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Joy Ride (2001 film)
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Joy Ride
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
John Dahl
Produced by
J. J. Abrams
Chris Moore
Written by
J. J. Abrams
Clay Tarver
Starring
Steve Zahn
Paul Walker
Leelee Sobieski
Music by
Marco Beltrami
Cinematography
Jeffrey Jur
Edited by
Eric L. Beason
Scott Chestnut
Todd E. Miller
Glen Scantlebury
Production
companies
Bad Robot Productions
LivePlanet
New Regency
Regency Enterprises
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
October 5, 2001 (2001-10-05) (United States)
Running time
97 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$23 million[2]
Box office
$36.6 million[2]
Joy Ride is a 2001 American horror-thriller film directed by John Dahl and written by J. J. Abrams and Clay Tarver. The film stars Steve Zahn, Paul Walker, and Leelee Sobieski. Paul Walker stars as Lewis Thomas, a college freshman embarking on a cross-country road trip during summer break to pick up his girlfriend Venna (Leelee Sobieski). Along for the ride is Lewis' brother Fuller (Steve Zahn), a practical joker who uses the car's CB radio to play a cruel prank on a lonely trucker known only by the handle Rusty Nail. The victim of Fuller's gag turns out to be a psychotic murderer and soon the brothers are being pursued by the relentless stalker, who gets his revenge in gruesome fashion.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Alternate footage
4 Release
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
5 Sequels
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
University students Lewis Thomas (Paul Walker) and Venna Wilcox (Leelee Sobieski), Lewis's childhood friend and crush, prepare to go home for the summer holiday. Lewis, a University of California student, offers to come by Venna's campus (she attends University of Colorado) to drive her home instead of both of them flying back; Venna happily agrees. After refunding his plane ticket to buy a 1971 Chrysler Newport, Lewis calls his parents to announce the change of plan and learns that his older brother Fuller (Steve Zahn), the family's black sheep, has been arrested once again. Lewis drives to Salt Lake City and bails out Fuller, who then tags along for the trip.
At a gas station, Fuller has a CB radio installed on Lewis's car for $40, and the two begin listening in on truckers' chatter. Fuller coaxes Lewis into playing a prank on a truck driver nicknamed 'Rusty Nail' (voiced by Ted Levine (uncredited)). Lewis pretends to be a woman named Candy Cane and sets up a meeting with Rusty Nail in the motel where Lewis and Fuller will be spending the night. Lewis tells Rusty that "she" is in room 17, the room of an irritable businessman with whom Fuller had earlier argued, but the guys are actually in room 18. When Rusty Nail arrives at the man's room, an argument and sounds of a scuffle are briefly heard. The next morning, Sheriff Ritter announces to Lewis and Fuller that they found the businessman on the highway, still alive with his lower jaw ripped off. Ritter figures out the two are involved in the incident, but lets them go, as he already has his hands full, and they do not know anything other than the man's nickname (CB handle). However, he orders them to leave the state by sundown.
On the road, Rusty Nail is heard again on the CB radio looking for Candy Cane. Lewis talks to him and reveals that he is Candy Cane. Rusty Nail demands an apology, but Fuller insults him, instead. Rusty Nail simply notes that they should get their taillight fixed, indicating that he is right behind them, causing the duo to panic and speed up. At the next gas station, they unsuccessfully attempt to contact Ritter. Seeing an ice truck pulling into the gas station, the already paranoid pair drives away. The ice truck driver chases them down. However, the driver turns out to be merely trying to return Lewis's credit card, which he left behind in panic. The real Rusty Nail then shows up in his truck and crushes the ice truck and its driver. He then slowly pins Lewis's car against a tree. The two hysterically apologize, and Rusty Nail drives away, declaring his actions to be simply a retaliatory joke.
Believing themselves safe, the brothers arrive at the University of Colorado and pick up Venna. They stop at a motel and drink at a bar. Lewis goes to sleep, but Rusty Nail calls him, revealing he knows of Venna. The three flee the motel. Rusty Nail contacts them, announcing that he has kidnapped Charlotte, Venna's friend. He directs them to a cornfield, where he gets them to split up, and kidnaps Venna.
Rusty Nail sets up a meeting at another motel in room 17, mirroring the false date with which he was pranked. He sets up a trap that will kill Venna if the room door is opened. Fuller attempts to get in the room by a window, but is injured by Rusty Nail and stuck outside the room. Rusty Nail's truck appears uphill and begins rolling down toward Venna's room. Lewis frees Fuller, and the brothers save Venna just in time. As the police investigate Rusty Nail's truck, they see a dead body in the driver's seat and Charlotte, still alive, on the floor.
Lewis, Fuller, and Venna are treated for their injuries at an ambulance. At this point, the dead man turns out to be the ice truck driver. A CB in the ambulance is on, and the group hear Rusty Nail's voice, learning that he is still alive and free.
Cast[edit]
Paul Walker as Lewis Thomas
Steve Zahn as Fuller Thomas
Leelee Sobieski as Venna Wilcox
Jessica Bowman as Charlotte Dawson
Matthew Kimbrough (uncredited) as Rusty Nail. He is credited after all cast and crew in Spanish as "Clavo" meaning "nail".
Ted Levine (uncredited) as Voice of Rusty Nail
Stuart Stone as Danny, Lewis's roommate
Brian Leckner as Officer Keeney
Jim Beaver as Sheriff Ritter
Hugh Dane as Man at door
Jay Hernandez as Marine
Basil Wallace as Car salesman
Rachel Singer as Gas station manager
Satch Huizenga as Mr. Jones
Luis Côrtes as Night manager
Kenneth White as Ronald Ellinghouse
Walton Goggins (deleted scenes) as Cop
Anna Malle (uncredited) as Cable TV porn actress
Production[edit]
In his screenplay for Joy Ride, J. J. Abrams was influenced by the first film directed by Steven Spielberg, Duel, and there are numerous references to it. For example, in one scene, a seemingly maniacal ICE truck pulls up to a gas station that the brothers have pulled up to. In Duel, a likewise maniacal truck pulls up the protagonist, and a small billboard for ICE is visible in the background.
The central antagonist, "Rusty Nail", remains almost entirely unseen throughout the film and was portrayed by hulking actor Matthew Kimbrough in the brief shot of the villain towards the end of the film. Rusty Nail's voice heard on the radio throughout most of the film was provided by veteran actor Ted Levine (The Silence of the Lambs) due to his distinctive voice tone, and was added in post production. Eric Stoltz and Sylvester Stallone also auditioned for the role of Rusty Nail.[3] Rusty Nail's truck is a 359 Peterbilt.
Alternate footage[edit]
On the DVD release, there is a 29-minute-long alternate ending, and four other shorter alternate endings. The main one featured Rusty Nail's shotgun suicide and numerous bodies are found by the police in his trailer. One featured Rusty Nail being arrested, another being beaten in a fight with both Thomas brothers, another wherein he is blown up in his truck, and another saw Rusty Nail run over with his own truck. The ending featured in the actual theatrical cut of the film is the only ending in which Rusty Nail lives. There are also numerous deleted scenes.
In the alternate ending where Rusty Nail's truck explodes, you can see a water tower behind the truck as it burns. The original intention was to have the truck hit the water tower and have the water come down and put the flames out so that it would be believable if Rusty Nail survived. However, time constraints kept the scene from being filmed. The water tower cost over $100,000.
Sobieski filmed two different romantic interludes, one with Zahn and one with Walker during the shooting and re-shooting of the film. Both scenes ended up getting cut. This may explain why Venna appears to be romantically interested in both of them.
Release[edit]
The film also goes under numerous other titles in other countries. In Australia, Sweden, Finland, Ireland and some other European countries the film was retitled Roadkill, Never Play with Strangers in Israel and Spain, Radio Killer in Italy, Never talk to strangers in Greece, Road Killer in Japan, Ничего себе поездочка (What a ride!) in Russia and Mortal Frequency in Mexico.
The film went under the working titles of Candy Cane, Highway Horror, Deadly Frequency, and Squelch.
Box office[edit]
Joy Ride opened theatrically on October 5, 2001 in 2,497 venues and earned $7,347,259 in its opening weekend, ranking number five in the domestic box office.[4] By the end of its run, the film had grossed $21,974,919 domestically and $14,667,919 overseas for a worldwide total of $36,642,838.[2]
Critical response[edit]
The film received generally positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 73% rating based on 113 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The site's consensus states: "A well-constructed B-movie thriller, Joy Ride keeps up the necessary level of tension and chills. Critics also liked Zahn's performance as the goofball older brother."[5] Metacritic reports a 75 out of 100 rating based on 31 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[6]
Sequels[edit]
The film was followed by two direct to video sequels, Joy Ride 2: Dead Ahead (2008) and Joy Ride 3: Roadkill (2014).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "ROAD KILL (15)". British Board of Film Classification. January 30, 2002. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Joy Ride (2001)". Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Trivia for 'Joy Ride'". IMDb. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office Results for October 5-7, 2001". Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. October 8, 2001. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Joy Ride (2001)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Joy Ride Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
External links[edit]
Joy Ride on IMDb
Joy Ride at Box Office Mojo
Joy Ride at Rotten Tomatoes
Joy Ride at Metacritic
show
v
t
e
Joy Ride film series
Joy Ride (2001)
Joy Ride 2: Dead Ahead (2008)
Joy Ride 3: Roadkill (2014)
show
v
t
e
Films directed by John Dahl
Kill Me Again (1989)
Red Rock West (1993)
The Last Seduction (1994)
Unforgettable (1996)
Rounders (1998)
Joy Ride (2001)
The Great Raid (2005)
You Kill Me (2007)
show
v
t
e
J. J. Abrams
Films
Director
Mission: Impossible III (2006, also wrote)
Star Trek (2009, also produced)
Super 8 (2011, also wrote, produced)
Star Trek Into Darkness (2013, also produced)
Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015, also wrote, produced)
Star Wars: Episode IX (2019, also wrote, produced)
Writer
Taking Care of Business (1990)
Regarding Henry (1991)
Forever Young (1992)
Gone Fishin' (1997)
Armageddon (1998)
Joy Ride (2001, also produced)
Producer
The Pallbearer (1996)
The Suburbans (1999)
Cloverfield (2008)
Morning Glory (2010)
Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol (2011)
Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation (2015)
10 Cloverfield Lane (2016)
Star Trek Beyond (2016)
The Cloverfield Paradox (2018)
Mission: Impossible – Fallout (2018)
Overlord (2018)
Television
Felicity (1998–2002)
Alias (2001–2006)
Lost (2004–2010)
Fringe (2008–2013)
Undercovers (2010)
Demimonde (TBA)
Related
Bad Robot Productions
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joy_Ride_(2001_film)&oldid=864459234"
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Stephen F. Austin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about Stephen Fuller Austin, the "Father of Texas". For the university, see Stephen F. Austin State University. For other uses, see Stephen Austin (disambiguation).
Stephen F. Austin
Stephen F. Austin in 1840 portrait by an unknown artist
Born
Stephen Fuller Austin
November 3, 1793
Wythe County, Virginia, United States, present-day Austinville, Virginia
Died
December 27, 1836(1836-12-27) (aged 43)
West Columbia, Brazoria County, Republic of Texas
Cause of death
pneumonia
Nationality
American, Spanish, Mexican, Texian
Occupation
politician, empresario
Known for
Being the "Father of Texas"
Parent(s)
Moses Austin, Mary Brown Austin
Relatives
Richard Austin (colonist)
Stephen Fuller Austin (November 3, 1793 – December 27, 1836) was an American empresario. Known as the "Father of Texas", and the founder of Texas,[1][2] he led the second, and ultimately, the successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States to the region in 1825.
Born in Virginia and raised in southeastern Missouri, Austin served in the Missouri territorial legislature before moving to Arkansas Territory and later Louisiana. His father, Moses Austin, received an empresario grant from Spain to settle Texas. After Moses Austin's death in 1821, Stephen Austin won recognition of the empresario grant from the newly-independent state of Mexico. Austin convinced numerous American settlers to move to Texas, and by 1825 Austin had brought the first 300 American families into the territory. Throughout the 1820s, Austin sought to maintain good relations with the Mexican government, and he helped suppress the Fredonian Rebellion. He also helped ensure the introduction of slavery into Texas despite the attempts of the Mexican government to ban the institution.
As Texas settlers became increasingly dissatisfied with the Mexican government, Austin advocated conciliation with the Mexican government, but the dissent against Mexico escalated into the Texas Revolution. Austin led Texas forces at the successful Siege of Béxar before serving as a commissioner to the United States. Austin ran in the 1836 Texas presidential election but was defeated by Sam Houston. Houston appointed Austin as secretary of state for the new republic, and Austin held that position until his death in December 1836.
Numerous places and institutions are named in his honor, including the capital of Texas, Austin in Travis County, Austin County, Austin Bayou, Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Austin College in Sherman, and a number of K-12 schools.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early years
2 Moving to Texas
3 Empresario Austin
4 Slavery
5 Relations with Mexico
6 Texas Revolution
7 Austin in the Republic of Texas
8 Death and estate
9 Monuments
10 Past family
11 See also
12 Footnotes
13 References
14 Further reading
15 External links
Early years
Coat of arms of Stephen F. Austin
Memorial to Stephen F. Austin in his birthplace
Stephen F. Austin was born in the mining region of southwestern Virginia (Wythe County) in what is known as Austinville today, some 256 miles (412 km) southwest of Richmond, Virginia.[3] He was the second child of Mary Brown Austin and Moses Austin; the first, Eliza, lived only one month. On June 8, 1798, when Stephen was four years old, his family moved west to the lead-mining region of present-day Potosi, Missouri, 40 miles west of the Mississippi River. His father Moses Austin received a sitio[4] from the Spanish government for the mining site of Mine à Breton, established by French colonists. His great-great-grandfather, Anthony Austin (b.1636), was the son of Richard Austin (b.1598 in Bishopstoke, Hampshire, England), he and his wife Esther were original settlers of Suffield, Massachusetts, which became Connecticut in 1749.[5]
When Austin was eleven years old, his family sent him back east to be educated, first at the preparatory school of Bacon Academy in Colchester, Connecticut, and then at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky, from which he graduated in 1810.[6] After graduation, Austin began studying to be a lawyer. At age 21, he served in the legislature of the Missouri Territory. As a member of the territorial legislature, he was "influential in obtaining a charter for the struggling Bank of St. Louis."[7]
Left penniless after the Panic of 1819, Austin decided to move south to the new Arkansas Territory.[6] He acquired property on the south bank of the Arkansas River, in the area that would later become Little Rock. After purchasing the property, he learned the area was being considered as the location for the new territorial capital, which could make his land worth a great deal more.[8] He made his home in Hempstead County, Arkansas. Two weeks before the first Arkansas territorial elections in 1820, Austin declared his candidacy for Congress. His late entrance meant his name did not appear on the ballot in two of the five counties, but he still placed second in the field of six candidates. Later, he was appointed as a judge for the First Circuit Court.[8] Over the next few months, Little Rock did become the territorial capital, but Austin's claim to land in the area was contested, and the courts ruled against him. The Territorial Assembly reorganized the government and abolished Austin's judgeship.[8]
Austin left the territory, moving to Louisiana. He reached New Orleans in November 1820, where he met and stayed with a New Orleans lawyer and former Kentucky congressman, Joseph H. Hawkins, and made arrangements to study law.
Moving to Texas
Sam Houston and Stephen Austin depicted on the Texas Centennial Issue postage stamp of 1936
During Austin's time in Arkansas, his father traveled to Spanish Texas and received an empresarial grant that would allow him to bring 300 American families to Texas,[6] they would be called "The Old 300." Moses Austin caught pneumonia soon after returning to Missouri.[6] He directed that his empresario grant would be taken over by his son Stephen.
Although Austin was reluctant to carry on his father's Texas venture, he was persuaded to pursue the colonization of Texas by a letter from his mother, Mary Brown Austin, written two days before Moses Austin would die.[9] Austin boarded the steamer, Beaver, and departed to New Orleans to meet Spanish officials led by Erasmo Seguín. He was at Natchitoches, Louisiana, on June 31, 1821, when he learned of his father's death. "This news has effected me very much, he was one of the most feeling and affectionate Fathers that ever lived. His faults I now say, and always have, were not of the heart."[10]
At the age of 24, Austin led his party to travel 300 miles (480 km) in four weeks to San Antonio with the intent of reauthorizing his father's grant, arriving on August 12. While in transit, they learned Mexico had declared its independence from Spain, and Texas had become a Mexican province, rather than a Spanish territory. José Antonio Navarro, a San Antonio native with ambitious visions of the future of Texas, befriended Stephen F. Austin, and the two developed a lasting association. Navarro, proficient in Spanish and Mexican law, assisted Austin in obtaining his empresario contracts.[11] In San Antonio, the grant was reauthorized by Governor Antonio María Martínez, who allowed Austin to explore the Gulf Coast between San Antonio and the Brazos River to find a suitable location for a colony.[8] As guides for the party, Manuel Becerra and three Aranama Indians, went with the expedition.
Austin advertised the Texas opportunity in New Orleans, announcing that land was available along the Brazos and Colorado rivers.[12] A family of a husband, wife, and two children would receive 1,280 acres (520 ha) at twelve and a half cents per acre. Farmers could get 177 acres (72 ha), and ranchers 4,428 acres (1,792 ha). In December 1821, the first U.S. colonists crossed into the granted territory by land and sea, on the Brazos River in present-day Brazoria County, Texas.
Empresario Austin
Stephen F. Austin was an important figure in early Texas
Austin's plan for an American colony was thrown into turmoil by Mexico's gaining independence from Spain in 1821. Governor Martínez informed Austin that the junta instituyente, the new rump congress of the government of Agustín de Iturbide of Mexico, refused to recognize the land grant authorized by Spain. His government intended to use a general immigration law to regulate new settlement in Mexico. Austin traveled to Mexico City, where he persuaded the junta instituyente to approve the grant to his father, as well as the law signed by the Mexican Emperor on January 3, 1823.
The old imperial law offered heads of families a league and a labor of land, 4,605 acres (1,864 ha), and other inducements. It also provided for the employment of agents, called empresarios, to promote immigration. As an empresario, Austin was to receive 67,000 acres of land for each 200 families he brought to Texas. According to the law, immigrants were not required to pay fees to the government. Some of the immigrants denied Austin's right to charge them for services at the rate of 12.5 cents/acre (31 cents/ha).[13]
When the Emperor of Mexico,[14] Agustín de Iturbide, abdicated in March 1823, the law was annulled once again. In April 1823, Austin induced the congress to grant him a contract to bring 300 families into Texas. He wanted honest, hard-working people who would make the colony a success. In 1824, the congress passed a new immigration law that allowed the individual states of Mexico to administer public lands and open them to settlement under certain conditions. In March 1825, the legislature of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas passed a law similar to the one authorized by Iturbide. The law continued the system of empresarios, as well as granting each married man a league of land, 4,428 acres (1,792 ha), with the stipulation that he must pay the state $30 within six years.
By late 1825, Austin had brought the first 300 families to his settlement, the Austin Colony; these 300 are now known in Texas history as the Old Three Hundred. Austin had obtained further contracts to settle an additional 900 families between 1825 and 1829. He had effective civil and military authority over the settlers, but he was quick to introduce a semblance of American law - the Constitution of Coahuila y Tejas was agreed on in November 1827. Also, Austin organized small, informal armed groups to protect the colonists, which evolved into the Texas Rangers. Despite his hopes, Austin was making little money from his endeavors; the colonists were unwilling to pay for his services as empresario and most of his revenues were spent on the processes of government and other public services.
During these years, Austin, a member of Louisiana Lodge No. 111 at Ste. Genevieve, Missouri, sought to establish Freemasonry in Texas. Freemasonry was well established among the educated classes of Mexican society. It had been introduced among the aristocracy loyal to the House of Bourbon, and the conservatives had total control over the Order. By 1827, Americans living in Mexico City had introduced the United States York Rite of Freemasonry as a liberal alternative to the established European-style Scottish Rite.[15]
On February 11, 1828, Austin called a meeting of Freemasons at San Felipe to elect officers and to petition the Masonic Grand Lodge in Mexico City for a charter to form a lodge. Austin was elected Worshipful Master of the new lodge. Although the petition reached Matamoros, and was to be forwarded to Mexico City, nothing more was heard of it. By 1828, the ruling faction in Mexico was afraid the liberal elements in Texas might try to gain their independence. Fully aware of the political philosophies of American Freemasons, the Mexican government outlawed Freemasonry on October 25, 1828. In 1829, Austin called another meeting, where it was decided that it was "impolitic and imprudent, at this time, to form Masonic lodges in Texas."[16]
He was active in promoting trade and currying the good favor of the Mexican authorities, aiding them in the suppression of the Fredonian Rebellion of Haden Edwards. Some historians consider the Fredonian Rebellion to be the beginning of the Texas Revolution. Although "premature ... the Fredonian Rebellion sparked the powder for later success."[17] For this event, Austin raised troops to fight with Mexican troops against the Texas rebels. With the colonists numbering more than 11,000 by 1832, they were becoming less amenable to Austin's cautious leadership, and also, the Mexican government was becoming less cooperative. It was concerned with the growth of the colony and the efforts of the U.S. government to buy the state from them. The Mexican government had attempted to stop further U.S. immigration as early as April 1830, but Austin's skills gained an exemption for his colonies. He granted land to immigrants based on 640 acres (2.6 km2) to the husband, 320 to the wife, 160 for every child, and 80 for every slave.
Slavery
Slavery was a very important issue to Austin, one he called "of great interest" to him.[18] Austin was a periodical slaveowner throughout his life; however, he had conflicting views about it.[19][20][21][22] Theoretically, he believed slavery was wrong and went against the American ideal of liberty. In practice, however, he agreed with the social, economic, and political justifications of it, and worked hard to defend and expand it.[23] Despite his defense of it, he also harbored concerns that the long-term effects of slavery would destroy American society. He grew particularly concerned following Nat Turner's rebellion, stating:
"I sometimes shudder at the consequences and think that a large part of America will be Santo Domingonized in 100, or 200 years. The idea of seeing such a country as this overrun by a slave population almost makes me weep. It is in vain to tell a North American that the white population will be destroyed some fifty or eighty years hence by the negroes, and that his daughters will be violated and Butchered by them.[24][25][26]"
While Austin thought it would be advantageous some day for Texas to phase out of slavery, up until the Texas Revolution, he worked to ensure that his colony's immigrants could bypass the Mexican government's resistance to it.[27] Doing so ensured the population growth and economic development of his colony, which was primarily dependent on the monocropping of cotton and sugar.[28][29][30]
Arguing that the loss of slaves would be ruinous to the colony, he arranged for his settlers to receive eighty acres of land for each slave they brought with them to Texas. In August 1825, he recommended that the state government allow immigrants to bring their slaves with them through 1840, with the caveat that female grandchildren of the slaves would be freed by the age of 15, and males by age of 25.[31][32][33] His recommendation was rejected.
In 1826, when a state committee proposed abolishing slavery outright, 25 percent of the people in Austin's colony were slaves.[34][35] Austin's colonists, mostly pro-slavery immigrants from the south, threatened to leave Texas if the proposition passed, while prospective Southern immigrants hesitated to come to Texas until slavery was guaranteed there.[33]
Austin conceded that the success of his colony was dependent on slavery.[19][33][36] Without slaves, the colonists would lack the mass labor to cultivate the land, which would stall the pace of immigration needed to develop and increase the value of the land, which would deflate the economy and motivate his colonists to leave.[33][37][38]
Austin went before the legislature and pleaded that, at the least; his original 300 colonists should be allowed to keep their slaves.[33] He argued against the "bad faith" of freeing them, demanded reparations to slaveowners for every slave emancipated by the state, warned that the loss of slaves could leave some colonists destitute, and reasoned that freeing them would not only leave his settlers alone in the harsh Texas environment, but would also expose them to the discomfort and nuisance of living amongst freed slaves, who would become vagrants seeking retribution upon their former owners.[39] While he waited for the legislature's verdict of his request, Austin went into a deep depression over the issue and sent his brother, Brown Austin, to further lobby the legislature on his behalf.[40][41]
In March of 1827, the legislature signed Article 13 into law. Despite the law complying with some of his requests, Austin called it "unconstitutional." He contested the law as it freed the children of slaves at birth, established a six-month grace period before fully emancipating all slaves in the state, and included provisions to improve the conditions of slaves and transitioning freedmen.[42][43][44][45] Austin –– who had been so effective in persuading the legislature, however, that the author of Article 13 (before its passage) requested to withdraw it –– helped his colonists evade the law by advising them to legally supplant the word "slave" with the words "workingmen," "family servants," and "laborers," and by working to pass a decree that banned freedmen from Texas and forced emancipated slaves to work for their former slaveowners until the accrued "debt" (e.g. clothing, food), incurred for their own enslavement, was worked off.[26][44][46]
In 1828, Austin petitioned the legislature to guarantee that slaveowners, immigrating to Texas, could legally "free" their slaves before immigrating, and contract them into a lifetime term of indentured servitude, thereby avoiding recognizing them as slaves.[47] He lobbied to help his colony elude Vicente Guerrero's 1829 attempt to legally emancipate slaves in the province, and to bypass the government's effort to prohibit slavery when it passed the Law of April 6, 1830.[30][48][49] In 1830, Austin wrote that he would oppose Texas joining the United States without guarantees that he should "insist on the perpetual exclusion of slavery from this state [Texas]."[49] In 1833, he wrote:
"Texas must be a slave country. Circumstances and unavoidable necessity compel it. It is the wish of the people there, and it is my duty to do all I can, prudently, in favor of it. I will do so.[33]"
In May 1835, Austin's colonists learned that Mexico's tolerance for the evasions of slaveowners was drawing to a close, with its proposal of new abolition legislation.[26] Alarmed, and with Austin imprisoned in Mexico for pushing for independence, colonists turned against the Mexican government, calling it "oppressive" and a "plundering, robbing, autocratical government" without regard for the security of "life, liberty or property."[26][50] Resisting the impact a changed slavery policy would have on economic growth, and fearing rumors of Mexico's plan to free the slaves and turn them loose upon the colonists, shortly after Austin returned from Mexico, he and his colonists took up arms against the Mexican government. Austin later gained U.S. Government support for his revolution when he wrote to Senator Lewis F. Linn and pleaded that Santa Anna planned to "exterminate" all of the colonists and fill Texas "with Indians and negroes [freed slaves]."[26][51][52]
Relations with Mexico
Marble sculpture of Stephen F. Austin (1903) by Elisabet Ney at the Texas State Capitol
The application off the immigration control of the introduction of tariff laws had done much to dissatisfy the colonists, peaking in the Anahuac Disturbances. Austin became involved in Mexican politics, supporting the upstart Antonio López de Santa Anna. Following the success of Santa Anna, the colonists sought a compensatory reward, proclaimed at the Convention of 1832—resumption of immigration, tariff exemption, separation from Coahuila, and a new state government for Texas. Austin did not support these demands; he considered them ill-timed and tried his hardest to moderate them. When they were repeated and extended at the Convention of 1833, Austin traveled to Mexico City on July 18, 1833, and met with Vice President Valentín Gomez Farías. Austin did gain certain important reforms; the immigration ban was lifted, but a separate state government was not authorized. Statehood in Mexico required a population of 80,000, and Texas had only 30,000.
Believing that he was pushing for Texas independence and suspect that he was trying to incite insurrection, Austin was arrested by the Mexican government in January 1834 in Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico. He was taken to Mexico City and imprisoned. No charges were filed against him as no court would take jurisdiction. He was moved from prison to prison. He was released under bond in December 1834 and required to stay in the Federal District. He was fully freed under the general amnesty in July 1835 and in August 1835 left Mexico to return to Texas via New Orleans.
Texas Revolution
Main article: Texas Revolution
In his absence, a number of events propelled the colonists toward confrontation with Santa Anna's centralist government. Austin took temporary command of the Texan forces during the Siege of Béxar from October 12 to December 11, 1835. After learning of the Disturbances at Anahuac and Velasco in the summer of 1835, an enraged Santa Anna made rapid preparations for the Mexican army to sweep Anglo settlers from Texas. War began in October 1835 at Gonzales. The Republic of Texas, created by a new constitution on March 2, 1836, won independence following a string of defeats with the dramatic turnabout victory at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, and the capture of Santa Anna the following morning. He was then imprisoned.
Austin in the Republic of Texas
Further information: Republic of Texas
In December 1835, Austin, Branch Archer, and William H. Wharton were appointed commissioners to the U.S. by the provisional government of the republic. On June 10, 1836, Austin was in New Orleans, where he received word of Santa Anna's defeat by Sam Houston at the Battle of San Jacinto. Austin returned to Texas to rest at Peach Point in August. On August 4, he announced his candidacy for president of Texas. Austin felt confident he could win the election until two weeks before the election, when on August 20, Houston entered the race. Austin wrote, "Many of the old settlers who are too blind to see or understand their interest will vote for him." Houston carried East Texas, the Red River region, and most of the soldiers' votes. Austin received 587 votes to Sam Houston's 5,119 and Henry Smith's 743 votes.
Houston would appoint Austin as the first secretary of state of the new republic; however, Austin only served approximately two months before his death.
Death and estate
In December 1836, Austin was in the new capital of Columbia (now known as West Columbia) where he caught a severe cold; his condition worsened. Doctors were called in, but could not help him. Austin died of pneumonia at noon on December 27, 1836. He was at the home of George B. McKinstry, near what is now West Columbia, Texas. He was 43. Austin's last words were "The independence of Texas is recognized! Don't you see it in the papers?..." Upon hearing of Austin's death, Houston ordered an official statement proclaiming: "The Father of Texas is no more; the first pioneer of the wilderness has departed." Originally, Austin was buried at Gulf Prairie Cemetery in Brazoria County, Texas. In 1910 Austin's body was reinterred at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin.
Austin never married, nor did he have any children. He bequeathed all his land, titles, and possessions, to his married sister, Emily Austin Perry.
Monuments
Stephen F. Austin State Office Building
Stephen F. Austin grave monument at Texas State Cemetery in Austin, Texas
Stephen F. Austin statue near Angleton, Texas
Sherman, Texas, is the home of Austin College.[53]
Nacogdoches, Texas, is the home of Stephen F. Austin State University.[54]
Both Austin, Texas, and Austin County, Texas, are named after Stephen F. Austin, however, Austin (the city) is not located in Austin (the county).[55] (Austin, Texas is located in Travis County).[55]
Angleton, Texas, features a statue of Austin,[56] sponsored by The Stephen F. Austin 500, sculpted by David Adickes, with a base of 12-feet and a total statue height of 72-feet. The base is 2-feet taller than the base of the Sam Houston statue in Huntsville, Texas, but the statue is 7-feet shorter. The Sam Houston statue is 67-feet, on a base of 10-feet, or 77-feet if you include statue and base.
The National Statuary Hall Collection permits each state to select just two statues for display at the Capital in Washington, D.C. Texas selected Sam Houston and Stephen F. Austin; these statues were sculpted by German immigrant Elisabet Ney.[57]
Gulf Prairie Cemetery, his original place of burial.[58]
In 1959, Austin was posthumously inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners at the National Cowboy Hall of Fame in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
In Austinville, Virginia, Austin's birthplace, a monument was erected along the New River near a junction with the New River Trail State Park.
In Bellville, Texas, the county seat of Austin County, a large bust of Austin by sculptor David Adickes is located at the intersection of State Highways 36 and 159.
The late actor John Carter played Austin in the 1969 episode "Here Stands Bailey" of the syndicated television series Death Valley Days, hosted by Robert Taylor not long before Taylor's own death. In the story line, the hardy, cantankerous pioneer James Briton "Brit" Bailey (Paul Fix) and his wife, Hannah (Rosemary DeCamp), make their final settlement in southeastern Texas after having overcome many obstacles over the years. Now they face Austin's order that they leave their land, however, Austin has a change of heart and asks them to stay. Bailey dies with his final wish of interment standing upright facing west, hence his grave marker, "Here Stands Bailey Facing West."[59]
Past family
While Stephen F. Austin and his sister Emily have each been subject of biography, they are descended from several generations of noteworthy people, including: Moses Austin (father—biography published by Trinity University Press),[60] Abia Brown (grandfather), Joseph Sharp (great grandfather), Isaac Sharp (great, great grandfather), Anthony Sharp (great, great, great grandfather—biography published by Stanford University Press).[61] Accordingly, history records noteworthy social contribution in each generation of Stephen's family dating back to the early seventeenth century.
See also
Texas portal
Biography portal
Moses Austin, his father
Mary Brown Austin, his mother
James Elijah "Brown" Austin, his brother
Emily Austin Perry, his sister
Abia Brown, his maternal grandfather
José María Jesús Carbajal Mentored by Austin
Joseph Sharp, great grandfather
Isaac Sharp, his great, great grandfather
Anthony Sharp, his great, great, great grandfather
Peach Point Plantation, his residence
Jones Creek, site of his residence
Thomas J. Pilgrim, his friend and Spanish interpreter
James Bryan, his brother-in-law (first husband to Emily)
James Franklin Perry, his brother-in-law (second husband to Emily)
List of Notable Freemasons
O. P. Q. Letters
Footnotes
Jump up ^ Gregg Cantrell (1 August 2001). Stephen F. Austin: Empresario of Texas. Yale University Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-300-09093-5. ...generations of Texans have come to revere Austin as the Father of Texas...
Jump up ^ Thom Hatch (1 August 1999). Encyclopedia of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. McFarland. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-7864-9162-9.
Jump up ^ "Stephen Fuller Austin --Biography".
Jump up ^ Lonestar Text book
Jump up ^ Anthony Austin (1635) Austin family ancestry
^ Jump up to: a b c d Edmondson (2000), p. 59.
Jump up ^ "AUSTIN, STEPHEN F. | The Handbook of Texas Online| Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)". Tshaonline.org. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Edmondson (2000), p. 60.
Jump up ^ Austin, Mary Brown, Texas Handbook of History Online
Jump up ^ Letter from Stephen F. Austin to Maria Austin, July 13, 1821
Jump up ^ Todish (1998), p. 107.
Jump up ^ Edmondson (2000), p. 61.
Jump up ^ https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fau14
Jump up ^ "ITURBIDE, AGUSTIN DE | The Handbook of Texas Online| Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)". Tshaonline.org. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Normand, Pete (1986). The Texas Masons: The Fraternity of Ancient Free & Accepted Masons in the History of Texas. College Station, TX: Brazos Valley Masonic Library & Museum Assn.
Jump up ^ Carter, Dr. James D. (1955). Masonry in Texas: Background, History, and Influence to 1846. Waco, Texas: Committee on Masonic Education and Service, Grand Lodge of Texas, A.F. & A.M.
Jump up ^ Bates (1956), p. 794.
Jump up ^ Austin, Stephen F. (7 Aug 1826). "The Papers of Stephen F. Austin" (Letter). Letter to José Antonio Saucedo.
^ Jump up to: a b Cantrell, Gregg (2001). Stephen F. Austin: Empresario of Texas. Yale University Press. pp. 8–9.
Jump up ^ Austin, Stephen F. (30 May 1833). "The Papers of Stephen F. Austin" (Letter). Letter to Wiley Martin.
Jump up ^ Historic Missourians: Moses Austin (1761 - 1821). State Historical Society of Missouri.
Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001, pp. 85, 204
Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001, pp. 9, 204.
Jump up ^ Barker, Eugene C. (1926). The Life of Stephen F. Austin, Founder of Texas, 1793-1836: A Chapter in the Westward Movement of the Anglo-American People. University of Texas Press. p. 201.
Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001, pp. 189-190
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lack, Paul D. (Oct 1985). "Slavery and the Texas Revolution". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 89 (2): 181–202.
Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001, p. 190.
Jump up ^ Barker 1926, p. 204.
Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001, p. 191.
^ Jump up to: a b "Stephen Fuller Austin". Texas State Historical Association.
Jump up ^ Barker 1926, pp. 203-204.
Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001, p. 191.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Barker, Eugene C. (July 1924). "The Influence of Slavery in the Colonization of Texas". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 28 (1): 1–33.
Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001, p. 191.
Jump up ^ "Juneteenth—the Day Slavery was Abolished in Texas". Texas General Land Office. 16 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Barker 1926, p. 206.
Jump up ^ Morritt, Robert D. (2011). "Lure of Texas". Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Randolph B. (1991). An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821--1865. LSU Press. pp. 32–34.
Jump up ^ Barker 1926, pp. 204-206, 208.
Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001, p. 190.
Jump up ^ Barker 1926, p. 206.
Jump up ^ Barker 1926, p. 208.
Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001, pp. 192, 203.
^ Jump up to: a b Bugbee, Lester G. (Sep 1898). "Slavery in Early Texas. I". Political Science Quarterly. 13 (3): 389–412.
Jump up ^ "Constitution of the State of Coahuila and Texas (1827)". University of Texas at Austin, Tarlton Law Library.
Jump up ^ Austin, J.E.B. (10 Oct 1826). "The Papers of Stephen F. Austin" (Letter). Letter to Stephen F. Austin.
Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001, p. 204.
Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001, pp. 85, 204.
^ Jump up to: a b Barker, Eugene C. (Jul 1918). "Stephen F. Austin". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 22 (1): 1–17.
Jump up ^ Travis, William B. (21 May 1835). "The Papers of Stephen F. Austin" (Letter). Letter to David G. Burnet.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Randolph B. (1991). An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821--1865. LSU Press. p. 42.
Jump up ^ Austin, Stephen F. (4 May 1836). "The Papers of Stephen F. Austin" (Letter). Letter to Senator L.F. Linn.
Jump up ^ "Austin College: Sherman, Texas". Austincollege.edu. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Stephen F. Austin State University | College, University in Texas". Sfasu.edu. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Official Web Site of Travis County, USA". Co.travis.tx.us. November 5, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Stephen F Austin statue Clute 02 photo - Artichoke Vinaigrette photos at". Pbase.com. November 27, 2005. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Texas and the U.S. Capitol Building". Texasbob.com. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Area Museums and Landmarks". Gulf-prairie.org. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Here Stands Bailey on Death Valley Days". Internet Movie Data Base. February 18, 1969. Retrieved July 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Gracy, David B., Moses Austin: his life (Trinity University Press, 1987) ISBN 0-911536-84-1
Jump up ^ Greaves, Richard L. (1998), Dublin's merchant-Quaker: Anthony Sharp and the Community of Friends, 1643-1707, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-3452-3
References
Edmondson, J.R. (2000). The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts. Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN 1-55622-678-0.
Hendrickson, Kenneth E., Jr. (1995). The Chief of Executives of Texas: From Stephen F. Austin to John B. Connally, Jr. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-641-9.
Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Ted (1998). Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Austin, TX: Eakin Press. ISBN 978-1-57168-152-2.
Further reading
Barker, Eugene Campbell (1968). The Life of Stephen F. Austin, Founder of Texas, 1793–1836: A Chapter of the Westward Movement by the Anglo-American People (2nd ed.). Da Capo Press.
Beals, Carleton (1953). Stephen F. Austin, Father of Texas. McGraw-Hill.
Cantrell, Gregg (2001). Stephen F. Austin: Empresario of Texas. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09093-2.
Flynn, Jean (1981). Stephen F. Austin, the Father of Texas. Eakin Press. ISBN 978-0-585-16421-2.
Glasscock, Sallie (1951). Dreams of an Empire: The Story of Stephen Fuller Austin and His Colony in Texas. Naylor Co.
Tracy, Milton Cook; Havelock-Bailie, Richard (1941). The Colonizer: A Saga of Stephen F. Austin. Guynes Print Co.
Warren, Betsy (1996). Moses Austin and Stephen F. Austin: A Gone to Texas Dual Biography. Hendrick-long Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-937460-96-2.
Jones, Marie Beth (1982). Peach Point Plantation: The First 150 Years. Texian Press. ISBN 0-9630042-0-4.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stephen F. Austin.
Stephen Fuller Austin from the Handbook of Texas Online
Stephen F. Austin at Find a Grave
Ellis P. Bean, Stephen F. Austin, hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
Biography of Stephen F. Austin from The Biographical Encyclopedia of Texas, hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
Austin's Colonization Laws, 1822 from Gammel's Laws of Texas, Vol. I. hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
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[show]
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Municipalities and communities of Travis County, Texas, United States
County seat: Austin
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Authority control
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Abraham's family tree
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Abraham is known as the patriarch of the Jewish people through Isaac, the son born to him and Sarah in their old age and the patriarch of Islam through his son Ishmael, born to Abraham and his wife’s servant Hagar.
According to the biblical narrative, although Abraham's forefathers were from southern Mesopotamia (in present-day Iraq[1]) the Lord led Abraham on a journey to the land of Canaan, which he promised to his descendants.
Contents
[hide]
1 Source criticism
2 Biblical narrative
2.1 Family tree
3 Quranic narrative
4 References
Source criticism[edit]
The genealogy of Abraham appears in Genesis 5, Genesis 10:1-7, 20, 22-23, 31-32, and Genesis 11. The documentary hypothesis attributes these genealogies to the Priestly source.[2]
Biblical narrative[edit]
Abram and Sarai prospered materially but had no children. Abram thought to leave his estate to a trusted servant, but God promised him a son and heir. When he was 86 years old, Sarai suggested and Abraham agreed that a practical way to have a child was through Sarah’s servant Hagar. Hagar conceived right away and in time Ishmael was born. This situation brought strife rather than happiness between Hagar and Sarah. Nevertheless, God saw Hagar’s suffering and promised that although this was not the child promised to Abraham, he would nevertheless make Ishmael’s descendants into a great nation also.[3]
In Genesis chapter 17 "Almighty God" changed Abram’s name to Abraham, for he would be a father of many nations. And his wife Sarai's name was called Sarah, for she would be a mother of nations.
Three visitors come to Abraham and said that he would have a son. Sarah believed she was too old to have a child and laughed. Yet she did conceive (Genesis 21:1-7) and had a baby named Isaac.
After Isaac was married, Abraham married Keturah, who bore him six more sons – Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak and Shuah.
Family tree[edit]
The following is a family tree for the descendants of the line of Noah's son Shem, through Abraham to Jacob and his sons. Dashed lines are marriage connections.
Noah
Shem Ham Japheth
Elam Ashur Arphaxad Lud Aram 4 sons 7 sons
Cainan[4] 4 sons
Daughter[4] Salah
Eber
Peleg Joktan
Reu 13 sons
Serug
Nahor
Terah
Sarah[5] Abraham Hagar Haran
Nahor
Ishmael Milcah Lot Iscah
Ishmaelites 7 sons[6] Bethuel 1st daughter 2nd daughter
Isaac Rebecca Laban Moabites Ammonites
Esau Jacob Rachel
Bilhah
Edomites Zilpah
Leah
1. Reuben
2. Simeon
3. Levi
4. Judah
9. Issachar
10. Zebulun
Dinah (daughter) 7. Gad
8. Asher 5. Dan
6. Naphtali 11. Joseph
12. Benjamin
Quranic narrative[edit]
The family members and descendants of Abraham are called "Al Ibrahim (Abraham)" in the Quran. They were honored by being prophets and kings. "But we had already given the family of Abraham the Scripture and wisdom and conferred upon them a great kingdom" V.54,S.4[7]
The term "Al (a name)" in Arabic Language means the family of that man and his followers.
Many Muslim interpreters explained "who" are Al Abraham; - Tafsir Al-Tabari: Al Abraham are the believers, based on a narrative related to Ibn Abbas of the verse: "Indeed, Allah chose Adam and Noah and the family of Abraham and the family of 'Imran over the worlds" V.33, S.3[8]. He explained: They are the believers of the family of Abraham, the family of Imran, the family of Yaseen, and the family of Muhammad, then quoted the verse: "Indeed, the most worthy of Abraham among the people are those who followed him [in submission to Allah] and this prophet, and those who believe [in his message]. And Allah is the ally of the believers." V.68, S.3[9]. They are the believers.
- Tafsir As-Sa'di: Al Abraham are the prophets who succeeded him because they are among his descendants, and the Prophet Muhammad belongs to them.[10][citation needed]
- Tafsir Al-Baghawi: Al Abraham referred to Abraham himself, and has been also said that Al Abraham are Ismael (Ishmael), Ishaq (Isaac), Ya'qub (Jacob), and Al-Asbat (the 12 children of Jacob) adding that Muhammad is one of Al Abraham.[11][citation needed]
Based on these interpretations, Al Abraham are:
· His wife, Sarah, since the Angels addressed her using the term (Ahl Al-Bayt) meaning, the people of the house in the verse: They said, "Are you amazed at the decree of Allah? May the mercy of Allah and His blessings be upon you, people of the house." Indeed, He is Praiseworthy and Honorable.""V.73, S.11[12]
· His son Ismael (Ishmael)
· His son Ishaq (Isaac)
· His grandson ya'qub (Jacob)
· His nephew Lut (Lot)
· Al-Asbat (the 12 children of Jacob)
· Yusuf (Joseph)
· Musa (Moses)
· Harun (Aaron)
· Dawud (David)
· Sulaiman (Solomon)
· Ayub (Job)
· Al-Yas' (Elisha)
· Yunus (Jonah)
· Zakariya (Zachariya)
· Yahya (John)
· Imran
· Maryam (Mary)
· Isa (Jesus)
· Iliyas (Elias)
· Muhammad
These are Al Abraham added to them all the believers among the descendants of Abraham. "And that was Our [conclusive] argument which We gave Abraham against his people. We raise by degrees whom We will. Indeed, your Lord is Wise and Knowing. And We gave to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob - all [of them] We guided. And Noah, We guided before; and among his descendants, David and Solomon and Job and Joseph and Moses and Aaron. Thus do We reward the doers of good. And Zechariah and John and Jesus and Elias - and all were of the righteous. And Ishmael and Elisha and Jonah and Lot - and all [of them] We preferred over the worlds. And [some] among their fathers and their descendants and their brothers - and We chose them and We guided them to a straight path." Vs.83-87 S.6[13]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Abraham, Wigoder, Geoffrey. Illustrated Dictionary and Concordance of the Bible. 1986. The Jerusalem Publishing House. ISBN 0-89577-407-0, pp. 22-23
Jump up ^ Coogan, Michael D. (2014). The Old Testament: A Historical and Literary Introduction to Hebrew Scriptures. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 62-64. ISBN 978-0-19-994661-7
Jump up ^ Ishmael, in Freeman, David Noel. The Anchor Bible Dictionary Volume 2 H-J. 1992. Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 0-385-19360-2, pp. 513-514
^ Jump up to: a b From Luke 3:36, Sala was the son (in law) of Cainan, which was the son of Arphaxad.
Jump up ^ Genesis 20:12: Sarah was the half–sister of Abraham.
Jump up ^ Genesis 22:21-22: Uz, Buz, Kemuel, Chesed, Hazo, Pildash, and Jidlaph
Jump up ^ "Surah An-Nisa [4:54-64]". Surah An-Nisa [4:54-64]. Retrieved 2017-10-12.
Jump up ^ "Surah Ali 'Imran [3:33-43]". Surah Ali 'Imran [3:33-43]. Retrieved 2017-10-12.
Jump up ^ "Surah Ali 'Imran [3:68-78]". Surah Ali 'Imran [3:68-78]. Retrieved 2017-10-12.
Jump up ^ http://quran.ksu.edu.sa/tafseer/saadi/sura3-aya33.html#saadi
Jump up ^ http://quran.ksu.edu.sa/tafseer/baghawy/sura3-aya33.html#baghawy
Jump up ^ "Surah Hud [11:73-83]". Surah Hud [11:73-83]. Retrieved 2017-10-12.
Jump up ^ "Surah Al-An'am [6:83-93]". Surah Al-An'am [6:83-93]. Retrieved 2017-10-12.
[hide]
v
t
e
Religious family trees
Biblical
Book of Genesis
Descendants of Noah
Abraham's family tree
Book of Ruth
Naomi to David
Books of Kings
Kings of Israel and Judah
New Testament
Genealogy of Jesus
Islamic
Muhammad
Family tree of Muhammad
Rashidun Caliphs
Abu Bakr
Umar
Uthman
Ali (Immediate descendants
Dynastic descendants
The Fourteen Infallibles)
Caliphal dynasties
Umayyads
Abbasids
Polytheistic
Babylonian gods
Greek gods
Agamemnon
Mahabharata
Māori gods
Norse gods
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