text:
Blood urea nitrogen
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Jump to: navigation, search
"BUN" redirects here. For other uses, see Bun (disambiguation).
Blood urea nitrogen
Medical diagnostics
Urea
MeSH
D001806
LOINC
6299-2, 59570-2, 12961-9, 12963-5, 12962-7
[edit on Wikidata]
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a medical test that measures the amount of urea nitrogen found in blood. The liver produces urea in the urea cycle as a waste product of the digestion of protein. Normal human adult blood should contain between 6 and 20 mg of urea nitrogen per 100 ml (6–20 mg/dL) of blood. Individual laboratories will have different reference ranges as the assay used will vary between laboratories.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Interpretation
2 Units
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Interpretation[edit]
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is an indication of renal (kidney) health. The normal range is 1.8-7.1 mmol/L or 6–20 mg/dL. Blood urea nitrogen levels can also help identify damage to body systems and diseases of the digestive, circulatory and respiratory systems. [3]
The main causes of an increase in BUN are: high protein diet, decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (suggestive of renal failure) and in blood volume (hypovolemia), congestive heart failure, gastrointestinal hemorrhage,[4] fever and increased catabolism. Hypothyroidism can cause both decreased GFR and hypovolemia, however BUN-to-creatinine ratio has been found to be lowered in hypothyroidism and raised in hyperthyroidism.
The main causes of a decrease in BUN are severe liver disease, anabolic state, and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone.[4]
Reference ranges for blood tests, comparing urea (yellow at right) to other blood constituents.
Another rare cause of a decreased BUN is ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, which is a genetic disorder inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. OTC Deficiency is also accompanied by hyperammonemia and high orotic acid levels.
Units[edit]
BUN (urea-N) is mg/dL in the United States, Mexico, Italy, Austria, and Germany. Elsewhere, the concentration of urea is reported as mmol/L, generally depending on the lab.
BUN (urea-N) SI unit is mmol/L
BUN [mmol/L] = BUN [mg/dL] * 0.3571
To convert from mg/dL of blood urea nitrogen to mmol/L of urea, multiply by 0.357 (each molecule of urea having 2 nitrogens, each of molar mass 14g/mol) (BUN is the mass of nitrogen within urea/volume, not the mass of urea)
Urea [mmol/L] = BUN [mg/dL of nitrogen] x 10 [dL/L] / 14x2 [mg N/mmol urea] (the mass of nitrogen within urea is used)
convert BUN to urea in mg/dL by using following formula:
Urea [mg/dL]= BUN [mg/dL] * 2.14
(conversion factor derived by: MW of urea = 60, MW of urea nitrogen = 14x2 => 60/28 = 2.14)
factor = 1 for conversions in mmol (1 mole N2 = 2 moles N per mole of urea):
BUN [mmol/L]= urea [mmol/L]
See also[edit]
BUN-to-creatinine ratio
Kt/V
Urea reduction ratio (URR)
Urine urea nitrogen
Standardized Kt/V
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Last page of Deepak A. Rao; Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas (2007). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1). McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 0-07-149868-0.
Jump up ^ Normal Lab Results Archived December 16, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. from Marshal University School of Medicine
Jump up ^ "Blood Urea Nitrogen". biologydictionary.net. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Longo et al., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th ed., p.611
External links[edit]
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Reference ranges for blood tests (CPT 82000–84999)
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Flag of Colombia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Colombia
Name
Tricolor Nacional (National tricolor)
Use
National flag and ensign
Proportion
2:3
Adopted
November 26, 1861
Design
A horizontal tricolor of yellow (double-width), blue and red.
The national flag of Colombia was adopted on November 26, 1861.[1] It is a horizontal tricolour of yellow, blue and red. The yellow stripe takes up the top half of the flag and the blue and red take up a quarter of the space each. It is a triband flag with horizontal bands colored yellow, blue and red. Vertically the yellow occupies 50% and the other 50% is shared by the blue and red colors in equal proportion.
National flag and state ensign. Flag ratio: 2:3
Civil ensign. Flag ratio: 2:3
Naval ensign. Flag ratio: 2:3
Contents
[hide]
1 Symbolism and design
2 History
3 Past flags
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Symbolism and design[edit]
Flag of Colombia atop Castillo San Felipe de Barajas in Cartagena, Colombia.
Construction sheet of Colombia national flag.
The horizontal stripes (from top to bottom) of yellow, blue and red tricolor have a ratio of 2:1:1. It—together with that of Ecuador, also derived from the flag of Gran Colombia—is different from most other tricolor flags, either vertical or horizontal, in having stripes which are not equal in size. (Venezuela, whose flag is also derived from the same source, opted for a more conventional tricolor with equal stripes).

The official colors have not yet been established by law. However, it is recommended to use the following:
Scheme
Yellow
blue
Red
Pantone 116 287 186
RGB (hex) 252-209-22 (#FCD116) 0-56-147 (#003893) 206-17-38 (#CE1126)
CMYK C0-M17.1-Y91.3-K0 C100-M61.9-Y0-K42.4 C0-M91.7-Y81.6-K19.2
According to the current interpretation, the colors signify:
Yellow: Represents the riches of the country, the wealth of the Colombian soil, the gold, sovereignty, harmony, justice and agriculture, as well as the Sun, the source of Light.
Blue: represents the seas on Colombia's shores, the rivers that run through, and the sky above.
Red: represents the blood spilled for Colombia's independence and also the effort of Colombian people, the determination and the perseverance. It represents that although Colombia's people have had to struggle they have thrived.
Although, the flag has other representatives such as blue for loyalty and vigilance, red for victory of battles for Colombian independence, and finally yellow for sovereignty and justice.
History[edit]
Francisco de Miranda was the person who originally created the common yellow, blue and red flag of Gran Colombia that Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela, with slight variations, share today. Miranda gave at least two sources of inspiration for his flag. In a letter written to Count Simon Romanovich Woronzoff and philosopher Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Miranda described a late-night conversation he had had with Goethe at a party in Weimar during the winter of 1785. Fascinated by Miranda's account of his exploits in the United States Revolutionary War and his travels throughout the Americas and Europe, Goethe told him that, "Your destiny is to create in your land a place where primary colours are not distorted.” He proceeded to clarify what he meant:
“ First he explained to me the way the iris transforms light into the three primary colours […] then he proved to me why yellow is the most warm, noble and closest to [white] light; why blue is that mix of excitement and serenity, a distance that evokes shadows; and why red is the exaltation of yellow and blue, the synthesis, the vanishing of light into shadow.
It is not that the world is made of yellows, blues and reds; it is that in this manner, as if in an infinite combination of these three colours, we human beings see it. […] A country [Goethe concluded] starts out from a name and a flag, and it then becomes them, just as a man fulfils his destiny.
”
After Miranda designed his flag based on this conversation, he recalled seeing a fresco by Lazzaro Tavarone in the Palazzo Belimbau in Genoa that depicted Christopher Columbus unfurling a similar-coloured flag in Veragua during his fourth voyage.[2]
In his military diary, Miranda gave another possible source of inspiration: the yellow, blue and red standard of the Burger Guard (Bürgerwache) of Hamburg, which he also saw during his travels in Germany.[3][4]
In the 1801 plan for an army to liberate Spanish America, which he submitted unsuccessfully to the British cabinet, Miranda requested the materials for "ten flags, whose colours shall be red, yellow and blue, in three zones."[5] However, the first flag was not raised until March 12, 1806, in Jacmel, Haiti, during his ill-fated expedition to Venezuela.
Past flags[edit]
Provisional flag of the State of New Granada, 1831 – 1834. Flag ratio: 2:3
Flag of the Republic of New Granada and the Granadine Confederation, 1834 – 1861. Flag ratio: 2:3
Flag of the United States of New Granada, 1861. Flag ratio: 2:3
See also[edit]
Colombia portal
Flag of Gran Colombia
List of Colombian flags
¡Oh, Gloria Inmarcesible!
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Flag and Arms of Colombia". ColombiaInfo.org - The Colombia Information Site!. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
Jump up ^ Serpa Erazo, Jorge, [summary of Ricardo Silva Romero's] "La Bandera del Mundo." Pañol de la Historia. Part 1, Section 1 (July 30, 2004). ISSN 1900-3447. Retrieved on 2008-12-02
Jump up ^ Dousdebés, Pedro Julio, "Las insignias de Colombia," Boletín de historia y antigüedades, August 1937, 462, cited in Nelson González Ortega, "Formación de la iconografía nacional en Colombia: una lectura semiótico-social," Revista de Estudios Colombianos, No. 16 (1996), 20.
Jump up ^ Miranda, Francisco; Josefina Rodríguez de Alonso; José Luis Salcedo-Bastardo (1983), Colombeia: Segunda sección: El viajero ilustrado, 1787-1788, 4, Caracas: Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República, p. 415, ISBN 84-499-6610-8, April 19:[…] around 5:30 in the evening I had the pleasure of seeing the Burger Guard pass by with flag waving and drums beating, which it does every day at a similar time […] The [officers of the] infantry wore red with a yellow emblem, and the artillery blue with red emblem.
Jump up ^ Miranda, Francisco; Josefina Rodríguez de Alonso; José Luis Salcedo-Bastardo (1978), Colombeia: Primera parte: Miranda, súbdito español, 1750-1780, 1, Caracas: Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República, p. 80, ISBN 978-84-499-5163-3
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Colombia.
Colombia at Flags of the World
Colombian flag history (Spanish)
Colombian flag history (English)
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I'm a Man (The Spencer Davis Group song)
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"I'm a Man"
Single by The Spencer Davis Group
B-side
"I Can't Get Enough of It"
Released
January 1967
Format
7" vinyl
Genre
Rock, blues rock
Length
2:58
Label
Fontana TF785 (UK)
United Artists UA50144 (US)
Songwriter(s)
Steve Winwood, Jimmy Miller
Producer(s)
Jimmy Miller
The Spencer Davis Group singles chronology
"Gimme Some Lovin'"
(1966) "I'm a Man"
(1967) "Time Seller"
(1967)
"Gimme Some Lovin'"
(1966) "I'm a Man"
(1967) "Time Seller"
(1967)
"I'm a Man"
Single by Chicago Transit Authority
from the album The Chicago Transit Authority
A-side
"Questions 67 and 68"
Released
1970
Format
7" vinyl
Recorded
27/30 January 1969
Genre
Hard rock
Length
7:43 (Album version)
3:27 (Single version)
5:43 (Only the Beginning edit)
Label
Columbia 4-45467
Songwriter(s)
Steve Winwood, Jimmy Miller
Producer(s)
James William Guercio
Chicago Transit Authority singles chronology
"Beginnings/Colour My World"
(1971) "I'm a Man"
(1970) "Saturday in the Park"
(1972)
"Beginnings/Colour My World"
(1971) "Questions 67 and 68/I'm a Man"
(1971) "Saturday in the Park"
(1972)
"I'm a Man" is a song written by The Spencer Davis Group singer-songwriter Steve Winwood and record producer Jimmy Miller.
Contents
1 Original version by the Spencer Davis Group
2 Chicago version
3 Other cover versions
4 VW Polo advert
5 In other media
6 References
7 External links
Original version by the Spencer Davis Group[edit]
The original recording was a fast, Hammond organ-driven blues rock track released as a single by the Spencer Davis Group in early 1967, reaching number nine in the UK Singles Chart[1][2] and number 10 in the U.S. (the US edition was slightly edited) Billboard Hot 100. It was the last hit single by the band before the brothers Steve and Muff Winwood left to pursue their own separate careers.
"I'm a Man" was included on the band's summer 1967 album, I'm a Man, as well as being featured on the 2005 Spencer Davis Group DVD Gimme Some Lovin' Live 1966. Although the recording is said to be late 1966, this date is in fact controversial. In an article and an interview on the "Living Archives" (Elävä arkisto) website of YLE, the Finnish Broadcasting Corporation, the producer of the original live recording, Mr. Tapani Karhu, clearly states that the date of the show was 19 March 1967.
Chicago version[edit]
Chicago Transit Authority (now known as Chicago) recorded a cover version of "I'm a Man" for their 1969 debut album, The Chicago Transit Authority. When the band's popularity surged after their second album, "I'm a Man" was released as the B-side to a re-release of "Questions 67 and 68". Radio stations ended up playing both sides, and "I'm a Man" reached #49 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1971 and got as high as the top ten in the UK, reached #8. The song reached #13 in Ireland.[3]
Chicago's cover arrangement features an extended percussion and drum section with a total run time of 7 minutes and 40 seconds, and is based around the distortion-heavy blues-rock guitar of Terry Kath, the drumming of Danny Seraphine, the bass of Peter Cetera, the soaring Hammond organ of Robert Lamm and the horn players periodically switching over to auxiliary percussion instruments, such as claves, cowbell, maracas, and tambourine. Kath, Cetera and Lamm each sing a verse apiece (not singing the lyrics as they were originally written, but as they misheard and/or revised them), preluding Seraphine's extended drum solo before a return to the second and third verses with the horn section and choruses that bring the song to a climactic drum roll, and finally leading into a guitar solo to bring the song to a dramatic close. This version is featured on the 1971 four record live album Chicago at Carnegie Hall and Chicago Live in Japan and has remained a fan favorite and concert staple throughout Chicago's career. Santana has also used a small part of this song in the track "Waiting" which appears on their self titled 1969 debut album.
Chicago Personnel:
Terry Kath - lead vocals (first verse), backing vocals, guitar
Peter Cetera - lead vocals (second verse), backing vocals, bass
Robert Lamm - lead vocals (third verse), backing vocals, keyboards
Danny Seraphine - drums,maracas
Jimmy Pankow - cowbell, trombone
Lee Loughnane - claves, trumpet
Walt Parazaider - tambourine, tenor saxophone
Other cover versions[edit]
The Serfs album The Early Bird Cafe, Capitol, 1968, featured a percussion-heavy intro (pre-dating Chicago's) and Mike Finnigan's lead vocal. Their arrangement segued into Bo Diddley's song of the same name.
Hungarian progressive band Syrius often played the song - combined with Brian Auger song Black Cat - in their concerts between 1970 and 1973. The studio version of the song has been recorded in 1971 in Australia, but it has been released more than twenty years later in 1994 on album Most, Mult, Lesz.
Former Chicago drummer Danny Seraphine's current band, California Transit Authority (CTA), performed "I'm a Man" at their appearance at the 2006 Modern Drummer Festival in New Jersey. The performance featured extensive drumset and percussion solos. The tune also appears on CTA's first album, Full Circle, released in 2007.
Marzio Vincenzi (lead and background vocalist originally from Bologna, Italy) and Mauro Malavasi produced in 1978 a version of "I'm a Man" under the name Macho which is a classic of disco music, or as some[who?] have classified it, "rosco music", a hybrid between rock and disco genres.
A further disco-flavored version is the one released by keyboardist Keith Emerson in his soundtrack album of the 1981 film Nighthawks, featuring him providing unlikely lead vocals. The song underpins a key scene in the movie in a slightly different version which features a longer instrumental coda not included in the original record.
In 1987 the Italian producer Gianfranco Bortolotti edited as Club House the maxi-single "I'm a man/Yéké Yéké" remixing both tracks.
Guitarist Roy Z's band, Tribe of Gypsies, included a cover of "I'm a Man" on their 1997 (Japanese import only) mini-album, Nothing Lasts Forever, adding a strong Latin rock flavor to the song.
A remix of the original was featured on Gravy: Remixes & Rarities in 2007 released by Acid Jazz Records.
Los Lonely Boys recorded a version on their 2008 album Forgiven.
VW Polo advert[edit]
Volkswagen aired a UK television commercial titled "Dog" in late winter 2008, which featured a dog miming singing "I'm a Man". The version used in the advert for the Polo was a cover version by a young British singer-songwriter, Charlie Winston. The Noam Murro-directed[4] advert was banned after complaints from the RSPCA and over 750 viewers.[5][6]
In other media[edit]
An instrumental disco version of the song is occasionally featured in the game show The Price Is Right mostly for reveals of new cars.
The Live365 Internet radio service Radio Vietnam uses excerpts from "I'm a Man" as one of their station IDs.
The song was used in the Mad Men Season 7 premiere episode, "Time Zones".
The song was featured in the 2014 film Pawn Sacrifice.
The 2015 film Minions featured the song and is also on the film's soundtrack.
In 2016, the original Spencer Davis Group version of "I'm A Man" was used in an advert for Amazon Prime in the UK and Germany.
In 2017, the original Spencer Davis Group version of "I'm A Man" was used in Episode 5 of The Vietnam War, a documentary by Ken Burns.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 103. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward. "The Irish Charts - All there is to know". Irishcharts.ie. Archived from the original on 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
Jump up ^ "VW Polo Dog". Glossyinc.com. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
Jump up ^ O'Meara, Ryan (2008-03-29). "RSCPA Complain About 'Abused' Dog in Volkswagen TV Advert - Let's Get Our Priorities Right Shall We?". K9 Magazine. K9 Media Ltd. Archived from the original on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
Jump up ^ Judd, Terri (2008-06-25). "Kiss goodbye to your sales, Stonewall tells 'homophobic' Heinz after advert is pulled". The Independent. Independent News & Media. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
External links[edit]
Review of "I'm a Man" by Richie Unterberger at Allmusic
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Mr. Monk and the End
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Mr. Monk and the End"
Monk episode
Trudy gives her last gift to Adrian, hours before she is murdered
Episode no.
Season 8
Episode 15 & 16
Directed by
Randall Zisk
Written by
Andy Breckman
Featured music
Jeff Beal
Randy Newman
Original air date
Part 1 - November 27, 2009
Part 2 - December 4, 2009
Guest appearance(s)
Craig T. Nelson as Judge Ethan Rickover
John Edward Lee as Joey Kazarinsky
Emmy Clarke as Julie Teeger
Héctor Elizondo as Dr. Neven Bell
Melora Hardin as Trudy Monk
Alona Tal as Molly Evans
Casper Van Dien as Lt. Steven Albright
Virginia Madsen as Trudy K. Stottlemeyer
D.B. Woodside as Dr. Matthew Shuler
Ed Begley, Jr. as Dr. Malcolm Nash
Mary Beth Evans as Mrs. Rickover
Shelly Cole as Edie Kazarinsky
Sarah Rush as Nurse Judy Fitzgerald

Flashbacks
Bitty Schram as Sharona Fleming
Stanley Kamel as Dr. Charles Kroger
John Turturro as Ambrose Monk
Dan Hedaya as Jack Monk, Sr.
Tim Bagley as Harold Krenshaw
Jarrad Paul as Kevin Dorfman
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Mr. Monk and the Badge" Next →
—
Monk (season 8)
List of Monk episodes
"Mr. Monk and the End" is the two-part series finale of the USA Network original criminal mystery dramedy television series, Monk. It is the fifteenth and sixteenth episodes of the eighth and final season, and is the 124th and 125th episodes in the series overall. Adrian Monk (Tony Shalhoub) finally discovers his wife Trudy's (Melora Hardin) murderer after twelve years of searching, concluding a seven-year, eight-season long arc. When "Part 2" aired, it set a series high and a new viewership record for the most watched episode of a regular drama series ever in basic cable with 9.4 million viewers.[1] Both parts were written by series creator Andy Breckman and directed by Randall Zisk.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot synopsis
1.1 Part I
1.2 Part II
2 Reception
2.1 Critical reception
2.2 Ratings
2.3 Awards and nominations
3 References
Plot synopsis[edit]
Part I[edit]
Early on the morning of December 14, 1997, Trudy Monk is discussing with her husband Adrian how hard it is to keep secrets from him, before asking him about the latest police investigation he is assisting on, surrounding the suspicious disappearance of a midwife named Wendy Stroud. As Monk prepares to head to the Palgrove Birthing Center, the birthing clinic that Stroud worked at, to question the clinic's director, Dr. Malcolm Nash (Ed Begley, Jr.), he notices a small present under their Christmas tree meant for him, but is instructed by Trudy not to open it until Christmas Day. Despite insisting she is fine, Monk notes she appears nervous about something. Later that day, Trudy heads for a meeting with someone at multi-story parking garage, but soon panics when a six fingered man, who had been watching her, emerges from the shadows and follows her. Seeking to escape, Trudy returns to her car, unaware that explosives have been planted in it, which detonate the moment she turns the key in the ignition. At the clinic, Monk and Captain Stottlemeyer learn from Dr. Nash that Strode was the first midwife he hired and had never been late for work. Before they can learn anymore, Stottlemeyer receives a phone call and informs Monk that his wife has been killed. Then Christopher Menendez came into the office.
In the present day, 2009, Monk awakes on his usual side of the bed to find himself seeing a vision of Trudy before him, telling him it is time for him to say goodbye to her and to sleep in the middle of the bed, and that "it won't be much longer". When Monk discusses this later that day with his assistant Natalie Teeger, he finds that their latest case is taking them back to the same birthing clinic he had been to 12 years ago, when he first heard the news of Trudy's death. Although Stottlemeyer offers Monk the chance to sit the case out, he insists he is okay. The pair learn that from the police's initial investigation that Dr. Nash had been shot dead while he had been digitizing patient records, and that the killer's gun had a silencer on it, as no-one heard the crime being committed. Monk concludes that the scene the police found had been set up to make it appear that the killer was a drug addict; in reality, the murder was done by a professional hitman, and the police soon find a partial fingerprint that identifies the suspect as Joey Kazarinski (John Edward Lee). Seeking a warrant for his arrest from Judge Ethan Rickover (Craig T. Nelson), the group overhear Rickover discussing with his wife that he will never move out of his current house, learning that he has been nominated for the State Supreme Court, despite it having not been officially announced by the governor at present.
That night, Kazarinski receives a phone call from his employer, who instructs him to kill Monk; when he questions why he must do so, his employer declares that they had killed Trudy. When attending a dinner the following day at Natalie's house, with her daughter Julie and Natalie's boyfriend Steven Albright, Monk starts to see spots and soon runs a high fever. Taken to hospital for a blood test, haemotologist Dr. Matthew Shuler (D.B. Woodside) reveals that the results of the test found that Monk has been poisoned with a powerful synthetic toxin based on ricin. As no-one else got sick, the conclusion is that the poison wasn't in the food at the dinner, and so the decision is made to test all of the food and other consumables in Natalie's house, although Shule reveals that they cannot create or administer an antidote, without knowing which form of the poison was used. When Stottlemeyer and Lieutenant Disher arrive to check up on Monk, they learn he will die within 2-3 days if not treated.
After a search of items Monk had purchased fails to turn up anything poisoned, after Natalie identifies Kazarinski as having been at a supermarket that she and Monk had visited, Stottlemeyer gathers an unofficial task force within the SFPD - Disher leads one half to find out who hired the hitman to kill Dr. Nash, while Stottlemeyer leads the other half to find the hitman in order to find out what poison he used on Monk, ordering his group not to use their guns, as Kazarinski must be captured alive in order for them to save Monk. After interrogating a contact of the hitman, the group track down Kazarinski to a train station, only for him to spot an undercover police officer and make a run for it. After a lengthy chase, Kazarinski is hit by a freight train and dies, much to Stottlemeyer's horror. Learning that the hitman had rented a motel room, the police search it and find the chemicals he used to make the poison, only for Stottlemeyer to learn that the police labs won't be able to find the necessary information for the antidote in time.
Having learned that none of the food he had bought at the supermarket was found to be poisoned, Monk visits Dr. Neven Bell (Héctor Elizondo) to talk about all that has happened in the past few days, and then leaves him dejected when he sets off to cancel his remaining appointments and finalize his affairs before his death. Taking a moment to visit Trudy's grave with Natalie, Monk returns home and finally decides to open his wife's small present for him, finding it to be a video tape. Playing it, he finds it be a recording made by Trudy, who addresses him and reveals that she managed to keep a secret from him, a terrible one that occurred years before they had met.
Part II[edit]
Two hours into the recording, Monk pauses it as he is unable to continue watching the rest. Natalie is forced to do so, despite the visible distraught on Monk's face when he hears how Trudy had had an affair with Rickover when he had been a law professor at Berkeley. In her confession, she assures Monk that she never knew he was married, but that the affair left her being pregnant with a baby girl, whom she never got to see; the baby died nine minutes after birth. She then reveals a posthumous conviction to Monk - ten years after the affair, Rickover called her out of the blue in order to arrange a meeting with her at a parking garage, but that she is nervous over this due to the sinister tone in his voice during the phone call, and the fact that Stroud, the woman who had disappeared at the time the call was made, had been involved in delivering the child created by the affair. Trudy suspects that Rickover is covering up the affair's existence by silencing those involved, thus she has made a video in order to tell Monk the truth if she should meet an untimely end, adding that if he is watching it, her fears came true and she is dead, otherwise, she would have replaced the tape with the digital watch he had wanted that year.
Furious and determined not to die yet until he exposes Rickover's crimes, despite Natalie's efforts to dissuade him, Monk confronts Rickover during his confirmation hearing for the office of State Supreme Justice, in order to question him. When he doesn't confess and soon begins to insult both Monk's and Trudy's mental stability, Monk violently attacks him until he is escorted away by guards. Brought back to hospital, Monk is visited by Stottlemyer and Randy, who bring him several files on Rickover, and reveal that phone records had shown several calls between him and Dr. Nash. Before Stottlemyer leaves, Monk has him promise to kill Rickover when he dies, but knows he is lying when he agrees to Monk's request. As Monk goes over the files, he realizes something is missing, and after hearing a nurse quip that no one bothers to cover up affairs any more, he remembers the conversation between Rickover and his wife over his house, and deduces that a crucial clue is connected to it. At Monk's apartment, while putting his things into clear plastic bags with her boyfriend, Natalie starts to feel ill and begins seeing spots. She immediately realizes that the poison was planted into Monk's handwipes that she had used on the bags, and has Albright telephone the hospital with this information so that the antidote can be made. However, after she is treated, Natalie, Stottlemyer and Disher soon learn from a nurse that Monk had sedated the guard protecting him, stolen his gun, and disappeared from the hospital, leading them to realize what he is planning to do.
As they arrive at Rickover's house with uniformed officers and the antidote, the group witness Monk forcing Rickover at gunpoint to dig at a spot before his front yard's sundial, stating to the group that the remains of the missing midwife are there. As Disher continues digging, Monk reveals to the group that Rickover committed the murders, in order to ensure that nothing stopped him from securing the position of appellate judge that he had worked hard for. Twelve years ago, Wendy Stroud had found religion and told Rickover she intended to tell the press about his affair with Trudy and the child it caused, that she had helped to deliver, forcing him to kill her and bury her in his front yard; his reason for not wanting to leave his home, even if it meant commuting to Sacramento, was because he didn't want to risk anyone digging up the remains. After killing the midwife, Rickover was forced to kill Trudy, as she was the only person who would be able to connect Stroud's disappearance to him. Twelve years later, Dr. Nash came across references to the child when digitizing the birthing clinic's patient records, and thus suspected what had happened to Stroud. Becoming greedy, he attempted to blackmail him, causing Rickover to panic and hire Kazarinski to kill him, before later having him poison Monk upon the detective becoming a serious issue; he knew the handwipes had been poisoned, as when Monk dropped one when confronting him, Rickover had picked it up with his pen. Upon Disher finding the remains, Rickover steals Monk's gun as he suffers a coughing fit, shouts "You take care of her", and then commits suicide in order to avoid going to jail.
A few days later, Monk, having recovered since being given the antidote, meets with Dr. Bell to discuss Rickover's final words, and how he feels unhappy that his quest to find Trudy's murderer had been such a part of his life in the past several years, that now he knows the truth he has begun wondering what he will now do with himself. While packing up Trudy's things into boxes when he returns home, Monk finds an old newspaper article concerning how Stroud's disappearance, and discovers that Trudy's child did not die after birth; Stroud had secretly taken the child away at Rickover's request, and put her up for adoption, as the baby's date of birth matches the date that Trudy gave birth on. Anxious to meet her, he is pleasantly surprised when Stottlemyer tracks her down. Attending the meeting, Monk finally meets with Trudy's daughter, Molly Evans (Alona Tal), whom he discovers to bear a striking resemblance to Trudy and that she, much like her mother, is a writer, working as a film critic for a local paper in Monterey County. The pair find themselve happy to meet each other and begin to spend time together. While showing off his many pictures of her to the others, Stottlemeyer finds Disher trying to hide away a letter and grabs it, finding that his lieutenant has been offered a position as Chief of Police in Summit, New Jersey, and that his secrecy over his vacation to the east coast had been due to him having been dating Monk's former nurse and assistant Sharona Fleming.
As Monk takes a walk along the beach with Molly, he finds himself asked by her on what he will do, now that he Trudy's murder is solved, to which replies that he wants to retire and follow Molly around and document her life with scrapbooks of photographs. Molly tells him that he can't give up being a detective, advising him to use the gift he has to "help all the Trudys in the world", to which Monk agrees to continue his work as a detective/consultant. As Monk prepares for another day, with his actions, speech and style of clothing implying that his various phobias and obsessions are now under control, he informs Natalie that he will be going to the movies with Molly, before the pair leave to take on another case, with Monk returning to check that the stove is off. In an epilogue made after a montage of clips from the course of the show's eight seasons: Disher comfortably settles into his new job as Police Chief; Stottlemeyer is now happily married to T.K. (Virginia Madsen); and Monk and Natalie arrive at a crime scene to tackle their next case for Stottlemeyer.
Reception[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
"Mr. Monk and the End" has received generally positive reviews. Allison Waldman of TvSquad called the cliffhanger at the end of "Part 1" great and said that she was "dying to know how [it would be] resolved". She also praised Tony Shalhoub's acting in the bed scene in which he talks to Trudy.[2] Waldman called the drama "tense" in "Part 2", and praised Shalhoub and Craig T. Nelson's acting.[3] Jonah Krakow of IGN had mixed feelings about the finale, saying that Molly's introduction was a nice way to send the show off, although he felt cheated that the show's biggest mystery was literally handed to Monk in a box. Like Waldman, he praised Shalhoub's and Nelson's acting, and the tension of their scene in which Nelson digs up the midwife's body. Overall he gave it an 8 out of 10.[4] The A.V. Club's Todd VanDerWerff called it "a surprisingly sweet ending to a show that I haven't watched regularly in a few years", and gave it a "B+".[5]
Ratings[edit]
"Part 1" gained 5.8 million viewers.[6] "Part 2" set various records in television history, with 9.4 million viewers. It was the series high (previously set by the prior season's finale "Mr. Monk Fights City Hall"), USA Network's most-watched scripted television show (previously set by Burn Notice), and basic cable's most-watched hour-long drama (previously set by The Closer with 9.2 million viewers).
Awards and nominations[edit]
Tony Shalhoub was nominated for the 2010 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series for this episode. Additionally, Randy Newman won the 2010 Primetime Emmy Award for Original Outstanding Music and Lyrics for the song "When I'm Gone".
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 'Monk' exits on record-breaking high, Variety, December 7, 2009
Jump up ^ Review - Mr. Monk and the End (Part 1) by Allison Waldman
Jump up ^ Review - Mr. Monk and the End (Part 2) by Allison Waldman
Jump up ^ IGN - "Mr. Monk and the End" Review by Jonah Krakow
Jump up ^ VanDerWerff, Todd (December 5, 2009). ""Mr Monk and the End"". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ First Half Of 'Monk' Finale Draws Series' Most Viewers Since Feb. 2008
[hide]
v
t
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Monk
Seasons
1
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3
4
5
6
7
8
Episodes
"Mr. Monk and the Candidate"
"Mr. Monk and the Airplane"
"Mr. Monk and the Three Pies"
"Mr. Monk Takes Manhattan"
"Mr. Monk Gets Jury Duty"
"Mr. Monk and the Actor"
"Mr. Monk Gets a New Shrink"
"Mr. Monk and the Man Who Shot Santa Claus"
"Mr. Monk and the End"
Characters
Adrian Monk
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Leland Stottlemeyer
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Trudy Monk
Novels
Mr. Monk Goes to the Firehouse
Mr. Monk Goes to Hawaii
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Mr. Monk Is a Mess
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Mr. Monk Helps Himself
Mr. Monk Gets on Board
Mr. Monk Is Open for Business
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Awards and nominations
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Soundtrack
"It's a Jungle Out There"
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Reflex arc
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In a reflex arc, an action potential never travels to the brain for processing and so results in a much quicker reaction. When a stimulus (A) is encountered, the signal from that stimulus will travel up the sensory neuron (B, in green) to the spinal column (C). There, it will likely pass through a short interneuron (D, in purple) before continuing down a motor neuron (E, in blue) to the origin of the signal. Then, a contraction of the muscles (F, in red) is triggered, moving the bone (G).
A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex. In vertebrates, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This allows for faster reflex actions to occur by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain. However, the brain will receive the sensory input while the reflex is being carried out and the analysis of the signal takes place after the reflex action.
There are two types: autonomic reflex arc (affecting inner organs) and somatic reflex arc (affecting muscles). However, autonomic reflexes sometimes involve the spinal cord and some somatic reflexes are mediated more by the brain than the spinal cord.[1]
During a somatic reflex, nerve signals travel along the following pathway:[1]
Somatic receptors in the skin, muscles and tendons
Afferent nerve fibers carry signals from the somatic receptors to the posterior horn of the spinal cord or to the brainstem
An integrating center, the point at which the neurons that compose the gray matter of the spinal cord or brainstem synapse
Efferent nerve fibers carry motor nerve signals from the anterior horn to the muscles
Effector muscle innervated by the efferent nerve fiber carries out the response.
A reflex arc, then, is the pathway followed by nerves which (a.) carry sensory information from the receptor to the spinal cord, and then (b) carry the response generated by the spinal cord to effector organ(s) during a reflex action.
Contents
[hide]
1 Monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic
2 The patellar reflex (knee jerk)
3 References
4 External links
Monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic[edit]
Reflex arc demonstrated
When a reflex arc in an animal consists of only one sensory neuron and one motor neuron, it is defined as monosynaptic, referring to the presence of a single chemical synapse. In the case of peripheral muscle reflexes (patellar reflex, achilles reflex), brief stimulation to the muscle spindle results in contraction of the agonist or effector muscle. By contrast, in polysynaptic reflex pathways, one or more interneurons connect afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) signals. All but the most simple reflexes are polysynaptic, allowing processing or inhibition of polysynaptic reflexes within the brain.
The patellar reflex (knee jerk)[edit]
Main article: Patellar reflex
When the patellar tendon is tapped just below the knee, the tap initiates an action potential in a specialized structure known as a muscle spindle located within the quadriceps. This action potential travels to the L3 and L4 nerve roots of the spinal cord,[2] via a sensory axon which chemically communicates by releasing glutamate onto a motor nerve. The result of this motor nerve activity is contraction of the quadriceps muscle, leading to extension of the lower leg at the knee (i.e. the lower leg kicks forward). Ultimately, an improper patellar reflex may indicate cerebellar injury.[2]
The sensory input from the quadriceps also activates local interneurons that release the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine onto motor neurons of antagonist muscles, blocking the sustained stimulation of these antagonistic (hamstring) muscles. The relaxation of the opposing muscle facilitates (by not opposing) the extension of the lower leg.
In lower animals reflex interneurons do not necessarily reside in the spinal cord, for example as in the lateral giant neuron of crayfish.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Saladin, Kenneth (2015). Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 496–497. ISBN 978-0073403717.
^ Jump up to: a b "Deep Tendon Reflexes". The Precise Neurological Exam. New York University School of Medicine. November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
External links[edit]
Ole Kæseler Andersen (1996). Physiological and Pharmacological modulation of the human nociceptive withdrawal reflex (PDF) (PhD Thesis). Center for Sansory-Motor Interaction, Aalborg University.
Overview at sfsu.edu
Overview at rutgers.edu (with animation)
Tutorial at wisc-online.com
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reflex_arc&oldid=834172824"
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