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National human rights institution
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A National human rights institution (NHRI) is an independent institution bestowed with the responsibility to broadly protect, monitor and promote human rights in a given country. The growth of such bodies has been encouraged by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) which has provided advisory and support services, and facilitated access for NHRIs to the UN treaty bodies and other committees.[1] There are over 100 such institutions, about two-thirds assessed by peer review as compliant with the United Nations standards set out in the Paris Principles. Compliance with the Principles is the basis for accreditation at the UN, which, uniquely for NHRIs, is not conducted directly by a UN body but by a sub-committee of the International Coordinating Committee of National Human Rights Institutions (ICC). The secretariat to the review process (for initial accreditation, and reaccreditation every five years) is provided by the National Institutions and Regional Mechanisms Section of the OHCHR.[2]
NHRIs can be grouped together in two broad categories: human rights commissions and ombudsmen. While most ombudsman agencies have their powers vested in a single person, human rights commissions are multi-member committees, often representative of various social groups and political tendencies. They are sometimes set up to deal with specific issues such as discrimination, although some are bodies with very broad responsibilities. Specialised national institutions exist in many countries to protect the rights of a particular vulnerable group such as ethnic and linguistic minorities, indigenous peoples, children, refugees persons with disabilities or women.
However, in general terms national human rights institution have an explicit and specific human rights mandate and a broader mandate, which could include research, documentation and training and education in human rights issues, than the classical ombudsman model which tends to work on handling complaints about administrative deficiencies. While all human rights violations are maladministration, only a small proportion of the workload of an ombudsman deals with violations of human rights standards.[3]
In most countries, a constitution, a human rights act or institution-specific legislation will provide for the establishment of a national human rights institution. The degree of independence of these institutions depends upon national law, and best practice requires a constitutional or statutory basis rather than (for example) a presidential decree.
Nations human rights institutions are also referred to by the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action[4] and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Functions
2 Reason for establishing National Human Rights Institutions
3 Paris Principles
4 International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights
5 International Ombudsman Institute
6 International Coordinating Committee of NHRIs
7 Regional groupings
8 Sub-national human rights institutions
9 See also
10 Notes
11 Further reading
12 External links
Functions[edit]
Special commissions have been established in many countries to ensure that laws and regulations concerning the protection of human rights are effectively applied. Commissions tend to be composed of members from diverse backgrounds, often with a particular interest, expertise or experience in the field of human rights.
Human rights commissions are concerned primarily with the protection of those within the jurisdiction of the state against discrimination or mistreatment, and with the protection of civil liberties and other human rights. Some commissions concern themselves with alleged violations of any rights recognized in the constitution and/or in international human rights instruments.
One of the most important functions vested in many human rights commissions is to receive and investigate complaints from individuals (and occasionally, from groups) alleging human rights abuses committed in violation of existing national law. While there are considerable differences in the procedures followed by various human rights commissions in the investigation and resolution of complaints, many rely on conciliation or arbitration. It is not unusual for a human rights commission to be granted authority to impose a legally binding outcome on parties to a complaint. If no special tribunal has been established, the commission may be able to transfer unresolved complaints to the normal courts for a final determination.
NHRIs are usually able to deal with any human rights issue directly involving a public authority. In relation to non-state entities, some national human rights institutions have at least one of the following functions:
addressing grievances or disputes involving certain kinds of company (for instance state-owned enterprises, private companies providing public services,or companies that operate at the federal level)
addressing only certain types of human rights issue (for instance non-discrimination or labour rights)
addressing complaints or disputes raising any human rights issue and involving any company.[6]
Additionally they may promote and protect the responsibilities of the state and the rights of the individual by:
providing advice to the state to help determine its international and domestic human rights obligations and commitments
receiving, investigating and resolving human rights complaints
providing human rights education and publicity for all sections of society (particularly minority groups such as refugees)
monitoring the human rights situation in the state and its subsequent actions
engaging with the human rights international community to advocate for human right recommendations and to raise pressing issues for the state.[7]
Promoting and educating human rights may involve informing the public about the commission's own functions and purposes; provoking discussion about various important questions in the field of human rights; organizing seminars; holding counselling services and meetings; as well as producing and disseminating human rights publications.[7] Another important function of a human rights commission is systematically reviewing a government's human rights policy in order to detect shortcomings in human rights observance and to suggest ways of improving.[7] This often includes human rights proofing of draft legislation, or policies. The degree to which the recommendations or rulings produced by a human rights institution can be enforced varies based on the human rights climate surrounding the institution.
Human rights commissions may also monitor the state's compliance with its own and with international human rights laws and if necessary, recommend changes. The realization of human rights cannot be achieved solely through legislation and administrative arrangements; therefore, commissions are often entrusted with the important responsibility of improving community awareness of human rights.
According to the Paris Principles, the 'National human rights institutions' are obliged to make "preparation of reports on the national situation with regard to human rights in general, and on more specific matters"; and this is mostly done in annual status reports.[8]
Reason for establishing National Human Rights Institutions[edit]
The International Council on Human Rights Policy reported that NHRIs are established in three key ways: in countries that are experiencing conflict (usually internal like South Africa, Ireland or Spain), or to respond to claims of serious human rights abuses.[9] NHRIs can also be established as visual institutional security, as a body that is seen to be dealing with prevalent issues (such as seen in Mexico and Nigeria), or finally to underpin and consolidate other human rights protections (such as in Australia and New Zealand). National governments wanted to establish institutions which reflected their own opinions and cultural identity more effectively. In this regard they enable states to set their own agendas that reflect their individuality. The Commission on Human Rights passed resolutions in 1992 which recommended promotion of such institutions by government's that did not yet have any, and also promote the development of those that did.[9] At the end of the 20th Century the United Nations Commission would take over tasks that require international involvement. Regional human rights agreements also encouraged this development and establishment of human rights institutions as technical assistance was provided through international arrangements (such as the Asia-Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions).[9]
NHRIs in some member states work at the international and regional level (such as in the European Union).[10] They may work as preventative mechanisms for non-discrimination of minority groups or international crimes (such as torture).[10] The authority and expertise that NHRIs customarily hold provides them the ability to promote equal treatment. Ultimately they are a useful tool in assisting states to comply with international rights standards by providing a uniquely objective perspective and addressing and resolving issues at the domestic level.[10]
Coupled with the United Nations, NHRIs are protecting and providing comprehensive and wide-ranging solutions. However some states are unwilling to give effect to these sanctions, and the United Nations is unable to conduct the widespread and analytical monitoring of countries. In order to be legitimate, effective and credible NHRIs must be independent and effective.[11] One of the most effective tools that NHRIs have is their unique position between the responsibilities of government and the rights of civil society and non governmental organisations (NGOs). This conceptual space gives NHRIs a positively distinctive role, acting as a different protection service for the people and different tools available to hold the state and other bodies accountable for human rights breaches.[11] However being independent from government and NGOs provides greater difficulty when funding, and working relationships are taken into account.[11] In most countries they receive government funding, and are also created and appointed by a governmental body.[11] This creates somewhat of a parallel obligation and taints the idea of the institutions autonomy and makes it harder to pursue their individual agenda.
Paris Principles[edit]
The Paris Principles were conceived at a 1991 conference convened by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights.[10] Although the priorities and structure of them differ from country to country they have core features.[12] Part A.3 of the Paris Principles adopted in March 1993 by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights provides that NHRIs responsibilities are to ratify human rights treaties and cooperation with human rights mechanisms. The workshop recommendations provide a basis for assessing the effectiveness and independence of a NHRI, identifying six key criteria for states seeking to establish such institutions or to become effective:
independence from government (allowing them to act as a check or balance)
independence granted from constitution or legislation (both financially and otherwise)
appropriate powers of investigation without referral from a higher authority or receipt of an individual complaint
pluralism, allowing them to coexist with the governing body
adequate financial and human resources
clearly defined and broad mandate including the protection and promotion of universal human rights.[13]
Those NHRI that fully comply with these fundamental criteria and have shown independence are accredited an "A status", while those that only partially fulfil them receive a "B status". Those that are given "A status" are allowed to participate in discussion on the United Nations Human Rights Council discussions and more broadly, its mechanisms. The Subcommittee on Accreditation determines the "status" of each NHRI which can be appealed to the Coordinating Committee's Chair within 28 days.[14] "C status" NHRIs are labelled as such due to a perception of non-compliance with the Paris Principles, but may still participate in gatherings as observers.[10] The Committee reviews these decisions every five years, giving the institutions multiple opportunities to show further independence or compliance with the Paris Principles. Aiming to be transparent, vigorous and thorough in its evaluations the Committee will provide advice on how best to earn "A status" and comply with the Paris Principles.
International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights[edit]
The International Coordinating Committee of National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (ICC) is a representative body of institutions worldwide. Its goal is to develop and create effective and independent NHRIs around the world.[15] These institutions meet the "A status" (voting member) requirements of the Paris Principles and encourages inter-institutional cooperation.[15] In addition to organising international conferences for NHRIs it will also help those institutions in need of assistance and will occasionally help governments to create NHRIs when requested.[15]
International Ombudsman Institute[edit]
NHRIs can deal with a variety of issues including torture, discrimination, environment and employment rights.[11] In addition to Human Rights Commissions they can be constituted or legislated as ombudsman or Hybrid Human Rights Ombudsman.[11] The International Ombudsman Institute provides support for the national ombudsman institutions for human rights who similarly protect and promote human rights. They are more concerned with state administration processes and so receive and make complaints in regards to any systematic or administrative human rights breaches or concerns.[16]
International Coordinating Committee of NHRIs[edit]
The international Coordinating Committee of NHRIs was established in 1993 with a Bureau composed of one representative from the Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa and Europe.[17] The Coordinating Committee organises an annual meeting and a biennial conference that facilitates and supports NHRI engagement with the United Nations system.[17] At these gatherings NHRIs are able to share their expertise on specific topics and engage with the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), which acts as a Secretariat of the Coordinating Committee. In order to facilitate NHRI dialogue with civil society the Coordinating Committee also holds an NGO forum. The Coordinating Committee may also be asked by a government to assist in making a new NHRI or to develop on pre existing ones.[17]
Not all of the following NHRIs are accredited through the ICC.
Afghanistan
Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission
Albania
People's Advocate
Algeria
National Human Rights Commission of Algeria
Angola
Justice and Rights Ombudsman (Provedor de Justiça e de direitos)
Antigua and Barbuda
Office of the Ombudsman
Argentina
Public Defender (Defensoría del Pueblo de la Nación Argentina) (Ombudsman)
Armenia
Human Rights Defender of the Republic of Armenia
Australia
Australian Human Rights Commission
Austria
Austrian Ombudsman Board
Azerbaijan
Human Rights Commissioner
Bahrain
National Institution for Human Rights
Barbados
Ombudsman
Bangladesh
National Human Rights Commission
Belgium
Centre for equal opportunities and opposition to racism
Belize
Office of the Ombudsman
Bénin
Bénin Human Rights Commission
Bermuda
Bermuda Ombudsman
Bolivia
Public Defender (Defensor del Pueblo)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia and Herzegovina (pre-2003 cases)
Human Rights Ombudsman of Bosnia and Herzegovina (current cases)
Bulgaria
Bulgarian Parliamentary Ombudsman
Burkina Faso
National Human Rights Commission of Burkina Faso
Cameroon
National Commission on Human Rights and Freedoms
Canada
Canadian Human Rights Commission
Chad
Chad National Human Rights Commission
Colombia
Ombudsman's Office of Colombia
Democratic Republic of the Congo
National Human Rights Observatory (DR Congo)
Republic of the Congo
National Human Rights Commission (Republic of the Congo)
Costa Rica
Defender of the Inhabitants (Defensoria de los Habitantes)
Croatia
Office of the Croatian Ombudsman
Cyprus
National Institute for the Protection of Human Rights
Czech Republic
Public Defender of Rights (Czech Republic)
Denmark
Danish Institute for Human Rights
Ecuador
Defensoría del Pueblo del Ecuador
Egypt
National Council for Human Rights
El Salvador
Human Rights Procurator (Procuraduría de Defensa de los Derechos Humanos)
Ethiopia
Ethiopian Human Rights Commission
Fiji
Fiji Human Rights Commission
Finland
Parliamentary Ombudsman
France
Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'homme
Gabon
National Human Rights Commission
Georgia
Office of Public Defender of Georgia
Germany
German Institute for Human Rights (Deutsches Institut für Menschenrechte)
Ghana
Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice CHRAJ
Great Britain (UK)
Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) – see also Scotland
Greece
National Human Rights Commission (Εθνική Επιτροπή για τα Δικαιώματα του Ανθρώπου)
Guatemala
Procurator for Human Rights (Procurador de los Derechos Humanos)
Guyana
Office of the Ombudsman
Haiti
Office de la Protection du Citoyen
Honduras
National Human Rights Commissioner (Comisionado Nacional de Derechos Humanos)
Hong Kong
Equal Opportunities Commission (Hong Kong)
Hungary
Parliamentary Commissioner on the Rights of National and Ethnic Minorities (Hungary)
India
National Human Rights Commission (India)
Indonesia
National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM)
Iran
Defenders of Human Rights Center
Islamic Human Rights Commission
Ireland
Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission
Italy
Commissione per i Diritti Umani
Jamaica
Office of the Public Defender (Jamaica)
Jordan
National Centre for Human Rights (Jordan)
Kazakhstan
Commissioner for Human Rights
Kenya
Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR)
Korea, Republic of
National Human Rights Commission of Korea
Kosovo (Under United Nations Administration via UN Resolution 1244)
Ombudsperson Institution in Kosovo
Kyrgyzstan
Ombudsman of the Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia
Rights' Defender
Lithuania
The Seimas Ombudsmen
Luxembourg
Consultative Commission of Human Rights (Luxembourg)
Macedonia
Human Rights Ombudsman of Macedonia
Madagascar
National Human Rights Commission (Madagascar)
Malawi
Malawi Human Rights Commission
Malaysia
Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM)
Maldives
Human Rights Commission of the Maldives
Mali
Commission nationale consultative des droits de l’homme (Mali)
Mauritania
Commissariat aux Droits de l’Homme, a la Lutte contre la Pauvreté et l’Insertion (Mauritania)
Mauritius
National Human Rights Commission (Mauritius)
Mexico
National Human Rights Commission (Mexico)
Moldova
Centre for Human Rights of Moldova
Mongolia
National Human Rights Commission (Mongolia)
Montenegro
Office of the Ombudsman of the Republic of Montenegro
Morocco
National Human Rights Council
Myanmar (Burma)
Myanmar National Human Rights Commission
Namibia
Office of the Ombudsman (Namibia)
Nepal
National Human Rights Commission (Nepal)
Netherlands
Equal Treatment Commission (Netherlands)
New Zealand
Human Rights Commission (HRC)
Nicaragua
Human Rights Procurator (Procuraduría para la Defensa de los Derechos Humanos)
Niger
Nigerien National Commission on Human Rights and Fundamental Liberties
Nigeria
National Human Rights Commission (Nigeria)
Northern Ireland (UK)
Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission (NIHRC)
Norway
Norwegian National Human Rights Institution
Palestine
Palestinian Independent Commission for Citizen's Rights
Pakistan
National Commission for Human Rights, Pakistan
Panama
Defensoría del Pueblo de la República de Panamá
Paraguay
Defensoría del Pueblo de la República del Paraguay
Peru
Public Defender (Defensoría del Pueblo)
Philippines
Commission on Human Rights (Philippines)
Poland
Commissioner for Civil Rights Protection (ombudsman)
Portugal
Provedor de Justiça
Puerto Rico
Oficina del Procurador del Ciudadano
Qatar
National Committee for Human Rights (Qatar)
Romania
Ombudsman (Avocatul Poporului)
Russia
Commissioner on Human Rights in the Russian Federation
Rwanda
National Commission for Human Rights (Rwanda)
Saint Lucia
Office of the Parliamentary Commissioner (St Lucia)
Samoa
Office of the Ombudsman
Scotland (UK)
Scottish Human Rights Commission (SHRC) - see also Great Britain
Senegal
Senegalese Committee for Human Rights
Serbia
Office of the Ombudsman of the Republic of Serbia
Sierra Leone
Human Rights Commission of Sierra Leone
Slovakia
Slovak National Centre for Human Rights
Slovenia
Human Rights Ombudsman (Slovenia)
South Africa
South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC)
Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities (CRL Rights Commission)
Commission for Gender Equality (CGE)
Public Protector
Spain
Defensor del Pueblo (Ombudsman)
Sri Lanka
National Human Rights Commission (Sri Lanka)
Sudan
Southern Sudan Human Rights Commission
Sweden
Parliamentary Ombudsman (JO)
Children's Ombudsman (Sweden) (BO)
Discrimination Ombudsman (Sweden) (DO)
Switzerland
Federal Commission against Racism (Switzerland)
Tanzania
Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance (Tanzania)
Thailand
National Human Rights Commission (Thailand)
Timor Leste
Office of the Provedor for Human Rights and Justice (Timor Leste)
Togo
National Human Rights Commission (Togo)
Trinidad and Tobago
Office of the Ombudsman of Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Higher Committee on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Tunisia)
Uganda
Uganda Human Rights Commission (UHRC)
Ukraine
Commissioner for Human Rights
United Kingdom
see Great Britain; Northern Ireland; Scotland
United States
United States Commission on Civil Rights
Uzbekistan
Authorized Person of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan for Human Rights (Ombudsman)
Venezuela
Defensoría del Pueblo (Venezuela)
Zambia
Permanent Human Rights Commission (Zambia)
Regional groupings[edit]
International Ombudsman Institute
Network of African National Human Rights Institutions (NANHRI)
Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions (APF)
European Group of National Human Rights Institutions
Network of National Institutions in the Americas
Sub-national human rights institutions[edit]
Australia
Anti-Discrimination Board of New South Wales
Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission
Equal Opportunity Commission (South Australia)
Equal Opportunity Commission (Western Australia)
Anti-Discrimination Commission Queensland
Office of Anti-Discrimination Commissioner (Tasmania)
Human Rights Commission (Australian Capital Territory)
Northern Territory Anti-Discrimination Commission
Canada
Alberta Human Rights and Citizenship Commission
British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal
Ontario Human Rights Commission
United Kingdom
The three UK bodies (Great Britain, Northern Ireland, Scotland) are listed above as they are each recognised as NHRIs.
Spain
Catalonia: Síndic de Greuges (Ombudsman)
South Korea
Provincial and Metropolis level
Provincial Human Rights Promotion Commission (South Chungcheong Province)
Provincial Human Rights Promotion Commission (Gangwon Province)
Seoul Human Rights Commission
Human Rights Ombudsman (Gwangju)
Citizen Council for Human Rights Promotion is advisory council for the Ombudsman
Ulsan Human Rights Commission
Education
Human Rights Commission for Students, Gyeonggi Provincial Office of Education
Human Rights Advocate for Students (Gyeonggi Province)
Human Rights Commission for Students, Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education
Human Rights Advocate for Students (Seoul)
See also[edit]
Human rights portal
African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
European Court of Human Rights
Greek National Commission for Human Rights
Human rights
Human Rights Commissions
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
International human rights instruments
List of human rights articles by country
Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ ICC web pages, including a listing of over 100 institutions]
Jump up ^ http://www.ohchr.org/en/countries/nhri/pages/nhrimain.aspx OHCHR web page on NHRIs
Jump up ^ [Birgit Lindsnaes, Lone Lindholt, Kristine Yigen (eds.) (2001) National Human Rights Institutions, Articles and working papers, Input to the discussions of the establishment and development of the functions of national human rights institutions The Danish Institute for Human Rights.] Find book here
Jump up ^ Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, Part II para 84
Jump up ^ Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Article 33
Jump up ^ "National Human Rights Institutions". Archived from the original on 2010-11-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c "What are national human rights institutions? | Asia Pacific Forum". www.asiapacificforum.net. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
Jump up ^ Paris Principles can be found here
^ Jump up to: a b c Cardenas, Sonia (2014-03-05). Chains of Justice: The Global Rise of State Institutions for Human Rights. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812245394.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Handbook on the establishment and accreditation of National Human Rights Institutions in the European Union. Vienna: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. 2012. ISBN 978-92-9192-993-1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Smith, Anne (November 2006). "The Unique Position of National Human Rights Institutions: A Mixed Blessing?". The Johns Hopkins University Press. 28: 904–946.
Jump up ^ "Paris Principles | Asia Pacific Forum". www.asiapacificforum.net. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
Jump up ^ "Paris Principles | Asia Pacific Forum". www.asiapacificforum.net. Retrieved 2017-09-08.
Jump up ^ "International Coordinating Committee". International Justice Resource Center. 2012-11-28. Retrieved 2017-09-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Human Rights Commission :: National human rights institutions". www.hrc.co.nz. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
Jump up ^ "The IOI" (in German). Retrieved 2017-09-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c "International Coordinating Committee". International Justice Resource Center. 2012-11-28. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
Further reading[edit]
OHCHR (2010) National Human Rights institutions - History, Principles, Roles and Responsibilities(Professional Training Series No.4)
OHCHR (2009) Survey on National Human Rights Institutions
Anna-Elina Pohjolainen. (2006).The Evolution of National Human Rights Institutions. The Danish Institute for Human Rights.
Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative. (2006). Human Rights Commissions: A Citizen’s Handbook, IInd Edition Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative
International Council on Human Rights Policy. (2005) Assessing the Effectiveness of National Human Rights Institutions International Council on Human Rights Policy/Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Morten Kjærum. (2003). National Human Rights Institutions - Implementing Human Rights The Danish Institute for Human Rights
Donnelly, Jack. (2003). Universal Human Rights in Theory & Practice. 2nd ed. Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press.
Birgit Lindsnaes, Lone Lindholt, Kristine Yigen (eds.). (2001) National Human Rights Institutions, Articles and working papers, Input to the discussions of the establishment and development of the functions of national human rights institutions The Danish Institute for Human Rights.
Shute, Stephen & Hurley, Susan (eds.) (1993). On Human Rights: The Oxford Amnesty Lectures. New York: BasicBooks.
Ignatieff, Michael. Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press.
External links[edit]
International Coordinating Committee (ICC) of National Human Rights Institutions - Official website for the ICC
UNHCHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
National Human Rights Institution (NHRI) Profiles (ACCESS Facility)
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International human rights organisations and institutions
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Human rights group
Human rights commission
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Committee on the Rights of the Child
Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
International Criminal Court
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
UN Human Rights Committee
UN Human Rights Council
UN Security Council
Regional bodies
African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
African Court of Justice
European Court of Human Rights
European Committee for the Prevention of Torture
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Multi-lateral bodies
European Union
Council of Europe
Organisation of American States (OAS)
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA)
International Labour Organization (ILO)
World Health Organization (WHO)
UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA)
Commission on the Status of Women (CSW)
UN Population Fund (UNFPA)
UN Children's Fund (UNICEF)
UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)
UN Development Programme (UNDP)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO)
UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT)
Major NGOs
Amnesty International
FIDH
Human Rights Watch
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
Emergency NGO
Human Rights First
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History of the Rugby World Cup
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The first Rugby World Cup was held in 1987, hosted by Australia and New Zealand who pushed for the tournament to be approved. Since the first tournament, 7 others have been held at four-year intervals.[1] The 2015 tournament was won by New Zealand, the cup was held from 19 September 2015 till 31 October 2015. It was held in England and Wales.
Contents
1 International competition prior to the World Cup
2 Early attempts
3 Early 1980s
4 The first tournament
5 1990s
6 2000 – present
7 Overview
8 Overall team performance records
8.1 Defending champions
8.2 Knockout statistics
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
International competition prior to the World Cup[edit]
Apart from regular test matches and touring sides, tournaments that resembled a world cup format – albeit not of its scale, but in terms of international nations competing, are competitions such as the Summer Olympics and the Home Nations Championship/Five Nations Championship.
Rugby union was played at the Summer Olympics on four occasions, 1900, 1908, 1920 and 1924 Although these competitions did not involve full national sides, and usually only had three or four participating nations at any individual event. The International Championship/Five Nations has been played since 1883. It is one of the oldest international rugby tournaments, involving only European nations.
Early attempts[edit]
There are several stories that depict suggestions of staging a rugby union world cup before the 1980s. One of the earliest known pioneers was Harold Tolhurst, an Australian player who would later become a referee. It has been said that Tolhurst brought up the idea of such a tournament as early as the late 1950s.[2] It has been said that in 1968, the International Rugby Board made it known that it did not want its unions to be a part of such a competition that resembled a world cup.[2]
Similar ideas arose during the last years of the pre-WC era. Bill McLaughlin, who was the president of the Australian Rugby Union in 1979, suggested the idea of staging a World Cup in 1988, as the event would coincide with Australia's bicentenary celebrations.[2]
Early 1980s[edit]
In 1982, Neil Durden-Smith suggested that the world cup should be held in the United Kingdom in the mid-1980s.[2] The IRB discussed the proposal in March 1983, but the concept did not go ahead. Another meeting was held in June 1983, where Australia put forth a proposal that would see them host the first event – if it should happen.[2] New Zealand joined the campaign, putting forth their own proposal in March of the next year.[2] The IRB went on to conduct a feasibility study – Australia and New Zealand joined forces to bid for the hosting of an inaugural World Cup.[2]
The match day programme/poster for the 1987 final between France and the All Blacks.
A subsequent IRFB meeting was held in Paris in March 1985. It is known that originally, all four home nations were opposed to the idea, and the most vocal supporters were Australia, New Zealand and France. It is believed that South Africa's decision to vote in favour of the event was the turning point in the voting. South Africa voted in favour of the tournament going ahead, though they knew they would not be competing due to the sports boycott at the time.[3] South Africa's vote saw England, followed by Wales, change to be in favour as well.
The first tournament[edit]
The 1987 Rugby World Cup was hosted by both Australia and New Zealand. 32 matches were played from over a period of 22 May to 20 June. The tournament featured one African nation, three American nations, one Asian nation, seven European nations and four Oceanic nations. One notable omission was the Springboks who were not competing due to the international sports boycott.
Seven places were automatically filled by the IRFB members, with invitations being sent out to fill remaining places. In total there were 16 nations in the competition. France played Australia in one of the semi-finals with New Zealand playing Wales in the other. New Zealand became the first ever Rugby World Cup Champions, defeating France 29 points to 9 at Eden Park in Auckland.
1990s[edit]
Millennium Stadium
The 1991 Rugby World Cup was hosted by Great Britain, Ireland and France, with the tournament final to be played at the home of English rugby, Twickenham. For the first time, a qualifying tournament replaced the previously used invitation format. The qualifying tournament involved 32 teams. England qualified for the final by defeating Scotland at Murrayfield, with Australia joining them by defeating New Zealand the day after. Australia won the final, defeating England 12–6, and became the first nation to win the cup away from home.
The 1995 Rugby World Cup was hosted by South Africa, and was the first time that all matches would be played in just a single country. It was the first time that South Africa participated in the tournament following the end of their international sports boycott due to the apartheid regime. South Africa won the tournament, defeating New Zealand 15–12 in the final. Joel Stransky kicked a drop-goal in extra time to grab the victory for South Africa. The All Blacks were mysteriously struck down with food poisoning just days before the final with many All Blacks still affected on the day of the final. Nelson Mandela, wearing a Springbok jersey and matching cap, famously presented the Webb Ellis Cup to South African captain Francois Pienaar. The tournament also saw the emergence of rugby's first global superstar, All Blacks winger Jonah Lomu. He and Marc Ellis finished the tournament as the top try scorers.
The 1999 Rugby World Cup was hosted by Wales with matches played in England, France, Scotland and Ireland. There were further changes to the rules of automatic qualification for this tournament, where only the top three places from 1995, along with the host nation, automatically qualified. Sixty-five rugby nations participated in qualifying competitions for the 1999 tournament, and the participating nations increased from 16 to 20. France's shock 43–31 semifinal win over the All Blacks is regarded as one of the biggest upsets and also one of the best games in the history of the World Cup. Australia defeated France in the final 35–12. They therefore became the first nation to win the World Cup twice.
2000 – present[edit]
England celebrates in London.
The 2003 World Cup was hosted by Australia. It was originally to be co-hosted with New Zealand, but disagreements over scheduling and signage at venues led to Australia going it alone. England won the tournament, defeating Australia in the final 20 points to 17. With 21 seconds left before sudden death England's Jonny Wilkinson landed a drop goal to win the match. England became the first northern hemisphere nation to win a Rugby World Cup. Upon returning home, the English side was greeted by an estimated 750,000 people at a street parade celebrating their victory.[4]
The 2007 World Cup was held in France, with matches also played in Wales and Scotland. The tournament was won by South Africa, who defeated England 15–6 in the final to become World Champions for the second time. Blowouts in scores in pool matches against minnow nations changed into a finals series dominated by defence. This tournament was notable for Argentina becoming the first team from outside the Six Nations and Tri-Nations to reach the semifinals. They ended up coming third in the tournament, which was the first time the top 3 slots weren't dominated by either New Zealand, Australia, England, South Africa, France or Wales. This tournament was the first time that both Australia and New Zealand did not progress past the Quarter Finals.
The 2011 tournament was hosted by New Zealand: it saw a repeat of the 1987 World Cup finale standings, as Australia took on Wales in the Bronze final and won 21-18, while New Zealand, by defeating France 8-7 in the final, became the first nation to win on home soil twice. This tournament was notable for the fact that France lost twice in the pool stages, to NZ and Tonga, and yet somehow managed to progress all the way to the Final to face off with NZ one more time. This represented the first time any team had played each other twice in a world cup and was also the first time the winner and runner-up of the same pool progressed through to the Finals.
The 2015 tournament was hosted by England. The tournament was won by New Zealand, who defeated Australia 34-17 to become the first nation to successfully defend their World Champion title and the first nation to win the tournament three times. This was the first time New Zealand had successfully won the cup away from home. This tournament is notable for the Pool of Death that occurred which saw Australia, England and Wales fight to get a place in the Quarter Finals. England became the first Host nation, and top tier rugby nation, to not make it out of the Pools. This also became the first Rugby World Cup to have all Northern Hemisphere competition knocked out in the Quarter Finals, with Argentina, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand progressing through to the Semi-Finals. This world cup will also be remembered for the biggest upset ever when Japan beat South Africa 34 - 23 in the pool stages and came very close to making their first Quarter Finals.
The 2019 tournament will be hosted in Japan, with the Yokohoma Stadium holding the final.
On November 15, 2017 France was announced as host of the 2023 Rugby World Cup.
Overview[edit]
Year
Host
Final venue
Teams
Participants
in Qualifying
Matches
played
Winner
Runner-up
1987 Australia & New Zealand Eden Park 16 Invitation 32 New Zealand France
1991 Britain
France
Ireland Twickenham 16 32 32 Australia England
1995 South Africa Ellis Park 16 52 32 South Africa New Zealand
1999 Wales Millennium Stadium 20 65 41 Australia France
2003 Australia Telstra Stadium 20 80 48 England Australia
2007 France Stade de France 20 91 48 South Africa England
2011 New Zealand Eden Park 20 93 48 New Zealand France
2015 England Twickenham 20 96 48 New Zealand Australia
2019 Japan Yokohoma Stadium 20 48 [to be determined] [to be determined]
2023 France [to be determined] [to be determined] [to be determined] [to be determined] [to be determined] [to be determined]
Overall team performance records[edit]
The following table shows the overall performance records of the teams from the Six Nations and The Rugby Championship, plus the teams that made the knock-out stages (the quarter-finals) in at least one of the World Cups played so far. If they played in the tournament, the entries in the table show the stage at which they were knocked out, or whether they won the tournament. The second part of the table shows the number of times a team has reached that stage of the competition. For a more comprehensive table of the performance records of all the teams over the history of the World Cup, see National team appearances in the Rugby World Cup. Only Romania Japan and Italy have played in all 8 world cups without getting past the group stages. For the all-time table of national teams that have featured in the Rugby World Cup by a number of criteria including matches, wins, losses, draws, total points for, total points against, etc., see Rugby World Cup Overall Record.
Team
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
Quarter-
finals
Semi-
finals
Finals
New Zealand W SF F SF SF QF W W 8 7 4
Australia SF W QF W F QF SF F 8 6 4
South Africa(1) DNP DNP W SF QF W QF SF 6 4 2
England QF F SF QF W F QF Group 7 4 3
France F QF SF F SF SF F QF 8 6 3
Scotland QF SF QF QF QF QF Group QF 7 1 0
Ireland QF QF QF QF Play-Off QF Group QF QF 6 0 0
Wales SF Group Group QF QF Group SF QF 5 2 0
Argentina Group Group Group QF Group SF QF SF 4 2 0
Samoa(2) DNP QF QF QF Play-Off Group Group Group Group 2 0 0
Fiji(3) QF Group DNQ QF Play-Off Group QF Group Group 2 0 0
Canada Group QF Group Group Group Group Group Group 1 0 0
Italy Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group 0 0 0
Defending champions[edit]
Only New Zealand, in 2015, has successfully defended their title in the World Cup. The stage at which the defending champions were knocked out has been: 1991 – SF – New Zealand knocked out by Australia; 1995 – QF – Australia knocked out by England; 1999 – SF – South Africa knocked out by Australia; 2003 – F – Australia knocked out by England; 2007 – F – England knocked out by South Africa; 2011 - QF - South Africa knocked out by Australia. Australia's loss in the quarter-finals in 1995, and South Africa's loss in the quarter-finals in 2011 are the worst performances by the defending champions.
Knockout statistics[edit]
For the teams that made the knock-out stages (quarter-finals) of the World Cup, the following table shows which team knocked them out of the competition, unless they won. England have knocked out both Australia and France three times each, while New Zealand have knocked out Scotland three times.
Team
1987 lost to
1991 lost to
1995 lost to
1999 lost to
2003 lost to
2007 lost to
2011 lost to
2015 lost to
New Zealand W Australia South Africa France Australia France W W
Australia France W England W England England New Zealand New Zealand
England Wales Australia New Zealand South Africa W South Africa France N/A
South Africa(1) DNP DNP W Australia New Zealand W Australia New Zealand
France New Zealand England South Africa Australia England England New Zealand New Zealand
Scotland New Zealand England New Zealand New Zealand Australia Argentina N/A Australia
Ireland Australia Australia France Argentina(4) France N/A Wales Argentina
Wales New Zealand N/A N/A Australia England N/A France South Africa
Samoa(2) DNP Scotland South Africa Scotland(4) N/A N/A N/A N/A
Argentina N/A N/A N/A France N/A South Africa New Zealand Australia
Fiji(3) France N/A DNQ England(4) N/A South Africa N/A N/A
Canada N/A New Zealand N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
1 Did not compete in 1987 and 1991 because of a sports boycott on South Africa due to Apartheid.
2 Known as Western Samoa until 1997. Not invited to play in the 1987 World Cup.
3 Did not qualify for the 1995 World Cup.
4 Knocked out in playoff to decide quarter-finals line-up.
See also[edit]
Rugby union portal
History of rugby union
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "History of the World Cup". scrum.com. Archived from the original on 8 May 2006. Retrieved 10 August 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "The History of RWC". worldcupweb.com. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "World Cup History". CNN. 1999-09-27. Retrieved 7 May 2006.
Jump up ^ "England honours World Cup stars". BBC. 2003-12-09. Retrieved 24 August 2006.
External links[edit]
Rugbyworldcup.com
IRB.com
hide
v
t
e
Rugby World Cup
Tournaments
Australia/New Zealand 1987
England/France/Ireland/Scotland/Wales 1991
South Africa 1995
Wales 1999
Australia 2003
France 2007
New Zealand 2011
England 2015
Japan 2019
France 2023
2027
2031
Qualifying
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023
Finals
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023
Squads
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
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Statistics
1987
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2003
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2011
2015
2019
2023
Overview
History
Hosts
Qualification
Final
Trophy
Theme song
Overall Records
Records and statistics
Hat-tricks
Try scorers
Red cards
Team appearances
Overall record
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Rugby_World_Cup&oldid=837562167"
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values:
/wiki/Main_Page
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values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
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values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: რაგბის მსოფლიო ჩემპიონატის ისტორია – Georgian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-History_of_the_Rugby_World_Cup rootpage-History_of_the_Rugby_World_Cup skin-vector action-view