text:
The Killing Fields (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Sri Lanka's Killing Fields.
The Killing Fields
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Roland Joffé
Produced by
David Puttnam
Iain Smith
Screenplay by
Bruce Robinson
Based on
The Death and Life of Dith Pran
by Sydney Schanberg
Starring
Sam Waterston
Haing S. Ngor
Craig T. Nelson
John Malkovich
Athol Fugard
Music by
Mike Oldfield
Cinematography
Chris Menges
Edited by
Jim Clark
Production
company
Goldcrest Films
International Film Investors
Enigma Productions
Distributed by
Warner Bros. (US)
Columbia-EMI-Warner (UK)
Release date
2 November 1984 (1984-11-02)
Running time
141 minutes
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
French
Khmer
Budget
$14.4 million[1]
Box office
$34,700,291
The Killing Fields is a 1984 British biographical drama film about the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia, which is based on the experiences of two journalists: Cambodian Dith Pran and American Sydney Schanberg. It was directed by Roland Joffé and produced by David Puttnam for his company Goldcrest Films. Sam Waterston stars as Schanberg, Haing S. Ngor as Pran, Julian Sands as Jon Swain, and John Malkovich as Al Rockoff. The adaptation for the screen was written by Bruce Robinson; the musical score was written by Mike Oldfield and orchestrated by David Bedford.
The film was a success at the box office as well as being an instant hit with critics. At the 57th Academy Awards it received seven Oscar nominations; including Best Picture; it won three, most notably Best Supporting Actor for Haing S. Ngor, who had had no previous acting experience. At the 38th British Academy Film Awards, it won eight BAFTAs, including Best Film and Best Actor in a Leading Role for Ngor.
In 1999 the British Film Institute voted The Killing Fields the 100th greatest British film of the 20th century. In 2016 British film magazine Empire ranked it number 86 in their list of the 100 best British films.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Critical reception
4.1 Accolades
5 Home media
6 Casting of Haing S. Ngor
7 Related work
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
In the Cambodian capital, Phnom Penh, during May 1973, the Cambodian national army is fighting a civil war with the Khmer Rouge, a result of the Vietnam War overspilling that country’s borders. Dith Pran, a Cambodian journalist and interpreter for The New York Times, awaits the arrival of reporter Sydney Schanberg at the city's airport but leaves suddenly. Schanberg takes a cab to his hotel where he meets up with Al Rockoff (John Malkovich). Pran meets Schanberg later and tells him that an incident has occurred in a town, Neak Leung; allegedly, an American B-52 has bombed the town.
Schanberg and Pran go to Neak Leung where they find that the town has been bombed. Schanberg and Pran are arrested when they try to photograph the execution of two Khmer Rouge operatives. They are eventually released and Schanberg is furious when the international press corps arrives with the U.S. Army.
Two years later, in 1975, the Phnom Penh embassies are being evacuated in anticipation of the arrival of the Khmer Rouge. Schanberg secures evacuation for Pran, his wife and their four children. However, Pran insists that he would stay behind to help Schanberg.
The Khmer Rouge move into the capital, ostensibly in peace. During a parade through the city, Schanberg meets Rockoff. They are later met by a detachment of the Khmer Rouge, who immediately arrest them. The group is taken through the city to a back alley where prisoners are being held and executed. Pran, unharmed because he is a Cambodian civilian, negotiates to spare the lives of his friends. They do not leave Phnom Penh, but instead retreat to the French embassy.
Informed that the Khmer Rouge have ordered all Cambodian citizens in the embassy to be handed over and fearing the embassy will be overrun, the embassies comply. Knowing that Pran will be imprisoned or killed, Rockoff and fellow photographer Jon Swain (Julian Sands) of The Sunday Times try to forge a British passport for Pran; the deception fails when the image of Pran on the passport photo fades to nothing, as they lack adequate photographic developer. Pran is turned over to the Khmer Rouge and is forced to live under their totalitarian regime.
Several months after returning to New York City, Schanberg is in the midst of a personal campaign to locate Pran. In Cambodia, Pran has become a forced labourer under the Khmer Rouge's "Year Zero" policy, a return to the agrarian ways of the past. Pran is also forced to attend propagandist classes where many undergo re-education. As intellectuals are made to disappear, Pran feigns simple-mindedness. Eventually, he tries to escape, but is recaptured. Before he is found by members of the Khmer Rouge, he slips into a muddy cesspool filled with rotting human corpses; in doing so, he stumbles upon one of the infamous killing fields of the Pol Pot regime, where as many as 2 million Cambodian citizens were murdered.
In 1976 Sydney Schanberg is awarded a Pulitzer prize for his coverage of the Cambodian conflict. At the acceptance dinner he tells the audience that half the recognition for the award belongs to Pran. Later in the restroom, he is confronted by Rockoff, who harshly accuses him of not doing enough to locate Pran and for using his friend to win the award. Schanberg defends his efforts, saying that he has contacted every humanitarian relief agency possible in the time since Pran's disappearance. Rockoff suggests that Schanberg subtly pressured Pran to remain in Cambodia because Pran was so vital to Schanberg's work. This accusation hits close to home, and Schanberg begins to wonder whether he put his own self-interest ahead of Pran's safety. He finally confesses that Pran "stayed because I wanted him to stay".
Pran is assigned to the leader of a different prison compound, a man named Phat, and charged mostly with tending to his little boy. Pran continues his self-imposed discipline of behaving as an uneducated peasant, despite several of Phat’s attempts to trick him into revealing his knowledge of both French and English. Phat begins to trust Pran and asks him to take ward of his son in the event that he is killed. The Khmer Rouge are now engaged in a border war with Vietnam. The conflict reaches Pran's region and a battle ensues between the Khmer Rouge of the compound and two jets sent to destroy the camp. After the skirmish has ended, Pran discovers that Phat's son has American money and a map leading to safety. When Phat tries to stop the younger Khmer Rouge officers from killing several of his comrades, he is ignominiously shot.
In the confusion, Pran escapes with four other prisoners and they begin a long trek through the jungle with Phat’s young son. The group later splits and three of them head in a different direction; Pran continues following the map with the fourth man. However, Pran’s companion activates a hidden land mine while holding the boy. As Pran pleads with the man to give him the boy, the mine goes off, killing the pair. Pran mourns for a time and continues on. One day he crests the escarpment of the Dângrêk Mountains and sees a Red Cross camp near the border of Thailand.
The scene shifts to Schanberg calling Pran's family with the news that Pran is alive and safe. Soon after, Schanberg travels to the Red Cross camp and is reunited with Pran. He asks Pran to forgive him; Pran answers, with a smile, "Nothing to forgive, Sydney", as the two embrace.
Cast[edit]
Sam Waterston as Sydney Schanberg
Haing S. Ngor as Dith Pran
John Malkovich as Al Rockoff
Julian Sands as Jon Swain
Craig T. Nelson as Military Attache
Spalding Gray as U.S. Consul
Bill Paterson as Dr. MacEntire
Athol Fugard as Dr. Sundesval
Graham Kennedy as Dougal
Patrick Malahide as Morgan
Nell Campbell as Beth
Joanna Merlin as Schanberg's Sister
Production[edit]
In an interview with The Guardian in November 2014, Joffe said:
"David Puttnam asked to see me, which in those days was a bit like being invited out to Hollywood. He gave me Bruce Robinson’s script, which was enormous, but it was so full of passion and energy I couldn’t put it down. I’d heard about Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge, but didn’t know much until I read it. I wrote to David saying that whoever made the film would have to be careful because it wasn’t just a war story: it was about human connection, how friendships are born and what they do to us. I didn’t hear from him for six months, then we bumped into one another and he said he’d interviewed most of the directors in the world – including some very big names who would make the studios happy – but no one had really understood it. “You’re the only man who has,” he said."[3]
In the same interview actor Julian Sands said:
"Roland’s audition process was extraordinary. I was 24 and I’ve never come across anything as rigorous since. He was looking to put together a troupe of actors without much film experience, because he wanted the freshness of everything to resonate with us. He would gather lots of us in his office to improvise scenes. After about a month, he had a group he found interesting. John Malkovich, Sam Waterston and Haing S. Ngor weren’t subject to that, but their meetings with him were still pretty intense. A lot was made of the fact that Haing hadn’t acted before, but John put it differently: he said Haing had been acting his whole life – you had to be a pretty good actor to survive the Khmer Rouge."[4]
Critical reception[edit]
The Killing Fields holds a 93% rating at the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 40 reviews from notable publications.[5] Critic Roger Ebert wrote in the Chicago Sun-Times: "The film is a masterful achievement on all the technical levels—it does an especially good job of convincing us with its Asian locations—but the best moments are the human ones, the conversations, the exchanges of trust, the waiting around, the sudden fear, the quick bursts of violence, the desperation."[6]
Accolades[edit]
Academy Awards
Best Picture (David Puttnam) - Nominated
Best Director (Roland Joffé) - Nominated
Best Actor (Sam Waterston) - Nominated
Best Supporting Actor (Haing S. Ngor) - Won
Best Adapted Screenplay (Bruce Robinson) - Nominated
Best Cinematography (Chris Menges) - Won
Best Film Editing (Jim Clark) - Won
British Academy Film Awards
Best Film (David Puttnam) - Won
Best Direction (Roland Joffé) - Nominated
Actor in a Leading Role (Haing S. Ngor) - Won
Actor in a Leading Role (Sam Waterston) - Nominated
Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles (Haing S. Ngor) - Won
Best Adapted Screenplay (Bruce Robinson) - Won
Best Film Music (Mike Oldfield) - Nominated
Best Cinematography (Chris Menges) - Won
Best Production Design (Roy Walker) - Won
Best Editing (Jim Clark) - Won
Best Sound (Ian Fuller, Clive Winter, Bill Rowe) - Won
Best Special Visual Effects (Fred Cramer) - Nominated
Best Makeup and Hair (Tommie Manderson) - Nominated
Golden Globe Awards
Best Motion Picture - Drama (David Puttnam) - Nominated
Best Director (Roland Joffé) - Nominated
Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama (Sam Waterston) - Nominated
Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture (Haing S. Ngor) - Won
Best Screenplay (Bruce Robinson) - Nominated
Best Original Score (Mike Oldfield) - Nominated
Other
Eddie Award (Jim Clark) - Nominated
Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Film - Won
Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor (Haing S. Ngor) - Won
Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor (John Malkovich) - Won
Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cinematography (Chris Menges) - Won
British Society of Cinematographers Award for Best Cinematography (Chris Menges) - Won
César Award for Best Foreign Film (Roland Joffé) - Nominated
David di Donatello for Best Foreign Producer (David Puttnam) - Won
David di Donatello for Best Foreign Director (Roland Joffé) - Nominated
David di Donatello for Best Foreign Film - Nominated
Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Director - Feature Film (Roland Joffé) - Nominated
Guild of German Art House Cinemas Award for Best Foreign Film (Roland Joffé) - Won
London Film Critics Circle Award for Director of the Year (Roland Joffé) - Won
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor (John Malkovich) - 2nd place
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Cinematography (Chris Menges) - Won
National Board of Review: Top Ten Films - Won
National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor (John Malkovich) - Won
National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cinematography (Chris Menges) - Won
New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cinematographer (Chris Menges) - Won
New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film - 2nd place
Political Film Society Special Award - Won
Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay (Bruce Robinson) - Won
Besides its place as 100th on the BFI Top 100 British films list, The Killing Fields is also 30th on Channel 4's list of the 100 Greatest Tearjerkers,[7] and 60th on the AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers list.
Home media[edit]
The Killing Fields was released on DVD by Umbrella Entertainment in Australia in March 2010. The DVD includes special features such as the theatrical trailer, audio commentary with Roland Joffé, an interview with David Puttnam and a BBC documentary titled The Making of The Killing Fields.[8] In April 2013 Umbrella Entertainment released the film on Blu-ray in Australia.[9]
In the UK, the film was released on DVD and Blu-ray by Optimum Releasing and was released in North America on DVD by Warner Brothers, as part of their Warner Archive Collection.
Casting of Haing S. Ngor[edit]
Haing S. Ngor, who plays Pran, was himself a survivor of the Khmer Rouge regime and the labour camps.[10] Prior to the Khmer Rouge's 'Year Zero' he was a doctor based in Phnom Penh. In 1975, Ngor was one of millions who were moved from the city to forced labour camps in the countryside. He spent four years there before fleeing to Thailand.[11]
Haing S. Ngor had never acted before appearing in The Killing Fields. He was spotted by the film's casting director, Pat Golden, at a Cambodian wedding in Los Angeles.[12]
Of his role in the film, he told People magazine in 1985: "I wanted to show the world how deep starvation is in Cambodia, how many people die under Communist regime. My heart is satisfied. I have done something perfect."[13]
Related work[edit]
The screenplay is adapted from a Sydney Schanberg story in The New York Times Magazine entitled "The Death and Life of Dith Pran: A Story of Cambodia".[14]
In 1986, actor Spalding Gray, who had a small role in the film as the American consul, created Swimming to Cambodia, a monologue (later filmed by Jonathan Demme) based upon his experiences making The Killing Fields.
A book of the film was written by Christopher Hudson.[15]
See also[edit]
Alive in the Killing Fields (book)
BFI Top 100 British films
List of historical drama films of Asia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Walker, John (1985). The Once and Future Film: British Cinema in the Seventies and Eighties. London: Methuen. p. 117. ISBN 0-413-53540-1.
Jump up ^ "The 100 best British films". Empire. 29 November 2017.
Jump up ^ [1]. "Roland Joffe and Julian Sands: how we made The Killing Fields". Retrieved 4th December 2016.
Jump up ^ [2]. "Roland Joffe and Julian Sands: how we made The Killing Fields". Retrieved 4th December 2016.
Jump up ^ The Killing Fields at Rotten Tomatoes
Jump up ^ The Killing Fields review by Roger Ebert
Jump up ^ "Channel 4's 100 greatest Tearjerkers". Channel Four. Archived from the original on 13 April 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Umbrella Entertainment - DVD". Retrieved 28 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Umbrella Entertainment - Blu-ray". Retrieved 28 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Killing Fields: authentically good". The Guardian. London. 12 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Haing S. Ngor Foundation - Biography". haingngorfoundation.org. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Freedman, Samuel G. (28 October 1984). "In 'The Killing Fields,' A Cambodian Actor Relives His Nation's Ordeal". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Cambodian Doctor Haing Ngor Turns Actor in the Killing Fields, and Relives His Grisly Past : People.com". people.com. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Canby, Vincent (2 November 1984). "Screen: Tale Of Death And Life Of A Cambodian". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ The Killing Fields at Google Books
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Killing Fields (film)
The Killing Fields on IMDb
The Killing Fields at Rotten Tomatoes
The Killing Fields at AllMovie
Film review by Tim Dirks
Mike Oldfield Discography (Tubular.net) – The Killing Fields
The Killing Fields at DVD Resurrections, by Fingers.
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Roland Joffé
The Killing Fields (1984)
The Mission (1986)
Fat Man and Little Boy (1989)
City of Joy (1992)
The Scarlet Letter (1995)
Goodbye Lover (1998)
Vatel (2000)
Captivity (2007)
You and I (2008)
There Be Dragons (2011)
The Lovers (2013)
Texas Rising (2015)
[show]
v
t
e
BAFTA Award for Best Film
Best Film
from Any Source
1947–1967
The Best Years of Our Lives (1947)
Hamlet (1948)
Bicycle Thieves (1949)
All About Eve (1950)
La Ronde (1951)
The Sound Barrier (1952)
Forbidden Games (1953)
The Wages of Fear (1954)
Richard III (1955)
Gervaise (1956)
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)
Room at the Top (1958)
Ben-Hur (1959)
The Apartment (1960)
Ballad of a Soldier (1961)
The Hustler (1961)
Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
Tom Jones (1963)
Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964)
My Fair Lady (1965)
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966)
A Man for All Seasons (1967)
Best Film
1968–present
The Graduate (1968)
Midnight Cowboy (1969)
Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1970)
Sunday Bloody Sunday (1971)
Cabaret (1972)
Day for Night (1973)
Lacombe, Lucien (1974)
Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1975)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1976)
Annie Hall (1977)
Julia (1978)
Manhattan (1979)
The Elephant Man (1980)
Chariots of Fire (1981)
Gandhi (1982)
Educating Rita (1983)
The Killing Fields (1984)
The Purple Rose of Cairo (1985)
A Room with a View (1986)
Jean de Florette (1987)
The Last Emperor (1988)
Dead Poets Society (1989)
Goodfellas (1990)
The Commitments (1991)
Howards End (1992)
Schindler's List (1993)
Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994)
Sense and Sensibility (1995)
The English Patient (1996)
The Full Monty (1997)
Shakespeare in Love (1998)
American Beauty (1999)
Gladiator (2000)
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
The Pianist (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
The Aviator (2004)
Brokeback Mountain (2005)
The Queen (2006)
Atonement (2007)
Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
The Hurt Locker (2009)
The King's Speech (2010)
The Artist (2011)
Argo (2012)
12 Years a Slave (2013)
Boyhood (2014)
The Revenant (2015)
La La Land (2016)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Killing_Fields_(film)&oldid=815475116"
Categories:
1984 films
1980s drama films
1980s historical films
1980s biographical films
British films
British drama films
British war films
British epic films
British biographical films
English-language films
French-language films
Khmer-language films
Films directed by Roland Joffé
Political drama films
Vietnam War films
War epic films
Biographical films about photojournalists
Biographical films about war correspondents
Films based on actual events
Films based on newspaper and magazine articles
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award-winning performance
Films set in Cambodia
Films set in the 1970s
Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award
Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award
Goldcrest Films films
Warner Bros. films
Films shot in Thailand
Films shot in Bangkok
The Killing Fields
Works about the Cambodian genocide
Best Film BAFTA Award winners
Films produced by David Puttnam
Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay BAFTA Award
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from June 2011
Film articles using image size parameter
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Latina
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 15 December 2017, at 01:35.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

value: td

attrs: colspan style

attrs: scope style

values:
/wiki/Enigma_Productions
mw-redirect
Enigma Productions

values: BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role

values:
/wiki/B-52_Stratofortress
mw-redirect
B-52 Stratofortress

values:
/wiki/The_Killing_Fields
mw-redirect
The Killing Fields

values: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

values: Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay

values: BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles

values: BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects

values:
/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards
mw-redirect
Golden Globe Awards

values: Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Drama

values: Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama

values: Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture

values: Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score

values: British Society of Cinematographers Award for Best Cinematography (page does not exist)

values: David di Donatello for Best Foreign Film

values: Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Director - Feature Film (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Optimum_Releasing
mw-redirect
Optimum Releasing

values:
/wiki/Forced_labour
mw-redirect
Forced labour

values: q:Special:Search/The Killing Fields (film)

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0087553/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v27323

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.filmsite.org/kill.html

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
row
navbox-group
background: #BDB76B;width:1%

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Biographical films about photojournalists

values: Category:Biographical films about war correspondents

values: Category:Films based on newspaper and magazine articles

values: Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award-winning performance

values: Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award

values: Category:Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award

values: Category:Works about the Cambodian genocide

values: Category:Films produced by David Puttnam

values: Category:Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay BAFTA Award

values: Category:Film articles using image size parameter

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/The_Killing_Fields_(film)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: حقول القتل (فيلم) – Arabic

values: Полетата на смъртта – Bulgarian

values: The Killing Fields – Schreiendes Land – German

values: میدان‌های کشتار (فیلم) – Persian

values: דמעות של שתיקה – Hebrew

values: キリング・フィールド (映画) – Japanese

values: Поля смерти (фильм) – Russian

values: ทุ่งสังหาร (ภาพยนตร์) – Thai

values: Поля смерті (фільм, 1984) – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Killing_Fields_film rootpage-The_Killing_Fields_film skin-vector action-view


text:
Synergy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Synergy (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Synergy is the creation of a whole that is greater than the simple sum of its parts. The term synergy comes from the Attic Greek word συνεργία synergia[1] from synergos, συνεργός, meaning "working together".
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Descriptions and usages
3 Biological sciences
3.1 Pest synergy
3.2 Drug synergy
3.2.1 Drug synergy mechanisms
3.3 Toxicological synergy
4 Human synergy
5 Corporate synergy
5.1 Marketing
5.2 Revenue
5.3 Financial
5.3.1 Cash slack
5.3.2 Debt capacity
5.3.3 Tax benefits
5.4 Management
5.5 Cost
6 Synergistic action in economy
6.1 Synergistic determinants
6.2 Synergistic networks and systems
6.3 Synergy effects
7 Computers
8 Synergy in literature
9 Synergy in the media
10 Information theory
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
History
The words "synergy" and "synergetic" have been used in the field of physiology since at least the middle of the 19th century:
SYN'ERGY, Synergi'a, Synenergi'a, (F.) Synergie; from συν, 'with,' and εργον, 'work.' A correlation or concourse of action between different organs in health; and, according to some, in disease.
—Dunglison, Robley Medical Lexicon Blanchard and Lea, 1853
In 1896, Henri Mazel applied the term "synergy" to social psychology by writing La synergie sociale, in which he argued that Darwinian theory failed to account for "social synergy" or "social love", a collective evolutionary drive. The highest civilizations were the work not only of the elite but of the masses too; those masses must be led, however, because the crowd, a feminine and unconscious force, cannot distinguish between good and evil.[2]
In 1909, Lester Frank Ward defined synergy as the universal constructive principle of nature:
I have characterized the social struggle as centrifugal and social solidarity as centripetal. Either alone is productive of evil consequences. Struggle is essentially destructive of the social order, while communism removes individual initiative. The one leads to disorder, the other to degeneracy. What is not seen—the truth that has no expounders—is that the wholesome, constructive movement consists in the properly ordered combination and interaction of both these principles. This is social synergy, which is a form of cosmic synergy, the universal constructive principle of nature.
—Ward, Lester F. Glimpses of the Cosmos, volume VI (1897–1912) G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1918, p. 358
Descriptions and usages
In the natural world, synergistic phenomena are ubiquitous, ranging from physics (for example, the different combinations of quarks that produce protons and neutrons) to chemistry (a popular example is water, a compound of hydrogen and oxygen), to the cooperative interactions among the genes in genomes, the division of labor in bacterial colonies, the synergies of scale in multi-cellular organisms, as well as the many different kinds of synergies produced by socially-organized groups, from honeybee colonies to wolf packs and human societies: compare stigmergy, a mechanism of indirect coordination between agents or actions that results in the self-assembly of complex systems. Even the tools and technologies that are widespread in the natural world represent important sources of synergistic effects. The tools that enabled early hominins to become systematic big-game hunters is a primordial human example.[3]
In the context of organizational behavior, following the view that a cohesive group is more than the sum of its parts, synergy is the ability of a group to outperform even its best individual member. These conclusions are derived from the studies conducted by Jay Hall on a number of laboratory-based group ranking and prediction tasks. He found that effective groups actively looked for the points in which they disagreed and in consequence encouraged conflicts amongst the participants in the early stages of the discussion. In contrast, the ineffective groups felt a need to establish a common view quickly, used simple decision making methods such as averaging, and focused on completing the task rather than on finding solutions they could agree on.[4] In a technical context, its meaning is a construct or collection of different elements working together to produce results not obtainable by any of the elements alone. The elements, or parts, can include people, hardware, software, facilities, policies, documents: all things required to produce system-level results. The value added by the system as a whole, beyond that contributed independently by the parts, is created primarily by the relationship among the parts, that is, how they are interconnected. In essence, a system constitutes a set of interrelated components working together with a common objective: fulfilling some designated need.[5]
If used in a business application, synergy means that teamwork will produce an overall better result than if each person within the group were working toward the same goal individually. However, the concept of group cohesion needs to be considered. Group cohesion is that property that is inferred from the number and strength of mutual positive attitudes among members of the group. As the group becomes more cohesive, its functioning is affected in a number of ways. First, the interactions and communication between members increase. Common goals, interests and small size all contribute to this. In addition, group member satisfaction increases as the group provides friendship and support against outside threats.[6]
There are negative aspects of group cohesion that have an effect on group decision-making and hence on group effectiveness. There are two issues arising. The risky shift phenomenon is the tendency of a group to make decisions that are riskier than those that the group would have recommended individually. Group Polarisation is when individuals in a group begin by taking a moderate stance on an issue regarding a common value and, after having discussed it, end up taking a more extreme stance.[7]
A second, potential negative consequence of group cohesion is group think. Group think is a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in cohesive group, when the members' striving for unanimity overrides their motivation to appraise realistically the alternative courses of action. Studying the events of several American policy "disasters" such as the failure to anticipate the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (1941) and the Bay of Pigs Invasion fiasco (1961), Irving Janis argued that they were due to the cohesive nature of the committees that made the relevant decisions.[8]
That decisions made by committees lead to failure in a simple system is noted by Dr. Chris Elliot. His case study looked at IEEE-488, an international standard set by the leading US standards body; it led to a failure of small automation systems using the IEEE-488 standard (which codified a proprietary communications standard HP-IB). But the external devices used for communication were made by two different companies, and the incompatibility between the external devices led to a financial loss for the company. He argues that systems will be safe only if they are designed, not if they emerge by chance.[9]
The idea of a systemic approach is endorsed by the United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive. The successful performance of the health and safety management depends upon the analyzing the causes of incidents and accidents and learning correct lessons from them. The idea is that all events (not just those causing injuries) represent failures in control, and present an opportunity for learning and improvement.[10] UK Health and Safety Executive, Successful health and safety management (1997): this book describes the principles and management practices, which provide the basis of effective health and safety management. It sets out the issues that need to be addressed, and can be used for developing improvement programs, self-audit, or self-assessment. Its message is that organizations must manage health and safety with the same degree of expertise and to the same standards as other core business activities, if they are to effectively control risks and prevent harm to people.
The term synergy was refined by R. Buckminster Fuller, who analyzed some of its implications more fully[11] and coined the term synergetics.[12]
A dynamic state in which combined action is favored over the difference of individual component actions.
Behavior of whole systems unpredicted by the behavior of their parts taken separately, known as emergent behavior.
The cooperative action of two or more stimuli (or drugs), resulting in a different or greater response than that of the individual stimuli.
Biological sciences
Synergy of various kinds has been advanced by Peter Corning as a causal agency that can explain the progressive evolution of complexity in living systems over the course of time. According to the Synergism Hypothesis, synergistic effects have been the drivers of cooperative relationships of all kinds and at all levels in living systems. The thesis, in a nutshell, is that synergistic effects have often provided functional advantages (economic benefits) in relation to survival and reproduction that have been favored by natural selection. The cooperating parts, elements, or individuals become, in effect, functional “units” of selection in evolutionary change.[13] Similarly, environmental systems may react in a non-linear way to perturbations, such as climate change, so that the outcome may be greater than the sum of the individual component alterations. Synergistic responses are a complicating factor in environmental modeling.[14]
Pest synergy
Pest synergy would occur in a biological host organism population, where, for example, the introduction of parasite A may cause 10% fatalities, and parasite B may also cause 10% loss. When both parasites are present, the losses would normally be expected to total less than 20%, yet, in some cases, losses are significantly greater. In such cases, it is said that the parasites in combination have a synergistic effect.
Drug synergy
Drug synergy occurs when drugs can interact in ways that enhance or magnify one or more effects, or side-effects, of those drugs. This is sometimes exploited in combination preparations, such as codeine mixed with acetaminophen or ibuprofen to enhance the action of codeine as a pain reliever. Some drug users frequently utilize 5-HTP, a serotonin precursor often used as an antidepressant, prior to and after ingestion of MDMA. It is said to increase the "high" and decreases the "comedown" stages of MDMA use, although most anecdotal evidence has pointed to 5-HTP significantly altering the effect of MDMA when used at the same time, as well as potentiating the side effects associated with serotonin syndrome[citation needed]). Other examples include the use of cannabis with LSD, where the active chemicals in cannabis have been reported to enhance the hallucinatory experience of LSD.[citation needed].
Negative effects of synergy are a form of contraindication. For example, a combination of depressant drugs that affect the central nervous system (CNS), such as alcohol and Valium, can cause a greater reaction than simply the sum of the individual effects of each drug if they were used separately. In this particular case, the most serious consequence of drug synergy is exaggerated respiratory depression, which can be fatal if left untreated. Mixing drugs can produce potentially fatal reactions within the brain, such as serotonin syndrome, due to synergistic reactions changing chemical and receptor activity. In the case of Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) medications, mainly used as last-straw antidepressants, mixing certain foods and drugs may cause hypertension or hyperserotonemia.
Drug synergy can occur both in biological activity and because of pharmacokinetics. Shared metabolic enzymes can cause drugs to remain in the bloodstream much longer in higher concentrations than if individually taken.
A paper presenting a community computational challenge to predict synergy outlines the difficulty of predicting synergy based on high-throughput data.[15] The Food and Drug Administration published a guideline for the pharmaceutical industry stressing the need to understand combination effects and synergy.[16]
Drug synergy mechanisms
The following are further sample mechanisms that may be involved in the development of synergistic effects:
improvement of absorption or bioavailability (bioenhancer; for example loperamide reduces the motility of the small intestine, thus increasing the absorption of many drugs absorbed in the small intestine).[17]
displacement of an agent from plasma proteins to which it usually binds, whereby the non-bound and thus the effective fraction of the agent is increased.[18]
Binding to similar receptors (e.g. two ACE inhibitors may bind to the same receptor).
Effect on the same cellular system (e.g. two different antibiotics like a penicillin and an aminoglycoside; penicillins damage the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria and improve the penetration of aminoglycosides).[19]
Prevention or delay of degradation in the body (e.g. the antibiotic Ciprofloxacin inhibits the metabolism of Theophylline).[20]
Slowdown of excretion (e.g. Probenecid delays the [nephron|tubular] secretion of Penicillin in the kidney and thus prolongs its effect).[20]
Anticounteractive action, for example the effect of oxaliplatin and irinotecan. Oxaliplatin intercalates DNA whereby the cell is not able to replicate DNA. Then, topoisomerase 1 tries to repair the damage. Irinotecan inhibits topoisomerase 1, consequently the cytostatic effect is increased[21]
More mechanisms are described in an exhaustive 2009 review.[21]
Toxicological synergy
Toxicological synergy is of concern to the public and regulatory agencies because chemicals individually considered safe might pose unacceptable health or ecological risk in combination. Articles in scientific and lay journals include many definitions of chemical or toxicological synergy, often vague or in conflict with each other. Because toxic interactions are defined relative to the expectation under "no interaction", a determination of synergy (or antagonism) depends on what is meant by "no interaction".[22] The United States Environmental Protection Agency has one of the more detailed and precise definitions of toxic interaction, designed to facilitate risk assessment.[23] In their guidance documents, the no-interaction default assumption is dose addition, so synergy means a mixture response that exceeds that predicted from dose addition. The EPA emphasizes that synergy does not always make a mixture dangerous, nor does antagonism always make the mixture safe; each depends on the predicted risk under dose addition.
For example, a consequence of pesticide use is the risk of health effects. During the registration of pesticides in the United States exhaustive tests are performed to discern health effects on humans at various exposure levels. A regulatory upper limit of presence in foods is then placed on this pesticide. As long as residues in the food stay below this regulatory level, health effects are deemed highly unlikely and the food is considered safe to consume.
However, in normal agricultural practice, it is rare to use only a single pesticide. During the production of a crop, several different materials may be used. Each of them has had determined a regulatory level at which they would be considered individually safe. In many cases, a commercial pesticide is itself a combination of several chemical agents, and thus the safe levels actually represent levels of the mixture. In contrast, a combination created by the end user, such as a farmer, has rarely been tested in that combination. The potential for synergy is then unknown or estimated from data on similar combinations. This lack of information also applies to many of the chemical combinations to which humans are exposed, including residues in food, indoor air contaminants, and occupational exposures to chemicals. Some groups think that the rising rates of cancer, asthma, and other health problems may be caused by these combination exposures; others have alternative explanations. This question will likely be answered only after years of exposure by the population in general and research on chemical toxicity, usually performed on animals. Examples of pesticide synergists include Piperonyl butoxide and MGK 264.[24]
Human synergy
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Human synergy relates to human interaction and teamwork. For example, say person A alone is too short to reach an apple on a tree and person B is too short as well. Once person B sits on the shoulders of person A, they are tall enough to reach the apple. In this example, the product of their synergy would be one apple. Another case would be two politicians. If each is able to gather one million votes on their own, but together they were able to appeal to 2.5 million voters, their synergy would have produced 500,000 more votes than had they each worked independently. A song is also a good example of human synergy, taking more than one musical part and putting them together to create a song that has a much more dramatic effect than each of the parts when played individually.
A third form of human synergy is when one person is able to complete two separate tasks by doing one action, for example, if a person were asked by a teacher and his boss at work to write an essay on how he could improve his work. A more visual example of this synergy is a drummer using four separate rhythms to create one drum beat.
Synergy usually arises when two persons with different complementary skills cooperate. In business, cooperation of people with organizational and technical skills happens very often. In general, the most common reason why people cooperate is that it brings a synergy. On the other hand, people tend to specialize just to be able to form groups with high synergy (see also division of labor and teamwork).
Example: Two teams in System Administration working together to combine technical and organizational skills in order to better the client experience, thus creating synergy. Counter-examples can be found in books like The Mythical Man-Month, in which the addition of additional team members is shown to have negative effects on productivity.
Organismic computing is an approach to improving group efficacy by increasing synergy in human groups via technological means.
When synergy occurs in the work place, the individuals involved get to work in a positive and supportive working environment. When individuals get to work in environments such as these, the company reaps the benefits. The authors of Creating the Best Workplace on Earth Rob Goffee and Gareth Jones, state that "highly engaged employees are, on average, 50% more likely to exceed expectations that the least-engaged workers. And companies with highly engaged people outperform firms with the most disengaged folks- by 54% in employee retention, by 89% in customer satisfaction, and by fourfold in revenue growth (Goffee & Jones, pg. 100)." Also, those that are able to be open about their views on the company, and have confidence that they will be heard, are likely to be a more organized employee who helps his/ her fellow team members succeed.[25]
Corporate synergy
Main article: corporate synergy
Corporate synergy occurs when corporations interact congruently. A corporate synergy refers to a financial benefit that a corporation expects to realize when it merges with or acquires another corporation. This type of synergy is a nearly ubiquitous feature of a corporate acquisition and is a negotiating point between the buyer and seller that impacts the final price both parties agree to. There are distinct types of corporate synergies, as follows.
Marketing
A marketing synergy refers to the use of information campaigns, studies, and scientific discovery or experimentation for research or development. This promotes the sale of products for varied use or off-market sales as well as development of marketing tools and in several cases exaggeration of effects. It is also often a meaningless buzzword used by corporate leaders.[26][27]
Revenue
A revenue synergy refers to the opportunity of a combined corporate entity to generate more revenue than its two predecessor stand-alone companies would be able to generate. For example, if company A sells product X through its sales force, company B sells product Y, and company A decides to buy company B then the new company could use each sales person to sell products X and Y, thereby increasing the revenue that each sales person generates for the company.
In media revenue, synergy is the promotion and sale of a product throughout the various subsidiaries of a media conglomerate, e.g. films, soundtracks, or video games.
Financial
Financial synergy gained by the combined firm is a result of number of benefits which flow to the entity as a consequence of acquisition and merger. These benefits may be:
Cash slack
This is when a firm having number of cash extensive projects acquires a firm which is cash-rich, thus enabling the new combined firm to enjoy the profits from investing the cash of one firm in the projects of the other.
Debt capacity
If two firms have no or little capacity to carry debt before individually, it is possible for them to join and gain the capacity to carry the debt through decreased gearing (leverage). This creates value for the firm, as debt is thought to be a cheaper source of finance.
Tax benefits
It is possible for one firm to have unused tax benefits which might be offset against the profits of another after combination, thus resulting in less tax being paid. However this greatly depends on the tax law of the country.
Management
Synergy in management and in relation to teamwork refers to the combined effort of individuals as participants of the team.[28] The condition that exists when the organization's parts interact to produce a joint effect that is greater than the sum of the parts acting alone. Positive or negative synergies can exist. In these cases, positive synergy has positive effects such as improved efficiency in operations, greater exploitation of opportunities, and improved utilization of resources. Negative synergy on the other hand has negative effects such as: reduced efficiency of operations, decrease in quality, underutilization of resources and disequilibrium with the external environment.
Cost
A cost synergy refers to the opportunity of a combined corporate entity to reduce or eliminate expenses associated with running a business. Cost synergies are realized by eliminating positions that are viewed as duplicate within the merged entity.[29] Examples include the headquarters office of one of the predecessor companies, certain executives, the human resources department, or other employees of the predecessor companies. This is related to the economic concept of economies of scale.
Synergistic action in economy
The synergistic action of the economic players lies within the economic phenomenon's profundity. The synergistic action gives different dimensions to competitiveness, strategy and network identity becoming an unconventional "weapon" which belongs to those who exploit the economic systems’ potential in depth.[30]
Synergistic determinants
The synergistic gravity equation (SYNGEq), according to its complex “title”, represents a synthesis of the endogenous and exogenous factors which determine the private and non-private economic decision makers to call to actions of synergistic exploitation of the economic network in which they operate. That is to say, SYNGEq constitutes a big picture of the factors/motivations which determine the entrepreneurs to contour an active synergistic network. SYNGEq includes both factors which character is changing over time (such as the competitive conditions), as well as classics factors, such as the imperative of the access to resources of the collaboration and the quick answers. The synergistic gravity equation (SINGEq) comes to be represented by the formula:
                  ∑SYN.Act =∑R-*I(CRed+COOP++AUnimit.)*V(Cust.+Info.)*cc [31]

where: ∑SYN.Act = the sum of the synergistic actions adopted (by the economic actor) ∑ R- = the amount of unpurchased but necessary resources ICRed = the imperative for cost reductions ICOOP+ = the imperative for deep cooperation (functional interdependence) IAUnimit. = the imperative for purchasing unimitable competitive advantages (for the economic actor) VCust = the necessity of customer value in purchasing future profits and competitive advantages VInfo = the necessity of informational value in purchasing future profits and competitive advantages cc = the specific competitive conditions in which the economic actor operates
Synergistic networks and systems
The synergistic network represents an integrated part of the economic system which, through the coordination and control functions (of the undertaken economic actions), agrees synergies. The networks which promote synergistic actions can be divided in horizontal synergistic networks and vertical synergistic networks.[32]
Synergy effects
The synergy effects are difficult (even impossible) to imitate by competitors and difficult to reproduce by their authors because these effects depend on the combination of factors with time-varying characteristics. The synergy effects are often called "synergistic benefits", representing the direct and implied result of the developed/adopted synergistic actions.[33]
Computers
Synergy can also be defined as the combination of human strengths and computer strengths, such as advanced chess. Computers can process data much more quickly than humans, but lack the ability to respond meaningfully to arbitrary stimuli.
Synergy in literature
Etymologically, the "synergy" term was first used around 1600, deriving from the Greek word “synergos”, which means “to work together” or “to cooperate”. If during this period the synergy concept was mainly used in the theological field (describing “the cooperation of human effort with divine will”), in the 19th and 20th centuries, "synergy" was promoted in physics and biochemistry, being implemented in the study of the open economic systems only in the 1960 and 1970s.[34]
In 1938, J. R. R. Tolkien wrote an essay titled "On Fairy Stores", delivered at an Andrew Lang Lecture, and reprinted in his book, "The Tolkien Reader", published in 1966. In it, he made two references to synergy, although he did not use that term. He wrote:
Faerie cannot be caught in a net of words; for it is one of its qualities to be indescribable, though not imperceptible. It has many ingredients, but analysis will not necessarily discover the secret of the whole.
And more succinctly, in a footnote, about the "part of producing the web of an intricate story", he wrote:
It is indeed easier to unravel a single thread — an incident, a name, a motive — than to trace the history of any picture defined by many threads. For with the picture in the tapestry a new element has come in: the picture is greater than, and not explained by, the sum of the component threads.
Synergy in the media
The informational synergies which can be applied also in media involve a compression of transmission, access and use of information’s time, the flows, circuits and means of handling information being based on a complementary, integrated, transparent and coordinated use of knowledge.[35]
In media economics, synergy is the promotion and sale of a product (and all its versions) throughout the various subsidiaries of a media conglomerate,[36] e.g. films, soundtracks or video games. Walt Disney pioneered synergistic marketing techniques in the 1930s by granting dozens of firms the right to use his Mickey Mouse character in products and ads, and continued to market Disney media through licensing arrangements. These products can help advertise the film itself and thus help to increase the film's sales. For example, the Spider-Man films had toys of webshooters and figures of the characters made, as well as posters and games.[37] The NBC sitcom 30 Rock often shows the power of synergy, while also poking fun at the use of the term in the corporate world.[38] There are also different forms of synergy in popular card games like Yu-Gi-Oh!, Cardfight!! Vanguard, and Future Card Buddyfight.
In video game media a Synergist role is adapted in games, such as Square Enix's Final Fantasy XIII series to allow a character to buff up themselves or their party. In short, Synergists add resiliencies to certain attacks, lessen status ailments that are inflicted on a character, or oftentimes blocking most attacks altogether.
Information theory
When multiple sources of information taken together provide more information than the sum of the information provided by each source alone, there is said to be a synergy in the sources. This in contrast to the case in which the sources provide less information, in which case there is said to be a redundancy in the sources.
See also
Behavioral cusp
Emergence
Holism
Perfect storm
Stroke
Synergetics
Systems theory
References
Jump up ^ "synergy". Online Etymology Dictionary
Jump up ^ Werth, Margaret The Joy of Life: The Idyllic in French Art, circa 1900 University of California Press, 2002, p. 51
Jump up ^ Peter A. Corning, Nature's Magic: Synergy in Evolution and the Fate of Humankind, New York: Cambridge University Press 2003 ISBN 0-521-82547-4; Peter A. Corning, Holistic Darwinism: Synergy, Cybernetics and the Bioeconomics of Evolution, Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2005 ISBN 0-226-11613-1
Jump up ^ David Buchanan & Andrzej Huczynski: Organizational behavior, introductory text. Prentice Hall, pp 276, Third Edition 1997 ISBN 0-13-207259-9
Jump up ^ Benjamin Blanchard, System Engineering Management, pp 8, John Wiley 2004, ISBN 0-471-29176-5
Jump up ^ David Buchanan & Andrzej Huczynski: Organizational behavior, introductory text, Prentice Hall, pp 275, Third Edition 1997 ISBN 0-13-207259-9
Jump up ^ David Buchannan & Andrzej Huczynski: Organizational behavior, introductory text. Prentice Hall, pp 280, Third Edition 1997 ISBN 0-13-207259-9
Jump up ^ David Buchanan & Andrzej Huczynski: Organizational behavior, introductory text. Prentice Hall, pp 283, Third Edition 1997 ISBN 0-13-207259-9
Jump up ^ :Dr Chris Elliot, System safety and Law, Proceedings of First International Conference on System Safety, Institution of Engineering and Technology, London, pp 344-351(2006)
Jump up ^ UK Health and Safety Executive, Successful health and safety management, ISBN 978-0-7176-1276-5,(1997)
Jump up ^ SYNERGETICS Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking by R. Buckminster Fuller (online version)
Jump up ^ Fuller, R. B., (1975), Synergetics: Explorations In The Geometry Of Thinking, in collaboration with E. J. Applewhite. Introduction and contribution by Arthur L. Loeb. Macmillan Publishing Company, Inc., New York.
Jump up ^ Peter A. Corning, The Synergism Hypothesis: A Theory of Progressive Evolution, New York, McGraw Hill 1983 ISBN 0-07-013166-X; Peter A. Corning, Holistic Darwinism: Synergy, Cybernetics and the Bio economics of Evolution, Chicago, University of Chicago Press 2005 ISBN 0-226-11613-1;Synergy and self-organization in the evolution of complex systems.
Jump up ^ Myers, N Environmental Unknowns (1995).
Jump up ^ Mukesh Bansal et al.: ”A community computational challenge to predict the activity of pairs of compounds. Nature Biotechnology 32, 1213-1222, 2014
Jump up ^ Guidance for Industry : Codevelopment of Two or More New Investigational Drugs for Use in Combination. June 2013. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation/guidances/ucm236669.pdf
Jump up ^ Kathy Moscou, Karen Snipe: Pharmacology for Pharmacy Technicians. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2012, ISBN 9780323085786, S. 56.
Jump up ^ Kathy Moscou, Karen Snipe: Pharmacology for Pharmacy Technicians. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2012, ISBN 9780323085786, page 57.
Jump up ^ K. D. Tripathi: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. JP Medical Ltd, 2013, ISBN 9789350259375, page 698.
^ Jump up to: a b K. D. Tripathi: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. JP Medical Ltd, 2013, ISBN 9789350259375, page 931.
^ Jump up to: a b Jia Jia et al: "Mechanisms of drug combinations: interaction and network perspectives." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 8, 111-130, 2009
Jump up ^ Hertzberg, R. C., and MacDonell, M. M. (2002). Synergy and other ineffective mixture risk definitions. Sci Total Environ 288, 31-42.
Jump up ^ [1], U.S. EPA (2000). Supplementary Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures. Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC.
Jump up ^ Pyrethroids and Pyrethrins, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, epa.gov
Jump up ^ Goffee, R. & Jones, G. (2013). Creating the best workplace on the earth. Harvard Business Review, 99-106.
Jump up ^ Geneen, Harold; Bowers, Brent (1997). The Synergy Myth: And Other Ailments Of Business Today. St. Martin's Press. p. xii. ISBN 978-0-312-14724-2.
Jump up ^ Cummings, Michael S. (2001). Beyond Political Correctness: Social Transformation in the United States. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-58826-006-2. Extract of page 92
Jump up ^ Lawford, G. R. (2003). Beyond success: Achieving synergy in teamwork. The Journal for Quality and Participation, 26(3), p 23.
Jump up ^ Cost Synergy, investopedia
Jump up ^ Stan Laura-Melinda, The Necessity to Exploit the Economic Network's Synergistic Potential, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2011, p. 3-4
Jump up ^ Stan Laura-Melinda, The Necessity to Exploit the Economic Network's Synergistic Potential, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2011, p. 33 and 37
Jump up ^ Stan Laura-Melinda, The Necessity to Exploit the Economic Network's Synergistic Potential, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2011, p. 6-7
Jump up ^ Stan Laura-Melinda, The Necessity to Exploit the Economic Network's Synergistic Potential, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2011, p. 6
Jump up ^ Stan Laura-Melinda, The Necessity to Exploit the Economic Network's Synergistic Potential, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2011, p. 5
Jump up ^ Stan Laura-Melinda, The Necessity to Exploit the Economic Network's Synergistic Potential, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2011, p. 9
Jump up ^ Campbell, Richard, Christopher R. Martin, and Bettina Fabos. Media & Culture 5: an Introduction to Mass Communication. Fifth Edition 2007 Update ed. Bostin: Bedford St. Martins, 2007. 606.
Jump up ^ Media Synergy see Linden Dalecki's article in Northwestern's Journal of Integrated Marketing Communications (2008) [2]
Jump up ^ 30 Rock episode 3.09; Liz: "I hate those corporate things; a bunch of drunk people talking about 'synergy'." Jack: "First of all, never badmouth 'synergy'!"
External links
Look up synergy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Quotations related to synergy at Wikiquote
Synergism Hypothesis
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synergy&oldid=796889086"
Categories:
Holism
Production economics
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia semi-protected pages
Articles needing additional references from September 2007
All articles needing additional references
Articles containing Greek-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009
Articles needing additional references from February 2011
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Ido
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ಕನ್ನಡ
Қазақша
Lietuvių
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 August 2017, at 17:19.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

values: This article is semi-protected until May 26, 2019.

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Synergy_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Synergy (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href class

value: b

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: wikt:συνεργός

values:
/wiki/Complex_system
mw-redirect
Complex system

values:
/wiki/Cohesion_(social_policy)
mw-redirect
Cohesion (social policy)

values:
/wiki/Risky_shift
mw-redirect
Risky shift

values:
/wiki/R._Buckminster_Fuller
mw-redirect
R. Buckminster Fuller

values:
/wiki/Emergent_behavior
mw-redirect
Emergent behavior

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)

values:
/wiki/Depressant_drug
mw-redirect
Depressant drug

values:
/wiki/Respiratory_depression
mw-redirect
Respiratory depression

values:
/wiki/Plasma_protein
mw-redirect
Plasma protein

values:
/wiki/ACE_inhibitors
mw-redirect
ACE inhibitors

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values:
/wiki/Division_of_labor
mw-redirect
Division of labor

values:
/wiki/Advanced_chess
mw-redirect
Advanced chess

values: International Standard Book Number (identifier)

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2007

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles containing Greek-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2011

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Synergy
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Синергия – Bulgarian

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinergia
Sinergia – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergie
Synergie – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergi
Synergi – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergie
Synergie – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinergia
Sinergia – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinergia
Sinergia – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values: هم‌افزایی – Persian

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergie
Synergie – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values: Սիներգիա – Armenian

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinergio
Sinergio – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinergia
Sinergia – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: סינרגיה – Hebrew

values: ಸಿನರ್ಜಿ (ಸಹಕ್ರಿಯೆ) – Kannada

values: Синергия – Kazakh

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinergija
Sinergija – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergie
Synergie – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergia
Synergia – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinergia
Sinergia – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: Синергия – Russian

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinergija
Sinergija – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinergija
Sinergija – Serbian
sr
sr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinergija
Sinergija – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergia
Synergia – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergi
Synergi – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: ஒருங்கியக்கம் – Tamil

values: Синергія – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Synergy rootpage-Synergy skin-vector action-view