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List of high schools in Florida
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This is a list of high schools in the U.S. state of Florida.
Contents
1 Alachua County
2 Baker County
3 Bay County
4 Bradford County
5 Brevard County
6 Broward County
6.1 Public
6.2 Charter
6.3 Private
7 Calhoun County
8 Charlotte County
9 Citrus County
9.1 Public
9.2 Charter
10 Clay County
11 Collier County
12 Columbia County
13 DeSoto County
14 Dixie County
15 Duval County
15.1 Public
15.2 Magnet
15.3 Alternative
15.4 Charter
15.5 Private
16 Escambia County
17 Flagler County
18 Franklin County
19 Gadsden County
19.1 Private
20 Gilchrist County
21 Glades County
22 Gulf County
23 Hamilton County
24 Hardee County
25 Hendry County
26 Hernando County
27 Highlands County
28 Hillsborough County
29 Holmes County
30 Indian River County
31 Jackson County
32 Jefferson County
33 Lafayette County
34 Lake County
34.1 Private
34.2 Charter
35 Lee County
35.1 Charter
35.2 Private
36 Leon County
37 Levy County
38 Liberty County
39 Madison County
40 Manatee County
40.1 Private Schools
41 Marion County
41.1 Public
41.2 Private
42 Martin County
42.1 Public
42.2 Private
43 Miami-Dade County
43.1 Public
43.2 Private
43.3 Magnet
43.4 Charter
44 Monroe County
45 Nassau County
46 Okaloosa County
47 Okeechobee County
48 Orange County
48.1 Private
49 Osceola County
50 Palm Beach County
51 Pasco County
52 Pinellas County
53 Polk County
54 Putnam County
55 St. Johns County
55.1 Public
55.2 Private
55.3 State
56 St. Lucie County
56.1 Public Schools
56.2 Private Schools
57 Santa Rosa County
58 Sarasota County
58.1 Private schools
58.2 Charter schools
59 Seminole County
59.1 Private
60 Sumter County
61 Suwannee County
62 Taylor County
63 Union County
64 Volusia County
64.1 Public
64.2 Private
65 Wakulla County
66 Walton County
67 Washington County
68 References
69 See also
Alachua County[edit]
F. W. Buchholz High School, Gainesville
Eastside High School, Gainesville
Gainesville High School, Gainesville
Hawthorne Middle/High School, Hawthorne
Loften High School, Gainesville
Newberry High School, Newberry
P. K. Yonge Developmental Research School, Gainesville
St. Francis High School, Gainesville (private)
Santa Fe High School, Alachua
Oak Hall High School, Gainesville (private)
Resilience Charter School, Gainesville (public charter)
Baker County[edit]
Baker County High School, Glen St. Mary
Bay County[edit]
A. Crawford Mosley High School, Lynn Haven
A.D. Harris High School, Panama City
J.R. Arnold High School, Panama City Beach
Bay High School, Panama City
Covenant Christian School, (Private K-12), Panama City
Deane Bozeman School, Panama City
Haney Technical High School, Panama City
Rutherford High School, Panama City
Panama City Advanced School, Panama City
Newpoint Bay High School, Panama City
Bradford County[edit]
Bradford High School, Starke
Brevard County[edit]
Astronaut High School, Titusville
Bayside High School, Palm Bay, Florida
Cocoa Beach High School, Cocoa Beach
Cocoa High School, Cocoa
Covenant Christian School (Private K-12), Palm Bay
Eau Gallie High School, Melbourne
Edgewood Junior/Senior High School, Merritt Island
Florida Preparatory Academy, Melbourne
Heritage High School, Palm Bay
Holy Trinity Episcopal Academy, Melbourne
Liberty High School, Palm Bay
Melbourne Central Catholic High School, Melbourne
Melbourne High School, Melbourne
Merritt Island Christian School, Merritt Island
Merritt Island High School, Merritt Island
Palm Bay Senior High School, Melbourne
Rockledge High School, Rockledge
Satellite High School, Satellite Beach
Space Coast Junior/Senior High School, Cocoa
Titusville High School, Titusville
Viera High School, Viera
West Shore Junior - Senior High School, Melbourne
Broward County[edit]
Public[edit]
Atlantic Technical Center, Coconut Creek
Blanche Ely High School, Pompano Beach
Boyd H. Anderson High School, Lauderdale Lakes
Charles W. Flanagan High School, Pembroke Pines
Coconut Creek High School, Coconut Creek
Cooper City High School, Cooper City
Coral Glades High School, Coral Springs
Coral Springs High School, Coral Springs
Cypress Bay High School, Weston
Deerfield Beach High School, Deerfield Beach
Dillard High School, Fort Lauderdale
Everglades High School, Miramar
Fort Lauderdale High School, Fort Lauderdale
Hallandale High School, Hallandale Beach
Hollywood Hills High School, Hollywood
Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, Parkland
McArthur High School, Hollywood
McFatter Technical Center, Davie
Miramar High School, Miramar
Monarch High School, Coconut Creek
Northeast High School, Oakland Park
Nova High School, Davie
Piper High School, Sunrise
Plantation High School, Plantation
Pompano Beach High School, Pompano Beach
South Broward High School, Hollywood
South Plantation High School, Plantation
Stranahan High School, Fort Lauderdale
J. P. Taravella High School, Coral Springs
West Broward High School, Pembroke Pines
Western High School, Davie
Charter[edit]
Pembroke Pines Charter High School, Pembroke Pines
College Academy at Broward Community College, Davie
Coral Springs Charter School, Coral Springs
International School of Broward, Hollywood
Parkway Academy, Miramar
Pivot Charter School, Tamarac, Florida
Sheridan Technical Center, Hollywood
Somerset Academy Charter
Private[edit]
Academy High School, Coral Springs
American Heritage School, Plantation
Americana School, Deerfield Beach
Archbishop Edward A. McCarthy High School, Fort Lauderdale
Calvary Christian Academy, Fort Lauderdale
Cardinal Gibbons High School, Fort Lauderdale
Chaminade-Madonna College Preparatory School, Hollywood
Conservatory Prep Senior High School, Davie
Coral Springs Christian Academy, Coral Springs
David Posnack Hebrew Day School, Plantation
Fort Lauderdale Preparatory School, Fort Lauderdale
Highlands Christian Academy, Deerfield Beach
North Broward Preparatory School, Coconut Creek
Paladin Academy High School, Hollywood
Pine Crest School, Fort Lauderdale
Sagemont Upper School, Weston
St. Thomas Aquinas High School, Fort Lauderdale
Sheridan Hills Christian School, Hollywood
University School of Nova Southeastern University, Davie
Westminster Academy, Fort Lauderdale
The Hollywood Christian Academy, Hollywood
Calhoun County[edit]
Altha Public School, (K-12), Altha
Blountstown High School, Blountstown
Charlotte County[edit]
Charlotte High School, Punta Gorda
Lemon Bay High School, Englewood
Port Charlotte High School, Port Charlotte
Citrus County[edit]
Public[edit]
Citrus High School, Inverness
Crystal River High School, Crystal River
Cypress Creek Academy, Lecanto
Lecanto High School, Lecanto
Withlacoochee Technical Institute, Inverness
Charter[edit]
Academy of Environmental Science, Crystal River
Clay County[edit]
Clay High School, Green Cove Springs
Fleming Island High School, Orange Park
Keystone Heights Junior-Senior High School, Keystone Heights
Middleburg High School (Middleburg, Florida), Middleburg
Orange Park High School, Orange Park
Ridgeview High School, Orange Park
Oakleaf High School, Orange Park
St. Johns Country Day School, Orange Park
Collier County[edit]
Barron G. Collier High School, Naples
The Community School of Naples, Naples
Rhodora J. Donahue Academy of Ave Maria, Ave Maria
Everglades High School, Everglades City
Golden Gate High School, Naples
Gulf Coast High School, Naples
Immokalee High School, Immokalee
Lely High School, Naples
Lorenzo Walker Technical High School, Naples
Naples High School, Naples
Palmetto Ridge High School, Naples
St. John Neumann High School, Naples
Seacrest Country Day School, Naples
First Baptist Academy High School (Naples, Florida), Naples
Columbia County[edit]
Challenge Learning Center, Lake City
Columbia High School, Lake City
Fort White High School, Fort White
Lake City Christian Academy, Lake City
DeSoto County[edit]
DeSoto High School (Arcadia, Florida), Arcadia
Heritage Baptist Academy, Arcadia
Life Christian Academy, Arcadia
Peace River Valley Church Academy, Arcadia
Dixie County[edit]
Dixie County High School, Cross City
Duval County[edit]
Public[edit]
Douglas Anderson School of the Arts, Jacksonville
Atlantic Coast High School, Jacksonville
Baldwin Middle-Senior High, Baldwin
Englewood High School, Jacksonville
First Coast High School, Jacksonville
Duncan U. Fletcher High School, Neptune Beach
Andrew Jackson High School, Jacksonville
Robert E. Lee High School, Jacksonville
Terry Parker High School, Jacksonville
Frank H. Peterson Academies of Technology, Jacksonville
William M. Raines High School, Jacksonville
A. Philip Randolph Academies of Technology, Jacksonville
Jean Ribault High School, Jacksonville
Sandalwood High School, Jacksonville
Edward H. White High School, Jacksonville
Samuel W. Wolfson High School, Jacksonville
Westside High School, Jacksonville
Magnet[edit]
Mandarin High School, Jacksonville
Stanton College Preparatory School, Jacksonville
Paxon School for Advanced Studies, Jacksonville
Darnell-Cookman School of the Medical Arts, Jacksonville
Alternative[edit]
Grand Park Center, Jacksonville
Marine Science Education Center, Atlantic Beach
Charter[edit]
Duval Charter High School at Baymeadows
Pathways Academy
River City Science Academy
School for Integrated Academics and Technology
SOS Academy Charter
Wayman Academy of the Arts
Private[edit]
Arlington Country Day School, Jacksonville
Bishop Kenny High School, Jacksonville
Bishop Snyder High School, Jacksonville
Bolles School, Jacksonville
Christian Heritage Academy, Jacksonville
Christ's Church Academy, Jacksonville
Episcopal High School, Jacksonville
First Coast Christian School, Jacksonville
Jacksonville Country Day School, Jacksonville
Parson's Christian Academy, Jacksonville
Potter's House Christian Academy, Jacksonville
Providence School, Jacksonville
Seacoast Christian Academy, Jacksonville
Trinity Christian Academy, Jacksonville
University Christian School, Jacksonville
West Meadows Baptist Academy, Jacksonville
Escambia County[edit]
East Hill Christian School, Pensacola
Escambia Charter School, Gonzalez
Escambia High School, Pensacola
Ruby J. Gainer Charter School, Pensacola
Northview High School, Century
Pensacola Catholic High School, Pensacola
Pensacola High School, Pensacola
Pensacola School Of Liberal Arts, Pensacola
Pine Forest High School, Pensacola
J. M. Tate High School, Gonzalez
Booker T. Washington High School, Pensacola
West Florida High School of Advanced Technology, Pensacola
Woodham High School, Pensacola (is currently being used as a middle school)
Flagler County[edit]
Flagler Palm Coast High School, Palm Coast
Matanzas High School, Palm Coast
Franklin County[edit]
Franklin County School, Eastpoint
Gadsden County[edit]
East Gadsden High School, Havana
West Gadsen High School, Greensboro
Private[edit]
Tallavana Christian School, Havana
Gilchrist County[edit]
Bell High School (Bell, Florida), Bell
Trenton High School, Trenton
Glades County[edit]
Moore Haven Junior/Senior High School, Moore Haven
Gulf County[edit]
Port St. Joe High School, Port St. Joe
Wewahitchka High School, Wewahitchka
Hamilton County[edit]
Corinth Christian Academy, Jasper
Hamilton County High School, Jasper
Hardee County[edit]
Hardee Senior High School, Wauchula
Hendry County[edit]
Ahfachkee Day School, Clewiston
Clewiston High School, Clewiston
LaBelle High School, LaBelle
International Christian Academy, LaBelle
Hernando County[edit]
Central High School (Brooksville, Florida), Brooksville
Hernando High School, Brooksville
Spring Hill Christian Academy, Spring Hill
Frank W. Springstead High School, Spring Hill
Hernando Christian Academy, Brooksville
Nature Coast Technical High School, Brooksville
West Hernando Christian School, Spring Hill
Weeki Wachee High School, Weeki Wachee
Highlands County[edit]
Avon Park High School, Avon Park
Heartland Christian School, Sebring
Lake Placid High School (Lake Placid, Florida), Lake Placid
Sebring High School (Sebring, Florida), Sebring
Walker Memorial Academy, Avon Park
Hillsborough County[edit]
Academy of the Holy Names (all-female), Tampa
Braulio Alonso High School, Tampa
Armwood High School, Seffner
Bayshore Christian School, Tampa
Bell Creek Academy, Riverview
Berkeley Preparatory School, Tampa
Bloomingdale High School, Valrico
Brandon High School, Brandon
Brooks-DeBartolo Collegiate High School, Tampa
Carrollwood Day School, Carrolwood
Central Baptist School, Brandon
George D. Chamberlain High School, Tampa
Durant High School, Plant City
East Bay High School, Gibsonton
Faith Baptist School, Brandon
Falkenburg Academy, Tampa
Florida College Academy, Temple Terrace
Freedom High School, Tampa
Foundation Christian Academy, Valrico
George S. Middleton High School, Tampa
Grace Christian School, Valrico
Hillsborough Baptist School, Seffner
Hillsborough High School, Tampa
Henry B. Plant High School, Tampa
Heritage Academy
Howard W. Blake High School, Tampa
Thomas Jefferson High School, Tampa
Jesuit High School of Tampa (all-male), Tampa
Earl J. Lennard High School, Ruskin
C. Leon King High School, Tampa
Legacy Christian Academy, Seffner
A. P. Leto High School, Tampa
Millburn High School, Tampa
Joe E. Newsome High School, Lithia
Pepin Academy, Tampa
Plant City High School, Plant City
Paul R. Wharton High School, Tampa
Pivot Charter School, Riverview
Providence Christian School, Riverview
Riverview High School, Riverview
Thomas Richard Robinson High School, Tampa
Seffner Christian Academy, Seffner
Seminole Heights Charter School, Tampa
Sickles High School, Tampa
Spoto High School, Riverview
St. Stephen Catholic School, Lithia
Steinbrenner High School, Lutz
Tampa Baptist Academy, Tampa
Tampa Bay Technical High School, Tampa
Tampa Catholic High School, Tampa
Tampa Preparatory School, Tampa
Tropical Acres Christian Academy, Riverview
Vivian Gaither High School, Tampa
West University Charter School, Tampa
Holmes County[edit]
Bethlehem High School, Bonifay
Holmes County High School, Bonifay
Ponce de Leon High School, Ponce de Leon
Poplar Springs High School, Graceville
Indian River County[edit]
Indian River Charter High School, Vero Beach
Saint Edwards School, Vero Beach
Sebastian River High School, Sebastian
Vero Beach High School, Vero Beach
Jackson County[edit]
Cottondale High School, Cottondale
Graceville High School, Graceville
Grand Ridge High School, Grand Ridge
Hope School (Marianna, Florida), Marianna
Jackson Academy of Applied Technology, Marianna
Malone High School, Malone
Marianna High School, Marianna
Sneads High School, Sneads
Jefferson County[edit]
Aucilla Christian Academy, Monticello
Jefferson County High School (Monticello, Florida), Monticello
Lafayette County[edit]
Lafayette High School (Mayo, Florida), Mayo
Lighthouse Christian School, Mayo
Lake County[edit]
East Ridge High School, Clermont
Eustis High School, Eustis
Lake Minneola High School, Minneola, Florida
Leesburg High School, Leesburg
Mount Dora High School, Mount Dora
South Lake High School, Groveland
Tavares High School, Tavares
Umatilla High School, Umatilla
Private[edit]
Christian Home & Bible School, aka Mount Dora Bible, Mount Dora
Faith Lutheran School, Eustis
First Academy High School, Leesburg
Montverde Academy, Montverde
Charter[edit]
Alee Academy Charter, Umatilla
The Villages Charter High School, The Villages
Lee County[edit]
Cape Coral High School, Cape Coral
Cypress Lake High School, Fort Myers
Dunbar High School, Fort Myers
East Lee County High School, Lehigh Acres
Estero High School, Estero
Fort Myers Senior High School, Fort Myers
Ida S. Baker High School, Cape Coral
Island Coast High School, Cape Coral
Lee County High Technical Center Central, Fort Myers
Lee County High Technology Center North, Cape Coral
Lehigh Senior High School, Lehigh Acres
Mariner High School, Cape Coral
North Fort Myers High School, North Fort Myers
Riverdale High School, Fort Myers
South Fort Myers High School, Fort Myers
Charter[edit]
Florida SouthWestern Collegiate High School, Fort Myers
Gateway Charter High School, Fort Myers
Oasis Charter High School, Cape Coral
Pivot Charter High School, Fort Myers
Private[edit]
Bishop Verot High School, Fort Myers
Canterbury School (Fort Myers, Florida), Fort Myers
Cape Coral Christian School, Cape Coral
Evangelical Christian School, Fort Myers
Richard Milburn Academy, Fort Myers
Southwest Florida Marine Institute, Fort Myers
Leon County[edit]
Lawton Chiles High School, Tallahassee
Amos P. Godby High School, Tallahassee
John Paul II Catholic High School, Tallahassee
Christ Classical Academy School, Tallahassee
Leon High School, Tallahassee
Lincoln High School, Tallahassee
Maranatha Christian School, Tallahassee
James S. Rickards High School, Tallahassee
Lighthouse Christian Academy, Tallahassee
Florida State University School/Florida High, Tallahassee
Maclay School, Tallahassee
North Florida Christian High School, Tallahassee
SAIL High School, Tallahassee
Community Christian School, Tallahassee
Florida Agricultural and Mechanical High School, Tallahassee
Ecclesia Christian Academy, Tallahassee
Woodland Hall Academy, Tallahassee
Levy County[edit]
Bronson High School, Bronson
Cedar Key School, Cedar Key
Chiefland High School, Chiefland
New Hope Charter School, Chiefland
Williston High School, Williston
Liberty County[edit]
Liberty County High School, Bristol
Madison County[edit]
Madison County High School (Madinson, Florida), Madison
Manatee County[edit]
Bayshore High School, Bradenton
Braden River High School, Bradenton
Lakewood Ranch High School, Bradenton
Manatee High School, Bradenton
Manatee School for the Arts, Palmetto
Richard Milburn Academy, Bradenton
PAL Opportunity Charter School, Bradenton
Palmetto High School, Palmetto
Southeast High School, Bradenton
Bradenton Christian School, Bradenton
Private Schools[edit]
St. Stephen's Episcopal School, Bradenton
Community Christian School, Bradenton
Marion County[edit]
Public[edit]
Belleview High School, Belleview
CFCC Academy, Belleview
Dunnellon High School, Dunnellon
Forest High School, Ocala
Lake Weir High School, Ocala
Marion Technical Institute, Ocala
North Marion High School, Citra
Vanguard High School, Ocala
West Port High School, Ocala
Private[edit]
Ocala Christian Academy, Ocala
St. John Lutheran School, Ocala
Trinity Catholic High School, Ocala
Martin County[edit]
Public[edit]
Clark Advanced Learning Center, dual enrollment high school, Stuart
Jensen Beach High School, Jensen Beach
Martin County High School, Stuart
South Fork High School, Stuart
Private[edit]
Hobe Sound Christian Academy, Hobe Sound
Community Christian Academy, Stuart
The Pine School, Hobe Sound/Stuart
Miami-Dade County[edit]
Public[edit]
Alonzo and Tracy Mourning Senior High Biscayne Bay Campus, North Miami
American High School, Miami
Barbara Goleman High School, Miami Lakes
Booker T. Washington High School, Miami
Coral Gables High School, Coral Gables
Dr. Michael M. Krop High School, Miami
Felix Varela High School, Miami
G. Holmes Braddock High School, Miami
Hialeah High School, Hialeah
Hialeah Gardens High School, Hialeah
Hialeah-Miami Lakes High School, Hialeah/Miami Lakes
Homestead High School, Homestead
John A. Ferguson High School, Miami
Miami Beach High School, Miami Beach
Miami Carol City High School, Miami Gardens
Miami Central High School, Miami
Miami Coral Park High School, Miami
Miami Edison Senior High School, Miami
Miami Jackson High School, Miami
Miami Killian High School, Miami
Miami Norland High School, Miami Gardens
Miami Northwestern High School, Miami
Miami Palmetto High School, Pinecrest
Miami High School, Miami
Miami Southridge High School, Cutler Bay
Miami Springs High School, Miami Springs
Miami Sunset High School, Miami
North Miami Senior High School, North Miami
North Miami Beach High School, North Miami Beach
Ronald W. Reagan Doral High School, Doral
South Dade High School, Homestead
South Miami High School, South Miami
Southwest Miami High School, Miami
Westland Hialeah High School, Hialeah
Young Men's Preparatory Academy (all-boys), Miami
Private[edit]
AIU High School, North Miami Beach
Archbishop Coleman F. Carroll High School, Miami
Archbishop Curley-Notre Dame High School, Miami
Belen Jesuit Preparatory School (all-boys), Miami
Carrollton School of the Sacred Heart(all-girls), Miami
Champagnat Catholic, Hialeah
Christopher Columbus High School (all-boys), Miami
Colonial Christian School of Homestead, Homestead
Dade Christian School, Miami Lakes
Edison Private School, Hialeah
Florida Christian School, Miami
Greater Miami Academy, Miami
Gulliver Preparatory School, Miami
Immaculata-Lasalle High School, Miami
International Studies Charter High School, Coral Gables
La Progresiva Presbyterian School, Miami
Miami Christian School, Miami
Miami Country Day School, Miami
Monsignor Edward Pace High School, Miami
Northwest Christian Academy, North Miami
Our Lady of Lourdes Academy (all-girls), Miami
Palmer Trinity School, Palmetto Bay
Palmetto Bay Academy, Palmetto Bay
Princeton Christian School, Homestead
Rabbi Alexander S. Gross Hebrew Academy, Miami Beach
Ransom Everglades School, Miami
Riviera Schools, Miami
Samuel Scheck Hillel Community Day School, North Miami Beach
St. Brendan High School, Miami
Westminster Christian School, Miami
Westwood Christian Day Schools, Miami
Yeshiva Toras Chaim Jewish School, Miami Beach
Magnet[edit]
Coral Reef High School, Miami - (Magnet)
Design and Architecture High School, Miami - (Architecture Magnet)
José Marti Math and Science Technology (MAST) 6-12 Academy - (Math, Science and Technology Magnet)
MAST Academy, Miami - (Maritime and Science Technology Magnet)
Miami Lakes Educational Center, Miami Lakes - (Technical Magnet)
New World School of the Arts, Miami - (Music, Visual Arts, Dance, and Theater Magnet)
Robert Morgan Educational Center, Miami - (Vocational Magnet)
School for Advanced Studies, Miami - (College Prep. Magnet)
School for Applied Technologies, Miami - (Magnet)
TERRA Environmental Research Institute, Miami - (Magnet)
William H. Turner Technical Arts High School, Miami - (Technical Magnet)
Charter[edit]
Academy of Arts & Minds, Miami
Archimedean Upper Conservatory, Miami
Corporate Academy North, Miami
Corporate Academy South, Miami
Doctors Charter School of Miami Shores, Miami Shores
Doral Academy High School, Doral
Doral Performing Arts & Entertainment Academy, Doral
International Studies Charter High School, Miami
Keys Gate Charter High School, Homestead
Life Skills Center Miami-Dade County, Miami
Mater Academy East High School, Miami
Mater Academy Charter High School, Miami
Mater Performing Arts & Entertainment Academy, Miami
Miami Arts Charter School, Miami
School for Integrated Academics & Technologies (SIATech), Miami
Somerset Academy Charter High School, Miami
Transitional Learning Academy, Miami
Monroe County[edit]
Coral Shores High School, Plantation Key
Island Christian School, Plantation Key
Key West High School, Key West
Marathon High School, Marathon
Nassau County[edit]
Fernandina Beach High School, Fernandina Beach
Hilliard Middle-Senior High School, Hilliard
West Nassau High School, Callahan
Yulee High School, Yulee
Okaloosa County[edit]
Baker K-12 School, Baker
Choctawhatchee Academy, Fort Walton Beach
Choctawhatchee Senior High School, Fort Walton Beach
Calvary Christian Academy, Fort Walton Beach
Crestview High School, Crestview
Crestview Vocational-Technical Center, Crestview
Fort Walton Beach High School, Fort Walton Beach
Niceville High School, Niceville
Okaloosa Applied Technology Center, Fort Walton Beach
Okaloosa-Walton Collegiate High School, Niceville
Rocky Bayou Christian School, Niceville
Laurel Hill School (K-12), Laurel Hill
Okeechobee County[edit]
New Endeavor High School, Okeechobee
Okeechobee Alternative High School, Okeechobee (8 - 12 Grade)
Okeechobee High School, Okeechobee (10 - 12 Grade)
Orange County[edit]
Apopka High School, Apopka
William R. Boone High School, Orlando
Colonial High School, Orlando
Cypress Creek High School, Orlando
Dr. Phillips High School, Orlando
Edgewater High School, Orlando
East River High School (Orlando, Florida), Orlando
Maynard Evans High School, Orlando
Freedom High School, Orlando
Geneva School (Winter Park, Florida), Winter Park
Robert Hungerford Preparatory High School, Eatonville
Jones High School, Orlando
Lake Nona High School, Orlando
O-Tec Middle Florida Technology School, Orlando
O-Tec Westside Technology School, Winter Garden
Oak Ridge High School, Orlando
Ocoee High School, Ocoee
Olympia High School, Orlando
St. Lillie V. High School, Orlando
Timber Creek High School, Orlando
University High School, Orlando
West Orange High School, Winter Garden
Wekiva High School,Apopka
Winter Park High School, Winter Park
Private[edit]
Agape Christian Academy, Orlando
American School of Leadership, Orlando
Bishop Moore High School, Orlando
Lake Highland Preparatory School, Orlando
Pine Castle Christian Academy
The First Academy, Orlando
Orlando Lutheran Academy, Orlando
Central Florida Christian Academy, Orlando
Faith Christian Academy
Real Life Christian Academy, Clermont
Orangewood Christian School, Maitland
Osceola County[edit]
Celebration High School, Celebration
Gateway High School, Kissimmee
Harmony High School, Harmony
Heritage Christian School, Kissimmee
Liberty High School, Kissimmee
New Dimensions High School, Kissimmee
Osceola County School For The Arts, Kissimmee
Osceola High School, Kissimmee
Poinciana High School, Kissimmee
Professional and Technical High School, Kissimmee
St. Cloud High School, St. Cloud
Palm Beach County[edit]
Atlantic Community High School, Delray Beach
The Benjamin School, North Palm Beach
Boca Raton Christian School, Boca Raton
Boca Raton Community High School, Boca Raton
Boynton Beach Community High School, Boynton Beach
Cardinal Newman High School, West Palm Beach
Coastal Middle & Senior High School, Lake Park
Delray Youth Vocational, Delray Beach
Alexander W. Dreyfoos, Jr. School of the Arts, West Palm Beach
William T. Dwyer High School, Palm Beach Gardens
Everglades Preparatory Academy, Pahokee
Forest Hill Community High School, West Palm Beach
Forest Trail Academy Online High School, Wellington
G-STAR School of the Arts for Motion Pictures and Television, West Palm Beach
Goliath Academy High School Traditional and Online High School, Wellington
Glades Central High School, Belle Glade
Grandview Preparatory School, Boca Raton
Gulfstream Goodwill Career Academy, Boca Raton
Harid Conservatory, Boca Raton
Inlet Grove Community High School, Riviera Beach
Jupiter Christian School, Jupiter
Jupiter Community High School, Jupiter
The King's Academy, West Palm Beach
Matlock Academy Private Prep High School, West Palm Beach
Life Skills Center of Palm Beach County, Boca Raton
Toussaint L'Ouverture High School for Arts and Social Justice, Delray Beach
Lake Worth Community High School, Lake Worth
Lake Worth Christian School, Boynton Beach
John I. Leonard High School, Greenacres
Olympic Heights Community High School, Boca Raton
Oxbridge Academy, West Palm Beach
Pahokee High School, Pahokee
Palm Beach Central High School, Wellington
Palm Beach Gardens Community High School, Palm Beach Gardens
Palm Beach Lakes Community High School, West Palm Beach
Park Vista Community High School, Lake Worth
Pope John Paul II High School, Boca Raton
Royal Palm Beach Community High School, Royal Palm Beach
Santaluces Community High School, Lantana
Seminole Ridge Community High School, Loxahatchee
South Technical Academy, Boynton Beach
Spanish River Community High School, Boca Raton
St. Andrew's School, Boca Raton
Suncoast Community High School, Riviera Beach
Survivors, West Palm Beach
Survivors Charter School of Boynton Beach
Wellington Community High School, Wellington
West Boca Raton Community High School, Boca Raton
West Technical Education Center, Belle Glade
Weinbaum Yeshiva High School, Boca Raton
Pasco County[edit]
Anclote High School, Holiday
East Pasco Adventist Academy, Dade City
Fivay High School, Hudson
Genesis Preparatory School, New Port Richey
Gulf High School, New Port Richey
Hudson High School, Hudson
Richard Milburn Academy, New Port Richey
J. W. Mitchell High School, New Port Richey
Land O' Lakes High School, Land O' Lakes
Pasco High School, Dade City
Ridgewood High School, New Port Richey
River Ridge High School, New Port Richey
Sunlake High School, Land O' Lakes
Wesley Chapel High School, Wesley Chapel
Wiregrass Ranch High School, Wesley Chapel
Zephyrhills High School, Zephyrhills
F. K. Marchman Technical Center, New Port Richey
Pinellas County[edit]
Anchor Academy, Dunedin
Bayside High School, Clearwater
Boca Ciega High School, Gulfport
Calvary Christian High School, Clearwater
Canterbury School of Florida, St. Petersburg
Clearwater Central Catholic High School, Clearwater
Clearwater High School, Clearwater
Countryside High School, Clearwater
Dunedin High School, Dunedin
Dunedin Academy, Dunedin
East Lake High School, Tarpon Springs
Gibbs High School, St. Petersburg
Dixie M. Hollins High School, St. Petersburg
Indian Rocks Christian School, Largo
Keswick Christian School, St. Petersburg
Lakewood High School, St. Petersburg
Largo High School, Largo
Lift Academy, Seminole
Newpoint Pinellas, Clearwater
Northeast High School (St. Petersburg, Florida), St. Petersburg
Northside Christian School, St. Petersburg
Osceola High School, Seminole
Palm Harbor Community School, Palm Harbor
Palm Harbor University High School, Palm Harbor
Pinellas County Center for the Arts, St. Petersburg
Pinellas Park High School, Largo
Shorecrest Preparatory School, St. Petersburg
St. Petersburg Catholic High School, St. Petersburg
St. Petersburg Christian School, St. Petesrsburg
St. Petersburg Collegiate High School, St. Petersburg
St. Petersburg High School, St. Petersburg
Schiller Academy, Dunedin
Seminole High School, Seminole
Seminole Vocational Education Center, Seminole
Tarpon Springs High School, Tarpon Springs
Veritas Academy, Largo
Polk County[edit]
All Saints' Academy, Winter Haven
ARC-Academic Research Center, Lakeland
Auburndale High School, Auburndale
Bartow High School, Bartow
Chain of Lakes Collegiate High School, Winter Haven
Collegiate High School, Lakeland
Frostproof Middle-Senior High School, Frostproof
Daniel Jenkins Academy of Technology, Haines City
Fort Meade High School, Fort Meade
Gause Academy of Leadership and Applied Technology, Bartow
George W. Jenkins High School, Lakeland
Haines City High School, Haines City
Lois Cowles Harrison Center for the Visual and Performing Arts, Lakeland
Kathleen High School, Lakeland
Lake Gibson High School, Lakeland
Lake Region High School, Eagle Lake
Lake Wales High School, Lake Wales
Lakeland Christian School, Lakeland
Lakeland High School, Lakeland
Maynard E. Traviss Technical Center, Lakeland
McKeel Academy of Technology, Lakeland
Mulberry High School, Mulberry
Ridge Community High School, Davenport, Florida
Ridge Technical Center, Winter Haven
Santa Fe Catholic High School, Lakeland
Summerlin Military Academy, Bartow
The Vanguard School, Lake Wales
Winter Haven High School, Winter Haven
Putnam County[edit]
Crescent City High School, Crescent City
Interlachen High School, Interlachen
Palatka High School, Palatka
St. Johns County[edit]
Public[edit]
Bartram Trail High School, St. Johns
Creekside High School, St. Johns
First Coast Skills Academy, St. Augustine
First Coast Technical High School, St. Augustine
Pedro Menendez High School, St. Augustine
Allen D. Nease Senior High School, Ponte Vedra
Ponte Vedra High School, Ponte Vedra
St. Augustine High School, St. Augustine
Private[edit]
St. Gerard Campus School, St. Augustine
St. Joseph Academy, St. Augustine
State[edit]
Florida School for the Deaf and the Blind, St. Augustine
St. Lucie County[edit]
Public Schools[edit]
Fort Pierce Central High School, bestFort Pierce
Fort Pierce Westwood High School, Fort Pierce
Port St. Lucie High School, Port St. Lucie
St. Lucie West Centennial High School, Port St. Lucie
Lincoln Park Academy, Fort Pierce
Treasure Coast High School, Port St. Lucie
Private Schools[edit]
John Carroll Catholic High School, Fort Pierce
Morningside Academy, Port St. Lucie
Victory Forge Military Academy, Port St. Lucie
Faith Baptist School, Fort Pierce
Santa Rosa County[edit]
Central High School (Milton, Florida), Milton
Gulf Breeze High School, Gulf Breeze
Jay High School, Jay
Locklin Technical Center, Milton
Milton High School, Milton
Navarre High School, Navarre
Pace High School, Pace
Victory Christian Academy, Jay
Sarasota County[edit]
Booker High School, Sarasota
North Port High School, North Port
Pine View School, Osprey
Riverview High School, Sarasota
Sarasota High School, Sarasota
Venice High School, Venice
Suncoast Polytechnical High School Sarasota, Florida
Private schools[edit]
Sarasota Christian School
Julie Rohr Academy
Lutheran Ascension School
Out-of-Door Academy
NewGate School
The GAP School
Bishop Nevins School
Cardinal Mooney High School
Charter schools[edit]
Sarasota Military Academy
Seminole County[edit]
Crooms Academy of Information Technology, Sanford
Paul J. Hagerty High School, Oviedo
Lake Brantley High School, Altamonte Springs
Lake Howell High School, Winter Park
Lake Mary High School, Lake Mary
Lyman High School, Longwood
Oviedo High School, Oviedo
Quest Academy (Sanford, Florida), Sanford, Florida
Seminole High School, Sanford
Winter Springs High School, Winter Springs
Private[edit]
Altamonte Christian School, Altamonte Springs
Bear Lake Christian School, Apopka
Champion Preparatory Academy, Altamonte Springs
Forest Lake Academy, Apopka
Lighthouse Baptist Academy, Winter Park
Liberty Christian School, Sanford
Lawton Chiles Preparatory School, Winter Springs
New Life Christian Academy, Sanford
Orangewood Christian School, Maitland
The Geneva School, Winter Park
RiverWalk Christian Academy, Sanford
The Master's Academy, Oviedo
The Trinity School, Fern Park
The Regent Academy, Casselberry
Trinity Preparatory School, Winter Park
Sumter County[edit]
South Sumter High School, Bushnell
Wildwood Middle High School, Wildwood
The Villages Charter High School, The Villages
Suwannee County[edit]
Branford High School, Branford
Suwannee High School, Live Oak
Suwannee-Hamilton Area Vocational-Technical Center, Live Oak
The School Without Walls, Live Oak
Taylor County[edit]
Taylor County Area Vocational-Technical & General School, Perry
Taylor County High School, Perry
Union County[edit]
Union County High School, Lake Butler
Volusia County[edit]
Public[edit]
Atlantic High School, Port Orange
DeLand High School, DeLand
Deltona High School, Deltona
Mainland High School, Daytona Beach
New Smyrna Beach High School, New Smyrna Beach
Pine Ridge High School, Deltona
Seabreeze High School, Daytona Beach
Spruce Creek High School, Port Orange
University High School, Orange City
Private[edit]
Father Lopez Catholic High School, Daytona Beach
Lighthouse Christian Preparatory Academy, DeLand
Trinity Christian Academy, Deltona
Warner Christian Academy, South Daytona
Calvary Christian Academy, Ormond Beach
Wakulla County[edit]
Wakulla High School, Crawfordville
Walton County[edit]
Freeport High School, Freeport
Walton Career Development Center, DeFuniak Springs
Walton Senior High School, DeFuniak Springs
South Walton High School, Santa Rosa Beach
Washington County[edit]
Chipley High School, Chipley
Vernon High School (Vernon, Florida), Vernon
References[edit]

See also[edit]
List of school districts in Florida
Online High Schools in Florida
show
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Lists of high schools in the United States by state
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_high_schools_in_Florida&oldid=861676718"
Categories:
High schools in Florida
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Florida education-related lists
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Palm Bay Senior High School

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Atlantic Technical Center

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McFatter Technical Center

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Western High School (Davie, FL)

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College Academy

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Sagemont Upper School

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Altha Public School

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Clay High School (Florida)

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Everglades City, FL

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Immokalee, FL

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Columbia High School (Florida)

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Pensacola School Of Liberal Arts

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East Gadsden High School

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Bell High School (Bell, Florida)

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Trenton High School (Florida)

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Hardee Senior High School

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Ahfachkee Day School

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Durant High School (Florida)

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Florida College Academy

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Jesuit High School of Tampa

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Vivian Gaither High School

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Saint Edwards School

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Riverdale High School (Florida)

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Miami, Florida

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Coral Gables High School

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Miami Beach High School

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Miami Carol City High School

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Miami Edison Senior High School

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Miami Norland High School

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Miami Northwestern High School

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Miami High School (Florida)

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Cutler Ridge, Florida

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Miami Sunset High School

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Immaculata-Lasalle High School

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Westminster Christian School

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Coral Reef High School

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Doral Academy High School

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Mater Academy Charter High School

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Key West, Florida

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Marathon High School (Florida)

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Choctawhatchee Senior High School

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Jones High School (Florida)

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Olympia High School (Florida)

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University High School (Orlando)

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St. Cloud High School

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Cell theory
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Human cancer cells with nuclei (specifically the DNA) stained blue. The central and rightmost cell are in interphase, so the entire nuclei are labeled. The cell on the left is going through mitosis and its DNA has condensed.
In biology, cell theory is the historic scientific theory, now universally accepted, that living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction. With continual improvements made to microscopes over time, magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century. This discovery is largely attributed to Robert Hooke, and began the scientific study of cells, also known as cell biology. Over a century later, many debates about cells began amongst scientists. Most of these debates involved the nature of cellular regeneration, and the idea of cells as a fundamental unit of life. Cell theory was eventually formulated in 1839. This is usually credited to Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. However, many other scientists like Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory. It was an important step in the movement away from spontaneous generation.
The three tenets to the cell theory are as described below:
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.
Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
The first of these tenets is disputed, as non-cellular entities such as viruses are sometimes considered life-forms.[1]
Contents
1 Microscopes
2 Discovery of cells
3 Cell theory
4 Modern interpretation
5 Modern version
6 Opposing concepts in cell theory: history and background
6.1 Evolution of the membrane and bulk phase theories
6.2 Emergence of the steady-state membrane pump concept
6.3 The reemergence of the bulk phase theories
7 Types of cells
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 Further reading
12 External links
Microscopes
Anton van Leeuwenhoek's microscope from the 17th century with a magnification of 300x. [2]
Robert Hooke's microscope
The discovery of the cell was made possible through the invention of the microscope. In the first century BC, Romans were able to make glass, discovering that objects appeared to be larger under the glass. In Italy during the 12th century, Salvino D’Armate made a piece of glass fit over one eye, allowing for a magnification effect to that eye. The expanded use of lenses in eyeglasses in the 13th century probably led to wider spread use of simple microscopes (magnifying glasses) with limited magnification.[3] Compound microscope, which combine an objective lens with an eyepiece to view a real image achieving much higher magnification, first appeared in Europe around 1620[4][5] In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope about six inches long with two convex lenses inside and examined specimens under reflected light for the observations in his book Micrographia. Hooke also used a simpler microscope with a single lens for examining specimens with directly transmitted light, because this allowed for a clearer image.[6]
Extensive microscopic study was done by Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a draper who took the interest in microscopes after seeing one while on an apprenticeship in Amsterdam in 1648. At some point in his life before 1668, he was able to learn how to grind lenses. This eventually led to Leeuwenhoek making his own unique microscope. His were a single lens simple microscope, rather than a compound microscope. This was because he was able to use a single lens that was a small glass sphere but allowed for a magnification of 270x. This was a large progression since the magnification before was only a maximum of 50x. After Leeuwenhoek, there was not much progress for the microscopes until the 1850s, two hundred years later. Carl Zeiss, a German engineer who manufactured microscopes, began to make changes to the lenses used. But the optical quality did not improve until the 1880s when he hired Otto Schott and eventually Ernst Abbe.[7]
Optical microscopes can focus on objects the size of a wavelength or larger, giving restrictions still to advancement in discoveries with objects smaller than the wavelengths of visible light. Later in the 1920s, the electron microscope was developed, making it possible to view objects that are smaller than optical wavelengths, once again, changing the possibilities in science.[7]
Discovery of cells
Drawing of the structure of cork by Robert Hooke that appeared in Micrographia.
The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, which can be found to be described in his book Micrographia. In this book, he gave 60 ‘observations’ in detail of various objects under a coarse, compound microscope.[6] One observation was from very thin slices of bottle cork. Hooke discovered a multitude of tiny pores that he named "cells". This came from the Latin word Cella, meaning ‘a small room’ like monks lived in and also Cellulae, which meant the six sided cell of a honeycomb. However, Hooke did not know their real structure or function.[8] What Hooke had thought were cells, were actually empty cell walls of plant tissues. With microscopes during this time having a low magnification, Hooke was unable to see that there were other internal components to the cells he was observing. Therefore, he did not think the "cellulae" were alive.[9] His cell observations gave no indication of the nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells. In Micrographia, Hooke also observed mould, bluish in color, found on leather. After studying it under his microscope, he was unable to observe “seeds” that would have indicated how the mould was multiplying in quantity. This led to Hooke suggesting that spontaneous generation, from either natural or artificial heat, was the cause. Since this was an old Aristotelian theory still accepted at the time, others did not reject it and was not disproved until Leeuwenhoek later discovers generation is achieved otherwise.[6]
Anton van Leeuwenhoek is another scientist who saw these cells soon after Hooke did. He made use of a microscope containing improved lenses that could magnify objects almost 300-fold, or 270x.[9] Under these microscopes, Leeuwenhoek found motile objects. In a letter to The Royal Society on October 9, 1676, he states that motility is a quality of life therefore these were living organisms. Over time, he wrote many more papers in which described many specific forms of microorganisms. Leeuwenhoek named these “animalcules,” which included protozoa and other unicellular organisms, like bacteria.[7] Though he did not have much formal education, he was able to identify the first accurate description of red blood cells and discovered bacteria after gaining interest in the sense of taste that resulted in Leeuwenhoek to observe the tongue of an ox, then leading him to study "pepper water" in 1676. He also found for the first time the sperm cells of animals and humans. Once discovering these types of cells, Leeuwenhoek saw that the fertilization process requires the sperm cell to enter the egg cell. This put an end to the previous theory of spontaneous generation. After reading letters by Leeuwenhoek, Hooke was the first to confirm his observations that were thought to be unlikely by other contemporaries.[6]
The cells in animal tissues were observed after plants were because the tissues were so fragile and susceptible to tearing, it was difficult for such thin slices to be prepared for studying. Biologists believed that there was a fundamental unit to life, but were unsure what this was. It would not be until over a hundred years later that this fundamental unit was connected to cellular structure and existence of cells in animals or plants.[10] This conclusion was not made until Henri Dutrochet. Besides stating “the cell is the fundamental element of organization”,[11] Dutrochet also claimed that cells were not just a structural unit, but also a physiological unit.
In 1804, Karl Rudolphi and J.H.F. Link were awarded the prize for "solving the problem of the nature of cells", meaning they were the first to prove that cells had independent cell walls by the Königliche Societät der Wissenschaft (Royal Society of Science), Göttingen.[12] Before, it had been thought that cells shared walls and the fluid passed between them this way.
Cell theory
Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1804–1881)
Theodor Schwann (1810–1882)
Credit for developing cell theory is usually given to two scientists: Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden.[13] While Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory, he is not as credited for his attributions toward it. In 1839, Schleiden suggested that every structural part of a plant was made up of cells or the result of cells. He also suggested that cells were made by a crystallization process either within other cells or from the outside.[14] However, this was not an original idea of Schleiden. He claimed this theory as his own, though Barthelemy Dumortier had stated it years before him. This crystallization process is no longer accepted with modern cell theory. In 1839, Theodor Schwann states that along with plants, animals are composed of cells or the product of cells in their structures.[15] This was a major advancement in the field of biology since little was known about animal structure up to this point compared to plants. From these conclusions about plants and animals, two of the three tenets of cell theory were postulated.[10]
1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. The cell is the most basic unit of life
Schleiden's theory of free cell formation through crystallization was refuted in the 1850s by Robert Remak, Rudolf Virchow, and Albert Kolliker.[7] In 1855, Rudolf Virchow added the third tenet to cell theory. In Latin, this tenet states Omnis cellula e cellula.[10] This translated to:
3. All cells arise only from pre-existing cells
However, the idea that all cells come from pre-existing cells had in fact already been proposed by Robert Remak; it has been suggested that Virchow plagiarized Remak and did not give him credit.[16] Remak published observations in 1852 on cell division, claiming Schleiden and Schawnn were incorrect about generation schemes. He instead said that binary fission, which was first introduced by Dumortier, was how reproduction of new animal cells were made. Once this tenet was added, the classical cell theory was complete.
Modern interpretation
The generally accepted parts of modern cell theory include:
All known living things are made up of one or more cells[17]
All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division.
The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.[18]
The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells.[citation needed]
Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.[citation needed]
Cells contain DNA which is found specifically in the chromosome and RNA found in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm.[19]
All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species .[citation needed]
Modern version
The modern version of the cell theory includes the ideas that:
Energy flow occurs within cells.[20]
Heredity information (DNA) is passed on from cell to cell.[20]
All cells have the same basic chemical composition.[20]
Opposing concepts in cell theory: history and background
The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 using a microscope. The first cell theory is credited to the work of Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden in the 1830s. In this theory the internal contents of cells were called protoplasm and described as a jelly-like substance, sometimes called living jelly. At about the same time, colloidal chemistry began its development, and the concepts of bound water emerged. A colloid being something between a solution and a suspension, where Brownian motion is sufficient to prevent sedimentation. The idea of a semipermeable membrane, a barrier that is permeable to solvent but impermeable to solute molecules was developed at about the same time. The term osmosis originated in 1827 and its importance to physiological phenomena realized, but it wasn’t until 1877, when the botanist Pfeffer proposed the membrane theory of cell physiology. In this view, the cell was seen to be enclosed by a thin surface, the plasma membrane, and cell water and solutes such as a potassium ion existed in a physical state like that of a dilute solution. In 1889 Hamburger used hemolysis of erythrocytes to determine the permeability of various solutes. By measuring the time required for the cells to swell past their elastic limit, the rate at which solutes entered the cells could be estimated by the accompanying change in cell volume. He also found that there was an apparent nonsolvent volume of about 50% in red blood cells and later showed that this includes water of hydration in addition to the protein and other nonsolvent components of the cells.
Evolution of the membrane and bulk phase theories
Two opposing concepts developed within the context of studies on osmosis, permeability, and electrical properties of cells.[21] The first held that these properties all belonged to the plasma membrane whereas the other predominant view was that the protoplasm was responsible for these properties. The membrane theory developed as a succession of ad-hoc additions and changes to the theory to overcome experimental hurdles. Overton (a distant cousin of Charles Darwin) first proposed the concept of a lipid (oil) plasma membrane in 1899. The major weakness of the lipid membrane was the lack of an explanation of the high permeability to water, so Nathansohn (1904) proposed the mosaic theory. In this view, the membrane is not a pure lipid layer, but a mosaic of areas with lipid and areas with semipermeable gel. Ruhland refined the mosaic theory to include pores to allow additional passage of small molecules. Since membranes are generally less permeable to anions, Leonor Michaelis concluded that ions are adsorbed to the walls of the pores, changing the permeability of the pores to ions by electrostatic repulsion. Michaelis demonstrated the membrane potential (1926) and proposed that it was related to the distribution of ions across the membrane.[22] Harvey and Danielli (1939) proposed a lipid bilayer membrane covered on each side with a layer of protein to account for measurements of surface tension. In 1941 Boyle & Conway showed that the membrane of frog muscle was permeable to both K+
and Cl−
, but apparently not to Na+
, so the idea of electrical charges in the pores was unnecessary since a single critical pore size would explain the permeability to K+
, H+
, and Cl−
as well as the impermeability to Na+
, Ca+
, and Mg2+
. Over the same time period, it was shown (Procter & Wilson, 1916) that gels, which do not have a semipermeable membrane, would swell in dilute solutions. Loeb (1920) also studied gelatin extensively, with and without a membrane, showing that more of the properties attributed to the plasma membrane could be duplicated in gels without a membrane. In particular, he found that an electrical potential difference between the gelatin and the outside medium could be developed, based on the H+
concentration. Some criticisms of the membrane theory developed in the 1930s, based on observations such as the ability of some cells to swell and increase their surface area by a factor of 1000. A lipid layer cannot stretch to that extent without becoming a patchwork (thereby losing its barrier properties. Such criticisms stimulated continued studies on protoplasm as the principal agent determining cell permeability properties. In 1938, Fischer and Suer proposed that water in the protoplasm is not free but in a chemically combined form—the protoplasm represents a combination of protein, salt and water—and demonstrated the basic similarity between swelling in living tissues and the swelling of gelatin and fibrin gels. Dimitri Nasonov (1944) viewed proteins as the central components responsible for many properties of the cell, including electrical properties. By the 1940s, the bulk phase theories were not as well developed as the membrane theories. In 1941, Brooks & Brooks published a monograph, "The Permeability of Living Cells", which rejects the bulk phase theories.
Emergence of the steady-state membrane pump concept
With the development of radioactive tracers, it was shown that cells are not impermeable to Na+
. This was difficult to explain with the membrane barrier theory, so the sodium pump was proposed to continually remove Na+
as it permeates cells. This drove the concept that cells are in a state of dynamic equilibrium, constantly using energy to maintain ion gradients. In 1935, Karl Lohmann discovered ATP and its role as a source of energy for cells, so the concept of a metabolically-driven sodium pump was proposed. The tremendous success of Hodgkin, Huxley, and Katz in the development of the membrane theory of cellular membrane potentials, with differential equations that modeled the phenomena correctly, provided even more support for the membrane pump hypothesis.
The modern view of the plasma membrane is of a fluid lipid bilayer that has protein components embedded within it. The structure of the membrane is now known in great detail, including 3D models of many of the hundreds of different proteins that are bound to the membrane. These major developments in cell physiology placed the membrane theory in a position of dominance and stimulated the imagination of most physiologists, who now apparently accept the theory as fact—there are, however, a few dissenters.[citation needed]
The reemergence of the bulk phase theories
In 1956, Afanasy S. Troshin published a book, The Problems of Cell Permeability, in Russian (1958 in German, 1961 in Chinese, 1966 in English) in which he found that permeability was of secondary importance in determination of the patterns of equilibrium between the cell and its environment. Troshin showed that cell water decreased in solutions of galactose or urea although these compounds did slowly permeate cells. Since the membrane theory requires an impermanent solute to sustain cell shrinkage, these experiments cast doubt on the theory. Others questioned whether the cell has enough energy to sustain the sodium/potassium pump. Such questions became even more urgent as dozens of new metabolic pumps were added as new chemical gradients were discovered.
In 1962, Gilbert Ling became the champion of the bulk phase theories and proposed his association-induction hypothesis of living cells.
Types of cells
Main article: Cell types
Prokaryote cell.
Eukaryote cell.
Cells can be subdivided into the following subcategories:
Prokaryotes: Prokaryotes are relatively small cells surrounded by the plasma membrane, with a characteristic cell wall that may differ in composition depending on the particular organism.[23] Prokaryotes lack a nucleus (although they do have circular or linear DNA) and other membrane-bound organelles (though they do contain ribosomes). The protoplasm of a prokaryote contains the chromosomal region that appears as fibrous deposits under the microscope, and the cytoplasm.[23] Bacteria and Archaea are the two domains of prokaryotes.
Eukaryotes: Eukaryotic cells are also surrounded by the plasma membrane, but on the other hand, they have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane or envelope. Eukaryotic cells also contain membrane-bound organelles, such as (mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles).[24] In addition, they possess organized chromosomes which store genetic material.[citation needed]
Animals have evolved a greater diversity of cell types in a multicellular body (100–150 different cell types), compared with 10–20 in plants, fungi, and protoctista.[25]
See also
Biology portal
Cell adhesion
Cell biology
Cellular differentiation
Germ theory of disease
Membrane models
References
Jump up ^ Villarreal, Luis P. (August 8, 2008) Are Viruses Alive? Scientific American
Jump up ^ "A glass-sphere microscope". Funsci.com. Archived from the original on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Atti Della Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi E Contributi Dell'Istituto Nazionale Di Ottica, Volume 30, La Fondazione-1975, page 554
Jump up ^ Albert Van Helden; Sven Dupré; Rob van Gent (2010). The Origins of the Telescope. Amsterdam University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-90-6984-615-6.
Jump up ^ William Rosenthal, Spectacles and Other Vision Aids: A History and Guide to Collecting, Norman Publishing, 1996, page 391 - 392
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gest, H (2004). "The discovery of microorganisms by Robert Hooke and Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek, fellows of the Royal Society". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 58 (2): 187–201. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2004.0055. PMID 15209075.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mazzarello, P. (1999). "A unifying concept: the history of cell theory". Nature Cell Biology. 1 (1): E13–5. doi:10.1038/8964. PMID 10559875. Archived from the original on 2015-06-03.
Jump up ^ Inwood, Stephen (2003). The man who knew too much: the strange and inventive life of Robert Hooke, 1635–1703. London: Pan. p. 72. ISBN 0-330-48829-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Becker, Wayne M.; Kleinsmith, Lewis J.; Hardin, Jeff (2003). The World of the Cell. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8053-4854-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c Robinson, Richard. "History of Biology: Cell Theory and Cell Structure". Advameg, Inc. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Dutrochet, Henri (1824) "Recherches anatomiques et physiologiques sur la structure intime des animaux et des vegetaux, et sur leur motilite, par M.H. Dutrochet, avec deux planches"
Jump up ^ Kalenderblatt Dezember 2013 – Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät – Universität Rostock. Mathnat.uni-rostock.de (2013-11-28). Retrieved on 2015-10-15.
Jump up ^ Sharp, L. W. (1921). Introduction To Cytology. New York: McGraw Hill Book Company Inc.
Jump up ^ Schleiden, M. J. (1839). "Beiträge zur Phytogenesis". Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin: 137–176.
Jump up ^ Schwann, T. (1839). Mikroskopische Untersuchungen über die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachsthum der Thiere und Pflanzen. Berlin: Sander.
Jump up ^ Silver, GA (1987). "Virchow, the heroic model in medicine: health policy by accolade". American Journal of Public Health. 77 (1): 82–8. doi:10.2105/AJPH.77.1.82. PMC 1646803  . PMID 3538915.
Jump up ^ Wolfe
Jump up ^ Wolfe, p. 5
Jump up ^ Wolfe, p. 8
^ Jump up to: a b c "The modern version of the Cell Theory". Retrieved 12 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Ling, Gilbert N. (1984). In search of the physical basis of life. New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 0306414090.
Jump up ^ Michaelis, L. (1925). "Contribution to the Theory of Permeability of Membranes for Electrolytes". The Journal of General Physiology. 8 (2): 33–59. doi:10.1085/jgp.8.2.33. PMC 2140746  . PMID 19872189.
^ Jump up to: a b Wolfe, p. 11
Jump up ^ Wolfe, p. 13
Jump up ^ Margulis, L. & Chapman, M.J. (2009). Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth ([4th ed.]. ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press/Elsevier. p. 116.
Bibliography
Wolfe, Stephen L. (1972). Biology of the cell. Wadsworth Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-534-00106-3.
Further reading
Turner W (January 1890). "The Cell Theory Past and Present". J Anat Physiol. 24 (Pt 2): 253–87. PMC 1328050  . PMID 17231856.
Tavassoli M (1980). "The cell theory: a foundation to the edifice of biology". Am. J. Pathol. 98 (1): 44. PMC 1903404  . PMID 6985772.
External links
Mallery C (2008-02-11). "Cell Theory". Retrieved 2008-11-25.
"Studying Cells Tutorial". 2004. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
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