text:
A Feather on the Breath of God
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A Feather on the Breath of God
Studio album by Gothic Voices
Released
April 1985
Recorded
St Jude's Church, Hampstead Garden Suburb, London, 14 September 1981
Genre
Sacred vocal music, plainchant, early music
Length
44:03
Label
Hyperion Records
Producer
Martin Compton
Gothic Voices chronology
The Garden of Zephirus
(1985) A Feather on the Breath of God
(1985) The Castle of Fair Welcome
(1986)
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [1]
A Feather on the Breath of God is an award-winning album of sacred vocal music written in the 12th century by the German abbess Hildegard of Bingen, and recorded by British vocal ensemble Gothic Voices with English soprano Emma Kirkby. It was released by the Hyperion Records label in April 1985.[2]
It is an album of early medieval plainchant. The title is taken from a passage in Hildegard’s writings in which she describes herself:
Listen: there was once a king sitting on his throne. Around him stood great and wonderfully beautiful columns ornamented with ivory, bearing the banners of the king with great honour. Then it pleased the king to raise a small feather from the ground and he commanded it to fly. The feather flew, not because of anything in itself but because the air bore it along. Thus am I '"A feather on the breath of God."[3]
The album received the Early-Medieval Gramophone Award for 1982–1983 and the maximum rating of five stars from AllMusic.[1]
It was recorded in St. Jude's Church, Hampstead Garden Suburb, London, on 14 September 1981.[2][4] The music and Latin texts are from a contemporary medieval manuscript (Wiesbaden, Hessische Landesbibliothek M52) edited by Dr. Christopher Page, who also directed the recorded performance itself.[2][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Track listing
2 Personnel
2.1 Musicians
2.2 Recording and production personnel
3 References
Track listing[edit]
All compositions (sequences and hymns) written by Hildegard of Bingen.
“Columba aspexit” (5:18)
“Ave, generosa” (4:36)
“O ignis spiritus” (4:48)
“O Ierusalem” (8:02)
“O Euchari” (5:43)
“O viridissima virga” (3:13)
“O presul vere civitatis” (6:12)
“O Ecclesia” (6:11)
Personnel[edit]
Musicians[edit]
Emma Kirkby – soprano
Emily Van Evera – soprano
Poppy Holden – soprano
Judith Stell – soprano
Margaret Philpot – contralto
Andrew Parrott – tenor
Kevin Breen – tenor
Howard Milner – tenor
Doreen Muskett – symphony
Robert White – reed drones
Christopher Page – director
Recording and production personnel[edit]
Tony Faulkner – recording engineer
Martin Compton – recording producer
Terry Shannon – front design
Edward Perry – executive producer
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.allmusic.com/album/a-feather-on-the-breath-of-god-mw0000157694. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c http://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/dc.asp?dc=D_CDA66039&vw=dc. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
Jump up ^ A Feather on the Breath of God CD booklet, p. 2.
Jump up ^ A Feather on the Breath of God CD back cover.
Jump up ^ A Feather on the Breath of God CD booklet, p. 5.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Feather_on_the_Breath_of_God&oldid=834567401"
Categories:
Western plainchant
Early music albums
1985 albums
Gramophone Award winners
Hildegard of Bingen
Hidden categories:
Articles with hAudio microformats
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 6 April 2018, at 12:40.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background-color: lightsteelblue

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

attrs: href title

value: span

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: float:right;clear:right;width:24.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:center;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;padding:0;border-spacing:0

values:
/wiki/Gramophone_Award
mw-redirect
Gramophone Award

values: Edit section: Recording and production personnel

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/A_Feather_on_the_Breath_of_God
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-A_Feather_on_the_Breath_of_God rootpage-A_Feather_on_the_Breath_of_God skin-vector action-view


text:
Battle of Tannenberg
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the 1410 battle at the same location, see Battle of Grunwald. For the 1944 battle in Estonia, see Battle of Tannenberg Line.
Battle of Tannenberg
Part of the East Prussian campaign of the
Eastern Front in World War I

Russian prisoners of war after the Battle of Tannenberg.
Date
26–30 August 1914
Location
Near Allenstein, East Prussia (today Olsztyn, Poland)
53°29′45″N 20°08′4″E / 53.49583°N 20.13444°E / 53.49583; 20.13444Coordinates: 53°29′45″N 20°08′4″E / 53.49583°N 20.13444°E / 53.49583; 20.13444
Result
Decisive German victory
Second Russian Army annihilated
Belligerents
German Empire Russian Empire
Commanders and leaders
Paul von Hindenburg
Erich Ludendorff
Max Hoffmann Alexander Samsonov †
Units involved
8th Army 1st Army
2nd Army
Strength
150,000[1] 230,000[2]
Casualties and losses
10,000–15,000 killed or wounded [3]
12,000 killed or wounded [1]
Official German data 21–30/08/14:
13,873:[4]
1,726 KIA
7,461 WIA
4,686 MIA 170,000:
78,000 killed or wounded
92,000 POW
350 guns captured[5][6]
hide
v
t
e
East Prussian Campaign
Stallupönen
Gumbinnen
Tannenberg
1st Masurian Lakes
Vivat ribbon commemorating Battle of Tannenberg. Shows Wilhelm II and "Hindenburg the victor of Tannenberg".
The Battle of Tannenberg was fought between Russia and Germany between the 26th and 30th of August 1914, the first month of World War I. The battle resulted in the almost complete destruction of the Russian Second Army and the suicide of its commanding general, Alexander Samsonov. A series of follow-up battles (First Masurian Lakes) destroyed most of the First Army as well and kept the Russians off balance until the spring of 1915. The battle is particularly notable for fast rail movements by the Germans, enabling them to concentrate against each of the two Russian armies in turn, and also for the failure of the Russians to encode their radio messages. It brought considerable prestige to Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and his rising staff-officer Erich Ludendorff.
Although the battle actually took place near Allenstein (Olsztyn), Hindenburg named it after Tannenberg, 30 km to the west, in order to, in German eyes, avenge the defeat of the Teutonic Knights 500 years earlier at the Battle of Grunwald (which was always known as the Battle of Tannenberg in German).
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Prelude: 17–22 August
3 Battle
3.1 Consolidation of the German Eighth Army
3.2 Early phases of battle: 23–26 August
3.3 Main battle: 26–30 August
4 Aftermath
5 Post-war legacy
6 Footnotes
7 Further reading
Background[edit]
The French army's Plan XVII at the outbreak of World War I involved swift mobilization followed by an immediate attack to drive the Germans from Alsace and Lorraine. If the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) joined in accordance with their Allied treaty, they would fill the left flank. Their Russian allies in the East would have a massive army, more than 95 divisions, but their mobilization would inevitably be slower. Getting their men to the front would itself take time because of their relatively sparse and unreliable railway network (for example, three-quarters of the Russian railways were still single-tracked.[7] Russia intended to have 27 divisions at the front by day 15 and 52 by day 23, but it would take 60 days before 90 divisions were in action.[8] Despite their difficulties, the Russians promised the French that they would promptly engage the armies of Austria-Hungary in the south and on day 15 would invade German East Prussia.[9]
East Prussia was a vulnerable salient thrust into Russian territory, extending from the Vistula River in the west to the border with (at the time, Russian) Lithuania in the east, a distance of roughly 190 km (120 mi). On the north was the Baltic and on the south was the border with (at the time, Russian) Poland; it was about 130 km (81 mi) wide. Somewhat east of the center of the province was the heavily fortified peninsula on which its capital Königsberg (nowadays: Kaliningrad, Russia) was located.
The Russians would rely on two of their three railways that ran up to the border; each would provision an army. The railways ended at the border, as Russian trains operated on a different rail gauge than Western Europe. Consequently, its armies could be transported by rail only as far as the German border and could use Prussian railways only with captured locomotives and rolling stock. The First Army would use the line that ran from Vilnius, Lithuania, to the border 136 km (85 mi) southeast of Königsberg. The Second Army railway ran from Warsaw, Poland, to the border 165 km (103 mi) southwest of Königsberg. The two armies would take the Germans in a pincers. The Russian supply chains would be ungainly because—for defense—on their side of the border there were only a few sandy tracks rather than proper macadamized roads. Adding to their supply problems, the Russians deployed large numbers of cavalry and Cossacks; every day each horse needed ten times the resources that a man required.[10]
The First Army commander was Gen. Pavel Karlovitch Rennenkampf, who in the Russo-Japanese War had earned a reputation for "exceptional energy, determination, courage, and military capability."[11] The Second Army, coming north from Warsaw, was under Gen. Alekesander Vasilevich Samsonov, who was “… possessed of a brilliant mind, reinforced by an excellent military education”. Since commanding a division in the war with Japan he had been governor of Turkestan. The two armies were directed by the military governor of Warsaw, who in wartime commanded the Northwest Military District, Gen. Yakov Grigorevich Zhilinskiy. His duties in Manchuria had been more diplomatic than military. Before moving to Warsaw he had been Chief of the Russian General Staff for two years. He set up his headquarters in Volkovysk. (Vawkavysk, Belarus), about 410 km (250 mi) from Königsberg.
Communications would be a daunting challenge. The Russian supply of cable was insufficient to run telephone or telegraph connections from the rear; all they had was needed for field communications. Therefore, they relied on mobile wireless stations, which would link Zhilinskiy to his two army commanders and with all corps commanders. The Russians were aware that the Germans had broken their ciphers, but they continued to use them until war broke out. A new code was ready but they were still very short of the code books. Zhilinskiy and Rennenkampf each had one; Samsonov did not.[12] Hence, many messages were sent in the clear, hoping that they would not be intercepted.
The German Schlieffen Plan proposed to defeat France swiftly while the Russians were mobilizing. Then Germany's armies would shift by train to the Eastern Front. Therefore, East Prussia was garrisoned by a single army, the Eighth, commanded by Gen. Maximilian von Prittwitz und Gaffron, which was to hold back the Russians while the outcome in the West was decided. A tangle of lakes, marshes and dense woods characterized the province, which would help defenders. When the war began the bulk of the German Eighth Army was southwest of Königsberg, ready to defend either the Western or the Southern frontier: 485,000 Russians were facing 173,000 Germans. More than half of the men in both armies just had been mobilized, so many were not yet fighting fit.[citation needed]
Prelude: 17–22 August[edit]
Rennenkampf’s First Army crossed the frontier on 17 August 1914, moving westward slowly. This was sooner than the Germans anticipated, because the Russian mobilization, including the Baltic and Warsaw districts, had begun secretly on 25 July, not with the Tsar’s proclamation on 30 July.[13] They were attacked at Stallupönen by a division of the German I Corps under Lt. Gen. Hermann von François. The Russians were driven back and lost 3,000 men as prisoners, but I Corps was ordered by Prittwitz, who had not authorized the attack, to pull back to Gumbinnen to concentrate his forces. The Russian advance continued on the afternoon of 18 August and on the following day.
Prittwitz attacked near Gumbinnen on 20 August, when he knew from intercepted wireless messages that Rennenkampf’s infantry was resting. German I Corps was on their left, XVII Corps commanded by Lt. Gen. August von Mackensen in the center and I Reserve Corps led by Gen. Otto von Below on the right. A night march enabled one of François’ divisions to hit the Russian XX Corps' right flank at 04:00. Rennenkampf’s men rallied to stoutly resist the attack. Their artillery was devastating until they ran out of ammunition, then the Russians retired. I Corps attacks were halted at 16:00 to rest men sapped by the torrid summer heat. François was sure they could win the next day. On his left Mackensen’s XVII Corps launched a vigorous frontal attack but the Russian infantry held firm. That afternoon the Russian heavy artillery struck back—the German infantry fled in panic, their artillery limbered up and joined the stampede. Prittwitz ordered I Corps and I Reserve Corps to break off the action and retreat also. At noon he had telephoned Field Marshal von Moltke at OHL (Oberste Heeresleitung, Supreme Headquarters) to report that all was going well; that evening he telephoned again to report disaster. His problems were compounded because an intercepted wireless message disclosed that the Russian II Army included five Corps and a cavalry division, and aerial scouts saw their columns marching across the frontier.[14] They were opposed by a single reinforced German Corps, the XX, commanded by Lt. Gen. Friedrich von Scholtz. Prittwitz excitedly but inconclusively and repeatedly discussed the dreadful news with Moltke that evening on the telephone, shouting back and forth. At 20:23 Eighth Army telegraphed OHL that they would withdraw to West Prussia.[15]
Generalfeldmarschall Paul von Hindenburg
However, by the next morning, 21 August, Eighth Army staff realized that because Samsonov’s II Army was closer to the Vistula crossings they must relocate most of their forces to join with XX Corps to block Samsonov before they could withdraw further. Now Moltke was told that they would only retreat a short way; François protested directly to the Kaiser about his panicking superiors.[16] That evening Prittwitz reported that the German 1st Cavalry Division had disappeared. His next call disclosed that they had ridden in with 500 prisoners. Probably Moltke had already decided to replace both Prittwitz and his highly regarded chief of staff, Maj. Gen. Alfred von Waldersee. On the morning of 22 August their replacements, Col. Gen. Paul von Hindenburg and Maj. Gen. Erich Ludendorff, were notified of their new assignments.
The Eighth Army issued orders to move toward Samsonov’s Second Army. I Corps was closest to the railway, so it would move by train to support the right of XX Corps, while the other two German corps would march the shorter distance to XX Corps' left. The First Cavalry Division with some older garrison troops would remain to screen Rennenkampf. On the afternoon of 22 August the head of the Eighth Army field railways was informed by telegraph that new commanders were coming by special train. The telegram relieving their former commanders came later. I Corps was moving over more than 150 km (93 miles) of rail, day and night, one train every 30 minutes, with 25 minutes to unload instead of the customary hour or two.[17]
After the battle at Gumbinnen Rennenkampf decided to keep his First Army in position to resupply and to be in good positions if the Germans attacked again. Both Russian armies were having serious supply problems; everything had to be carted up from the railheads because they could not use the East Prussian railway track, and many units were hampered by lack of field bakeries, ammunition carts and the like. The Second Army also was hampered by incompetent staff work and poor communications. Poor staff work not only exacerbated supply problems but, more importantly, caused Samsonov during the fighting to lose operational control over all but the two corps in his immediate vicinity (XIII & XV Corps).[18]
Battle[edit]
Further information: Order of battle at Tannenberg (1914)
Consolidation of the German Eighth Army[edit]
The new commanders arrived at Marienburg at 14:00 on 23 August; they had met for the first time on their special train the previous night and now they rendezvouzed with the Eighth Army staff. Hindenburg knew none of them. Ludendorff knew the senior officer, deputy Chief of Operations Col. Max Hoffmann, because they had served together and had been neighbors in Berlin and he had met several of the junior men. First they sorted out the orders that had been issued for concentrating most of Eighth Army against Samsonov—each corps had received orders from the Eighth Army and also from Ludendorff—which rankled the staff. However, the orders were almost identical because they were dictated by the situation. I Corps was moving by the rail line. The Eighth Army had ordered it further west to shield the Vistula crossings, but now it would detrain at Deutsch-Eylau, where it could support the right of XX Corps. XVII Corps and I Reserve Corps would march towards the left of XX Corps. Ludendorff had delayed their marches for a day to rest while remaining in place should Rennenkampf attack. The German 1st Cavalry Division and some garrison troops of older men would remain as a screen just south of the eastern edge of the Königsberg defenses, facing Rennenkampf's First Army. The eastern portion of the Königsberg defenses was the only part that was fully manned, while the approaches from the south were entirely open.
Then the new commanders raised the stakes dramatically.[19] They must do more than stop Samsonov in his tracks, as they had tried to block and push back Rennenkampf. Samsonov must be annihilated before they turned back to deal with Rennenkampf.[20] For the moment Samsonov would be opposed only by the forces he was already facing, XX Corps, mostly East Prussians who were defending their homes. The bulk of the Second Russian Army was still coming towards the front; if necessary, they would be allowed to push further into the province while the German reinforcements assembled on the flanks, poised to encircle the invaders—just the tactics instilled by Schlieffen.[21] The danger was that if Rennenkampf’s First Army marched southwest they would appear on the Eighth Army's extreme left flank. Thanks to their consolidation, the coming battle would be fought with 1.8 Russians facing each German. OHL was informed that they were moving to envelop the invaders.
Early phases of battle: 23–26 August[edit]
Movements of 23–26 August 1914. Red: Germans, blue: Russians
Zhilinskiy had agreed to Samsonov’s proposal to start the Second Army’s advance further westward than originally planned, separating them even further from Rennenkampf’s First Army. On 22 August Samsonov's forces encountered Germans all along their front and pushed them back in several places. Zhilinskiy ordered him to pursue vigorously. They already had been advancing for six days in torrid heat without sufficient rest along primitive roads, averaging 24 km (15 mi) a day and had outrun their supplies[22] On 23 August they attacked the German XX Corps, which retreated to the Orlau-Frankenau line that night. The Russians followed, and on the 24th they attacked again; the now partially entrenched XX Corps temporarily stopped their advance before retreating to avoid possible encirclement. At one stage the chief of staff of the corps directed artillery fire onto his own dwelling.[23]
Samsonov saw a wonderful opportunity because, as far as he was aware, both of his flanks were unopposed. He ordered most of his units to the northwest, toward the Vistula, leaving only his VI Corps to continue north towards their original objective of Seeburg. He did not have enough aircraft or skilled cavalry to detect the German buildup on his left. Rennenkampf mistakenly reported that two of the German Corps had sheltered in the Königsberg fortifications.[24]
German infantry during the battle of Tannenberg
On 24 August Hindenburg, Ludendorff and Hoffmann motored along the German lines to meet Scholtz and his principal subordinates, sharing the roads with panic-stricken refugees; in the background were columns of smoke from burning villages ignited by artillery shells. They could keep control of their army because most of the local telephone operators remained at their switchboards, carefully tracking the motorcade. Along the way they drove through the village of Tannenberg, which reminded the two younger men of the defeat of the Teutonic Knights there by the Poles and Lithuanians in 1410; Hindenburg had been thinking about that battle since the evening before when he strolled near the ruins of the castle of the Teutonic Order. (In 1910 Slavs had commemorated their triumph on the old battlefield.)[25] By telephone with headquarters they were reassured that Rennenkampf’s army was moving forward, but slowly—his heavy wagons were sinking into the East Prussian sands. They knew about Samsonov’s proposed movements from a wireless intercept that agreed perfectly with papers found on the body of a Russian officer killed at Gumbinnen. When they met François he was told that Samsonov was moving northwest, to turn what he believed to be the German right flank. I Corps was ordered to attack the Russian left wing at Usdau on the next day, 25 August. François objected vigorously: only part of his corps had arrived and his artillery would not be detrained and ready before 26 August. Ludendorff screeched at him until François finally agreed to attack, but with the proviso that because his ammunition column was still on the road, his men must charge with bayonets. By setting Usdau as the objective, the commanders realized that part of the Russian Second Army would escape the trap.
On the way back to headquarters Hoffmann received new radio intercepts. Rennenkampf's most recent orders from Zhilinskiy were to continue due west, not turn southward towards Samsonov, who was instructed to continue his own drive northwest. Based on this information Scholtz formed a new defensive flank along the Drewenz River, while his main line strengthened their defenses. Back at headquarters Hindenburg told the staff, “Gentlemen. Our preparations are so well in hand that we can sleep soundly tonight."[26]
As the battle was beginning OHL telegraphed the Eighth Army that three army corps and a cavalry division would be sent to East Prussia. Ludendorff replied that they would arrive too late for the present battle, but would be welcome if they could be spared. Moltke was optimistic about their progress in France and Belgium and two army corps and the cavalry were sent.
Main battle: 26–30 August[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Movements of 27–30 August 1914
Samsonov’s cavalry detected the German buildup on their left, so he ordered reinforcements to extend the Russian line, but it would take hours or even days for them to arrive. True to his word, on 26 August François advanced part of his 1st Division toward the Russian outposts at 08:00, where—despite telephone prodding from the Eighth Army—they only skirmished at a distance until noon. By then the railways had brought up the rest of I Corps including their artillery. Finally they drove the Russian outposts back, but at 15:45 François halted in order to organize a strong attack on the following day by men with full stomachs and ammunition pouches. Scholtz followed his orders, which were to make sure that Russians were not slipping past his flanks, which would make it difficult to spring the trap. On his right he attacked to push back the Russian 2nd Division and almost destroyed it. On his left the German 3rd Reserve Division repelled an attack by the Russian VI Corps. It was a different story in the thinly held center, where the Russian XIII Corps advanced toward the road center of Allenstein almost unopposed.
Zhilinskiy was visited by the commander of the Russian Army, the Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia, who ordered him to support Samsonov.[27] Therefore, Rennenkampf ordered two of his corps to invest Königsberg, while the other two were to march to make contact with Samsonov. These orders were sent by wireless in the clear. The next day the Russian First Army's cavalry started riding towards their Second Army, but their infantry waited for resupply.
Burning house during the fight at Usdau on 27 August 1914
Dead Russian soldiers in a trench near Usdau
That evening the Eighth Army’s staff was on edge. Little had been achieved during the day, when they had intended to spring the trap. XX Corps had done well on another torrid day, but now was exhausted. On their far left they knew that XVII Corps and I Reserve Corps were coming into action, but headquarters had learned little about their progress. In fact, XVII Corps had defeated the Russian VI Corps, which fled back along the roads. XVII Corps had endured long marches in sweltering weather, but some men still had the energy to pursue on bicycles requisitioned from civilians.[28] To add to their worries, German aerial scouts reported that still more of Samsonov’s army was detraining at his railhead. Another aviator mistakenly reported that Rennenkampf’s infantry was now heading towards them. The Eighth Army might be the one in the trap.
Hoffmann, who had been an observer with the Japanese in Manchuria, tried to ease their nerves by telling how Samsonov and Rennenkampf had quarreled during that war, so they would do nothing to help one another. It was a good story that Hoffmann treasured and retold frequently,[29] so it reappears in many histories, but not in either Hindenburg’s or Ludendorff’s memoirs.
In Hindenburg’s words “… firm resolution began to yield to vacillation …”[30] At dinner Ludendorff was visibly distraught, toying with his bread, and finally abruptly asked to speak alone with Hindenburg. When Ludendorff emerged from their tête-a-tête he issued the orders to continue the attack on Samsonov. The rest of the German forces coming onto their left wing were swinging into place by forced marches. Samsonov’s II Army was now facing Germans along a 100 km (62 mi) line.
François was ready to attack the Russian left decisively on 27 August, hitting I Russian Corps. His artillery barrage was overwhelming, and soon he had taken the key town of Usdau. In the center the Russians continued to strongly attack the German XX Corps and to move northwest from Allenstein. The German XVII Corps and I Reserve Corps pushed the Russian right wing they had bloodied the day before further back. Gen. Basil Gourko, commanding the Russian First Army Cavalry Division (and from 1916–17 chief of the general staff), was told later that Samsonov did not know what was happening on his flanks because he was observing the action from a rise in the ground a distance from his wireless set and reports were not relayed to him.[31] It was late in the day before he realized that his army was in frightful danger.
On the morning of 28 August the German commanders were motoring along the front when they were shown a report from an aerial observer that Rennenkampf was moving towards their rear. Ludendorff announced that the attack on the Second Army must be broken off. Hindenburg led him behind a nearby hedge, when they emerged Hindenburg calmly said that operations would continue as planned.[32] Before long they learned that the report of Rennenkampf’s movement was mistaken. Samsonov’s I Corps on the left and VI Corps on the right were both retreating. His center had received so little food and ammunition that they were unable to keep attacking. They were ordered to retreat southeast to obtain what they needed to fight. Samsonov asked that Rennenkampf be ordered to help. It was too late. François by this time had advanced due east, moving further than his orders specified, to form a line south of the Russians between Neidenburg and Willenberg, and XVII German Corps had swung southwest to meet him. The noose was in place. The Russians who had been attacking were surrounded.
On 29 August the troops from the Russian Second Army’s center who were retreating south ran into a German defensive line. Those Russians who tried break through by dashing across open fields heavy with crops were mown down. They were in a cauldron centered at Frogenau, east of Tannenberg, and throughout the day were relentlessly pounded by artillery. Many surrendered—long columns of prisoners jammed the roads away from the battleground. Hindenburg and Ludendorff watched from a hilltop, with only a single field telephone line; thereafter they stayed closer to the telephone network. Hindenburg met one captured Russian corps commander that day, another on the day following. On 30 August the Russians remaining outside of the cauldron tried unsuccessfully to break open the snare. Rather than report the loss of his army to Tsar Nicholas II, Samsonov disappeared in the woods that night and committed suicide. His body was found in the following year and returned to Russia by the Red Cross.[33]
On 31 August Hindenburg formally reported to the kaiser that three Russian army corps (XIII, XV and XXIII) had been destroyed. The two corps (I and VI) that had not been caught in the cauldron had been severely bloodied and were retreating back to Poland. He requested that the battle be named Tannenberg (an imaginative touch that both Ludendorff and Hoffmann claimed as their own).[34][35]
Russian prisoners of war at Tilsit railway station
Samsonov's Second Army had been almost annihilated: 92,000 captured, 78,000 killed or wounded and only 10,000 (mostly from the retreating flanks) escaping. The Russians had lost 350 big guns. The Germans suffered just 12,000 casualties out of the 150,000 men committed to the battle.[36] Sixty trains were required to take captured Russian equipment to Germany. Other historians give smaller numbers for Russian killed and wounded, which were never properly recorded.[37] For instance, 30,000 Russian killed or wounded, with 13 generals and 500 guns captured.[38]
The Russian First Army had been so slowed by the combative German cavalry screen that by the time the battle was over their closest unit was still perhaps as much as 70 km (43 mi) from the trapped Second Army. Other Russian units were scattered back along the line to Königsberg, leaving the First Army itself in a dangerously spread-out position.
Aftermath[edit]
1998 photo of the foundations of the Tannenberg Memorial, which later served as the burial site of Paul von Hindenburg
To David Stevenson it was "a major victory but far from decisive",[39] because the Russian First Army was still in East Prussia. It set the stage for the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes a week later, when the reinforced German Eighth Army confronted the Russian First Army. Rennenkampf retreated hastily back over the pre-war border before they could be encircled.
Field Marshal Sir Edmund Ironside saw Tannenberg as the “… greatest defeat suffered by any of the combatants during the war”.[40] It was a tactical masterpiece that demonstrated the superior skills of the German army. Their pre-war organization and training had proven themselves, which bolstered German morale while severely shaking Russian confidence. Nonetheless, as long as the great battle in the West continued the outnumbered Germans had to remain on the defensive in the East, anticipating that the Russians would make another thrust from Poland against Germany, and because the Russians had bested the Austro-Hungarians in the Battle of Galicia; their allies would need help.
The Russian official inquiry into the disaster blamed Zhilinskiy for not controlling his two armies. He was replaced in the Northwest Command and sent to liaise with the French. Rennenkampf was exonerated, but was retired after a dubious performance in Poland in 1916.[41]
The reverse of a World War I German Silver medallion liberation of East Prussia 1914 by Paul von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg. Referring to the Battle of Tannenberg. The naked Gen. Hindenburg fighting the Russian Bear with his sword.
Hindenburg was hailed as an epic hero, Ludendorff was praised, but Hoffmann was generally ignored by the press. Apparently not pleased by this, he later gave tours of the area, noting, "This is where the Field Marshal slept before the battle, this is where he slept after the battle, and this is where he slept during the battle." However, Hindenburg countered by saying, "If the battle had gone badly, the name 'Hindenburg' would have been reviled from one end of Germany to the other." Hoffmann is not mentioned in Hindenburg’s memoirs. In his memoirs Ludendorff takes credit for the encirclement[42] and most historians give him full responsibility for conducting the battle. Hindenburg wrote and spoke of “we”, and when questioned about the crucial tête-á-tête with Ludendorff after dinner on 26 August resolutely maintained that they had calmly discussed their options and resolved to continue with the encirclement. Military historian Walter Elze wrote that a few months before his death Hindenburg finally acknowledged that Ludendorff had been in a funk that evening.[43] Hindenburg would also remark, “After all, I know something about the business, I was the instructor in tactics at the War Academy for six years”.[44]
Post-war legacy[edit]
A German monument was completed in 1927. However, it was blown up by the Germans during the retreat in January 1945.[45]
German film director Heinz Paul made a film, Tannenberg, about the battle, shot in East Prussia in 1932.
The battle is at the center of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's novel August 1914, published in 1971.
The video game Darkest of Days features the Battle of Tannenberg as one of the game's signature historical locations a player gets to explore.
Footnotes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Hastings, Max., 2013; p. 281.
Jump up ^ Hastings, Max. Catastrophe: Europe goes to war 1914 London: William Collins, 2013; p. 281.
Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker, The Great War: 1914–1920, 2002, p. 43
Jump up ^ Sanitätsbericht über das deutsche Heer im Weltkriege 1914/1918, III. Band, Berlin 1934, S. 36
Jump up ^ Sweetman 2004, p. 158
Jump up ^ Ian F. W. Beckett, The Great War: 1914–1918, 2014, p. 76
Jump up ^ Strachan, H. (2001) The First World War. Volume I. To Arms. Oxford University Press, p. 298.
Jump up ^ Strachan (2001) p.312.
Jump up ^ Herwig, H. L. (1997). The First World War, Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914–1918. Arnold, London, p. 53.
Jump up ^ Van Creveld, M. (1977). Supplying War. Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton. Cambridge University Press.
Jump up ^ Gourko, G.B. (1918) Memories & Impressions of war and revolution in Russia, 1914–1917. John Murray, London, pp. 10–11.
Jump up ^ Norman, B. (1973). Secret warfare : the battle of codes and ciphers. David & Charles, Newton Abbot, p. 62.
Jump up ^ McMeekin, S. (2011) The Russian Origins of the First World War. Harvard University Press, p. 67.
Jump up ^ Showalter, 1991, pp. 91–94.
Jump up ^ Showalter, 1991, p. 195
Jump up ^ Showalter, 1991, p. 196.
Jump up ^ Lincoln, W. B., (1986) Passage through Armageddon. The Russians in war & revolution 1914-1918. Simon & Schuster, pp. 72–73.
Jump up ^ Golovine, Nicholas N. (1931). The Russian army in the World War. Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ Hindenburg, P. von, (1921) Out of my life, Harper, vol. 1, p. 109.
Jump up ^ Showalter, 1991 pp. 106–23
Jump up ^ Schlieffen, Alfred, Graf von (1925). Cannae. Berlin: E. S. Mittler.
Jump up ^ Lincoln, 1986, p. 73.
Jump up ^ Showalter, 1991, p. 238
Jump up ^ Asprey, R. B.(1991) The German High Command at War; Hindenburg and Ludendorff conduct World War I. London: William Morrow, p. 74.
Jump up ^ Egremont, M., (2011) Forgotten land : journeys among the ghosts of East Prussia. London: Picador.
Jump up ^ Showalter, 1991, p. 233.
Jump up ^ Asbury, 1991, p. 78.
Jump up ^ Showalter, 1991, p. 263.
Jump up ^ Hoffmann, General Max (1999) [1924]. The war of lost opportunities. Nashville, Tennessee: Battery Press. p. 34.
Jump up ^ Hindenburg, 1921, p. 117
Jump up ^ Gourko, General Basil, (1918) Memories & Impressions of war and revolution in Russia, 1914–1917. London: John Murray.
Jump up ^ Showalter 1991, p. 291.
Jump up ^ Stevenson 2004, p. 68
Jump up ^ Hindenburg, 1921, vol. 1, p. 114.
Jump up ^ "Battle of Tannenberg - Summary". britannica.com.
Jump up ^ Hastings, Max, (2013) Catastrophe: Europe goes to war 1914. London: William Collins, 2013; p. 281.
Jump up ^ Showalter, 1991, p. 323.
Jump up ^ Gray, Randall; Argyle, Christopher (1990). Chronicle of the First World War. New York: Oxford. p. vol. I 282.
Jump up ^ Stevenson 2004, p. 69
Jump up ^ Ironside, Major General Sir E. (1925). Tannenberg: The First Thirty Days in East Prussia. W. Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh. 195.
Jump up ^ Bohon, J.W.(1996) “Zhilinsky” in The European Powers in the First World War, ed, Tucker, S.C., Garland, New York, p. 768.
Jump up ^ Ludendorff, 1919, p. 59.
Jump up ^ Showalter, 1991, p. 241.
Jump up ^ Papen, F. von. (1952). Memoirs. London: A. Deutsch, p. 177.
Jump up ^ "A Monument to German Pride: A history of the Tannenberg Memorial". buffalo.edu.
Further reading[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Tannenberg (1914).
World War I portal
Clark, Christopher (2006), Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Fall of Prussia, 1600—1947, Cambridge, ISBN 978-0-674-02385-7
Durschmied, Erik (2000), "10", The hinge factor: how chance and stupidity have changed history, Arcade, ISBN 978-1-55970-515-8
Harrison, Richard W. (1991), "Samsonow and the Battle of Tannenberg, 1914", in Bond, Brian, Fallen Stars. Eleven Studies of Twentieth Century Military Disaster, London: Brassey's, pp. 13–31, ISBN 0-08-040717-X
Haufler, Hervie (2003), Codebreakers' Victory: How the Allied Cryptographers Won World War II, New York: New American Library, p. 10, ISBN 978-0-451-20979-5
Jaques, Tony (2007), Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A–E, Greenwood, ISBN 978-0-313-33537-2
Showalter, Dennis E (1991), Tannenberg: Clash of Empires, 1914 (2004 ed.), Brassey's, ISBN 978-1-57488-781-5
Stevenson, David (2004), 1914—1918: The History of the First World War, Penguin Books Ltd, ISBN 978-0-14-026817-1
Stone, David (2015). The Russian Army in the Great War: The Eastern Front, 1914–1917. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 9780700620951.
Strachan, Hew (2001), The First World War, Oxford: Oxford, ISBN 0-19-926191-1
Sweetman, John (2004), Tannenberg 1914 (1st ed.), London: Cassell, ISBN 978-0-304-35635-5
Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim (1994), The Guns of August, New York: Ballantine Books, ISBN 978-0-345-47609-8
Hastings, Max(2013), Catastrophe 1914: Europe Goes to War. London, Knopf Press, Release Date 24 September 2013, ISBN 978-0307597052
Martin van Creveld(2004), Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton,Cambridge University Press,ISBN 978-0521837446
show
v
t
e
World War I
Home fronts
Theatres
European
Balkans
Western Front
Eastern Front
Italian Front
Middle Eastern
Gallipoli
Sinai and Palestine
Caucasus
Persia
Mesopotamia
South Arabia
African
South West
East
Kamerun
Togoland
North
Asian and Pacific
Tsingtao
German New Guinea and Samoa
At sea
North Atlantic U-boat campaign
Mediterranean
North Sea
Baltic
Indian, Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans
Papeete
Madras
Penang
Cocos
Coronel
Falkland Islands
Más a Tierra
Principal
participants
(people)
Entente powers
Belgium
Brazil
China
France
French Empire
Greece
Italy
Japan
Montenegro
Portuguese Empire
Romania
Russia
Russian Empire
Russian Republic
Serbia
United Kingdom
British Empire
United States
Central Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
Timeline
Pre-War conflicts
Scramble for Africa (1880–1914)
Russo-Japanese War (1905)
First Moroccan (Tangier) Crisis (1905–06)
Agadir Crisis (1911)
Italo-Turkish War (1911–12)
French conquest of Morocco (1911–12)
First Balkan War (1912–13)
Second Balkan War (1913)
Prelude
Origins
Sarajevo assassination
Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
July Crisis
Autumn 1914
Battle of the Frontiers
Battle of Cer
First Battle of the Marne
Siege of Tsingtao
Battle of Tannenberg
Battle of Galicia
Battle of the Masurian Lakes
Battle of Kolubara
Battle of Sarikamish
Race to the Sea
First Battle of Ypres
1915
Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
Second Battle of Ypres
Battle of Gallipoli
Second Battle of Artois
Battles of the Isonzo
Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive
Great Retreat
Second Battle of Champagne
Kosovo Offensive
Siege of Kut
Battle of Loos
1916
Erzurum Offensive
Battle of Verdun
Lake Naroch Offensive
Battle of Asiago
Battle of Jutland
Battle of the Somme
first day
Brusilov Offensive
Baranovichi Offensive
Battle of Romani
Monastir Offensive
Battle of Transylvania
1917
Capture of Baghdad
First Battle of Gaza
Zimmermann Telegram
Second Battle of Arras
Second Battle of the Aisne
Kerensky Offensive
Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
Battle of Mărășești
Battle of Caporetto
Southern Palestine Offensive
Battle of Cambrai
Armistice of Erzincan
1918
Operation Faustschlag
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Spring Offensive
Battle of Goychay
Battle of Aghsu
Battle of Kyurdamir
Second Battle of the Marne
Battle of Baku
Hundred Days Offensive
Vardar Offensive
Battle of Megiddo
Third Transjordan attack
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
Battle of Vittorio Veneto
Battle of Aleppo
Armistice of Salonica
Armistice of Mudros
Armistice of Villa Giusti
Armistice with Germany
Other conflicts
Mexican Revolution (1910–20)
Somaliland Campaign (1910–20)
Libyan resistance movement (1911–43)
Maritz Rebellion (1914–15)
Zaian War (1914–21)
Indo-German Conspiracy (1914–19)
Senussi Campaign (1915–16)
Volta-Bani War (1915–17)
Easter Rising (1916)
Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition (1916)
Kaocen Revolt (1916–17)
Central Asian Revolt (1916-17)
Russian Revolution (1917)
Finnish Civil War (1918)
Post-War conflicts
Russian Civil War (1917–21)
Ukrainian–Soviet War (1917–21)
Armenian–Azerbaijani War (1918–20)
Georgian–Armenian War (1918)
German Revolution (1918–19)
Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–20)
Hungarian–Romanian War (1918–19)
Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19)
Estonian War of Independence (1918–20)
Latvian War of Independence (1918–20)
Lithuanian Wars of Independence (1918–20)
Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)
Egyptian Revolution (1919)
Polish–Ukrainian War (1918–19)
Polish–Soviet War (1919–21)
Irish War of Independence (1919–21)
Turkish War of Independence
Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)
Turkish–Armenian War (1920)
Iraqi revolt (1920)
Polish–Lithuanian War (1920)
Vlora War (1920)
Franco-Syrian War (1920)
Soviet–Georgian War (1921)
Irish Civil War (1922–23)
Aspects
Opposition
Pacifism
Anti-war movement
Deployment
Schlieffen Plan (German)
Plan XVII (French)
Warfare
Military engagements
Naval warfare
Convoy system
Air warfare
Cryptography
Room 40
Horse use
Poison gas
Railways
Strategic bombing
Technology
Trench warfare
Total war
Christmas truce
Last surviving veterans
Civilian impact
Atrocities
Prisoners
Casualties
Economic history
1918 flu pandemic
Destruction of Kalisz
Rape of Belgium
German occupation of Belgium
German occupation of Luxembourg
German occupation of northeastern France
Ober Ost
Ottoman people
Armenian Genocide
Assyrian genocide
Pontic Greek genocide
Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
Blockade of Germany
Women
Australia
Popular culture
German prisoners of war in the United States
Agreements
Partition of the Ottoman Empire
Sykes–Picot Agreement
Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
French-Armenian Agreement
Damascus Protocol
Paris Peace Conference
Venizelos–Tittoni agreement
Treaties
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Treaty of Lausanne
Treaty of London
Treaty of Neuilly
Treaty of St. Germain
Treaty of Sèvres
Treaty of Trianon
Treaty of Versailles
Consequences
Aftermath
"Fourteen Points"
League of Nations
World War I memorials
Centenary
outbreak
Category
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tannenberg&oldid=846573840"
Categories:
Conflicts in 1914
1914 in the Russian Empire
Battles of the Eastern Front (World War I)
Battles of World War I involving Germany
Battles of World War I involving Russia
East Prussia
1914 in Germany
Paul von Hindenburg
August 1914 events
Hidden categories:
Coordinates on Wikidata
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016
Articles needing additional references from August 2017
All articles needing additional references
Use dmy dates from March 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Occitan
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
34 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 June 2018, at 16:08 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: class colspan style

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif

values: Template:Campaignbox East Prussian Campaign (World War I)

values: Template talk:Campaignbox East Prussian Campaign (World War I)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/Teutonic_Knights
mw-redirect
Teutonic Knights

values:
/wiki/Yakov_Zhilinskiy
mw-redirect
Yakov Zhilinskiy

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: An old photograph of a man with a moustache in military uniform.

values: width: 220px; height: 285px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; top: -15px; left: -15px; width: 250px

values: File:Paul von Hindenburg (1914) von Nicola Perscheid.jpg

values: Edit section: Consolidation of the German Eighth Army

values: Edit section: Early phases of battle: 23–26 August

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_(1410)
mw-redirect
Battle of Tannenberg (1410)

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856-1929)

values:
/wiki/I_Corps_(Russian_Empire)
mw-redirect
I Corps (Russian Empire)

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: commons:Category:Battle of Tannenberg (1914)

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Barbara_Tuchman
mw-redirect
Barbara Tuchman

values:
navbox-abovebelow hlist
2
background-color:#DCDCDC;

values: Military operations in North Africa during World War I

values: Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I

values: Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I

values: Military history of Italy during World War I

values: History of the United Kingdom during the First World War

values: Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire

values: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

values: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia–Central Powers)

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Aghsu
mw-redirect
Battle of Aghsu

values: Battle of Kyurdamir (page does not exist)

values: List of military engagements of World War I

values: List of last World War I veterans by country

values:
/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic
mw-redirect
1918 flu pandemic

values: German occupation of Belgium during World War I

values: German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I

values: German occupation of north-east France during World War I

values: German prisoners of war in the United States

values: Centenary of the outbreak of World War I

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Battles of the Eastern Front (World War I)

values: Category:Battles of World War I involving Germany

values: Category:Battles of World War I involving Russia

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: معركة تاننبرغ – Arabic

values: Битка при Таненберг (1914) – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Тенненберг патĕнчи çапăçу (1914) – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Μάχη του Τάνενμπεργκ (1914) – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: نبرد تاننبرگ – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Bitka kod Tannenberga (1914.) – Croatian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values: Battaglia di Tannenberg (1914) – Italian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: קרב טננברג – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values: Schluecht bei Tannenberg (1914) – Luxembourgish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Битка кај Таненберг – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: ടാനൻബർഗ് യുദ്ധങ്ങൾ – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: Slaget ved Tannenberg (1914) – Norwegian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values: ਟੇਨਨਬਰਗ ਦੀ ਲੜਾਈ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Batalha de Tannenberg (1914) – Portuguese

values: Bătălia de la Tannenberg (1914) – Romanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Битва при Танненберге – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values: Battle of Tannenberg (1914) – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: Битка код Таненберга – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values: Bitka kod Tannenberga (1914.) – Serbo-Croatian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Битва під Танненбергом (1914) – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Battle_of_Tannenberg rootpage-Battle_of_Tannenberg skin-vector action-view


text:
Homma Munehisa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
In this Japanese name, the family name is Homma.
Munehisa Homma (本間 宗久, Honma Munehisa) (also known as Sokyu Homma, Sokyu Honma) (1724-1803) was a rice merchant from Sakata, Japan who traded in the Dojima Rice market in Osaka during the Tokugawa Shogunate. He is sometimes considered to be the father of the candlestick chart.
Around 1710, a futures market emerged for rice, which had previously been traded exclusively on the spot. This system used coupons, promising delivery of rice at a future time. From this, a secondary market of coupon trading emerged in which Munehisa flourished. Stories claim that he established a personal network of men about every 6 km between Sakata and Osaka (a distance of some 600 km) to communicate market prices.[1]
In 1755, he wrote (三猿金泉秘録, San-en Kinsen Hiroku, The Fountain of Gold - The Three Monkey Record of Money), the first book on market psychology. In this, he claims that the psychological aspect of the market is critical to trading success and that traders' emotions have a significant influence on rice prices. He notes that recognizing this can enable one to take a position against the market: "when all are bearish, there is cause for prices to rise"[2] (and vice versa).
He describes the rotation of Yang (a bull market), and Yin (a bear market) and claims that within each type of market is an instance of the other type. He appears to have used weather and market volume as well as price in adopting trading positions.
Some sources claim he wrote two other books (酒田戦術詳解, Sakata Senjyutsu Syokai, A Full Commentary on the Sakata Strategy) and (本間宗久相場三昧伝, Homma Sokyu Soba Zanmai Den, Honma Sokyu --- Tales of a Life Immersed in the Market)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Candlestick Charting Explained: Timeless Techniques for Trading Stocks and Futures, Gregory L. Morris, McGraw-Hill, 2006, ISBN 0-07-146154-X / 9780071461542
Jump up ^ Beyond Candlesticks: New Japanese Charting Techniques Revealed, Steve Nison , Wiley Finance, 1994, ISBN 0-471-00720-X, p14.
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
CiNii: DA1548491X
NDL: 00320671
VIAF: 252035560
This Japanese business–related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homma_Munehisa&oldid=785753873"
Categories:
1724 births
1803 deaths
Japanese businesspeople
Japanese stock traders
Japanese investors
Japanese business biography stubs
Hidden categories:
Articles containing Japanese-language text
Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
All stub articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Deutsch
Français
日本語
Polski
Русский
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 15 June 2017, at 07:23 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: b

value: i

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Tokugawa_Shogunate
mw-redirect
Tokugawa Shogunate

value: p

values:
/wiki/Behavioral_finance
mw-redirect
Behavioral finance

values:
/wiki/Bull_market
mw-redirect
Bull market

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/252035560

values: position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;

values:
metadata plainlinks stub
presentation
background:transparent

values: Category:Japanese business biography stubs

values: Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Homma_Munehisa
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: هوما مونهيسا – Arabic

values: Хомма Мунэхиса – Russian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Homma_Munehisa rootpage-Homma_Munehisa skin-vector action-view


text:
Arrest without warrant
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
An arrest without warrant or a warrantless arrest is an arrest of an individual without the use of an arrest warrant.

Contents
[hide]
1 In the United States
1.1 Federal rules
1.2 In Florida
2 In the United Kingdom
3 See also
4 References
In the United States[edit]
Federal rules[edit]
In the Federal Government, an arrest without a warrant still requires probable cause - in the case of an arrest without a warrant, probable cause must be promptly filed. [1]
In Florida[edit]
In Florida, an arrest without warrant is allowed[2] when:
The person has committed a felony or misdemeanor, and the officer has witnessed it
A felony has been committed and the officer reasonably believes the person being arrested is the one who has committed it.
A violation of Chapter 316 (Traffic law violation) has occurred
There is probable cause to believe that the person has committed a criminal act which violates a restraining order, such as possession of a firearm despite an injunction against doing so.
There is probable cause to believe that the person has committed an act of domestic and/or dating violence
There is probable cause to believe that the person has committed child abuse
There is probable cause to believe that battery, criminal mischief, or a violation of a safety zone has occurred
There is probable cause to believe that a misdemeanor or Felony has been committed, based upon a signed affidavit by a law enforcement officer of the United States Government
There is probably cause to believe that a violation of pretrial release has occurred, when the original arrest was for an act of domestic or dating violence
There is probable cause to believe that the person has committed trespass in a secure area of an airport.
There is probable cause to believe that the person has committed assault upon emergency services
There is probable cause to believe that the person has committed sexual cyberharassment.
In the United Kingdom[edit]
Section 24,[3] as of January 1st 2006, provides that a constable may arrest, without a warrant, anyone who is about to commit or is currently committing an offence (or anyone the constable has reasonable grounds to believe to be about to commit or currently committing an offence). The constable is also entitled to arrest anyone guilty of an offence or anyone who he reasonably believes to be guilty of an offence. However, the constable must have reasonable grounds that any of the following reasons make it necessary to arrest the person in question: to enable the real name or address of the person in question to be ascertained, or to prevent the person in question -
causing physical injury to himself/herself or any other person,
suffering physical injury,
causing loss of or damage to property,
committing an offence against public decency (provided members of the public going about their normal business cannot reasonably be expected to avoid the person in question),
causing an unlawful obstruction of the highway.
to protect a child or other vulnerable person from the person in question,
to allow the prompt and effective investigation of the offence or of the conduct of the person in question,
to prevent any prosecution for the offence from being hindered by the disappearance of the person in question.
Section 24A has similar provisions for citizens' arrests but the reasons permitted for arrest by anyone other than a constable are limited to preventing the person in question from causing injury to the arrestor, themselves or to others; preventing property damage; or preventing the person in question from making off before a constable can assume responsibility for him.
The definition of an arrest, however, is contained in the judgement of Lord Diplock in Holgate-Mohammed v Duke, where he stated that an arrest is "a continuing act; it starts with the arrester taking a person into his custody, (sc. by action or words restraining him from moving anywhere beyond the arrester's control), and it continues until the person so restrained is either released from custody or, having been brought before a magistrate, is remanded in custody by the magistrate's judicial act." [4]
In the Philippine setting, a peace officer or a private person may, without a warrant, arrest a person:
a. When, in his presence, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually committing, or is attempting to commit an offense;
b. When an offense has just been committed and he has probable cause to believe, based on personal knowledge of facts or circumstances, that the person to be committed has committed it;
c. When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a penal establishment or place where he is serving final judgment or temporarily confined while his case is pending, or has escaped while being transferred from one confinement area to another;
d. Where the accused released on bail attempts to leave the country without court permission;
e. Violation of conditional pardon, punishable under Article 159 of the Revised Penal Code as a case of evasion of service of sentence; and
f. Arrest following a Deportation Proceeding by the Immigration Commissioner against illegal and undesirable means.
See also[edit]
Powers of the police in England and Wales
Right to silence in England and Wales
Individuals with powers of arrest
Right to Silence in the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, Title II: Rule 5b
Jump up ^ Florida Statue 901.15
Jump up ^ Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, s24
Jump up ^ [1984] AC 437, 441
This law-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arrest_without_warrant&oldid=786825322"
Categories:
Law stubs
English criminal law
United States criminal law
Law enforcement in England and Wales
Law enforcement in the United States
Hidden categories:
All stub articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
한국어
日本語
Edit links
This page was last edited on 21 June 2017, at 20:27.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

value: li

values:
/wiki/Lord_Diplock
mw-redirect
Lord Diplock

values:
/wiki/Individuals_with_powers_of_arrest
mw-redirect
Individuals with powers of arrest

values: Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;

values:
metadata plainlinks stub
presentation
background:transparent

values: Category:Law enforcement in England and Wales

values: Category:Law enforcement in the United States

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Arrest_without_warrant
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Arrest_without_warrant rootpage-Arrest_without_warrant vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view