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Alcohol laws in Germany
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Beer in Germany is an important part of German culture
The German laws regulating alcohol use and sale are some of the least restrictive in the world. The foremost function of restraints, as far as they exist, is youth protection. In contrast to many other countries, the legislation is not designed to keep young people away from alcohol completely, but rather to teach them an appropriate approach to alcohol consumption.
Contents
1 Drinking age
2 Enforcement
2.1 Fines for violation
3 Other legislation
3.1 Alcohol consumption in public
3.2 Drinking and driving
3.3 Licensing laws
3.3.1 On-license
3.3.1.1 Rules and Regulations
3.3.1.2 Closing hours
3.3.2 Off-licence
4 See also
5 References
Drinking age[edit]
German Jugendschutzgesetz:
The law has to be placed at every public event and establishments selling or serving alcoholic beverages.
Underage drinking in private is not regulated by a specific legal restriction. However, protection from physical and mental harm is part of parents' general obligation to care for a child.[1] Regarding alcohol purchase and alcohol consumption in public places (such as pubs and restaurants), Germany has three drinking ages regulated by § 9 Jugendschutzgesetz[2] (Protection of Young Persons Act):
§ 9 Alcoholic drinks
(1) The following bans shall apply to restaurants, stores and other points of sale:
Beer, wine, wine-like beverages or sparkling wine or mixtures of beer, wine, wine-like beverages or sparkling wine and soft drinks,
Other alcoholic drinks or food items that contain other alcoholic drinks in more than insignificant quantities must not be sold to Children and Adolescents below the age of 16 years.
Nor must their consumption by said persons be tolerated.
(2) Sub-Clause 1, No. 1 shall not apply to Adolescents accompanied by a Custodial Person.
—  Protection of Young Persons Act, § 9 Alcoholic drinks
At 14 minors are allowed to consume and possess undistilled (fermented) alcoholic beverages, such as beer and wine, as long as they are in the company by a Custodial Person. (§ 9 JuSchG (2) Sub-Clause 1, No. 2)
At 16 - minors are allowed to consume and possess undistilled (fermented) alcoholic beverages, such as beer and wine without their parents or a Custodian. (§ 9 JuSchG (1) 2.)
At 18 - having become adults, people are allowed access to distilled spirits, beverages containing distilled spirits, and food products containing non-negligible amounts of distilled spirits. (§ 9 JuSchG (1) 1.)
Those limits do not apply to married adolescents. (§ 1 JuSchG (5))
Because of moral panic involving alcohol abuse among minors (a 16-year-old boy died after having consumed 45 shots of tequila in a bar in early 2007),[3] some people demanded that the drinking age be raised. Most politicians, however, spoke against that notion, pointing out instead that such abuse was already forbidden according to current laws, which simply needed to be enforced.[4] In Germany and the rest of Europe, alcohol consumption by adolescents is traditional and generally accepted.[citation needed]
Enforcement[edit]
Police operation in Bensheim (Hesse). Several young people have to dispose of illegally obtained alcoholic beverages in the sewers, because they have not reached the required age limit.
In 2008, the federal state of Lower Saxony started a series of trap purchases, conducted by specially trained police cadets, aged 16 or 17, who pose as customers. In 77% of all tests alcohol was sold illegally in shops, filling stations and kiosks. In 2009, about 3000 trap purchases were carried out in Lower Saxony, in 1327 cases (44%) alcohol was sold without age verification to underage persons. Hundreds of summary proceedings led to administrative fines ranging from 500 to 3000 euros. The standard rate for the illegal sale of one bottle of spirits is 1500 euros. Thus, alcohol trap purchases bring a return of around €2 million annually. Other German states, especially Schleswig-Holstein, are considering implementing the Lower Saxony model, but states like Berlin, Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia and Baden-Württemberg object to it.
Violation of restraints will involve prosecution for vendors who sell alcohol to underage persons and also for bystanders who do not intervene in underage drinking. Although restrictions are nationwide and well-known, some salespersons violate the law at times. Minors themselves can never be prosecuted for alcohol consumption under age. Supermarkets and stores generally check minors for their identity card. The law is less thoroughly enforced in many bars and restaurants, but this can vary by location.
Fines for violation[edit]
The "Bußgeldkatalog" of each state sets the possible fines for each violation of the act and varies slightly by state. In Baden-Württemberg the Bußgeldkatalog for violation against the "Protection of Young Persons Act" provides following fines:[5]
Misdemeanor
Law
Possible fine (retailer & business operator)
Standard fine (retailer & business operator)
Possible fine (other)
Standard fine (other)
Selling or serving spirits or food products, containing more than insignificant quantities of spirits, to a child under 14 years of age § 9 Sec. 1 JuSchG €1,000 - €4,000 €3,000 €300 - €1,000 €500
Selling or serving spirits or food products, containing more than insignificant quantities of spirits, to a young person over the age of 14 but under the age of 18 years § 9 Sec. 1 JuSchG €700 - €3,500 €2,000 €100 - €500 €300
Selling or serving beer, wine, wine-like beverages or sparkling wine or mixtures of beer, wine, wine-like beverages or sparkling wine and soft drinks, to a child under 14 years of age § 9 Sec. 1 JuSchG €700 - €3,500 €2,500 €100 - €500 €300
Selling or serving beer, wine, wine-like beverages or sparkling wine or mixtures of beer, wine, wine-like beverages or sparkling wine and soft drinks, to a unaccompanied young person over 14 years but under 16 years of age § 9 Sec. 1 JuSchG €500 - €3,000 €2,000 €100 - €500 €300
Other legislation[edit]
Alcohol consumption in public[edit]
Alcohol ban in Nikolaistraße
Public parties are prohibited nationally on Good Friday, and regionally on other holidays such as All Saints' Day. Buying alcohol remains possible at these times. The government maintains the right to restrict or ban the sale of alcohol for a certain time to maintain public order (§ 19 GastG)[6].
Beyond this, Germany has very few restrictions on alcohol consumption in public. Exceptions are sometimes made in the context of football (soccer) matches involving rival teams, where police executives may ban the sale of alcoholic drinks inside stadiums and deny entrance to drunk fans. In 2009, the private railway company Metronom, which operates in parts of Northern Germany, introduced a much-discussed complete ban on alcohol in its trains.[7] Some cities have banned alcohol consumption in certain areas and at certain times, such as Göttingen in Nikolaistraße between midnight and 8:00 am on Saturdays and Sundays, or in Hannover Hauptbahnhof.
Until 2009, it was acceptable for employees in many fields of work (especially construction workers, gardeners and the like) to consume medium quantities of alcohol during work hours. However, occupational safety legislation has since tightened down and has induced a significant decrease of alcohol consumption during work hours.[8]
Drinking and driving[edit]
Germany has strict laws regarding operation of motor vehicles under the influence of alcohol and other psychoactive substances. There are a series of different rules and penalties tied to various blood alcohol levels.
0.00% for those under the age of 21 or with less than two years' experience, professional drivers, bus drivers, truck drivers, and drivers transporting passengers commercially;
0.03% in conjunction with an accident or traffic offense;
0.05% otherwise.
0.16% for cyclists, where not in conjunction with any other traffic offense or accident. From 0.16%, cyclists face the same penalties as driving a car at that limit.[9]
Penalties start at a €500 fine and one-month license suspension. Above 0.11%, the penalty is a €500 fine and the withdrawal of the driver's licence for at least six months, but usually about one year (penalty is set by the court); from 0.16%, reissue of the licence requires a successful Medical Psychological Assessment (MPU), often referred to as the "Idiot test". Violators above 0.11% within ten years of a prior offence above 0.05%, there is a minimum €7003100000000000000♠1000 fine and a one-year licence withdrawal; the driver has to successfully pass an MPU and is required to prove to the court that they have been sober for the last twelve months, before they can get their licence back. For repeat offenses, the fine is multiplied by the ordinal of the offence (doubled, tripled, etc.), regardless of the amount by which the driver was over the limit. These minimum penalties are usually exceeded by the German courts. From 0.11%, the courts usually also require the DUI offender to do unpaid community service.
In addition to fines, impaired drivers are generally given points on their Verkehrssünderkartei (literally: "traffic sinner card") which are managed by the Federal Motor Transport Authority in Flensburg.
It is however legal to consume alcohol while driving, provided the driver remains under the legal blood alcohol limits.[10]
Licensing laws[edit]
On-license[edit]
The permit is not required if alcohol-free beverages, free samples, prepared food is sold or administered or in connection with a accommodation establishment beverages and prepared food is delivered to residents.[11] Every other establishment which does not apply to this scheme requires a Liquor license (Gaststättenkonzession). In most cases a Liquor license is always then required, when alcoholic beverages are served or sold for consumption in the premises.
Rules and Regulations[edit]
On-licence premises have to place a clearly legible notice with the restrictions of the Protection of Young Persons Act (Jugendschutzgesetz)[12] and the bartender must ensure that alcoholic beverages may not be sold or served to underage or visibly intoxicated persons.[13] Operator of a licensed premises are not allowed to force their customers to buy a meal with a drink or change prices if a customer does not order a meal. Changing prices if a customer does not buy a alcoholic drink is also against the law, and every licensee must ensure that there ist at least one non alcoholic drink that is cheaper than the cheapest alcoholic drink.[13]
Closing hours[edit]
Closing hours for bars and discotheques are appointed mostly by state legislation. Within the past 10 years many states have abolished the closing hours for licensed establishments. Most states remain with the so called "Putzstunde" (Cleaning hour), which refers to the 1-2 hours (usually between 5 AM and 6 AM) during which licensed premises are not allowed to serve their customers.
Federal state
City/Municipality
Closing hours
Notes
Federal Republic of Germany (federal law) States have the right to set closing hours for licensed establishents (§ 18 GastG). Under federal law, it is illegal to serve customers outside of the establishent after 10 PM, or 11 PM with permission of the city (Emissionsschutzgesetz).
Baden-Württemberg Monday-Thursday: 3 AM - 6 AM
Friday & Weekend: 5 AM - 6 AM
Spa Town: 2 AM - 6 AM
Gambling establishments: 12 AM - 6 AM[14] Cities can permit businesses to apply for an exception to the closing hours.
Bavaria 5 AM - 6 AM[15] The closing hours do not apply during the night of 1. January. Cities can permit businesses to apply for an exception to the closing hours.
Berlin None[16] There is no general closing hour for licensed businesses. However, it is against the law if licensed businesses serve their costumers outside after 10 PM without permission of the city, if someone files a complaint.[16]
Brandenburg None[17] In 2006 the government of the state of Brandenburg declared that the closing hours for licensed busineses was abolsihed.[17]
Bremen Generally: 2 AM - 6 AM
Friday, Weekend & Bank holidays: None
Gambling establishment: 2 AM - 6 AM[18] Cities may permit exceptions.[18]
Hamburg None[19] The closing hours where abolished in 2006.[19]
Hesse Generally: 5 AM - 6 AM
Amusement parks & Fairs: 12 PM - 6 AM
During carnival, 1. May & 1. January: None[20] Cities can permit exceptions to the general closing hours.[20]
Lower Saxony None
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern None
North Rhine-Westphalia Generally: 5 AM - 6 AM
[21] Cities can permit exceptions to the general closing hours.[21]
Rhineland-Palatinate Generally: 5 AM - 6 AM
Saturday, Sunday, Bank holiday or Carnival: None
Amusement parks & Fairs: 10 PM - 6 AM
Gambling establishments: 12 PM - 6 AM[22] Cities can permit exceptions to the general closing hours.[22]
Saarland Generally: 5 AM - 6 AM
1. January: None
Amusement parks & Fairs: 10 PM - 7 AM
Gambling establishments: 11 PM - 7 AM[23] Cities can permit exceptions to the general closing hours.[23]
Saxony Generally: 5 AM - 6 AM
1. January, 1. & 2. May: None
Amusement parks, Gambling establishments & Fairs: 10 PM - 6 AM[24] Cities can permit exceptions to the general closing hours.[24]
Saxony-Anhalt None[25] The closing hours for licensed establishments was abolished in 2015.[25]
Schleswig-Holstein None[26] The closing hours for licensed establishments was abolished in 2005.[26]
Thuringia None[27]
Off-licence[edit]
Germany does not require any licenses for the production, wholesale, or retail sale of alcoholic beverages.[28][29]
See also[edit]
Alcohol belts of Europe
Beer in Germany
Reinheitsgebot
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Youth protection in public". Zentrum Bayern Familie und Soziales, Bayerisches Landesjugendamt. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Protection of Young Person Act
Jump up ^ Korinth, Nadja (13 November 2007). "Attitudes to alcohol in Europe/Germany". BBC News. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Springer, Axel. "In Baden-Württemberg gilt nachts Alkoholverbot". Die Welt. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bußgeldkatalog für Verstöße nach dem Jugendschutzgesetz (JuSchG)" (PDF). Ministerium für Arbeit und Soziales. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Gaststättengesetz - § 19 Verbot des Ausschanks alkoholischer Getränke". juris GmbH. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ban on alcohol: Metronom takes actions". kreiszeitung.de. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Corral, Antonio. "Use of alcohol and drugs at the workplace". European Working Conditions Observatory. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Alkohol im Straßenverkehr Promille-Grenze für Radfahrer bleibt bei 1,6". Mitteldeutsche Zeitung. 8 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Hebermehl, Gregor (25 September 2017). "28 Irrtümer im deutschen Straßenverkehr: Bier am Steuer, Handy am Ohr - Was ist erlaubt?". Auto motor und sport. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "§2 GastG". gesetze-im-internet.de. Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz (Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection). n.d. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "§3 GastG". gesetze-im-internet.de. Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz (Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection). n.d. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "§20 GastG". gesetze-im-internet.de. Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz (Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection). n.d. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sperrzeit - Verkürzung oder Aufhebung beantragen". Ministerium für Inneres, Digitalisierung und Migration Baden-Württemberg. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sperrzeit; Beantragung einer Verlängerung, Verkürzung oder Aufhebung". Bayerisches Staatsministerium des Innern und für Integration. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Keine Sperrstunde für die Simon-Dach-Straße". Der Tagesspiegel. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Keine Landesregierung hebt Sperrzeitverordnung auf - Brandenburg kann noch gastfreundlicher werden". Landesregierung Brandenburg. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Verordnung zur Ausführung des Bremischen Gaststättengesetzes (Bremische Gaststättenverordnung - BremGastV)". Die Senatorin für Finanzen der Freien Hansestadt Bremen. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Die Sperrzeiten sind gekippt". Hamburger Abendblatt. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Recht im Gaststättengewerbe". IHK Wiesbaden. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "In NRW soll es neue Sperrstunden für eine "gefährliche" Kneipenstraße geben". bento.de. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Welche Sperrzeiten gelten für Rheinland-Pfalz?". IHK Rheinhessen. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Saarländisches Gaststättengesetz (SGastG) Gesetz Nr. 1745 - § 11". saarheim.de. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "10. Welche Sperrzeiten gelten für Gaststättenbetriebe und Spielhallen" (PDF). chemnitz.ihk24.de. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sachsen-Anhalt Land besteht nicht mehr auf Sperrstunde". mz-web.de. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Schleswig-Holstein kippt Sperrstunde". Ina Rometsch, Hamburger Abendblatt. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Übersicht der Sperrzeiten nach Bundesländern". g-wie-gastro.de. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Country Profile: Germany". eurocare.org. Eurocare (European Alcohol Policy Alliance). Retrieved 2014-08-27.
Jump up ^ Österberg, Esa; Karlsson, Thomas, eds. (2003). "Alcohol Policies in EU Member States and Norway" (PDF). ec.europa.eu. European Commission. p. 197. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
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Superman logo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Superman Shield
The Superman "S" shield.
Publication information
Publisher
DC Comics
First appearance
Action Comics #1
(June 1938)
In story information
Type
Emblem
Element of stories featuring
Superman
The Superman shield, also known as the Superman logo, is the iconic emblem for the fictional DC Comics superhero Superman. As a representation of one of the first superheroes, it served as a template for character design decades after Superman's first appearance. The tradition of wearing a representative symbol on the chest was mimicked by many subsequent superheroes, including Batman, Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four, Green Lantern, the Flash, Wonder Woman, Hawkman, and many others.
In modern-day Superman stories published by DC, the symbol is typically explained as being Superman's family crest from his home planet Krypton, known as the insignia of the House of El, with its resemblance to a letter S being merely a coincidence.
Contents
[hide]
1 Evolution of the symbol
2 Representations
2.1 House of El
2.2 Cape
2.3 Variants
2.4 Wearers of the Shield
3 Diamond and eight shield
4 References
5 External links
Evolution of the symbol[edit]
In its original inception in Action Comics #1, Superman's symbol was a letter S with red and blue on a yellow police badge symbol that resembled a shield. The symbol was first changed a few issues later in Action Comics #7. The shield varied over the first few years of the comics, and many times was nothing more than an inverted triangle with an S inside of it.[1][2]
The shield first became a diamond in the Fleischer cartoon serial Superman. It was black with a red S outlined with white (or occasionally with yellow). The S has varied in size and shape and the diamond shape containing it has also changed size and shape. Extreme examples of this would be the very large logo on the Dean Cain costume from the television series Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman and the comparatively small version of the shield as depicted in the 2006 film Superman Returns. It has, in most incarnations, retained its original color, while changing shape here and there. The classic logo is the basis for virtually all other interpretations of the logo.[1][2]
In the mid-1990s, when Superman's costume and powers changed briefly, during the "Superman Red/Superman Blue" comic book storylines, the shield changed colors and slightly changed shape, in accordance with the changes in the costume. In 1997's Superman Vol 2 #123 Superman's new powers forced him to find a suit that was capable of containing his new abilities. The effective material found to create Superman's suit, along with being blue and silver, was also courtesy of Lex Luthor. Not only did the colors and powers change, the logo also evolved into a re-imagined "electric" emblem. In the miniseries Kingdom Come, an aged Superman sported an S-like symbol against a black background in a red pentagon.[1][2]
In the 2000s TV series Smallville, the S symbol originally appeared as a diamond with a vertical infinity symbol (to be similar to the S), in an attempt to make it seem more alien. However, beginning with the Season Six opening episode "Zod," Clark is given a crystal bearing the S logo in the style of the Superman Returns logo and is seen several times throughout the series and specifically in the season finale when a beam shaped like the logo hits a Phantom Zone escapee. The logo also appeared in the first episode of the series, when the students captured Clark by giving him a kryptonite necklace (which they didn't know was a weakness) and tied him to a cross-like beam in a cornfield and painted a red 'S' on Clark's chest (standing for Scarecrow, which was what he was meant to be as part of a high school hazing tradition) as a reference.[1]
Representations[edit]
Initially, the S-shield had one meaning: S for Superman. One of the first alternative meanings was presented in Superman: The Movie, in which it was not an S, but rather the S-shaped Coat of arms of the House of El as it was Brando's idea to have Jor-El wear the "S" as a family crest, folklore spun off from there. After the Superman reboot story The Man of Steel, the symbol's story was that it was designed by Jonathan Kent and was derived from an ancient Native American symbol. The symbol was featured on a medicine blanket given to an ancestor of the Kent family by a Native American tribe after he helped to cure them of a plague and was supposed to represent a snake, an animal held to possess healing powers by the tribe (implying that, by wearing this symbol, Superman was a metaphorical healer). This was also included in the 1997 Superman encyclopedia. In 2004, Mark Waid's Superman: Birthright series says the S-Shield is the Kryptonian symbol for "hope" and Superman believes it may have begun as a coat of arms for the House of El. Later, writer Geoff Johns confirmed it was indeed a coat of arms, as well as a symbol for hope. In the 2013 film Man of Steel, when asked by Lois Lane what the "S" stands for, Superman states that it is not an "S", but rather the Kryptonian symbol for "hope".
In Supergirl (TV series, 2015) Season 1, episode 2 Kara states that the Kryptonian symbol stands for her family's motto, "Stronger together."
House of El[edit]
Marv Wolfman's novelization of the film Superman Returns depicts the symbol as belonging to one of the three primary houses of Krypton that brought peace to the planet after a civil uprising, a serpent coiled inside a shield, a warning not to return to the ways of violence and deception. The shield has since been taken as a coat of arms, resulting in Jor-El's continued presence in the council despite his "mad" findings. The other two are merely described, including Pol-Us' eye of vigilance and Kol-Ar's open hand of truth and justice.
Cape[edit]
In almost all versions, Superman's red cape has an all-yellow version of the logo, with a thin black (in the comics) or red (in movies, matching the red color of the cape) line separating the areas. A notable exception is in Superman: The Animated Series, where the logo was absent from Superman's cape. This was due to the difficulty in animating the S on the flowing cape. In the 2006 film Superman Returns, the logo appeared on the belt buckle in reverse colors (yellow diamond and S with red background pieces) instead of on Superman's cape. The logo is also absent from Superman's cape in the 2013 film Man of Steel. In the 2011 reboot of the comic book series, on his cape is a black pentagon and S with red background pieces.
Variants[edit]
In the 1960s the tiny bottle city of Kandor, the miniaturized capital city of the planet Krypton, resided in Superman's Fortress of Solitude. Originally, certain inhabitants resembling Kal-El formed the Superman Emergency Squad and would, on occasion, leave the bottle, enter the Earth's atmosphere and gain super powers in order to aid Superman. As designed by artist Curt Swan, their uniforms were similar to that of Superman save for the 'S' on their chests which resembled the early version, the 'S' and border in red on a yellow field, but in an elongated triangle.
During the Reign of the Supermen story arc, Each of the four different Supermen was represented by a variant of the symbol, which each wore on their person.
The Last Son of Krypton (The Eradicator) wore a normal shield when he attempted to continue Superman's career. Later on, he wore a slightly altered, more curved version with an opening in the border and which was red and black instead of yellow and red.
The Man of Tomorrow (The Cyborg)'s shield was half-normal on the left side, but the red darkened to an almost black color on the right half.
Superboy wore an all-yellow symbol stitched into the back of his leather jacket, in addition to a normal one on his chest.
The Man of Steel wore an all-metallic symbol.
Black and red
The modern Superboy wears a black and red variant of the symbol on his third costume. Lex Luthor hypothesized it is because that version of the symbol was everywhere following the death of Superman and his consequent first appearance.[3]
In Kingdom Come, Superman wears a black and red, simplified version following his return.
After the Imperiex War, Superman wore the black and red variant to signify his mourning of the losses during the war.[4]
The Eradicator, for a time, wore a red and blacked, curvier version of the S-Shield.
Bizarro's symbol is a reversed purple and yellow version.
The inverted symbol, first seen in 52, means "resurrection" in Kryptonian.
Jor-El sports a white symbol on his black clothing, as well as a black symbol on his white clothing in the 1978 Superman movie.
In his modern appearances, Superman of Earth-2 wears a slightly different version of the symbol. Its most notable difference is an exaggerated serif on the 'S'.
A variation of the symbol, designed as a stubbed red lightning bolt against a black shield has been used in several media, including an Elseworlds where Darkseid raised Kal-El, and was the basis of one of the final season of Superman: The Animated Series, and an episode named Brave New Metropolis from an alternate reality where Superman and Luthor took over Metropolis.
A further variation, this time a white symbol against a red background, was used in episodes of Justice League and Justice League Unlimited, including an over the shoulder style cape and black costume. This version was a fascistic Superman and his Justice Lords who assassinated President Lex Luthor and then ruled the world with an iron fist after Luthor arranged the murder of The Flash.
The symbol has been adapted to various flags in alternate realities, including the Nazi swastika (in JL-Axis) and Soviet Union hammer and sickle (Superman: Red Son).
In the movie Justice League: The New Frontier the symbol on his chest has black background pieces, resembling the Golden Age version.
Wearers of the Shield[edit]
Kryptonian family members of Superman wear the symbol, but sometimes it is worn to honor Superman. After the death of Superman, many DC Comics superheroes wore a black armband with the Superman logo.
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Matrix
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The Superman Emergency Squad from Kandor, a red 'S' in an elongated triangle
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Preus
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Diamond and eight shield[edit]
In the television series Smallville, an octagonal silver metallic key is used in the Kawatche caves, as well as in a transport device used to travel to the Fortress of Solitude. Along the edges are imprinted Kryptonian characters, one of which is the diamond border of the Superman shield with a figure 8 inside of the diamond instead of the S. The 8-shield is later described as being from an ancient form of the Kryptonian language, while the modern symbol is the familiar S-shield. The familiar S-shield is seen in season 9. It is used as Clark Kent's calling card in his vigilante actions in Metropolis. Clark, known as the Blur, burns the sign using his heat vision in various places throughout the city. In the season 9 episode "Rabid", Clark mentions while talking to Oliver Queen that the mark "gives people hope."[5]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Emblem History". Supermans-shop.com. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c "S Photo History". Supermanhomepage.com. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
Jump up ^ Teen Titans Annual (vol. 3) #1
Jump up ^ Loeb, Jeph (w). Superman v2, 174 (August 2001), DC Comics
Jump up ^ Memorable quotes for "Smallville" Rabid (2009). Internet Movie Database. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
External links[edit]
Superman homepage
Superman's Logo, Shield, Symbol and its History!
Superman Shield Evolution with picture
Superman costume for black and white film (brown, white, light blue)
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Victoria Coach Station
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the London Buses station, see Victoria bus station.
Victoria Coach Station
Victoria Coach Station
Location
Buckingham Palace Road
Victoria, London, SW1
United Kingdom
Coordinates
51°29′35″N 0°08′55″W / 51.4931°N 0.1486°W / 51.4931; -0.1486Coordinates: 51°29′35″N 0°08′55″W / 51.4931°N 0.1486°W / 51.4931; -0.1486
Owned by
Transport for London
Operated by
Transport for London
Bus stands
22
Bus operators
15
Connections
Victoria
History
Opened
1932; 86 years ago (1932)
Traffic
Passengers
14 million (2013/14)
Location
Victoria Coach Station
Location within Central London
Victoria Coach Station is the largest coach station in London, located in the central district of Victoria in the City of Westminster. It serves as a terminus for many medium- and long-distance coach services in the United Kingdom, intercity bus and is also the departure point for many countryside coach tours originating from London. It is operated by Victoria Coach Station Limited, a subsidiary of Transport for London (TfL).[1]
It should not be confused with the nearby Green Line Coach Station for Green Line Coaches, or with Victoria bus station which serves London Buses operated by TfL.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Operation
3 Connections
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Victoria Coach Station was opened at its present site in Buckingham Palace Road, Victoria, in 1932, by London Coastal Coaches, a consortium of coach operators. The building is in a distinctive Art Deco style, the architects for which were Wallis, Gilbert and Partners.[2] In 1970 the coach operators' association which managed the station became a subsidiary of the National Bus Company.[2]
In 1988, ownership of Victoria Coach Station Limited was transferred to London Transport. In 2000, Transport for London was formed and took over the station.
The freeholder of the site, Grosvenor Group, announced in 2013 that it wishes to redevelop the site and relocate the station elsewhere in London.[3] However, the building was listed at Grade II by English Heritage in 2014.[4]
Operation[edit]
Victoria Coach Station has separate arrival and departure terminals which are located on opposite sides of Elizabeth Street. The main departures building includes food and retail outlets, left-luggage facilities and a ticket hall.
There are 21 departure gates, with the site covering 3.3 acres (13,000 m2). In the 12 months to March 2014, 14 million passengers travelled on 240,000 services to and from the station.[5]
Services are operated by:[6]
Airport Bus Express
Brigit's Afternoon Tea
David Urquhart
DB IC Bus
Ecolines
Evan Evans
Eurolines
Flixbus
Interbus Kosice
Megabus
National Express
OUIBUS
Premium Tours
Sindbad
Transmarian
Connections[edit]
London Buses routes 211, C1 and N11 serve the coach station. It is a short walk from Victoria railway station.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Companies House extract company no 205610 Victoria Coach Station Limited
^ Jump up to: a b "Victoria Coach Station - Celebrating 75 years of service". Transport for London. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Spittles, David (21 August 2013). "Victoria's £2-billion transformation as its coach station becomes a cultural quarter with homes, shops and arts venues". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Historic England. "Victoria Coach Station Ltd, 164 Buckingham Palace Road, London, SW1W 9TP (Grade II) (1418262)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Annual Report for year ended 31 March 2014 Transport for London
Jump up ^ "Coach companies - Transport for London". Retrieved 2015-05-25.
External links[edit]
London transport portal
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