Fake punts[edit]
On very rare occasions, a punting team will elect to attempt a "fake punt" — line up in punt formation and begin the process as normal, but instead do one of the following:
The punter may choose to run with the ball.
The ball may be snapped to the upback, who then runs with the ball.
The punter (or another back, who is standing nearby) may decide to pass to a pre-designated receiver.
The ball may be snapped to the upback, who then passes the ball to a receiver.
Although teams sometimes use fake punts to exploit a weakness in the opposing team's defense, a fake punt is very rare, and often used in desperate situations, such as to keep a drive alive when a team is behind and needs to catch up quickly, or to spark an offense in a game where the defense dominates. The high risk of "fake punts", and the need to maintain an element of surprise when the play is actually called, explains why this play is seldom seen. Fake punts are more likely to occur when there is short yardage remaining to secure a first down, and/or the line of scrimmage is inside the opponent's territory.
One of the most famous fake punts was by New York Giants linebacker Gary Reasons during the 1990 NFC Championship Game against the San Francisco 49ers, in which he rushed for 30 yards on a fourth down conversion via a direct snap to him instead of the punter, Sean Landeta, which was a critical difference in a 15–13 victory. The Giants went on to win Super Bowl XXV.
Rugby-style punt[edit]
Similar to spiral punt, rugby punt is done with a running start before punting while remaining behind the line of scrimmage.[8]
Bill Putich punting on the run.
Record punts[edit]
The longest punt in North American pro football history is a 108-yarder by Zenon Andrusyshyn of the CFL's Toronto Argonauts (at Edmonton, October 23, 1977).[9] This record was also tied by Christopher Milo of the Saskatchewan Roughriders on October 29, 2011, at a home game at Mosaic Stadium at Taylor Field in Regina, during which winds gusted above 35 miles per hour (56 km/h) (this is also the site of the three longest field goals in CFL history and one of the windiest fields in professional football).
The longest punt in NFL play was a 98-yarder by Steve O'Neal of the New York Jets in an American Football League game played against the Denver Broncos on September 21, 1969.[10]
Jeff Feagles is the all-time NFL career punts and punt yards leader with 1,713 punts and 71,211 punt yards over 352 games.[11]
Bob Cameron is the all-time CFL career punts and punt yards leader with 3,129 punts and 134,301 punt yards over 394 games.[12]
Shane Lechler holds the NFL record for career punting average at 47.29 yards per punt (855 punts for 40,429 yards) over the 2000–2010 seasons.[13]
Sammy Baugh averaged 51.40 yards per punt in 1940 (35 punts for 1,799 yards). Lechler holds the modern single-season record with a 51.14 yards per punt average in 2009 (96 punts for 4,909 yards)[13]
The record for college football is held by the University of Nevada’s Pat Brady, who booted the longest possible punt on a 100-yard field at 99 yards against Loyola University on October 28, 1950.[14]
Joe Theismann punted for one yard against the Chicago Bears in 1985.[15][16]
Return[edit]
A punt return is one of the receiving team's options to respond to a punt. A player positioned about 35–45 yards from the line of scrimmage will attempt to catch or pick up the ball after it is punted by the opposing team's punter. He then attempts to carry the ball as far as possible back in the direction of the line of scrimmage, without being tackled or running out of bounds. He may also lateral the ball to teammates in order to keep the play alive should he expect to be tackled or go out of bounds. DeSean Jackson, then playing for the Philadelphia Eagles in the "Miracle at the New Meadowlands", is the only NFL player to return a punt for a game-winning touchdown on the final play of regulation.[17] The NFL record holder for the number of punt returns for a touchdown in a career is Devin Hester with 11.
See also[edit]
Glossary of American football
Punter (football)
Short punt formation
American Football Kicking Hall of Fame
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Crazy ending lifts Alouettes over Argonauts". archive.org. 1 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ blackknight101066 (30 October 2010). "Crazy Argonauts – Alouettes CFL ending.mp4" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ CFLfan#31 (19 September 2015). "SC: Top 10 Crazy CFL Moments" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Nov. 19, 1972 Abendschan boots Blue in stadium's greatest game". winnipegfreepress.com.
Jump up ^ "Randall Cunningham Past Stats, Statistics, History, and Awards – databaseFootball.com". databasefootball.com. Archived from the original on 2009-01-14.
Jump up ^ "Let's talk about Brady's punt". go.com.
Jump up ^ "Ben Roethlisberger Past Stats, Statistics, History, and Awards – databaseFootball.com". databasefootball.com. Archived from the original on 2013-10-31.
Jump up ^ First Sporting Production (2015-10-17), Aussie punter Blake O'Neill's Punts 80 yard Rugby Style Punt, retrieved 2017-09-07
Jump up ^ "Regular Season All-Time Records – Individual Records – Punting" Archived 2009-09-03 at the Wayback Machine.. Canadian Football League. (The CFL's field is ten yards longer than the NFL's.)
Jump up ^ "Bouncing ... bouncing – Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site". profootballhof.com.
Jump up ^ "NFL Punting Leaders (All Time)". PlayerFilter.com.
Jump up ^ Regular Season All-Time Records Archived 2010-07-04 at the Wayback Machine. Canadian Football League
^ Jump up to: a b 2011 NFL Record and Fact Book
Jump up ^ National Football Foundation[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Joe Theismann NFL & AFL Statistics. pro-football-reference.com. Pro Football Reference.
Jump up ^ UPI (September 30, 1985). Bears Show Redskins a Team on the Rise. Lodi News-Sentinel, p. 17.
Jump up ^ Frank, Reuben (December 19, 2010). "Miracle at the Meadowlands III: Eagles 38, Giants 31". CSN Philly. Retrieved 2010-12-19. [permanent dead link]
External links[edit]
Media related to American football punts at Wikimedia Commons
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