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Governor of Oklahoma
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Governor of
the State of Oklahoma
Flag of the Governor
Incumbent
Mary Fallin
since January 10, 2011
Residence
Oklahoma Governor's Mansion
Term length
Four years, renewable once (maximum lifetime)
Inaugural holder
Charles N. Haskell
Formation
November 16, 1907
Salary
147,000 (2013)[1]
Website
Governor's Website
Oklahoma
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Oklahoma
Constitution[show]
United States Constitution
Oklahoma Constitution
Executive[show]
Government
Governor: Mary Fallin
Lieutenant Governor: Todd Lamb
Secretary of State: Chris Benge
State Auditor: Gary Jones
Attorney General: Mike Hunter
State Treasurer: Ken A. Miller
State School Superintendent: Joy Hofmeister
Labor Commissioner: Melissa Houston
Insurance Commissioner: John Doak
Corporation Commission:
Bob Anthony - Chair
Todd Hiett - Vice Chair
Dana Murphy - Secretary
Governor's Cabinet and State Agencies
Taxation and the State Budget
Legislature[show]
Legislature: 55th
Senate
President Pro Tem of the Senate: Mike Schulz
House of Representatives
Speaker of the House: Jeff W. Hickman
Judiciary[show]
Judiciary
Supreme Court
Court of Criminal Appeals
Court of Civil Appeals
Court on the Judiciary
Court of Impeachment
Nominating Commission
Elections[show]
Elections
State Election Board
Last election
Political parties
Democratic Party
Republican Party
Political party strength
Divisions[show]
Counties
Cities and Towns
Federal Relations[show]
Federal representation
Senate
Jim Inhofe (R)
James Lankford (R)
House of Representatives
1: Jim Bridenstine (R)
2: Markwayne Mullin (R)
3: Frank Lucas (R)
4: Tom Cole (R)
5: Steve Russell (R)
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The governor of the State of Oklahoma is the head of state for the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Under the Oklahoma Constitution, the governor is also the head of government, serving as the chief executive of the Oklahoma executive branch, of the government of Oklahoma. The governor is the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Oklahoma National Guard when not called into federal use. Despite being an executive branch official, the governor also holds legislative and judicial powers. The governor's responsibilities include making yearly "State of the State" addresses to the Oklahoma Legislature, submitting the annual state budget, ensuring that state laws are enforced, and that the peace is preserved. The governor's term is four years in length.
The office was created in 1907 when Oklahoma was officially admitted to the United States as the 46th state. Prior to statehood in 1907, the office was preceded by a Presidential appointed Governor of Oklahoma Territory with similar powers.
The 27th and current Governor of Oklahoma is Mary Fallin.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Territorial period
1.2 Statehood-Present
2 Election
2.1 Oath of office
2.2 Last election
3 Powers and duties
3.1 Executive powers
3.2 Legislative and judicial powers
3.3 Foreign relations
3.4 Emergency powers
4 Relationship with lieutenant governor
5 Office of the Governor
6 Residence
7 Succession
7.1 Line of succession
8 Gubernatorial trivia
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
Territorial period[edit]
Abraham Jefferson Seay served as the second appointed governor of Oklahoma Territory
Before statehood in 1907, modern day Oklahoma was composed of Oklahoma and Indian territories. While Indian Territory was semi-independent of the federal government as Indian nations land, Oklahoma Territory was an organized territory under the supervision of the United States Congress. Within the Oklahoma Territory, a tripartite government existed, including a territorial legislature, a territorial supreme court, and a territorial governor.
The President of the United States appointed territorial governors to four-year terms.[3] Despite a set term, the governor served at the pleasure of the U.S. president, meaning that the president could replace him before his term was up.
The governor was the head of the territorial government. He had the power to veto legislation proposed by the territorial legislature and the power to appoint members to his cabinet, who in turn had to be ratified by territorial lawmakers. The governor had the power to appoint justices to the territorial high court. The governor was responsible to the U.S. president on addressing issues in the territory and served as the representative as the federal government of the United States. He was also the Commander in Chief of the territorial militia.
George Washington Steele served as the first governor of Oklahoma Territory.[3] He vetoed the territorial legislature's attempts to move the state capital from Guthrie to Oklahoma City or Kingfisher. He was instrumental in the establishment of two universities that would become the University of Oklahoma and Oklahoma State University. After only seventeen months in office, Steele resigned effective October 18, 1891. In his place, President Benjamin Harrison appointed Abraham Jefferson Seay to the governorship. Robert Martin, Secretary of Oklahoma Territory, served as acting governor from October 18, 1891, until February 1892, when Seay took the oath of office.
Frank Frantz served as the final governor of Oklahoma Territory.[4] He was an unsuccessful candidate for governor in the first state gubernatorial election.[4]
Statehood-Present[edit]
After the Oklahoma Constitution was written and accepted in 1907, the Oklahoma and Indian territories joined to form the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The office of the governor of Oklahoma replaced the office of territorial governor. The new office was similar, but designed with new restrictions, limits, and legislative and judicial oversight. It was crafted as a “weak governor system” to defend the state against abuses of power that had occurred under the territorial government.
Oklahoma's first governor, Charles N. Haskell, wielded executive power effectively, but in the first 20 years after he left office in 1911, the Oklahoma Legislature further limited the governor's office of its powers and impeached governors John C. Walton and Henry S. Johnston. It was not until William H. Murray took office in 1935 that the governorship expanded its powers.
In 1927, the state legislature appropriated $75,000 for the construction of a governor's mansion and $25,000 for furnishings. In 1928, the governor and his family moved in.[5]
As Oklahoma grew and the state government expanded, the office of the governor became gradually more powerful. As more agencies were introduced, the governor gained greater indirect influence through the power of appointment.
Initially the governor was not eligible to immediately succeed himself. It was not until 1966 that Oklahoma amended the state constitution to allow the governor to serve two consecutive terms.
Election[edit]
The governor of Oklahoma is elected directly by the voters of Oklahoma during gubernatorial elections held in November during the final year of each four-year gubernatorial term. The candidate with the highest number of votes becomes governor following the election. The Oklahoma Constitution requires the Oklahoma Legislature to choose the governor in the case of a tie vote.
Section Three of Article VI of the Oklahoma Constitution establishes that gubernatorial candidates must be citizens of the United States, at least 31 years old, and residents of Oklahoma for at least ten years prior to their candidacy.
Under Section Four in Article VI of the Oklahoma Constitution, the governor serves a four-year term in office beginning on the second Monday in January. Section Four also states that no person may hold the office for more than two consecutive terms. On November 2, 2010, voters passed a ballot initiative to limit governors to only eight years in office in a lifetime. The initiative also set the gubernatorial term of a lieutenant governor who becomes governor upon the death of the previous governor; upon the lieutenant governor's succession, he or she is to serve out two years of the governor's term.
Oath of office[edit]
"I, ........., do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support, obey, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and the Constitution of the State of Oklahoma, and that I will not, knowingly, receive, directly or indirectly, any money or other valuable thing, for the performance or nonperformance of any act or duty pertaining to my office, other than the compensation allowed by law; I further swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully discharge my duties as Governor of the State of Oklahoma to the best of my ability."
Last election[edit]
Main article: Oklahoma gubernatorial election, 2014
Oklahoma gubernatorial election 2014 results map.
Counties won by Mary Fallin
Counties won by Joe Dorman
2014 Oklahoma gubernatorial election results[6]
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican Mary Fallin 458,788 55.8
Democratic Joe Dorman 337,728 41.0
Independent Kimberly Willis 17,143 2.1
Independent Richard Prawdzienski 9,102 1.1
Total votes 823,761 100.0
Powers and duties[edit]
Executive powers[edit]
The governor, according to the Oklahoma Constitution, must "take care that the laws be faithfully executed." The governor is vested with "supreme executive power" as the state's "Chief Magistrate" and acts as head of the executive branch of Oklahoma. The governor has the power to issue executive orders that have the effect of law. The governor is the "conservator of the peace throughout the State," making him or her the chief peace officer in the state. In the position of chief peace officer, the governor commands state and local law enforcement agencies. In the event that law enforcement entities cannot execute the law, the governor, acting as Commander-in-Chief of Oklahoma’s state militia, may call out the Oklahoma National Guard to "execute the laws, protect the public health, suppress insurrection, and repel invasion." The governor is assisted in managing the military of Oklahoma by the Adjutant General of Oklahoma, who he or she appoints to office.
The governor has the power to commission officers not otherwise commissioned by the law of Oklahoma and has the power of appointment. When any office at the state level becomes vacant for any reason, the governor, unless otherwise provided by law, has the power to appoint a person to fill such vacancy, who shall continue in office until the election or appointment of a successor. If the office of an Oklahoma member of the United States House of Representatives or United States Senate becomes vacant the governor calls a special election to fill the remainder of the term. In the case of United States senators, the governor is empowered by the U.S. Constitution to appoint someone immediately to fill the vacant Senate seat temporarily until a special election can be held.
Within the executive branch of Oklahoma government, the governor is assisted by the Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma, the Secretary of State of Oklahoma, the Attorney General of Oklahoma, and the State Treasurer of Oklahoma, among others. While the other high level executive offices are elected directly by the people of Oklahoma, the Secretary of State is appointed by the governor with the consent of the Oklahoma Senate for a four-year term. Due to the large number of state agencies, the governor is assisted in running the government through the use of the Oklahoma State Cabinet. Through the Cabinet, the Governor can address the assembled heads of Oklahoma's executive branch departments which oversee Oklahoma's agencies. A secretary appointed by the governor heads each department and carryies out his executive orders through that department.
The governor is an ex officio chair of numerous state commissions and committees, including the Oklahoma Commissioners of Land Office and the Oklahoma Ethics Commission. While there are executive and state commissions of which the governor is not a member, he or she has appointment power to those entities with the advice and consent of the Oklahoma Senate, such as with the Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma.
The governor is also responsible for preparing the proposed Oklahoma state budget presented to the Oklahoma Legislature in February for the next fiscal year beginning in July. After state legislators negotiate the terms of the budget with the governor, the Oklahoma House of Representatives drafts a general appropriations bill that must be approved by the legislature and signed by the governor.
Legislative and judicial powers[edit]
Like the President of the United States, the governor plays a major role in the legislative process. Every bill that is passed by both the Oklahoma Senate and Oklahoma House of Representatives, and every resolution requiring the assent of both chambers of the legislature, must, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor. The governor may choose to sign it or veto it and send it back to the legislature. The governor’s veto can only be overridden by a two-thirds approval vote from each house.[7]
The governor has the power of the line-item veto, which allows them to sign part of appropriation bills into law, while sending appropriations items they disagree with back to the legislature. Items disapproved by the governor in this manner become void, unless the legislation is re-passed in both the Oklahoma House of Representatives and Oklahoma Senate with a two-thirds vote in favor of overriding the veto.
Bills that are part of the governor's agenda are often drafted at the initiative of the governor or governor's staff. In annual and special messages to the Oklahoma Legislature, the governor may propose legislation. The most important annual message to state lawmakers takes place in the annual State of the State address. Before a joint session of the Oklahoma Legislature, the governor outlines the status of the state and legislative proposals for the upcoming year. The governor is in a strong position to influence public opinion and thereby to influence the actions of state legislators.
The governor has the power to convoke the legislature, or the Oklahoma Senate only, on extraordinary occasions. During extraordinary sessions, state legislators can only act on subjects the governor recommends for consideration. When ever a vacancy occurs within the state legislature, the governor shall issue a writ of election to fill such vacancies. In case of a disagreement between the two houses of the legislature, at a regular or special session, the governor may adjourn them to such time as he shall deem proper, not beyond the day of the next stated meeting of the legislature. He or she may convoke the Oklahoma Legislature at or adjourn it to another place, when, in his opinion, the public safety or welfare, or the safety or health of the members require it. Such a change or adjournment must be concurred by two-thirds votes in all branches of the legislature.
The governor plays an active role within the judicial branch of Oklahoma government. Oklahoma has a Judicial Nominating Commission consisting of thirteen members that review all potential justices and judges of Oklahoma's appellate courts, such as the Oklahoma Supreme Court, and review them to determine if they qualify to hold their respective positions. Of these thirteen members, the governor appoints six without the consent of the Oklahoma Legislature. The governor's appointments serve for a term of six years each; the terms are staggered so that approximately one-third of the appointments become vacant every two years.
In the event of a vacancy upon the Oklahoma Supreme Court or on the Court of Criminal Appeals, the Judicial Nominating Committee submits three nominees to fill the vacancy to the governor and Oklahoma Supreme Court chief justice. The governor must appoint one to fill the vacancy within 60 days or the appointment is turned over to the chief justice.
The governor also possess the power to grant commutations, pardons and paroles for all offenses, except cases of impeachment, upon such conditions and with such restrictions and limitations as he may deem proper, subject to such regulations as may be prescribed by law. The governor does not have the power to grant paroles if a convict has been sentenced to death or sentenced to life imprisonment without parole. In order to grant a pardon to an individual, he must submit the name of the individual to the Oklahoma Pardon and Parole Board composed of five members, three of which are appointed by the governor at the beginning of his term in office to serve a term that coincides with his own. After reviewing the applicant for clemency, and a favorable vote from the majority, the board may empower the governor to make such acts of as he deems necessary.
The governor has the power to grant after conviction, reprieves, or a leave of absence not to exceed sixty days, without the action of the board. The governor is required to communicate to the Oklahoma Legislature, at each regular session, each case of reprieve, commutation, parole or pardon, granted, stating the name of the convict, the crime of which he was convicted, the date and place of conviction, and the date of commutation, pardon, parole and reprieve.
Foreign relations[edit]
The governor, as Oklahoma’s head of state, serves as the chief representative of Oklahoma to the United States and to the world. Deals between Oklahoma and foreign powers (including other U.S. states and the United States) are negotiated by the governor. This reflects the governor's position as the spokesman for the state and the state’s interests to other state and world leaders. However, the governor may not make treaties with other nations or other U.S. states, as this is prevented by the United States Constitution.
In discharging his duty as chief spokesman, the governor may be required to testify before the United States Congress or meet with the President of the United States to address national issues that may affect the state. It is the governor’s responsibility to promote Oklahoma’s industries to the world economy as the spokesman for industrial development within the state. Along with those responsibilities comes the role of chief promoter of Oklahoma’s goods and services to foreign consumers.
The governor plays a significant role in national politics. As the representative of Oklahoma, the governor heads, on a state level, his or her political party. In this position, the governor serves as the state’s leader in selecting a party candidate to run for the office of President of the United States. As Oklahoma's head of state, the governor may travel through the country to promote Oklahoma in a general interest or travel abroad to serve as proponent of America’s interests.
Emergency powers[edit]
Pursuant to the Oklahoma Emergency Management Act of 2003 and the Catastrophic Health Emergency Powers Act, in the event that a natural or man-made emergency or a catastrophic health emergency occurs or is anticipated in the immediate future, the governor gains emergency powers to better respond to the emergency and combat the threat. Either the governor through executive order or the Oklahoma Legislature through concurrent resolution may declare a state of emergency. Once declared, the governor may exercise his or her additional emergency powers. At any time, the governor (through executive order) or the state legislature (through concurrent resolution) may declare an end to the state of emergency and suspend the governor's emergency powers.
Upon the declaration of an emergency, the governor is allowed a limited-form of rule by decree. He assumes direct regulatory control over essential resources of the state. It will then be the responsibility of the governor to determine the priorities of such resources and allocate them as the governor may deem necessary. These resources include, but are not limited to, food, manpower, health and health manpower, water, transportation, economic stabilization, electric power, petroleum, gas, and solid fuel, industrial production, construction and housing.
The focus of the governor's emergency powers is to ensure the security and stability of the state and he or she receives comprehensive police powers in an emergency. In discharging those power to enforce laws, rules and regulations relating to emergency management, the governor assumes direct operational control of emergency management forces of the state, including the Oklahoma National Guard, state police agencies, state and local health departments, as well as county sheriff's offices and local police departments. These emergency police powers extend to providing for the evacuation of the state’s population from any affected or threatened area or areas within the state, regulating the conduct of civilians and the movement of pedestrians and vehicular traffic, and regulating public meetings and gatherings. The governor is responsible for providing for the care of all those regulated by his or her orders.
During a state of emergency, the governor is authorized to utilize the services, equipment, supplies and facilities of all departments, offices and agencies of the state to the maximum extent practicable. State, county, and local officers and personnel must cooperate with the governor in emergency management upon his or her direction. Any state, county, or local official that willful fails to obey any order, rule or regulation issued by the governor may be removed from office by the governor. However, before removal, officers must receives the charges against them and have an opportunity to defend themselves. Pending the presentation of charges, the governor may suspend such officers for a period not to exceed thirty days. Any vacancy resulting from removal or suspension shall be filled by the governor until it is filled as provided by state law. However, according to the Oklahoma Constitution, the governor may not remove from office the elective state executive officers, the justices of the Oklahoma Supreme Court, the judges of the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, and members of the Oklahoma Legislature.
When carrying out the functions of his or her emergency powers, the governor is immune from civilly liable for any loss or injury resulting from any decision, determination, order or action in the performance of his/her assigned duties and responsibilities during a stated emergency. However, this immunity does not apply when such loss or injury is caused by the gross negligence, or willfully and unnecessarily act by the governor.
Relationship with lieutenant governor[edit]
The Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma is elected at the same election as the governor, but not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate. Oklahoma currently has a governor and a lieutenant governor of the same party, as both Governor Mary Fallin and Lieutenant Governor Todd Lamb are of the Republican Party.
The first instance of an Oklahoma governor serving alongside a lieutenant governor of a different political party began in 1963, when Republican Governor Henry Bellmon served alongside Democratic Lieutenant Governor Leo Winters. Since then, there have been three more instances. In 1967, Republican Governor Dewey F. Bartlett served alongside Democratic Lieutenant Governor George Nigh. In 1987, Bellmon served alongside Democratic Lieutenant Governor Robert S. Kerr III. Finally, in 2002, Democratic Governor Brad Henry served alongside Republican Lieutenant Governor Mary Fallin.
The governor may appoint the lieutenant governor to her cabinet. For example, Governor Mary Fallin appointed Lieutenant Governor Todd Lamb to serve as her small business advocate within her Cabinet – although Lamb later resigned that position due to disagreements with the Governor.
A lieutenant governor can also serve as Acting Governor. When acting as the governor, the Oklahoma Constitution provides all the powers of the governor to the lieutenant governor. This includes the power of signing or vetoing legislation, making political appointments, calling out the Oklahoma National Guard, or granting pardons. The need for the lieutenant governor to act as the governor may be due to the governor's absence from the state, or his inability to discharge the powers and duties of the office. When acting as governor, the lieutenant governor holds the powers of the governor until the governor returns to the state or she is found to be able to resume her powers and duties.
Office of the Governor[edit]
Office of the Governor
Agency overview
Formed
1907
Preceding agency
Office of the Territorial Governor
Headquarters
Oklahoma State Capitol
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Employees
39 unclassified
Annual budget
$1.98 million
Minister responsible
Mary Fallin, Governor
Agency executive
Denise Northrup, Chief of Staff
Website
Office of the Governor
The Office of the Governor is the state agency that supports the governor in the performance of gubernatorial duties. The agency consists of the governor's staff and is headed by the governor's chief of staff. The current chief of staff is Denise Northrup. Staffers are political appointees and serve at the pleasure of the governor. They work in the governor's Oklahoma State Capitol offices in Oklahoma City, the governor's Tulsa office and the Governor's Mansion.
As of 2013, the agency has an annual budget of approximately $1.98 million.[8] The budget provides funding for employee salaries and benefits, operation and upkeep of the governor's offices in the Oklahoma State Capitol and Tulsa, Oklahoma, and the operation and upkeep of the Governor's Mansion.
Residence[edit]
Main article: Oklahoma Governor's Mansion
Since 1928, Oklahoma governors reside in the Oklahoma Governor's Mansion. Before its construction, governors lived in various locations around Guthrie and Oklahoma City. Governor Charles N. Haskell set up his administration's office and his official residence within a hotel in Oklahoma City. The Oklahoma Legislature provided for the construction of an official residence after years of debate in 1927. The next year, in 1928, the mansion was completed.[5]
Built by an Oklahoma City architectural firm, Layton, Hicks and Forsyth, the mansion is of Dutch-Colonial style.[5] Carthage limestone was used so the exterior of the Mansion would complement the Oklahoma State Capitol, which is located to the west of the mansion. The state legislature allocated $100,000 of state money ($75,000 for construction and $25,000 for furnishing) to the project. Two years later, another $39,000 was set aside to complete outbuildings and landscaping. Though originally having 19 rooms, today the 14,000-square-foot (1,300 m2) Mansion has 12, including a library, parlor, dining room, grand ballroom, kitchen, sunroom and five bedrooms.
The mansion also serves as an active museum. Throughout the mansion there are antiques and artwork from both museum and private collections. The museum is designed to provide a glimpse into Oklahoma's history and culture. Artists represented in oil and bronze include N.C. Wyeth, Charles Marion Russell, Thomas Moran and Albert Beirstadt.
Succession[edit]
As per the Oklahoma Constitution, if the governor is impeached, resigns, dies, leaves the state, fails to qualify or is unable to serve, the lieutenant governor fills the vacancy, either temporarily or for the remainder of the gubanatorial term.
If, during a vacancy of the office of governor, the lieutenant governor is impeached, displaced, resigns, dies, is absent from the state, or becomes incapable of performing the duties of the office, the president pro tempore of the state senate is the next official in the gubanatorial line of succession. The Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives is third in line of gubernatorial succession.[9]
If the governor, lieutenant governor, senate president pro tempore, and speaker are unable to act as governor, then the next official in the line of succession becomes the emergency interim successor. As the emergency interim successor to the governor, the officer may exercise the powers and discharge the duties of the governor until a new governor is elected or until the disability is removed from the governor or higher official. The emergency interim successor does not however inherit the title of governor, unless there is a man-made or natural emergency or disaster has occurred in the United States. The Oklahoma Legislature, by concurrent resolution, may terminate the authority of any emergency interim successor to exercise the powers and discharge the duties of the governor.
Line of succession[edit]
As provided by the Oklahoma Constitution and the Oklahoma Emergency Interim Executive and Judicial Succession Act, the line of succession to the Governorship is as follows:
#
Office
Current Officer
May succeed to Governorship
Governor of Oklahoma Mary Fallin
1
Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma Todd Lamb
2
President Pro Tempore of the Senate Mike Schulz
3
Speaker of the House of Representatives Charles A. McCall
May serve as Emergency Interim Successor
4
State Auditor and Inspector Gary Jones
5
Attorney General Mike Hunter
6
State Treasurer Ken Miller
7
State School Superintendent Joy Hofmeister
8
Labor Commissioner Melissa McLawhorn Houston
9
Corporation Commissioner (by length of tenure) Bob Anthony
10
Corporation Commissioner Dana Murphy
11
Corporation Commissioner Todd Hiett
Gubernatorial trivia[edit]
Red states indicate US states where Governors of Oklahoma were born.
Red counties indicate Oklahoma counties where Governors of Oklahoma were born.
Between the births of Charles N. Haskell in 1860 and Brad Henry in 1963, governors have been born in every decade
Ohio
Texas
Arkansas
Missouri
Pennsylvania
Alabama
Kentucky
Indiana
Washington, D.C.
Governors have been born in ten counties in Oklahoma
Muskogee County, Oklahoma
Oklahoma County, Oklahoma
Marshall County, Oklahoma
Washita County, Oklahoma
Johnston County, Oklahoma
Lincoln County, Oklahoma
Noble County, Oklahoma
Pittsburg County, Oklahoma
Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma
Muskogee, Oklahoma, has produced more governors than any other location:
Charles N. Haskell
Martin E. Trapp
J. Howard Edmondson
The first governor born was Charles N. Haskell on March 13, 1860
The most recent governor born is Brad Henry on July 10, 1963
The shortest term in office was nine days by George Nigh in 1963 (January 6 – 14, 1963)
Sworn in at age 33, J. Howard Edmondson was the youngest governor
Sworn in at age 61, William H. Murray was the oldest governor
The oldest living former governor is George Nigh at age 90
The youngest living former governor is Brad Henry at age 54
Henry S. Johnston has the longest life span of any governor, 97 years
J. Howard Edmondson has the shortest life span of any governor, 46 years
No governor has died while in office
Three governors have been impeached, two were removed from office
Lee Cruce in 1912, found not guilty of charges
John C. Walton in 1923, removed from office
Henry S. Johnston in 1929, removed from office
Between the deaths of Lee Cruce in 1933 and David Hall in 2016, former governors have died in every decade except in the 1980s
Ten governors were actually born in Oklahoma
Governors have been born in ten states and the federal district
Oklahoma
Kansas
Born in 1896, Robert S. Kerr was the first governor born in what would become Oklahoma
Born in 1908, Raymond D. Gary was the first governor born in Oklahoma after statehood in 1907
E. W. Marland has the shortest post-governorship, 2 years
George Nigh has the longest post-governorship, 16 years between 1963 and 1979, and nearly 31 years between 1987 and today, for a total of nearly 47 years.
Of the 26 people to hold the office of governor through 2013, twenty-one have been Democrats and five have been Republicans.
Mary Fallin is the first, and currently, the only female governor.
Two governors are relatives:
William H. Murray was the father of Johnston Murray
There are currently five living former governors
George Nigh
David L. Boren
David Walters
Frank Keating
Brad Henry
Three Lieutenant Governors have been elevated to the governorship
Martin E. Trapp in 1923
William J. Holloway in 1929
George Nigh in 1963 and in 1979
Five governors have served more than one term
George Nigh
Henry Bellmon
Frank Keating
Brad Henry
Mary Fallin
Two governors have served nonconsecutive terms
George Nigh in 1963 and 1979
Henry Bellmon in 1963 and 1987
Four governors have served two consecutive terms
George Nigh from 1979 to 1987
Frank Keating from 1995 to 2003
Brad Henry from 2003 to 2011
Mary Fallin from 2011 to present
Two governors have resigned
J. Howard Edmondson in 1963 to become a United States Senator
David L. Boren in 1979 to become a United States Senator
See also[edit]
List of Governors of Oklahoma
Governors of Oklahoma Territory
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries". The Council of State Governments. June 25, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ About Governor Mary Fallin, Office of the Governor (accessed May 14, 2013)
^ Jump up to: a b Brown, Kenny L. OKLAHOMA TERRITORY Archived 2011-11-14 at the Wayback Machine., Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture Archived 2010-05-31 at the Wayback Machine.. (accessed May 12, 2013)
^ Jump up to: a b Everett, Dianna. "FRANTZ, FRANK (1872-1941)," Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture Archived 2010-05-31 at the Wayback Machine.. (accessed August 12, 2013)
^ Jump up to: a b c Savage, Cynthia. "Governor's Mansion," Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture Archived 2010-05-31 at the Wayback Machine. (accessed May 16, 2013)
Jump up ^ "Official Results - State Election" (PDF). Oklahoma Secretary of State. November 4, 2014. Retrieved November 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Course of Bills, Oklahoma House of Representatives (accessed May 14, 2013)
Jump up ^ Executive Budget, Office of State Finance (accessed May 12, 2013)
Jump up ^ "[1]," Digest of State Laws - Updated/Revised Title 63 – July 2007 (accessed April 19, 2017).
External links[edit]
Official Governor of Oklahoma home page
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Steele
Martin
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text:
First indoor ice hockey game
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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1893 hockey game at the same rink
On March 3, 1875, the first recorded indoor ice hockey game took place at the Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[1] Organized by James Creighton, who captained one of the teams, the game was between two nine-member teams, using a wooden 'puck'. Members used skates and sticks used for outdoor hockey and shinny games in Nova Scotia, where Creighton was born and raised. It is recognized as the first organized ice hockey game.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Victoria Rink
2 The game
2.1 The first game
2.2 After-game fight
3 IIHF recognition
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Victoria Rink[edit]
Main article: Victoria Skating Rink
The Victoria Skating Rink was a long (252 by 113 feet (77 m × 34 m)), two-story brick edifice with a 52-foot (16 m)-high pitched roof supported from within by curving wooden trusses, which arched over the entire width of the structure. Tall, round-arched windows punctuated its length and illuminated its interior, while evening skating was made possible by 500 gas-jet lighting fixtures set in coloured glass globes.[3] At a later date, the lighting was converted to electric, making the building the first in Canada to be electrified.[4]
The ice surface measured 204 by 80 feet (62 by 24 m), dimensions very similar to today's National Hockey League (NHL) ice rinks. It was surrounded by a 10-foot (3.0 m)-wide platform, or promenade, which was elevated approximately 1 foot (30 cm) above the ice surface and upon which spectators could stand or skaters could rest.[1] Later, a gallery was added with a royal box for visiting dignitaries.[5]
At the time of its construction, the rink's location at 49 Drummond Street (now renumbered to 1187) placed it in the centre of the English community in Montreal, in the vicinity of McGill University. The area is known today as the "Square Mile", the area of central Montreal populated then by rich English industrialists and the budding centre of commerce in Canada.[6] One block east was Dominion Square, where annual outdoor winter sporting events and later the Montreal Winter Carnival were held. Across the street to the east, the Windsor Hotel, a long-time centre of social life and meeting place of several sports organizations, was built in 1875. Nearby is old Windsor Station, which was the eastern terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, built in 1889.
The game[edit]
In 1873, James Creighton, a member of the Victoria Skating Club and a figure skating judge, started organizing sessions of shinny at the rink, played informally between members of the Club and friends. The rules followed were developed from the informal rules of the outdoor game played in Nova Scotia where Creighton was born and raised, and adapted to the indoors setting and the rink's size.[7]
The first game[edit]
On March 3, 1875, the Rink hosted what has been recognized as the first organized ice hockey game,[2] between members of the Victoria Skating Club, organized by Creighton.[8] The match lays claim to this distinction because of factors which establish its link to modern ice hockey: it featured two teams (nine players per side) with a recorded score. Games prior to this had mostly been outdoors. In order to limit injuries to spectators and damage to glass windows, the game was played with a "flat block of wood" instead of a lacrosse ball. The two teams, members of the club, included a number of McGill University students. Sticks for this game were imported from Nova Scotia.[9] This first game was pre-announced to the general public in the pages of The Montreal Gazette:
Announcement
Victoria Rink – A game of Hockey will be played at the Victoria Skating Rink this evening, between two nines chose from among the members. Good fun may be expected, as some of the players are reputed to be exceedingly expert at the game. Some fears have been expressed on the part of intending spectators that accidents were likely to occur through the ball flying about in too lively a manner, to the imminent danger of lookers on, but we understand that the game will be played with a flat circular piece of wood, thus preventing all danger of its leaving the surface of the ice. Subscribers will be admitted on presentation of their tickets.[10]
Game report
HOCKEY – At the Rink last night a very large audience gathered to witness a novel contest on the ice. The game of hockey, though much in vogue on the ice in New England and other parts of the United States, is not much known here, and in consequence the game of last evening was looked forward to with great interest. Hockey is played usually with a ball, but last night, in order that no accident should happen, a flat block of wood was used, so that it should slide along the ice without rising, and thus going among the spectators to their discomfort. The game is like Lacrosse in one sense – the block having to go through flags placed about 8 feet apart in the same manner as the rubber ball – but in the main the old country game of shinty gives the best idea of hockey. The players last night were eighteen in number – nine on each side – and were as follows: – Messrs. Torrance (captain), Meagher, Potter, Goff, Barnston, Gardner, Griffin, Jarvis and Whiting. Creighton (captain), Campbell, Campbell, Esdaile, Joseph, Henshaw, Chapman, Powell and Clouston. The match was an interesting and well-contested affair, the efforts of the players exciting much merriment as they wheeled and dodged each other, and notwithstanding the brilliant play of Captain Torrance's team Captain Creighton's men carried the day, winning two games to the single of the Torrance nine. The game was concluded about half-past nine, and the spectators then adjourned well satisfied with the evening's entertainment.[11]
The nine-man per side practice would last until 1880, when it was reduced during the Montreal Winter Carnival ice hockey tournaments.
After-game fight[edit]
Not reported in the Gazette, but reported elsewhere was that there was fighting after the game. This fighting was not between the on-ice combatants, rather, it was between the hockey players and spectators and members of the Skating Club. Members of the Skating Club were opposed to the use of the skating rink for hockey as it took away hours from other skating activities and it damaged the ice quality. According to the Kingston, Ontario, Daily British Whig "Shins and heads were battered, benches smashed and the lady spectators fled in confusion."[12][13]
IIHF recognition[edit]
In 2002, the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) announced that it would acknowledge the site of Victoria Rink with "a commemorative plaque or other historical site marker to remind the passers-by of the existence of the Victoria Skating Rink, the birthplace of organized hockey."[14] The commemoration has been marked in two ways. On May 22, 2008, a commemorative plaque was dedicated at the nearby Centre Bell, along with a plaque honouring James Creighton.[8] Further, the IIHF created the Victoria Cup, a trophy named for the arena, for which—along with 1 million Swiss francs—one National Hockey League team and the champion of the European Champions Hockey League play off annually.[15] The first Cup match was held in Berne, Switzerland on October 1, 2008 between the New York Rangers and the Metallurg Magnitogorsk.[16] The next, and last, edition of the Victoria Cup was held in Zurich on September 29, 2009, between the ZSC Lions and the Chicago Blackhawks.
See also[edit]
Amateur Hockey Association of Canada
Matthews Arena, the world's oldest existing indoor ice hockey facility still in use for ice hockey
References[edit]
Bibliography
Collard, Edgar Andrew (1962). Montreal Yesterdays. Toronto, Ontario: Longmans Canada.
Mackay, Donald (1987). The square mile. Vancouver, British Columbia: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd. ISBN 0-88894-562-0.
McKinley, Michael (2006). Hockey: A People's History. Toronto, Ontario: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-5769-5.
Vigneault, Michel (1998). "Out of the Mists of Memory, Montreal, 1875–1910". Total hockey : the official encyclopedia of the National Hockey League. Toronto, Ontario: Total Sports. ISBN 0-8362-7114-9.
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b McKinley, p. 7
^ Jump up to: a b "IIHF recognizes Victoria Skating Rink as birthplace of hockey". Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Sports Facilities". Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Montreal Hockey History". Hockey Heritage. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ Collard, p.168
Jump up ^ Mackay, p. 7
Jump up ^ Zukerman, Earl (March 17, 2006). "McGill's contribution to the origins of ice hockey". Archived from the original on March 16, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Father' of ice hockey honoured". Toronto Star. May 23, 2008. p. S3.
Jump up ^ McKinley, p. 9
Jump up ^ "Victoria Rink". Montreal Gazette. March 3, 1875. p. 3.
Jump up ^ "Hockey". Montreal Gazette. March 4, 1875. p. 3.
Jump up ^ "Hockey Game". Daily British Whig. March 5, 1875.
Jump up ^ Burnside, Scott (March 3, 2017). "First indoor game ended in melee". ESPN. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "World federation weighs in on hockey's origins". CBC. July 5, 2002. Retrieved September 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Rangers challenge Metallurg". International Ice Hockey Federation. January 26, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Rangers come back for win overseas, opener next". Associated Press. October 2, 2008. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
External links[edit]
ice hockey portal
Montreal portal
Articles
IIHF recognizes Victoria Skating Rink as birthplace of hockey
Virtual Museum exhibit on venue
1870 Skating carnival
Podnieks article on game
Hockey Games
Photographs
Image "Hockey Match, Victoria Rink, Montreal, QC, composite, 1893," at Musee McCord Museum website
Coordinates: 45°29′53″N 73°34′21″W / 45.4980°N 73.572400°W / 45.4980; -73.572400
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Black Death migration
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Plaque in Weymouth, England
The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe from 1346 to 1353. Its migration followed the sea and land trading routes of the medieval world. This migration has been studied for centuries as an example of how the spread of contagious diseases is impacted by human society and economics.
The disease is caused by Yersinia pestis, which is enzootic (commonly present) in populations of ground rodents in Central Asia.[1] Morelli et al. (2010) reported the origin of the plague bacillus to be in China.[1] An older theory places the first cases in the steppes of Central Asia, and others, such as the historian Michael W. Dols, argue that the historical evidence concerning epidemics in the Mediterranean and specifically the Plague of Justinian point to a probability that the Black Death originated in Central Asia,[2] where it then became entrenched among the rodent population.[3]
Nevertheless, from Central Asia it was carried east and west along the Silk Road, by Mongol armies and traders making use of the opportunities of free passage within the Mongol Empire offered by the Pax Mongolica. It was reportedly first introduced to Europe at the trading city of Caffa in the Crimea in 1347. After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering the disease, they catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls to infect the inhabitants.[4] The Genoese traders fled, bringing the plague by ship into Sicily and the south of Europe, whence it spread.[5]
Contents
1 Preexisting conditions
2 Asian outbreak
3 European outbreak
4 Middle Eastern outbreak
5 Recurrence
6 References
Preexisting conditions[edit]
Regardless of its origin, it is clear that several preexisting conditions such as war, famine, and weather contributed to the severity of the Black Death. In China, the 13th century Mongol conquest disrupted farming and trading, and led to widespread famine. The population dropped from approximately 120 to 60 million.[6] The 14th century plague is estimated to have killed 1/3 of the population of China.[citation needed]
In Europe, the Medieval Warm Period ended sometime towards the end of the 13th century, bringing harsher winters and reduced harvests. In the years 1315 to 1317 a catastrophic famine, known as the Great Famine, struck much of North-West Europe. The famine came about as the result of a large population growth in the previous centuries, with the result that, in the early 14th century the population began to exceed the number that could be sustained by productive capacity of the land and farmers.[7]
In Northern Europe, new technological innovations such as the heavy plough and the three-field system were not as effective in clearing new fields for harvest as they were in the Mediterranean because the north had poor, clay-like soil.[7] Food shortages and skyrocketing prices were a fact of life for as much as a century before the plague. Wheat, oats, hay, and consequently livestock, were all in short supply, and their scarcity resulted in hunger and malnutrition. The result was a mounting human vulnerability to disease, due to weakened immune systems.
The European economy entered a vicious circle in which hunger and chronic, low-level debilitating disease reduced the productivity of labourers, and so the grain output was reduced, causing grain prices to increase. This situation was worsened when landowners and monarchs like Edward III of England (r. 1327–1377) and Philip VI of France (r. 1328–1350), out of a fear that their comparatively high standard of living would decline, raised the fines and rents of their tenants.[8] Standards of living then fell drastically, diets grew more limited, and Europeans as a whole experienced more health problems.
Heavy rains in autumn 1314 began several years of cold and wet winters. The already weak harvests of the north suffered and the seven-year famine ensued. The Great Famine was the worst in European history, reducing the population by at least ten percent.[8] Records recreated from dendrochronological studies show a hiatus in building construction during the period, as well as a deterioration in climate.[9]
This was the economic and social situation in which the predictor of the coming disaster, a typhoid (Infected Water) epidemic, emerged. Many thousands died in populated urban centres, most significantly Ypres. In 1318 a pestilence of unknown origin, sometimes identified as anthrax, targeted the animals of Europe, notably sheep and cattle, further reducing the food supply and income of the peasantry.
Asian outbreak[edit]
The scenario that would place the first outbreak in central Asia agrees with the first reports of outbreaks in China in the early 1330s. The plague struck the Chinese province of Hubei in 1334. On the heels of the European epidemic, a more widespread disaster occurred in China during 1353–1354. Chinese accounts of this wave of the disease record a spread to eight distinct areas: Hubei, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, and Suiyuan,[10] throughout the Mongol and Chinese empires. Historian William McNeill noted that voluminous Chinese records on disease and social disruption survive from this period, but no one has studied these sources in depth.[11]
It is probable that the Mongols and merchant caravans inadvertently brought the plague from central Asia to the Middle East and Europe. The plague was reported in the trading cities of Constantinople and Trebizond in 1344.
European outbreak[edit]
The Black Death rapidly spread along the major European sea and land trade routes
In October 1347, a fleet of Genoese trading ships fleeing Caffa reached the port of Messina in Sicily.[12] By the time the fleet reached Messina, all the crew members were either infected or dead. It is presumed that the ships also carried infected rats and/or fleas. Some ships were found grounded on shorelines, with no one aboard remaining alive.
Looting of these lost ships also helped spread the disease. From there, the plague spread to Genoa and Venice by the turn of 1347–1348.
From Italy the disease spread northwest across Europe, striking France, the Crown of Aragon, the Crown of Castile, Portugal and England by June 1348, then turned and spread east through Germany and Scandinavia from 1348 to 1350. It was introduced in Norway in 1349 when a ship landed at Askøy, then proceeded to spread to Bjørgvin (modern Bergen). Finally it spread to north-western Russia in 1351; however, the plague largely spared some parts of Europe, including the Kingdom of Poland, isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands, Milan and the modern-day France-Spain border.
At Siena, Agnolo di Tura wrote:
"They died by the hundreds, both day and night, and all were thrown in ... ditches and covered with earth. And as soon as those ditches were filled, more were dug. And I, Agnolo di Tura … buried my five children with my own hands … And so many died that all believed it was the end of the world."[13]
Middle Eastern outbreak[edit]
The plague struck various countries in the Middle East during the pandemic, leading to serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures. As it spread to western Europe, the disease also entered the region from southern Russia. By autumn 1347, the plague reached Alexandria in Egypt, probably through the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Sea. During 1348, the disease travelled eastward to Gaza, and north along the eastern coast to cities in Lebanon, Syria, and Palestine, including Ashkelon, Acre, Jerusalem, Sidon, Damascus, Homs, and Aleppo. In 1348–49, the disease reached Antioch. The city's residents fled to the north, most of them dying during the journey, but the infection had been spread to the people of Asia Minor.
Mecca became infected in 1349. During the same year, records show the city of Mawsil (Mosul) suffered a massive epidemic, and the city of Baghdad experienced a second round of the disease. In 1351, Yemen experienced an outbreak of the plague. This coincided with the return of King Mujahid of Yemen from imprisonment in Cairo. His party may have brought the disease with them from Egypt.
Recurrence[edit]
In England, in the absence of census figures, historians propose a range of pre-incident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300, and a post-incident population figure as low as 2 million.[14] By the end of 1350 the Black Death had subsided, but it never really died out in England over the next few hundred years: there were further outbreaks in 1361–62, 1369, 1379–83, 1389–93, and throughout the first half of the 15th century.[15] The plague often killed 10% of a community in less than a year—in the worst epidemics, such as at Norwich in 1579 and Newcastle in 1636, as many as 30 or 40%. The most general outbreaks in Tudor and Stuart England, all coinciding with years of plague in Germany and the Low Countries, seem to have begun in 1498, 1535, 1543, 1563, 1589, 1603, 1625, and 1636.[16]
The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 18th centuries, and still occurs in isolated cases today.
The plague of 1575–77 claimed some 50,000 victims in Venice. In 1634, an outbreak of plague killed 15,000 Munich residents.[17] Late outbreaks in central Europe include the Italian Plague of 1629–1631, which is associated with troop movements during the Thirty Years' War, and the Great Plague of Vienna in 1679. About 200,000 people in Moscow died of the disease from 1654 to 1656.[18] Oslo was last ravaged in 1654.[19] In 1656 the plague killed about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants.[20] Amsterdam was ravaged in 1663–1664, with a mortality given as 50,000.[21]
The Great Plague of London in 1665–1666 is generally recognized as one of the last major outbreaks.[22]
A plague epidemic that followed the Great Northern War (1700–1721, Sweden v. Russia and allies) wiped out almost 1/3 of the population in the region.[citation needed] An estimated one-third of East Prussia's population died in the plague of 1709–1711.[23] The plague of 1710 killed two-thirds of the inhabitants of Helsinki.[24] An outbreak of plague between 1710 and 1711 claimed a third of Stockholm’s population.[25]
During the Great Plague of 1738, the epidemic struck again, this time in Eastern Europe, spreading from Ukraine to the Adriatic Sea, then onwards by ship to infect some in Tunisia. The destruction in several cities in what is now Romania (such as Timişoara) was formidable, claiming tens of thousands of lives.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Morelli; et al. (2010). "Phylogenetic diversity and historical patterns of pandemic spread of Yersinia pestis". Nat. Genet. 42 (12): 1140–1143. doi:10.1038/ng.705. PMC 2999892  . PMID 21037571.
Jump up ^ http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/206309.php
Jump up ^ Michael W. Dols, "The Second Plague Pandemic and Its Recurrences in the Middle East: 1347–1894" Journal of the Economic Social History of the Orientvol. 22 no. 2 (May 1979), 170–171.
Jump up ^ Wheelis, M. (2002). Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 8 (9), 971-975. https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid0809.010536.
Jump up ^ "Channel 4—History—The Black Death". Channel4.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
Jump up ^ Ping-ti Ho, "An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin China", in Études Song, Series 1, No 1, (1970) pp. 33–53.
^ Jump up to: a b Judith M. Bennett & C. Warren Hollister (2006). Medieval Europe: A Short History. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 326. ISBN 0-07-295515-5. OCLC 56615921.
^ Jump up to: a b Bennett and Hollister, Medieval Europe, p. 327
Jump up ^ Baillie, Mike (1997). A Slice Through Time. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-7134-7654-5.
Jump up ^ Suiyuan was a historical Chinese province that now forms part of Hebei and Inner Mongolia.
Jump up ^ McNeill, William H. (1976). Plagues and People. New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 0-385-12122-9.
Jump up ^ "At the beginning of October, in the year of the incarnation of the Son of God 1347, twelve Genoese galleys were fleeing from the vengeance which our Lord was taking on account of their nefarious deeds and entered the harbour of Messina. In their bones they bore so virulent a disease that anyone who only spoke to them was seized by a mortal illness and in no manner could evade death. ...Not only all those who had speech with them died, but also those who had touched or used any of their things. When the inhabitants of Messina discovered that this sudden death emanated from the Genoese ships they hurriedly ordered them out of the harbor and town. But the evil remained and caused a fearful outbreak of death." Michael Platiensis (1357), quoted in Johannes Nohl (1926). The Black Death, trans. C.H. Clarke. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., pp. 18–20.
Jump up ^ "plague readings". U.arizona.edu. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
Jump up ^ Secondary sources such as the Cambridge History of Medieval England often contain discussions of methodology in reaching these figures that are necessary reading for anyone wishing to understand this controversial episode in more detail.
Jump up ^ "BBC—History—Black Death". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
Jump up ^ "BBC—Radio 4 Voices of the Powerless—29 August 2002 Plague in Tudor and Stuart Britain". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Texas Department of State Health Services, History of Plague". Dshs.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Genesis of the Anti-Plague System: The Tsarist Period" (PDF). James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies. Retrieved 2008-11-03. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Øivind Larsen. "DNMS.NO : Michael : 2005 : 03/2005 : Book review: Black Death and hard facts". Dnms.no. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Naples in the 1600s". Faculty.ed.umuc.edu. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Buboni PlagueEuropeFlorence". Mindquestacademy.org. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
Jump up ^ "The London Plague 1665". Britainexpress.com. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Online Library of Liberty—BOOK II, CHAPTER XI: OF THE MODE IN WHICH THE QUANTITY OF THE PRODUCT AFFECTS POPULATION—A Treatise on Political Economy". Oll.libertyfund.org. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
Jump up ^ "Ruttopuisto—Plague Park". Tabblo.com. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Historical facts about Stockholm, capital of Sweden". Enjoystockholm.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
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text:
I Could Use a Love Song
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"I Could Use a Love Song"
Single by Maren Morris
from the album Hero
Released
March 27, 2017 (2017-03-27)
Genre
Country
Length
3:15
Label
Columbia Nashville
Songwriter(s)
Maren Morris
Jimmy Robbins
Laura Veltz
Producer(s)
busbee
Maren Morris
Maren Morris singles chronology
"80s Mercedes"
(2016) "I Could Use a Love Song"
(2017) "Craving You"
(2017)
"80s Mercedes"
(2016) "I Could Use a Love Song"
(2017) "Craving You"
(2017)
"I Could Use a Love Song" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Maren Morris for her debut studio album, Hero (2016). Morris wrote the song with Jimmy Robbins and Laura Veltz, and co-produced the track with busbee. It was released to North American country radio on March 27, 2017 through Columbia Nashville as the album's third single.[1] A song about heartbreak and finding redemption through love, it garnered positive reviews from critics. "I Could Use a Love Song" reached number one on the Billboard Country Airplay chart, giving Morris her second number-one single, and her first as a solo artist. It also peaked at numbers 7 and 56 on both the Hot Country Songs and Hot 100 charts respectively. The song was certified Gold, and has sold 206,000 copies as of December 2017. It received similar chart success in Canada, reaching number 14 on the Country chart and garnering a Gold plaque from Music Canada, denoting sales of over 40,000 units in that country.
The music video of the song was released on May 6, 2017, and starred Shelley Hennig and Garrett Hines as the couple.
Contents
[hide]
1 Content
2 Background and release
3 Critical reception
4 Accolades
5 Chart performance
6 Charts and certifications
6.1 Weekly charts
6.2 Year-end charts
6.3 Certifications
7 Release history
8 References
9 External links
Content[edit]
"I Could Use a Love Song" is a "no frills heartbreak song" that finds the narrator becoming jaded towards love.[2][3] Despite having been burned by previous relationships, Morris remains optimistic and believes that a love song can restore her faith in finding love.[3][4]
Background and release[edit]
"I Could Use a Love Song" was announced as the album's third single on February 24, 2017.[4] The song was made available to country radio on March 13,[5][6] but did not officially impact the format until March 27, 2017.[6]
Critical reception[edit]
Mike Wass of Idolator expressed surprise over the choice of single, but wrote that the song "harks back to a time in country music when songs examined matters of the heart over simple arrangements," which works in the track's favor.[7] Billy Dukes of Taste of Country reviewed the song favorably. He wrote that "I Could Use a Love Song" is "more immediately accessible than her previous two radio hits," and praised Morris for expressing a new side to her artistry.[2]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Association
Category
Result
2018 Grammy Awards[8] Best Country Solo Performance Nominated
Chart performance[edit]
"I Could Use a Love Song" debuted at number 56 on the Billboard Country Airplay chart dated April 1, 2017 and was the week's highest-debuting single.[9] It has sold 206,000 copies in the United States as of December 2017.[10] It peaked at number one on the Country Airplay chart dated January 20, 2018, giving Morris her second number one single, and her first as a solo artist.
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2017–18)
Peak
position
Canada Country (Billboard)[11]
14
US Billboard Hot 100[12]
56
US Country Airplay (Billboard)[13]
1
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[14]
7
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2017)
Position
Canada Country (Billboard)[15]
31
US Country Airplay (Billboard)[16]
44
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[17]
25
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[18]
Gold 40,000^
United States (RIAA)[19]
Gold 500,000
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Preceded by
"Like I Loved You"
by Brett Young Billboard Country Airplay
number-one single
January 20, 2018 Succeeded by
"Yours"
by Russell Dickerson
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
Ref.
Canada
March 27, 2017 Country radio Sony Music Canada [20]
United States
Columbia Nashville [1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Future Release for Country Radio Stations". All Access Media Group. Archived from the original on March 21, 2017. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Dukes, Billy (March 3, 2017). "Maren Morris, 'I Could Use a Love Song' [Listen]". Taste of Country. Townsquare Media. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Reuter, Annie (May 31, 2016). "Album Review: Maren Morris' 'Hero'". Sounds Like Nashville. SpinMedia. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Stefano, Angela (February 28, 2017). "Hear Maren Morris' Next Single, 'I Could Use a Love Song'". The Boot. Townsquare Media. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Konicki, Lisa (March 1, 2017). "Listen to Maren Morris' Next Single, "I Could Use A Love Song"". Nash Country Weekly. American Media, Inc. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Maren Morris - I Could Use a Love Song". United States: Daily Play MPE. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wass, Mike (February 28, 2017). "Maren Morris' Next Single Is "I Could Use A Love Song"". Idolator. Hive Media. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "60th Annual Grammy Awards". Retrieved November 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Country Airplay: The Week of April 1, 2017". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bjorke, Matt (December 19, 2017). "Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart: December 26, 2017". Roughstock. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Maren Morris Chart History (Canada Country)". Billboard. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Maren Morris Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Maren Morris Chart History (Country Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Maren Morris Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Canada Year-End Country Airplay of 2017". Billboard. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Country Airplay Songs – Year-End 2017". Billboard. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hot Country Songs – Year-End 2017". Billboard. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Maren Morris – I Could Use A Love Song". Music Canada.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Maren Morris – I Could Use A Love Song". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Maren Morris - I Could Use a Love Song". Canada: Daily Play MPE. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
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Maren Morris
Discography
Studio albums
Hero
Singles
"My Church"
"80s Mercedes"
"I Could Use a Love Song"
"The Middle"
"Rich"
Guest singles
"Craving You"
Related articles
Ryan Hurd
Flicker World Tour
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Could_Use_a_Love_Song&oldid=827945270"
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2017 singles
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