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Loonie
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This article is about the coin. For the Canadian dollar as a currency, see Canadian dollar. For other uses, see Looney (disambiguation).
Loonie
Canada
Value
1 CAD
Mass
6.27 g
Diameter
26.5 mm
Thickness
1.95 mm
Edge
Eleven-sided, smooth, 7.5 mm
Composition
1987–2011
91.5% Ni,
8.5% bronze plating
(88% Cu, 12% Sn)

2007–2011
some coins used brass plating instead

2012–
steel,
brass plating
Years of minting
1987– present
Catalog number
–
Obverse
Design
Elizabeth II, Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada
Designer
Susanna Blunt
Design date
2003
Reverse
Design
Common loon in water
Designer
Robert-Ralph Carmichael
Design date
1987
Design discontinued
2012
Design
Common loon in water
Designer
Robert-Ralph Carmichael
Design date
2012
The Canadian one dollar coin, commonly called the loonie (French: huard), is a gold-coloured one-dollar coin introduced in 1987. It bears images of a common loon, a bird which is common and well known in Canada, on the reverse, and of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse. It is produced by the Royal Canadian Mint at its facility in Winnipeg.
The coin's outline is an 11-sided curve of constant width. Its diameter of 26.5 mm and its 11-sidedness matched that of the already-circulating Susan B. Anthony dollar in the United States, and its thickness of 1.95 mm was a close match to the latter's 2.0 mm. Its gold colour differed from the silver-coloured Anthony dollar; however, the succeeding Sacagawea and Presidential dollars matched the loonie's overall hue. Other coins using a curve of constant width include the 7-sided British twenty pence and fifty pence coins (the latter of which has similar size and value to the loonie, but is silver in colour).
The coin has become the symbol of the Canadian dollar: media often discuss the rate at which the loonie is trading against other currencies. The nickname loonie became so widely recognized that in 2006, the Royal Canadian Mint secured the rights to it.[1] When the Canadian two-dollar coin was introduced in 1996, it was in turn nicknamed the "toonie" (a portmanteau of "two" and "loonie").
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Introduction
3 Lucky loonie
4 Composition
5 Commemorative editions
6 Specimen set editions
7 First strikes
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Background[edit]
Canada first minted a silver dollar coin in 1935 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of George V's reign as king.[2] The voyageur dollar, so named because it featured an Indigenous person and a French voyageur paddling a canoe on the reverse, was minted in silver until 1967, after which it was composed primarily of nickel.[3] The coins did not see wide circulation, mainly due to their size and weight; the nickel version weighed 15.6 grams (0.55 oz) and was 32.1 millimetres (1.26 in) in diameter,[4] and was itself smaller than the silver version.[5]
By 1982, the Royal Canadian Mint had begun work on a new composition for the dollar coin that it hoped would lead to increased circulation.[4] At the same time, vending machine operators and transit systems were lobbying the Government of Canada to replace the dollar banknotes with wider circulating coins. A Commons committee recommended in 1985 that the dollar bill be eliminated despite a lack of evidence that Canadians would support the move.[6] The government argued that it would save between $175 million and $250 million over 20 years by switching from bills that had a lifespan of less than a year to coins that would last two decades.[7]
Introduction[edit]
The government announced on March 25, 1986, that the new dollar coin would be launched the following year as a replacement for the dollar bill, which would be phased out.[8] It was expected to cost $31.8 million to produce the first 300 million coins, but through seigniorage (the difference between the cost of production and the coin's value), expected to make up to $40 million a year on the coins. From the proceeds, a total of $60 million over five years was dedicated toward funding the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary.[9]
The failure of the Susan B. Anthony dollar coin in the United States had been considered and it was believed Americans refused to support the coin due to its similarity to their quarter coin and its lack of esthetic appeal.[6] In announcing the new Canadian dollar coin, the government stated it would be the same overall size as the Susan B. Anthony coin – slightly larger than a quarter – to allow for compatibility with American manufactured vending machines, but would be eleven-sided and gold-coloured.[8]
It was planned that the coin would continue using the voyageur theme of its predecessor, but the master dies that had been struck in Ottawa were lost in transit en route to the Mint's facility at Winnipeg.[10] A Commons committee struck to investigate the loss discovered that the Mint had no documented procedures for transport of master dies and that it had shipped them via a local courier in a bid to save $43.50. It was also found to be the third time that the Mint had lost master dies within five years.[11] An internal review by the Royal Canadian Mint argued that while a policy existed to ship the obverse and reverse dies separately, the new coin dies were packaged separately but were part of the same shipment. The Mint also disagreed with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police's contention that the dies were simply lost in transit, believing instead that they were stolen.[12] The dies were never recovered.[10]
Fearing the possibility of counterfeiting, the government approved a new design for the reverse, replacing the voyageur with a Robert-Ralph Carmichael design of a common loon floating in water.[10] The coin was immediately nicknamed the "loonie" across English Canada, and became known as a "huard", French for "loon", in Quebec.[7] The loonie entered circulation on June 30, 1987, as 40 million coins were introduced into major cities across the country.[13] Over 800 million loonies had been struck by the coin's 20th anniversary.[14]
Two years after the loonie's introduction, the Bank of Canada ceased production of the dollar banknote. The final dollar bills were printed on June 30, 1989.[15] Initial support for the coin was mixed,[16] but withdrawing the banknote forced acceptance of the coin.[17]
The loonie has subsequently gained iconic status within Canada,[14] and is now regarded as a national symbol.[18] The term "loonie" has since become synonymous with the Canadian dollar itself.[19] The town of Echo Bay, Ontario, home of Robert-Ralph Carmichael, erected a large loonie monument in his honour in 1992 along the highway, similar to Sudbury's 'Big Nickel'.[20]
Lucky loonie[edit]
The 2010 Olympic "lucky" loonie
Officials for the 2002 Salt Lake Winter Olympics invited the National Hockey League's ice making consultant, Dan Craig, to oversee the city's E Center arena, where the ice hockey tournament was being held. Craig invited a couple of members from the ice crew in his hometown of Edmonton to assist. One of them, Trent Evans, secretly placed a loonie at centre ice. He originally placed a dime, but added the loonie after the smaller coin quickly vanished as the ice surface was built up.[21] He placed the coins after realizing there was no target at centre ice for referees to aim for when dropping the puck for a faceoff. A thin yellow dot was painted on the ice surface over the coins, though the loonie was faintly visible to those who knew to look for it.[22]
Keeping the coin a secret, Evans told only a few people of its placement and swore them to secrecy. Among those told were the players of the men's and women's teams.[22] Both Canadian teams went on to win gold medals. Several members of the women's team kissed the spot where the coin was buried following their victory.[21] After the men won their final, the coin was dug up and given to Wayne Gretzky, the team's executive-director, who revealed the existence of the "lucky loonie" at a post-game press conference.[23]
The lucky loonie quickly became a piece of Canadian lore.[24] The original lucky loonie was donated to the Hockey Hall of Fame,[25] and Canadians have subsequently hidden loonies at several international competitions.[26] Loonies were buried in the foundations of facilities built for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.[27]
Capitalizing on the tradition, the Royal Canadian Mint has released a commemorative edition "lucky loonie" for each Olympic Games (2004-2016).[26]
Composition[edit]
The weight of the coin was originally specified as 108 grains, equivalent to 6.998 grams.[28] The coin's diameter is 26.5 mm.[29]
When introduced, loonie coins were made of Aureate, a bronze-electroplated nickel combination. Beginning in 2007, some loonie blanks also began to be produced with a cyanide-free brass plating process. In the spring of 2012, the composition switched to multi-ply brass-plated steel. As a result, the weight dropped from 7.00 to 6.27 grams.[30] This has resulted in the 2012 loonie not being accepted in some vending machines.[31] The Toronto Parking Authority estimates that at about $345 per machine, it will cost about $1 million to upgrade almost 3,000 machines to accept the new coins. The Mint states that multi-ply plated steel technology, already used in Canada's smaller coinage, produces an electromagnetic signature that is harder to counterfeit than that for regular alloy coins; also, using steel provides cost savings and avoids fluctuations in price or supply of nickel.[32]
On April 10, 2012, the Royal Canadian Mint announced design changes to the loonie and toonie, which include new security features.[33][34]
Commemorative editions[edit]
The design has been changed several times for commemorative editions:
No.
Year
Theme
Artist
Mintage
Special notes
1 1992 125th anniversary of the Confederation[35] Rita Swanson 23,010,000 Showing children and the Parliament Building. The regular loon design was also minted that year bearing the double date "1867–1992".
2 1994 Remembrance Design[36] RCM Staff 15,000,000 Image of the National War Memorial in Ottawa.
3 1995 Peacekeeping Monument[36] J. K. Harman, R. G. Enriquez, C. H. Oberlander, Susan Taylor 41,813,100 (see note) Included in 1995 Loon Mintage.
4 2004 Olympic Lucky Loonie[37] R.R. Carmichael 6,526,000 1st Lucky Loonie.
5 2005 Terry Fox Stan Witten 12,909,000[38] Fox is the first Canadian citizen to be featured on a circulated Canadian coin. There are versions that exist without grass on the reverse of the coin.[37]
6 2006 Olympic Lucky Loonie Jean-Luc Grondin 2,145,000[38] 2nd Lucky Loonie.
7 2008 Olympic Lucky Loonie Jean-Luc Grondin 10,000,000 3rd Lucky Loonie. Part of the RBC Vancouver 2010 Coin Set.
8 2009 Montreal Canadiens Centennial Loonie Susanna Blunt 10,000,000[39] To Commemorate the 100th anniversary celebration of the Montreal Canadiens professional hockey team. Circulated only in the province of Quebec at Metro(c) Grocery Stores.
9 2010 Olympic Lucky Loonie RCM Staff 11,000,000 4th Lucky Loonie with the 2010 Vancouver winter Olympic symbol ilanaaq, an inukshuk. Part of the RBC Vancouver 2010 Coin Set.
10 2010 Navy Centennial Bonnie Ross 7,000,000[40] To commemorate the Centennial of the Canadian Navy Features a Halifax-class frigate below anchor, a 1910 naval serviceman and a modern-day female naval officer.
11 2010 Saskatchewan Roughriders Centennial Susanna Blunt 3,000,000[41] To celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Saskatchewan Roughriders. Features the Roughriders logo along with a stylized 100.
12 2011 Parks Canada Centennial [42] Nolin BBDO Montreal[43] 5,000,000 To celebrate Parks Canada’s 100th anniversary. Features stylized land, air and aquatic fauna, varieties of flora, as well as a symbolic park building and the silhouette of a hiker framed by a snow-capped mountain range.[43]
13 2012 Olympic Lucky Loonie Emily Damstra 5,000,000 5th Lucky Loonie. Features a common loon with its wings spread, the Olympic rings and laser etched maple leaf.[44]
14 2012 100th Grey Cup RCM Staff 5,000,000[45] To celebrate the 100th Grey Cup. Features the Grey Cup with "100th Grey Cup" in English and French
15 2014 Olympic Lucky Loonie Emily Damstra 5,000,000 6th Lucky Loonie. Features a common loon with its wings spread and sits on a lake water, the Canadian Olympic Team logo, and laser etched maple leaf.[46]
16 2016 Women's Right to Vote Laurie McGaw 5,000,000 Features a women casting a ballot with a girl to commemorate the 100th anniversary of women's suffrage in Canada.
17 2016 Olympic Lucky Loonie Derek Wicks 5,000,000 7th Lucky Loonie. Released for the 2016 Summer Olympics. Shows the image of a common loon on the water, poised for take-off with its arched body and outstretched wings with a stylized maple leaf in the background.[47]
18 2017 Canada 150 Wesley Klassen Commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Confederation of Canada. The design features the railroad and landmarks such as the Lion's Gate Bridge, a prairie grain elevator, the CN Tower, Quebec City's Chateau Frontenac Hotel and an East Coast lighthouse. The theme of the coin is "Our Achievements".
Specimen set editions[edit]
The Big Loonie in Echo Bay, Ontario.
Year
Theme
Artist
Mintage
Issue price
2002 15th Anniversary Loonie[48] Dora de Pédery-Hunt 67,672 $39.95
2004 Jack Miner Bird Sanctuary[49] Susan Taylor 46,493 $39.95
2005 Tufted puffin[50] N/A 39,818 $39.95
2006 Snowy owl[51] Glen Loates 39,935 $44.95
2007 Trumpeter swan Kerri Burnett 40,000 $45.95
2008 Common eider Mark Hobson 40,000 $47.95
2009 Great blue heron Chris Jordison 40,000 $47.95
2010 Northern harrier Arnold Nogy 35,000 $49.95
2011 Great gray owl Arnold Nogy 35,000 $49.95
2012 25th Anniversary Loonie Arnold Nogy 35,000 $49.95
2013 Blue-winged teal standing on log Glen Loates 50,000 $49.95
2014 Ferruginous hawk Trevor Tennant 50,000 $49.95
2015 Blue jay Brent Townsend 30,000 $49.95
2016 Tundra swan Glen Scrimshaw 30,000 $49.95
First strikes[edit]
Year
Theme
Mintage
Issue Price
2005 Common loon 1,944 $14.95
2005 Terry Fox[37] 19,949 $14.95
2006 Lucky Loonie 20,010 $15.95
2006 With new Mint mark 5,000 $29.95
See also[edit]
Canadian silver dollar
Toonie
References[edit]
Footnotes
Jump up ^ "Application Number: 0916677". Canadian Trade-marks database. Canadian Intellectual Property Office. Retrieved February 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ Cross 2011, p. 195
Jump up ^ "Sharp announces plans for 1968 nickel coins", Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, p. 1, December 23, 1966, retrieved April 13, 2013
^ Jump up to: a b "Paper dollar not about to be replaced", Edmonton Journal, p. A14, July 7, 1982, retrieved April 13, 2013
Jump up ^ Cross 2011, p. 206
^ Jump up to: a b "Canadian govt. may be courting disaster with dollar coin", Ottawa Citizen, p. A12, August 19, 1985, retrieved April 13, 2013
^ Jump up to: a b 1987: Introducing the Loonie, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, retrieved April 14, 2013
^ Jump up to: a b Lee, Robert (March 25, 1986), "New coin to replace dollar bill", Ottawa Citizen, p. A1, retrieved April 14, 2013
Jump up ^ Lee, Robert (March 26, 1986). "Govt. hopes to cash in on dollar coin". Ottawa Citizen. p. A3. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The loonie, a Canadian touchstone, is turning 20". CTV News. June 27, 2007. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Weston, Greg (February 5, 1987). "Dollar fiasco third time mint lost moulds". Ottawa Citizen. p. A1. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Vanished dollar coin dies likely stolen, review finds". Toronto Star. April 19, 1990. p. D12.
Jump up ^ McIntosh, Andrew (June 30, 1987). "Canadians will call for the Loon when they know it, Mint predicts". The Globe and Mail. p. A1.
^ Jump up to: a b Goldman, Suzanne (June 30, 2007). "Loonie's two decades cause for celebration". Calgary Herald. p. A1.
Jump up ^ Dawson, Chris (June 30, 1989). "Paper dollar's demise begins bronzed bird's solo flight". Calgary Herald. p. A1.
Jump up ^ "The 'loonie' divides Canada". Bangor Daily News. February 12, 1990. p. 27. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ Rochette, Ed (April 16, 1995). "Canada uses its mint to make dollars and sense". The Vindicator. p. A17. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Happy 20th to our loonie". Hamilton Spectator. June 30, 2007. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Loonie suffers worst day ever". Toronto Star. November 12, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Echo Bay: Canadian Dollar Coin (Loonie)". Retrieved January 14, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Podnieks, Andrew. Canada's Olympic Hockey History 1920–2010. Toronto: Fenn Publishing. p. 201. ISBN 1-55168-323-7.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lucky loonie golden for Canada". Edmonton Journal. November 16, 2004. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Vecsey, Laura (February 25, 2002). "Canadians go absolutely loonie over hockey gold". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved August 14, 2013. – via Highbeam (subscription required)
Jump up ^ "Turin Notebook: Hedican named to U.S. hockey team for Winter Olympics". The Columbian (Vancouver, WA). February 7, 2006. Retrieved August 24, 2013. – via Highbeam (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Bowman, John (June 29, 2012). "Is the loonie as important a symbol of Canada as the maple leaf?". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "The original lucky loonie". Royal Canadian Mint. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lucky loonies abound at Olympic skating oval". Vancouver Sun. June 20, 2008. Archived from the original on August 24, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Canada Gazette, 33-34-35 ELIZABETH II, Chapter 30, p. 256".
Jump up ^ "Striking in its solitude – the 1-dollar coin, familiarly known as the 'loonie'". Royal Canadian Mint. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Order Amending Part 2 of the Schedule to the Royal Canadian Mint Act". Canada Gazette. Government of Canada. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ "New lighter loonies, toonies causing headaches for vending and parking machines". Yahoo News Canada. April 26, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Material change in store for loonies, toonies". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia News. January 14, 2012. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Royal Canadian Mint. "The Loonie and Toonie have evolved". Royal Canadian Mint. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Royal Canadian Mint. "The New $1 Coin". Royal Canadian Mint. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 60th Anniversary Edition, p. 174
^ Jump up to: a b Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 60th Anniversary Edition, p. 175
^ Jump up to: a b c Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 60th Anniversary Edition, p. 177
^ Jump up to: a b 2006 Royal Canadian Mint Annual Report, p. 46
Jump up ^ "Habs' 100th anniversary celebration continues with logo on Canadian dollar". Associated Press. September 24, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2009.
Jump up ^ Royal Canadian Mint’s 2010 Navy Centennial Dollar Coin Archived July 21, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. – Coin Collecting News
Jump up ^ "Royal Canadian Mint Celebrates Rider Pride with One-Dollar Circulation Coin Commemorating Saskatchewan Roughriders' Centennial". mint.ca. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Royal Canadian Mint Celebrates Nature and Canada's Great Outdoors with New Circulation Coins Commemorating The Centennial of Parks Canada, The Boreal Forest and Three New Animal Themes". mint.ca. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Parks Canada Centennial $1 Circulation 5-Pack (2011)". mint.ca. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Royal Canadian Mint Wishes Canada's Athletes Luck with the 2012 Lucky Loonie Circulation Coin". mint.ca. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Royal Canadian Mint Celebrates 100th Grey Cup® with One-Dollar Circulation Coin". mint.ca. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Royal Canadian Mint Unveils 2014 Lucky Loonie Circulation Coin". mint.ca. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Royal Canadian Mint Unveils 2016 Lucky Loonie Circulation Coin". mint.ca.
Jump up ^ Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 60th Anniversary Edition, p. 315
Jump up ^ Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 62nd Edition, p. 236
Jump up ^ Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 62nd Edition, p. 237
Jump up ^ Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins, 62nd Edition, p. 238
Bibliography
Cross, W. K., ed. (2011), Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins; Volume One, Numismatic Issues 2012 (66th ed.), Toronto: The Charlton Press, ISBN 978-0-88968-347-1
External links[edit]
Loonie value – 1935 to today
The chemistry of the loonie
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Land Ordinance of 1785
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The Land Ordinance of 1785 was adopted by the United States Congress of the Confederation on May 20, 1785. It set up a standardized system whereby settlers could purchase title to farmland in the undeveloped west. Congress at the time did not have the power to raise revenue by direct taxation, so land sales provided an important revenue stream. The Ordinance set up a survey system that eventually covered over three-fourths of the area of the continental United States.[1]
The earlier Ordinance of 1784 was a resolution written by Thomas Jefferson (delegate from Virginia) calling for Congress to take action. The land west of the Appalachian Mountains, north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River was to be divided into ten separate states.[2] However, the 1784 resolution did not define the mechanism by which the land would become states, or how the territories would be governed or settled before they became states. The Ordinance of 1785 put the 1784 resolution in operation by providing a mechanism for selling and settling the land,[3] while the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 addressed political needs.
The 1785 ordinance laid the foundations of land policy until passage of the Homestead Act in 1862. The Land Ordinance established the basis for the Public Land Survey System. The initial surveying was performed by Thomas Hutchins. After he died in 1789, responsibility for surveying was transferred to the Surveyor General. Land was to be systematically surveyed into square townships, six miles (9.656 km) on a side. Each of these townships were sub-divided into thirty-six sections of one square mile (2.59 km²) or 640 acres. These sections could then be further subdivided for re-sale by settlers and land speculators.[4]
The ordinance was also significant for establishing a mechanism for funding public education. Section 16 in each township was reserved for the maintenance of public schools. Many schools today are still located in section sixteen of their respective townships[citation needed], although a great many of the school sections were sold to raise money for public education. In later States, section 36 of each township was also designated as a "school section".[5][6][7]
The Point of Beginning for the 1785 survey was where Ohio (as the easternmost part of the Northwest Territory), Pennsylvania and Virginia (now West Virginia) met, on the north shore of the Ohio River near East Liverpool, Ohio. There is a historical marker just north of the site, at the state line where Ohio State Route 39 becomes Pennsylvania Route 68.
Plan for numbering sections of a township adopted May 20, 1785
General Land Office plan for numbering sections of a standard survey township, adopted May 18, 1796
Diagram of the 1785 Land Ordinance showing how the method of subdivision can be applied from the scale of the country down to the scale of a single lot
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Public education
3 Layout of townships
4 Influence
5 Motive
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References and further reading
9 External links
History[edit]
The Confederation Congress appointed a committee consisting of the following men:
Thomas Jefferson (Virginia)
Hugh Williamson (North Carolina)
David Howell (Rhode Island)
Elbridge Gerry (Massachusetts)
Jacob Read (South Carolina)
On May 7, 1784, the committee reported “An ordinance for ascertaining the mode of locating and disposing of lands in the western territories, and for other purposes therein mentioned.” The ordinance required the land be divided into “hundreds of ten geographical miles square, each mile containing 6086 and 4-10ths of a foot” and “sub-divided into lots of one mile square each, or 850 and 4-10ths of an acre”,[8] numbered starting in the northwest corner, proceeding from west to east, and east to west, consecutively. After debate and amendment, the ordinance was reported to Congress April 26, 1785. It required surveyors “to divide the said territory into townships seven miles square, by lines running due north and south, and others crossing these at right angles. — The plats of the townships, respectively, shall be marked into sections of one mile square, or 640 acres.” This is the first recorded use of the terms “township” and “section.”[9]
On May 3, 1785, William Grayson of Virginia made a motion seconded by James Monroe to change “seven miles square” to “six miles square.” The ordinance was passed on May 20, 1785. The sections were to be numbered starting at 1 in the southeast and running south to north in each tier to 36 in the northwest. The surveys were to be performed under the direction of the Geographer of the United States, (Thomas Hutchins).[9] The Seven Ranges, the privately surveyed Symmes Purchase, and, with some modification, the privately surveyed Ohio Company of Associates, all of the Ohio Lands were the surveys completed with this section numbering.[10]
Locations in Ohio using Land Ordinance of 1785 Section Numbering
The Act of May 18, 1796,[11] provided for the appointment of a surveyor-general to replace the office of Geographer of the United States, and that “sections shall be numbered, respectively, beginning with number one in the northeast section, and proceeding west and east alternately, through the township, with progressive numbers till the thirty-sixth be completed.” All subsequent surveys were completed with this boustrophedonical section numbering system, except the United States Military District of the Ohio Lands which had five mile (8 km) square townships as provided by the Act of June 1, 1796,[12] and amended by the Act of March 1, 1800.[9][13]
Howe and others give Thomas Hutchins credit for conceiving the rectangular system of lots of one square mile in 1764 while a captain in the Sixtieth, or, Royal American, Regiment, and engineer to the expedition under Col. Henry Bouquet to the forks of the Muskingum, in what is now Coshocton County, Ohio. It formed part of his plan for military colonies north of the Ohio, as a protection against Indians. The law of 1785 embraced most of the new system.[14] Treat, on the other hand, notes that tiers of townships were familiar in New England, and insisted on by the New England legislators.[15]
Public education[edit]
Public Education in Land Grants in the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Background:*
The Land Ordinance of 1785, adopted May 20, 1785 by the Continental Congress, set the stage for an organized and community-based westward expansion in the United States in the years after the American Revolution. The Land Ordinance of 1785, coming on the heels of the Ordinance of 1784, was the effort of a five-person committee led by Thomas Jefferson. The ordinance established a systematic and ubiquitous process for surveying, planning and selling townships in the western frontier. [There is no reference to "Education" in this section - other than the title. It should be removed, or updated and properly cited.]
Layout of townships[edit]
Each western township contained thirty-six square miles of land, planned as a square measuring six miles on each side, which was further subdivided into thirty six lots, each lot containing one square mile of land. The mathematical precision of the planning was the concerted effort of surveyors. Each township contained dedicated space for public education and other government uses, as five of the thirty six lots were reserved for government or public purposes. The thirty six lots of each township were numbered accordingly on each township's survey. The centermost land of each township corresponded to lot numbers 15, 16, 21 and 22 on the township survey, with lot number 16 dedicated specifically to public education. As the Land Ordinance of 1785 stated: "There shall be reserved the lot No. 16, of every township, for the maintenance of public schools within the said township."[16]
Knepper notes: “Sections number 8, 11, 26, and 29 in every township were reserved for future sale by the federal government when, it was hoped, they would bring higher prices because of developed land around them. Congress also reserved one third part of all gold, silver, lead, and copper mines to its own use, a bit of wishful thinking as regards Ohio lands.”[17] The ordinance also said “That three townships adjacent to Lake Erie be reserved, to be hereafter disposed of by Congress, for the use of the officers, men, and others, refugees from Canada, and the refugees from Nova Scotia, who are or may be entitled to grants of land under resolutions of Congress now existing.“ This was not possible, as the area next to Lake Erie was property of Connecticut, so the Canadians had to wait until the establishment of the Refugee Tract in 1798.[18]
Influence[edit]
Many historians recognize the influences of the colonial experience in the land ordinances of the 1780s.[19] The committees that formulated these ordinances were inspired by the individual colonial experiences of the states that they represented. The committees attempted to implement the best practices of such states to solve the task at hand.[20] The surveyed townships of the Land Ordinance of 1785, writes historian Jonathan Hughes, “represented an amalgam of the colonial experience and ideals.”[21] Two geographically and ideologically distinct colonial land systems were competing at such time in history – the New England system and the Southern system.[20] While the primary influence on the Land Ordinance of 1785 was the New England land system of the colonial era, marked by its emphasis on community development and systematic planning, the exceedingly individualistic Southern land system also played a role.
Even though Jefferson’s committee had a Southern majority, it recommended the New England survey system.[22] The highly planned and surveyed western townships established in the Land Ordinance of 1785, were heavily influenced by the New England settlements of the colonial era, particularly the land grant provisions of the Ordinances which dedicated land towards public education and other government uses. In colonial times, New England settlements contained dedicated public space for schools and churches, which often held a central role in the community. For instance, the 1751 royal charter for Marlboro Vermont provides: “one Shear [share] for the First Settled Minister one Shear for the benefit of the School forever.”[23] By time of the Land Ordinance of 1785 was enacted, the New England states had used land grants for over a century to support public education and build new schools. The clause in the Land Ordinance of 1785 which dedicated “Lot Number 16” of each western township for public education reflected this regional New England experience.[24]
In addition, the use of surveyors to precisely chart out the new townships in the westward expansion was directly influenced by the New England land system, which similarly relied on surveyors and local committees to clearly delineate property boundaries. Defined property boundary lines and an established land title system, provided colonials with a sense of security in their land ownership, by minimizing the likelihood of ownership or boundary disputes. This was an important consideration in the Land Ordinance of 1785. One of the primary purposes of the Ordinance was to raise funds for the increasingly insolvent government. Providing land speculators security in their purchases encouraged additional demand for the western lands. In addition, the organized and communal nature of the western settlements, allowed the government to reserve a number of well-defined plots of land for future government development. Since the rest of the township would have been developed by the time the government decided to develop such reserved lands, there was an already built-in assurance of land value appreciation for the reserved lands. This had the effect of increasing the value of government assets without much further investment by the government.
The New England land system, while the primary influence on the great land ordinances of the 1780s, was not the only land system influence. The Southern land system, marked by individualism and personal initiative, also helped shape the ordinance. While the New England land system was premised on community-based development, the Southern land system was premised on individual frontiersman appropriating undeveloped land to call their own. The Southern pioneer claimed property and the local surveyor would demarcate it for him. The system did not protect people from competing claims or set up an orderly chain of title. The process was called ‘indiscriminate location”. This system encouraged individuals to amass large plantations instead of settling into dense communal development. This system was supported by the use of slave labor.[25] Perhaps the committee’s resistance against indiscriminate location and support for limited and disciplined land settlement was an implicit attempt to create a structural barrier to developing a plantation economy that was dependent on slave labor. The committee could have been attempting to effectively eradicate slavery in the West after Jefferson failed to outlaw it in the Land Ordinance of 1784.
While the Land Ordinance of 1785 created a New England style land system, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 determined how the townships would be administered. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787, like the Land Ordinance of 1785, was inspired by the New England colonial settlements, and manifested this influence by further encouraging the worship of religion and the spread of education. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 stated, “Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged.”[26] However, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 also contained Southern characteristics of municipal governance. The Southern influence can be felt in the Western townships in that once the federal land was dedicated to the particular township, the township was relatively free of the influence of the federal government, and the local municipality was left to govern itself. This manifested itself in public education as well. Once the land was dedicated, the actual development of the public schools was the responsibility of the local township or the particular state.[27] Although the great Ordinances of the 1780s set the framework for a national system of schools by dedicating land across the West, the devolved development and administration by the state and local government led to unique results.[28]
Motive[edit]
Retaining central land in each township ensured that these lands would create value for the federal government. Instead of disbursing funds to the new states to create public education systems, dedicating a central lot in each township provided the new townships with the means to develop educational institutions without any transfer of funds. This was a practical and necessary way to achieve the committee’s goal in a pre-Constitution America. Aside from raising funds for a financially struggling government, the westward expansion outlined in the Land Ordinances of the 1780s also provided a framework for spreading democratic ideals. Jefferson proposed an article in the Ordinance of 1784 that would have outlawed slavery in the new states after the year 1800. However he could not amass enough votes to pass the anti-slavery article. Later Jefferson did succeed, however, in ensuring public funding of education by dedicating land to education in the Land Ordinance of 1785. Public education was an ideal already developed in the New England colonial settlements. New Englanders provided for public education in their land grants due to a belief that public education could be used to further unite the young nation and spread democratic ideals.[29]
The systematic and highly organized westward settlements, with their local governments and central square dedicated towards public education were a concerted effort to inspire civic duty and participation in the democratic process. Usher relates this initiative to “the Supreme Court in Cooper v. Roberts (1855), ‘plant in the heart of every community the same sentiments of grateful reverence for the wisdom, forecast, and magnanimous statesmanship of those who framed the institutions of these new States.” [30] The westward expansion therefore was not only a tool for raising much needed funds, but also a tool in a grand socializing experiment to inoculate the settlers to democratic ideals. The hope was that the unique planning of each township with a public school centrally located, coupled with the obligation of each township’s local citizens to take part in the civic process of governing the township, teaching and building the schools, and maintaining order, would instill the democratic ideals crucial to the nation’s success.
See also[edit]
Northwest Ordinance
Public Land Survey System
Northwest Territory
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Vernon Carstensen, "Patterns on the American Land." Journal of Federalism, (19870 18#4 pp 31–39
Jump up ^ Richard P. McCormick, "The 'Ordinance' of 1784?," William and Mary Quarterly, Jan 1993, Vol. 50 Issue 1, pp 112–22
Jump up ^ Journal of Continental Congress, Vol. 28, p. 375, May 20, 1785 Library of congress
Jump up ^ C. Albert White, A History of the Rectangular Survey System (Bureau of Land Management, 1983)
Jump up ^ White, A History of the Rectangular Survey System
Jump up ^ Williamson 1880 : 226
Jump up ^ The Oregon Territory Act (August 14, 1848) 9 Stat. 323 initiated practice of setting aside section 36 for schools: Section 20 “And be it further enacted, That when the lands in the said Territory shall be surveyed under the direction of the Government of the United States, preparatory to bringing the same into market, sections numbered sixteen and thirty-six in each township in said Territory shall be, and the same is hereby, reserved for the purpose of being applied to schools in said Territory, and in the States and Territories hereafter to be erected out of the same.”
Jump up ^ Journal of Continental Congress, Vol. 27, p. 446, May 28, 1784 Library of congress
^ Jump up to: a b c Higgins 1887 : 33–34, 78–82
Jump up ^ Peters 1918 : 58
Jump up ^ 1 Stat. 464 – Text of Act of May 18, 1796 Library of Congress
Jump up ^ 1 Stat. 490 – Text of Act of June 1, 1796 Library of Congress
Jump up ^ 2 Stat. 14 – Text of Act of March 1, 1800 Library of Congress
Jump up ^ Howe 1907 : 134
Jump up ^ Treat 1910 : 179–182
Jump up ^ http://moglen.law.columbia.edu/twiki/bin/view/AmLegalHist/PublicEducationInLandGrantsSGrenbaum
Jump up ^ Knepper 2002 : 9
Jump up ^ Knepper 2002 : 51
Jump up ^ See Payson Jackson Treat. The National Land System. William S Hein and Co., 2003. and Jonathan Hughes “The Great Land Ordinances.” Minnesota Legal History Project http://www.minnesotalegalhistoryproject.org/assets/hughes.pdf (accessed March 2013).
^ Jump up to: a b Treat, pp. 22–23.
Jump up ^ Hughes, p.11
Jump up ^ Treat p.26
Jump up ^ Hughes, p.13
Jump up ^ David Carleton, Landmark Congressional Laws on Education. Connecticut, Greenwood Press, 2002. p. 15.
Jump up ^ See Treat p.25
Jump up ^ The Northwest Ordinance of 1787, Article 3. http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=8 (Accessed March 2013).
Jump up ^ Alexandra Usher, “Public Schools in the Original Federal Land Grant Program” The Center on Education Policy; April 2011 p. 8 http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED518388&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED518388 (Accessed March 2013)
Jump up ^ Usher, p. 8.
Jump up ^ Carleton, p. 15
Jump up ^ Usher, p. 7
References and further reading[edit]
Higgins, Jerome S. (1887). Subdivisions of the Public Lands, Described and Illustrated, with Diagrams and Maps. Higgins & Co.
Howe, Henry (1907). Historical Collections of Ohio, The Ohio Centennial Edition. 1. The State of Ohio.
Knepper, George W (2002). The Official Ohio Lands Book (PDF). State of Ohio.
Peters, William E (1918). Ohio Lands and Their Subdivision. W.E. Peters.
Treat, Payson Jackson (1910). The National Land System 1785–1820. E.B. Treat and Co.
Williamson, James A.; Donaldson, Thomas (1880). The Public Domain. Its History, with Statistics. Government Printing Office.
Johnson, Hildegard Binder. Order upon the Land: The U.S. Rectangular Land Survey and the Upper Mississippi Country (1977)
Geib, George W.. "The Land Ordinance of 1785: A Bicentennial Review," Indiana Magazine of History, March 1985, Vol. 81 Issue 1, pp 1–13
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Land Ordinance of 1785
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Land Ordinance of 1785 (supplement)
Library of Congress – Ordinance Text
Indiana Historical Bureau – Ordinance Text
Ohio History Central – Land Ordinance of 1785
Bureau of Land Management – Principal Meridians and Base Lines Map
The Great American Grid – 1785 Land Ordinance Diagram
Photographs of the Principal Meridians
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Trial & Error (TV series)
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Not to be confused with Trial and Error (TV series), a 1988 American sitcom that aired on CBS.
Trial & Error
Genre
Sitcom
Mockumentary
Surreal comedy
Created by
Jeff Astrof
Matt Miller
Starring
Nicholas D'Agosto
Jayma Mays
Steven Boyer
Krysta Rodriguez
Sherri Shepherd
John Lithgow
Amanda Payton
Kristin Chenoweth
Composer(s)
John Swihart
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
2
No. of episodes
23 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Jeffrey Blitz
Matt Miller
Jeff Astrof
Producer(s)
Marlis Pujol
Production location(s)
Burbank, California (season 1)
Vancouver (season 2)
Editor(s)
Yana Gorskaya
Dane McMaster
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
22 minutes
Production company(s)
Other Shoe Productions
Good Session Productions
Warner Bros. Television
Distributor
Warner Bros. Television Distribution
Release
Original network
NBC
Picture format
1080i (HDTV)
Original release
March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14) – August 23, 2018 (2018-08-23)
External links
Website
Trial & Error is an American sitcom television series created by Jeff Astrof and Matt Miller for NBC and is produced by Warner Bros. Television. It stars Nicholas D'Agosto, Jayma Mays, Steven Boyer, and Sherri Shepherd, with Krysta Rodriguez and John Lithgow also starring in the first season. The series, which spoofs documentaries and reality legal shows, follows New York City lawyer Josh Segal (portrayed by D'Agosto) and his eccentric local associates (portrayed by Boyer and Shepherd) in a fictional small town in South Carolina called East Peck as he represents accused local citizens.
The first season premiered on March 14, 2017, and was met with positive reviews. On May 20, 2017, NBC renewed the series for a 10-episode second season, with the entire cast, except Lithgow and Rodriguez, returning. The season features the subtitle Lady, Killer, and premiered on July 19, 2018. Kristin Chenoweth joined the cast as Lavinia Peck-Foster, the main suspect in the new case.
Contents
1 Premise
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
2.3 Guest
3 Episodes
3.1 Season 1 (2017)
3.2 Season 2: Lady, Killer (2018)
4 Production
4.1 Development
4.2 Casting
4.3 Filming
5 Broadcast
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
7 Ratings
7.1 Season 1 (2017)
7.2 Season 2 (2018)
7.3 Accolades
8 References
9 External links
Premise[edit]
A comedic legal mockumentary about a young bright-eyed New York lawyer Josh Segal who settles in the fictional, small Southern town of East Peck, South Carolina with an oddball defense team and solves cases from behind a taxidermy shop. In the first season, they defend a compulsively eccentric poetry professor, Larry Henderson, accused of the bizarre murder of his beloved wife and it becomes challenging when his client is always making himself look guilty and the prosecutor Carol Anne Keane is determined to use the case as a stepping stone to greater local power.
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Season 2 poster with the cast of the season.
Nicholas D'Agosto as Josh Segal,[1] a defense lawyer from New York who finds his first experience of murder trials in East Peck, South Carolina. He has to put up with the antics of his team members much to his chagrin. He becomes involved in a love triangle between Carol Anne and Nina during Season 2.
Jayma Mays as Carol Anne Keane,[2] Assistant District Attorney of East Peck and Josh's rival as well as love interest. She becomes pregnant in Season 2, expecting a baby by an unknown father.
Steven Boyer as Dwayne Reed,[3] Josh's lead investigator and a former police officer in East Peck. He rejoins the police force in Season 2, while simultaneously working for the defense team.
Sherri Shepherd as Anne Flatch,[4] Josh's assistant/head researcher who has rare and bizarre disorders.
Krysta Rodriguez as Summer Henderson (season 1),[5] the daughter of Larry Henderson who later joins Josh's team. Like Josh, she is serious and the least nonsensical of the group.
John Lithgow as Larry Henderson (season 1),[4] a poetry professor and the suspect on trial for the murder of his wife.
Amanda Payton as Nina Rudolph (season 2), a stylish podcast host who moves to East Peck from New York to follow the trial of Lavinia Peck Foster and ends up tangled in a love triangle.[6]
Kristin Chenoweth as Lavinia Peck-Foster (season 2), an eccentric heiress of East Peck. She hires Josh and his associates after finding her husband stuffed in a suitcase in the back of her car.[7]
Recurring[edit]
Bob Gunton as Jeremiah Jefferson Davis, a tobacco businessman, Margaret's brother, and hence Larry's brother-in-law.
Cristine Rose as Josie Jefferson Davis, the quiet, alcoholic wife of Jeremiah and the sister-in-law of Larry and Margaret Henderson.
Angel Parker as Heidi Baker, a local TV journalist who reports on the investigation of Larry Henderson.
Dave Allen as Dave, a taxidermist who owns a shop next to Josh's office.
Kevin Daniels as Alfonzo Prefontaine, Larry's fitness trainer and lover.
Patricia Belcher as E. Horsedich (pronounced Hi-sen-dich, with a soft "c" on the last syllable), the judge who presides over the case of People v. Larry Henderson.
Kevin Durand as Rutger Hiss, a local police officer who leads the investigation of Larry Henderson. Despite his comatose state, he is elected mayor of East Peck in Season 2.
Julie Hagerty as Madame Rhonda, a pet psychic who later becomes Juror 9 in the trial of People v. Larry Henderson.
Michael Hitchcock as Jesse Ray Beaumont (season 2), a horologist that was tried and convicted for the murder of Lavinia's brother Chet nine years ago.[8]
Joel McCrary as Judge Alexander Kamiltow (season 2), the judge for Lavinia's trial. Unlike Horsedich, his name is pronounced the way it is spelled. After trying to stop a chaotic outburst in Jesse Ray Beaumont's trial, he lost his voice, and now speaks in unintelligible gibberish, yet everyone but Josh understands him perfectly.
Shannon Chan-Kent as Clem Tuckett (season 2), an anchorwoman covering the investigation of Lavinia Peck-Foster.
Serge Houde as Milton The Houseboy (season 2), Lavinia's Loyal Manservant and Long-suffering Confidant.
Jaleel White as Atticus Ditto, Jr. (season 2), the prosecutor who took over Beaumont's first Trial when Carol Anne was removed, and Carol Anne's rival for the D.A. election.
Andy Thompson as Dr Rock n' Law (season 2), Beaumont's defense attorney in his original trial, and aspiring rock musician.
Guest[edit]
Andrew Daly as Thom Hinkle, a DNA expert who suffers from a bizarre type of OCD. It is revealed in season 2 that he is now decommissioned because of his bizarre OCD.
Marla Gibbs as Mrs. Kratt, Larry's antipathetic neighbor.
Fred Melamed as Howard Mankiewicz, a founding partner of the firm where Josh works.
Andie MacDowell as Margaret Henderson, Larry's deceased wife whose murder becomes the subject of the first season of the mockumentary.
Adam Campbell as Dr. Shinewell, veterinarian/OBGYN for East Peck
Episodes[edit]
Season 1 (2017)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
US viewers
(millions)
1
1 "Pilot"
"Chapter 1: A Big Crime in a Small Town" Jeffrey Blitz Jeff Astrof & Matt Miller March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14) T11.10106 5.92[9]
Northeastern junior attorney Josh Segal arrives in East Peck, South Carolina to represent local poetry professor Larry Henderson, who is accused of murdering his current wife, Margaret, only during pre-trial. The case proves challenging as the client is somehow always making himself look guilty, and Josh quickly finds himself in competition with the determined, no holds barred prosecutor, Carol Anne Keane. Later, a shocking discovery regarding Larry's faithfulness causes his brother-in-law to turn on him and decide to finance the prosecution instead—forcing Josh alone to fully represent him—and everyone, except his daughter Summer, to (further) doubt his innocence.
2
2 "Chapter 2: A Wrench in the Case" Jeffrey Blitz Jeff Astrof March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14) T12.15452 4.58[9]
Josh starts his first duties as Larry's lead defense attorney: investigating the bloody handprint found in Larry's house, where Margaret was found dead, with the help of a DNA expert whom Anne brings and who suffers from a type of OCD; and sending Dwayne to Roanoke, Virginia to retrieve the body of Larry's first wife, who was allegedly murdered in the same manner as was Margaret, in order to get a proper autopsy... which ultimately becomes impossible to happen.
3
3 "Chapter 3: The Other Man" Jeffrey Blitz Bill Callahan March 21, 2017 (2017-03-21) T12.15453 5.29[10]
It is discovered that Margaret was having an affair, and the identity of the other man proves to be a shocker to everyone. Meanwhile, Larry becomes publicly humiliated at Margaret's funeral.
4
4 "Chapter 4: An Unwelcome Distraction" Jennifer Celotta Bill Martin & Mike Schiff March 21, 2017 (2017-03-21) T12.15454 4.25[10]
After the lead investigator of the murder—who is also the other man—is found comatose, Carol Anne uses this as an opportunity to bring frivolous charges against the defense, who may or may not be responsible for the incident.
5
5 "Chapter 5: Right-Hand Man" Jeffrey Blitz Craig Gerard & Matthew Zinman March 28, 2017 (2017-03-28) T12.15455 4.25[11]
Josh finds evidence that may link Margaret's brother to her murder; Dwayne tries to prove Josh that he can be the latter's valuable "right-hand man"; and Summer and Anne help Larry practice his testimony.
6
6 "Chapter 6: Secrets & Lies" Ken Whittingham Sherry Bilsing-Graham & Ellen Kreamer March 28, 2017 (2017-03-28) T12.15456 3.23[11]
Josh focuses on his new suspect; Larry insists on taking a lie detector test; Dwayne becomes a hometown celebrity as the man who found the arm in the lake; the team gets a new benefactor.
7
7 "Chapter 7: The Case Gets Big" Dean Holland Amy Aniobi April 4, 2017 (2017-04-04) T12.15457 3.76[12]
As Josh prepares for trial, his boss, Mr. Mankiewicz, reveals a gigantic hole in Josh's case; unsettled by his rift with his daughter, and Josh's boss being in town, Larry takes matters into his own hands.
8
8 "Chapter 8: A Change in Defense" Matt Sohn Story by : Kassia Miller
Teleplay by : Patrick Kang & Michael Levin April 4, 2017 (2017-04-04) T12.15458 3.01[12]
As the trial gets national attention, Josh's boss, Mr. Mankiewicz, decides to take over the case and suggests Larry plead insanity.
9
9 "Chapter 9: Opening Statements" Rebecca Asher Bill Callahan April 11, 2017 (2017-04-11) T12.15459 3.64[13]
Josh's strategy of making another suspect look guilty takes a blow; Anne and Dwayne investigate why Larry's former lover isn't on the prosecution's witness list.
10
10 "Chapter 10: A Hostile Jury" Matt Sohn Bill Martin & Mike Schiff April 11, 2017 (2017-04-11) T12.15460 2.88[13]
Josh tries to show the jury the real Larry when they visit the crime scene inside the Henderson home; Anne and Dwayne search for Margaret's cellphone.
11
11 "Chapter 11: Unusual Suspect" Ryan Case Craig Gerard & Matthew Zinman April 13, 2017 (2017-04-13) T12.15461 2.67[14]
Josh's defense suffers a major setback when Summer turns into a suspect; Josh must decide how much he's willing to sacrifice to get Larry his freedom.
12
12 "Chapter 12: The Defense Rests" Matt Sohn Jeff Astrof & Bill Callahan April 18, 2017 (2017-04-18) T12.15462 3.79[15]
As Josh focuses on making his final case before closing arguments, he takes a huge gamble and puts Larry on the stand.
13
13 "Chapter 13: The Verdict" Jeffrey Blitz Jeff Astrof April 18, 2017 (2017-04-18) T12.15463 3.01[15]
The jury has reached a verdict that Larry is guilty. However, Carol Anne Keane changes her mind about the death sentence and instead simply sends Larry to jail. Several months later, Josh is back in New York, still trying to figure out how Larry could actually be innocent. A particular piece of evidence appears that reveals Larry is innocent, and Margaret was in fact killed by a bird knocking her through the window.
Season 2: Lady, Killer (2018)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
US viewers
(millions)
14
1 "Chapter 1: The Suitcase" Jeffrey Blitz Jeff Astrof July 19, 2018 (2018-07-19) T12.15751 3.21[16]
Josh is hired to represent Lavinia Peck-Foster, the First Lady of East Peck, who is accused of murdering her husband, Edgar, who was found in the trunk of Lavinia's car with freshwater in his lungs. Carol Anne is again the prosecutor, now heavily pregnant; she denies that Josh is necessarily the father, and claims to be uninterested in building a life with Josh, despite secretly obsessing over the details of such a relationship. Josh's investigation suggests that Edgar died during a gala party held in the Peck-Foster home; Lavinia's pool is saltwater, and Josh believes she was framed because she couldn't have drowned Edgar elsewhere during the party. Lavinia's parents and brother are dead; Josh concludes that Lavinia is lonely. Dwayne and Anne discover corpses in Lavinia's hedge maze.
15
2 "Chapter 2: The Timeline" Jeffrey Blitz Craig Gerard & Matthew Zinman July 19, 2018 (2018-07-19) T12.15752 2.66[16]
The corpses are centuries old, those of Dwayne's ancestors who built Lavinia's mansion. Judge Kamiltow requires Lavinia to stand trial, and rules it must be a bench trial due to unavoidable jury bias. Carol Anne posits that Lavinia drowned Edgar in the Peck River, adjacent to their property. Edgar was bludgeoned with a clock; Josh must consult with the town's only clock expert, Edgar's apprentice Jesse Ray Beaumont, who murdered Lavinia's brother Chet. In exchange for being interviewed by Nina Rudolph of popular podcast M-Towne, which is following the case, Jesse identifies the clock as belonging to the Jessup family of East Peck; since Lavinia's clocks are on North Peck time, this solidifies a timeline that would leave her only fifteen minutes to have transported Edgar's body, a seeming impossibility. Carol Anne and Josh have another tryst.
16
3 "Chapter 3: The Murder Clock" Jeffrey Blitz Liz Astrof July 26, 2018 (2018-07-26) T12.15753 2.12[17]
17
4 "Chapter 4: A Hole in the Case" Yana Gorskaya David Booth July 26, 2018 (2018-07-26) T12.15754 1.76[17]
18
5 "Chapter 5: A Change in the Team" Jeffrey Blitz Patrick Kang & Michael Levin August 9, 2018 (2018-08-09) T12.15755 1.91[18]
19
6 "Chapter 6: New Case, Old Murder" Jeffrey Blitz Melanie Boysaw & Nora Nolan August 9, 2018 (2018-08-09) T12.15756 1.37[18]
20
7 "Chapter 7: A Family Affair" Matt Sohn Craig Gerard & Matthew Zinman August 16, 2018 (2018-08-16) T12.15757 2.16[19]
21
8 "Chapter 8: Bad Instincts" Matt Sohn David Booth August 16, 2018 (2018-08-16) T12.15758 1.73[19]
22
9 "Chapter 9: A Big Break" Jeffrey Blitz Jeff Astrof August 23, 2018 (2018-08-23) T12.15759 1.99[20]
23
10 "Chapter 10: Barcelona" Jeffrey Blitz Jeff Astrof August 23, 2018 (2018-08-23) T12.15760 1.62[20]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
In August 2015, it was announced that NBC had given the production, then titled The Trail, a put pilot commitment. The episode was set to be written and executive produced by Jeff Astrof and Matt Miller, from Warner Bros. Television.[21] The following January, NBC gave the production an official pilot order,[22] with Jeffrey Blitz set to direct the pilot episode.[23] In May 2016, the production received a series order from NBC, now titled Trial & Error, with Barge Productions and Good Session Productions also serving as production companies.[24][25] The first season premiered on March 14, 2017.[26][27]
On May 20, 2017, Trial & Error was renewed for a second season consisting of ten episodes.[28] The season features the subtitle Lady, Killer, and premiered on July 19, 2018.[29] On August 7, 2018, NBC's option to renew the series for a potential third season had expired, with the rights reverting to Warner Brothers Television. Although the main cast's contracts had yet to expire, the series was being shopped around to other networks and streaming services.[30]
Casting[edit]
In February 2016, it was announced that Steven Boyer,[3] John Lithgow, Sherri Shepherd,[4] Jayma Mays,[2] Nicholas D'Agosto,[1] and Krysta Rodriguez had joined the main cast of the pilot.[5] The main cast all returned for the second season, except Lithgow,[28] who only had a single season commitment to the series, and Rodriguez. NBC chairman Bob Greenblatt felt there was the potential for Lithgow to appear in a couple episodes of the second season,[31] though his eventual appearances were by way of archived footage from the first season. Kristin Chenoweth was cast in February 2018 as the new character accused of murder and set to stand trial.[7] Amanda Payton also joins the cast for the second season as the host of a podcast covering the new trial.[6]
Filming[edit]
The second season filmed from March 19 to May 22, 2018, in Vancouver, after the first season was filmed in Burbank, California.[32]
Broadcast[edit]
Internationally, the series was acquired in Australia by the Seven Network[33] where it premiered on April 30, 2017,[34] and in New Zealand by TVNZ.[35]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has an approval rating of 85% based on 33 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Trial & Error hilariously parodies the true-crime genre with consistent laughs, irreverently funny 'stupid humor,' and animated characters who populate the show's dependably entertaining narratives."[36] On Metacritic, the first season has a score of 67 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[37]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season has an approval rating of 90% based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The sites critical consensus reads, "As a quirky courtroom satire Trial & Error continues to delight, but its best motion may be allowing the singular Kristin Chenoweth to shine in all of her whimsically manic glory as the titular Lady, Killer".[38] On Metacritic, the second season has a score of 75 out of 100, based on 9 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[39]
Ratings[edit]
Season 1 (2017)[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Pilot" March 14, 2017 1.4/5 5.92[9] N/A N/A N/A N/A
2 "A Wrench in the Case" March 14, 2017 1.0/4 4.58[9] N/A N/A N/A N/A
3 "The Other Man" March 21, 2017 1.2/5 5.29[10] N/A N/A N/A TBD
4 "An Unwelcome Distraction" March 21, 2017 1.1/4 4.25[10] N/A N/A N/A N/A
5 "Right-Hand Man" March 28, 2017 1.0/4 4.25[11] N/A N/A N/A N/A
6 "Secrets & Lies" March 28, 2017 0.8/3 3.23[11] N/A N/A N/A N/A
7 "The Case Gets Bigger" April 4, 2017 0.9/3 3.76[12] N/A N/A N/A N/A
8 "A Change in Defense" April 4, 2017 0.7/3 3.01[12] N/A N/A N/A N/A
9 "Opening Statements" April 11, 2017 0.9/3 3.64[13] N/A N/A N/A N/A
10 "A Hostile Jury" April 11, 2017 0.8/3 2.88[13] N/A N/A N/A N/A
11 "Unusual Suspect" April 13, 2017 0.6/2 2.67[14] N/A N/A N/A N/A
12 "The Defense Rests" April 18, 2017 0.9/3 3.79[15] N/A N/A N/A N/A
13 "The Verdict" April 18, 2017 0.7/3 3.01[15] N/A N/A N/A N/A
Season 2 (2018)[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "The Suitcase" July 19, 2018 0.6/3 3.21[16] 0.3 0.76 0.9 3.97[40]
2 "The Timeline" July 19, 2018 0.5/2 2.66[16] 0.2 0.73 0.7 3.39[40]
3 "The Murder Clock" July 26, 2018 0.4/2 2.12[17] 0.2 0.58 0.6 2.70[41]
4 "A Hole in the Case" July 26, 2018 0.4/2 1.76[17] 0.2 0.57 0.6 2.33[41]
5 "A Change in the Team" August 9, 2018 0.4/2 1.91[18] N/A N/A N/A N/A
6 "New Case, Old Murder" August 9, 2018 0.3/1 1.37[18] N/A N/A N/A N/A
7 "A Family Affair" August 16, 2018 0.5/2 2.16[19] 0.2 0.59 0.7 2.75[42]
8 "Bad Instincts" August 16, 2018 0.4/2 1.73[19] 0.2 0.55 0.6 2.29[42]
9 "A Big Break" August 23, 2018 0.4/2 1.99[20] TBD TBD TBD TBD
10 "Barcelona" August 23, 2018 0.4/2 1.62[20] TBD TBD TBD TBD
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result
2018 Satellite Awards[43] Best Actor in a Series, Comedy or Musical John Lithgow Nominated
Writers Guild of America Awards[44] Episodic Comedy (For episode "The Verdict") Jeff Astrof Nominated
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (February 18, 2016). "'The Trail' NBC Comedy Pilot Sets Nick D'Agosto As The Lead". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (February 17, 2016). "Jayma Mays Cast In 'The Trail' NBC Pilot". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (February 10, 2016). "'The Trail' NBC Pilot Casts Steven Boyer". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Andreeva, Nellie (February 16, 2016). "John Lithgow & Sherri Shepherd To Co-Star In NBC Comedy Pilot 'The Trail'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 16, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Petski, Denise (February 29, 2016). "'The Trail': NBC Comedy Pilot Casts Krysta Rodriguez; Ward Horton Joins CBS' 'Bunker Hill'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Petski, Denise (March 2, 2018). "'Trial & Error': Amanda Payton Joins Season 2 Of NBC Legal Comedy Series". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie; Petski, Denise (February 22, 2018). "Trial & Error': Kristin Chenoweth To Star In Season 2 Of NBC Legal Comedy Series". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (April 12, 2018). "'Trial & Error': Michael Hitchcock Set to Recur In Season 2 Of NBC Comedy". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (March 16, 2017). "'This Is Us' finishes with season highs: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (March 22, 2017). "'The Voice' and 'The Flash' adjust up: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (March 29, 2017). "'The Flash' adjusts up and avoids new series low, 'Legends of Tomorrow' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (April 5, 2017). "'NCIS' and 'The Middle' adjust up: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (April 12, 2017). "'The Middle' adjusts up: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Alex (April 14, 2017). "'Grey's Anatomy' and 'Chicago Med' adjust up, 'Scandal' adjusts down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Porter, Rick (April 19, 2017). "'The Middle' adjusts up: Tuesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Welch, Alex (July 20, 2018). "'Big Brother' holds onto season high: Thursday final ratings". TV By The Numbers. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Welch, Alex (July 27, 2018). "'Trial and Error,' 'Young Sheldon' rerun adjust down: Thursday final ratings". TV By The Numbers. Retrieved July 27, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Welch, Alex (August 10, 2018). "'Trial & Error,' 'Big Brother,' everything else adjusts down: Thursday final ratings". TV By the Numbers. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Welch, Alex (August 17, 2018). "'Big Brother,' 'Take Two' and most shows adjust down: Thursday final ratings". TV By The Numbers. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Welch, Alex (August 24, 2018). "NFL Preseason and 'SWAT' repeat adjust down: Thursday final ratings". TV By The Numbers. Retrieved August 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 28, 2015). "Trial Comedy From Jeff Astrof & Matt Miller Gets NBC Put Pilot Commitment". Deadline. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (January 23, 2016). "NBC Orders Amy Poehler/Charlie Grandy, 'The Trail' & 'Good Fortune' Comedy Pilots". Deadline. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (February 2, 2016). "Rupert Wyatt To Direct 'The Exorcist' Pilot; Jeff Blitz Set For 'The Trail'". Deadline. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 11, 2016). "DC Comics' 'Powerless' & 'Trial & Error' Comedies Picked Up To Series By NBC". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (May 12, 2016). "NBC Orders DC Comics Comedy 'Powerless' and John Lithgow's 'Trial & Error' for 2016-17 Season". Variety. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (December 8, 2016). "NBC Midseason Schedule: 'Trial & Error' & 'Great News' Succeed 'This Is Us', 'Shades Of Blue' Moves, DC's 'Powerless' Slotted". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ de Moraes, Lisa (February 8, 2017). "NBC Shuffles 'This Is Us' Season Finale, 'Trial & Error' Launch To Accommodate Donald Trump's "SOTU" Address". Deadline. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (May 20, 2017). "'Trial & Error' Renewed For Season 2 By NBC". Deadline. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Evans, Greg (April 12, 2018). "'Trial & Error' Starring Kristin Chenoweth Gets Season 2 Premiere Date On NBC". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 7, 2018). "'Trial & Error' To Be Shopped After NBC's Deadline To Pick Up Season 3 Passes". Deadline. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 4, 2017). "'Trial & Error': John Lithgow May Return For Arc In Season 2 Of NBC Comedy". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Takeuchi, Craig (February 5, 2018). "Filming in Vancouver: The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, Salvation, Trial and Error, Valley of the Boom". Inside Vancouver. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (October 26, 2016). "Upfronts 2017: Seven highlights". TV Tonight. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (April 26, 2017). "Airdate: Trial and Error". TV Tonight. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Watch Trial and Error Episodes - TVNZ OnDemand". TVNZ. TVNZ. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Trial & Error: Season 1 (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Trial & Error: Season 1 reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Trial & Error: Lady, Killer (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Trial & Error: Season 2 reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Alex (August 2, 2018). "'America's Got Talent' and 'The Bachelorette' lead in 18-49 broadcast Live +7 ratings for July 16–22". TV By The Numbers. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Pucci, Douglas (August 7, 2018). "Live+7 Weekly Ratings: 'The 100' Leads Broadcast Network Entries in Adults 18-49 Percentage Gains for its Fourth Consecutive Original Telecast". Programming Insider. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Welch, Alex (August 31, 2018). "'America's Got Talent' leads, 'Bachelor in Paradise' gets big boost in broadcast Live +7 ratings for August 13–19". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pond, Steve. "'Dunkirk,' 'The Shape of Water' Lead Satellite Award Nominations". The Wrap. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
Jump up ^ Fisher, Kendall (January 4, 2018). "2018 Writers Guild Awards Nominations: Complete List of Film, Television, New Media and Radio/Audio Nominees". E News. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
External links[edit]
Trial & Error on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trial_%26_Error_(TV_series)&oldid=866401117"
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values: Trial & Error (série télévisée) – French

values: 트라이얼 앤 에러 – Korean

values: Trial & Error (serie televisiva) – Italian

values: Trial and Error (serial telewizyjny) – Polish

values: Методом проб и ошибок – Russian

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