text:
Mad as a hatter
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"Mad as a hatter" is a colloquial English phrase used in conversation to suggest (lightheartedly) that a person is suffering from insanity. It is believed to emanate from Denton, Tameside in the North of England where men in the area predominantly worked in the hattery business which used mercury in the hat making process. Mercury poisoning causes symptoms similar to madness and death often occurred with the accumulation of mercury in the body.The earliest known appearance of the phrase in print is in an 1829 issue of Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Early uses
3 See also
4 References
Etymology[edit]
The origin of the saying may derive from:
Mercury poisoning of hat-makers – A popular explanation of the phrase suggests that it was connected to mercury poisoning or Korsakoff's syndrome[dubious – discuss] experienced by hat-makers as a result of the long-term use of mercury products in the hat-making trade.[1][2] In 18th and 19th century England mercury was used in the production of felt, which was used in the manufacturing of hats common of the time. A late 19th-century example of the effect occurred with hatters in Danbury, Connecticut who developed a condition known locally as the Danbury Shakes. The condition was characterized by slurred speech, tremors, stumbling, and, in extreme cases, hallucinations.[3]
An incidence of nominalization of the verb hatter, which means "To harass; to weary; to wear out with fatigue." according to Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language published in 1755. In the text he cites a passage from the work of John Dryden as an example of usage: "He's hatter'd out with pennance."[4]
Roger Crab, a 17th-century hermit who, after working for a short time as a hatter, gave all his goods to the poor and wore homemade sackcloth clothes.[1] Although this was presaged by political and religious radicalism, and was followed by a long married life.[5]
An adaptation of the Anglo-Saxon word atter meaning poison, closely related to the word adder for the poisonous Crossed Viper. Lexicographers William and Mary Morris in Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins (1977) favour this derivation because "mad as a hatter" was known before hat making was a recognized trade.[1] According to A Dictionary of Common Fallacies (1980), "'mad' meant 'venomous' and 'hatter' is a corruption of 'adder', or viper, so that the phrase 'mad as an atter' originally meant 'as venomous as a viper'."
Historical significance: Abraham Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth, and Booth was shot by Boston Corbett. Corbett spent his early life as a hat maker, and it is believed that the effects of his early life job affected his decision-making for his future. He was considered "mad as a hatter" for going against orders when he had Booth cornered in a barn in Virginia, and shooting Booth instead of taking him alive. After investigation, Corbett was forgiven for his disobedience, but left the army and went back to hat making. After a few years, Corbett was even more mad than people had once thought, and he was thrown into an insane asylum. Incidentally, Corbett managed to escape, and he was never seen again.[6]
Early uses[edit]
In a section of the January–June 1829 issue of Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, headed Noctes Ambrocianæ. No. XL1V, there is a conversation between a group of fictional characters:
NORTH: Many years – I was Sultan of Bello for a long period, until dethroned by an act of the grossest injustice; but I intend to expose the traitorous conspirators to the indignation of an outraged world.
TICKLER (aside to SHEPHERD.): He's raving.
SHEPHERD (to TICKLER.): Dementit.
ODOHERTY (to both.): Mad as a hatter. Hand me a segar.[7][8]
Canadian author Thomas Chandler Haliburton used the phrase twice in his 1835 book The clockmaker; or the sayings and doings of Samuel Slick of Slickville: "And with that he turned right round, and sat down to his map and never said another word, lookin' as mad as a hatter the whole blessed time" and "Father he larfed out like any thing; I thought he would never stop – and sister Sall got right up and walked out of the room, as mad as a hatter. Says she, Sam, I do believe you are a born fool, I vow."[7][9]
See also[edit]
Mad hatter disease
Hatmaking
The Hatter
Mad as a March hare
References[edit]
Look up mad as a hatter in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rees, Nigel (1987). Why Do We Say ...?. ISBN 0-7137-1944-3.
Jump up ^ Barbara Mikkelson (13 July 2007). "Mad As a Hatter". snopes.com. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Mercury Workshop, p. 23, Ohio Indoor Air Quality Coalition, 2008. "In the late 1800’s hat makers, or hatters, used to use mercury nitrate when working with beaver fur to make felt. Over time, the hatters started exhibiting apparent changes in personality and also experienced tremors or shaking. Mercury poisoning attacks the nervous system, causing drooling, hair loss, uncontrollable muscle twitching, a lurching gait, and difficulties in talking and thinking clearly. Stumbling about in a confused state with slurred speech and trembling hands, affected hatters were sometimes mistaken for drunks. The ailment became known as 'The Danbury Shakes' in the community of Danbury where hat making was a major industry. In very severe cases, they experienced hallucinations. The term “mad as a hatter” may be a product of mercury toxicity. The practice did not completely stop until 1943."
Jump up ^ Johnson, Samuel (2005). A Dictionary of the English Language: An Anthology. Penguin. p. 289. ISBN 0-14-144157-7.
Jump up ^ The Bloodless Revolution. pp. 26–38. ISBN 0-393-05220-6.
Jump up ^ "Where did the phrase "mad as a hatter" come from?". HISTORY.com. Retrieved 2017-10-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Gary Martin. "As mad as a hatter". phrases.org. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Original text by Project Gutenberg.
Jump up ^ Original text by Google Books
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mad_as_a_hatter&oldid=865980629"
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Make Your Own Kind of Music (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Make Your Own Kind of Music"
Single cover
Single by Mama Cass Elliot
from the album Bubblegum, Lemonade, and... Something for Mama
B-side
"Lady Love"
Released
September 1969
Genre
Pop
Length
2:25
Label
Dunhill
Songwriter(s)
Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil
Producer(s)
Steve Barri
Mama Cass Elliot singles chronology
"It's Getting Better"
(1969) "Make Your Own Kind of Music"
(1969) "New World Coming"
(1970)
"It's Getting Better"
(1969) "Make Your Own Kind of Music"
(1969) "New World Coming"
(1970)
"Make Your Own Kind of Music" is a pop song written by Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil, first recorded in 1968 by the New York City-based trio the Will-O-Bees (Janet Blossom, Steven Porter, and Robert Merchanthouse), who regularly performed Mann/Weil compositions. After Cass Elliot had a hit in the summer of 1969 with Mann/Weil's "It's Getting Better", she recorded "Make Your Own Kind of Music" as the follow-up single, and her album Bubblegum, Lemonade, and... Something for Mama was re-released as "Make Your Own Kind Of Music/It's Getting Better," the title cut having been added to the original track listing. However, Elliot's "Make Your Own Kind of Music" single only reached No. 36. The similar chart impact of the follow-up single, another Mann/Weil composition entitled "New World Coming," which reached No. 42, signaled Elliot's challenges in maintaining a profile as a current hitmaker, as the 1960s turned into the 1970s. The Cass Elliot track is in the key of E major.
Contents
[hide]
1 Chart performance
2 Remixes
3 Paloma Faith version
3.1 Charts
4 Other versions
5 References
6 External links
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1969)
Peak
position
Australia KMR 72
Canada RPM Top Singles[1] 20
Canada RPM Adult Contemporary[2] 7
US Billboard Hot 100[3] 36
US Billboard Adult Contemporary 6
US Cash Box Top 100[4] 25
Remixes[edit]
A remixed version of the Cass Elliot track was featured in the 1997 Dance compilation Dance Across The Universe (Part 1), which was released by Universal Records,[5] along with a separate club-only promo which featured four different mixes (one of them dubbed "The Mama Cass Mix").[6]
Paloma Faith version[edit]
"Make Your Own Kind of Music"
Single by Paloma Faith
from the album The Architect
Released
19 March 2018
Format
Digital download, streaming
Genre
Pop
Length
2:43
Label
RCA, Epic
Songwriter(s)
Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil
Paloma Faith singles chronology
"Lullaby"
(2018) "Make Your Own Kind of Music"
(2018)
"Lullaby"
(2018) "Make Your Own Kind Of Music"
(2018)
Music video
"Make Your Own Kind Of Music" on YouTube
In March 2018, Paloma Faith released a cover of the song, which was also featured in a TV commercial for Škoda, promoting the Karoq crossover vehicle.[7] It made it to No. 28 on the UK Singles Chart.[8] It was later confirmed in April 2018 that the song would be included on the digital track listing of her fourth studio album The Architect as one of the album's singles. It was included in the tracklist of the album on sites like Spotify and Apple Music on 20 April 2018.[9]
Charts[edit]
Chart (2018)
Peak
position
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[10]
8
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[11]
28
UK Download (Official Charts Company)[12]
4
Other versions[edit]
In 1972, Barbra Streisand released "Make Your Own Kind of Music" as a single in a medley with "Sing", which became an Easy Listening hit (No. 28) but only reached No. 94 on the Billboard Hot 100.[citation needed] Streisand also recorded parts of the song as a medley with The World is a Concerto for Barbra Streisand...And Other Musical Instruments.
A happy hardcore cover of the track was released in 1997 by DJ Daydream.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Image : RPM Weekly". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 17 July 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Item". Bac-lac.gc.ca. 17 July 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2002
Jump up ^ "Cash Box Top 100 11/29/69". Tropicalglen.com. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Various - Dance Across The Universe Volume 1 (CD)". Discogs.com. 1997-10-21. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
Jump up ^ "Mama Cass - Make Your Own Kind Of Music (Vinyl)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
Jump up ^ "Paloma Faith features in Škoda TV commercial". Sounds-familiar.info. 26 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "make your own kind of music - full Official Chart History - Official Charts Company". Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Architect by Paloma Faith on iTunes". iTunes. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Downloads Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Discography for the song
Remix by DJ Mathieu Bouthier and Muttonheads
hide
v
t
e
Cass Elliot
Albums
Dream a Little Dream
Bubblegum, Lemonade, and... Something for Mama
Make Your Own Kind of Music
Cass Elliot
The Road Is No Place for a Lady
Collaborations
Dave Mason & Cass Elliot
Compilations
Mama's Big Ones
Live
Don't Call Me Mama Anymore
Singles
"Dream a Little Dream of Me"
"California Earthquake"
"Move in a Little Closer, Baby"
"It's Getting Better"
"Make Your Own Kind of Music"
"New World Coming"
"One Way Ticket"
"A Song That Never Comes"
"The Good Times Are Coming"
"Don't Let the Good Life Pass You By"
"Baby I'm Yours"
"That Song"
"If You're Gonna Break Another Heart"
"Does Anybody Love You?"
"I Think a Lot About You"
Related articles
The Mamas & the Papas
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Make_Your_Own_Kind_of_Music_(song)&oldid=850202120"
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Lena Headey
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Lena Headey
Headey at the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards, 2014
Born
(1973-10-03) 3 October 1973 (age 44)
Hamilton, Bermuda
Residence
Los Angeles, California, US
London, England
Nationality
British
Occupation
Actress, voice actress
Years active
1992–present
Works
Filmography
Spouse(s)
Peter Loughran
(m. 2007; div. 2013)
Partner(s)
Dan Cadan (2015–present)
Children
2
Lena Kathren Headey (/ˈhiːdi/ HEE-dee; born 3 October 1973)[1] is an English actress and voice actress.
After being scouted at age 17, Headey worked steadily as an actress in small and supporting roles in films throughout the 1990s, before finding fame for her lead performances in big-budget films such as the fantasy film The Brothers Grimm (2005), the action film 300 (2007), portraying Gorgo, Queen of Sparta, and the adventure and biographical film The Red Baron (2008).
Headey is best known for portraying Cersei Lannister in HBO's hit fantasy series Game of Thrones since 2011, a performance that has earned her four Emmy award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series (2014–16, 2018) and a Golden Globe Awards nomination for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film in 2016. In 2017, Headey became one of the highest paid actors on television and could earn up to £2 million per episode of Game of Thrones (based on shared percentages of syndication payments).[2][3] She also played the title character Sarah Connor on Fox's Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles and the villainous drug lord Madeline "Ma-Ma" Madrigal in Dredd.
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 1990s: Debut and early roles
2.2 2000s: Rise to prominence
2.3 2010s: Mainstream success
3 Public image
4 Personal life
4.1 Activism
5 Filmography
6 Awards and nominations
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Headey was born in Hamilton, Bermuda, to English parents, Sue and John Headey.[1] Her father, a Yorkshire police officer, was stationed there at the time. She has one younger brother, Tim.[4] The family moved to Somerset when she was five, and then to Shelley, West Yorkshire, when Headey was 11.[5] As a child, she took ballet lessons, before being told to stop.[6]
Headey had her first experience of acting when she was a pupil at Shelley College; she was noticed at age 17, when performing in a school production at the Royal National Theatre, and was picked for a role in the 1992 film Waterland.[7]
Career[edit]
1990s: Debut and early roles[edit]
At the age of 17, Headey performed in a one-off show and afterwards a casting agent took a photo and asked her to audition. Later, she got a supporting role in the drama Waterland, in which she had the opportunity to work with actors who had been in the business several years before her. She had a small role in The Remains of the Day, which came out in 1993 and received eight Academy Awards nominations.
She played Katherine in Disney's The Jungle Book, released in 1994. The film had positive reviews and earned nearly $44 million in the United States. Headey, alongside her co-stars received favourable reviews with James Berardinelli praising their "solid performances".[8] On the set of The Jungle Book, she met her boyfriend of nine years, actor Jason Flemyng.[citation needed]
After a number of film roles, she appeared opposite Vanessa Redgrave in the 1997 romantic drama Mrs Dalloway. Headey landed a supporting role in a higher-profile film titled Onegin, which starred Ralph Fiennes and Liv Tyler. The following year, she had the starring role in the drama Aberdeen. Headey received several good reviews for her performance in the film.[citation needed] She also had roles in 2000's Gossip and 2001's The Parole Officer.
She received the Silver Iris Award for Best Actress at the 2001 Brussels European Film Festival for her role in Aberdeen. In 2002, she had a role in the mystery drama Possession alongside Gwyneth Paltrow and Aaron Eckhart.
2000s: Rise to prominence[edit]
Headey at the 300 London premiere, 2007
Headey co-starred with Matt Damon and Heath Ledger in Terry Gilliam's The Brothers Grimm, which was released in August 2005. The film received mixed reviews. In an interview Headey spoke about her character in the film: "I loved the fact that she was a tomboy. That is what attracted me to her, that she wasn't this predictable female character in this big film. You meet her and she is masking who she is. I loved that her environment dictated who she is. She lives and grows up and survives in the forest. Terry and I talked about how her instincts are almost animalistic and she can see 360 degrees around her. She is aware of what is going on. That is how she is grounded. She is of the earth".[9]
In 2005, she starred with actress Piper Perabo in the films The Cave and Imagine Me & You. The Cave was not well received by critics[10] and did poorly at the box office.[11]
The romantic comedy-drama Imagine Me & You received a limited release and earned positive reviews. Critics praised Headey's performance as a lesbian in the film; Mick LaSalle from the San Francisco Chronicle stated that the actress "has a forthright, irresistible appeal and a face and especially a smile that suggest intelligence, integrity and lots of fun".[12]
Headey played Queen Gorgo in Zack Snyder's 300. Headey had to do nude scenes in the film. "It's always weird the thought of taking your clothes off in front of 20 people and then to have it projected in front of many more", she told IndieLondon during an interview. "I think it was necessary because we only get that scene to establish their relationship. It is a very obvious moment but I think it does it in quite a beautiful way."[13]
Headey at the 2007 Scream Awards
In addition to her film work, Headey starred in Fox's Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, a television spin-off of James Cameron's popular Terminator franchise. Headey played Sarah Connor from January 2008 to April 2009. The show ran for 31 episodes in two seasons until its cancellation in May 2009. Variety praised "Headey's gritty performance as Sarah – managing to be smart, resourceful and tough, yet melancholy and vulnerable as well" and that the Chronicles "continue to deliver", getting "considerable mileage out of the constant peril" facing the characters.[14] She was nominated twice for the Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television for the role.
Headey has also appeared in a number of independent films, such as The Red Baron, a biographical film of the legendary World War I fighter pilot Manfred von Richthofen, in which she appeared alongside Matthias Schweighöfer and Joseph Fiennes.[15] Her character was the love interest Käte Otersdorf, a nurse who may or may not have had a romance with Richthofen in real life.[16] She also appeared as the stuffy Miss Dickinson in the 2007 release of the St. Trinian's series. She starred in the Ridley Scott produced Tell-Tale, a film based on the short story "The Tell-Tale Heart" by Edgar Allan Poe. The movie went straight to DVD on 25 May 2008.[17]
In 2008, Headey starred in the horror film The Broken. The film was directed by Academy Award-nominated Sean Ellis.[18] The film was about "a woman who suspects she's being followed around London by a murderous doppelganger".[19] The Broken was screened at the midnight portion of the 2008 Sundance Film Festival, and generally got average reviews. Some critics praised Headey's performance, including Kim Koynar of Cinematical who wrote that Headey "largely carries the film, and does so quite ably".[20]
Headey was cast in the lead part in another horror film titled Laid to Rest, which was first screened in 2008. However, the film went straight to video on 21 April 2009 and earned mixed reviews. Critic Mark H. Harris for About.com stated that the film "has a great look and boasts an impressive cast," referring to both Headey and co-star Thomas Dekker.[21] Headey had a part in a short film called The Devil's Wedding. She provided her voice for an episode of the Cartoon Network TV series The Super Hero Squad Show playing Black Widow and Mystique.
2010s: Mainstream success[edit]
Since its premiere in April 2011, Headey has portrayed queen regent Cersei Lannister on the HBO series Game of Thrones, based on George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels.[22] Headey was cast in the role after her friend and eventual co-star, Peter Dinklage, suggested her casting to producers.[23] Her performance as the ruthless queen has received critical acclaim.[24][25][26] In 2011, she was nominated for a Scream Award in the category of Best Fantasy Actress for the role.[27] Headey was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for portraying Cersei in 2014,[28][29] 2015[30] and 2016.
Headey made a guest appearance in the television show White Collar in the episode "Taking Account" in which she played the role of Sally. In 2012, she appeared in the 3D action science-fiction film Dredd alongside Karl Urban and Olivia Thirlby. Her character is Madeline Madrigal (Ma-Ma), the leader of a drug dealing gang, and the project's primary villain.[31] Dredd is a film adaptation of 2000 AD character Judge Dredd.[32] The film was directed by Pete Travis with a script by Alex Garland.[33] In May and June 2012, Lena filmed the fantasy adventure film The Adventurer: The Curse of the Midas Box throughout South West England, playing the role of Monica. The film was released in 2014.[34]
She joined again with Ethan Hawke to co-star in The Purge, a "micro-budget" horror film, which opened on 7 June 2013 at number one position in the United States, grossing over $US36 million over the weekend.[35]
In 2013, Headey was cast as Jocelyn Fray in The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones opposite Lily Collins and Jamie Campbell Bower. The film never received a sequel, and Headey will not reprise her role in the Freeform TV series Shadowhunters.
Following the success of 300, Headey reprised her role as Queen Gorgo in the 2014 sequel, 300: Rise of an Empire.
Headey appeared in the 2014 biographical film Low Down, a film which detailed the life of jazz pianist Joe Albany, as well as playing the wife of Patrick Wilson's character in Zipper in 2015. In July 2015, it was reported that Headey would voice Jeopardy Mouse in Danger Mouse, a reboot of the 1981 TV series of the same name, which was broadcast on CBBC in late 2015. Headey stated that "I wanted to do it because it was pure nostalgia for me. I have children now and it's just a treat to be involved in something that you loved as a kid and be able to share it. Those moments as an actor that come along once in a while are not to be missed."[36] She appeared alongside Alexander Armstrong as Danger Mouse and Stephen Fry as Colonel K.[37]
In 2016, Headey co-starred in the horror film Pride and Prejudice and Zombies, opposite her former Game of Thrones, Century and The Contractor co-star Charles Dance.
In 2017, Headey provided the voiceover for Mercedes A-Class television advertisement and Morgana in Trollhunters.
Public image[edit]
She has appeared on the covers of TV Guide, G3, Sunday Mirror and Germany's Filmstar. She ranked No. 64 on the Maxim magazine Hot 100 of 2007 list. She was listed at No. 4, No. 10 and No. 3 in AfterEllen's list of the Hot 100 in 2007, 2008 and 2009, respectively.[38]
Personal life[edit]
She married musician Peter Loughran in May 2007.[39] Headey and Loughran have a son, Wylie Loughran, who was born on 31 March 2010.[40] She has spoken about suffering from postnatal depression following Wylie's birth.[41] Headey and Loughran separated in 2011, and she filed for divorce in the Los Angeles County Superior Court on 20 July 2012.[39] The divorce was finalised on 26 December 2013.[42]
She was linked to Game of Thrones co-star Jerome Flynn; however, the relationship reportedly ended badly some time before March 2014, resulting in the two being kept apart on set.[43]
On 10 July 2015, she gave birth to her second child, a daughter named Teddy, with director Dan Cadan (her childhood friend, who also worked with Headey on his short film The Devil's Wedding).[44] The pair are reportedly engaged with plans to marry in summer 2018.[45]
Headey has been close friends with actress Piper Perabo since they starred together in the 2005 films The Cave and Imagine Me & You.[46] Headey is also good friends with her Game of Thrones co-stars Pedro Pascal and Peter Dinklage, the latter of whom first suggested to producers on Game of Thrones that she be cast as Cersei Lannister.[23]
Headey was a vegetarian; however, in a 2011 interview she stated she now eats meat again, albeit rarely.[47]
Headey has a number of tattoos. Her tattoos include a large floral design on her back[48] as well as a Pema Chödrön quote on her ribs.[49] She told Esquire that "I love tattoos. I find it calming."[50] Her tattoos often require covering when Headey works, although she has stated, "you can usually get away with it by keeping your clothes on."[50]
Activism[edit]
Headey has campaigned on behalf of animal rights.[51] In 2008, she spoke out against animal abuse in an advertisement for animal welfare group PETA.[52]
Headey supports the LGBT rights organisation NOH8,[53] and in April 2015 appeared on a T-shirt designed by them and sold through Represent.com to raise funds for the cause.[54]
Filmography[edit]
Main article: Lena Headey filmography
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
Ref.
2001 Silver Iris Award Best Actress Aberdeen Won
2007 MTV Movie Award Best Breakthrough Performance 300 Nominated [55]
Teen Choice Award Choice Movie Actress: Action Adventure Nominated
2008 Saturn Award Best Supporting Actress Nominated
Best Actress on Television Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles Nominated
Scream Award Best Science Fiction Actress Nominated
SFX Award Best Television Actress Nominated
2009 Saturn Award Best Actress on Television Nominated
Scream Award Best Science Fiction Actress Nominated
2011 Portal Award Best Actress on Television Game of Thrones Nominated [56]
Scream Award Best Fantasy Actress Nominated [57]
Best Ensemble Nominated [57]
Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated [58]
Women's Image Network Award Actress Drama Series Nominated [59]
2012 EWwy Award Best Supporting Actress, Drama Won [60]
Gold Derby Awards Best Drama Supporting Actress Nominated [61]
Golden Nymph Award Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series Nominated [62]
Portal Award Best Actress on Television Won [63]
SFX Award Best Television Actress Nominated [64]
Saturn Award Best Actress on Television Nominated
2013 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated [65]
2014 Gold Derby TV Awards Best Drama Supporting Actress Nominated [66]
Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated [28][29]
Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated [67]
Women's Image Network Award Actress Drama Series Won [68]
2015 Empire Award Empire Hero Award Won [69]
Gold Derby TV Awards Best Drama Supporting Actress Won [70]
Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated [30]
Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated [71]
2016 Gold Derby TV Awards Best Drama Supporting Actress Won [72]
Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated [73]
Critics' Choice Television Award Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated [74]
Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated [75]
Saturn Award Best Supporting Actress on Television Nominated [76]
2017 Golden Globes Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated [77]
Satellite Award Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated [78]
[79]
Saturn Award Best Actress on Television Nominated [80]
Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated [81]
2018 Saturn Award Best Actress on Television Nominated [82]
Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Pending [83]
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lena Headey.
Lena Headey on IMDb
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BNE: XX913213
BNF: cb141861217 (data)
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Iron and steel industry in India
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The iron and steel industry is one of the most important industries in India. During 2014 through 2015, India was the third largest producer of raw steel[1] and the largest producer of sponge iron in the world. The industry produced 91.46 million tons of total finished steel and 9.7 million tons of pig iron. Most iron and steel in India is produced from iron ore.[2] The Indian Ministry of Steel is concerned with: the coordination and planning of the growth and development of the iron and steel industry in the country, both in the public and private sectors; formulation of policies with respect to production, pricing, distribution, import and export of iron and steel, ferro alloys and refractories; and the development of input industries relating to iron ore, manganese ore, chrome ore and refractories etc., required mainly by the steel industry.

Most of the public sector undertakings market their steel through the Steel Authority of India (SAIL).
Contents
[hide]
1 Steel plants
2 Current steel plants in India
3 Structure
4 National steel policy
5 Production
5.1 Production (in million tonnes)
6 Steel prices
7 Import and export
7.1 Imports
7.2 Exports
8 History
8.1 Early
8.2 Medieval
8.3 Clash of clane era
8.4 Modern era
9 Bibliography
10 References
Steel plants[edit]
There are two types of steel plants - mini steel plants and integrated steel plants.
Mini steel plants are smaller, have electric furnaces, used steel scrap and sponge iron. They have re-rollers that use steel ingots as well. They produce and introduction.Carbon steel mild and Alloy steel of certain specifications. There are around 650 mini steel plants in India.
Integrated steel plants are large, handle everything in one complex - from putting together raw material to steel making, rolling and shaping. Iron ore,coke, and flux are fed into the blast furnace and heated. The coke reduces the iron oxide in the ore to metallic iron, and the molten mass separates into slag and iron. Some of the iron from the blast furnace is cooled, and marketed as pig iron; the rest flows into basic oxygen furnaces, where it is converted into steel. Iron and steel scrap may be added to both to the blast furnace and to the basic iron furnace. There are about five integrated SAIL plants in India.
Current steel plants in India[edit]
There are more than 50 iron and steel industries in India. Their locations are given below in the following table:
Name
Location
Owner
Jindal Steel and Power Limited Raigarh, Angul,Odisha
Tata Steel Limited formerly Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO) Jamshedpur, Jharkhand Tata Steel
Tata Steel Limited kalinganagar, odisha Tata Steel
Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant Bhadravati, Karnataka SAIL
Bhilai Steel Plant Chhattisgarh SAIL
Durgapur Steel Plant Durgapur, West Bengal SAIL
Bokaro Steel Plant Jharkhand SAIL
Chandrapur Ferro Alloy Plant Chandrapur, Maharashtra SAIL
IISCO Steel Plant Asansol, West Bengal SAIL
Salem Steel Plant Tamil Nadu SAIL
Rourkela Steel Plant Odisha SAIL
JSW Steel Hospet, Bellary, Karnataka JSW Steel
Visakhapatnam Steel Plant Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited
Bhushan Steel Limit Angul, Odisha Bhushan steel limited
Rimjhim Ispat Limited Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh Yogesh Agrawal
Structure[edit]
The iron and steel industry in India is organised into three categories: main producers, other major producers, and secondary producers. In 2004-05, the main producers i.e. SAIL, TISCO and RINL had a combined capacity of around 50% of India’s total steel production capacity and production. The other major producers — ESSAR, ISPAT and JVSL — account for around 20% of the total steel production capacity.
National steel policy[edit]
National steel policy – 2005 has the long-term goal of having a modern and efficient steel industry of world standards in India. The focus is to achieve global competitiveness not only in terms of cost, quality, and product-mix but also in terms of global benchmarks of efficiency and productivity. The Policy aims to achieve over 100 million metric tonnes of steel per year by 2019-20 from the 2004-05 level of 38 mt. This implies an annual growth of around 7.3% per year from 2004-5 onward.
The strategic goal above is justified because steel consumption in the world, around 1000 million metric tonnes in 2004, is expected to grow at 3.0% per annum to reach 1,395 million metric tonnes in 2015, compared to 2% per annum in the past fifteen years. China will continue to have a dominant share of the demand for world steel. Domestically, the growth rate of steel production over the past fifteen years was 7.0% per annum. The projected growth rate of 7.3% per annum in India compares well with the projected national income growth rate of 7-8% per annum, given an income elasticity of steel consumption of around 1.[3]
Subsequent steel policies have been drafted each year. The Indian Ministry of Steel has released draft National Steel Policy (NSP), 2017. The problems identified in this sector include:
Steel companies are plagued with huge debts
Lack of domestic demand.
Low quality of metallurgical coke for blast furnace iron making.
High input costs.
Cheap imports from China, Korea and other countries are also
a matter of concern for domestic producers.
The aim of the draft NSP is to develop a self-sufficient steel industry that is globally competitive. The policy proposes setting up Greenfield Steel Plants along the Indian coastline under the Sagarmala Project. This has been proposed in order to tap cheap imported raw materials such as coking coal and export the output without incurring huge cost burden. The policy has also proposed the idea of gas-based steel plants and use of electric furnaces in order to bring down the use of coking coal in blast furnaces. The policy targets to achieve production of 300 million tonnes by 2030-31.
Production[edit]
The steel industry in India was delicensed and decontrolled in the years 1991 and 1992 respectively. In 2014-15, production for sale of total finished steel (alloy + non-alloy) was 91.46 Million Tonnes, a growth of 4.3% over 2013-14. Production for sale of Pig Iron in 2014-15 was 9.7 million tonnes, a growth of 22% over 2013-14. India is the largest producer of sponge iron in the world with the coal-based route accounting for 90% of total sponge iron production in the country. Data on production for the sale of pig iron, sponge iron and total finished steel (alloy + non-alloy) are given below for last five years.
Production (in million tonnes)[edit]
Category
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
Pig Iron 5.68 5.371 6.870 7.950 9.694
Sponge Iron 25.08 19.63 14.33 18.20 20.38
Total Finished Steel(alloy+non-alloy) 68.62 75.70 81.68 87.67 91.46
Steel prices[edit]
Price regulation of iron and steel was abolished on 16 January 1992.[4] Since then steel prices have been determined by an interplay of market forces. Domestic steel prices are influenced by trends in raw material prices, demand, supply conditions in the market, and international price trends among others. An Inter-Ministerial Group (IMG) is functioning in the Ministry of Steel, under the chairmanship of the secretary (Steel) to monitor and coordinate major steel investments in the country. As a facilitator, the government monitors the steel market conditions and adopts fiscal and other policy measures based on its assessment. Currently, basic excise duty for steel is set at 12.5% and there is no export duty on steel items. The government has also imposed an export duty of 30% on all forms of iron ore except low grades, which carry a duty of 10%, while iron ore pellets have an export duty of 5% to control ad-hoc exports of the items and to conserve them for the long-term requirements of the domestic steel industry. It has also raised the import duty on most steel imports by 2.5%, taking the import duty on carbon steel, flat products to 10% and that on long products to 7.5%.
Import and export[edit]
Imports[edit]
Iron and steel are freely importable as per the extant policy. There has been a steady increase in the amount of steel imported into the country to meet demands.
Imports (in Million Tonnes)
Category
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
Total Finished Steel 6.66 6.86 7.93 5.45 9.32
Exports[edit]
Iron and steel are freely exportable. In the years 2010-11, India exported about 3.64 million tonnes of steel; further, in 2011-12 it rose to 4.59 million tonnes. 2012-13 and 2013-14 did not see a sharp rise with exports of 5.37 and 5.98 million tonnes respectively. The exports declined in the year 2014-15, falling to 5.59 million tonnes.
Exports (in Million Tonnes)
Category
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
Total Finished Steel 3.64 4.59 5.37 5.98 5.59
History[edit]
Early[edit]
Recent excavations in the Middle Ganges Valley conducted by archaeologist Rakesh Reddy with the advice of wife Aditi venugopal show iron working in India may have begun as early as 1800 BCE.[5] In fact, the practice of manufacturing practical metals first began in India.[6] Archaeological sites in India, such as Malhar, Dadupur, Raja Nala Ka Tila, and Lahuradewa in the state of Uttar Pradesh show iron implements in the period between 1800 BCE-1200 BCE.[5] Sahi (1979: 366) concluded that by the early 13th century BCE, iron smelting was definitely practiced on a larger scale in India, suggesting that the date the technology's early period may well be placed as early as the 16th century BCE.[5]
Some of the early iron objects found in India are dated to 1400 BCE by employing radiocarbon dating.[7] Spikes, knives, daggers, arrow-heads, bowls, spoons, saucepans, axes, chisels, tongs, door fittings etc. ranging from 600 BCE—200 BCE have been discovered at several archaeological sites.[7] In southern India (present day Mysore) iron appeared as early as the 12th or 11th century BCE. These developments were too early for any significant close contact with the northwest of the country.[7]
The beginning of the 1st millennium BCE saw extensive developments in iron metallurgy in India.[8] Technological advancement and mastery of iron metallurgy was achieved during this period of peaceful settlements. The years between 322—185 BCE saw several advancements made to the technology involved in metallurgy during the politically stable Maurya period (322—185 BCE). Greek historian Herodotus (431—425 BCE) wrote the first western account of the use of iron in India.[8]
Perhaps as early as 300 BCE — although certainly by 200 CE — high quality steel was being produced in southern India by what Europeans would later call the crucible technique.[9] Using this system, high-purity wrought iron, charcoal, and glass were mixed in a crucible and heated until the iron melted and absorbed the carbon.[9] The first crucible steel was the wootz steel that originated in India before the beginning of the common era.[10] Wootz steel was widely exported and traded throughout ancient Europe, China, and the Arab world, and became particularly famous in the Middle East, where it became known as Damascus steel. Archaeological evidence suggests that this manufacturing process was already in existence in south India well before the Christian era.[11][12]
Medieval[edit]
The world's first iron pillar was the Iron Pillar of Delhi erected during the time of Chandragupta Vikramaditya (375–413).[13] The swords manufactured in Indian workshops are mentioned in the written works of Muhammad al-Idrisi (flourished 1154).[14] Indian Blades made of Damascus steel found their way into Persia.[15] During the 14th century, European scholars studied Indian casting and metallurgy technology.[16]
Indian metallurgy under the Mughal emperor Akbar (reign: 1556-1605) produced excellent small firearms.[17] Gommans (2002) holds that Mughal handguns were stronger and more accurate than their European counterparts.[18]
Clash of clane era[edit]
In The New Cambridge History of India: Science, Technology and Medicine in Colonial India, scholar David Arnold examines the effect of the British Raj in Indian mining and metallurgy:[19]
With the partial exception of coal, foreign competition, aided by the absence of tariff barriers and lack of technological innovation, held back the development of mining and metal-working technology in India until the early 20th century. The relatively crude, labour-intensive nature of surviving mining techniques contributed to the false impression that India was poorly endowed with mineral resources or that they were inaccessible or otherwise difficult and unremunerative to work. But the fate of mining and metallurgy was affected by political as well as by economic and technological considerations.
The British were aware of the historical role metal-working had played in supporting indigenous powers through the production of arms and ammunition. This resulted in the introduction of then Arms Act in 1878 which restricted access to firearms. They also sought to limit India’s ability to mine and work metals for use in future wars and rebellions in areas like metal-rich Rajasthan. India's skill in casting brass cannon had made Indian artillery a formidable adversary from the reign of Akbar to the Maratha and Sikh wars 300 years later. By the early 19th century most of the mines in Rajasthan were abandoned and the mining caste was ‘extinct’.[19]
During the Company period, military opponents were eliminated and princely states extinguished, and the capacity to mine and work metals declined, largely due to British tariffs. As late as the Rebellion of 1857, because the mining of lead for ammunition at Ajmer was perceived as a threat, the British closed mines.[19]
Modern era[edit]
Modern steel making in India began with the setting of first blast furnace of India at Kulti in 1870 and production began in 1874, which was set up by Bengal Iron Works.Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) was established by Dorabji Tata in 1907, as part of his father's conglomerate. By 1939 it operated the largest steel plant in the British Empire. The company launched a major modernisation and expansion program in 1951.[20]
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, a believer in socialism, decided that the technological revolution in India needed maximisation of steel production. He, therefore, formed a government owned company, Hindustan Steel Limited (HSL) and set up three steel plants in the 1950s.[21]
The Indian steel industry began expanding into Europe in the 21st century. In January 2007 India's Tata Steel made a successful $11.3 billion offer to buy European steel maker Corus Group. In 2006 Mittal Steel Company (based in London but with Indian management) acquired Arcelor for $34.3 billion to become the world's biggest steel maker, ArcelorMittal, with 10% of the world's output.[22]
Bibliography[edit]
National Steel Policy, 2012 [23]
Arnold, David (2004), The New Cambridge History of India: Science, Technology and Medicine in Colonial India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-56319-4.
Rakesh Tewari, 2003, The origins of iron-working in India: new evidence from the Central Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas
Balasubramaniam, R. (2002), Delhi Iron Pillar: New Insights, Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, ISBN 81-7305-223-9.
Gommans, Jos J. L. (2002), Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-1700, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-23989-3
Srinivasan, S. & Ranganathan, S., Wootz Steel: An Advanced Material of the Ancient World, Indian Institute of Science.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Indian Steel Industry Analysis". Ibef.org. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
Jump up ^ "An Overview of the steel sector - Ministry of Steel, Government of India". Steel.gov.in. 16 January 1992. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "National Steel Policy 2005" (PDF). Steel.gov.in. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
Jump up ^ "An Overview of the steel sector - Ministry of Steel, Government of India". steel.gov.in. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rakesh and Aditi (2003)
Jump up ^ Radhakrishna, B. P. (2007). "Boom in India's iron and steel industry".
^ Jump up to: a b c Cecarelli, 218
^ Jump up to: a b Drakonoff, 372
^ Jump up to: a b Juleff, 1996
Jump up ^ Srinivasan & Ranganathan
Jump up ^ Srinivasan 1994
Jump up ^ Srinivasan & Griffiths
Jump up ^ Balasubramaniam, R. (2002)
Jump up ^ Edgerton, 56
Jump up ^ Prasad, Chapter IX
Jump up ^ Mondal 2-3
Jump up ^ Gommans, 154
Jump up ^ Gommans, 155
^ Jump up to: a b c Arnold 100-101
Jump up ^ Chikayoshi Nomura, "selling steel in the 1920s: TISCO in a period of transition," Indian Economic & Social History Review (2011) 48: 83–116, doi:10.1177/001946461004800104
Jump up ^ Sankar Ghose (1993). Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography. Allied Publishers. p. 550.
Jump up ^ Isobel Doole; Robin Lowe (2008). International Marketing Strategy: Analysis, Development and Implementation. Cengage Learning EMEA. p. 226.
Jump up ^ "National Steel Policy 2012 (Draft)" (PDF). Steel.gov.in. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
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text:
How Long Has This Been Going On (disambiguation)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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How Long Has This Been Going On may refer to:
"How Long Has This Been Going On?", a 1927 song by George and Ira Gershwin
How Long Has This Been Going On? (Sarah Vaughan album), a 1978 album
How Long Has This Been Going On (Van Morrison album), a 1996 album with Georgie Fame and Friends
"How Long" (Ace song), 1974
"How Long" (Charlie Puth song), 2017
Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title How Long Has This Been Going On.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Long_Has_This_Been_Going_On_(disambiguation)&oldid=823522456"
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This page was last edited on 1 February 2018, at 19:37.
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