text:
Modus operandi
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For other uses, see Modus operandi (disambiguation).
A modus operandi (often shortened to M.O.) is someone's habits of working, particularly in the context of business or criminal investigations, but also more generally. It is a Latin phrase, approximately translated as mode of operating.[1]
Contents
1 Term
2 Plural
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Term[edit]
The term is often used in police work when discussing crime and addressing the methods employed by criminals. It is also used in criminal profiling,[2] where it can help in finding clues to the offender's psychology.[3] It largely consists of examining the actions used by the individuals to execute the crime, prevent its detection and facilitate escape.[1] A suspect's modus operandi can assist in their identification, apprehension, or repression, and can also be used to determine links between crimes.[4]
In business, modus operandi is used to describe a firm's preferred means of executing business and interacting with other firms.
Plural[edit]
The plural is modi operandi. The word operandi is a gerund in the genitive case, "of operating"; gerunds can never be pluralised in Latin, as opposed to gerundives. When a noun with an attribute in the genitive is pluralised, only the head noun normally changes, just as in English with "of": "a fact of life, two facts of life".
See also[edit]
Criminology
John E. Douglas
Latin phrases
Modus ponens
Modus tollens
Modus vivendi
Signature crime
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Douglas, J. E. and A. W. Burgess, A. G. Burgess, R. K. Ressler. Crime classification manual (John Wiley & Sons, 2006) ISBN 0-7879-8501-5, p. 19-21.
Jump up ^ Vronsky, R. Serial Killers (Berkley Books, 2004) ISBN 0-425-19640-2, p. 412.
Jump up ^ Hazelwood, R. R, A. W. Burgess, Practical Aspects of Rape Investigation, (CRC Press, 2001) ISBN 0-8493-0076-2, p. 517.
Jump up ^ Berg, B.L. Criminal Investigation (McGraw Hill, 2008) ISBN 978-0-07-340124-9
Further reading[edit]
Levinson, D. Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment (SAGE, 2002). ISBN 0-7619-2258-X.
Carlo, P. The Night Stalker: The Life and Crimes of Richard Ramirez (Pinnacle Books 1996). ISBN 0-7860-1362-1.
External links[edit]
The dictionary definition of modus operandi at Wiktionary
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modus_operandi&oldid=858277824"
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Spirit Riding Free
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Spirit Riding Free
Genre
Adventure
Based on
Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron
Voices of
Amber Frank
Sydney Park
Bailey Gambertoglio
Darcy Rose Byrnes
Nolan North
Kari Wahlgren
Theme music composer
Kari Kimmel[1]
Composer(s)
Joachim Horsley
James Allen Roberson
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
2
No. of episodes
13 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Aury Wallington
Jim Schumann[2]
Running time
22 minutes[3]
Production company(s)
DreamWorks Animation Television[4]
Distributor
NBCUniversal Television Distribution
Netflix
Release
Original network
Netflix
Original release
May 5, 2017 – present
External links
Website
www.netflix.com/title/80115432
Spirit Riding Free is an animated series based on the 2002 Oscar-nominated film, Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron. The series is produced by DreamWorks Animation Television and distributed by Netflix.[5] Six episodes of the first season premiered on May 5, 2017.[3] The series was renewed for a second season and it premiered on September 8, 2017.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Crew
4 Episodes
4.1 Season 1 (2017)
4.2 Season 2 (2017)
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
In the small town of Miradero, Oregon, a 12-year-old[2] girl named Lucky, who had recently relocated from the city, encounters a wild horse named Spirit. Spirit, (the offspring of the main protagonists from Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron; Spirit and Rain), is caught by wranglers and brought to be "broken" in Miradeo. Lucky gradually bonds with the stallion, and breaks him free. Lucky also meets two other girls, Prudence and Abigail, who both own horses, Chica Linda, a palomino, and Boomerang, a paint horse. They embark on everyday adventures across the land.
Cast[edit]
Amber Frank as Fortuna "Lucky" Esperanza Navarro Prescott[2]
Sydney Park as Pru Granger[2]
Bailey Gambertoglio as Abigail Stone[2]
Darcy Rose Byrnes as Maricela[2]
Nolan North as Jim Prescott[2]
Kari Wahlgren as Aunt Cora[2]
Jeff Bennett as Mesteneros
Tiya Sircar as Miss Flores
Crew[edit]
Voice director: Ginny McSwain
Episodes[edit]
Season 1 (2017)[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Storyboarded by
Original release date
1
"Lucky and the Unbreakable Spirit" Joshua Taback Aury Wallington Stephanie Arnett May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
After Lucky Prescott arrives in Miradeo, she struggles to fit in, but not before befriending a wild stallion, Spirit, who has been wrangled for taming.
2
"Lucky and the Treacherous Trail" Joshua Taback Aury Wallington Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
Lucky persuades Pru Granger to teach her the basics of riding a horse so that she and Spirit can participate in the Saddle Club race.
3
"Lucky and the Mysterious Map" Beth Sleven Aury Wallington Jean Kang & Christina Manrique May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
Lucky decodes her father's treasure map whilst camping, sneaking off with Pru, Abigail and Spirit to find the treasure.
4
"Lucky and the Competition Conundrum" Joshua Taback Katherine Nolfi Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
Lucky and Maricela create a booth for a school fundraiser in the hopes of gaining Lucky Student of the Month, pitting themselves against Pru and Abigail.
5
"Lucky and the Appaloosa Adventure" Beth Sleven Robert Taylor Jean Kang & Christina Manrique May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
Lucky and Turo plot to save a horse that is being neglected by his owner, whilst Lucky's father works on fixing a damaged dam before it becomes a danger to anyone.
6
"Lucky and the Not-So-Secret Surprise" Julia "Fitzy" Fitzmaurice Nancy Cohen Kathryn Marusik & David Van Tuyle May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
Lucky has Abigail help her plan Pru the best surprise birthday ever, but she eventually gets upset and things become a catastrophe.
Season 2 (2017)[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Storyboarded by
Original release date
7
"Lucky and the Cowboy Next Door" Julia "Fitzy" Fitzmaurice Laura Sreebny Kathryn Marusik & David VanTuyle September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Lucky meets a new friend named Javier.
8
"Lucky and the Pie P.I." Beth Sleven Robert Taylor Jean Kang & Christina Manrique September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Lucky and his friends solve a mystery when pies are missing.
9
"Lucky and the Super Amazing and Fun Cousin Julian" Beth Sleven Nancy Cohen Jean Kang & Christina Manrique September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Lucky thinks something is suspicious about her cousin when she thinks he isn't what she thinks.
10
"Lucky and the Harvest Hunt" Joshua Taback Laura Sreebny Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Lucky and her friends hunt for a scarecrow.
11
"Lucky and the Christmas Spirit" Joshua Taback Katherine Nolfi Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Lucky and her friends send gifts to everyone in town during Christmas.
12
"Lucky and the Deadly Blizzard" Julia "Fitzy" Fitzmaurice Aury Wallington Kathryn Marusik & David VanTuyle September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Lucky and Maricela work together to get medicine from a broken train during a flu outbreak when a blizzard is coming.
13
"Lucky and the Price of Freedom" Julia "Fitzy" Fitzmaurice Aury Wallington Christian Lignan & Kathryn Marusik September 8, 2017 (2017-09-08)
Lucky pretends to be a man to enter a horse race to prove that women are good at riding horses. She wins but Spirit is taken away from her because he is wild, she chases after Spirit but the train goes away and Lucky might never see spirit again.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Nashid, Naureen (March 30, 2017). "Interview with Kari Kimmel". Teal Magazine. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Milligan, Mercedes (April 18, 2017). "Trailer: DreamWorks’ ‘Spirit Riding Free’ Races to Netflix". Animation Magazine. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Amidi, Amid (April 19, 2017). "TRAILER: ‘Spirit Riding Free’ Takes The Dreamworks Franchise In A New Direction". Cartoon Brew. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ McLean, Tom (April 30, 2017). "Perfect Match". Animation Magazine. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Steinberg, Brian (June 16, 2016). "Netflix Readies Animated ‘Spy Kids,’ ‘Llama Llama’ Series (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.animationmagazine.net/top-stories/dreamworks-spirit-riding-free-s2-hoofs-it-to-netflix/
External links[edit]
Official website at Netflix
Official website at DreamWorks TV
Spirit Riding Free on IMDb
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List of states in the Holy Roman Empire
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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List of states in the Holy Roman Empire
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Z
Free Imperial Cities - Imperial abbeys - Imperial Knights - Imperial Villages
The extent of the Holy Roman Empire in the year 1600, superimposed on modern borders. The Seven United Provinces seceded in 1581, but it was recognized in 1648.
The Hohenstaufen-ruled Holy Roman Empire (c. 1138–1254) and the Kingdom of Sicily. Imperial and directly held Hohenstaufen lands in the Empire are shown in bright yellow. This was the greatest territorial extent the HRE ever reached.
This list of states which were part of the Holy Roman Empire includes any territory ruled by an authority that had been granted imperial immediacy, as well as many other feudal entities such as lordship, sous-fiefs and allodial fiefs.
The Holy Roman Empire was a complex political entity that existed in central Europe for most of the medieval and early modern periods. It should be mentioned that the states that composed the Empire, while enjoying a unique form of territorial authority (called Landeshoheit) that granted them many attributes of sovereignty, were never fully sovereign states as the term is understood today.[1] In the 18th century, the Holy Roman Empire consisted of approximately 1,800 such territories, the majority being tiny estates owned by the families of Imperial Knights.[2] This page does not directly contain the list, but it discusses the format of the various lists, and offers some background to understand the complex organisation of the Holy Roman Empire. The lists themselves can be accessed via the alphabetical navigation box at the top of this page; each letter will lead the reader to a page where states of the Empire which began with that letter are listed. For a more complete history of the empire, see Holy Roman Empire.
Contents
[hide]
1 Table of states
1.1 Key
2 Definition of terms
3 Notes column
3.1 Estate of the Empire (Reichsstand)
4 Grouped lists
4.1 Ecclesiastical orders
4.2 Livonian territories
4.3 Territories of Old Princely Families
4.4 Italian territories
4.5 Territories of New Princely Families
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
7.1 In English
7.2 In other languages
8 Maps and illustrations
9 External links
Table of states[edit]
While any such list could never be definitive, the list attempts to be as comprehensive as possible. It is sorted alphabetically and split into separate articles linked in the box below.
List of states in the Holy Roman Empire
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Z
Free Imperial Cities - Imperial abbeys - Imperial Knights - Imperial Villages
There is also a separate list of Free Imperial Cities, as well as a list of participants in the Imperial Diet as of 1792.
Key[edit]
The "Circle" column shows the Imperial Circle (Reichskreis) that the state belonged to.
The "Bench" column shows where the state was represented in the Imperial Diet (Reichstag).
Circles
Benches
Aust Austrian EL Council of Electors, the exclusive elite formally electing the Holy Roman Emperor
Bav Bavarian EC Spiritual Bench of the Council of Princes (individual voice)
Burg Burgundian PR Secular Bench of the Council of Princes (individual voice)
El Rhin Electoral Rhenish Circle RP Rhenish prelates (Council of Princes)
Franc Franconian SP Swabian prelates (Council of Princes)
Low Rhen Lower Rhenish-Westphalian FC Franconian counts (Council of Princes)
Low Sax Lower Saxon SC Swabian counts (Council of Princes)
Upp Rhin Upper Rhenish WE Westphalian counts (Council of Princes)
Upp Sax Upper Saxon WT Wetterau counts (Council of Princes)
Swab Swabian RH Rhenish Bench of the Council of Imperial Cities
None "Circle-free" SW Swabian Bench of the Council of Imperial Cities
Note that in the "Circle" column, "n/a" denotes a state that had ceased to exist before the Reichsreform.
Other abbreviations used in the list are:
Abp. Archbishopric
Bp. Bishopric
Co. Countship (sometimes also called county)
D. Duchy
Ldg. Landgraviate
Mrg. Margraviate
Pr. Principality
RA Reichsabtei (Imperial abbacy, a monastery enjoying Imperial immediacy)
Definition of terms[edit]
Imperial Abbey Reichsabt: A Reichsabt, literally 'Imperial Abbot' or 'Abbot of the Empire', was an Abbot whose abbey was granted within the Holy Roman Empire the status of Reichsabtei (or Reichskloster), literally 'Imperial Abbey' (or – Monastery), meaning that it enjoyed Imperial immediacy (Reichsunmittelbarkeit), like an Imperial City, making him a prince of the church, with the rank of a Prince of the Empire, like a prince-bishop.
Imperial Circle: An Imperial Circle (in German Reichskreis, plural Reichskreise) was a regional grouping of states of the Holy Roman Empire, primarily for the purpose of organising a common defence and of collecting imperial taxes, but also as a means of organisation within the Imperial Diet.
Imperial Diet (Reichstag): The Imperial Diet was the parliament of the Holy Roman Empire. The same name was used within the North German Confederation and within Germany until 1945.
Imperial Estate: An Imperial State or Imperial Estate (German singular: Reichsstand, plural: Reichsstände) was an entity in the Holy Roman Empire with a vote in the Imperial Diet. Several states had no seats in the Empire, while some officials (such as the Hereditary Usher) were non-voting members; neither qualified as Imperial States.
Imperial Free City: In the Holy Roman Empire, an imperial free city (German: freie Reichsstadt) was a city formally responsible to the emperor only – as opposed to the majority of cities in the Empire, which belonged to a territory and were thus governed by one of the many princes (Fürsten) of the Empire, such as dukes or prince-bishops. Free cities also had independent representation in the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire.
Imperial immediacy (Reichsfreiheit or Reichsunmittelbarkeit, adjectives reichsfrei, reichsunmittelbar): Immediacy was a privileged feudal and political status, a form of statehood, which a city, religious entity or feudal principality of minor lordship could attain within the Holy Roman Empire. An immediate city, abbey or territory was under the direct authority of the Holy Roman Emperor and the Imperial Diet, without any intermediary Liege lord(s). Advantages were that immediate regions had the right to collect taxes and tolls themselves, and held juridical rights (including the Blutgericht, 'high' justice including capital punishment) themselves. De facto immediacy corresponded to a semi-independence with a far-reaching autonomy.
Imperial Reform: In 1495, an attempt was made at a Diet in the city of Worms to give the disintegrating Holy Roman Empire a new structure, commonly referred to as Imperial Reform (in German: Reichsreform).
Imperial State: An Imperial State or Imperial Estate (German singular: Reichsstand, plural: Reichsstände) was an entity in the Holy Roman Empire with a vote in the Imperial Diet.
Mediatization: defined broadly, is the annexation of one monarchy by another monarchy in such a way that the ruler of the annexed state keeps his or her noble title, and sometimes a measure of power. Thus, for example, when a sovereign county is annexed to a larger principality, its reigning count might find himself subordinated to a prince, but would nevertheless remain a count, rather than be stripped of his title.
Prince of the Empire: A Prince of the Empire is any ruling Prince whose territory is a member of the Holy Roman Empire (not only German-speaking countries, but also many bordering and extensive neighbouring regions) and entitled to a voting seat (or in a collective voting unit, such as the Grafenbank) in Imperial Diet or Reichstag.
Prince-abbot: A Prince-abbott is a cleric who is a prince of the church (like a prince-bishop) in the sense of an ex-officio temporal lord of a feudal entity, known as prince-abbacy or abbey-principality, in an area that is ruled by the head of an abbey. The designated abbey may be a monastery or a convent. Thus, because of the possibility of it being a convent, an abbey-principality is one of the few cases in which the rule can be restricted to female incumbents, styled princess-abbess. In many cases they were prince of the empire of a Reichsabtei in or near Germany, with a seat in the Imperial Diet.
Prince-Bishop: A Prince-Bishop is a bishop who is a territorial prince of the church on account of one or more secular principalities, usually pre-existent nobiliary titles held concurrently with their inherent clerical office. If the see is an archbishopric, the correct term is prince-archbishop; the equivalent in the regular clergy is a prince-abbot.
Prince-elector: The prince-electors or electoral princes of the Holy Roman Empire (German: sing. Kurfürst, pl. Kurfürsten) were the members of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire, having the function of electing the Holy Roman Emperors.
Secularization: Secularization is a process of transformation as a society slowly migrates from close identification with the local institutions of religion to a more clearly separated relationship. In this context, often referring to the transfer of Prince-Bishoprics to the control of lay rulers.
Notes column[edit]
The "Notes" column shows, in capsule form,
the territorial development of the different states or polities (acquisition or loss of possessions, union of rulers or dynasties, etc.);
the royal or noble dynasties, including their various branches, which ruled over territories or polities;
the transmission of succession rights (marriage, female succession, conquest, cession, pledge, etc.);
the attributes of "statehood" (right to mint coins, holding markets and fairs, entering into treaties and pacts, appointment of civil officials, etc.); and
the size of territory and population of the various polities whenever these are available.
Estate of the Empire (Reichsstand)[edit]
The following excerpt from François Velde's Unequal and Morganatic Marriages in German Law provides an excellent overview on what an Estate (or State) of the Empire is.[3] For his purpose, the author deals only with the hereditary territorial rulers but it should be remembered that the Estates also included a substantial number of non-hereditary territorial rulers such as the ecclesiastical states (prince-bishoprics and imperial abbeys) and free imperial cities.
The special status of these families manifested itself in the constitution of the Empire as it evolved in the 16th c. To the status of territorial ruler corresponded a seat and vote in one of the colleges of the Reichstag, the Imperial Diet. In the late 16th c., the multiplication of votes due to territorial fragmentation led to reforms. After the Diet held at Augsburg in 1582, the list of votes remained fixed, notwithstanding further territorial divisions. Furthermore, the right to vote became attached to a land, rather than to a person or family (of course, land was inheritable within families). A member of the Diet with seat and vote (individual or shared) was called a Reichsstand, or state of the Empire.
At some point (Abt 1911, 103 n2 cites various possible dates, from the turn of the 16th c. to 1653 to the 18th c.[4]), the definition of Hochadel became congruent with being a Reichsstand (adjective: reichsständisch). The reason is that the Emperor, as "fons nobilitatium," had the power to create new princes, counts and barons of the Empire, a power which he began to use more frequently. The existing princes, counts and barons were obviously loathe to see the value of their title diminished. The members of the Diet complained and, after 1582, it became the rule that such new princes and counts would not of right have a seat at the Diet. Furthermore, in 1653 the Electoral Capitulation included strict rules on the process by which the Emperor could create new states of the Empire. In particular, any new member had to possess an immediate territory of sufficient size, and had to be accepted by his peers (princes or counts).
Thus a distinction emerged between
families that were part of the Diet in 1582: the "old princely" and "old comital" (altfürstliche, altgräfliche) families
families who were admitted to the Diet between 1582 and 1803: the "new princely" (neufürstliche) and "new comital" (neugräfliche) families
families or individuals who received the title of Reichsfreiherr, Reichsgraf or Reichsfürst but were not admitted to the Diet
Only the first two groups were part of the Hochadel. Those in the third group were titular counts and princes but in no way accepted as part of the Hochadel.
Thus it would seem that having seat and vote in the Reichstag would be a clear criterion for belonging to the Hochadel. But there were further complications:
In principle, the possession of a territory was a pre-condition for admission in the Diet. However, in the second half of the 18th century a number of counts sat on the counts' benches without any such territory. They were called "personalists" because they had been admitted on a personal basis (ad personam), and some jurists did not consider them to be part of the upper nobility (e.g., Pütter 1795, 143).
Possession of a large immediate territory was a condition for entry, but not a condition for remaining in the Diet. It happened that territories became subjected to another state of the Empire, thus losing immediate status; yet the owner remained in the Diet.
Consequently, whereas, in the 16th century, it was fairly easy to say who was in the upper nobility and who wasn't, it had become more difficult by the turn of the 19th century.
Three concepts came into play:
immediacy (Reichsunmittelbarkeit),
sovereignty over a territory (Landeshoheit),
a seat and vote at the Imperial Diet (Reichsstandschaft).
The three were "usually" related, in that the sovereign of a territory was a state of the Empire, and a state of the Empire usually had sovereignty over an immediate territory; but there were exceptions both ways. Various authors emphasized one or a combination of these elements. Thus, Runde (1791) required all three; Pütter emphasized sovereignty; Gönner[5] and Leist[6] emphasized seat and vote at the Diet. Among 19th century authors, the main division was between those who required all three criteria, and those who considered Reichsstandschaft to be the sole criterion (Hohler, Klüber, Zoepf, Rehm).
Using the second, slightly broader concept, at the end of the 18th century the high nobility consisted of those families which had seat and vote at the Imperial Diet, with title of either prince or count (the last baronial family died out in 1775), numbering about 25 princely (fürstliche) and 80 comital (gräfliche) families.
Grouped lists[edit]
The following lists are going to be included into the table above.
Ecclesiastical orders[edit]
The Teutonic Order
1529: College of Princes
1793: Council of Princes
The Order of St. John
1793: Council of Princes
Livonian territories[edit]
Livonian Confederation
Livonian Order (secularized 16th century, to Grand Duchy of Lithuania)
Archbishopric of Riga in Livonia (secularized in 16th century, to Poland)
Bishopric of Dorpat (conquered by Russia in 1558)
Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek (sold 1560 to Denmark)
Bishopric of Courland (sold 1560 to Denmark)
Territories of Old Princely Families[edit]
Holstein-Gottorp
Holstein-Gottorp-Oldenburg
Holstein-Glückstadt
Italian territories[edit]
Carrara
Finale
Florence
Genoa
Guastalla
Lucca
Mantua
Massa
Milan
Modena and Reggio
Montferrat
Parma
Piedmont
Saluzzo
Siena
Tuscany
Territories of New Princely Families[edit]
Thurn und Taxis, held Friedberg-Scheer (1754)
See also[edit]
Imperial State
Imperial Circle Estates
List of Reichstag participants (1792)
Imperial Diet
Prince-elector
Prince of the church, mainly Prince-Bishop
List of historic states of Germany (after 1815)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gagliardo, G., Reich and Nation, The Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality, 1763–1806, Indiana University Press, 1980, p. 4-5.
Jump up ^ Gagliardo, p. 12-13.
Jump up ^ François Velde: Unequal and Morganatic Marriages in German Law. 2004–2007. Retrieved 2012 October 09.
Jump up ^ Abt, Emil. Mißheiraten in den deutschen Fürstenhäusern unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der standesherrlichen Familien. Heidelberg, 1911. Carl Winter. (Diss.)
Jump up ^ Gönner, Nikolaus Thaddäus. Teutsches Staatsrecht. Landshut : Krüll, 1804. §74.
Jump up ^ Leist, Justus Christoph. Lehrbuch des Teutschen Staatsrechts. Göttingen : Schneider, 1803. §32.
Further reading[edit]
In English[edit]
The Arenberg Archives and Cultural Centre. "The Dukes of Arenberg". [1]. Retrieved June 26, 2006.
Austrian Federal Ministry for Education, Science and Culture. "aeiou: The Annotable, Elektronic, Interactive, Osterreich (Austria), Universal Information System". [2]. Retrieved June 23, 2006.
"Austrian and German Mediatized Houses, 1871–1919". [3]. Retrieved July 4, 2006.
"Braunschweig – Brunswick. A history". [4]. Retrieved July 6, 2006.
Cahoon, Benjamin M. (2000–2006). "Europe Index" in WorldStatesmen.org. [5]. June 26, 2006.
Dotor, Santiago (2004). "Historical Flags (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany)" in FOTW: Flags of the World Web Site. [6]. Retrieved July 3, 2006.
"Freiburg's History for Pedestrians" (2006). [7]. Retrieved June 26, 2006.
Graz, Thomas. "Thomas's Glassware Tour to Central Europe: Old Glasses from Old Europe" in German History Ring. [8]. Retrieved June 20, 2006.
Hilkens, Bob (2000). "States and Regents of the World: An Alphabetical Listing of States and Territories and their Regents in the 19th and 20th Centuries". [9]. Retrieved June 27, 2006.
"History of the House of Sayn". [10]. Retrieved July 13, 2006.
Kane, Ed (2000). "Castle Directory: Alphabetical Listing of German Castles and Fortifications". [11]. Retrieved July 28, 2006.
The History Files: Kingdoms of Europe. Retrieved July 9, 2006 (Updated February 25, 2007).
"Lippe(-Detmold): Chronology of Lippe" in Genealogy.net. [12]. Retrieved June 25, 2006.
Martinsson, Örjan. "Historical Atlas: Europe". [13]. Retrieved July 14, 2006.
"Medieval German Counties". [14]. Retrieved July 9, 2006.
"Milestones in Pomeranian History, with particular attention to Lauenburg and Buetow". [15]. Retrieved June 26, 2006.
Pantel, Mike (2000). "The History of Baden-Wurttemberg". [16]. Retrieved June 25, 2006.
Principality of Liechtenstein. "Liechtenstein at a Glance: History". [17]. Retrieved June 25, 2006.
Reitwiesner, William Addams (1998). "One of the major questions about the Mediatized Houses is the word 'Mediatized'. What does it mean?". [18]. Retrieved July 1, 2006.
Rozn, Val (1999–2003). "The German Reigning Houses: Titles, territories, regnal chronologies". [19]. Retrieved June 9, 2006.
Rozn, Val (2002). "The Imperial Nobility and the Constitution of the Holy Roman Empire". [20]. Retrieved July 16, 2006.
Rozn, Val (2002). "The Last Years of the Ancient Empire". [21]. Retrieved June 24, 2006
Sainty, Guy Stair. "European Royal Houses". [22]. Retrieved June 23, 2006.
Sainty, Guy Stair. "The Knights of Saint John in Germany". [23]. Retrieved July 1, 2006.
"Schaumburg-Lippe" in Genealogy.net. [24]. Retrieved June 25, 2006.
"Sovereigns in Germany". [25]. Retrieved June 22, 2006.
Voss, Hans Peter. "History of Schleswig Holstein". [26]. Retrieved July 3, 2006.
In other languages[edit]
Bursik, Heinrich (1998). "Die Herrschaft Hohenberg und die Markgrafschaft Burgau". [27]. For Google-translated English version [28]. Retrieved July 9, 2006.
"Das Fürstenhaus Bentheim-Tecklenburg". [29]. For Google-translated English version, see [30]. Retrieved July 11, 2006.
Höckmann, Thomas (2006). "Territorial arrangement of North Rhine-Westphalia 1789". (Translation from the original in German through Google Search). [31]. (Excellent articles and links about the States of the Holy Roman Empire). Retrieved June 26, 2006.
"Mittelalterliche Genealogie im Deutschen Reich bis zum Ende der Staufer". [32]. Retrieved June 23, 2006.
Ortwein, Friedrich J. "Die Herren zu Rappoltstein" (The Lords of Rappoltstein)". [33][permanent dead link]. (For English translation: [34]). Retrieved June 25, 2006.
"Die Reichsstände". [35]. Retrieved July 8, 2006.
Wember, Heinz. "Die Genealogie (Genealogy) von Montfort: Bludenz, Bregenz, Feldkirch, Heiligenberg, Herrenberg, Langenargen, Pfullendorf, Rheinegg, Rothenfels, Sargans, Tettnang, Tosters, Tübingen, Vaduz, Wasserburg, Werdenberg, Zollern". [36]. Retrieved June 23, 2006.
List of imperial circles of 1532
List of states of the Holy Roman Empire of 1521
Maps and illustrations[edit]
Höckmann, Thomas (2006). "Historical maps – Germany at the end of the 18th century". [37]. Retrieved June 26, 2006.
Westermann, Großer Atlass zu Weltgeschichte (in German; exquisite detailed maps)
External links[edit]
Carantha: History of Slovenia-Carantania
The Catholic Encyclopedia
Cawley, Charles, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, Medieval Lands database, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy ,[self-published source][better source needed]
Genealogie delle Dinastie Nobili Italiane (On ruling families and polities in present-day Republic of Italy)
HIS DATA: Historische Herrscher der Territorien (Adel) (German)
HIS DATA: Historical Rulers of the Territories (Aristocracy) (English translation)
Internet Medieval Sourcebook
Regional Research in German-speaking Countries
World Statesmen
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Large denominations of United States currency
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Large denominations of United States currency greater than $100 were circulated by the United States Treasury until 1969. Since then, U.S. dollar banknotes have only been issued in seven denominations: $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview and history
1.1 Public versus institutional use
1.2 Passive retirement
2 High-denomination (HD) banknote issuing data
3 High-denomination United States banknotes
4 See also
5 References
5.1 Footnotes
5.2 Notes
5.3 Bibliography
6 External links
Overview and history[edit]
Large-denomination currency (i.e., banknotes with a face value of $500 or higher)[1] had been used in the United States since the late 18th century.[2] The first $500 note was issued by the Province of North Carolina, authorized by legislation dated May 10, 1780.[3] Virginia quickly followed suit and authorized the printing of $500 and $1,000 notes on October 16, 1780[4] and $2,000 notes on May 7, 1781.[5] High-denomination treasury notes were issued, for example during the War of 1812 ($1,000 notes authorized by an act dated June 30, 1812).[6] During the American Civil War Confederate currency included $500 and $1,000 notes.[7] During the Federal banknote issuing period (1861 to present), the earliest high-denomination notes included three-year Interest-bearing notes of $500, $1,000, and $5,000, authorized by Congress on July 17, 1861.[8] In total, 11 different types of U.S. currency were issued in high-denomination notes across nearly 20 different series dates. The obverse of United States banknotes generally depict either historical figures, allegorical figures symbolizing significant concepts (e.g., liberty, justice), or a combination of both. The reverse designs range from abstract scroll-work with ornate denomination identifiers to reproductions of historical art works.
Public versus institutional use[edit]
Series 1934 gold certificates ($100, $1,000, $10,000 and $100,000) were issued after the gold standard was repealed and gold was compulsorily confiscated by order of President Franklin Roosevelt on March 9, 1933 (see United States Executive Order 6102). Thus the series 1934 notes were used only for intra-government (i.e., Federal Reserve Bank) transactions and were not issued to the public. This series was discontinued in 1940. The series 1928 gold certificate reverse was printed in black and green. See history of the United States dollar.
Passive retirement[edit]
Although they are still technically legal tender in the United States, high-denomination bills were last printed on December 27, 1945, and officially discontinued on July 14, 1969, by the Federal Reserve System,[9] due to 'lack of use'. The $5,000 and $10,000 effectively disappeared well before then.[nb 1]
The Federal Reserve began taking high-denomination currency out of circulation (destroying large bills received by banks) in 1969. As of May 30, 2009[update], only 336 $10,000 bills were known to exist; 342 remaining $5,000 bills; and 165,372 remaining $1,000 bills.[10] Due to their rarity, collectors often pay considerably more than the face value of the bills to acquire them. Some are in museums in other parts of the world.
For the most part, these bills were used by banks and the Federal government for large financial transactions. This was especially true for gold certificates from 1865 to 1934. However, for the most part, the introduction of an electronic money system has made large-scale cash transactions obsolete. When combined with concerns about counterfeiting and the use of cash in unlawful activities such as the illegal drug trade and money laundering, it is unlikely that the U.S. government will re-issue large denomination currency in the near future, despite the amount of inflation that has occurred since 1969 (a $500 bill is now worth less, in real terms, than a $100 bill was worth in 1969). According to the U.S. Department of Treasury website, "The present denominations of our currency in production are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50 and $100. The purpose of the United States currency system is to serve the needs of the public and these denominations meet that goal. Neither the Department of the Treasury nor the Federal Reserve System has any plans to change the denominations in use today."[11]
High-denomination (HD) banknote issuing data[edit]
Key to high denomination banknote type abbreviations[nb 2]
Abbr
Type
Size[nb 3]
Series dates
High denomination series date
Comments
$500
$1,000
$5,000
$10,000
$100,000
LT
Legal tender Large 1862–1923 1862
1863
1869
1874
1875
1878
1880 1862
1863
1869
1878
1880 1878 1878 – [nb 4]
CITN
Compound interest treasury note Exception 1863–1864 1863
1864 1864 – – –
IBN
Interest bearing note Exception 1861–1865 1861
1863
1864
1865 1861
1863
1864
1865 1861
1863
1864
1865 – – [nb 5]
SC
Silver certificate Large 1878–1923 1878
1880 1878
1880
1891 – – –
TN
Treasury note Large 1890–1891 1891[nb 6] 1890
1891 – – –
NBN
National bank note Large 1865–1875 1865
1875 1865
1875 – – –
FRN
Federal reserve note Large 1914–1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 –
NGBN
National gold bank note Large 1870–1883 1870[nb 7] –[nb 8] – – – [nb 9]
GC
Gold certificate Large[nb 10] 1865–1922 1865
1870
1875
1882
1922 1865
1870
1875
1882
1907
1922 1865
1870
1882
1888 1865
1870
1875
1882
1888
1900 –
FRN
Federal reserve note Small 1928–present 1928
1934 1928
1934 1928
1934 1928
1934 –
GC
Gold certificate Small 1928–1934[nb 11] 1928 1928
1934 1928 1928
1934 1934
High-denomination United States banknotes[edit]
The National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian Institution contains (among other things) the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) certified proofs and the Treasury Department collection of United States currency. Using a combination of proofs and issued notes, a nearly complete type set of high-denomination currency was compiled. Notably missing are several types of Compound and Interest Bearing Notes. Printed during the early to mid-1860s on very thin paper, these high-denomination notes are virtually non-existent. Their issuance (1861–65) pre-dates the BEP's responsibility for U.S. Currency (1870s), so it is fortunate that any proofs exist in the current archives.
High denomination United States banknotes[nb 12]
Value
Type
Series
Fr.
Image
Portrait/engraving[nb 13]
Comments[nb 14]
000500$500
LT 1862–63 Fr.183c Gallatin-AlbertAlbert Gallatin 4 known (variety)
7 known (type)[18]
000500$500
LT 1869 Fr.184 Adams-John-QuincyJohn Quincy Adams
(Charles Burt)[19]
Justice
(Stephen A. Schoff)[20] 4 known (only one privately)[21]
000500$500
LT 1874–78 Fr.185b Mansfield-JosephJoseph Mansfield
(Charles Burt)[19]
Victory
(Charles Burt)[22]
000500$500
LT 1880 Fr.185l Mansfield-JosephJoseph Mansfield
(Charles Burt)[19]
Victory
(Charles Burt)[22] 5 known (variety)[nb 15]
000500$500
CITN 1864 Fr.194a
Proof zStandard Bearer-New IronsidesStandard Bearer (left)
(George D. Baldwin)[24]
New Ironsides (right)
(James Smillie)[25] Unknown[26]
000500$500
SC 1878 Fr.345a Sumner-CharlesCharles Sumner
(Charles Burt)[19] Unique (variety and type)[27]
000500$500
SC 1880 Fr.345c Sumner-CharlesCharles Sumner
(Charles Burt)[19] 5 known (variety)
7 known (type)[27]
000500$500
TN 1891 Fr.379
Proof Sherman-WilliamWilliam Tecumseh Sherman None issued[28]
000500$500
NBN 1865–75 Fr.464 zCivilization-Sirius-BurgoyneCivilization (left)
(James D. Smillie)[29]
Sirius arriving in New York (right)
Surrender of General Burgoyne (rev)
(Frederick Girsch)[30] 2 known (variety)
3 known (type)[31]
000500$500
FRN 1918 Fr.1132d Marshall-JohnJohn Marshall
(Charles Schlecht)[32]
de Soto discovering the Mississippi (rev)
(Frederick Girsch)[30]
000500$500
GC 1863 Fr.1166d
Proof zEagle-shieldEagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum
(Charles Skinner)[33] Unknown[34]
000500$500
GC 1870–75 Fr.1166i Lincoln-AbrahamAbraham Lincoln
(Charles Burt)[19] Unique[34]
000500$500
GC 1882–1922 Fr.1216a Lincoln-AbrahamAbraham Lincoln
(Charles Burt)[19]
000500$500
FRN 1928–34 Fr.2200g McKinley-WilliamWilliam McKinley
(John Eissler)[35]
000500$500
GC 1928 Fr.2407 McKinley-WilliamWilliam McKinley
(John Eissler)[35]
001000$1,000
LT 1862–63 Fr.186e Morris-RobertRobert Morris
(Charles Schlecht)[32] Unique (variety)
5 known (type)[36]
001000$1,000
LT 1869 Fr.186f
Proof Clinton-DeWittDeWitt Clinton 2 known[37]
001000$1,000
LT 1878 Fr.187a Clinton-DeWittDeWitt Clinton
Columbus in his study
(Henry Gugler)[38]
001000$1,000
LT 1880 Fr.187k Clinton-DeWittDeWitt Clinton
Columbus in his study
(Henry Gugler)[38] 4 known (variety)
~20–25 known (type)[nb 16]
001000$1,000
IBN 1863 Fr.201
Proof zJustice-LibertyJustice (left); Liberty (right) Unknown[39]
001000$1,000
IBN 1863 Fr.206
Proof zShipsGuerriere and the Constitution (left) and Discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto (right) Unknown[40]
001000$1,000
SC 1878 Fr.346a
Proof Marcy-WilliamWilliam Marcy
(Charles Schlecht)[32] Unknown[41]
001000$1,000
SC 1880 Fr.346d Marcy-WilliamWilliam Marcy
(Charles Schlecht)[32] 5 known (variety)
5 known (type)[41]
001000$1,000
SC 1891 Fr.346e Marcy-WilliamWilliam Marcy
(Charles Schlecht)[32]
Liberty
(Charles Burt)[42] 2 known[41]
001000$1,000
TN 1890 Fr.379a Meade-GeorgeGeorge Meade
(Charles Burt)[19] 5 known (variety)
7 known (type)[43]
001000$1,000
TN 1891 Fr.379c Meade-GeorgeGeorge Meade
(Charles Burt)[19] 2 known (variety)
3 known (type)[43]
001000$1,000
NBN 1865–75 Fr.465
Proof zScott-Winfield-Washington-GeorgeScott entering City of Mexico (left)
(Alfred Jones)[44]
United States Capitol (right)
(James Smillie)[25]
Washington resigning his commission (rev)
(Frederick Girsch)[30] Unknown[45]
001000$1,000
FRN 1918 Fr.1133d Hamilton-AlexanderAlexander Hamilton
(G.F.C. Smillie)[46]
Eagle (rev)
(Marcus W. Baldwin)[47]
001000$1,000
GC 1863 Fr.1166e
Proof zEagle-shield-Justice-scalesEagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum
(Charles Skinner)[33]
Justice with scales Unique[34]
001000$1,000
GC 1870–75 Fr.1166o
Proof Hamilton-AlexanderAlexander Hamilton
(Charles Burt)[48] Unique[34]
001000$1,000
GC 1882 Fr.1218g Hamilton-AlexanderAlexander Hamilton
(G.F.C. Smillie)[46]
001000$1,000
GC 1907–22 Fr.1219 Hamilton-AlexanderAlexander Hamilton
001000$1,000
FRN 1928–34 Fr.2210g Cleveland-GroverGrover Cleveland
(John Eissler)[35]
001000$1,000
GC 1928 Fr.2408 Cleveland-GroverGrover Cleveland
(John Eissler)[35]
001000$1,000
GC 1934 Fr.2409 Cleveland-GroverGrover Cleveland
(John Eissler)[35]
005000$5,000
LT 1878 Fr.188
Proof Madison-JamesJames Madison
(Alfred Sealey)[49]
Eagle
(William Chorlton)[50] All notes have been redeemed, none outstanding[14]
005000$5,000
IBN 1863 Fr.202
Proof zAltar-of-LibertyThe Altar of Liberty
(Louis Delnoce)[51] Unknown[39]
005000$5,000
IBN 1865 Fr.212h
Proof zJustice-New IronsidesJustice (left)
New Ironsides (center)
(James Smillie)[25]
005000$5,000
FRN 1918 Fr.1134d Madison-JamesJames Madison
(Alfred Sealey)[52]
Washington resigning his commission (rev)
(Louis Delnoce)[51] Unique (variety)
5 known (type)[nb 17]
005000$5,000
GC 1863 Fr.1166f
Proof zEagle-Shield-FemaleEagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum
(Charles Skinner)[33]
Female Unique[34]
005000$5,000
GC 1870–75 Fr.1166k
Proof Madison-JamesJames Madison
(Alfred Sealey)[48] Unknown[34]
005000$5,000
GC 1882 Fr.1221a
Proof Madison-JamesJames Madison
(Alfred Sealey)[54] Two known[34]
005000$5,000
FRN 1928–34 Fr.2220g Madison-JamesJames Madison
(Alfred Sealey)[54]
005000$5,000
GC 1928 Fr.2410 Madison-JamesJames Madison
010000$10,000
LT 1878 Fr.189
Proof Jackson-AndrewAndrew Jackson
(Alfred Sealey)[55] All notes have been redeemed, none outstanding[14]
010000$10,000
FRN 1918 Fr.1135d Chase-SalmonSalmon Chase; Embarkation of the Pilgrims (rev) Unique (variety)
5 known (type)[nb 18]
010000$10,000
GC 1863 Fr.1166g
Proof zEagle-ShieldEagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum
(Charles Skinner)[33] Unknown[34]
010000$10,000
GC 1870–75 Fr.1166l
Proof Jackson-AndrewAndrew Jackson Unique[34]
010000$10,000
GC 1882 Fr.1223a
Proof Jackson-AndrewAndrew Jackson
(Alfred Sealey)[54] Two known[34]
010000$10,000
GC 1900 Fr.1225 Jackson-AndrewAndrew Jackson
(Alfred Sealey)[54]
010000$10,000
FRN 1928–34 Fr.2230b Chase-SalmonSalmon P. Chase
010000$10,000
GC 1928 Fr.2411 Chase-SalmonSalmon P. Chase
010000$10,000
GC 1934 Fr.2412 Chase-SalmonSalmon P. Chase
100000$100,000
GC 1934 Fr.2413 Wilson-WoodrowWoodrow Wilson
(G.F.C. Smillie)[46]
Reverse
(Frederick Pauling)[56]
See also[edit]
Numismatics portal
Currency of the United States
Gold certificate
Fake denominations
Silver certificate (United States)
Silver standard
Treasury Note (1890–91)
References[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ One hundred $10,000 bills were on display for many years by Benny Binion at Binion's Horseshoe casino in Las Vegas, Nevada, where they were encased in acrylic. The display has since been dismantled and the bills sold to private collectors.
Jump up ^ The following types of United States banknotes were not issued in high denominations and are not included in the list below: Demand notes, Federal Reserve bank notes (large or small size), legal tender (small size), silver certificates (small size), National Bank Notes (small size)[12] The table sections are sorted by their appearance in the Friedberg reference book.
Jump up ^ Large size notes represent the earlier types or series of U.S. banknotes. Their "average" dimension is 7 3⁄8 × 3 1⁄8 inches (187 × 79 mm). Small size notes (described as such due to their size relative to the earlier large size notes) are an "average" 6 1⁄8 × 2 5⁄8 (156 × 67 mm), the size of modern U.S. currency. "Each measurement is ± 0.08 inches (2 mm) to account for margins and cutting".[13] Exceptions to the large versus small categories are the CITN, IBN, and RC, all slightly larger than the large size note dimensions.
Jump up ^ All Series 1878 $5,000 and $10,000 notes have been redeemed.[14]
Jump up ^ Issued HD IBN are virtually unknown. There may be one $500 and 2–3 $1,000 known from all issue dates.[15]
Jump up ^ A $500 Series 1891 Treasury Note was authorized and a certified proof was prepared, but the note was never issued.[16]
Jump up ^ Three banks issued $500 NBGN. None are reported, only four notes have not been redeemed.
Jump up ^ The Kidder National Gold Bank of Boston received two-note $500–$1,000 sheets from the Treasury. The bank returned the shipment intact.
Jump up ^ No issued notes or proofs exist of either $500 or $1,000 NGBN
Jump up ^ Despite the authorizing act date of 3 March 1863, Gold certificates were not issued until 1865.[17]
Jump up ^ Series 1934 Gold certificates were never intended for public circulation.
Jump up ^ The table is sorted by denomination and then by Friedberg number.
Jump up ^ When the information is available, the engraver's name has been added in parentheses. Column sorting is based on the individual depicted in the portrait.
Jump up ^ Variety is the Friedberg number, or specific combination of signatures and seal type; type represents all the varieties that exist for a given denomination and design, it is the total number of note known for the entire design type.
Jump up ^ Of the 5 known notes, 4 are in institutional collections.[23]
Jump up ^ Of the 4 known notes, 2 are in institutional collections.[23]
Jump up ^ None exist outside of institutional collections.[53]
Jump up ^ None exist outside of institutional collections.[53]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, pp. 232–35.
Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 22.
Jump up ^ Newman, 2008, p. 326.
Jump up ^ Newman, 2008, p. 454.
Jump up ^ Newman, 2008, p. 455.
Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 32.
Jump up ^ Fricke, 2014, p. 122 & 124.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. Act of July, 17 1861 Chapter Ⅴ. Washington D.C.: 1861
Jump up ^ "Large denominations". Bureau of Engraving and Printing/Treasury Website. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Palmer, Brian (July 24, 2009). "Somebody Call Officer Crumb!: How much cash can a corrupt politician cram into a cereal box?". Slate.com. Retrieved July 24, 2012. As to "cereal boxes" as a repository for ill-gotten bribes compare "Little Tin Box" in the musical Fiorello!.
Jump up ^ our Treasury – FAQs: Denominations of Currency.
Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, generally.
Jump up ^ Friedberg, p. 7.
^ Jump up to: a b c Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 58.
Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 72.
Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 91.
Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 164.
Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 54.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Hessler, 1993, pp. 71–73.
Jump up ^ Hessler, 2004, p. 36.
Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 55.
^ Jump up to: a b Hessler, 2004, p. 38.
^ Jump up to: a b "Heritage Auctions (#3521) 2013 January 9–14 FUN Signature Auction". HA.com. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Hessler, 1993, p. 38.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hessler, 1993, p. 286.
Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 61.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 89.
Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 97.
Jump up ^ Hessler, 1993, p. 290.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hessler, 1993, p. 137.
Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 109.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hessler, 1993, p. 265.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hessler, 2004, p. 216.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 165.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hessler, 1993, p. 114.
Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 56.
Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 57.
^ Jump up to: a b Hessler, 1993, p. 145.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 64.
Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 66.
^ Jump up to: a b c Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, pp. 89–90.
Jump up ^ Hessler, 2004, p. 95.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 98.
Jump up ^ Hessler, 1993, p. 180.
Jump up ^ Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 110.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hessler, 1993, p. 280.
Jump up ^ Hessler, 1993, p. 40.
^ Jump up to: a b Hessler, 2004, p. 219.
Jump up ^ Hessler, 2004, p. 39
Jump up ^ Hessler, 1993, p. 83.
^ Jump up to: a b Hessler, 1993, p. 99.
Jump up ^ Hessler, 2004, p. 200.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedberg & Friedberg, 2013, p. 159.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hessler, 2004, p. 223.
Jump up ^ Hessler, 2004, p. 39.
Jump up ^ Hessler, 1993, p. 237.
Bibliography[edit]
Fricke, Pierre (2014). Collecting Confederate Paper Money. Pierre Fricke. ISBN 978-0-9844534-9-8.
Friedberg, Arthur L.; Friedberg, Ira S. (2013). Paper Money of the United States: A Complete Illustrated Guide With Valuations (20th ed.). Coin & Currency Institute. ISBN 978-0-87184-520-7. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
Hessler, Gene (1993). The Engraver's Line – An Encyclopedia of Paper Money & Postage Stamp Art. BNR Press. ISBN 0-931960-36-3.
Hessler, Gene (2004). U.S. Essay, Proof and Specimen Notes (2 ed.). BNR Press. ISBN 0-931960-62-2.
Huntoon, Peter W. (1995). United States Large Size National Bank Notes. Society of Paper Money Collectors, Inc. ISBN 0-9648774-1-4.
Newman, Eric P. (2008). The Early Paper Money of America (5 ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-89689-326-X.
Schwartz, John; Lindquist, Scott (2011). Standard Guide to Small-Size U.S. Paper Money – 1928 to Date. Krause Publications. ISBN 978-1-4402-1703-6. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
External links[edit]
Media related to Money of the United States by denomination at Wikimedia Commons
Large Denominations from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing
U.S. Department of the Treasury
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$100
See also
Bicentennial coinage
Commemoratives
Early Commemoratives
Modern Commemoratives
Confederate dollar
Large denominations
Obsolete denominations
Promotional fake denominations
Counterfeit United States currency
Mill
Coin production
In God We Trust
E pluribus unum
Annuit cœptis
Nicknames
Replacement banknote
Sales tax token
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Obsolete United States currency and coinage
Topics
United States coinage
United States dollar
History of the United States dollar
Coins
Half cent (1793–1857)
Fugio Cent (1787)
Large cent (1793–1857; 1868)
Two-cent piece (1836; 1864–1873)
Three-cent nickel (1865–1889)
Three-cent silver (1851–1873)
Half dime (1792–1873)
Twenty-cent piece (1875–1878)
Gold coins
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Quarter eagle (1796–1929)
Three-dollar piece (1854–1889)
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Patterns
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Stella (1879–1880)
Currency
Discontinued denominations
Fractional currency
Large denominations of currency
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Early American currency
Compound interest treasury note
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Federal Reserve Bank Note
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Treasury Note (19th century)
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United States postal notes
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values: $500 Legal Tender note, Series 1862–63, Fr.183c, depicting Albert Gallatin.

values: $500 Legal Tender note, Series 1869, Fr.184, depicting John Quincy Adams.

values: $500 Legal Tender note, Series 1874–78, Fr.185b, depicting Joseph Mansfield.

values: $500 Legal Tender note, Series 1880, Fr.185l, depicting Joseph Mansfield.

values: $500 Compound Interest Treasury Note, Series 1864, Fr.194a, depicting a soldier and a ship.

values: $500 Silver Certificate, Series 1878, Fr.345a, depicting Charles Sumner

values: $500 Silver Certificate, Series 1880, Fr.345c, depicting Charles Sumner

values: $500 Treasury note (1890–91) proof, Series 1891, unreported Friedberg number, depicting William Tecumseh Sherman.

values: $500 National Bank Note, Original Series, Fr.464, vignette depicting Civilization; Sirius arriving in New York (obv); Surrender of General Burgoyne (rev).

values: $500 Federal Reserve Note, Series 1918, Fr.1132d, depicting John Marshal.

values: $500 Gold Certificate, Series 1865, Fr.1166d, with a vignette of an eagle and shield (left).

values: $500 Gold Certificate, Series 1870, Fr.1166i, depicting Abraham Lincoln

values: $500 Gold Certificate, Series 1882, Fr.1216a, depicting Abraham Lincoln

values: $500 Federal Reserve Note, Series 1928, Fr.2200g, depicting William McKinley.

values: $500 Gold Certificate, Series 1928, Fr.2407, depicting William McKinley.

values: $1,000 Legal Tender note, Series 1862–63, Fr.186e, depicting Robert Morris.

values: $1,000 Legal Tender note, Series 1878, Fr.187a, depicting DeWitt Clinton.

values: $1,000 Legal Tender note, Series 1880, Fr.187k, depicting DeWitt Clinton.

values: $1,000 Interest Bearing Note, Series 1863, Fr.201, depicting vignettes of Justice and Liberty.

values: $1,000 Interest Bearing Note, Series 1863, Fr.206, depicting ships at battle and conquistadors.

values: $1000 Silver Certificate, Series 1878, Fr.346a, depicting William Marcy

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values: $1000 Silver Certificate, Series 1880, Fr.346d, depicting William Marcy

values: $1000 Silver Certificate, Series 1891, Fr.346e, depicting William Marcy

values: $1,000 Treasury note (1890–91), Series 1890, Fr.379a, depicting George Meade.

values: $1,000 Treasury note (1890–91), Series 1891, Fr.379c, depicting George Meade.

values: $1,000 National Bank Note proof, Series 1875, Fr.465, vignette depicting (obv) Scott's entrance into Mexico City (rev) Washington surrendering his commission.

values: File:BEP-JONES-Scott Entering City of Mexico.jpg

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values: $1,000 Federal Reserve Note, Series 1918, Fr.1133d, depicting Alexander Hamilton.

values: $1,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1865, Fr.1166e, with a vignette of an eagle and shield (left) and justice (bottom center).

values: $1,000 Gold Certificate proof, Series 1875, Fr.1166j, depicting Alexander Hamilton

values: $1,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1882, Fr.1218g, depicting Alexander Hamilton

values: $1,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1907, Fr.1219, depicting Alexander Hamilton

values: $1,000 Federal Reserve Note, Series 1928, Fr.2210g, depicting Grover Cleveland.

values: $1,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1928, Fr.2408, depicting Grover Cleveland.

values: $1,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1934, Fr.2409, depicting Grover Cleveland.

values: $5,000 Legal Tender note proof, Series 1878, Fr.188, depicting James Madison.

values: $5,000 Interest Bearing Note proof, Series 1863, Fr.202, with vignette Altar of Liberty.

values: File:BEP-DELNOCE-The Altar of Liberty.jpg

values: $5,000 Interest Bearing Note proof, Series 1865, Fr.212h, vignettes depicting justice (left) and the ship New Ironsides (center).

values: $5,000 Federal Reserve Note, Series 1918, Fr.1134d, depicting James Madison.

values: $5,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1865, Fr.1166f, with a vignette of an eagle and shield (left) and justice (bottom center).

values: $5,000 Gold Certificate proof, Series 1870, Fr.1166k, depicting James Madison

values: $5,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1882, Fr.1221a, depicting James Madison

values: $5,000 Federal Reserve Note, Series 1928, Fr.2220g, depicting James Madison.

values: $5,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1928, Fr.2410, depicting James Madison.

values: $10,000 Legal Tender note proof, Series 1878, Fr.189, depicting Anderw Jackson.

values: $10,000 Federal Reserve Note, Series 1918, Fr.1135d, depicting Salmon P. Chase.

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values: $10,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1865, Fr.1166g, with a vignette of an eagle and shield (left) and justice (bottom center).

values: $10,000 Gold Certificate proof, Series 1875, Fr.1166l, depicting Andrew Jackson

values: $10,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1882, Fr.1223a, depicting Andrew Jackson

values: $10,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1900, Fr.1225, depicting Andrew Jackson

values: $10,000 Federal Reserve Note, Series 1928, Fr.2230b, depicting Salmon P. Chase.

values: $10,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1928, Fr.2411, depicting Salmon P. Chase.

values: $10,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1934, Fr.2412, depicting Salmon P. Chase.

values: $100,000 Gold Certificate, Series 1934, Fr.2413, depicting Woodrow Wilson.

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