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Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb
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Night at the Museum:
Secret of the Tomb
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Shawn Levy
Produced by
Shawn Levy
Chris Columbus
Mark Radcliffe
Screenplay by
David Guion
Michael Handelman
Story by
Mark Friedman
David Guion
Michael Handelman
Based on
Characters
by Thomas Lennon
Robert Ben Garant
Starring
Ben Stiller
Robin Williams
Owen Wilson
Dan Stevens
Ben Kingsley
Music by
Alan Silvestri
Cinematography
Guillermo Navarro
Edited by
Dean Zimmerman
Production
company
21 Laps Entertainment
1492 Pictures
TSG Entertainment
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
December 11, 2014 (2014-12-11) (Ziegfeld Theatre)
December 19, 2014 (2014-12-19) (United States)
Running time
97 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$127 million[2]
Box office
$363.2 million[2]
Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb is a 2014 American comedy adventure film directed by Shawn Levy and written by David Guion and Michael Handelman. It is the sequel to the 2006 film Night at the Museum and the 2009 film Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian. The film stars Ben Stiller, Robin Williams, Owen Wilson, Dan Stevens and Ben Kingsley.[3] In Secret of the Tomb, security guard Larry Daley must travel to London to return the tablet of Ahkmenrah, an Egyptian artifact which causes the exhibits to come to life, before the magic disappears.
Principal photography of Secret of the Tomb took place from January to May 2014 in London, England and British Columbia, Canada. The film premiered on December 11, 2014, at New York City's Ziegfeld Theater and was released in the United States on December 19, 2014. Secret of the Tomb grossed over $363 million at the box office. This film was dedicated to the memory of Robin Williams, who died four months before the film's release, and fellow Night at the Museum actor Mickey Rooney, who died before principal photography was finished.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Voices
3 Production
4 Music
4.1 Track listing
5 Release
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Accolades
7 Home media
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1938 Egypt, a team of archaeologists discover the tomb of pharaoh Ahkmenrah, including a young Cecil Fredericks, finding the magical Tablet of Ahkmenrah. The locals warn the group that removing the tablet will end its magic. In present day New York City, Larry Daley remains the night guard of the American Museum of Natural History. He, Theodore Roosevelt, Sacagawea, Attila the Hun, Jedediah, Octavius and Dexter the capuchin monkey help re-open the Hayden Planetarium. A new wax Neanderthal resembling Larry named Laaa is introduced, identifying Larry as his father. Ahkmenrah shows Larry that the tablet is corroding, which later causes the exhibits to act erratically, causing mayhem at the planetarium’s reopening. Afterwards, Larry catches his son Nick throwing a house party, who plans on taking a gap year to sort out his life.
Larry reunites with Cecil, now in retirement, who realises the end of the tablet’s magic will cause the exhibits to become lifeless. Cecil explains Ahkmenrah’s parents, Merenkahre and Shepseheret, may be able to restore the tablet’s power, but are located in the British Museum. Larry convinces the museum’s curator, Dr. McPhee, to let him ship Ahkmenrah to London to restore the tablet, convinced that McPhee knows its secrets. Larry and Nick travel to the British Museum, bypassing the night guard Tilly. To Larry’s surprise, Roosevelt, Sacagawea, Attila, Jed, Octavius, Dexter, and Laaa have come as well. Laaa is left to stand guard while the others search the museum, the tablet bringing its own exhibits to life.
They are joined by a wax Sir Lancelot who helps them fight off the aggressive museum exhibits like a Xiangliu statue and a Triceratops skeleton. Jedediah and Octavius fall through a ventilation shaft, but are rescued from an erupting Pompeii model by Dexter. The group find Ahkmenrah’s parents, learning the tablet’s power can be regenerated by moonlight, since it is empowered with the magic of Khonsu. Lancelot mistakes the tablet for the Holy Grail and steals it, leaving to find Camelot. Larry and Laaa are locked in the employee break room by Tilly but escape, Laaa remaining behind to distract Tilly, but they become attracted to each other.
Lancelot crashes a performance of the musical Camelot, starring Hugh Jackman and Alice Eve as King Arthur and Queen Guinevere, but Larry and the others chase him to the theatre roof, where the New York exhibits begin to die. Lancelot then sees that the quest was about them and gives the tablet back. The moonlight restores the tablet’s power, saving the exhibits. They decide that Ahkmenrah and the tablet should stay with his parents, even if it means the New York exhibits will no longer come to life. Back in New York, Larry spends some final moments with his friends before sunrise.
Three years later, Larry now works as a teacher, and a travelling British Museum exhibit comes to New York. Tilly becomes the new night guard, and gives the tablet to Dr. McPhee, showing him its power, and allowing the exhibits to awaken again. Outside, Larry watches them party inside.
Cast[edit]
Ben Stiller as Larry Daley, a security guard at the American Museum of Natural History.[4]
Stiller also plays Laaa, a Neanderthal who resembles Larry.
Robin Williams as Theodore Roosevelt, the wax statue of the 26th President of the United States.[4]
Owen Wilson as Jedediah, a cowboy diorama miniature.[4]
Steve Coogan as Octavius, a Roman soldier miniature.[4]
Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee, the director of the Museum of Natural History.[4]
Rachael Harris as Madeline Phelps, the chairwoman of the American Museum of Natural History.
Dan Stevens as Sir Lancelot, the wax statue of the legendary Knight of the Round Table.[5]
Rebel Wilson as Tilly, the night security guard at the British Museum.[4]
Skyler Gisondo as Nick Daley, the son of Larry Daley.[6] He was previously played by Jake Cherry in the first two films.
Rami Malek as Ahkmenrah, the mummy of an ancient pharaoh.[4]
Patrick Gallagher as Attila the Hun, the statue of the leader of the Huns.[4]
Mizuo Peck as Sacagawea, the polyurethane model of the Lemhi Shoshone woman who is Theodore Roosevelt's girlfriend.[4]
Ben Kingsley as Merenkahre, the mummy of an ancient pharaoh and Ahkmenrah's father.[7]
Dick Van Dyke as Cecil "C.J." Fredericks, a retired security guard from the first film.[8]
Percy Hynes White plays the younger Cecil "C.J." Fredericks
Mickey Rooney as Gus, a retired security guard from the first film.[8]
Bill Cobbs as Reginald, a retired security guard from the first film.[8]
Andrea Martin as Rose, an archivist at the Museum of Natural History.
Brennan Elliott as Robert Fredericks, C.J.'s father in the prologue.
Matt Frewer as Archibald Stanley, an archeologist who accompanies Robert and Cecil in the prologue.
Anjali Jay as Shepseheret, the mummy of a Great Royal Wife of Merenkahre and mother of Ahkmenrah.
Crystal the Monkey as Dexter, a Capuchin monkey.
Hugh Jackman as Himself (uncredited)
Alice Eve as Herself (uncredited)
Voices[edit]
Robin Williams as Garuda Artifact.
Brad Garrett as Easter Island Head.
Regina Taufen as New York Reporter.
Production[edit]
On January 21, 2010, co-writer Thomas Lennon said to Access Hollywood, "I think it's a really outstanding idea to do Night at the Museum 3, in fact. I wonder if someone's not even already working on a script for that. I cannot confirm that for a fact, but I cannot deny it for a fact either... It might be in the works."[9] In an October 2011 interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Stiller confirmed the sequel, however, he said that it was only in the "ideas stage".[10] In February 2013 it was announced that the film, directed by Shawn Levy, would be released on December 25, 2014.[11] On September 10, 2013, it was announced that shooting would start in February 2014.[12]
On November 8, 2013, actor Dan Stevens was cast as Lancelot.[5] On November 15, 2013, it was announced that Skyler Gisondo would be replacing Jake Cherry in the role of Nicky Daley.[6] On December 18, 2013, it was announced that Stiller, Robin Williams, and Ricky Gervais would be returning for the sequel.[13] On January 9, 2014, it was announced that Rebel Wilson would play a security guard in the British Museum.[4] On January 14, 2014, the film's release date was moved up from December 25, 2014, to December 19, 2014.[14] On January 23, 2014, it was announced Ben Kingsley would play an Egyptian Pharaoh at the British Museum.[15] Principal photography and production began on January 27, 2014.[16][17] On May 6, 2014, it was announced that the film would be titled Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb.[18] In May 2014, principal photography ended.[19]
Music[edit]
Alan Silvestri returns to score the final installment of the trilogy.[20][21]
Night At the Museum: Secret of the Tomb (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
Film score by Alan Silvestri
Released
January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)
Recorded
2014
Genre
Film score
Length
56:52
Label
Varese Sarabande
Track listing[edit]
Varese Sarabande released a soundtrack album of the score on January 6, 2015.[22][23][24]
All tracks written by Alan Silvestri.
Night At the Museum: Secret of the Tomb (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
No.
Title
Length
1. "The Ahkmenrah Expedition" 3:34
2. "Performance Prep" 2:02
3. "LOL" 2:22
4. "The Grand Re-Opening" 3:13
5. "The End Will Come" 2:19
6. "Sneak And Greet" 3:25
7. "Sir Lancelot" 3:33
8. "Where Are Jed And Octavius?" 2:50
9. "Main Hall" 3:24
10. "Xiangliu" 3:46
11. "Male Bonding" 2:15
12. "The Legend Of The Tablet" 3:11
13. "The Escher Fight" 3:45
14. "Camelot" 3:49
15. "The Quest" 2:35
16. "Seeing Your Boy Become A Man" 3:14
17. "Laaa Love" 1:53
18. "A Farewell Kiss" 2:40
19. "Teddy's Goodbye" 3:02
Total length: 56:52
Release[edit]
The film premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 11, 2014.[25] It was then released on December 19, 2014 in the United States.[26]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb grossed $113.7 million in North America, and $249.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $363.2 million against a budget of $127 million.[2]
In North America, early analysts were predicting a potential $25–$28 million opening.[27][28] In North America, the film was released on December 19, 2014 across 3,785 theaters.[29] It opened Friday, December 19, 2014 and earned $5.6 million on its opening day, placing at number three at the box office.[30] The film underperformed expectations during its opening weekend, earning $17.1 million, which was relatively lower than the openings of the original film ($30.4 million) and its sequel ($54.1 million).[31] The film debuted at number two at the box office behind The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies.[32] According to 20th Century Fox, the movie's audience was 51% male, with 54% of the audience under the age of 25. In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of "B+", on an A+ to F scale.[32]
The film began its international rollout the same weekend as the North American premiere and earned $10.4 million from 27 markets in its opening weekend, debuting at #3 behind at the box office behind The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies and Penguins of Madagascar.[33][34][35][36] The film expanded to an additional 40 markets in its second week and grossed $31.2 million.[37] It topped the box office outside North America in its fourth weekend with a total gross of $46.2 million, primarily because of China, where it opened at #1 with $26 million.[38] The other highest opening figures were from Mexico ($5.85 million), Brazil ($3.1 million), Malaysia ($3.07 million), the UK ($3 million), Australia ($2.8 million), Germany ($2.1 million) and Singapore ($2 million).[37][39][40]
For the weekend of January 16, 2015, the film grossed $17.8 million, which includes a $3.9 million debut in South Korea.[41]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received a 48% approval rating, based on 104 reviews, with an average score of 5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "While not without its moments, Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb is a less-than-inspired sendoff for the trilogy."[42] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 47 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[43] In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[32]
Scott Foundas of Variety gave the film a positive review, praising the visual effects and calling the production values "topnotch", and admiring Guillermo Navarro's work. He added, "A most enjoyable capper to director Shawn Levy and producer Chris Columbus’ cheerfully silly and sneakily smart family-entertainment juggernaut... offers little in the way of secrets of surprises, but should add much holiday cheer to Fox’s box-office coffers."[44] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film three stars out of five and said, "The third part in what absolutely no one is calling the Night at the Museum 'trilogy' turns out to be a good-natured and entertainingly surreal panto fantasy."[45] Glenn Kenny awarded the film 2½ stars out of 4 praising the Indiana Jones themed-set while criticizing the performances of the cast and said, "As talent-packed as any Night at the Museum picture may be—in this third installment... —one doesn’t come to a movie of this sort expecting anybody’s best work. Or at least one certainly shouldn’t, because it won’t materialize."[46] Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice gave the film a positive review, saying "The third installment, Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb may be the best, and even the generally wound-too-tight Ben Stiller - once again playing a bemused Museum of Natural History guard - is easy to tolerate."[47] Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "Where the previous films felt frenetic and forced, this outing feels breezier, more enjoyable and less contrived."[48] Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News gave the film three out of five stars, saying "There's a serenity to museum visits, especially if it's a place you know and love. Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb, amazingly, recaptures that feeling in big-studio franchise form."[49]
Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film two out of five stars, saying "Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb is a rather lackluster affair, a cash grab that tries to aim a little higher but confuses sappy shortcuts with real emotion."[50] Joe McGovern of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B, saying "It's kind of fun, unembarrassingly, and not least of all because the people who made it look like they had a good time doing so."[51] Tom Long of The Detroit News gave the film a B, saying "There are some key elements that make this Night at the Museum sequel work better than its predecessor."[52] Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star-Ledger gave the film two out of four stars, saying "The exhibits in this Night at the Museum may still come to life nightly. But their latest movie stays stubbornly inert."[53] Tom Russo of The Boston Globe gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "Seeing Ben Stiller, the late Robin Williams, and their magically roused gang together again, this time in London, is initially all about indulgent, nostalgic smiles rather than new wows. But then comes the movie’s exceptionally clever and fresh final act, which delivers genuine surprise along with many laughs."[54] Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the film three out of five stars, saying "The third Night at the Museum film starts strongly, with its heart in the past... It’s an exciting opening, and perhaps too exciting for the film’s own good. It’s hard not to be disappointed when the plot moves back to the present and settles into the time-honoured formula of digitised creatures running riot and famous people in fancy dress doing shtick."[55] Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review, saying "Despite relocating across the pond to the esteemed British Museum, the creaky Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb fails to capitalize on the comic potential provided by that change of venue."[56]
Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+, saying "Secret of the Tomb plays it as a source of corny jokes, pop-culture references, and father-son bonding moments. In other words, it’s exactly the kind of film that shouldn’t be expected to engage with its assorted bizarre subtexts — but what a movie it could be if it did."[57] Sara Stewart of the New York Post gave the film two out of four stars, saying "For piquing kids’ interest in history and nature, you could do worse than this goofy Ben Stiller franchise. But its third installment is more meh than manic, too reliant on wide shots of the ragtag Museum of Natural History cohorts striding down corridors. You get the feeling returning director Shawn Levy is ready to hang it up."[58] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one and a half stars out of five, saying "The dialogue is schmaltzy and often painfully unfunny. The special effects are often so 1980s-bad, one wonders if it was a deliberate choice, to make the creepy visuals of sculptures dancing and paintings moving less frightening to young viewers. Time and again, terrific actors sink in the equivalent of cinematic quicksand, helpless against the sucking sound of this movie."[59] Drew Hunt of Slant Magazine gave the film one out of four stars, saying "None of the entries in the Night at the Museum series could ever pass for high art, but a wealth of comedic talent gave the first two installments a madcap energy that somewhat forgave their childish premises. Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb, the third and supposedly final edition in the franchise, is nothing more than an uncomfortably transparent contractual obligation."[60]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)
Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie: Comedy Nominated [61]
Choice Movie Actor: Comedy Ben Stiller Nominated
Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Ben Stiller Won [62][63]
Home media[edit]
Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 10, 2015.[64] The film debuted in second place on the home media charts behind The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1.[65]
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Fleming, Mike. "Rebel Wilson Joins 'Night At The Museum 3' Cast". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "New ‘Night at the Museum’ is a bit musty". New York Post. Retrieved December 19, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "‘The Hunger Games’ Fends Off ‘Night at the Museum’ on Home Video Sales Charts". Variety.com. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb
Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb on IMDb
Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb at the TCM Movie Database
Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb at Box Office Mojo
[show]
v
t
e
Milan Trenc's The Night at the Museum
Films
Night at the Museum (2006)
Battle of the Smithsonian (2009)
Secret of the Tomb (2014)
Video games
Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Shawn Levy
Just in Time (1997)
Jett Jackson: The Movie (2001)
Big Fat Liar (2002)
Just Married (2003)
Cheaper by the Dozen (2003)
The Pink Panther (2006)
Night at the Museum (2006)
Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian (2009)
Date Night (2010)
Real Steel (2011)
The Internship (2013)
This Is Where I Leave You (2014)
Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb (2014)
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List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Assassination attempts and plots on Presidents of the United States have been numerous: more than 30 attempts to kill sitting and former presidents and presidents-elect are known. Four sitting presidents have been killed, all of them by gunshot: Abraham Lincoln (the 16th President), James A. Garfield (the 20th President), William McKinley (the 25th President) and John F. Kennedy (the 35th President). Two presidents were injured in attempted assassinations, also by gunshot: Theodore Roosevelt (the 26th President; although not in office at the time) and Ronald Reagan (the 40th President).
Although the historian James W. Clarke has suggested that most American assassinations were politically motivated actions, carried out by rational men,[1] not all such attacks have been undertaken for political reasons.[2] Some attackers had questionable mental stability, and a few were judged legally insane.[3][4] Since the Vice President of the United States has for more than a century been elected from the same political party as the President, the assassination of the President is unlikely to result in major policy changes. This may explain why political groups typically do not make such attacks.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Presidents assassinated
1.1 Abraham Lincoln
1.2 James A. Garfield
1.3 William McKinley
1.4 John F. Kennedy
2 Assassination plots and attempts
2.1 Andrew Jackson
2.2 Abraham Lincoln
2.3 William Howard Taft
2.4 Theodore Roosevelt
2.5 Herbert Hoover
2.6 Franklin D. Roosevelt
2.7 Harry S. Truman
2.8 John F. Kennedy
2.9 Richard Nixon
2.10 Gerald Ford
2.11 Jimmy Carter
2.12 Ronald Reagan
2.13 George H. W. Bush
2.14 Bill Clinton
2.15 George W. Bush
2.16 Barack Obama
3 Presidential deaths rumored to be assassinations
3.1 Zachary Taylor
3.2 Warren G. Harding
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
Presidents assassinated[edit]
Abraham Lincoln[edit]
Main article: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
The assassination of President Lincoln took place on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, at approximately 10:15 p.m. Lincoln was shot once in the back of his head with a .44 caliber Derringer pistol by actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth while watching the play Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, and two guests. Major Henry Rathbone tried to stop Booth from escaping, but Booth stabbed him in the chest and slashed his arm to the bone with a dagger that he was also carrying. Soon after Lincoln was shot, his wound was declared to be fatal. The unconscious President was then carried across the street from the theater to the Petersen House, where he remained in a coma for nine hours before dying the following morning at 7:22 a.m. on April 15.[6]
Booth was tracked down by Union soldiers and was shot and killed by Sergeant Boston Corbett on April 26, 1865. Booth apparently believed that killing Lincoln would radically change U.S. policy toward the South.
Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State William H. Seward were targeted in the same plot. However, Johnson's would-be assassin, George Atzerodt, lost his nerve and failed to go through with the attack, while Lewis Powell, who was assigned to kill Seward, was only able to inflict largely superficial injuries due to a combination of his gun misfiring and intervention from Seward's family.
John Wilkes Booth
James A. Garfield[edit]
Main article: Assassination of James A. Garfield
The assassination of President Garfield took place in Washington, D.C., at 9:30 a.m. on Saturday, July 2, 1881, less than four months after he took office. Charles J. Guiteau shot him twice, once in his right arm and once in his back, with a .442 Webley British Bulldog revolver, as the president was arriving at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station. Garfield died 11 weeks later, on September 19, 1881, at 10:35 p.m., of complications caused by infections.
Guiteau was immediately arrested. After a highly publicized trial lasting from November 14, 1881 to January 25, 1882, he was found guilty and sentenced to death. A subsequent appeal was rejected, and he was executed by hanging on June 30, 1882 in the District of Columbia, two days before the first anniversary of the attempt. Guiteau was assessed during his trial as mentally unbalanced and possibly suffered from some kind of bipolar disorder or from the effects of syphilis on the brain. He claimed to have shot Garfield out of disappointment for being passed over for appointment as Ambassador to France. He attributed the president's victory in the election to a speech he wrote in support of Garfield.[7]
William McKinley[edit]
Main article: Assassination of William McKinley
The assassination of President McKinley took place at 4:07 p.m. on Friday, September 6, 1901, at the Temple of Music in Buffalo, New York. McKinley, attending the Pan-American Exposition, was shot twice in the abdomen at close range by Leon Czolgosz, a self-proclaimed anarchist, who was armed with a .32 caliber revolver wrapped up in what seemed to be a bandage. The first bullet ricocheted off either a button or an award medal on McKinley's jacket and lodged in his sleeve but the second shot pierced his stomach. McKinley died seven days later, on September 14, 1901, at 2:15 a.m, after his condition rapidly declined.
Members of the crowd captured and subdued Czolgosz. Afterward, the 4th Brigade, National Guard Signal Corps, and police intervened, beating Czolgosz so severely it was initially thought he might not live to stand trial. On September 24, after a rushed, two-day trial in state court, Czolgosz was sentenced to death. He was executed by electric chair in Auburn Prison on October 29, 1901. Czolgosz's actions were politically motivated, although it remains unclear what outcome if any he believed the shooting would yield.
Following the assassination of President William McKinley, Congress directed the Secret Service to protect the President of the United States as part of its mandate.
John F. Kennedy[edit]
JFK, Jackie, and the Connallys in the presidential limousine minutes before the assassination
Main article: Assassination of John F. Kennedy
The assassination of President Kennedy took place on Friday, November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas, at 12:30 p.m. CST (18:30 UTC). Kennedy was fatally shot twice through his neck and his head by a sniper while riding with his wife Jacqueline in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza. He was officially declared dead 30 minutes after the shooting at Parkland Memorial Hospital, but he was effectively brain dead instantly.[8] Texas Governor John Connally, who was sitting in front of Kennedy, was also wounded in the shooting but survived. The assassination was filmed by Dallas dressmaker Abraham Zapruder.
Lee Harvey Oswald, an employee of the Texas School Book Depository in Dealey Plaza, and a former U.S. Marine with Marxist beliefs, was arrested shortly after at the Texas Theater after agents found his rifle with shell casings on the sixth floor of the Depository. Oswald was originally arrested for killing Dallas Police officer J. D. Tippit after the assassination. At 11:21 a.m. Sunday, November 24, 1963, while he was handcuffed to Detective Jim Leavelle and as he was about to be taken to the Dallas County Jail, Oswald was shot and fatally wounded in the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters by Jack Ruby, a Dallas nightclub operator who said that he had been distraught over the Kennedy assassination. The shooting by Ruby was televised, as Oswald's transfer was being covered by the media. Oswald was taken unconscious by ambulance to Parkland Memorial Hospital where he died at 1:07 p.m.. Ruby was convicted of Oswald's murder and died in prison in 1967.
The ten-month investigation of the Warren Commission of 1963–1964 concluded that President Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald and that Oswald had acted entirely alone. They also concluded that Jack Ruby acted alone when he killed Oswald before he could stand trial. Nonetheless, polls conducted from 1966 to 2004 found that as many as 80 percent of Americans have suspected that there was a plot or cover-up.[9][10] Doubts and conspiracy theories continue to persist.
Assassination plots and attempts[edit]
Andrew Jackson[edit]
Illustration of Jackson's attempted assassination
January 30, 1835: Just outside the Capitol Building, a house painter named Richard Lawrence attempted to shoot Jackson with two pistols, both of which misfired. Lawrence was apprehended after Jackson beat him severely with his cane. Lawrence was found not guilty by reason of insanity and confined to a mental institution until his death in 1861.[11]
Abraham Lincoln[edit]
February 23, 1861: The Baltimore Plot was an alleged conspiracy to assassinate President-elect Abraham Lincoln en route to his inauguration. Allan Pinkerton's National Detective Agency played a key role in protecting the president-elect by managing Lincoln's security throughout the journey. Though scholars debate whether the threat was real, Lincoln and his advisers took actions to ensure his safe passage through Baltimore.
August 1864: A lone rifle shot fired by an unknown sniper missed Lincoln's head by inches (passing through his hat) as he rode in the late evening, unguarded, north from the White House three miles (5 km) to the Soldiers' Home (his regular retreat where he would work and sleep before returning to the White House the following morning). Near 11:00 pm, Private John W. Nichols of the Pennsylvania 150th Volunteers, the sentry on duty at the gated entrance to the Soldiers' Home grounds, heard the rifle shot and moments later saw the president riding toward him "bareheaded". Lincoln described the matter to Ward Lamon, his old friend and loyal bodyguard.[12][13]
William Howard Taft[edit]
William Taft and Porfirio Díaz, historic first presidential summit, Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, October 16, 1909.
In 1909, Taft and Porfirio Díaz planned a summit in El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, a historic first meeting between a U.S. president and a Mexican president and also the first time an American president would cross the border into Mexico.[14] Diaz requested the meeting to show U.S. support for his planned eighth run as president, and Taft agreed to support Diaz in order to protect the several billion dollars of American capital then invested in Mexico.[15] Both sides agreed that the disputed Chamizal strip connecting El Paso to Ciudad Juárez would be considered neutral territory with no flags present during the summit, but the meeting focused attention on this territory and resulted in assassination threats and other serious security concerns.[16] The Texas Rangers, 4,000 U.S. and Mexican troops, U.S. Secret Service agents, FBI agents and U.S. Marshals were all called in to provide security.[17] An additional 250 private security detail led by Frederick Russell Burnham, the celebrated scout, was hired by John Hays Hammond. Hammond was a close friend of Taft from Yale and a former candidate for U.S. Vice-President in 1908 who, along with his business partner Burnham, held considerable mining interests in Mexico.[18][19][20] On October 16, the day of the summit, Burnham and Private C.R. Moore, a Texas Ranger, discovered a man holding a concealed palm pistol standing at the El Paso Chamber of Commerce building along the procession route.[21] Burnham and Moore captured and disarmed the would-be assassin within only a few feet of Taft and Díaz.[22]
Theodore Roosevelt[edit]
October 14, 1912: Three and a half years after he left office, Roosevelt was running for President as a member of the Progressive Party. Before a campaign speech in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, John F. Schrank, a saloon-keeper from New York who had been stalking him for weeks, shot Roosevelt once in the chest with a .38-caliber Colt Police Positive Special revolver. The 50-page text of his campaign speech folded over twice in Roosevelt's breast pocket and a metal glasses case slowed the bullet, saving his life. Schrank was immediately disarmed, captured and might have been lynched had Roosevelt not shouted for Schrank to remain unharmed.[23]
After discerning he was not mortally wounded, Roosevelt finished his speech with the bullet still lodged in his chest.[24] Afterwards, he went to a nearby hospital, where the bullet was found between his ribs. Doctors decided it would be too risky to remove it, so the bullet remained in Roosevelt's body for the rest of his life. He spent two weeks recuperating before returning to the campaign trail. Despite his tenacity, Roosevelt ultimately lost his bid for reelection.[25]
At Schrank's trial, the would-be assassin claimed that William McKinley had visited him in a dream and told him to avenge his assassination by killing Roosevelt. He was found legally insane and was institutionalized until his death in 1943.[26]
Herbert Hoover[edit]
On November 19, 1928,[27] President-elect Hoover embarked on a ten-nation "goodwill tour" of Central and South America.[28] While crossing the Andes mountains from Chile, an assassination plot by Argentine anarchists was thwarted. The group was led by Severino Di Giovanni, who planned to blow up his train as it crossed the Argentinian central plain. The plotters had an itinerary but the bomber was arrested before he could place the explosives on the rails. Hoover professed unconcern, tearing off the front page of a newspaper that revealed the plot and explaining, "It's just as well that Lou shouldn't see it,"[29] referring to his wife. His complimentary remarks on Argentina were well received in both the host country and in the press.[30]
Franklin D. Roosevelt[edit]
On February 15, 1933, in Miami, Florida, Giuseppe Zangara fired five shots at Roosevelt. The assassination attempt occurred just 17 days before Roosevelt's first presidential inauguration. Although Zangara did not wound the President-elect, he did kill Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak and wounded five other people. Zangara was found guilty of murder and was executed on March 20, 1933. It has never been determined who was Zangara's target, and most assumed at first that he had been shooting at the President. Another theory, is that it may have been ordered by the imprisoned Al Capone.[31][32]
Soviet authorities claimed to have discovered a German plan to assassinate Roosevelt at the upcoming Tehran Conference in 1943.[33]
Harry S. Truman[edit]
In the summer of 1947, pending the independence of Israel, the Zionist Stern Gang was believed to have sent a number of letter bombs addressed to the president and high-ranking staff at the White House. The Secret Service had been alerted by British intelligence after similar letters had been sent to high-ranking British officials and the Gang claimed credit.The mail room of the White House intercepted the letters and the Secret Service defused them. At the time, the incident was not publicized. Truman's daughter Margaret confirmed the incident in her biography of Truman published in 1972. It had earlier been told in a memoir by Ira R.T. Smith, who worked in the mail room.[34]

Main article: Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman
On November 1, 1950, two Puerto Rican pro-independence activists, Oscar Collazo and Griselio Torresola, attempted to kill Truman at the Blair House, where Truman lived while the White House was being renovated. In the attack, Torresola mortally wounded White House Policeman Leslie Coffelt, who killed the attacker with a shot to the head. Torresola also wounded White House Policeman Joseph Downs. Collazo wounded another officer, and survived with serious injuries. Truman was not harmed, but he was placed at a huge risk. He commuted Collazo's death sentence after conviction in a federal trial to life in prison. In 1979, President Jimmy Carter commuted it to time served.[35]
John F. Kennedy[edit]
December 11, 1960: While vacationing in Palm Beach, Florida, President-elect John F. Kennedy was threatened by Richard Paul Pavlick, a 73-year-old former postal worker driven by hatred of Catholics. Pavlick intended to crash his dynamite-laden 1950 Buick into Kennedy's vehicle, but he changed his mind after seeing Kennedy's wife and daughter bid him goodbye.[36] Pavlick was arrested three days later by the Secret Service after being stopped for a driving violation; police found the dynamite in his car. Pavlick spent the next six years in both federal prison and mental institutions before being released in December 1966, three years after Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in November 1963.
Richard Nixon[edit]
April 13, 1972: Arthur Bremer carried a firearm to an event intending to shoot Nixon, but was put off by strong security. A few weeks later, he instead shot and seriously injured the Governor of Alabama, George Wallace, who was paralyzed for the rest of his life until his death in 1998. Three other people were unintentionally wounded. Bremer served 35 years in prison for the shooting of Governor Wallace.[37]
February 22, 1974: Samuel Byck planned to kill Nixon by crashing a commercial airliner into the White House.[38] He hijacked the plane on the ground by force after killing a police officer, and was told that it could not take off with the wheel blocks still in place. After he shot both pilots (one later died), an officer shot Byck through the plane's door window. He survived long enough to kill himself by shooting. These events were portrayed in the film The Assassination of Richard Nixon.
Gerald Ford[edit]
Main articles: attempt in Sacramento (Lynette Fromme) and attempt in San Francisco (Sara Jane Moore)
September 5, 1975: On the northern grounds of the California State Capitol, Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, a follower of Charles Manson, drew a Colt M1911 .45 caliber pistol on Ford when he reached to shake her hand in a crowd. She had four cartridges in the pistol's magazine but none in the firing chamber, and as a result, the gun did not fire. She was quickly restrained by Secret Service agent Larry Buendorf. Fromme was sentenced to life in prison, but was released from custody on August 14, 2009 (two years and 8 months after Ford's death in 2006).[39]
September 22, 1975: In San Francisco, California, only 17 days after Fromme's attempt, Sara Jane Moore fired a revolver at Ford from 40 feet (12 m) away.[40] A bystander, Oliver Sipple, grabbed Moore's arm and the shot missed Ford, striking a building wall and slightly injuring taxi driver John Ludwig.[41] Moore was tried and convicted in federal court, and sentenced to prison for life. She was paroled from a federal prison on December 31, 2007 after serving more than 30 years, one year and five days after Ford's natural death.
Jimmy Carter[edit]
Raymond Lee Harvey was an Ohio-born unemployed American drifter. He was arrested by the Secret Service after being found carrying a starter pistol with blank rounds, ten minutes before Carter was to give a speech at the Civic Center Mall in Los Angeles on May 5, 1979. Harvey had a history of mental illness,[42] but police had to investigate his claim that he was part of a four-man operation to assassinate the president.[43] According to Harvey, he fired seven blank rounds from the starter pistol on the hotel roof on the night of May 4 to test how much noise it would make. He claimed to have been with one of the plotters that night, whom he knew as "Julio". (This man was later identified as a 21-year-old illegal immigrant from Mexico, who gave the name Osvaldo Espinoza Ortiz.)[42] At the time of his arrest, Harvey had eight spent rounds in his pocket, as well as 70 unspent blank rounds for the gun.[44] Harvey was jailed on a $50,000 bond, given his transient status, and Ortiz was alternately reported as being held on a $100,000 bond as a material witness[42] or held on a $50,000 bond being charged with burglary from a car.[44] Charges against the pair were ultimately dismissed for a lack of evidence.[45]
John Hinckley, Jr. came close to shooting Carter during his re-election campaign, but he lost his nerve. He would later attempt to kill President Ronald Reagan in March 1981.
Ronald Reagan[edit]
Main article: Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan
On March 30, 1981, as Ronald Reagan returned to his presidential limousine after a speech at the Washington Hilton hotel in Washington, D.C., he and three other men were shot and wounded by John Hinckley, Jr. Reagan was struck by a single bullet that broke a rib, punctured a lung, and caused serious internal bleeding. He was rushed to nearby George Washington University Hospital for emergency surgery and was then hospitalized for about two weeks. Upon release, he resumed a light workload for several months as he recovered.
Hinckley was immediately subdued and arrested at the scene. Later, he claimed to have wanted to kill the president to impress the teen actress Jodie Foster. He was deemed mentally ill and was confined to an institution. Besides Reagan, White House Press Secretary James Brady, Secret Service agent Tim McCarthy, and D.C. police officer Thomas Delahanty were also wounded in the attack. All three survived, but Brady suffered brain damage and was permanently disabled, and he died in August 2014. His death was determined to be homicide because it was ultimately caused by the injury received in 1981.[46] Hinckley was released from institutional psychiatric care at St. Elizabeth Hospital in Washington, D.C., on September 10, 2016.
George H. W. Bush[edit]
April 13, 1993: Fourteen men believed to be working for Saddam Hussein smuggled bombs into Kuwait, planning to assassinate former President Bush by a car bomb during his visit to Kuwait University three months after he had left office (in January 1993).[47] The plot was foiled when Kuwaiti officials found the bomb and arrested the suspected assassins. Two of the suspects, Wali Abdelhadi Ghazali and Raad Abdel-Amir al-Assadi, retracted their confessions at the trial, claiming that they were coerced.[48] There is evidence that the Iraqi Intelligence Service, particularly Directorate 14, was behind the plot.[49] Then-president Bill Clinton responded by launching a cruise missile attack on an Iraqi intelligence building in Baghdad.
Bill Clinton[edit]
January 21, 1994: Ronald Gene Barbour, a retired military officer and freelance writer, plotted to kill Clinton while the President was jogging. Barbour returned to Florida a week later without having fired the shots at the president, who was on a state visit to Russia.[50] Barbour was sentenced to five years in prison and was released in 1998.
September 12, 1994: Frank Eugene Corder flew a stolen single-engine Cessna onto the White House lawn and crashed into a tree. Corder, a truck driver from Maryland who reportedly had alcohol problems, allegedly tried to hit the White House. He was killed in the crash. The President and First Family were not home at the time.[51]
October 29, 1994: Francisco Martin Duran fired at least 29 shots with a semi-automatic rifle at the White House from a fence overlooking the north lawn, thinking that Clinton was among the men in dark suits standing there (Clinton was inside). Three tourists, Harry Rakosky, Ken Davis and Robert Haines, tackled Duran before he could injure anyone. Found with a suicide note in his pocket, Duran was sentenced to 40 years in prison.[52]
1996: During his visit to the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum in Manila in 1996, Clinton's motorcade was rerouted before it was to drive over a bridge. Service officers had intercepted a message suggesting that an attack was imminent, and Lewis Merletti, the director of the Secret Service, ordered the motorcade to be re-routed. An intelligence team later discovered a bomb under the bridge. Subsequent U.S. investigation "revealed that [the plot] was masterminded by a Saudi terrorist living in Afghanistan named Osama bin Laden".[53]
George W. Bush[edit]
Main article: Assassination threats against George W. Bush
February 7, 2001: While President George W. Bush was in the White House, Robert Pickett, standing outside the perimeter fence, discharged a number of shots from a weapon in the direction of the White House. He was sentenced to three years in prison.[54] This attempt happened less than a month after he took office.
May 10, 2005: While President Bush was giving a speech in the Freedom Square in Tbilisi, Georgia, Vladimir Arutyunian threw a live Soviet-made RGD-5 hand grenade toward the podium. The grenade had its pin pulled, but did not explode because a red tartan handkerchief was wrapped tightly around it, preventing the safety lever from detaching.[55] After escaping that day, Arutyunian was arrested in July 2005. During his arrest, he killed an Interior Ministry agent. He was convicted in January 2006 and given a life sentence.[56][57]
Barack Obama[edit]
Main article: Assassination threats against Barack Obama
April 2009: A plot to assassinate Obama at the Alliance of Civilizations summit in Istanbul, Turkey was discovered after a man of Syrian origins carrying forged Al-Jazeera TV press credentials was found. The man confessed to the Turkish security services details of his plan to kill Obama with a knife with three alleged accomplices.[58]
November 2011: Oscar Ramiro Ortega-Hernandez, a man who believed he was Jesus and that Obama was the Antichrist, hit the White House with several rounds fired from a semi-automatic rifle. No one was injured. However, a window was broken.[59] He was sentenced to 25 years in prison.[60]
April 2013: Another attempt was made when a letter laced with ricin, a deadly poison, was sent to President Obama.[61]
Presidential deaths rumored to be assassinations[edit]
Zachary Taylor[edit]
On July 4, 1850, President Zachary Taylor fell ill and was diagnosed by his physicians with cholera morbus, a term that included diarrhea and dysentery but not true cholera. Cholera, typhoid fever and food poisoning have all been indicated as the source of the president's ultimately fatal gastroenteritis. A hasty snack of iced milk, cold cherries and pickles consumed at an Independence Day celebration might have been the culprit.[62] Taylor died five days later in the White House on July 9, 1850, at 10:35 p.m. (22:35).[63]
In the late 1980s, author Clara Rising theorized that Taylor was murdered by poison and was able to convince Taylor's closest living relative, as well as the coroner of Jefferson County, Kentucky, Dr. Richard Greathouse, to order an exhumation. On June 17, 1991, Taylor's remains were exhumed from the vault at the Zachary Taylor National Cemetery in Louisville, Kentucky. The remains were then transported to the Office of the Kentucky Chief Medical Examiner, Dr. George Nichols. Nichols, joined by Dr. William Maples, a forensic anthropologist at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, removed the top of the lead coffin liner to reveal Taylor's well preserved remains. Radiological studies were conducted of the remains before small samples of hair, fingernail, and other tissues were removed. Thomas Secoy, of the Department of Veterans Affairs (and a direct descendant of Taylor's Democratic presidential opponent Lewis Cass), ensured that only those samples required for testing were removed and that the coffin was resealed. The remains were then returned to the cemetery and received appropriate honors at reinterment. The samples were sent to Oak Ridge National Laboratory, where neutron activation analysis revealed traces of arsenic, but at levels less than one percent of the level expected in a death by poisoning.[64]
Warren G. Harding[edit]
In June 1923, President Warren G. Harding set out on a cross-country "Voyage of Understanding", planning to meet with citizens and explain his policies. During this trip, he became the first president to visit Alaska, which was then a U.S. territory.[65]
Rumors of corruption in the Harding administration were beginning to circulate in Washington by 1923, and Harding was profoundly shocked by a long message he received while in Alaska, apparently detailing illegal activities by his own cabinet that were apparently unknown to him. At the end of July, while traveling south from Alaska through British Columbia, he developed what was thought to be a severe case of food poisoning. He gave the final speech of his life to a large crowd at the University of Washington Stadium (now Husky Stadium) at the University of Washington campus in Seattle, Washington. A scheduled speech in Portland, Oregon, was canceled. The President's train proceeded south to San Francisco. Upon arriving at the Palace Hotel, he developed pneumonia. Harding died in his hotel room of either a heart attack or a stroke at 7:35 p.m. (19:35) on August 2, 1923. The formal announcement, printed in The New York Times of that day, stated: "A stroke of apoplexy was the cause of death." He had been ill exactly one week.[66]
Naval physicians surmised that Harding had suffered a heart attack. The Hardings' personal medical advisor, homeopath and Surgeon General Charles E. Sawyer, disagreed with the diagnosis. His wife, Florence Harding, refused permission for an autopsy, which soon led to speculation that the President had been the victim of a plot, possibly carried out by his wife, as Harding apparently had been unfaithful to the First Lady. Gaston B. Means, an amateur historian and gadfly, noted in his book The Strange Death of President Harding (1930) that the circumstances surrounding his death led to suspicions that he had been poisoned. A number of individuals attached to him, both personally and politically, would have welcomed Harding's death, as they would have been disgraced in association by Means' assertion of Harding's "imminent impeachment".
See also[edit]
List of assassinated and executed heads of state and government
List of incidents of political violence in Washington, D.C.
List of White House security breaches
Threatening the President of the United States
Thomas R. Marshall, vice president who was the target of an assassination attempt on July 2, 1915
Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy, Democratic presidential candidate, on June 5, 1968
Shooting of George Wallace, Democratic presidential candidate, on May 15, 1972
Assassination attempts against George W. Bush
Assassination threats against Barack Obama
Attempted assassination of Donald Trump, presumptive Republican nominee for president, on June 18, 2016
Curse of Tippecanoe
Kennedy curse
Assassins (musical), a 1990 musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim
Assassination Vacation, a 2005 book by Sarah Vowell
Notes[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Praying for God to Kill the President", TFN Insider, Texas Freedom Network, Retrieved February 23, 2010.
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Jump up ^ Mayle, Paul D. (1987). Eureka Summit: Agreement in Principle and the Big Three at Tehran, 1943. University of Delaware Press. p. 57. ISBN 9780874132953. Retrieved March 27, 2016. [...] the Russians had uncovered a plot - German agents in Tehran had learned of Roosevelt's presence and were making plans for acion that was likely to take the form of an assassination attempt on one or more of the Big Three while they were in transit between meetings.
Jump up ^ AP, "Jews Sent Truman Letter Bombs, Book Tells", Tri-City Herald, December 1, 1972, accessed December 11, 2012
Jump up ^ Hibbits, Bernard. "Presidential Pardons". Jurist: The Legal Education Network. University of Pittsburgh School of Law. Archived from the original on November 17, 2007. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
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Jump up ^ "1975 : Ford assassination attempt thwarted". History Channel. Archived from the original on May 2, 2009. Retrieved May 6, 2007.
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Jump up ^ "The Imperial Presidency 1972-1980". Archived from the original on April 22, 1999. Retrieved May 8, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Skid Row Plot: A scheme to kill Carter?" Archived August 23, 2013, at the Wayback Machine., Time May 21, 1979.
Jump up ^ "The Plot to Kill Carter", Newsweek May 21, 1979.
^ Jump up to: a b "Alleged Carter death plot: man charged", The Sydney Morning Herald May 10, 1979.
Jump up ^ "Harvey / "Carter Assassination Plot"], CBS News broadcast, Vanderbilt Television News Archive". vanderbilt.edu. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Medical examiner rules James Brady’s death a homicide". Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 30, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Von Drehle, David & Smith, R. Jeffrey (Jun 27, 1993). "U.S. Strikes Iraq for Plot to Kill Bush". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Bush assassination attempt". Department of Justice/FBI Laboratory report. Archived from the original on April 2, 2007. Retrieved May 6, 2007.
Jump up ^ Duelfer, Charles (September 30, 2004). "IIS Undeclared Research on Poisons and Toxins for Assassination". Iraq Study Group Final Report. Globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on January 11, 2008. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Unemployed Man Is Charged With Threat to Kill President". The New York Times. February 19, 1994. Archived from the original on May 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dowd, Maureen (September 14, 1994). "Crash at the White House: The Overview". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Summary Statement of Facts (The September 12, 1994 Plane Crash and The October 29, 1994 Shooting) Background Information on the White House Security Review". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved May 6, 2007.
Jump up ^ Leonard, Tom (Dec 22, 2009). "Osama bin Laden came within minutes of killing Bill Clinton". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on December 25, 2009. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "U.S. presidential assassinations and attempts". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ US FBI report into the attack and investigation Archived April 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ "Bush grenade attacker gets life". CNN. January 11, 2006. Archived from the original on July 4, 2008. Retrieved May 6, 2007.
Jump up ^ "The case of the failed hand grenade attack". FBI Press Room. January 11, 2006. Archived from the original on April 11, 2007. Retrieved May 6, 2007.
Jump up ^ Ed Henry (April 6, 2009). "Plot to assassinate Obama foiled in Turkey". CNN. Archived from the original on July 3, 2016. Retrieved June 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Leonnig, Carol D. (September 27, 2014). "Secret Service fumbled response after gunman hit White House residence in 2011". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 8, 2016. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Oscar Ramiro Ortega-Hernandez, man who shot at White House, gets 25 years". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. March 31, 2014. Archived from the original on January 11, 2015. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "FBI confirms letters to Obama, others contained ricin". CNN. Archived from the original on August 25, 2013. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The bug that poisoned the President". Ross Anderson. Feb 21, 2011. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Baeur, Jack (August 1, 1993). Zachary Taylor: Soldier, Planter, Statesman of the Old Southwest. p. 316.
Jump up ^ Author unknown (date unknown). "President Zachary Taylor and the Laboratory: Presidential Visit from the Grave" in "Chapter 9: Global Outreach". Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Originally retrieved from "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 28, 2010. Retrieved November 2, 2010. . Retrieved from "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 28, 2011. Retrieved April 15, 2016. .
Jump up ^ Reeve, W. Paul (1995-07). President Harding's 1923 Visit to Utah. History Blazer, July 1995. Retrieved from "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 2, 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-14. .
Jump up ^ "Harding a Farm Boy Who Rose by Work". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 15, 2009. Retrieved July 21, 2007. Nominated for the Presidency as a compromise candidate and elected by a tremendous majority because of a reaction against the policies of his predecessor, Warren Gamaliel Harding, twenty-ninth President of the United States, owed his political elevation largely to his engaging personal traits, his ability to work in harmony with the leaders of his party, and the fact that he typified in himself the average prosperous American citizen.
References[edit]
Hammond, John Hays (1935). The Autobiography of John Hays Hammond. New York: Farrar & Rinehart. ISBN 978-0-405-05913-1.
Hampton, Benjamin B (April 1, 1910). "The Vast Riches of Alaska". Hampton's Magazine. Vol. 24 no. 1.
Harris, Charles H. III; Sadler, Louis R. (2009). The Secret War in El Paso: Mexican Revolutionary Intrigue, 1906-1920. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4652-0.
van Wyk, Peter (2003). Burnham: King of Scouts. Victoria, B.C., Canada: Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4120-0901-0.
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values: List of female United States presidential and vice-presidential candidates

values: List of people who received an electoral vote in the United States Electoral College

values: Heights of presidents and presidential candidates of the United States

values: List of major-party United States presidential candidates who lost their birth or resident state

values: List of First Ladies of the United States

values: List of children of the Presidents of the United States

values: Presidential memorials in the United States

values: Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps

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values: List of Presidents of the United States on currency

values: List of U.S. counties named after U.S. Presidents

values: United States Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection

values: Lists of fictional presidents of the United States

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values: List of actors who played the Vice President of the United States

values: List of fictional United States presidential candidates

values: United States presidential line of succession in fiction

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values: Category:Assassinations of Presidents of the United States

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values: Liste der Attentate auf Präsidenten der Vereinigten Staaten – German

values: Attentater på amerikanske presidenter – Norwegian

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