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Blood is thicker than water
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In modern society, the proverb "blood is thicker than water" is used to imply that family relationships are always more important than friends.
Contents
1 History
2 Other interpretations
3 In popular culture
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The equivalent proverb in German (originally: Blut ist dicker als Wasser), first appeared in a different form in the medieval German beast epic Reinhart Fuchs (c. 1180; English: Reynard the Fox) by Heinrich der Glîchezære. The 13th-century Heidelberg manuscript reads in part, "ouch hoer ich sagen, das sippe blůt von wazzere niht verdirbet" (lines 265-266). In English we read, "I also hear it said, kin-blood is not spoiled by water." which may in part due to the high seas being tamed refer to distance not changing familial ties or duties.
In 1412, the English priest John Lydgate observed in Troy Book, "For naturally blood will be of kind / Drawn-to blood, where he may it find."
By 1670, the modern version was included in John Ray's collected Proverbs,[1] and later appeared in Sir Walter Scott's novel Guy Mannering (1815): "Weel — Blud's [sic] thicker than water — she's welcome to the cheeses."[2] and in English reformer Thomas Hughes's Tom Brown's School Days (1857).
The phrase was first attested in the United States in the Journal of Athabasca Department (1821)."[3] On June 25, 1859, U.S. Navy Commodore Josiah Tattnall, in command of the U.S. Squadron in Far Eastern waters, made this adage a part of U.S. history when explaining why he had given aid to the British squadron in an attack on Taku Forts at the mouth of the Pei Ho River, thereby abandoning the strict American policy of neutrality.[4]
Other interpretations[edit]
Modern commentators, including authors Albert Jack[5] and R. Richard Pustelniak,[6] claim the original meaning of the expression was that the ties between people who've made a blood covenant were stronger than ties formed by "the water of the womb". However, no known historical sources support this.
The use of the word "blood" to refer to kin or familial relations has roots dating back to Greek and Roman traditions.[7] This usage of the term was common in the English-speaking world at least as early as the mid 1300s.
Although not specifically related to the expression, H.C. Trumbull notes an interesting comparison of blood and milk in the Arab world:
“ We, in the West, are accustomed to say that "blood is thicker than water" ; but the Arabs have the idea that blood is thicker than milk, than a mother's milk. With them, any two children nourished at the same breast are called "milk-brothers," or "sucking brothers"; and the tie between such is very strong. [..] But the Arabs hold that brothers in the covenant of blood are closer than brothers at a common breast; that those who have tasted each other's blood are in a surer covenant than those who have tasted the same milk together ; that "blood-lickers," as the blood-brothers are sometimes called, are more truly one than "milk-brothers," or "sucking brothers"; that, indeed, blood is thicker than milk, as well as thicker than water.[8] ”
In popular culture[edit]
More recently, Aldous Huxley's Ninth Philosopher's Song (1920) approached the proverb differently, stating, "Blood, as all men know, than water's thicker / But water's wider, thank the Lord, than blood."[9]
"Blood is thicker than water" is:
the title of a series of mixtapes by Nu Jerzey Devil, The Game, Black Wall Street Records, Dipset and Lil Wayne, produced by DJ Haze.[10]
a mixtape by Fredo Santana and Chief Keef .
a song title by Impaled Nazarene, off the 1994 album Suomi Finland Perkele.
a song title by Black Label Society, off the album Shot to Hell.
a book by W. A. Hoffman, now out of print.[11][12]
tattooed on the forearm of NBA player Trevor Ariza, dedicated to his little brother who fell out of a window when he was 6 years old.[13]
"Thicker than water" is:
the name of a 1997 album and song by H2O
a tattoo that M. Shadows of Avenged Sevenfold had across his chest.[14]
the name of a tattoo studio at 181 Avenue B in New York City.[15][16]
the English translation of the name of a 2014 Swedish TV show, Tjockare än vatten.[17]
the 2000 documentary surf film directed by singer/songwriter Jack Johnson and his film school friend Chris Malloy.
the title of the 8th episode of the American TV series Under the Dome.
the title of the 1st episode of the American reality TV series The Real Housewives of New Jersey.
the title of the 4th episode of the computer game "The Walking Dead: A New Frontier"
See also[edit]
Appeal to loyalty
Loyalty
Blood viscosity
List of English-language idioms
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hendrickson, Robert (1987). The Facts on File Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins. New York: Facts on File, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8160-1012-7.
Jump up ^ Rogers, James T. (1985). The Dictionary of Clichés. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-33814-3.
Jump up ^ Titelman, Gregory Y. (1996). Random House Dictionary of Popular Proverbs and Sayings. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-44554-8.
Jump up ^ Jones, Charles Colcock (1878). The Life and Services of Commodore Josiah Tattnall. Morning News Steam Printing House. p. 87.
Jump up ^ Jack, Albert (2005), Shaggy Dogs and Black Sheep: The Origins of Even More Phrases We Use Every Day, Penguin Books Ltd (UK), ISBN 978-0140515732
Jump up ^ Pustelniak, R. Richard (1994), "II. Terms", "How Shall I Know?" - The Blood Covenant, retrieved 2014-02-22
Jump up ^ "Blood: Online Etymological Dictionary"
Jump up ^ Trumbull, H. Clay (1893), The Blood Covenant - A Primitive Rite And Its Bearings On Scripture (2nd ed.), Philadelphia: John D. Wattles, p. 10 ff.
Jump up ^ Flexner, Stuart & Doris (1993). Wise Words and Wives' Tales: The Origins, Meanings and Time-Honored Wisdom of Proverbs and Folk Sayings Olde and New. New York: Avon Books. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-380-76238-5.
Jump up ^ "Nu Jerzey Devil Mixtapes - LiveMixtapes.com: Get It LIVE!". LiveMixtapes.com. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
Jump up ^ "Alien Perspective Publishing - W. A. Hoffman". Alienperspective.com. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Wynette A. (2002), Blood Is Thicker Than Water, Alien Perspective, ISBN 978-0972109802
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 7, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Needles and Sins Tattoo Blog | Valentine's Day NYC Tattoo Specials!". Needlesandsins.com. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 6, 2014. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Thicker Than Water". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
External links[edit]
Look up blood is thicker than water in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
"Blood is thicker than water" on The Phrase Finder
"Thicker Than Water". TV Tropes.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_is_thicker_than_water&oldid=856497827"
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text:
Post–World War II economic expansion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In the United States and several other countries, the boom was manifested in suburban development and urban sprawl, aided by automobile ownership.
The post–World War II economic expansion, also known as the postwar economic boom, the long boom, and the Golden Age of Capitalism, was a period of strong economic growth beginning after World War II and ending with the 1973–75 recession.[1] The United States, Soviet Union, Western European and East Asian countries in particular experienced unusually high and sustained growth, together with full employment. Contrary to early predictions, this high growth also included many countries that had been devastated by the war, such as Japan (Japanese post-war economic miracle), West Germany and Austria (Wirtschaftswunder), France (Trente Glorieuses), Italy (Italian economic miracle), Greece (Greek economic miracle), Taiwan (Taiwan Miracle) and South Korea (Miracle of the Han River).
Contents
[hide]
1 Terminology
2 Timeline
3 Global economic climate
4 Causes
4.1 Productivity
4.1.1 New products and services
4.2 Economic aftermath of war
4.3 Keynesian economics
4.3.1 Infrastructure spending
4.3.2 Military spending
4.4 Financial repression
4.5 Wealth redistribution
4.6 Low oil prices
4.7 International cooperation
4.7.1 Institutional arrangements
4.7.1.1 US Council of Economic Advisers
5 Specific countries
5.1 Belgium
5.2 France
5.3 Italy
5.4 Japan
5.5 Soviet Union
5.6 Sweden
5.7 United Kingdom
5.8 United States
5.9 West Germany
6 Effects
7 Decline
8 See also
9 Notes and references
10 Further reading
Terminology[edit]
In academic literature, the period is frequently referred to as the post–World War II economic boom, though this term can refer to much shorter booms in particular markets. It is also known as the Long Boom, though this term is generic and can refer to other periods. The golden age of Capitalism is a common name for this period in both academic and economics books.
The term is also used in other contexts. In older sources and occasionally in contemporary ones, Golden age of Capitalism can refer to the period of the Second Industrial Revolution from approximately 1870 to 1914, which also saw rapid economic expansion. Yet another name for the quarter century following the end of World War II is the Age of Marx, though the Soviet Union's economic statistics were not reliable during this period.[2][3]
Timeline[edit]
Economist Roger Middleton states that economic historians generally agree on 1950 as the start date for the golden age,[4] while Robert Skidelsky states 1951 is the most recognized start date.[5] Both Skidelsky and Middleton have 1973 as the generally recognized end date, though sometimes the golden age is considered to have ended as early as 1970.
This long term business cycle ended with a number of events in the early 1970s:
the collapse of the Bretton Woods monetary system in 1971
the growing international trade in manufactured goods, such as automobiles and electronics
the 1973 oil crisis,
the 1973–1974 stock market crash,
the ensuing 1973–75 recession, and
May Day 1975 the deregulation of fixed fees for trading stocks and market based commissions
While this is the global period, specific countries experienced business expansions for different periods; in Taiwan, the Taiwan Miracle lasted into the late 1990s, for instance, while in France the period is referred to as Trente Glorieuses (30 glorious [years]) and is considered to extend for the 30-year period from 1945 to 1975.
Global economic climate[edit]
In the United States, unemployment fluctuated during the 1950s, but dropped steadily during the 1960s.
OECD members enjoyed real GDP growth averaging over 4% per year in the 1950s, and nearly 5% per year in the 1960s, compared with 3% in the 1970s and 2% in the 1980s.[6]
Skidelsky devotes ten pages of his 2009 book Keynes: The Return of the Master to a comparison of the golden age to what he calls the Washington Consensus period, which he dates as spanning 1980–2009 (1973–1980 being a transitional period):[5]
Metric
Golden Age
Washington Consensus
Average global growth 4.8% 3.2%
Unemployment (US) 4.8% 6.1%
Unemployment (France) 1.2% 9.5%
Unemployment (Germany) 3.1% 7.5%
Unemployment (Great Britain) 1.6% 7.4%
Skidelsky suggests the high global growth during the golden age was especially impressive as during that period Japan was the only major Asian economy enjoying high growth (Taiwan and South Korea at the time being small economies). It was not until later that the world had the exceptional growth of China raising the global average. Skidelsky also reports that inequality was generally decreasing during the golden age, whereas since the Washington Consensus was formed it has been increasing.
Globally, the golden age was a time of unusual financial stability, with crises far less frequent and intense than before or after. Martin Wolf reports that between 1945–71 (27 years) the world saw only 38 financial crises, whereas from 1973–97 (24 years) there were 139.[7]
Causes[edit]
Allied war bonds matured during these years, transferring cash from governments to private households.
Productivity[edit]
See also: Agricultural productivity
High productivity growth from before the war continued after the war and until the early 1970s. Manufacturing was aided by automation technologies such as feedback controllers, which appeared in the late 1930s were a fast-growing area of investment following the war. Wholesale and retail trade benefited from new highway systems, distribution warehouses, and material handling equipment such as forklifts and intermodal containers.[8][9] Oil displaced coal in many applications, particularly in locomotives and ships.[10] In agriculture, the post WW II period saw the widespread introduction of the following:
Chemical fertilizers
Tractors
Combine harvesters
High-yielding variety
Pesticides
New products and services[edit]
Industries that were created or expanded during the post war period included television, commercial aviation and particularly in the US, computer technology.
Economic aftermath of war[edit]
Economists employing Marxian economic analysis and Crisis theory argue that the period of prosperity was a temporary phase in capitalist development fueled by a revival of capital stock, large pools of labor and raw materials, and technological innovation emerging from the end of the Second World War and the scale of defeats of the international working class.[11] This era of prosperity helped prop up the perspective that the crises and business cycles inherent to capitalism could be solved through macroeconomic Keynesian policies, when in actuality the fundamental instabilities of capitalism had not been resolved.[12]
Keynesian economics[edit]
Many Western governments funded large infrastructure projects during this period. Here the redevelopment of Norrmalm and the Stockholm Metro, Sweden.
Keynesian economists argue that the post war expansion was caused by adoption of Keynesian economic policies. Naomi Klein has argued the high growth enjoyed by Europe and America was the result of Keynesian economic policies and in the case of rapidly rising prosperity that this post war period saw in parts of South America, by the influence of developmentalist economics led by Raúl Prebisch.[13]
Infrastructure spending[edit]
One of Eisenhower's enduring achievements was championing and signing the bill that authorized the Interstate Highway System in 1956.[14] He justified the project through the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 as essential to American security during the Cold War. It was believed that large cities would be targets in a possible war, hence the highways were designed to facilitate their evacuation and ease military maneuvers.
Military spending[edit]
Another explanation for this period is the theory of the permanent war economy, which suggests that the large spending on the military helped stabilize the global economy; this has also been referred to as "Military Keynesianism".
Financial repression[edit]
This period also saw financial repression—low nominal interest rates and low or negative real interest rates (nominal rates lower than inflation plus taxation), via government policy—resulting respectively in debt servicing costs being low (low nominal rates) and in liquidation of existing debt (via inflation and taxation).[15] This allowed countries (such as the US and UK) to both deal with their existing government debt level and reduce the level of debt without needing to direct a high portion of government spending to debt service.
Wealth redistribution[edit]
Historical federal marginal tax rates for income for the lowest and highest income earners in the US[16]
Real income in the United States by percentile, normalized to 2007 costs. All social classes grew wealthier during the 1950s and 1960s, but the lower percentiles have only seen marginal improvement since then.
Much property was destroyed in war. In the inter-war period, the Great Depression also caused investments to lose value.[17]
During both World Wars, progressive taxation and capital levies were introduced, with the generally-stated aim of distributing the sacrifices required by the war more evenly. While tax rates dipped between the wars, they did not return to pre-war levels. Top tax rates increased dramatically, in some cases tenfold. This had a significant effect on both income and wealth distributions. Such policies were commonly referred to as the "conscription of income" and "conscription of wealth".[17]
"a fundamental objection to the government’s policy of conscription is that it conscripts human life only, and that it does not attempt to conscript wealth... " — Liberal party election platform, autumn 1917, Canada
The Economist opposed capital levies, but supported "direct taxation heavy enough to amount to rationing of citizens' incomes". Rationing of goods was also widely used, with the aim of distributing scarce resources efficiently.[citation needed] Rationing was widely done with ration stamps, a second currency that entitled the bearer to buy (with regular money) a certain amount of a certain sort of good (for instance, two ounces of meat,[18] or a certain amount of clothing[19] or fuel). Price controls were also used (for instance, the price of restaurant meals was capped).[18]
In the post-war period, progressive taxation persisted. Inheritance taxes also had an effect. Rationing in the United Kingdom lasted until 1954. Allied war bonds matured during the post-war years, transferring cash from governments to private households.
Low oil prices[edit]
The real oil price was low during the post-war decades, with this ending in the 1973 oil crisis.
In the 1940s, the price of oil was about $17, rising to just over $20 during the Korean War (1951–1953). During the Vietnam War (1950s – 1970s) the price of oil slowly declined to under $20. During the Arab oil embargo of 1973—the first oil shock—the price of oil rapidly rose to double in price.
International cooperation[edit]
Poster for the Marshall Plan
See also: Aftermath of World War II
Among the causes can be mentioned the rapid normalization of political relations between former Axis powers and the western Allies. After the war, the major powers were determined not to repeat the mistakes of the Great Depression, some of which were ascribed to post–World War I policy errors. The Marshall Plan for the rebuilding of Europe is most credited for reconciliation, though the immediate post-war situations was more complicated. In 1948 the Marshall Plan pumped over $12 billion to rebuild and modernize Western Europe. The European Coal and Steel Community formed the foundation of what was to become the European Union in later years.
Institutional arrangements[edit]
Institutional economists point to the international institutions established in the post-war period. Structurally, the victorious Allies established the United Nations and the Bretton Woods monetary system, international institutions designed to promote stability. This was achieved through a number of policies, including promoting free trade, instituting the Marshall Plan, and the use of Keynesian economics.
US Council of Economic Advisers[edit]
In the United States, the Employment Act of 1946 set the goals of achieving full employment, full production, and stable prices. It also created the Council of Economic Advisers to provide objective economic analysis and advice on the development and implementation of a wide range of domestic and international economic policy issues. In its first 7 years the CEA made five technical advances in policy making:[20]
The replacement of a "cyclical model" of the economy by a "growth model,"
The setting of quantitative targets for the economy,
Use of the theories of fiscal drag and full-employment budget,
Recognition of the need for greater flexibility in taxation, and
Replacement of the notion of unemployment as a structural problem by a realization of low aggregate demand.
Specific countries[edit]
The economies of the United States, Japan, West Germany, France, and Italy did particularly well. Japan and West Germany caught up to and exceeded the GDP of the United Kingdom during these years, even as the UK itself was experiencing the greatest absolute prosperity in its history. In France, this period is often looked back to with nostalgia as the Trente Glorieuses, or "Glorious Thirty", while the economies of West Germany and Austria were characterized by Wirtschaftswunder (economic miracle), and in Italy it is called Miracolo economico (economic miracle). Most developing countries also did well in this period.
Belgium[edit]
Main article: Belgian economic miracle
Belgium experienced a brief but very rapid economic recovery in the aftermath of World War II. The comparatively light damage sustained by Belgium's heavy industry during the German occupation and the Europe-wide need for the country's traditional exports (steel and coal, textiles, and railway infrastructure) meant that Belgium became the first European country to regain its pre-war level of output in 1947. Economic growth in the period was accompanied by low inflation and sharp increases in real living standards.
However, lack of capital investment meant that Belgium's heavy industry was ill-equipped to compete with other European industries in the 1950s. This contributed to the start of deindustrialisation in Wallonia and the emergence of regional economic disparities.
France[edit]
Main article: Trente Glorieuses
Between 1947 and 1973, France went through a boom period (5% growth per year on average) dubbed by Jean Fourastié Trente Glorieuses - the title of a book published in 1979. The economic growth occurred mainly due to productivity gains and to an increase in the number of working hours. Indeed, the working population grew very slowly, the "baby boom" being offset by the extension of the time dedicated to study. Productivity gains came from catching up with the United States. In 1950, the average income in France was 55% of that of an American; it reached 80% in 1973. Among the "major" nations, only Japan had faster growth in this era than France.[21]
The extended period of transformation and modernization also involved an increasing internationalization of the French economy. France by the 1980s had become a leading world economic power and the world's fourth-largest exporter of manufactured products. It became Europe's largest agricultural producer and exporter, accounting for more than 10 percent of world trade in such goods by the 1980s. The service sector grew rapidly and became the largest sector, generating a large foreign-trade surplus, chiefly from the earnings from tourism.[22]
Italy[edit]
Main article: Italian economic miracle
The Italian economy experienced very variable growth. In the 1950s and early 1960s the Italian economy boomed, with record high growth-rates, including 6.4% in 1959, 5.8% in 1960, 6.8% in 1961, and 6.1% in 1962. This rapid and sustained growth was due to the ambitions of several[quantify] Italian businesspeople, the opening of new industries (helped by the discovery of hydrocarbons, made for iron and steel, in the Po valley), re-construction and the modernisation of most Italian cities, such as Milan, Rome and Turin, and the aid given to the country after World War II (notably through the Marshall Plan).[23][page needed][24][need quotation to verify]
Japan[edit]
Main article: Japanese economic miracle
A transistor radio made by Sanyo in 1959. Japan manufactured much of the world's consumer electronics during this period.
After 1950 Japan's economy recovered from the war damage and began to boom, with the fastest growth rates in the world.[25] Given a boost by the Korean War, in which it acted as a major supplier to the UN force, Japan's economy embarked on a prolonged period of extremely rapid growth, led by the manufacturing sectors. Japan emerged as a significant power in many economic spheres, including steel working, car manufacturing and the manufacturing of electronics. Japan rapidly caught up with the West in foreign trade, GNP, and general quality of life. The high economic growth and political tranquility of the mid to late 1960s were slowed by the quadrupling of oil prices in 1973. Almost completely dependent on imports for petroleum, Japan experienced its first recession since World War II. Another serious problem was Japan's growing trade surplus, which reached record heights. The United States pressured Japan to remedy the imbalance, demanding that Tokyo raise the value of the yen and open its markets further to facilitate more imports from the United States.[26]
Soviet Union[edit]
In the 1950s the Soviet Union, having reconstructed the ruins left by the war, experienced a decade of prosperous, undisturbed, and rapid economic growth, with significant technological achievements most notably the first earth satellite. The nation ranked in the top 15 most prosperous countries. However, the growth slowed and ended by 1960, as the Khrushchev regime poured resources into large military and space projects, and the civilian sector languished. While every other major nation greatly expanded its service sector, that sector in the Soviet Union (medicine, for example) was given low priority.[27] Following Khrushchev's ouster, and the appointment of a collective leadership led by Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin, the economy was revitalised.[28] The economy continued to grow apace during the mid-to-late 1960s, during the Eighth Five-Year Plan.[29] However, economic growth began to falter during the early to mid-1970s,[28] beginning the Era of Stagnation.
Sweden[edit]
Main article: Record years
Sweden emerged almost unharmed from World War II, and experienced tremendous economic growth until the early 1970s, as Social Democratic Prime Minister Tage Erlander held his office from 1946 to 1969. Sweden used to be a country of emigrants until the 1930s, but the demand for labor spurred immigration to Sweden, especially from Finland and countries like Greece, Italy and Yugoslavia. Urbanization was fast, and housing shortage in urban areas was imminent until the Million Programme was launched in the 1960s.
United Kingdom[edit]
The national debt of the United Kingdom was at a record high percentage of the GDP as the war ended, but was largely repaid by 1975.
A 1957 speech by UK Prime Minister Harold Macmillan[30] captures what the golden age felt like, even before the brightest years which were to come in the 1960s.
"Let us be frank about it: most of our people have never had it so good. Go round the country, go to the industrial towns, go to the farms and you will see a state of prosperity such as we have never had in my lifetime – nor indeed in the history of this country."
Unemployment figures[31] show that unemployment was significantly lower during the Golden Age than before or after:
Epoch
Date range
Percentage of British labour force unemployed.
Pre-Golden Age 1921–1938 13.4
Golden Age 1950–1969 1.6
Post-Golden Age 1970–1993 6.7
In addition to superior economic performance, other social indexes were higher in the golden age; for example the proportion of Britain's population saying they are "very happy" has fallen from 52% in 1957 to just 36% in 2005.[32][33]
United States[edit]
Main article: Economic history of the United States § Postwar prosperity: 1945–1973
See also: Economic stagnation § End of stagnation in the U.S. after the Great Depression
The period from the end of World War II to the early 1970s was one of the greatest eras of economic expansion in world history. In the US, Gross Domestic Product increased from $228 billion in 1945 to just under $1.7 trillion in 1975. By 1975, the US economy represented some 35% of the entire world industrial output, and the US economy was over 3 times larger than that of Japan, the next largest economy.[34]
$200 billion in war bonds matured, and the G.I. Bill financed a well-educated work force. The middle class swelled, as did GDP and productivity. The US underwent its own golden age of economic growth. This growth was distributed fairly evenly across the economic classes, which some attribute to the strength of labor unions in this period—labor union membership peaked during the 1950s. Much of the growth came from the movement of low-income farm workers into better-paying jobs in the towns and cities—a process largely completed by 1960.[35]
Libertarian historian Burton W. Folsom Jr. argues that under the leadership of Senator Walter George, Congress ended most economic controls, cut taxes, slashed spending, and expected entrepreneurs to create the jobs needed for the returning soldiers. The predicted postwar depression never happened and the economy, grew rapidly as unemployment stabilized at 3.9 percent.[36][37]
West Germany[edit]
Main article: Wirtschaftswunder
Assembly of the Volkswagen Beetle in West Germany
West Germany, under Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and economic minister Ludwig Ehrhard, saw prolonged economic growth beginning in the early 1950s. Journalists dubbed it the Wirtschaftswunder or "Economic Miracle".[38] Industrial production doubled from 1950 to 1957, and gross national product grew at a rate of 9 or 10% per year, providing the engine for economic growth of all of Western Europe. Labor union's support of the new policies, postponed wage increases, minimized strikes, supported technological modernization, and a policy of co-determination (Mitbestimmung), which involved a satisfactory grievance resolution system and required the representation of workers on the boards of large corporations,[39] all contributed to such a prolonged economic growth. The recovery was accelerated by the currency reform of June 1948, US gifts of $1.4 billion Marshall Plan aid, the breaking down of old trade barriers and traditional practices, and the opening of the global market.[40] West Germany gained legitimacy and respect, as it shed the horrible reputation Germany had gained under the Nazis. West Germany played a central role in the creation of European cooperation; it joined NATO in 1955 and was a founding member of the European Economic Community in 1958.
Effects[edit]
The increased free time of adolescents caused the rise of youth subcultures such as Mods.
The post-war economic boom had many social, cultural, and political effects (not least of which was the demographic bulge termed the baby boom). Movements and phenomena associated with this period include the height of the Cold War, postmodernism, decolonisation, a marked increase in consumerism, the welfare state, the space race, the Non-Aligned Movement, import substitution, counterculture of the 1960s, opposition to the Vietnam War, the Civil Rights Movement, the sexual revolution, the beginning of second-wave feminism, and a nuclear arms race. In the United States, the middle-class began a mass migration away from the cities and towards the suburbs. Thus, it can be summed up as a period of prosperity in which most people could enjoy a job for life, a house and a family.
In the West, there emerged a near-complete consensus against strong ideology and a belief that technocratic and scientific solutions could be found to most of humanity's problems, a view advanced by US President John F. Kennedy in 1962. This optimism was symbolized through such events as the 1964 New York World's Fair, and Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society programs, which aimed at eliminating poverty in the United States.
Decline[edit]
The sharp rise in oil prices (due to the 1973 oil crisis) hastened the transition to the post-industrial economy, and a multitude of social problems began to emerge. During the 1970s steel crisis, demand for steel declined, and the Western world faced competition from newly industrialized countries. This was especially harsh for mining and steel districts such as the North American Rust Belt and the West German Ruhr area.
See also[edit]
Post-war consensus, in Britain
Four Asian Tigers
Mexican miracle
Spanish miracle
Nixon shock
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ http://m.oxfordscholarship.com/mobile/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198287414.001.0001/acprof-9780198287414
Jump up ^ Desai, Meghnad (2002). Marx's Revenge: The Resurgence of Capitalism and the Death of Statist Socialism,. Verso. p. 216. ISBN 1-85984-429-4.
Jump up ^ Ball, Terence; Bellamy, Richard Paul (2002). The Cambridge history of twentieth-century political thought. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. ISBN 1-85984-429-4.
Jump up ^ Middleton, Roger (2000). The British Economy Since 1945. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 3. ISBN 0-333-68483-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Skidelsky, Robert (2009). Keynes: The Return of the Master. Allen Lane. pp. 116, 126. ISBN 978-1-84614-258-1.
Jump up ^ Marglin, Stephen A.; Schor, Juliet B. The Golden Age of Capitalism. Clarendon Press. p. 1. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
Jump up ^ Wolf, Martin (2009). "3". Fixing Global Finance. Yale University Press. p. 31.
Jump up ^ Field, Alexander J. (2011). A Great Leap Forward: 1930s Depression and U.S. Economic Growth. New Haven, London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15109-1.
Jump up ^ Bjork, Gordon J. (1999). The Way It Worked and Why It Won’t: Structural Change and the Slowdown of U.S. Economic Growth. Westport, CT; London: Praeger. pp. 2, 67. ISBN 0-275-96532-5.
Jump up ^ Grübler, Arnulf (1990). The Rise and Fall of Infrastructures: Dynamics of Evolution and Technological Change in Transport (PDF). Heidelberg and New York: Physica-Verlag. p. 87<Fig. 3.1.5>
Jump up ^ Yaffe, David; Bullock, Paul (1979). "Inflation, the Crisis and the Post-War Boom". Revolutionary Communist No. 3/4 (Second Edition), November 1979. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Panitch, Leo; Miliband, Ralph (1992). "The New World Order and the Socialist Agenda". The Socialist Register. Retrieved October 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Klein, Naomi (2008). The Shock Doctrine. Penguin. p. 55.
Jump up ^ "The cracks are showing". The Economist. June 26, 2008. Retrieved October 23, 2008.
Jump up ^ The Liquidation of Government Debt, Reinhart, Carmen M. & Sbrancia, M. Belen
Jump up ^ "U.S. Federal Individual Income Tax Rates History, 1913–2011". Tax Foundation. 9 September 2011. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b https://web.stanford.edu/group/scheve-research/cgi-bin/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/ScheveStasavage_IO_2010.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/War/londonRation.html
Jump up ^ https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/8-facts-about-clothes-rationing-in-britain-during-the-second-world-war
Jump up ^ Salant, Walter S. "Some Intellectual Contributions of the Truman Council of Economic Advisers to Policy-Making," History of Political Economy, 1973, Vol. 5 Issue 1, pp 36–49
Jump up ^ P. Sicsic, and C. Wyplosz. "France: 1945-92." in Economic Growth in Europe since 1945, edited by N. Crafts and G. Toniolo. (Cambridge University Press, 1996)
Jump up ^ Andrea Boltho, "Economic Policy in France and Italy since the War: Different Stances, Different Outcomes?," Journal of Economic Issues 35#3 (2001) pp 713+ online
Jump up ^ Vera Zamagni, Vera, The economic history of Italy 1860-1990 (Oxford University Press, 1993)
Jump up ^ Giangiacomo Nardozzi, "The Italian" Economic Miracle". Rivista di storia economica (2003) 19$2 pp: 139-180, in English.
Jump up ^ James L. McClain, Japan: A Modern History (2002) pp 562-98
Jump up ^ Hans Brinckmann, and Ysbrand Rogge. Showa Japan: The Post-War Golden Age and Its Troubled Legacy (2008)
Jump up ^ Gur Ofer, The service sector in Soviet economic growth (1973) p. 21 online
^ Jump up to: a b Sandle, Mark; Bacon, Edwin (2002). Brezhnev Reconsidered. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-0-333-79463-0.
Jump up ^ Brown, Archie (2009). The Rise & Fall of Communism. Bodley Head. p. 403. ISBN 978-1-84595-067-5.
Jump up ^ "1957: Britons 'have never had it so good'". BBC. 1957-07-20. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
Jump up ^ Sloman, John (2004). Economics. Penguin. p. 811.
Jump up ^ Mark Easton (2006-05-02). "Britain's happiness in decline". BBC. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
Jump up ^ Nigel Healey, ed., Britain's Economic Miracle: Myth or Reality? (1992) excerpt
Jump up ^ Countries GDP 1975: GDP annual comparison, CountryEconomy.com
Jump up ^ French, Michael. US Economic History Since 1945 (1997)
Jump up ^ Burton W. Folsom; Anita Folsom (2011). FDR Goes to War: How Expanded Executive Power, Spiraling National Debt, and Restricted Civil Liberties Shaped Wartime America. Simon and Schuster. p. 311.
Jump up ^ James Ciment (2015). Postwar America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History. Routledge. p. 419.
Jump up ^ Jurgen Weber, Germany, 1945-1990 (Central European University Press, 2004) pp. 37-60
Jump up ^ Friedrich Fürstenberg, "West German Experience with Industrial Democracy," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol. 431, (May, 1977), pp. 44–53 in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Detlef Junker, ed., The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945-1968 (Cambridge University Press, 2004) vol 1:291-309
Further reading[edit]
Brinckmann, Hans, and Ysbrand Rogge. Showa Japan: The Post-War Golden Age and Its Troubled Legacy (2008)
Bullock, Paul and Yaffe, David [1975] Inflation, the Crisis and the Post-War Boom RC 3/4 November 1975, RCG
Crafts, N. and G. Toniolo, eds. Economic Growth in Europe since 1945 (Cambridge University Press, 1996)
Cairncross, Frances; Cairncross, Alec (1994), The Legacy of the Golden Age: 1960s and Their Economic Consequences, Routledge
Marglin, Stephen A.; Schor, Juliet B. (1992), The Golden Age of Capitalism: Reinterpreting the Postwar Experience, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-828741-4
Webber, Michael John; Rigby, David L. (1996), The golden age illusion: rethinking postwar capitalism
Yarrow, Andrew L. "The big postwar story: Abundance and the rise of economic journalism." Journalism History 32.2 (2006): 58+ online
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I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the current season, see I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 4).
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!
Genre
Reality television
Created by
Granada Television (now part of ITV Studios)
Based on
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!
Presented by
Chris Brown
Julia Morris
Country of origin
Australia
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
118 (as of 1 March, 2018)
Production
Location(s)
Kruger National Park,
in South Africa
Camera setup
Multiple-camera setup
Production company(s)
ITV Studios Australia
Release
Original network
Network Ten
Picture format
576i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
Audio format
Stereo
Original release
1 February 2015 – present
External links
Website
Production website
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (occasionally shortened to I'm a Celebrity) is an Australian reality television series on Network Ten which is based on the British television show of the same name.[1] The series sees celebrities living in the jungle with few creature comforts and compete in various challenges to earn meals and other luxuries. The celebrities compete for $100,000 to be donated to their chosen charity. The series is set in Kruger National Park, South Africa,[2][3] and is hosted by Julia Morris and Chris Brown.[4]
On 16 July 2015 the series was renewed for a second season,[5] which premiered on 31 January 2016.[6] The second season was accompanied by the companion series I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! Now!. It aired on Eleven following each episode of the main series, hosted by comedian and former season one contestant Joel Creasey and The Bachelor Australia 3 contestant Heather Maltman.[7] On 1 August 2016 the series was renewed for a third season with Morris and Brown returning as hosts,[8] which premiered on 29 January 2017. A fourth season commenced on 28 January 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Format
1.1 Tucker trials
1.2 Celebrity chest challenges
1.3 Secret mission
1.4 Mystery box
2 Production
2.1 Broadcast
2.2 The fallout zone
2.3 Public voting
3 Series overview
4 Series results
4.1 Season 1 (2015)
4.2 Season 2 (2016)
4.3 Season 3 (2017)
4.4 Season 4 (2018)
5 Ratings
6 Awards and nominations
7 Lawsuit
8 See also
9 References
Format[edit]
The premise of the show is that there is a group of well known personalities living together in a specially constructed camp site in a jungle. During their time in the jungle they are isolated from the outside world and are not commonly aware of outside events. The contestants compete for $100,000 to be donated to a charity of their choosing, in addition to being personally reimbursed for their participation.[9] While in the jungle, some of the contestants (generally voted by the viewing public) compete in challenges for food and luxuries for the camp. These challenges often involve local wildlife and are meant to take the contestants out of their comfort zone. Each week one or more of the contestants are evicted from the jungle, based on viewer votes. In addition, if the contestants become overwhelmed by their situation they can leave the series by speaking the phrase "I'm a celebrity get me out of here!". However, it is reported that if contestants do quit they will have their income for participating in the series markedly reduced.[10] Throughout the show, additional contestants (called "intruders") enter the competition; and beginning with season two, some contestants are only included temporarily (i.e. having a guest appearance).[11] In the end, a final viewer vote occurs to determine the winner of the series, who is given the title of "King and/or Queen of the Jungle".
Tucker trials[edit]
The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. These trials aim to test both physical and mental abilities. The winner is usually determined by the number of stars collected during the trial, with each star representing a meal earned by the winning contestant for their camp mates.
Celebrity chest challenges[edit]
Two or more celebrities are chosen to take part in the celebrity chest challenge to win luxuries for camp. Each challenge involves completing a task to win a chest to take back to camp. However, to win the luxury item in the chest, the campmates must correctly answer a question. If they fail to answer correctly, the luxury item is forfeited and a joke prize is won. The luxury item is "donated" by a celebrity from the outside.
Secret mission[edit]
This is a challenge where some celebrities have to take part without alerting the other celebrities - if they are successful in their 'missions', they are rewarded.
Mystery box[edit]
A mystery box sees a box delivered to the campsite, each time containing a different gift for the contestants.
Production[edit]
Broadcast[edit]
The show is broadcast Sunday to Thursday at 7.30 pm, with a weekly eviction show on Sunday (except for the first week, where the celebrities arrive in the 'jungle'). All shows are presented by Julia Morris & Chris Brown from a nearby studio. The program is live to AEDT States (New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory), in other states the program is delayed to accommodate local time zones.
The fallout zone[edit]
In addition to the television broadcast, for the first season a live feed from the camp site aired for an hour after the AEDT airing of the show on Ten's website and mobile app, titled The Fallout Zone but more commonly referred to as FOZ. The content of feed was available on the website after the fact so viewers in other states could watch the show after their airing of the main show. The feed was hosted by comedian Sam Mac and producer Ciaran "The Butcher" Flannery, also known as "The C-Word". On 8 and 12 March 2015, producer Dominic "The Domin8or" Sullivan filled in during Flannery's absence. The duo interact with viewers through Twitter, using the hashtag #FOZ. Mac and Flannery have no control over the shots used in the stream which has resulted in one episode featuring a 20-minute shot of a waterfall and, on 16 February 2015, a 15-minute conversation featuring a sound technician looking for Bob being picked up. On 5 March 2015 the show famously featured audio problems during which Mac and Flannery's voices fluctuated between chipmunk and Darth Vader filters for the first thirty minutes. The show's theme song is Highway to the Fallout Zone sung by Sam Mac. The show did not return for the second season.
Public voting[edit]
Throughout the show the public votes on who competes in the following tucker trial and who to evict from the campsite. Viewers can either vote via SMS (by texting the name of the celebrity to 1995 1010) or vote via Social Media (namely Facebook or Twitter) by using the celebrity's hashtag (#celeb[name]). Voting via social media is limited to 20 votes per account. For tucker trial voting, viewers vote for celebrity they wish to compete. For eviction voting, viewers vote for a celebrity to stay. Voting closes at approximately 7:30pm AEDT for Sunday's eviction vote and at approximately 8pm AEDT for voting on other days.
Prior to the premiere of the second season, it was announced that the voting process would change slightly compared to the inaugural season. SMS voting wil be used for both trial and eviction voting while Twitter voting will be used exclusively for trial voting. This change was implemented to even the playing field between celebrities with a larger international fan base (who are more likely to receive Twitter votes from said fan base) and celebrities with a smaller fan base who are only known in Australia.[12] However, this decision was later reversed, allowing Twitter and Facebook votes for the finals.[13]
Series overview[edit]
Winners are crowned King or Queen of their respective year.
Key:
King of the Jungle
Queen of the Jungle
Season
Presenters
Start date
End date
Days in camp
Campmates
Honour places
Winner
Second place
Third place
1
Chris Brown and Julia Morris 1 February 2015 (2015-02-01) 15 March 2015 (2015-03-15) 45 14 Freddie Flintoff Barry Hall Chrissie Swan
2
31 January 2016 (2016-01-31) 13 March 2016 (2016-03-13) 45 12 Brendan Fevola Paul Harragon Laurina Fleure
3
29 January 2017 (2017-01-29) 13 March 2017 (2017-03-13) 46 14 Casey Donovan Dane Swan Natalie Bassingthwaighte
4
28 January 2018 (2018-01-28) 12 March 2018 (2018-03-12) 15
Series results[edit]
Key
Winner – King or Queen of the Jungle
Runner-up
Third place
Late arrival
Evicted
Withdrew
Season 1 (2015)[edit]
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 1)
Celebrity
Known for
Day Entered
Day Exited
Result
Freddie Flintoff England cricketer 17 45 Winner
Barry Hall Former AFL forward 1 45 Runner-up
Chrissie Swan Television & radio broadcaster 1 45 Third Place
Maureen McCormick The Brady Bunch actress 1 42 Evicted 11th
Joel Creasey Comedian 1 41 Evicted 10th
Anna Heinrich The Bachelor Australia star 10 41 Evicted 9th
Julie Goodwin Chef & cookbook author 17 40 Evicted 8th
Merv Hughes Former test match cricketer 1 39 Evicted 7th
Tyson Mayr Model 1 38 Evicted 6th
Andrew Daddo Television & radio presenter 1 31 Evicted 5th
Lauren Brant Hi-5 singer 1 24 Evicted 4th
Laura Dundovic Miss Universe Australia 2008 1 17 Evicted 3rd
Tim Robards The Bachelor Australia star 10 17 Evicted 2nd
Leisel Jones Olympic swimmer 1 10 Evicted 1st
Season 2 (2016)[edit]
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 2)
Celebrity
Known for
Day Entered
Day Exited
Result
Brendan Fevola AFL full-forward 1 45 Winner
Paul Harragon Former NRL prop forward 1 45 Runner-up
Laurina Fleure The Bachelor Australia 2 star 1 45 Third Place
Anthony Callea Singer-songwriter 1 42 Evicted 9th
Shane Warne Retired international cricketer 2 41 Evicted 8th
Havana Brown DJ 1 40 Evicted 7th
Jo Beth Taylor Television presenter 1 39 Evicted 6th
Val Lehman Prisoner actress 1 38 Evicted 5th
Dean Geyer Glee actor 1 31 Evicted 4th
Bonnie Lythgoe So You Think You Can Dance Australia judge 1 24 Evicted 3rd
Akmal Saleh Comedian 1 17 Evicted 2nd
Courtney Hancock Ironwoman 1 10 Evicted 1st
Season 3 (2017)[edit]
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 3)
Celebrity
Known for
Day Entered
Day Exited
Result
Casey Donovan Singer-songwriter (Australian Idol Winner) 1 46 Winner
Dane Swan AFL Legend 1 46 Runner-Up
Natalie Bassingthwaighte Singer & Actress 1 46 Third Place
Nazeem Hussain Comedian 1 45 Evicted 11th
Steve Price Radio Shock Jock 1 42 Evicted 10th
Lisa Curry Olympic Swimmer 1 41 Evicted 9th
Ash Pollard My Kitchen Rules contestant 1 40 Evicted 8th
Carson Kressley TV Personality 25 39 Evicted 7th
Tegan Martin Beauty Queen 1 38 Evicted 6th
Keira Maguire The Bachelor Australia 4 star 19 35 Evicted 5th
Kris Smith TV Personality & Model 2 35 Evicted 4th
Tziporah Malkah Former Model 2 31 Evicted 3rd
Jay Laga'aia Actor & Singer 1 24 Evicted 2nd
Tom Arnold Hollywood Actor 1 17 Evicted 1st
Season 4 (2018)[edit]
Main article: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 4)
Celebrity
Known for
Day Entered
Day Exited
Result
Paul Burrell Former Royal servant 17
Josh Gibson AFL Player 1
Jackie Gillies Psychic & Reality TV Star 1
Danny Green Boxer 7
Simone Holtznagel Model 1
Shannon Noll Singer 1
Lisa Oldfield Reality TV Star 24
Fiona O'Loughlin Comedian 1
Vicky Pattison Reality TV star 17
Peter Rowsthorn Actor & Comedian 1
David Oldfield Former Politician 24 30 Evicted 3rd
Kerry Armstrong Actress 1 23 Evicted 2nd
Tiffany Darwish Singer 1 16 Evicted 1st
Anthony Mundine Boxer 2 12 Withdrew
Bernard Tomic Tennis Player 1 3 Withdrew
Ratings[edit]
Season
Episodes
Premiere
Finale
Source
Premiere date
Premiere viewers
(Opening Night)
Rank
Premiere viewers
(Welcome to the Jungle)
Rank
Finale date
Finale viewers
(Grand final)
Rank
Finale viewers
(Winner announced)
Rank
1
31 1 February 2015 (2015-02-01) 1.199 4 1.136 5 15 March 2015 (2015-03-15) 0.999 8 1.144 3 [14][15]
2
31 31 January 2016 (2016-01-31) 1.324 3 1.081 5 13 March 2016 (2016-03-13) 0.719 8 0.858 6 [16][17]
3
32 29 January 2017 (2017-01-29) 1.103 7 0.963 8 13 March 2017 0.989 6 1.056 2 [18][19]
4
31 28 January 2018 (2018-01-28) 1.274 4 1.108 5 12 March 2018 TBC TBC TBC TBC [20]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result
Refs.
2016 Logie Awards of 2016 Best Reality Program I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! Nominated [21]
2017 Logie Awards of 2017 Best Reality Program I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! Nominated [22]
Lawsuit[edit]
In June 2017, Tom Arnold filed a lawsuit against Network Ten and A List Entertainment for defrauding him for being on I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. Arnold claims that he was promised a payment of $425,000 and a comedy tour in Australia, however he was missing $140,000 in payment and that Network Ten backed out of the comedy tour.[23]
See also[edit]
Television in Australia portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "I'm a Celebrity heads to Oz". C21 Media. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Gusmaroli, Danielle (8 February 2015). "I'm A Celebrity I'm out Of Here! Olympian Liesel Jones is first star voted out of the south African jungle after opening up about her weight issues". Daily Mail Australia. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Kruger Welcomes I'm A Celebrity". CallSheet. 28 January 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "TV jungle gets real for Channel 10 but are celebs in or out?". news.com.au. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (16 July 2015). "Renewed: I'm A Celebrity Get Me Out of Here". TV Tonight. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (10 January 2016). "Returning: I'm a Celebrity Get Me Out of Here!". TV Tonight. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (19 November 2015). "TEN Upfronts 2016: Survivor, Jessica Marais, Anh Do -and Nigella!". TV Tonight. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "'m A Celebrity...Get Me Out Of Here! Is Back In 2017". Ten Play. Channel Ten. August 1, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Reines, Ros (2 February 2015). "I'm SO glad I turned down I'm A Celebrity... even though it paid '$30k per week'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (4 March 2015). "Contract clause 'penalty' for Celebrities who quit TEN's jungle". TV Tonight. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (28 December 2015). "Mark Waugh into TEN's jungle?". TV Tonight. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (28 January 2016). "I'm a Celebrity to switch-up viewer voting this year". TV Tonight. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (10 March 2016). "TEN U-turn on voting promise for I'm A Celebrity". TV Tonight. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (2 February 2015). "Sunday 1 February 2015". TV Tonight. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (16 March 2015). "Sunday 15 March 2015". TV Tonight. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (1 February 2016). "Sunday 31 January 2016". TV Tonight. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (14 March 2016). "Sunday 13 March 2016". Retrieved 14 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (30 January 2017). "Sunday 29 January 2017". TV Tonight. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (14 March 2017). "Monday 13 March 2017". TV Tonight. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (29 January 2018). "Sunday 28 January 2018". TV Tonight. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (3 April 2016). "Logie Awards 2016: nominations". TV Tonight. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (22 April 2017). "Logie Awards 2017: nominees". TV Tonight. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Cullins, Ashley (2017-06-15). "Tom Arnold Sues Australian Reality TV Network for Fraud". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2017-06-16.
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