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Snickers
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This article is about the candy bar. For other uses, see Snickers (disambiguation).
Snickers
Product type
Confectionery
Owner
Mars, Incorporated
Introduced
1930[1]
Markets
Worldwide
Website
www.snickers.com
Snickers is a brand name chocolate bar made by the American company Mars, Incorporated previously known in the UK as 'Marathon' but changed in 1990. Consisting of nougat topped with caramel and peanuts, enrobed in milk chocolate,[2] Snickers has annual global sales of $2 billion.[3]
In the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man, and Ireland, Snickers was sold under the brand name Marathon until July 19, 1990.[4] Snickers brand Marathon energy bars have since been sold in some markets.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Snickers Duo
1.2 Australian recall
2 Caloric value
3 Bar weight
4 Products containing Snickers
5 Variations
6 Advertising
6.1 It's So Satisfying
6.2 1984 Olympics
6.3 Not Going Anywhere For a While? (Hungry? Grab a Snickers!/Why Wait?)
6.4 Snickers Feast
6.5 Super Bowl XLI commercial
6.6 Mr. T
6.7 NASCAR
6.8 FIFA World Cup & UEFA Euro Sponsorship
6.9 You're Not You When You're Hungry
6.10 WrestleMania
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
In 1930[1] Mars introduced Snickers, named after the favorite horse of the Mars family.[6] The Snickers chocolate bar consists of nougat, peanuts, and caramel with a chocolate coating. The bar was marketed under the name "Marathon" in the UK and Ireland until July 19, 1990, when Mars decided to align the UK product with the global Snickers name (Mars had marketed and discontinued an unrelated bar named Marathon in the United States during the 1970s). There are also several other Snickers products such as Snickers mini, dark chocolate, ice cream bars, Snickers with almonds, Snickers with hazelnuts, Snickers peanut butter bars, Snickers protein and Snickers with Extra Caramel.[7]
Snickers Duo[edit]
A replacement for the king size Snickers bar was launched in the UK in 2004 and designed to conform to the September 2004 Food and Drink Federation (FDF) "Manifesto for Food and Health". Part of the FDF manifesto was seven pledges of action to encourage the food and drink industry to be more health conscious.[8] Reducing portion size, clearer food labels, and reduction of the levels of fat, sugar, and salt were among the FDF pledges. Mars Incorporated pledged to phase out their king-size bars in 2005 and replace them with shareable bars. A Mars spokesman said: "Our king-size bars that come in one portion will be changed so they are shareable or can be consumed on more than one occasion. The name king-size will be phased out."[8]
These were eventually replaced by the 'Duo', a double bar pack. Though this change to Duos reduced the weight from 3.5 to 3.29 ounces (99 to 93 g), the price remained the same. The packaging has step-by-step picture instructions of how to open a Duo into two bars, in four simple actions.[9] As Mars stated fulfillment of their promise, the Duo format was met with criticism by the National Obesity Forum and National Consumer Council.[10]
Australian recall[edit]
In December 2000, tens of thousands of Snickers and Mars Bars were removed from New South Wales store shelves due to a series of threatening letters which resulted in fears that the chocolate bars had been poisoned.[11] Mars received letters from an unidentified individual indicating that they planned to plant poisoned chocolate bars on store shelves.[11] The last letter sent included a Snickers bar contaminated with a substance which was later identified as rat poison.[11] The letters claimed that there were seven additional chocolate bars which had been tampered with and which were for sale to the public.[11] As a precautionary measure, Mars issued a massive recall.[11] Mars said that there had been no demand for money and complaints directed to an unidentified third party.[11]
Caloric value[edit]
The USDA lists the caloric value of a 2-ounce (57 gram) Snickers bar as 280 kilocalories (1,200 kJ).[12] As of 2016, the United Kingdom bar has a weight of 48g, with 245 kcal,[13] and the Canadian bar 52g with 250 kcal.[citation needed] The four-pack bar in the United Kingdom has a weight of 41.7g, with 213kcal.[citation needed]
Bar weight[edit]
Over the years, the bar weight has decreased: Before 2009, in the UK a single Snickers bar had a weight of 62.5g. This weight was subsequently reduced to 58g in 2009,[14] and to 48g in 2013.[15]
Products containing Snickers[edit]
Containing approximately 450 calories (1,900 J) per bar,[16] deep fried chocolate bars (including Snickers and Mars bars) became a specialty in fish and chips shops in Scotland in 1995,[17] and in the early 2000s, became popular at American state fairs.
In 2012, the British Food Commission highlighted celebrity chef Antony Worrall Thompson's "Snickers pie",[18] which contained five Snickers bars among other ingredients, suggesting it was one of the unhealthiest desserts ever; one slice providing "over 1,250 calories (5,200 kJ) from sugar and fat alone", more than half a day's requirement for an average adult. The pie had featured on his BBC Saturday programme some two years earlier and the chef described it as an occasional treat only.[19]
Variations[edit]
1970 – 1973: Snickers Munch
1990 – present: Snickers Ice Cream bar
1996 – 2011: Snickers Ice Cream cone
2001 – present: Snickers Cruncher bar (re branded Snickers Munch in some markets, still sold as "Cruncher" in Italy, Germany, Romania, Egypt, Poland, Latvia, Austria, Slovakia, Israel, Sweden, Bosnia, and Portugal)
2002 – present: Snickers almond bar
2002 – 2008: Cookies Snickers
2004 – present: Snickers Marathon energy bars
2006 – present: Snickers Duo
2006 – 2009, 2014–present: Snickers X-treme (5 grams (0.18 oz) of protein per serving, lack of nougat)
2007 – 2010: Snickers Dark (dark chocolate)
2008: Snickers Charged (limited edition, contains caffeine, taurine, and B vitamins). It is the only Snickers bar to contain energy stimulants.[20]
2008 – present: Snickers The Lot (Crispy pieces in a thick cream, caramel, sprinkled with a large amount of nuts, and covered in chocolate (Australia and New Zealand)
2009: Snickers Fudge (limited edition)
2010: Snickers Maximus, a limited edition with only caramel and peanut in the center
2010: More Nuts, a limited edition featuring 10% higher nut content
2010 – present: Snickers Almond
2011: Snickers Peanut Butter. Discontinued and replaced by Snickers peanut butter Squared
2011: Snickers Peanut Butter Squared. Added to replace Snickers Peanut Butter.
2011: Snickers 3x Chocolate
2012: Snickers 3x Nuts. Introduced in Australia.
2013: Snickers 3x Caramel
2013: More Nuts. same as 2010.[21]
2013: More Caramel. Re-release of Snickers Maximus.[21]
2014: More Choc. a limited edition with the nougat and caramel being chocolate-based[22]
2017: Snickers & Hazelnut.[23]
Others include:
Snickers Fun Size (small, bite-size bars popular for Halloween)
Snickers Minis
Snickers Flapjack
Snickers Stik (25 grams (0.88 oz))
Snickers Snack Size (42 grams (1.5 oz); also sold in packs with four or five 40 grams (1.4 oz) bars)
Snickers Trio (combined 112.5 grams (3.97 oz) bar with three 37.5 grams (1.32 oz) bars; also sold as Snickers Super +1)
Peanut Butter Squared[24]
Snickers Gold
Snickers Cake
Snickers Ice Cream (Snickers Ice Cream Bars, Snickers Minis Ice Cream Bars, Snickers Ice Cream Cones, and Snickers Ice Cream Brownies)
Snickers Nut N Butter Crunch
Snickers Crazy Peanuts (limited edition, sold in Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia)
Snickers Hard (limited edition, sold in Armenia, Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, and Slovakia)
Snickers 220 V (limited edition, contains guarana and L-carnitine, sold in 2007 in Ukraine, Slovakia, and Poland)
Frozen Snickers (otherwise known as a Frozen Mungler)
Snickers Hazelnut (Ukraine, Australia, Poland, and South Korea; standard bar is 70 grams (2.5 oz), Duo bar +15% is two 40.5-gram (1.43 oz) bars resulting in an 81-gram (2.9 oz) combined bar)
Snickers Hazelnut (limited edition, sold in Bulgaria and Czech Republic; standard bar is 49 grams (1.7 oz))
Snickers White (limited edition, sold in Russia, Ukraine, Germany, Sweden, Denmark and Finland; covered in white chocolate)
Snickers with Sunflower Seed (limited edition, sold in Russia and Ukraine)
Snickers 3 nuts (limited edition, sold in Russia; with peanuts, hazelnuts and almonds)
Snickers Miniatures (in Celebrations)
Snickers Maple (limited edition, sold in Canada only)
Snickers with Green Shrek Filling (limited edition, sold as a tie-in with the movie Shrek the Third)
Snickers Adventure Bar (limited edition, sold as Indiana Jones promotion with chocolate, nuts, spice, and coconut flavor)
Snickers Rockin' Nut Road (limited edition, sold as Rocky Nut Road in Canada, contains almonds, caramel, marshmallow flavored nougat, and dark chocolate)
Snickers Chocolate Spread(with energizer)
Snickers Superman (Ukraine; before 2009 it was 95 grams (3.4 oz), in 2009 it became 100 grams (3.5 oz), in 2010 it was split into two 50.5-gram (1.78 oz) bars resulting in a 101-gram (3.6 oz) combined bar)
Advertising[edit]
It's So Satisfying[edit]
In 1980, Snickers ran ads which featured a variety of everyday people discussing why they like Snickers. The ads featured a jingle that said "It's so satisfying" and had the classic hand that would open and close showing a handful of peanuts converting to a Snickers bar. "Packed with peanuts, Snickers really satisfies" was shown in the commercials.
1984 Olympics[edit]
Mars paid $5 million to have Snickers and M&M's named the "official snack" of the 1984 Summer Olympics, outraging nutritionists.[25] Sports promotions in international games continued to be a prominent marketing tool for Mars, that would keep Snickers as an international brand while also selling local bars in some markets.[26]
Not Going Anywhere For a While? (Hungry? Grab a Snickers!/Why Wait?)[edit]
Beginning in 1995, Snickers ran ads which featured someone making a self-inflicted mistake, with the voice-over saying "Not going anywhere for a while? Grab a Snickers!" The tag line at the end of each ad proclaimed, "Hungry? Why Wait?"
One such ad had a player for a fictional American football team showing off his new tattoo of the team's logo on his back to his teammates. He then shows it to his head coach who, after complimenting the tattoo, immediately tells him that he's been traded to Miami. The player then goes to have his old team's logo replaced with the new team's logo.[citation needed]
Some of the ads were done in conjunction with the National Football League, with whom Snickers had a sponsorship deal at the time. One ad featured a member of the grounds crew at Arrowhead Stadium painting the field for an upcoming Kansas City Chiefs game in hot, late-summer weather. After finishing one of the end zones, and visibly exhausted, one of the Chiefs players walks up to him and says the field looks great, "but who are the Chefs?", showing that despite all the hard work the painter accidentally omitted the "i" in Chiefs.[27] Another had Marv Levy in the Buffalo Bills locker room lecturing his team that "no one's going anywhere" until the Bills figure out how to actually win a Super Bowl.[28]
Snickers Feast[edit]
In 2007, Snickers launched a campaign which featured Henry the VIII and a Viking among others who attend the "Snickers Feast". It consisted of various commercials of the gang and their adventures on the feast.[citation needed]
Super Bowl XLI commercial[edit]
On February 4, 2007, during Super Bowl XLI, Snickers commercials aired which resulted in complaints by gay and lesbian groups against the maker of the candy bar, Masterfoods USA of Hackettstown, New Jersey, a division of Mars, Incorporated. The commercial showed a pair of auto mechanics accidentally touching lips while sharing a Snickers bar. After quickly pulling away, one mechanic says, "I think we just accidentally kissed.", and another mechanic exclaims, "Quick! Do something manly!" and in three of the four versions, they do so mostly in the form of injury, including tearing out chest hair, striking each other with a very large pipe wrench, and drinking motor oil and windshield washer fluid. In the fourth version, however, a third mechanic shows up and asks "Is there room for three in this Love Boat?"
Complaints were lodged against Masterfoods that the ads were homophobic. Human Rights Campaign president Joe Solmonese is quoted as saying
"This type of jeering from professional sports figures at the sight of two men kissing fuels the kind of anti-gay bullying that haunts countless gay and lesbian school children on playgrounds all across the country."[29]
Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD) president Neil Giuliano said "That Snickers, Mars and the NFL would promote and endorse this kind of prejudice is simply inexcusable." Masterfoods has since pulled the ads and the website.[29][30][31]
Mr. T[edit]
In 2006, Mr. T starred in a Snickers advert in the UK where he rides up in an army tank and shouts abuse at a football player who appears to be faking an injury, threatening to introduce him to his friend Pain. Another advert featured Mr. T launching bars at a swimmer who appeared to refuse to get in a swimming pool because of the cold temperature of the water. In 2008, a European Snickers commercial in which Mr. T uses a Jeep-mounted Minigun to fire Snickers bars at a speedwalker for being a "disgrace to the man race" was pulled after complaints from a US pressure group that the advertisement was homophobic.[32] These adverts usually ended with Mr. T saying "Snickers: Get Some Nuts!"
NASCAR[edit]
In NASCAR racing, Snickers (and the rest of the Mars affiliated brands) sponsor Kyle Busch's #18 Toyota for Joe Gibbs Racing. Prior to that the brand served as a primary sponsor for Ricky Rudd's #88 Robert Yates Racing Ford as well as an associate sponsor for the team's #38 car driven first by Elliott Sadler and then by David Gilliland, and an associate sponsor for the MB2 Motorsports #36 Pontiac driven by Derrike Cope, Ernie Irvan, Ken Schrader, and others. In 1990, Bobby Hillin drove for Stavola Brothers Racing in the #8 Snickers Buick, marking the candy's first appearance as a sponsor; it had since been driven by Rick Wilson and Dick Trickle.
FIFA World Cup & UEFA Euro Sponsorship[edit]
Snickers was an Official Sponsor of the FIFA World Cup from the year 1990 until 1998 and the UEFA European Championship from 1996 until 2000.
You're Not You When You're Hungry[edit]
In 2010, a new advertising campaign was launched, based around people turning into different people (usually celebrities) when they're hungry (taking the new campaign's name "You're Not You When You're Hungry" quite literally). In 2010, Betty White and Abe Vigoda appeared in the first Snickers commercial in this campaign, playing American football. The commercial was ranked by ADBOWL as the best advertisement of the year. This commercial was also briefly spoofed in an episode of SportsNation on ESPN2 with Michelle Beadle playing the role instead of Betty White in 2011.[33] Later that year, Snickers commercials featured singers Aretha Franklin and Liza Minnelli, and comedians Richard Lewis and Roseanne Barr. A 2011 commercial featured actors Joe Pesci and Don Rickles.
The tagline varied depending on the commercial's location or what variety the commercial is showing. The UK version (featuring men in a changing room turning into Joan Collins and Stephanie Beacham as a result of hunger) retains Mr. T's slogan. In Latin America, the slogan was the same as in the UK version, except that men doing extreme sports turning into the Mexican singer Anahí as a result of hunger.[citation needed]
In 2013, Robin Williams and Bobcat Goldthwait also appeared in a Snickers football commercial. In March 2014, a commercial featuring Godzilla was released to promote the 2014 Godzilla film. In the commercial, Godzilla is shown hanging out with humans on the beach, riding dirt bikes, and water skiing; he only begins rampaging once he's hungry. After being fed a Snickers bar, he resumes having fun with the humans.[34]
In October 2014, Rowan Atkinson as Mr. Bean returned on television by appearing on several UK Snickers commercials and cinema spots.[35]
In February 2015, Snickers' Super Bowl XLIX commercial featured a parody of a scene from an episode of The Brady Bunch entitled "Subject Was Noses." In the commercial, Carol and Mike try to calm down a hungry and angry Danny Trejo. When the parents give Trejo a Snickers bar, he reverts into Marcia before an irate Jan (played by Steve Buscemi) rants upstairs and walks away.[36]
In 2016, for Super Bowl 50, another Snickers commercial was made, featuring Willem Dafoe (as Marilyn Monroe) and Eugene Levy, where "Marilyn" complains about filming the iconic "subway grate" scene in The Seven Year Itch. After being given a Snickers, Marilyn goes ahead with the scene, with Levy operating the fan below, commenting that the scene won't make the movie's final cut, that nobody would want to see it.
WrestleMania[edit]
Snickers has been an official sponsor of WWE's WrestleMania events, including WrestleMania 2000, 22, 32 and 33, while its Cruncher variant sponsored WrestleMania X-Seven, XIX, XX and 21. Since then, Snickers has sponsored superstars such as Enzo Amore and Big Cass with their signature term, SAWFT, which is labelled at the back of the chocolate bar.
See also[edit]
Curly Wurly
Snickers salad
Snickers pie
List of chocolate bar brands
List of candies
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "About Mars:History". Retrieved October 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Snickers Candy Bar". Zeer.com. Retrieved January 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Michael (January 31, 2005). "Women sweet on humorous Snickers ads". USAToday.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2005. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ The Marathon candy bar, Christian Science Monitor, Home forum March 18, 1999 Archived July 6, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Snickers Marathon - Long Lasting Energy Bar, Snickers Marathon corporate website. Retrieved January 31, 2007. Archived June 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to Mars". MARS Corporation. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Food Facts & Trivia: Snickers Candy Bar".
^ Jump up to: a b Fleming, Nic (article author), Chocolate bars cut down to size[dead link], telegraph.co.uk. Article dated September 27, 2004, retrieved December 8, 2006. Quote is from Michael Jenkins (external affairs director at Masterfoods, as parent company was then known).
Jump up ^ h2g2 (editors)The Rise and Fall of 'King-Size' Chocolate Bars (UK), h2g2 at bbc.co.uk. Article retrieved December 8, 2006.
Jump up ^ Hickman, Martin, "Chocolate makers eat their words on king-size snacks", The Independent (London). Article written January 6, 2006. Retrieved December 8, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Mars, Snickers Recalled Due to Poison Threat", health.dailynewscentral.com. Article dated July 1, 2004. Archived October 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Candies, MARS SNACKFOOD US, SNICKERS Bar (NDB No. 19155)". USDA Nutrient Database. USDA. Archived from the original on March 3, 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Snickers Single 48g Nutrition", marsnutrition.co.uk
Jump up ^ Wilkerson, Becky (June 3, 2009). "Mars and Snickers reduce bar sizes but not prices". Marketing Magazine. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Agencies (December 16, 2013). "Mars and Snickers shrink but prices stay the same". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Fat Festival? Calories in Food at the Fair". Retrieved August 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Deep-fried Mars myth is dispelled". BBC News. December 17, 2004. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Food - Recipes - Snickers pie". BBC. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Celebrity recipe 'most unhealthy'". BBC News. February 5, 2006. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ Snickers Charged. Candyblog, January 25, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Two limited edition Snickers bars replace original variant. Convenience Store, January 2, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Limited edition Snickers return with new More Choc bar". Retrieved October 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Chocoholics Rejoice: Hazelnut Snickers and White Chocolate Twix Are Coming". 26 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Recipes and Cooking Inspiration – Kitchen Daily". Slashfood.com. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nutritionists soured by Olympic candy endorsement". UPI. December 6, 1983.
Jump up ^ Richard Varey (September 11, 2002). Marketing Communication: A Critical Introduction. Routledge. pp. 141–. ISBN 978-1-134-58159-7.
Jump up ^ "Snickers Adverts And Commercials Archive CHEFS". AdvertoLog.com. March 15, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pollack, Jordan (June 30, 1997). "THE MARKETING 100: SNICKERS: SANTA CRUZ HUGHES". Advertising Age. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Snickers Ad of Men Accidentally Kissing Pulled After Complaints From Gay Groups, FOX Business. Article retrieved 17 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Super Bowl Controversy, FOX sports. Article retrieved February 6, 2007.
Jump up ^ Thulasi Srikanthan (February 7, 2007). "entertainment | Snickers bicker feeds ad flap". Toronto: TheStar.com. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ Sweney, Mark (August 4, 2008). "Don't give us none of that jibba jabba". The Guardian. London. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl Ad FAIL by ESPN2 SportsNation's Michelle Beadle". February 2, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Snickers TV Spot, 'Godzilla'". ISpot.tv. March 13, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Snickers TV Spot, 'Godzilla'". ISpot.tv. October 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam (February 2, 2015). "Watch This Year's Best Super Bowl Commercials". Collider.com. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Snickers.
Look up Snickers in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Official website
Snickers Latin America
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text:
AST/ALT ratio
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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AST/ALT ratio
Medical diagnostics
LOINC
16325-3, 1916-6
[edit on Wikidata]
The AST/ALT ratio is the ratio between the concentrations of the enzymes aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) in the blood of a human or animal. It is measured with a blood test and is sometimes useful in medical diagnosis to differentiate between causes of liver damage, or hepatotoxicity.[1][2][3]
Most causes of liver cell injury are associated with a greater increase in ALT than AST; however, an AST to ALT ratio of 2:1 or greater is suggestive of alcoholic liver disease, particularly in the setting of an elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase.[4]
The AST to ALT ratio can also occasionally be elevated in a liver disease pattern in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and it is frequently elevated in an alcoholic liver disease pattern in patients with hepatitis C who have developed cirrhosis. In addition, patients with Wilson's disease or cirrhosis due to viral hepatitis may have an AST that is greater than the ALT, though the ratio typically is not greater than two.
When the AST is higher than ALT, a muscle source of these enzymes should be considered. For example, muscle inflammation due to dermatomyositis may cause AST>ALT. This is a good reminder that AST and ALT are not good measures of liver function because they do not reliably reflect the synthetic ability of the liver and they may come from tissues other than liver (such as muscle).
Contents
[hide]
1 Magnitude of AST and ALT elevations
2 History
3 See also
4 References
Magnitude of AST and ALT elevations[edit]
The magnitude of AST and ALT elevations vary depending on the cause of the hepatocellular injury [16-19]. While values may vary between individuals, the following are typical AST and ALT patterns relating to the "upper limit of normal" (ULN):[5][6][7][8]
Alcoholic fatty liver disease: AST > 8 times the ULN; ALT > 5 times the ULN
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: AST and ALT > 4 times the ULN
Acute viral hepatitis or toxin-related hepatitis with jaundice: AST and ALT > 25 times the ULN
Ischemic hepatopathy (ischemic hepatitis, shock liver): AST and ALT > 50 times the ULN (in addition the lactate dehydrogenase is often markedly elevated)
Chronic hepatitis C virus infection: Wide variability, typically normal to less than twice the ULN, rarely more than 10 times the ULN
Chronic hepatitis B virus infection: Levels fluctuate; the AST and ALT may be normal, though most patients have mild to moderate elevations (approximately twice the ULN); with exacerbations, levels are more than 10 times the ULN
History[edit]
Pathophysiology sample values
BMP/ELECTROLYTES:
Na+ = 140 Cl− = 100 BUN = 20 /
Glu = 150
K+ = 4 CO2 = 22 PCr = 1.0 \
ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS:
HCO3− = 24 paCO2 = 40 paO2 = 95 pH = 7.40
ALVEOLAR GAS:
pACO2 = 36 pAO2 = 105 A-a g = 10
OTHER:
Ca = 9.5 Mg2+ = 2.0 PO4 = 1
CK = 55 BE = −0.36 AG = 16
SERUM OSMOLARITY/RENAL:
PMO = 300 PCO = 295 POG = 5 BUN:Cr = 20
URINALYSIS:
UNa+ = 80 UCl− = 100 UAG = 5 FENa = 0.95
UK+ = 25 USG = 1.01 UCr = 60 UO = 800
PROTEIN/GI/LIVER FUNCTION TESTS:
LDH = 100 TP = 7.6 AST = 25 TBIL = 0.7
ALP = 71 Alb = 4.0 ALT = 40 BC = 0.5
AST/ALT = 0.6 BU = 0.2
AF alb = 3.0 SAAG = 1.0 SOG = 60
CSF:
CSF alb = 30 CSF glu = 60 CSF/S alb = 7.5 CSF/S glu = 0.4
It is also known as the "De Ritis Ratio",[9][10] named after Fernando De Ritis, who performed analysis on transaminases in 1957.[10]
See also[edit]
Aspartate transaminase
Alanine transaminase
Liver function tests
Elevated transaminases
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Nyblom H, Berggren U, Balldin J, Olsson R (2004). "High AST/ALT ratio may indicate advanced alcoholic liver disease rather than heavy drinking". Alcohol Alcohol. 39 (4): 336–9. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agh074. PMID 15208167.
Jump up ^ Nyblom H, Björnsson E, Simrén M, Aldenborg F, Almer S, Olsson R (September 2006). "The AST/ALT ratio as an indicator of cirrhosis in patients with PBC". Liver Int. 26 (7): 840–5. doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2006.01304.x. PMID 16911467.
Jump up ^ Gopal DV, Rosen HR (February 2000). "Abnormal findings on liver function tests. Interpreting results to narrow the diagnosis and establish a prognosis". Postgrad Med. 107 (2): 100–2, 105–9, 113–4. doi:10.3810/pgm.2000.02.869. PMID 10689411.
Jump up ^ "Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and chronic alcoholism. Influence of alcohol ingestion and liver disease". Dig Dis Sci. 30 (3): 211–4. Mar 1985. doi:10.1007/bf01347885. PMID 2857631.
Jump up ^ "Ischemic hepatitis: widening horizons". Am J Gastroenterol. 87 (7): 831–6. Jul 1992. PMID 1615936.
Jump up ^ "Ischemic hepatitis: clinical and laboratory observations of 34 patients". J Clin Gastroenterol. 26 (3): 183–6. Apr 1998. doi:10.1097/00004836-199804000-00007. PMID 9600366.
Jump up ^ "Hypoxic hepatitis: clinical and hemodynamic study in 142 consecutive cases". Medicine (Baltimore). 82 (6): 392–406. Nov 2003. doi:10.1097/01.md.0000101573.54295.bd. PMID 14663289.
Jump up ^ Lok AS, McMahon BJ (February 2007). "Chronic hepatitis B". 45 (2): 507–39. doi:10.1002/hep.21513. PMID 17256718.
Jump up ^ Kenneth D. McClatchey (2002). Clinical laboratory medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 288–. ISBN 978-0-683-30751-1. Retrieved 21 May 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b De Ritis F, Coltorti M, Giusti G (July 2006). "An enzymic test for the diagnosis of viral hepatitis: the transaminase serum activities. 1957". Clin. Chim. Acta. 369 (2): 148–52. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2006.05.001. PMID 16781697.
[hide]
v
t
e
Common for blood tests (CPT 82000–84999)
Electrolytes
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Calcium
Renal function
Creatinine
Urea
BUN-to-creatinine ratio
Plasma osmolality
Serum osmolal gap
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Anion gap
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Base excess
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CO2 content
Iron tests
Ferritin
Serum iron
Transferrin saturation
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Transferrin
Transferrin receptor
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ACTH stimulation test
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Metabolism
Blood lipids
Cardiovascular
Cardiac marker
Troponin test
CPK-MB test
Lactate dehydrogenase
Myoglobin
Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
Liver function tests
Proteins
Human serum albumin
Serum total protein
ALP
transaminases
ALT
AST
AST/ALT ratio
Bilirubin
Unconjugated
Conjugated
Pancreas
Amylase
Lipase
Pancreatic lipase
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text:
Distribution (marketing)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Marketing
Marketing
Marketing Management
Key concepts[show]
Distribution
Pricing
Retail
Service
Activation
Brand licensing
Brand management
Co-creation
Corporate identity
Dominance
Effectiveness
Ethics
Operations
Promotion
Research
Segmentation
Strategy
Account-based marketing
Digital marketing
Product marketing
Social marketing
Promotional content[show]
Advertising
Branding
Corporate anniversary
Direct marketing
Loyalty marketing
Mobile marketing
On-hold messaging
Personal selling
Premiums
Prizes
Product placement
Propaganda
Publicity
Sales promotion
Sex in advertising
Underwriting spot
Promotional media[show]
Behavioral targeting
Brand ambassador
Broadcasting
Display advertising
Drip marketing
In-game advertising
Mobile advertising
Native advertising
New media
Online advertising
Out-of-home advertising
Point of sale
Printing
Product demonstration
Promotional merchandise
Publication
Visual merchandising
Web banner
Word-of-mouth
v
t
e
Distribution (or place) is one of the four elements of the marketing mix. Distribution is the process of making a product or service available for the consumer or business user that needs it. This can be done directly by the producer or service provider, or using indirect channels with distributors or intermediaries. The other three elements of the marketing mix are product, pricing, and promotion.
Decisions about distribution need to be taken in line with a company's overall strategic vision and mission. Developing a coherent distribution plan is a central component of strategic planning. At the strategic level, there are three broad approaches to distribution, namely mass, selective or exclusive distribution. The number and type of intermediaries selected largely depends on the strategic approach. The overall distribution channel should add value to the consumer.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 Distribution strategies
2.1 Push vs pull strategy
3 Channels and intermediaries
4 Channel design
5 Channel mix
6 Managing channels
6.1 Channel motivation
6.2 Channel conflict
7 Trends in distribution
7.1 Channel switching
7.2 Customer value
7.3 Disintermediation
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Definition[edit]
Distribution is fundamentally concerned with ensuring that products reach target customers in the most direct and cost efficient manner. In the case of services, distribution is principally concerned with access.[1] Although distribution, as a concept, is relatively simple, in practice distribution management may involve a diverse range of activities and disciplines including: detailed logistics, transportation, warehousing, storage, inventory management as well as channel management including selection of channel members and rewarding distributors. [2]
Distribution strategies[edit]
Prior to designing a distribution system, the planner needs to determine what the distribution channel is to achieve in broad terms. The overall approach to distributing products or services depends on a number of factors including the type of product, especially perishability; the market served; the geographic scope of operations and the firm's overall mission and vision. The process of setting out a broad statement of the aims and objectives of a distribution channel is a strategic level decision.
In an intensive distribution approach, the marketer relies on chain stores to reach broad markets in a cost efficient manner
Strategically, there are three approaches to distribution:[3]
Mass distribution
Selective distribution
Exclusive distribution
Mass distribution: (also known as Intensive distribution) When products are destined for a mass market, the marketer will seek out intermediaries that appeal to a broad market base. For example, snack foods and drinks are sold via a wide variety of outlets including supermarkets, convenience stores, vending machines, cafeterias and others. The choice of distribution outlet is skewed towards those than can deliver mass markets in a cost efficient manner.
Selective distribution: A manufacturer may choose to restrict the number of outlets handling a product. For example, a manufacturer of premium electrical goods may choose to deal with department stores and independent outlets that can provide added value service level required to support the product. Dr Scholl orthopedic sandals, for example, only sell their product through pharmacies because this type of intermediary supports the desired therapeutic positioning of the product. Some of the prestige brands of cosmetics and skincare, such as Estee Lauder, Jurlique and Clinique, insist that sales staff are trained to use the product range. The manufacturer will only allow trained clinicians to sell their products.
Exclusive distribution: In an exclusive distribution approach, a manufacturer chooses to deal with one intermediary or one type of intermediary. The advantage of an exclusive approach is that the manufacturer retains greater control over the distribution process. In exclusive arrangements, the distributor is expected to work closely with the manufacturer and add value to the product through service level, after sales care or client support services. The most common type of exclusive arrangement an agreement between a supplier and a retailer granting the retailer exclusive rights within a specific geographic area to carry the supplier's product.[4]

Summary of strategic approaches to distribution
Approach
Definition
Intensive distribution The producer's products are stocked in the majority of outlets.[5] This strategy is common for mass produced products such as basic supplies, snack foods, magazines and soft drink beverages.[6]
Selective distribution The producer relies on a few intermediaries to carry their product.[5] This strategy is commonly observed for more specialised goods that are carried through specialist dealers, for example, brands of craft tools, or large appliances.
Exclusive distribution The producer selects only very few intermediaries.[5] Exclusive distribution occurs where the seller agrees to allow a single retailer the right to sell the manufacturer's products. This strategy is typical of luxury goods retailers such as Gucci.
Push vs pull strategy[edit]
In consumer markets, another key strategic level decision is whether to use a push or pull strategy. In a push strategy, the marketer uses intensive advertising and incentives aimed at distributors, especially retailers and wholesalers, with the expectation that they will stock the product or brand, and that consumers will purchase it when they see it in stores. In contrast, in a pull strategy, the marketer promotes the product directly to consumers hoping that they will pressure retailers to stock the product or brand, thereby pulling it through the distribution channel.[7] The choice of a push or pull strategy has important implications for advertising and promotion. In a push strategy the promotional mix would consist of trade advertising and sales calls while the advertising media would normally be weighted towards trade magazines, exhibitions and trade shows while a pull strategy would make more extensive use consumer advertising and sales promotions while the media mix would be weighted towards mass-market media such as newspapers, magazines, television and radio.[8]
Channels and intermediaries[edit]
A wholesale fish market at Haikou, New Port
Distribution of products takes place by means of channels to become available on markets, in stores or in webshops. Channels are sets of interdependent organizers (called intermediaries or distributors) involved in making the product available for consumption to end-user.[5] This is mostly accomplished through merchant retailers or wholesalers, or in international context by importers. In certain specialist markets, agents or brokers may become involved in distribution channel.
Typical intermediaries involved in distribution include:
Wholesaler: A merchant intermediary who sells chiefly to retailers, other merchants, or industrial, institutional, and commercial users mainly for resale or business use. Wholesalers typically sell in large quantities. (Wholesalers, by definition, do not deal directly with the public). [9]
Retailer: A merchant intermediary who sells direct to the public. There are many different types of retail outlet - from hypermarts and supermarkets to small, independent stores.
Agent: An intermediary who is authorised to act for a principal in order to facilitate exchange. Unlike merchant wholesalers and retailers, agents do not take title to goods, but simply put buyers and sellers together. Agents are typically paid via commissions by the principal. For example, travel agents are paid a commission of around 15% for each booking made with an airline or hotel operator.
Jobber: A jobber is a special type of wholesaler, typically one who operates on a small scale and sells only to retailers or institutions. For example, rack jobbers are small independent wholesalers who operate from a truck, supplying convenience stores with snack foods and drinks on a regular basis. [10]
Channel design[edit]
Different types of distribution systems
A firm can design any number of channels they require to reach customers efficiently and effectively. Channels can be distinguished by the number of intermediaries between producer and consumer.[5] If there are no intermediaries then this is known as a zero-level distribution system or direct marketing. A level one (sometimes called one-tier) channel has a single intermediary. A level two (alternatively a two-tier) channel has two intermediaries, and so on. This flow is typically represented as being manufacturer to retailer to consumer, but may involve other types of intermediaries. In practice, distribution systems for perishable goods tend to be shorter - direct or single intermediary, because of the need to reduce the time a product spends in transit or in storage. In other cases, distribution systems can become quite complex involving many levels and different types of intermediaries.
Channel mix[edit]
In practice, many organizations use a mix of different channels; a direct sales-force may call on larger customers may be complemented with agents to cover smaller customers and prospects. When a single organisation uses a variety of different channels to reach its markets, this is known as a multi-channel distribution network. In addition, online retailing or e-commerce is leading to disintermediation, the removal of intermediaries from a supply chain. Retailing via smartphone or m-commerce is also a growth area.
Managing channels[edit]
The firm's marketing department needs to design the most suitable channels for the firm's products, then select appropriate channel members or intermediaries. An organisation may need to train staff of intermediaries and motivate the intermediary to sell the firm's products. The firm should monitor the channel's performance over time and modify the channel to enhance performance.
Channel motivation[edit]
Harrod's food hall - a major retailer in London
To motivate intermediaries the firm can use positive actions, such as offering higher margins to the intermediary, special deals, premiums and allowances for advertising or display.[5] On the other hand, negative actions may be necessary, such as threatening to cut back on margin, or hold back delivery of product. Care must be exercised when considering negative actions as these may fall foul of regulations and can contribute to a public backlash and a public relations disaster.
Channel conflict[edit]
Channel conflict can arise when one intermediary's actions prevent another intermediary from achieving their objectives.[5] Vertical channel conflict occurs between the levels within a channel and horizontal channel conflict occurs between intermediaries at the same level within a channel. Channel conflict is a perennial problem. There are risks that a powerful channel member may coordinate the interests of the channel for personal gain. [11]
Trends in distribution[edit]
Channel switching[edit]
The advent of "category killers", such as Australia's Officeworks, has contributed to an increase in channel switching behaviour
Channel-switching (not to be confused with zapping or channel surfing on TV) is the action of consumers switching from one type of channel intermediary to a different type of intermediary for their purchases. Examples include switching from brick-and-mortar stores to online catalogues and e-commerce providers; switching from grocery stores to convenience stores or switching from top tier department stores to mass market discount outlets.[12] A number of factors have led to an increase in channel switching behaviour; the growth of e-commerce, the globalization of markets, the advent of Category killers (such as Officeworks and Kids 'R Us) as well as changes in the legal/ statutory environment. For instance, in Australia and New Zealand, following a relaxation of laws prohibiting supermarkets from selling therapeutic goods, consumers are gradually switching away from pharmacies and towards supermarkets for the purchase of minor analgesics, cough and cold preparations and complementary medicines such as vitamins and herbal remedies.[13]
For the consumer, channel switching offers a more diverse shopping experience. However, marketers need to be alert to channel switching because of its potential to erode market share. Evidence of channel switching can suggest that disruptive forces are at play, and that consumer behaviour is undergoing fundamental changes. A consumer may be prompted to switch channels when the product or service can be found at cheaper prices, when superior models become available, when a wider range is offered, or simply because it is more convenient to shop through a different channel (e.g. online or one-stop shopping).[14] As a hedge against market share losses due to switching behaviour, some retailers engage in multi-channel retailing.[15]
Customer value[edit]
The emergence of a service-dominant logic perspective has focussed scholarly attention on how distribution networks serve to create customer value and to consider how value is co-created by all the players within the distribution chain, including the value created by customers themselves. [16] This emphasis on value-creation is contributing to a change in terminology surrounding distribution processes; "distribution networks" are often termed value-chains while "distribution centres" are often termed customer fulfillment centres. For example, the retail giant Amazon, which utilises both direct online distribution alongside bricks and mortar stores, now calls its despatch centres "customer fulfillment centres." [17] Although the term, "customer fulfillment centre" has been criticised on the grounds that it is a neologism, its use is becoming increasingly mainstream as it slowly makes its way into introductory marketing textbooks. [18]
Disintermediation[edit]
Disintermediation occurs when manufacturers or service providers eliminate intermediaries from the distribution network and deal directly with purchasers. Disintermediation is found in industries where radically new types of channel intermediaries displace traditional distributors. The widespread public acceptance of online shopping has been a major trigger for disintermediation in some industries. Certain types of traditional intermediaries are dropping by the wayside. [19]
See also[edit]
Lists of distribution companies
Agricultural marketing
All commodity volume
Cargo
Distribution (economics)
Distribution resource planning
Document automation in supply chain management and logistics
Extended Enterprise
Good distribution practice (GDP)
Logistics
Liquid logistics
Marketing
Retail
Value chain
Value network
Value proposition
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dent, J., Distribution Channels: Understanding and Managing Channels to Market, Kogan Page,2011, Chapter 1
Jump up ^ Armstrong,G., Adam, S., Denize, S. and Kotler, P., Principles of Marketing,Sydney, Australia, Pearson, 2014, pp 297-394
Jump up ^ Wright, R., Marketing: Origins, Concepts, Environment, Holborn, London, Thomson Learning, 1999, pp 250-251
Jump up ^ Business Dictionary, http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/exclusive-distribution.html
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Kotler, Keller and Burton, 2009. Marketing Management, Pearson Education Australia: Frenchs Forest
Jump up ^ "Intensive Distribution: Definition, Strategy & Examples". Inevitable Steps. June 26, 2015. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Harrison, T.P., Lee, H.L. and Neale., J. J., The Practice of Supply Chain Management, Springer, 2003, ISBN 0-387-24099-3.
Jump up ^ Varey,E., Marketing Communication: A Critical Introduction,Routledge, 2002, p. 295
Jump up ^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/wholesaler
Jump up ^ Merriam- Webster Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jobber
Jump up ^ Murphy, P.E., "George E Brenkert- Marketing Ethics," [Book Review], Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, 24 May, 2009 <Online:http://ndpr.nd.edu/news/marketing-ethics/
Jump up ^ "Explaining Consumers' Channel-Switching Behavior Using the Theory of Planned Behavior" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Roy Morgan Research, "How Vital are Vitamins:, Research Finding No. 5503, Media Release, 14 March 2014 online: http://roymorgan.com.au/findings/5503-how-vital-are-vitamins-201403252241
Jump up ^ Reardon, J., McCorkle, D.E. "A Consumer Model for Channel Switching Behavior", International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, Vol. 30, no. 4, pp.179 - 185
Jump up ^ Dholakia1, R.R., Zhao, M. and Dholakia, N., "Multichannel retailing: A case study of early experiences.," Journal of Interactive Marketing, vol. 19, March, 2009, pp 63–74, DOI: 10.1002/dir.20035
Jump up ^ Flint, D. J., and Mentzer, J. T., "Striving for Integrated Value Chain Management Given a Service-dominant Logic for Marketing," In R. F. Lusch and S. L. Vargo (Eds.), The Service-dominant Logic of Marketing: Dialog, Debate, and Directions, Armonk, New York, ME Sharpe, 2006, pp 139–149; Tokman, M., and Beitelspacher, L. S., "Supply Chain Networks and Service-dominant Logic: Suggestions for Future Research," International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 41, No. 7, pp 717-726; Yazdanparast, A., Manuj, I., and Swartz, S. M., Co-creating Logistics Value: A Service-Dominant Logic Perspective," International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 21, no. 3, 2010, pp 375-403.
Jump up ^ Murphy, J., "Amazon is Coming to Australia, and if these Projections are Correct, it’s Arrival is Going to be Massive," News.com, 29 April, 2017; Pearce, L., “Amazon: Everything You Need to Know about its Plans for Australia,” Huffington Post, 22 August, 2017
Jump up ^ See for example, "Placement: Customer Value Fulfilment," Chapter 10 in Gary Armstrong, Stewart Adam, Sara Denize, and Philip Kotler, Principles of Marketing, Asia-Pacific ed., Australia, Pearson, 2014
Jump up ^ Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S. and Kotler, P., Principles of Marketing, Asia-Pacific ed., Australia, Pearson, 2014, pp 315-316
External links[edit]
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Marketing
pierce college.edu PDF, Product Distribution
entrepreneur.com Distribution Models
Difference between an agent, distributor and franchise
Authority control
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Super Bowl LIII halftime show
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Super Bowl LIII halftime show
Date
February 3, 2019
Location
Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
Venue
Mercedes-Benz Stadium
Headliner
TBA
Sponsor
Pepsi
Director
Hamish Hamiliton
Producer
Ricky Kirshner
Super Bowl halftime show chronology
LII
(2018) LIII
(2019) LIV
(2020)
The Super Bowl LIII Halftime Show (officially known as the Pepsi Super Bowl LIII Halftime Show) will take place on Sunday February 3, 2019 at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia. Though an official announcement has not been made, several publications including The New York Times, Rolling Stone, and Billboard have reported that Maroon 5 will be the headline act as part of Super Bowl LIII, televised nationally on CBS with Cardi B and Travis Scott being the rumored guests.[1][2][3][4]
See also[edit]
2019 in American television
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Halperin, Jem Aswad,Shirley (2018-09-19). "Maroon 5 to Perform at Super Bowl Halftime". Variety. Retrieved 2018-09-19.
Jump up ^ Kreps, Daniel (September 19, 2018). "Maroon 5 to Play Super Bowl LIII Halftime Show in 2019". Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Engelman, Nicole (October 9, 2018). "Behati Prinsloo Addresses Maroon 5 Super Bowl Reports On 'WWHL': Watch". Billboard. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Coscarelli, Joe (September 19, 2018). "Maroon 5 to Headline Super Bowl Halftime Show". The New York Times. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
External links[edit]
Media related to Super Bowl LIII halftime show at Wikimedia Commons
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Chrissy Metz
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Chrissy Metz
Metz in 2017
Born
Christine Michelle Metz
(1980-09-29) September 29, 1980 (age 38)
Homestead, Florida, U.S.
Occupation
Actress
singer
Years active
2005–present
Spouse(s)
Martyn Eaden
(m. 2008; div. 2015)
Christine Michelle Metz (born September 29, 1980)[1] is an American actress and singer. She is known for playing Kate Pearson in the NBC drama This Is Us, for which she has earned Best Supporting Actress nominations at the Primetime Emmy Awards (2017) and Golden Globe Awards (2017 and 2018).
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Metz was born to Denise and Mark Metz and raised in Homestead, Florida.[1] She spent her formative years in Japan, where her father, Mark Metz, was stationed with the United States Navy. The family later moved back to Gainesville, Florida, where she attended elementary, middle, and high school.[1][2] She grew up with her mother, stepfather, two siblings, and two half-siblings.[3][4]
Career[edit]
Metz is best known for her role as Kate Pearson in the NBC drama series This Is Us, which earned her Primetime Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations. She is also known for her role in FX's American Horror Story: Freak Show.[5][6]
Metz is a singer in her band Chrissy and The Vapors.[7]
In early 2018, it was announced that Metz would star in The Impossible Movie, working with producer DeVon Franklin.[8] She is cast as Joyce Smith, the mother of John, a 14-year-old boy who fell through an icy Missouri lake and was proclaimed dead. The movie, based on the book written by Smith herself, tells the true story of how a mother's devotion and dedication brings her son back to life.
Personal life[edit]
On January 5, 2008, Metz married British journalist Martyn Eaden in a Santa Barbara, California beachside ceremony.[9] They separated in January 2013, and Eaden filed for divorce from Metz in November 2014, citing "irreconcilable differences".[10] On December 11, 2015, their divorce was finalized.
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2007 Loveless in Los Angeles Bonnie
2008 The Onion Movie Heavy Girl
2018 Sierra Burgess Is a Loser Trish
2019 Breakthrough Joyce Smith Post-production
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2005 Entourage Counter Girl Episode: "The Sundance Kids"
2005 All Of Us Ruby Episode: "If You Can't Stand the Heat"
2008 My Name Is Earl Chunk Episode: "We've Got Spirit"
2009 Solving Charlie Maggie Harmon Television movie
2010 Huge Shoshanna Episode: "Talent Night"
2014–15 American Horror Story: Freak Show Barbara/Ima Wiggles 5 episodes
2016–present This Is Us Kate Pearson Main Role
2018 The Last O.G. Pooh Cat Episode: "Repass"
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Association
Category
Nominated work
Result
2017 Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film This Is Us Nominated
MTV Movie & TV Awards Next Generation Award Nominated
Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated
Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Breakout Star Nominated
2018 Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated
Golden Globe Awards[11][12][13] Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Won
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Radloff, Jessica. "'This Is Us' Star Chrissy Metz Talks Plus-Size Labels: "I'm So Much More Than the Weight I Carry on My Body."". Glamour. Retrieved January 25, 2017. [Metz] turned 36 on September 29, days after [This Is Us] aired its second episode ... Metz, a native of Homestead, Florida, spent her formative years in Japan (her dad was in the Navy) before moving back to Gainesville, Florida.
Jump up ^ Watkins, Morgan (September 25, 2015). "At 6 months, Chrissy Metz's niece battles tall odds". The Gainesville Sun (Gainesville, Florida).
Jump up ^ http://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/a25696/chrissy-metz-weight-loss-anxiety/
Jump up ^ https://www.msn.com/en-us/tv/celebrity/this-is-us-star-chrissy-metzs-estranged-father-fires-back-at-child-abandonment-claims/ar-BBGrjQT
Jump up ^ Boardman, Madeline (September 14, 2016). "'This Is Us': Before They Were Stars". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Cavassuto, Maria (September 14, 2016). "'This is Us' Actress Chrissy Metz on Her Plus-Sized Role: This is a 'Story That Needs to Be Told'". Variety. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Maple, Taylor (October 3, 2017). "Videos Of Chrissy Metz Singing Before 'This Is Us' Reveal That Kate's Musical Future Couldn't Be In Better Hands". Bustle. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ N'Duka, Amanda (January 31, 2018). "'This Is Us' Star Chrissy Metz Set To Topline 'The Impossible' For Fox 2000". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Roca, Teresa (February 14, 2017). "Car, Cash & Courtroom Snub: Inside 'This Is Us' Star Chrissy Metz's Dirty Divorce From Ex". Radar Online.
Jump up ^ "How Chrissy Metz's 'First Real Love' Broke Her Heart In Secret Divorce". Radar Online. February 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bradley, Laura (January 8, 2018). "Golden Globes 2018: See Laura Dern's Inspiring Acceptance Speech". Vanity Fair. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Rebecca (January 8, 2018). "Golden Globes: Laura Dern Wins Best Supporting Actress for 'Big Little Lies'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ McDermott, Daeve (January 8, 2018). "'Big Little Lies' stars Laura Dern, Nicole Kidman condemn abuse in Golden Globes speeches". USA Today. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chrissy Metz.
Chrissy Metz on IMDb
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t
e
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series
2010: Boardwalk Empire, season 1
Antonacci
Buscemi
Coleman
Graham
de la Huerta
Laciura
Macdonald
Mol
Palladino
Piazza
Pitt
Shannon
Sparks
Stuhlbarg
Weiner
Whigham
2011: Boardwalk Empire, season 2
Buscemi
Chianese
Clohessy
Coleman
Cox
J. Gallina
L. Gallina
Graham
Huston
Laciura
Lind
Macdonald
D. McTigue
R. McTigue
Mol
B. Noon
C. Noon
O'Rourke
Palladino
Pennewill
Piazza
Pitt
Shannon
Sparks
Stuhlbarg
Van Wagner
Whigham
Williams
Yusef
2012: Downton Abbey, series 2
Bonneville
Boyle
Carmichael
Carter
Coyle
Dockery
Findlay
Finneran
Froggatt
Glen
Howes
James-Collier
Leech
Logan
McGovern
McShera
Nicol
Nuttall
Robb
Smith
Stevens
Wilton
2013: Breaking Bad, season 5, part II
Bowen
Brandt
Cranston
Crawford
Fletcher
Fraser
Gunn
Metzler
Mitte
Norris
Odenkirk
Paul
Plemons
Quezada
Rankin
Sane
2014: Downton Abbey, series 4
Bonneville
Carmichael
Carter
Coyle
Dockery
Doyle
Froggatt
James
James-Collier
Leech
Logan
McGovern
McShera
Milne
Robb
Smith
Speleers
Theobold
Wilton
2015: Downton Abbey, series 5
Bonneville
Carmichael
Carter
Cassidy
Coyle
Dockery
Doyle
Froggatt
James
James-Collier
Leech
Logan
McGovern
McShera
Nicol
Ovenden
Smith
Wilton
2016: Stranger Things, season 1
M. B. Brown
Buono
Chrest
Dyer
Harbour
Heaton
Keery
Matarazzo
McLaughlin
Modine
Morgan
Reynolds
Ryder
Schnapp
Steger
Wolfhard
2017: This Is Us, season 1/season 2
Baker
Breckenridge
S. K. Brown
Chavis
Hartley
Herman
Jones
Metz
Moore
Sullivan
Ventimiglia
Watson
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Complete list
(1994–1999)
(2000–2009)
(2010–present)
Authority control
GND: 1145330460
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrissy_Metz&oldid=865978970"
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