text:
Hospital emergency codes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Back of a hospital ID badge showing disaster codes.
Hospital emergency codes are coded messages often announced over a public address system of a hospital to alert staff to various classes of on-site emergencies. The use of codes is intended to convey essential information quickly and with minimal misunderstanding to staff while preventing stress and panic among visitors to the hospital. Such codes are sometimes posted on placards throughout the hospital or are printed on employee identification badges for ready reference.
Hospital emergency codes have often varied widely by location, even between hospitals in the same community. Confusion over these codes has led to the proposal for and sometimes adoption of standardized codes. In many American, Canadian, New Zealand and Australian hospitals, for example "code blue" indicates a patient has entered cardiac arrest, while "code red" indicates that a fire has broken out somewhere in the hospital facility.
In order for a code call to be useful in activating the response of specific hospital personnel to a given situation, it is usually accompanied by a specific location description (e.g., "Code red, Second floor, corridor three, room two-twelve"). Other codes, however, only signal hospital staff generally to prepare for the fallout of some external event such as a natural disaster.
Contents
1 Color code standardization
2 Codes
2.1 Code Blue
2.1.1 Medical lockdown
2.1.2 Variations
2.2 "Doctor" Codes
2.3 "Resus" Codes
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Color code standardization[edit]
Australia:
Australian hospitals and other buildings are covered by Australian Standard 4083 (1997) and many are in the process of changing to those standards.[1]
Code Red: Fire
Code Blue: Medical Emergency
Code Yellow: Internal Emergency
Code Brown: External Emergency (disaster, mass casualties etc.)
Code Black: Personal Threat
Code Black Alpha: Missing or Abducted Infant or Child
Code Black Beta: Active Shooter
Code Black J: Self-harm
Code Purple: Bomb Threat
Code Orange: Evacuation
Code CBR: Chemical, Biological or Radiological Contamination
Canada:
Codes used in British Columbia, prescribed by the British Columbia Ministry of Health.[2]
Code Red: Fire
Code Blue: Cardiac Arrest
Code Orange: Disaster or Mass Casualties
Code Green: Evacuation
Code Yellow: Missing Patient
Code Amber: Missing or Abducted Infant or Child
Code Black: Bomb Threat
Code White: Aggression
Code Brown: Hazardous Spill
Code Grey: System Failure
Code Pink: Pediatric Emergency and/or Obstetrical Emergency
Codes in Alberta are prescribed by Alberta Health Services.[3]
Code Red: Fire
Code Blue: Cardiac Arrest/Medical Emergency
Code Orange: Mass Casualty Incident
Code Green: Evacuation
Code Yellow: Missing Patient
Code Black: Bomb Threat/Suspicious Package
Code White: Violence/Aggression
Code Brown: Chemical Spill/Hazardous Material
Code Grey: Shelter in Place/Air Exclusion
Code Purple: Hostage Situation
In Ontario, a standard emergency response code set by the Ontario Hospital Association is used, with minor variations for some hospitals.[4][5][6]
Code Red: Fire
Code Silver: Gun Threat/Shooter
Code Blue: Cardiac Arrest/Medical Emergency – Adult
Code Orange: Disaster
Code Orange CBRN: CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear) Disaster
Code Green: Evacuation (Precautionary)
Code Green STAT: Evacuation (Crisis)
Code Yellow: Missing Person
Code Amber (code purple): Missing Child/Child Abduction
Code Black: Bomb Threat/Suspicious Object
Code White: Violent/Behavioural Situation
Code Brown: In-facility Hazardous Spill
Code Grey: Infrastructure Loss or Failure
Code Grey Button-down: External Air Exclusion
Code Pink: Cardiac Arrest/Medical Emergency – Infant/Child
Code Purple: Hostage Taking/Gang Activity
Code Aqua: Flood
United States:
In 2000, the Hospital Association of Southern California (HASC)[7][8][9] determined that a uniform code system is needed after "three persons were killed in a shooting incident at an area medical center after the wrong emergency code was called." While codes for fire (red) and medical emergency (blue) were similar in 90% of California hospitals queried, 47 different codes were used for infant abduction and 61 for combative person. In light of this, HASC published a handbook titled "Healthcare Facility Emergency Codes: A Guide for Code Standardization" listing various codes and has strongly urged hospitals to voluntarily implement the revised codes.
In 2003, Maryland mandated that all acute hospitals in the state have uniform codes.[10]
In 2008, the Oregon Association of Hospitals & Health Systems, Oregon Patient Safety Commission, and Washington State Hospital Association formed a taskforce to standardize emergency code calls under the leadership of the Dr. Lawrence Schecter, Chief Medical Officer, Providence Regional Medical Center Everett.[11] After both states had conducted a survey from all hospital members, the taskforce found many hospitals used the same code for fire (code Red); however, there were tremendous variations existed for codes representing respiratory and cardiac arrest, infant and child abduction, and combative person. After deliberations and decisions, the taskforce suggested the following as the Hospital Emergency Code:[12]
Code Blue: Heart or Respiration Stops (An adult or child’s heart has stopped or they are not breathing.)
Code Red: Fire (alternative: Massive Postpartum Hemorrhage)
Code Pink: Infant abduction
Code Orange: Hazardous Spills (A hazardous material spill or release; Unsafe exposure to spill.)
Code Silver: Weapon or Hostage Situation
Code Grey: Combative Person (Combative or abusive behavior by patients, families, visitors, staff or physicians) If a weapon is involved “CODE SILVER” should be called.
Amber Alert: Infant/ Child Abduction
Internal Triage: Internal Emergency (Internal emergency in multiple departments including: Bomb or bomb threat; Computer network down; Major plumbing problems; and Power or telephone outage.)
External Triage: External Disaster (External emergencies impacting hospital including: Mass casualties; Severe weather; Massive power outages; and Nuclear, biological, and chemical accidents)
Rapid Response Team: Medical Team Needed at Bedside (A patient’s medical condition is declining and needs an emergency medical team at the bedside) Prior to heart or respiration stopping
Code Clear: Announced when emergency is over
In 2015, the South Carolina Hospital Association formed a work group to develop plain language standardization code recommendations. Abolishing all color codes was suggested.[13]
Codes[edit]
Note: Different codes are used in different hospitals.
Code Blue[edit]
"Code blue" redirects here. For other uses, see Code Blue.
Medical lockdown[edit]
"Code Blue" is generally used to indicate a patient requiring resuscitation or in need of immediate medical attention, most often as the result of a respiratory arrest or cardiac arrest (by cardiac arrest is nowadays considered to not just mean asystole, the most severe example, but also pulseless electrical activity [PEA], coarse or fine ventricular fibrillation [VF or V-fib], or unstable irregular ventricular tachycardia [VT or V-tach]- some of these lethal, non-circulating arrhythmias are shockable by a defibrillator, some are not and are primarily treated by epinephrine and similar drugs). When called overhead, the page takes the form of "Code Blue, (floor), (room)" to alert the resuscitation team where to respond. Every hospital, as a part of its disaster plans, sets a policy to determine which units provide personnel for code coverage. In theory any medical professional may respond to a code, but in practice the team makeup is limited to those with advanced cardiac life support or other equivalent resuscitation training. Frequently these teams are staffed by physicians (from anesthesia and internal medicine in larger medical centers or the Emergency physician in smaller ones), respiratory therapists, pharmacists, and nurses. A code team leader will be a physician in attendance on any code team; this individual is responsible for directing the resuscitation effort and is said to "run the code". This phrase was coined at Bethany Medical Center in Kansas City, Kansas.[14] The term "code" by itself is commonly used by medical professionals as a slang term for this type of emergency, as in "calling a code" or describing a patient in arrest as "coding" or "coded".
Australian Standard[1]
Californian Standard[7]
In some hospitals or other medical facilities, the resuscitation team may purposely respond slowly to a patient in cardiac arrest, a practice known as "slow code", or may fake the response altogether for the sake of the patient's family, a practice known as "show code".[15] Such practices are ethically controversial,[16] and are banned in some jurisdictions.[citation needed]
Variations[edit]
"Plan Blue" was used at St. Vincent's Hospital in New York City to indicate arrival of a trauma patient so critically injured that even the short delay of a stop in the ER for evaluation could be fatal; the "Plan Blue" was called out to alert the surgeon on call to go immediately to the ER entrance and take the patient for immediate surgery. This was illustrated in an episode of Trauma: Life in the ER, entitled "West Side Stories".
"Doctor" Codes[edit]
"Doctor" codes are often used in hospital settings for announcements over a general loudspeaker or paging system that might cause panic or endanger a patient's privacy. Most often, "Doctor" codes take the form of "Paging Dr. Sinclair", where the doctor's "name" is a code word for a dangerous situation or a patient in crisis, e.g.: "Paging Doctor Firestone, third floor," to indicate a possible fire on the floor specified.[citation needed]
"Resus" Codes[edit]
Specific to emergency medicine, incoming patients in immediate danger of life or limb, whether presenting via ambulance or walk-in triage, are paged locally within the emergency department as "Resus" [ri:səs] codes. These codes indicate the type of emergency (general medical, trauma, cardiopulmonary or neurological) and type of patient (adult or pediatric). An estimated time of arrival may be included, or "now" if the patient is already in the department. The patient is transported to the nearest open trauma bay or evaluation room, and is immediately attended by a designated team of physicians and nurses for purposes of immediate stabilization and treatment.
See also[edit]
Inspector Sands, code used over PA system in British public transport to indicate a serious situation
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b AS 4083-1997 Planning for emergencies-Health care facilities
Jump up ^ "BC Standardized Hospital Colour Codes" (PDF). Victoria, BC: British Columbia Ministry of Health. 21 January 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "AHS Emergency / Disaster Management" (PDF). Edmonton, AB: Alberta Health Services. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "OHA Emergency Management Toolkit" (PDF). Toronto, ON: Ontario Hospital Association. 31 March 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "North York General Hospital – Emergency Preparedness". nygh.on.ca.
Jump up ^ "Emergency Codes". sunnybrook.ca.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hospital Emergency Codes".
Jump up ^ California Healthcare Association News Briefs July 12, 2002Vol. 35 No. 27 Archived December 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "2014 Emergency Codes".
Jump up ^ DSD.state.md.us
Jump up ^ "Standardization Emergency Codes Executive Summary" (PDF). Washington State Hospital Association. October 2008. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Standardization Poster Emergency Code Call" (PDF). Washington State Hospital Association. January 2009. Retrieved http://www.wsha.org/wp-content/uploads/Standardization_PosterEmergencyCodeCallsAA.pdf. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "Plain Language Emergency Codes Implementation Tool Kit" (PDF). South Carolina Hospital Association. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Unplugged". google.com.
Jump up ^ "Slow Codes, Show Codes and Death". The New York Times. 22 August 1987. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
Jump up ^ DePalma, Judith A.; Miller, Scott; Ozanich, Evelyn; Yancich, Lynne M. (November 1999). "'Slow' Code: Perspectives of a Physician and Critical Care Nurse". Critical Care Nursing Quarterly. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 22 (3): 89–99. doi:10.1097/00002727-199911000-00014. ISSN 1550-5111.
External links[edit]
Codes Listing, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center
Stanford Medical Codes (HASC based scheme)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hospital_emergency_codes&oldid=862480330"
Categories:
Hospitals
Medical terminology
Emergency communication
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 errors: dates
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
한국어
Türkçe
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 4 October 2018, at 17:08 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href title

attrs: class style

value: b

value: p

value: input

attrs: type role id class style

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

value: label

attrs: class for

values: Edit section: Color code standardization

values:
/wiki/Code_Blue_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Code Blue (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Respiratory_therapists
mw-redirect
Respiratory therapists

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)

values:
/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_and_Wilkins
mw-redirect
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1550-5111

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Hospital_emergency_codes
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: 医院急救代码 – Chinese

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Hospital_emergency_codes rootpage-Hospital_emergency_codes skin-vector action-view


text:
List of actors who have played Dr. Watson
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
List of actors who have played Dr. Watson in various media.
Contents
[hide]
1 Radio and audio dramas
2 Stage plays
3 Television and DTV films
4 Television series
5 Theatrical films
6 See also
7 References
Radio and audio dramas[edit]
Name
Title
Date
Type
Richard Gordon The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes[1] 1930-1931 (American)
Leigh Lovell The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes[1] 1931-1935 (American)
Harry West Sherlock Holmes[1] 1936 (American)
Ray Collins Sherlock Holmes[2] 1938 (American)
Nigel Bruce The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes 1940-1947 (American)
Carleton Hobbs The Boscombe Valley Mystery[3] 1943 BBC Home Service
Ralph Truman My Dear Watson[3] 1943 BBC Home Service
Alfred Shirley The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes 1947-1948 (American)
Ian Martin The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes 1948 (American)
Eric Snowden The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes 1949-1950 (American)
Norman Shelley Sherlock Holmes 1953- (British)
The Hound of the Baskervilles 1958 (British)
The Valley of Fear 1960 (British)
A Study in Scarlet 1962 (British)
The Sign of the Four 1963 (British)
Sherlock Holmes Returns 1964 (British)
Sherlock Holmes Again 1966-1967 (British)
Ralph Richardson The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes 1954 (British)
Dinsdale Landon A Study in Scarlet[4] 1974 (British)
Court Benson CBS Radio Mystery Theater - "A Scandal in Bohemia"[5] 1977 (American)
Andrew Sachs The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes 2002-2010 BBC Radio 4 (British)
Stage plays[edit]
Name
Title
Date
Type
Seymour Hicks Under The Clock[6] 1893 Stage (Royal Court Theatre)
St. John Hamund Sherlock Holmes[7] 1894 Stage (Royalty Theatre, Glasgow)
Bruce McRae Sherlock Holmes 1899 Broadway (American)
Claude King The Speckled Band[8] 1910 (British)
R.V. Taylour The Crown Diamond[9] 1921 (British)
H. G. Stoker The Return of Sherlock Holmes 1923 (British)
Jack Raine Sherlock Holmes 1953 (American)
Peter Sallis Baker Street 1965 Musical (American)
Tim Pigott-Smith Sherlock Holmes 1974 Stage revival (British)
Dennis Cooney Sherlock Holmes 1974 Stage revival (American)
Timothy Landfield The Crucifer of Blood 1978 Broadway (American)
Denis Lill The Crucifer of Blood 1979 (British)
Richard Woods Sherlock Holmes[10] 1981 (filmed for HBO) Stage revival (Williamstown Theater Festival)
Jeremy Brett The Crucifer of Blood 1981 Stage (Los Angeles)
Alan Stanford The Mask of Moriarty[11] 1985 Stage (Dublin)
Donal Donnelly Sherlock's Last Case[12] 1987 Stage (Nederlander Theatre)
John Nicholson The Hound of the Baskervilles[13] 2007 Stage (West Yorkshire Playhouse)
Lucas Hall Baskerville: A Sherlock Holmes Mystery[14] 2015 Arena Stage in Southwest, Washington, D.C.
Usman Ally Baskerville: A Sherlock Holmes Mystery[15] 2015 Old Globe Theatre in San Diego, California
Patrick Robinson Baskerville: A Sherlock Holmes Mystery[16] 2017-2018 Liverpool Playhouse
Television and DTV films[edit]
Name
Title
Date
Type
William Podmore The Three Garridebs[17] 1937 Television play on NBC (American)
Campbell Singer The Man with the Twisted Lip[18] 1951 Potential series pilot (British)
Philip King The Mazarin Stone[19] 1951 Television film for BBC (British)
Bernard Fox The Hound of the Baskervilles 1972 (American)
Edward Fox Doctor Watson and the Darkwater Hall Mystery[4] 1974 (British)
Patrick Macnee Sherlock Holmes in New York 1976 (American)
Thorley Walters Silver Blaze 1977 (Canadian)
Terence Rigby The Hound of the Baskervilles 1982 Television serial (British)
Erle Cross Sherlock Holmes and the Valley of Fear 1983 Animated television film. Voice only. (Australian)
Sherlock Holmes and the Sign of Four 1983 Animated television film. Voice only. (Australian)
Sherlock Holmes and the Baskerville Curse 1983 Animated television film. Voice only. (Australian)
Sherlock Holmes and a Study in Scarlet 1983 Animated television film. Voice only. (Australian)
David Healy The Sign of Four 1983 (British-American)
Donald Churchill The Hound of the Baskervilles 1983 (British-American)
John Mills The Masks of Death 1984 (British)
John Hillerman Hands of a Murderer 1990 (British)
Richard Johnson The Crucifer of Blood 1991 Television film adaptation of the play (American)
Patrick Macnee Sherlock Holmes and the Leading Lady 1991 Television film
Incident at Victoria Falls 1992 Television film
John Scott-Paget The Hound of London 1993 (Canadian-Luxembourgian)
Kenneth Welsh The Hound of the Baskervilles 2000 (Canadian)
The Sign of Four 2001 (Canadian)
The Royal Scandal 2001 (Canadian)
The Case of the Whitechapel Vampire 2002 (Canadian)
Ian Hart The Hound of the Baskervilles 2002 (British)
Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Silk Stocking 2004 (British)
Roger Morlidge Sherlock: Case of Evil 2002 (American)
Bill Paterson Sherlock Holmes and the Baker Street Irregulars 2007 BBC television film (British)
John Rhys-Davies Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes 2010 Animated DTV film. Voice only. (American)
Television series[edit]
Name
Title
Date
Type
Raymond Francis Sherlock Holmes 1951 (British)
Jack Raine Suspense - "The Adventure of the Black Baronet" 1953 (American)
H. Marion-Crawford Sherlock Holmes 1954 (American-French)
Nigel Stock Sherlock Holmes 1965-1968 (British)
Donald Pickering Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson 1979 (American-Polish)
Vitaly Solomin The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson 1979-1986 (Russian)
David Burke The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes 1984-1985 Television series (British)
Edward Hardwicke The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes 1986-1994 Television series (British)
Patrick Monckton Alfred Hitchcock Presents - "My Dear Watson" 1989 (American)
Martin Freeman Sherlock 2010 - Present Television series (British)
Lucy Liu Elementary 2012 - Present Television series (American)
Theatrical films[edit]
Name
Title
Date
Type
Mr. Moyse Silver Blaze[8] 1912 Short film (British-French)
The Beryl Coronet[8] 1912 Short film (British-French)
The Musgrave Ritual[8] 1912 Short film (British-French)
The Reigate Squares[8] 1912 Short film (British-French)
The Stolen Papers[8] 1912 Short film (British-French)
The Mystery of Boscombe Valley[8] 1912 Short film (British-French)
The Copper Beeches[8] 1912 Short film (British-French)
Jack Francis A Study in Scarlet (1914 American film)[20] 1914 (American)
Edward Fielding Sherlock Holmes 1916 First silent film adaptation of the stage play (American)
Arthur M. Cullin The Valley of Fear 1916 Silent film (British)
Hubert Willis Sherlock Holmes Stoll film series 1921 to 1923 Series of silent films (British)
Roland Young Sherlock Holmes 1922 Silent film adaptation of the stage play (American)
George Seroff The Hound of the Baskervilles 1929 Silent film (German)
H. Reeves-Smith The Return of Sherlock Holmes 1929 (American)
Ian Fleming The Sleeping Cardinal 1931 (British)
The Missing Rembrandt 1932 Considered lost (British)
The Triumph of Sherlock Holmes 1935 (British)
Silver Blaze 1937 (British)
Athole Stewart The Speckled Band 1931 (British)
Ian Hunter The Sign of Four 1932 (British)
Reginald Owen Sherlock Holmes 1932 First sound adaptation of the stage play (American)
Frederick Lloyd The Hound of the Baskervilles 1932 (British)
Warburton Gamble A Study in Scarlet 1933 (American)
Fritz Odemar The Hound of the Baskervilles 1937 (German)
Nigel Bruce Sherlock Holmes (1939 film series) 1939-1946 (American)
The Hound of the Baskervilles 1939 (American)
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes 1939 (American)
Sherlock Holmes and the Voice of Terror 1942 (American)
Sherlock Holmes and the Secret Weapon 1943 (American)
Sherlock Holmes in Washington 1943 (American)
Sherlock Holmes Faces Death 1943 (American)
Crazy House 1943 Cameo (American)
The Spider Woman 1944 (American)
The Scarlet Claw 1944 (American)
The Pearl of Death 1944 (American)
The House of Fear 1945 (American)
The Woman in Green 1945 (American)
Pursuit to Algiers 1945 (American)
Terror by Night 1946 (American)
Dressed to Kill 1946 (American)
André Morell The Hound of the Baskervilles 1959 (British)
Thorley Walters Sherlock Holmes and the Deadly Necklace 1962 (West German-French-Italian)
The Best House in London 1969 (British)
The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes' Smarter Brother 1975 (American)
Donald Houston A Study in Terror 1965 (British)
Colin Blakely The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes 1970 (American)
Robert Duvall The Seven-Per-Cent Solution 1976 (American)
Dudley Moore The Hound of the Baskervilles 1978 (British)
James Mason Murder by Decree 1979 (British-Canadian)
Alan Cox Young Sherlock Holmes 1985 (American)
Laurie Main The Great Mouse Detective 1986 Animated film. Voice only. (American)
Ben Kingsley Without a Clue 1988 (American)
Jude Law Sherlock Holmes 2009 (British-American)
Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows 2011 (British-American)
Colin Starkey Mr. Holmes 2015 (British-American)
See also[edit]
List of actors who have played Sherlock Holmes
List of actors who have played Inspector Lestrade
List of actors who have played Mycroft Holmes
List of actors who have played Professor Moriarty
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Eyles, Alan (1986). Sherlock Holmes: A Centenary Celebration. Harper & Row. p. 130. ISBN 0-06-015620-1.
Jump up ^ Eyles, Alan (1986). Sherlock Holmes: A Centenary Celebration. Harper & Row. p. 134. ISBN 0-06-015620-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Pointer, Michael (1975). The Public Life of Sherlock Holmes. Drake. p. 176. ISBN 0-87749-725-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Eyles, Alan (1986). Sherlock Holmes: A Centenary Celebration. Harper & Row. p. 139. ISBN 0-06-015620-1.
Jump up ^ Payton, Gordon; Grams Jr., Martin (2012). The CBS Radio Mystery Theater: An Episode Guide and Handbook to Nine Years of Broadcasting, 1974–1982. McFarland & Company. p. 216. ISBN 9780786492282.
Jump up ^ Kabatchnik, Amnon (2008). Sherlock Holmes on the Stage. Scarecrow Press. p. 33. ISBN 9781461707226.
Jump up ^ Kabatchnik, Amnon (2008). Sherlock Holmes on the Stage. Scarecrow Press. p. 34-35. ISBN 9781461707226.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Eyles, Alan (1986). Sherlock Holmes: A Centenary Celebration. Harper & Row. p. 130. ISBN 0-06-015620-1.
Jump up ^ Eyles, Alan (1986). Sherlock Holmes: A Centenary Celebration. Harper & Row. p. 131. ISBN 0-06-015620-1.
Jump up ^ O'Connor, John (November 19, 1981). "HBO offers Sherlock Holmes". The New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Eyles, Allen (1986). Sherlock Holmes: A Centenary Celebration. Harper & Row. p. 141. ISBN 0-06-015620-1.
Jump up ^ Rich, Frank (August 21, 1987). "Stage: Langella In 'Sherlock's Last'". The New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hickling, Alfred (January 27, 2007). "The Hound of the Baskervilles". The Guardian. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wren, Celia (January 18, 2015). "'Baskerville: A Sherlock Holmes Mystery' charges into Arena Stage". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Verini, Bob (August 3, 2015). "Regional Theater Review: 'Baskerville,' Ken Ludwig's Sherlock Tale". Variety. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Baskerville - A Sherlock Holmes Mystery". Liverpool Playhouse. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Haining, Peter (1994). The Television Sherlock Holmes. Virgin Books. pp. 44–47. ISBN 0-86369-793-3. }
Jump up ^ Eyles, Alan (1986). Sherlock Holmes: A Centenary Celebration. Harper & Row. p. 136. ISBN 0-06-015620-1.
Jump up ^ Haining, Peter (1994). The Television Sherlock Holmes. Virgin Books. p. 51. ISBN 0-86369-793-3. }
Jump up ^ Barnes, Alan (2002). Sherlock Holmes on Screen. Reynolds & Hearn Ltd. p. 206. ISBN 1-903111-04-8.
[show]
v
t
e
Screen adaptations of Sherlock Holmes
Silent films
Sherlock Holmes Baffled (1900)
Adventures of Sherlock Holmes; or, Held for Ransom (1905)
Sherlock Holmes in the Great Murder Mystery (1908)
Arsène Lupin contra Sherlock Holmes (1910)
Der Hund von Baskerville (1914)
Detektiv Braun (1914)
A Study in Scarlet (1914 British film)
A Study in Scarlet (1914 US film)
The Valley of Fear (1916)
Sherlock Holmes (1916)
Sherlock Holmes (1922)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1929)
Stoll series
The Dying Detective (1921)
The Devil's Foot (1921)
The Man with the Twisted Lip (1921)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1921)
The Sign of Four (1923)
Wontner series
The Sleeping Cardinal (1931)
The Missing Rembrandt (1932, lost)
The Sign of Four (1932)
The Triumph of Sherlock Holmes (1935)
Silver Blaze (1937)
Rathbone–Bruce
series
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1939)
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1939)
Voice of Terror (1942)
Secret Weapon (1942)
Sherlock Holmes in Washington (1943)
Sherlock Holmes Faces Death (1943)
The Spider Woman (1944)
The Scarlet Claw (1944)
The Pearl of Death (1944)
The House of Fear (1945)
The Woman in Green (1945)
Pursuit to Algiers (1945)
Terror by Night (1946)
Dressed to Kill (1946)
By actor
Clive Brook
The Return of Sherlock Holmes (1929)
Sherlock Holmes (1932)
Peter Cushing
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959)
The Masks of Death (1984) (TV)
Christopher Plummer
Silver Blaze (1977) (TV)
Murder by Decree (1979)
Christopher Lee
The Deadly Necklace (1962)
The Leading Lady (1991) (TV)
Incident at Victoria Falls (1991) (TV)
Robert Downey Jr.
Sherlock Holmes (2009)
A Game of Shadows (2011)
Other films
The Speckled Band (1931)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1932)
A Study in Scarlet (1933)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1937)
A Study in Terror (1965)
The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes (1970)
The Seven-Per-Cent Solution (1976)
The Case of Marcel Duchamp (1984)
Young Sherlock Holmes (1985)
Sherlock Holmes (2010)
Holmes & Watson. Madrid Days (2012)
Mr. Holmes (2015)
Television films
Ian Richardson
The Sign of Four (1983)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1983)
Maslennikov
series
Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson (1979)
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson (1980)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1981)
The Treasures of Agra (1983)
The Twentieth Century Approaches (1986)
Matt Frewer
The Hound of the Baskervilles (2000)
The Sign of Four (2001)
The Case of the Whitechapel Vampire (2002)
The Royal Scandal (2003)
Ian Hart (as Watson)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (2002)
The Case of the Silk Stocking (2004)
Other films
The Three Garridebs (1937)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1972)
The Longing of Sherlock Holmes (1972)
Sherlock Holmes in New York (1976)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1982)
Sherlock Holmes and the Baskerville Curse (1983)
The Return of Sherlock Holmes (1987)
Hands of a Murderer (1990)
The Crucifer of Blood (1991)
1994 Baker Street: Sherlock Holmes Returns (1993)
The Hound of London (1993)
Sherlock: Case of Evil (2002)
Sherlock Holmes and the Baker Street Irregulars (2007)
Comedies,
pastiches,
and parodies
The Mystery of the Leaping Fish (1916)
The Limejuice Mystery or Who Spat in Grandfather's Porridge? (1930)
Lelíček ve službách Sherlocka Holmese (1932)
The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes (1937)
Deduce, You Say! (1956)
They Might Be Giants (1971)
The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes' Smarter Brother (1975)
The Return of the World's Greatest Detective (1976)
Sherlock Pink (1976)
The Strange Case of the End of Civilization as We Know It (1977)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1978)
The Great Mouse Detective (1986)
Without a Clue (1988)
The Adventures of Shirley Holmes (1997)
Zero Effect (1998)
A Samba for Sherlock (2001)
Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler (2006)
Aria the Scarlet Ammo (2008)
Tantei Opera Milky Holmes (2009)
Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes (2010)
The Empire of Corpses (2015)
Sherlock Gnomes (2018)
Holmes and Watson (2018)
Television
series
Sherlock Holmes (1951)
Sherlock Holmes (1954)
Sherlock Holmes (1965–68)
Sherlock Holmes (1967–68)
Sherlock Holmes (1968)
Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson (1979–80)
Young Sherlock: The Mystery of the Manor House (1982)
The Baker Street Boys (1983)
Sherlock Hound (1984–85)
Sherlock Holmes (1984–94)
episodes
Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century (1999–2001)
Sherlock (2010–present)
Elementary (2012–present)
Sherlock Holmes (2013)
Sherlock Holmes (2014)
others articles
List of actors who have played Sherlock Holmes
List of actors who have played Dr. Watson
List of actors who have played Inspector Lestrade
List of actors who have played Mycroft Holmes
List of actors who have played Professor Moriarty
Minor Sherlock Holmes characters
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_actors_who_have_played_Dr._Watson&oldid=824287189"
Categories:
Sherlock Holmes lists
Lists of actors by role
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 6 February 2018, at 13:14.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

value: span

attrs: class dir xml:lang

values: toctitle ltr en

value: li

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (radio) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Williamstown_Theater_Festival
mw-redirect
Williamstown Theater Festival

values:
/wiki/The_Three_Garridebs_(film)
mw-redirect
The Three Garridebs (film)

values: The Hound of the Baskervilles (1972 film)

values: The Hound of the Baskervilles (TV serial)

values: The Hound of the Baskervilles (1983 film)

values: The Hound of the Baskervilles (2000 film)

values: The Hound of the Baskervilles (2002 film)

values: Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1985 TV series)

values:
/wiki/Arthur_M._Cullin
mw-redirect
Arthur M. Cullin

values: The Hound of the Baskervilles (1929 film)

values: The Return of Sherlock Holmes (1929 film)

values: The Hound of the Baskervilles (1932 film)

values: The Hound of the Baskervilles (1937 film)

values: The Hound of the Baskervilles (1939 film)

values: The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (film)

values: The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959 film)

values: The Hound of the Baskervilles (1978 film)

values: Template:Sherlock Holmes screen adaptations

values: Template talk:Sherlock Holmes screen adaptations

values: The Hound of the Baskervilles (1921 film)

values: The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson (film)

values: The Hound of the Baskervilles (1981 film)

values: The Return of Sherlock Holmes (1987 film)

values:
/wiki/Sherlock_Pink
mw-redirect
Sherlock Pink

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_actors_who_have_played_Dr_Watson rootpage-List_of_actors_who_have_played_Dr_Watson skin-vector action-view


text:
Rust Belt
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Change in total number of manufacturing jobs in metropolitan areas, 1954–2002. (Figures for New England are from 1958.)
>58% loss
43–56% loss
31–43.2% loss
8.7–29.1% loss [United States average: 8.65% loss]
7.5% loss – 54.4% gain
>62% gain
Three metropolitan areas lost more than four fifths of their manufacturing jobs: Steubenville, OH; Johnstown, PA, and Augusta, ME.
Change in per capita personal income in metropolitan counties, 1980–2002, relative to the average for U.S. metropolitan areas.
income above average, growth faster than average
income above average, growth average or below average
income above average but decreasing
income below average, growth faster than average
income below average, growth average or below average
income below average and further decreasing
The Rust Belt is a region of the United States, made up mostly of places in the Midwest and Great Lakes, though the term may be used to include any location where industry declined starting around 1980. Rust refers to the deindustrialization, or economic decline, population loss, and urban decay due to the shrinking of its once-powerful industrial sector. The term gained popularity in the U.S. in the 1980s.[1]
The Rust Belt begins in western New York and traverses west through Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, and the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, ending in northern Illinois, eastern Iowa, and southeastern Wisconsin. New England was also hard hit by industrial decline during the same era. Previously known as the industrial heartland of America, industry has been declining in the region since the mid-20th century due to a variety of economic factors, such as the transfer of manufacturing further West, increased automation, and the decline of the US steel and coal industries.[2] While some cities and towns have managed to adapt by shifting focus towards services and high-tech industries, others have not fared as well, witnessing rising poverty and declining populations.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Geography
3 History
3.1 Outcomes
3.2 Transformation
4 International equivalents
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Background[edit]
In the 20th century, local economies in these states specialized in large-scale manufacturing of finished medium to heavy industrial and consumer products, as well as the transportation and processing of the raw materials required for heavy industry.[4] The area was referred to as the Manufacturing Belt,[5] Factory Belt, or Steel Belt as distinct from the agricultural Midwestern states forming the so-called Corn Belt and Great Plains states that are often called the "bread-basket of America".[6]
The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the close proximity to the Great Lakes waterways, and abundance of paved roads, water canals and railroads. After the transportation infrastructure linked the iron ore found in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Upper Michigan with the coal mined from Appalachian Mountains, the Steel Belt was born. Soon it developed into the Factory Belt with its great American manufacturing cities: Chicago, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Toledo, Cleveland, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh among others. This region for decades served as a magnet for immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Poland and Russia who provided the industrial facilities with inexpensive labor.[7]
Following several "boom" periods from the late-19th to the mid-20th century, cities in this area struggled to adapt to a variety of adverse economic and social conditions. From 1979 to 1982, the US Federal Reserve decided to raise the base interest rate in the United States to 19%. High interest rates attracted wealthy foreign "hot money" into US banks and caused the US dollar to appreciate. This made US products more expensive for foreigners to buy and also made imports much cheaper for Americans to purchase. The misaligned exchange rate was not rectified until 1986, by which time Japanese imports in particular had made rapid inroads into US markets.[8] From 1987 to 1999, the US stock market went into stratospheric rise, and this continued to pull wealthy foreign money into US banks, which biased the exchange rate against manufactured goods. Related issues include the decline of the iron and steel industry, the movement of manufacturing to the southeastern states with their lower labor costs,[9] the layoffs due to the rise of automation in industrial processes, the decreased need for labor in making steel products, the internationalization of American business, and the liberalization of foreign trade policies due to globalization.[10] Cities struggling with these conditions shared several difficulties, including population loss, lack of education, declining tax revenues, high unemployment and crime, drugs, swelling welfare rolls, deficit spending, and poor municipal credit ratings.[11][12][13][14][15]
Geography[edit]
See also: Regional economics and Shrinking cities in the United States
The Rust Belt of the United States (red)
As people migrate, they often coin new names for their destinations.[16] Since the term "Rust Belt" pertains to a set of economic and social conditions rather than to an overall geographical region of the United States per se, the Rust Belt has no precise boundaries. The extent to which a community may have been described as a "Rust Belt city" depends at least as much on how great a role industrial manufacturing played in its local economy in the past and how it does now, as on perceptions of the economic viability and living standards of the present day.
News media occasionally refer to a patchwork of defunct centres of heavy industry and manufacturing across the Great Lakes and mid-western United States as the snow belt,[17] the manufacturing belt, or the factory belt - because of their vibrant industrial economies in the past. This includes most of the cities of the Midwest as far west as the Mississippi River, including St. Louis, and many of those in the Great Lakes and Northern New York.[citation needed]. At the centre of this expanse lies an area stretching from northern Indiana and southern Michigan in the west to Upstate New York in the east, where local tax revenues as of 2004[update] relied more heavily on manufacturing than on any other sector.[18][19]
Before World War II, the cities in the Rust Belt region were among the largest in the United States. However, by the twentieth century's end their population had fallen the most in the country.[20]
History[edit]
The linking of the former Northwest Territory with the once-rapidly industrializing East Coast was affected through several large-scale infrastructural projects, most notably the Erie Canal in 1825, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1830, the Allegheny Portage Railroad in 1834, and the consolidation of the New York Central after the American Civil War. A gate was thereby opened between a variety of burgeoning industries on the interior North American continent and the markets not only of the large Eastern cities, but of Western Europe as well.[21]
Coal, iron ore and other raw materials were shipped in from surrounding regions which emerged as major ports on the Great Lakes and served as transportation hubs for the region with a proximity to railroad lines. Coming in the other direction were millions of European immigrants, who populated the cities along the Great Lakes shores with then-unprecedented speed. Chicago, famously, was a rural trading post in the 1840s but grew to be as big as Paris by the time of the 1893 Columbian Exposition.[21]
Sectors of the US Economy as percent of GDP 1947–2009.[22]
Early signs of the difficulty in the northern states were evident early in the 20th century, before the "boom years" were even over. Lowell, Massachusetts, once the centre of textile production in the United States, was described in the magazine Harper's as a "depressed industrial desert" as early as 1931,[23] as its textile concerns were being uprooted and sent southward, primarily to the Carolinas. After the Great Depression, American entry into the Second World War effected a rapid return to economic growth, during which much of the industrial North reached its peak in population and industrial output.
The northern cities experienced changes that followed the end of the war, with the onset of the outward migration of residents to newer suburban communities,[24] and the declining role of manufacturing in the American economy.
Deteriorating U.S. net international investment position (N.I.I.P.) has caused concern among economists over the effects of outsourcing and high U.S. trade deficits over the long-run.[25]
Outsourcing of manufacturing jobs in tradeable goods has been an important issue in the region. One source has been globalization and the expansion of worldwide free trade agreements. Anti-globalization groups argue that trade with developing countries has resulted in stiff competition from countries such as China which pegs its currency to the dollar and has much lower prevailing wages, forcing domestic wages to drift downward. Some economists are concerned that long-run effects of high trade deficits and outsourcing are a cause of economic problems in the U.S.[26][27] with high external debt (amount owed to foreign lenders) and a serious deterioration in the United States net international investment position (NIIP) (−24% of GDP).[25][28][29]
Some economists contend that the U.S. is borrowing to fund consumption of imports while accumulating unsustainable amounts of debt.[25][29] On June 26, 2009, Jeff Immelt, the CEO of General Electric, called for the United States to increase its manufacturing base employment to 20% of the workforce, commenting that the U.S. has outsourced too much in some areas and can no longer rely on the financial sector and consumer spending to drive demand.[30]
A disused grain elevator in Buffalo
Since the 1960s, the expansion of worldwide free trade agreements have been less favorable to U.S. workers. Imported goods such as steel cost much less to produce in Third World countries with cheap foreign labor (see steel crisis). Beginning with the recession of 1970–71, a new pattern of deindustrializing economy emerged. Competitive devaluation combined with each successive downturn saw traditional U.S. manufacturing workers experiencing lay-offs. In general, in the Factory Belt employment in the manufacturing sector declined by 32.9% between 1969 and 1996.[31]
Wealth-producing primary and secondary sector jobs such as those in manufacturing and computer software were often replaced by much-lower-paying wealth-consuming jobs such as those in retail and government in the service sector when the economy recovered.[32]
A gradual expansion of the U.S. trade deficit with China began in 1985. In the ensuing years the U.S. developed a massive trade deficit with the East Asian nations of China, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea. As a result, the traditional manufacturing workers in the region have experienced economic upheaval. This effect has devastated government budgets across the U.S. and increased corporate borrowing to fund retiree benefits.[28][29] Some economists believe that GDP and employment can be dragged down by large long-run trade deficits.[32]
A March 3, 2008 Wall Street Journal editorial claimed that, while Ohio lost 10,000 jobs in the past decade, Texas created 1.6 million new jobs. The editorial stated, "Ohio's most crippling handicap may be that its politicians—and thus its employers—are still in the grip of such industrial unions as the United Auto Workers."[33] A September 13, 2008 opinion column by Phil Gramm and Mike Solon stated, "Yes, Michigan lost 83,000 auto manufacturing jobs during the past decade and a half, but more than 91,000 new auto manufacturing jobs sprung up in Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, South Carolina, Virginia and Texas."[34]
Outcomes[edit]
Francis Fukuyama considers the social and cultural consequences of deindustrialization and manufacturing decline that turned a former thriving Factory Belt into a Rust Belt as a part of a bigger transitional trend that he called the Great Disruption:[35] "People associate the information age with the advent of the Internet, in the 1990s but the shift from the industrial era started more than a generation earlier, with the deindustrialization of the Rust Belt in the United States and comparable movements away from manufacturing in other industrialized countries. … The decline is readily measurable in statistics on crime, fatherless children, broken trust, reduced opportunities for and outcomes from education, and the like".[36]
Problems associated with the Rust Belt persist even today, particularly around the eastern Great Lakes states, and many once-booming manufacturing metropolises dramatically slowed down.[37] From 1970 to 2006, Cleveland, Detroit, Buffalo, and Pittsburgh lost about 45% of their population and median household incomes fell: in Cleveland and Detroit by about 30 percent, in Buffalo by 20 percent, and Pittsburgh by 10 percent.[38]
It seemed that during the mid-1990s in several Rust Belt metro areas the negative growth was suspended as indicated by major statistical indicators: unemployment, wages, population change.[39] However, during the first decade of the 21st century, a negative trend persisted: Detroit lost 25.7% of its population; Gary, Indiana – 22%; Youngstown, Ohio – 18.9%; Flint, Michigan – 18.7%; and Cleveland, Ohio – 14.5%.[40]
An abandoned Fisher auto body plant in Detroit
A steel plant in Bethlehem, PA. Though the blast furnaces themselves remain intact, part of the property was sold in 2007 and turned into the Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem.
The Huber Breaker (in Ashley, Pennsylvania) was one of the largest anthracite coal breakers in North America. It was built in the 1930s; it closed in the 1970s.
2000–2016 population change in Rust Belt cities[hide]
City
Population change
2016 population[41]
2000 population
Detroit, Michigan −29.3% 672,795 951,270
Gary, Indiana −25.6% 76,424 102,746
Flint, Michigan −22.1% 97,386 124,943
Youngstown, Ohio −21.6% 64,312 82,026
Saginaw, Michigan −20.7% 48,984 61,799
Cleveland, Ohio −19.4% 385,809 478,403
Dayton, Ohio −15.5% 140,489 166,179
Niagara Falls, New York −12.5% 48,632 55,593
Buffalo, New York −12.2% 256,902 292,648
Canton, Ohio −11.8% 71,323 80,806
Lakewood, Ohio −11.2% 50,279 56,646
Toledo, Ohio −11.2% 278,508 313,619
Decatur, Illinois −11.2% 72,706 81,860
St. Louis, Missouri −10.6% 311,404 348,189
Pontiac, Michigan −10.0% 59,698 66,337
Cincinnati, Ohio −9.8% 298,800 331,285
Altoona, Pennsylvania −9.8% 44,589 49,429
Springfield, Ohio −9.6% 59,087 65,358
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania −9.2% 303,625 334,563
Charleston, West Virginia −9.2% 49,138 53,421
Akron, Ohio −9.0% 197,633 217,074
Parma, Ohio −7.3% 79,425 85,655
Lorain, Ohio −7.2% 63,730 68,652
Hammond, Indiana −7.1% 77,134 83,048
Chicago, Illinois −6.6% 2,704,958 2,896,016
Huntington, West Virginia −6.5% 48,113 51,475
South Bend, Indiana −5.6% 101,735 107,789
In the late-2000s, American manufacturing recovered faster from the Great Recession of 2008 than the other sectors of the economy,[42] and a number of initiatives, both public and private, are encouraging the development of alternative fuel, nano and other technologies.[43] Together with the neighboring Golden Horseshoe of Southern Ontario, Canada, the so-called Rust Belt still composes one of the world's major manufacturing regions.[44][45]
Transformation[edit]
Since the 1980s, presidential candidates have devoted much of their time to the economic concerns of the Rust Belt region, which contains the populous swing states of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Michigan. Those states were also critical and decisive to Donald Trump's victory in the 2016 US Presidential Election.[46]
Different strategies were proposed in order to reverse the fortunes of the former Factory Belt including building casinos and convention centers, retaining the so-called "creative class" through arts and downtown renewal, encouraging the “knowledge” economy type of entrepreneurship, etc. Lately, analysts suggested that industrial comeback might be the actual path for the future resurgence of the region. That includes growing new industrial base with a pool of skilled labor, rebuilding the infrastructure and infrasystems, creating R&D university-business partnerships, and close cooperation between central, state and local government and business.[47]
New types of R&D-intensive nontraditional manufacturing have emerged recently in Rust Belt, such as biotechnology, the polymer industry, infotech, and nanotech. Infotech in particular creates a promising venue for the Rust Belt's revitalization.[48] Among the successful recent examples is the Detroit Aircraft Corporation, which specializes in unmanned aerial systems integration, testing and aerial cinematography services.[49]
In Pittsburgh, robotics research centres and companies such as National Robotics Engineering Center and Robotics Institute, Aethon Inc., American Robot Corporation, Automatika, Quantapoint, Blue Belt Technologies and Seegrid are creating state-of-the-art robotic technology applications. Akron, a former "Rubber Capital of the World" that lost 35,000 jobs after major tire and rubber manufacturers Goodrich, Firestone and General Tire closed their production lines, is now again well known around the world as a centre of polymer research with four hundred polymer-related manufacturing and distribution companies operating in the area. The turnaround was accomplished in part due to a partnership between Goodyear Tire & Rubber, which chose to stay, the University of Akron and the city mayor's office. The Akron Global Business Accelerator that jump-started a score of successful business ventures in Akron resides in the refurbished B.F. Goodrich tire factory.[50]
Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, creates another promising venue for the manufacturing resurgence. Such innovative companies, as MakerGear from Beachwood, Ohio, or ExOne Company from North Huntingdon, PA, are designing and manufacturing industrial and consumer products using 3-D imaging systems.[51] Not long ago, the London-based Economist pointed towards a growing trend of reshoring, or inshoring, of manufacture when a growing number of American companies are moving their production facilities from overseas back home.[52] Rustbelt states can ultimately benefit from this process of an international insourcing.
However, automation has led to the types of manufacturing that requires fewer workers even with advanced skills. That is why job gains in manufacture in Rust Belt have not been nearly enough to keep pace with lay-offs.[53] As a result, middle class incomes and savings in the Rustbelt states continue to be negatively impacted.
Delving into the past and musing on the future of Rustbelt states, the Brookings Institution report suggests that the Great Lakes region has a sizable potential for transformation, citing already existing global trade networks, clean energy/low carbon capacity, developed innovation infrastructure and higher educational network.[54]
International equivalents[edit]
The following regions, areas, and city are known to have some similarities to the rust belt in the United States:
Northern England – another former industrial centre which began declining in the 1980s
Southern Ontario - Canadian counterpart, the Canadian Rust belt does not include Toronto and Ottawa
Ruhr Area, Germany
Bergslagen, Sweden
Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France
Northeast China – a former centre of heavy industry that declined for other reasons
Steel crisis
Mindanao, Philippines
Donbass - region in Eastern Ukraine
See also[edit]
United States portal
Economy portal
Geography portal
Dutch disease
Outsourcing
Early 1980s recession in the United States
Decline of Detroit
Economy of Youngstown, Ohio
Shrinking cities in the United States
Economy of the United States
List of belt regions of the United States
Deindustrialization
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Crandall, Robert W. The Continuing Decline of Manufacturing in the Rust Belt. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1993.
Jump up ^ Technology and Steel Industry Competitiveness: Chapter 4. The Domestic Steel Industries Competitiveness Problems. Washington, D.C: Congress of the United States, Office of Technology Assessment, 1980, pp. 115-151. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Leeman, Mark A. From Good Works to a Good Job: An Exploration of Poverty and Work in Appalachian Ohio. PhD dissertation, Ohio University, 2007.
Jump up ^ Teaford, Jon C. Cities of the Heartland: The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.
Jump up ^ Meyer, David R. 1989. "Midwestern Industrialization and the American Manufacturing Belt in the Nineteenth Century." Journal of Economic History 49(4):921–937.
Jump up ^ Fifty States: The Heartland.
Jump up ^ McClelland, Ted. Nothin' but Blue Skies: The Heyday, Hard Times, and Hopes of America's Industrial Heartland. New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2013.
Jump up ^ Marie Christine Duggan (2017) "Deindustrialization in the Granite State, Part I" in Dollars & Sense, Nov/Dec.https://www.academia.edu/35530846/Deindustrialization_in_the_Granite_State_What_Keene_New_Hampshire_Can_Tell_Us_About_the_Roles_of_Monetary_Policy_and_Financialization_in_the_Loss_of_US_Manufacturing_Jobs
Jump up ^ Alder, Simeon, David Lagakos, and Lee Ohanian. "The Decline of the US Rust Belt: A Macroeconomic Analysis." 2012. PDF
Jump up ^ High, Steven C. Industrial Sunset: The Making of North America's Rust Belt, 1969–1984. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003.
Jump up ^ Jargowsky, Paul A. Poverty and Place: Ghettos, Barrios, and the American City. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1997.
Jump up ^ Hagedorn, John M., and Perry Macon. People and Folks: Gangs, Crime and the Underclass in a Rustbelt City. Lake View Press, Chicago, IL, (paperback: ISBN 0-941702-21-9; clothbound: ISBN 0-941702-20-0), 1988.
Jump up ^ "Rust Belt Woes: Steel out, drugs in," The Northwest Florida Daily News, January 16, 2008. PDF
Jump up ^ Beeson, Patricia E. "Sources of the decline of manufacturing in large metropolitan areas." Journal of Urban Economics 28, no. 1 (1990): 71–86.
Jump up ^ Higgins, James Jeffrey. Images of the Rust Belt. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1999.
Jump up ^ The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century Chapter 25: The Conservative Tide. Inset:Sunbelt, Rustbelt, Ecotopia
Jump up ^ "Sun On The Snow Belt (editorial)". Chicago Tribune. August 25, 1985. Retrieved September 22, 2011. The Northern states, once the foundry of the nation, are known now as the Rust Belt or the Snow Belt, in invidious comparison to the supposedly booming Sun Belt.
Jump up ^ "Measuring Rurality: 2004 County Typology Codes". USDA Economic Research Service. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ Garreau, Joel. The Nine Nations of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981.
Jump up ^ Hansen, Jeff; et al. (March 10, 2007). "Which Way Forward?". The Birmingham News. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Kunstler, James Howard (1996). Home From Nowhere: Remaking Our Everyday World for the 21st Century. New York: Touchstone/Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-684-83737-4.
Jump up ^ "Who Makes It?". Retrieved 28 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Marion, Paul (November 2009). "Timeline of Lowell History From 1600s to 2009". Yankee Magazine.
Jump up ^ "1990 Population and Maximum Decennial Census Population of Urban Places Ever Among the 100 Largest Urban Places, Listed Alphabetically by State: 1790–1990". United States Bureau of the Census. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bivens, L. Josh (December 14, 2004). Debt and the dollar Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved on June 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Paul Craig (August 7, 2003).Jobless in the USA Newsmax. Retrieved on June 23, 2009.
Jump up ^ Hira, Ron and Anil Hira with forward by Lou Dobbs, (May 2005). Outsourcing America: What's Behind Our National Crisis and How We Can Reclaim American Jobs. (AMACOM) American Management Association. Citing Paul Craig Roberts, Paul Samuelson, and Lou Dobbs, pp. 36–38.
^ Jump up to: a b Cauchon, Dennis and John Waggoner (October 3, 2004).The Looming National Benefit Crisis. USA Today.
^ Jump up to: a b c Phillips, Kevin (2007). Bad Money: Reckless Finance, Failed Politics, and the Global Crisis of American Capitalism. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-314328-4.
Jump up ^ Bailey, David and Soyoung Kim (June 26, 2009).GE's Immelt says U.S. economy needs industrial renewal.UK Guardian.. Retrieved on June 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ Kahn, Matthew E. "The silver lining of rust belt manufacturing decline." Journal of Urban Economics 46, no. 3 (1999): 360–376.
^ Jump up to: a b David Friedman (Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation). No Light at the End of the Tunnel, Los Angeles Times, June 16, 2002.
Jump up ^ Texas v. Ohio, Wall Street Journal, March 3, 2008
Jump up ^ "If You Like Michigan's Economy, You'll Love Obama's", Wall Street Journal, September 13, 2008
Jump up ^ Fukuyama, Francis. The Great Disruption: Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order. New York: Free Press, 1999.
Jump up ^ Francis Fukuyama. The Great Disruption, The Atlantic Monthly, May 1999, Volume 283, No. 5, pages 55–80.
Jump up ^ Feyrer, James, Bruce Sacerdote, and Ariel Dora Stern. Did the Rust Belt Become Shiny? A Study of Cities and Counties That Lost Steel and Auto Jobs in the 1980s. Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs (2007): 41–102.
Jump up ^ Daniel Hartley. "Urban Decline in Rust-Belt Cities." Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Economic Commentary, Number 2013-06, May 20, 2013. PDF
Jump up ^ Glenn King. Census Brief: "Rust Belt" Rebounds, CENBR/98-7, Issued December 1998. PDF
Jump up ^ Mark Peters, Jack Nicas. "Rust Belt Reaches for Immigration Tide", The Wall Street Journal, May 13, 2013, A3.
Jump up ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016". Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rustbelt recovery: Against all the odds, American factories are coming back to life. Thank the rest of the world for that". The Economist. March 10, 2011. Retrieved September 21, 2011. PDF
Jump up ^ "Greening the rustbelt: In the shadow of the climate bill, the industrial Midwest begins to get ready". The Economist. August 13, 2009. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ Beyers, William. "Major Manufacturing Regions of the World". Department of Geography, the University of Washington. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ Rust Belt is still the heart of U.S. manufacturing
Jump up ^ Michael McQuarrie (2017-11-08). "The revolt of the Rust Belt: place and politics in the age of anger". Wiley Online Library.
Jump up ^ Joel Kotkin, March Schill, Ryan Streeter. Clues From The Past: The Midwest As An Aspirational Region. Sagamore Institute, February 2012. PDF
Jump up ^ Rethink The Rust Belt
Jump up ^ DetroitAircraft.com
Jump up ^ Sherry Karabin. Mayor says attitude is key to Akron’s revitalization. The Akron Legal News, May 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Conference in Pittsburgh shows growing allure of 3-D printing". By Len Boselovic / Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. June 13, 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-20.
Jump up ^ "Coming home: A growing number of American companies are moving their manufacturing back to the United States". The Economist. Jan 19, 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-20.
Jump up ^ Faberman, R. Jason. "Job flows and labor dynamics in the US Rust Belt." Monthly Labor Review. 125 (2002): 3.
Jump up ^ John C. Austin, Jennifer Bradley and Jennifer S. Vey. The Next Economy: Economic Recovery and Transformation in the Great Lakes Region.. Brookings Institution Paper, September 27, 2010.
Further reading[edit]
Broughton, Chad (2015). Boom, Bust, Exodus: The Rust Belt, the Maquilas, and a Tale of Two Cities. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199765614.
Cooke, Philip. The Rise of the Rustbelt. London: UCL Press, 1995. ISBN 0-203-13454-0
Coppola, Alessandro. Apocalypse town: cronache dalla fine della civiltà urbana. Roma: Laterza, 2012. ISBN 9788842098409
Denison, Daniel R., and Stuart L. Hart. Revival in the rust belt. Ann Arbor, Mich: University of Michigan Press, 1987. ISBN 0-87944-322-7
Engerman, Stanley L., and Robert E. Gallman. The Cambridge Economic History of the United States: The Twentieth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Hagedorn, John, and Perry Macon. People and Folks: Gangs, Crime, and the Underclass in a Rust-Belt City. Chicago: Lake View Press, 1988. ISBN 0-941702-21-9
High, Steven C. Industrial Sunset: The Making of North America's Rust Belt, 1969–1984. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8020-8528-8
Higgins, James Jeffrey. Images of the Rust Belt. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-87338-626-4
Lopez, Steven Henry. Reorganizing the Rust Belt: An Inside Study of the American Labor Movement. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. ISBN 0-520-23565-7
Meyer, David R. (1989). "Midwestern Industrialization and the American Manufacturing Belt in the Nineteenth Century". The Journal of Economic History. 49 (4): 921–937. doi:10.1017/S0022050700009505. ISSN 0022-0507. JSTOR 2122744.
Preston, Richard. American Steel. New York: Avon Books, 1992. ISBN 0-13-029604-X
Rotella, Carlo. Good with Their Hands: Boxers, Bluesmen, and Other Characters from the Rust Belt. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. ISBN 0-520-22562-7
Teaford, Jon C. Cities of the Heartland: The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-253-35786-1
Warren, Kenneth. The American Steel Industry, 1850–1970: A Geographical Interpretation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973. ISBN 0-8229-3597-X
External links[edit]
Industrial Heartland map and photographs
Rust Belt map
Changing Gears Documentary Film Collection Digital Media Repository, Ball State University Libraries
[hide]
v
t
e
"Belt" regions of the United States
Banana
Bible
Bison
Black
Alabama
Borscht
Corn
Cotton
Frost
Fruit
Jell-O
Lead
Pine
Rice
Rust
Salt
Snow
Stroke
Sun
Unchurched
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rust_Belt&oldid=834463083"
Categories:
Urban decay in the United States
Belt regions of the United States
Hidden categories:
Use American English from November 2016
All Wikipedia articles written in American English
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2004
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
中文
17 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 April 2018, at 21:27.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:maroon; color:black; font-size:60%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:red; color:black; font-size:60%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FFA0A0; color:black; font-size:60%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FFC000; color:black; font-size:60%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #80F000; color:black; font-size:60%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00F020; color:black; font-size:60%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:Green; color:black; font-size:60%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:Lime; color:black; font-size:60%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:Pink; color:black; font-size:60%; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/The_Midwest
mw-redirect
The Midwest

values:
/wiki/Postwar_economic_boom
mw-redirect
Postwar economic boom

values: Iron and steel industry in the United States

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values:
/wiki/1893_Columbian_Exposition
mw-redirect
1893 Columbian Exposition

values: Military history of the United States during World War II

values:
/wiki/Bethlehem,_PA
mw-redirect
Bethlehem, PA

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio
mw-redirect
Cleveland, Ohio

values:
/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri
mw-redirect
St. Louis, Missouri

values:
/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio
mw-redirect
Cincinnati, Ohio

values:
/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania
mw-redirect
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

values:
/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois
mw-redirect
Chicago, Illinois

values: wikitable sortable mw-collapsible jquery-tablesorter

values:
/wiki/Ontario,_Canada
mw-redirect
Ontario, Canada

values:
/wiki/2016_US_Presidential_Election
mw-redirect
2016 US Presidential Election

values:
/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_%26_Rubber
mw-redirect
Goodyear Tire & Rubber

values: North Huntingdon Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: Early 1980s recession in the United States

values: List of belt regions of the United States

values:
nofollow
http://www.63alfred.com/whomakesit/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.wesjones.com/fukuyama.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.economist.com/node/18332894

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.economist.com/node/14214855

values:
nofollow
http://detroitaircraft.com/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0507

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/2122744

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Urban decay in the United States

values: Category:Belt regions of the United States

values: Category:Use American English from November 2016

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2004

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values:
/wiki/Rust_Belt
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: نطاق الصدأ – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_Belt
Rust Belt – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_Belt
Rust Belt – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: کمربند زنگار – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_Belt
Rust Belt – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values: 러스트 벨트 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_Belt
Rust Belt – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_Belt
Rust Belt – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: חגורת החלודה – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas_rdzy
Pas rdzy – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Ржавый пояс – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_Belt
Rust Belt – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_Belt
Rust Belt – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Іржавий пояс – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Rust_Belt rootpage-Rust_Belt skin-vector action-view