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Keystone species
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The jaguar, an example of a keystone species
A keystone species is a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance.[1] Such species are described as playing a critical role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community, affecting many other organisms in an ecosystem and helping to determine the types and numbers of various other species in the community. A keystone species is a plant or animal that plays a unique and crucial role in the way an ecosystem functions. Without keystone species, the ecosystem would be dramatically different or cease to exist altogether.
The role that a keystone species plays in its ecosystem is analogous to the role of a keystone in an arch. While the keystone is under the least pressure of any of the stones in an arch, the arch still collapses without it. Similarly, an ecosystem may experience a dramatic shift if a keystone species is removed, even though that species was a small part of the ecosystem by measures of biomass or productivity. It became a popular concept in conservation biology.[2] Although the concept is valued as a descriptor for particularly strong inter-species interactions, and it has allowed easier communication between ecologists and conservation policy-makers, it has been criticized for oversimplifying complex ecological systems.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Examples
2.1 Predators
2.2 Mutualists
2.3 Engineers
3 See also
4 References
History[edit]
Cluster of ochre sea stars (Pisaster ochraceus) - keystone predator.
Aggregation of California mussels (Mytilus californianus) - prey species.
The concept of the keystone species was introduced in 1969[4] by Robert T. Paine, a professor of zoology at the University of Washington. Paine developed the concept to explain his observations and experiments on the relationship between intertidal invertebrates.[3] In his 1966 paper, Food Web Complexity and Species Diversity, Paine described such a system in Makah Bay in Washington.[5] In his follow-up 1969 paper, Paine proposed the keystone species concept, using Pisaster ochraceus, a species of starfish, and Mytilus californianus, a species of mussel, as a primary example.[6] The concept became popular in conservation, and was deployed in a range of contexts and mobilized to engender support for conservation.[7] Paine's contribution to the ecological theory has been summarized in a HHMI documentary. [8]
Examples[edit]
Given that there are many historical definitions[9] of the keystone species concept, and without a consensus on its exact definition, a list of examples best illustrates the concept of keystone species.
A classic keystone species is a small predator that prevents a particular herbivorous species from eliminating dominant plant species. Since the prey numbers are low, the keystone predator numbers can be even lower and still be effective. Yet without the predators, the herbivorous prey would explode in numbers, wipe out the dominant plants, and dramatically alter the character of the ecosystem. The exact scenario changes in each example, but the central idea remains that through a chain of interactions, a non-abundant species has an out-sized impact on ecosystem functions. One example is the herbivorous weevil Euhrychiopsis lecontei and its suggested keystone effects on aquatic plant species diversity by foraging on nuisance Eurasian watermilfoil.[10]
Similarly, the wasp species Agelaia vicina has been labeled a keystone species due to its unparalleled nest size, colony size, and high rate of brood production. The diversity of its prey and the quantity necessary to sustain its high rate of growth have a direct impact on local neighboring species.
Predators[edit]
Sea urchins like this purple sea urchin can damage kelp forests by chewing through kelp holdfasts
The sea otter is an important predator of sea urchins.
As was described by Dr. Robert Paine in his 1966 paper, some sea stars (e.g., Pisaster ochraceus) may prey on sea urchins, mussels, and other shellfish that have no other natural predators. If the sea star is removed from the ecosystem, the mussel population explodes uncontrollably, driving out most other species.
Similarly, sea otters protect kelp forests from damage by consuming sea urchins.[11] Kelp "roots", called holdfasts, are merely anchors, and do not perform similar roles to the roots of terrestrial plants, which form large networks that acquire nutrients from the soil. In the absence of sea otters, sea urchins are released from predation pressure, increasing in abundance. Sea urchins rapidly consume nearshore kelp, severing the structures at the base. Where sea otters are present, sea urchins tend to be small and limited to crevices. Large nearshore kelp forests proliferate and serve as important habitat for a number of other species. Kelp also increase the productivity of the nearshore ecosystem through the addition of large quantities of secondary production.[11][12] [13]
These creatures need not be apex predators. Sea stars are prey for sharks, rays, and sea anemones. Sea otters are prey for orca.[14]
The jaguar, whose numbers in Central and South America have been classified as near threatened, acts as a keystone predator by its widely varied diet, helping to balance the mammalian jungle ecosystem with its consumption of 87 different species of prey.[15] The gray wolf is another known keystone species, as is the lion.
Mutualists[edit]
Keystone mutualists are organisms that participate in mutually beneficial interactions, the loss of which would have a profound impact upon the ecosystem as a whole. For example, in the Avon Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, there is a period of each year when Banksia prionotes (acorn banksia) is the sole source of nectar for honeyeaters, which play an important role in pollination of numerous plant species. Therefore, the loss of this one species of tree would probably cause the honeyeater population to collapse, with profound implications for the entire ecosystem. Another example is frugivores such as the cassowary, which spreads the seeds of many different trees, and some will not grow unless they have been through a cassowary.[16][17]
Engineers[edit]
Beaver dam, an animal construction which has a transformative effect on the environment.
Although the terms 'keystone' and 'engineer' are used interchangeably,[7] they are not synonyms. In North America, the prairie dog is an ecosystem engineer. Prairie dog burrows provide the nesting areas for mountain plovers and burrowing owls. Prairie dog tunnel systems also help channel rainwater into the water table to prevent runoff and erosion, and can also serve to change the composition of the soil in a region by increasing aeration and reversing soil compaction that can be a result of cattle grazing. Prairie dogs also trim the vegetation around their colonies, perhaps to remove any cover for predators.[18] Even grazing species such as plains bison, pronghorn, and mule deer have shown a proclivity for grazing on the same land used by prairie dogs.[19] It is believed that they prefer the plant community which results after prairie dogs have foraged through the area.
Another well known ecosystem engineer and keystone species, is the beaver, which transforms its territory from a stream to a pond or swamp.[20] Beavers affect the environment first altering the edges of riparian areas by cutting down older trees to use for their dams. This allows younger trees to take their place. Beaver dams alter the riparian area they are established in. Depending on topography, soils, and many factors, these dams change the riparian edges of streams and rivers into wetlands, meadows, or riverine forests. These dams have shown to be beneficial to myriad species including amphibians, salmon, and song birds.
In the African savanna, the larger herbivores, especially the elephants, shape their environment. The elephants destroy trees, making room for the grass species. Without these animals, much of the savanna would turn into woodland.[21]
Prairie dog town
On the Great Barrier Reef, Australia studies have found the parrotfish on the Great Barrier Reef is the sole species, within thousands of species of reef fish, that consistently scrapes and cleans the coral on the reef. Without these animals, the Great Barrier Reef would be under severe strain.[22]
See also[edit]
Ecosystem engineer
Flagship species
Foundation species
Indicator species
Indigenous
Introduced species
Umbrella species
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Paine, R.T. (1995). "A Conversation on Refining the Concept of Keystone Species". Conservation Biology. 9 (4): 962–964. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09040962.x.
Jump up ^ Mills, L.S.; Soule, M.E.; Doak, D.F. (1993). "The Keystone-Species Concept in Ecology and Conservation". BioScience. BioScience, Vol. 43, No. 4. 43 (4): 219–224. JSTOR 1312122. doi:10.2307/1312122.
^ Jump up to: a b Mills, L. Scott, Michael E. Soule, and Daniel F. Doak. "The keystone-species concept in ecology and conservation." BioScience 43.4 (1993): 219-224.
Jump up ^ "Keystone Species Hypothesis". University of Washington. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
Jump up ^ Paine, R.T. (1966). "Food Web Complexity and Species Diversity". The American Naturalist. 100 (910): 65–75. JSTOR 2459379. doi:10.1086/282400.
Jump up ^ Paine, R.T. (1969). "A Note on Trophic Complexity and Community Stability". The American Naturalist. 103 (929): 91–93. JSTOR 2459472. doi:10.1086/282586.
^ Jump up to: a b Barua,M. (2011) Mobilizing metaphors: the popular use of keystone, flagship and umbrella species concepts. Biodiversity and Conservation, 20: 1427-1440.
Jump up ^ HHMI, BioInteractive. "Some Animals Are More Equal than Others: Keystone Species and Trophic Cascades – HHMI (2016)". Retrieved 6 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Robert D. Davic (2003). "Linking Keystone Species and Functional Groups: A New Operational Definition of the Keystone Species Concept". Conservation Ecology. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
Jump up ^ Creed Jr, R.P. (2000). "Is there a new keystone species in North American lakes and rivers?". OIKOS. 91 (2): 405. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.910222.x.
^ Jump up to: a b Szpak, Paul; Orchard, Trevor J.; Salomon, Anne K.; Gröcke, Darren R. (2013). "Regional ecological variability and impact of the maritime fur trade on nearshore ecosystems in southern Haida Gwaii (British Columbia, Canada): evidence from stable isotope analysis of rockfish (Sebastes spp.) bone collagen". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. In Press (X): XX. doi:10.1007/s12520-013-0122-y.
Jump up ^ Estes, James E.; Norman S. Smith; John F. Palmisano (1978). "Sea otter predation and community organization in the Western Aleutian Islands, Alaska". Ecology. Ecology, Vol. 59, No. 4. 59 (4): 822–833. JSTOR 1938786. doi:10.2307/1938786.
Jump up ^ Cohn, J.P. (1998). "Understanding Sea Otters". BioScience. BioScience, Vol. 48, No. 3. 48 (3): 151–155. JSTOR 1313259. doi:10.2307/1313259.
Jump up ^ Estes, J.A.; Tinker, M.T.; Williams, T.M.; Doak, D.F. (1998-10-16). "Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems". Science. 282 (5388): 473–476. Bibcode:1998Sci...282..473E. PMID 9774274. doi:10.1126/science.282.5388.473.
Jump up ^ Nowell, K. and Jackson, P. (compilers and editors) 1996. Wild Cats, Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. (see Panthera Onca, pp 118–122)
Jump up ^ Lambeck, Robert J. (1999). "Landscape Planning for Biodiversity Conservation in Agricultural Regions: A Case Study from the Wheatbelt of Western Australia". Biodiversity Technical Paper No. 2. CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology.
Jump up ^ Walker, Brian (1995). "Conserving Biological Diversity through Ecosystem Resilience". Conservation Biology. 9 (4): 747–752. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09040747.x.
Jump up ^ "Prairie Dogs". Wildlife Species Guide. Nebraska Game and Park Commission. Archived from the original on 19 August 2009. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Rosmarino, Nicole (2007). "Associated Species : Prairie Dogs are a Keystone Species of the Great Plains". Prairie Dog Coalition. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Wright, J.P.; Jones, C.G.; Flecker, A.S. (2002). "An ecosystem engineer, the beaver, increases species richness at the landscape scale" (PDF). Oecologia. 132 (1): 96–101. doi:10.1007/s00442-002-0929-1. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
Jump up ^ Leakey, Richard; Roger Lewin (1999) [1995]. "11 The modern elephant story". The sixth extinction: biodiversity and its survival. London: Phoenix. pp. 216–217. ISBN 1-85799-473-6.
Jump up ^ Single keystone species may be the key to reef health, Australian Geographic, 26 September 2014
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Anglo-French Wars
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Anglo-French wars
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1754–63
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Anglo-French Wars were a series of conflicts between England (and after 1707, Britain) and France, including:
Anglo-French War (1193-1199) – Rivalry between the Capetian dynasty and the House of Plantagenet, ended in an English victory at the Battle of Gisors
Anglo-French War (1202–04) – French invasion of Normandy
Anglo-French War (1213–14) – rivalry between the Capetian dynasty and the House of Plantagenet, ended in a French victory at the Battle of Bouvines
French invasion of England (1215-1217) – part of the First Barons War
Saintonge War (1242–43) – ended in a French victory at the Battle of Taillebourg
Anglo-French War (1294–98 and 1300-03) – conflict which revolved around Gascony and ended by the Treaty of Paris (1303)
Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) - ended as a French victory
Anglo-French War (1496–98) – part of the Italian War of 1494–98
Anglo-French War (1512–14) – part of the War of the League of Cambrai
Anglo-French War (1522–26) – part of the Italian War of 1521–26
Anglo-French War (1542–46) – part of the Italian War of 1542–46
Anglo-French War (1557–59) – part of the Italian War of 1551–59
Anglo-French War (1627–29) – part of the Huguenot rebellions
Anglo-French War (1666–67) – a minor corollary of the Second Anglo-Dutch War
Anglo-French War (1689–97) – part of the Nine Years' War
Anglo-French War (1702–13) – part of the War of the Spanish Succession
Anglo-French War (1744–48) – part of the War of the Austrian Succession
Anglo-French war (1744-1763) – France is defeated in India
Anglo-French War (1756–63) – part of the Seven Years' War
Anglo-French War (1778–83) – French victory; ended in the Treaty of Versailles; linked to the American Revolutionary War
Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780-1784) – ended in a British victory
Anglo-French War (1793–1802) – part of the French Revolutionary Wars
Anglo-French War (1803–14) – part of the Napoleonic Wars, including the Peninsular War
Anglo-French War (1815) – part of the Napoleonic Wars, the Waterloo Campaign
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text:
U.S. state temperature extremes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The following table lists the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in each state in the United States, in both Fahrenheit and Celsius during the past two centuries.[1]
State
Record high
temperature
Date
Place(s)
Record low
temperature
Date
Place(s)
Alabama 112 °F / 44 °C September 5, 1925 Centreville −27 °F / −33 °C January 30, 1966 New Market
Alaska 100 °F / 38 °C June 27, 1915 Fort Yukon −80 °F / −62 °C January 23, 1971 Prospect Creek
Arizona 128 °F / 53 °C June 29, 1994 Lake Havasu City −40 °F / −40 °C January 7, 1971 McNary
Arkansas 120 °F / 49 °C August 10, 1936 Ozark −29 °F / −34 °C February 13, 1905 Gravette
California 134 °F / 56 °C July 10, 1913 Furnace Creek (Death Valley) −45 °F / −43 °C January 20, 1937 Boca
Colorado 118 °F / 46 °C July 11, 1888 Bennet −61 °F / −52 °C February 1, 1985 Maybell
Connecticut 106 °F / 41 °C July 15, 1995 Danbury −37 °F / −38 °C February 16, 1943 Norfolk[2]
Delaware 110 °F / 43 °C July 21, 1930 Millsboro −17 °F / −27 °C January 17, 1893 Millsboro
Florida 109 °F / 43 °C June 29, 1931 Monticello −2 °F / −19 °C February 13, 1899 Tallahassee
Georgia 112 °F / 44 °C August 20, 1983* Greenville −17 °F / −27 °C January 27, 1940 Chatsworth
Hawaii 98 °F / 37 °C July 14, 1957 Puunene*[3] 15 °F / -9 °C January 5, 1975 Mauna Kea Observatories[3]
Idaho 118 °F / 48 °C July 28, 1934 Orofino −60 °F / −51 °C January 18, 1943 Island Park
Illinois 117 °F / 47 °C July 14, 1954 East Saint Louis −36 °F / −38 °C January 5, 1999 Congerville
Indiana 116 °F / 47 °C July 14, 1936 Collegeville −36 °F / −38 °C January 19, 1994 New Whiteland
Iowa 118 °F / 48 °C July 20, 1934 Keokuk −47 °F / −44 °C February 3, 1996* Elkader
Kansas 121 °F / 49 °C July 24, 1936* Alton −40 °F / −40 °C February 13, 1905 Lebanon
Kentucky 114 °F / 46 °C July 28, 1930 Greensburg −37 °F / −38 °C January 19, 1994 Shelbyville
Louisiana 114 °F / 46 °C August 10, 1936 Plain Dealing −16 °F / −27 °C February 13, 1899 Minden
Maine 105 °F / 41 °C July 10, 1911* North Bridgton −50 °F / −46 °C January 16, 2009 Clayton Lake
Maryland 109 °F / 43 °C July 10, 1936* Cumberland −40 °F / −40 °C January 13, 1912 Oakland
Massachusetts 107 °F / 42 °C August 2, 1975 New Bedford −40 °F / −40 °C January 22, 1984 Chester[2]
Michigan 112 °F / 44 °C July 13, 1936 Mio −51 °F / −46 °C February 9, 1934 Vanderbilt
Minnesota 115 °F / 46 °C July 29, 1917 Beardsley −60 °F / −51 °C February 2, 1996 Tower
Mississippi 115 °F / 46 °C July 29, 1930 Holly Springs −19 °F / −28 °C January 30, 1966 Corinth
Missouri 118 °F / 48 °C July 14, 1954* Warsaw −40 °F / −40 °C February 13, 1905 Warsaw
Montana 117 °F / 47 °C July 5, 1937 Medicine Lake −70 °F / −57 °C January 20, 1954 Lincoln (Rogers Pass)
Nebraska 118 °F / 48 °C July 24, 1936* Minden −47 °F / −44 °C December 22, 1989* Oshkosh
Nevada 125 °F / 52 °C June 29, 1994 Laughlin −50 °F / −46 °C January 8, 1937 San Jacinto
New Hampshire 106 °F / 41 °C July 4, 1911 Nashua −50 °F / −46 °C January 22, 1885 Randolph
New Jersey 110 °F / 43 °C July 10, 1936 Runyon −34 °F / −37 °C January 5, 1904 River Vale
New Mexico 122 °F / 50 °C June 27, 1994 Waste Isolation Pilot Plant −50 °F / −46 °C February 1, 1951 Gavilan
New York 109 °F / 43 °C July 22, 1926 Troy −52 °F / −47 °C February 18, 1979* Old Forge
North Carolina 110 °F / 43 °C August 21, 1983 Fayetteville −34 °F / −37 °C January 21, 1985 Burnsville
North Dakota 121 °F / 49 °C July 6, 1936 Steele −60 °F / −51 °C February 15, 1936 Parshall
Ohio 113 °F / 45 °C July 21, 1934 Gallipolis −39 °F / −39 °C February 10, 1899 Milligan
Oklahoma 120 °F / 49 °C August 12, 1936* Altus −31 °F / −35 °C February 10, 2011 Nowata
Oregon 117 °F / 47 °C July 27, 1939 Umatilla[2] −54 °F / −48 °C February 10, 1933* Seneca
Pennsylvania 111 °F / 44 °C July 10, 1936* Phoenixville −42 °F / −41 °C January 5, 1904 Smethport
Rhode Island 104 °F / 40 °C August 2, 1975 Providence −28 °F / −33 °C January 17, 1942 Richmond
South Carolina 113 °F / 45 °C June 30, 2012* Camden −22 °F / −30 °C January 21, 1985 Landrum[2]
South Dakota 120 °F / 49 °C July 15, 2006* Fort Pierre* −58 °F / −50 °C February 17, 1936 McIntosh
Tennessee 113 °F / 45 °C August 9, 1930* Perryville −32 °F / −36 °C December 30, 1917 Mountain City
Texas 120 °F / 49 °C June 28, 1994* Monahans −23 °F / −31 °C February 8, 1933* Seminole
Utah 117 °F / 47 °C July 5, 1985 Saint George −69 °F / −56 °C February 1, 1985 Peter Sinks[4]
Vermont 105 °F / 41 °C July 4, 1911 Vernon[2] −50 °F / −46 °C December 30, 1933 Bloomfield
Virginia 110 °F / 43 °C July 15, 1954 Balcony Falls −30 °F / −34 °C January 22, 1985 Pembroke
Washington 118 °F / 48 °C July 24, 1961 Wahluke −48 °F / −44 °C December 30, 1928 Mazama
August 5, 1961 Ice Harbor Dam Winthrop
West Virginia 112 °F / 44 °C July 10, 1936* Martinsburg −37 °F / −38 °C December 30, 1917 Lewisburg
Wisconsin 114 °F / 46 °C July 13, 1936 Wisconsin Dells −55 °F / −48 °C February 4, 1996 Couderay
Wyoming 115 °F / 46 °C August 8, 1983 Basin −63 °F / −53 °C February 9, 1933 Moran[2]
*Also on earlier date or dates in that state
See Also[edit]
Canadian provincial and territorial temperature extremes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center. "State Climate Extremes Committee (SCsEC)". Retrieved 2015-02-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f : Christopher C. Burt. "Some Errors in the NCDC U.S.A. State Weather Extreme Records Data: Part 2". wunderground.com. Archived from the original on 2015-10-12. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
^ Jump up to: a b : Christopher C. Burt. "Some Errors in the NCDC U.S.A. State Weather Extreme Records Data: Part 1". wunderground.com. Archived from the original on 2015-10-12. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Peter Sinks Temperature Monitoring". Utah Climate Center. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
External links[edit]
NOAA Satellite and Information Service, National Climatic Data Center
NOAA Website - Weather Extremes
NOAA Website - Record Highest Temperatures by State
NOAA Website - Record Lowest Temperatures by State

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Go, Cubs, Go
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Go Cubs Go!"
No Big Surprise (1994) was the first album to include the song.
Single by Steve Goodman
Released
1984
Format
45
Recorded
1984
Genre
Folk rock
Length
2:51
Label
Red Pajamas Records
Songwriter(s)
Steve Goodman
"Go Cubs Go", "Go, Cubs, Go" or "Go, Cubs, Go!" is a song written by Steve Goodman in 1984.[1] At various times the Goodman version of the song has been the official Chicago Cubs team song and the official Cubs victory song.[2] The Goodman version of the song is now referred to as the official Chicago Cubs victory song.[3][4] The Goodman version has been included in both a 1994 Steve Goodman anthology album and a 2008 Cubs songs and sounds album. Following the team's 2016 World Series victory, the song peaked at number 3 on Billboard's Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. An alternate 2008 version by Manic Sewing Circle has also been released.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Modern resurgence
3 Thematic issues
4 Charts
5 Notes
6 External links
History[edit]
Steve Goodman (April 30, 1983)
"Go, Cubs, Go!"
Manic Sewing Circle 2008 version cover art
Single by Manic Sewing Circle
from the album Go, Cubs, Go! (2008 version)
Released
2008
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2008
Genre
Pop punk
Length
2:23
Label
Oh Boy Records
Songwriter(s)
Steve Goodman
Goodman was a lifelong Cubs fan.[6] The song was written by Goodman at the request of WGN/720,[7] which was the Cubs' radio broadcast partner.[6] Goodman had in 1981 recorded "A Dying Cub Fan's Last Request", a song about the historic failures of the Cubs franchise, but had been banned from playing it at Wrigley Field.[2] That song described the team as "doormat of the National League" and referred to Wrigley Field as an "ivy-covered burial ground."[1]
At the time that WGN Program Director Dan Fabian requested the new song, "It's a Beautiful Day for a Ball Game" by The Harry Simeone Songsters was the theme song. He had been motivated by Cubs manager Dallas Green's effort to change the team spirit. Goodman happened to be in town for a WGN radio talk show and was receptive to the idea of writing the team a new song.[3]
"Go, Cubs, Go" and the Cubs Win Flag symbolize Cubs' victories.
"Go, Cubs, Go," recorded at the Chicago Recording Company with several of the team members participating in the chorus, first became popular during 1984 when the Cubs won the 1984 National League East Division Championship and subsequently lost in the 1984 National League Championship Series. That season (and for several afterwards) it was the official team song.[2] It was first aired on WGN on Opening Day and played every gameday for the rest of the season.[3] During that season, Goodman lost his sixteen-year battle with leukemia four days before the Cubs clinched the division title.[1][2] In the next three years, 60,000 copies of the song were sold with proceeds going to charity.[7] Some 1984 Cubs players can be heard performing the refrain.[7]
In 1987, the song gave way to The Beach Boys' "Here Come the Cubs".[1] Later team songs included songs such as Kool & the Gang's "Celebration" and KC and the Sunshine Band's "Get Down Tonight".[1][6] The song was eventually included on Goodman's album No Big Surprise: Anthology, which was released on September 15, 1994.[8]
Modern resurgence[edit]
The song has had a resurgence in tandem with the success of the 2007 and 2008 Chicago Cubs, who won consecutive National League Central Division regular season championships,[9] and the May 2007 release of the biography of Steve Goodman, Steve Goodman: Facing the Music (ISBN 1-55022-732-7).[10][11] In recent years, broadcasts on WGN-TV and CSN Chicago have begun delaying postgame commentary to enable viewers to hear Goodman's song and to watch fans at Wrigley listening and singing along.[1] Cubs management decided to incorporate the song into the stadium experience following the team's annual winter conference (not to be confused with baseball's winter meetings) in which attendees dropped everything they were doing to sing along.[7]
More recently, in the 2012 season, Chicago band The Fold used the lyric "Go Cubs Go" in their winning track for WGN Radio's 2012 Season, "Let's Go Cubbies".
In the first week of October 2007, it was the most popular folk music digital download on iTunes.[1] With the Cubs in playoff contention for the first time in three years, the Cubs' victory tune, Go Cubs Go! became more popular among the fans. Due to the song's growing popularity, after wins at home, Cubs TV broadcasters Len Kasper and Bob Brenly would have their microphones shut off, while the camera pans around the stadium to view the jubilant fans singing Go Cubs Go! playing in the background. During that season, it was known as the unofficial Chicago Cubs victory song and it was played at Wrigley Field after each Cubs victory.[1][2] There were 44 such victories during the 2007 regular season.[1] On October 5, 2007, Illinois Lieutenant Governor Pat Quinn declared the day "Steve Goodman Day" throughout the state.[2]
The song was included in a 2008 MLB-licensed Cubs songs and sounds album celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Cubs' 1908 World Series victory.
On August 1, 2008, WGN Radio and Vibes Media released a ringtone version of the song for purchase by text message for a cost of US$2.99. At that time it was described as the official Cubs victory song.[3] Also in 2008, the song was included on the album Take Me Out To A Cubs Game which was subtitled "Music For The Cubs Fan". The album is a 17-song album with a total run time of 55 minutes and 35 seconds that includes the September 21, 1997 Harry Caray performance of "Take Me Out to the Ball Game", which was his last. The album was produced in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Cubs 1908 World Series victory and contains sounds and songs of the Cubs and Wrigley Field.[12][13] The album is an officially licensed Major League Baseball music CD.[13] Neither of Goodman's other notable songs about the Cubs ("A Dying Cub Fan's Last Request" or "When the Cubs Go Marching In") was included on the album.
Also in 2008, the song was released by Manic Sewing Circle. It was performed for the first time live on WGN-TV at the Skybox on Sheffield, located directly across from Wrigley Field on opening day 2008.[14] Their cover version of the song was released with proceeds going to official charities of the Chicago Cubs and WGN radio: Cubs Care and Neediest Kids Fund.[15] The Manic Sewing Circle version of the song is also available on iTunes by digital download,[13] and they publicized this version throughout Chicago.[5] Although the original Goodman version of the song is 2:51, the new Manic Sewing Circle version is only 2:23 long.
In September 2008, prompted by the Cubs' 2008 season and a piece by Mike Leonard on the NBC Today Show about Steve Goodman, Red Pajamas Records issued a 4-cut EP titled The Baseball Singles with Goodman's performances of "Go Cubs Go", "A Dying Cub Fan's Last Request", "When The Cubs Go Marching In", and "Take Me Out to the Ball Game".[16]
The song surged in sales on U.S. digital download services,[17] including the top five on Amazon Music and the top 15 on iTunes,[18] following the team's 2016 World Series victory. "Go, Cubs, Go" debuted at number 22 on Spotify's Viral 50[19] and debuted at number 3 on Billboard's Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.[20] The cast of the musical Hamilton in Chicago sang a rendition of the song on November 3, 2016.[21] During the team's victory rally at Grant Park on November 4, 2016, country singer Brett Eldredge sang his own rendition of the song.[22] The following day, Cubs players Anthony Rizzo, Dexter Fowler, and David Ross appeared on Saturday Night Live to perform the song during the show's weekly Weekend Update segment, together with actor Bill Murray, an avid Cubs supporter.[23]
Several of the Cubs' minor league affiliates also use the song, including the Tennessee Smokies.[24] The Daytona Cubs also used the song before changing affiliations.[25]
On the premiere of Dancing with the Stars's 24th season, former Cubs catcher David Ross and his partner Lindsay Arnold danced to a shortened version of the song. [26]
Thematic issues[edit]
The song is perceived as an upbeat one that leaves listeners with a happy feeling.[27] It is described as having catchy riffs and exuberant vocals that characterized the essence of Cubs fandom while, noting in the lyrics, "You can catch it all on WGN."[3] (That particular lyric is now partially out of date, as WGN radio, which had carried Cubs games in some form or another since 1925, gave up the radio rights to the Cubs in 2015 to CBS Radio.[28] WGN-TV still carries a portion of the Cubs game telecasts.) The new Manic Sewing Circle cover is a ska-punk version instead of the original folk music.[5]
Charts[edit]
Chart (2016)
Peak
position
US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[29]
3
US Digital Songs (Billboard)[20]
49
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Zarefsky, Marc (October 5, 2007). "'Go, Cubs, Go' a staple in Chicago". MLB.com. Major League Baseball Advanced Media, L.P. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Eals, Clay. "Go, Cubs, Go". Retrieved September 21, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "WGN Radio and Vibes Media team up to bring iconic Cubs anthem "Go Cubs Go" to mobile phones". WGN Radio. August 1, 2008. Retrieved September 20, 2008. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Chicago Cubs Ballpark Music". Major League Baseball Advanced Media, L.P. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Manic Sewing Circle perform "Go Cubs Go"". WGNTV.com. Tribune Interactive. September 12, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2008. [dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Song Makes a Comeback Along With the Cubs". The Washington Post. October 5, 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Babwin, Don (October 3, 2007). "Go Cubs Go: Cubs anthem by late folk songwriter making a comeback". USA TODAY. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ "No Big Surprise: Anthology". Amazon.com, Inc. 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
Jump up ^ Gano, Rick (September 20, 2008). "Chicago Cubs win Central again". Yahoo! Sports. Yahoo! Inc./The Associated Press. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Steve Goodman: Facing the Music (Paperback)". Amazon.com, Inc. May 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Book Catalogue: Steve Goodman: Facing the Music". ECW Press Inc. 2007. Archived from the original on August 7, 2008. Retrieved November 22, 2008.
Jump up ^ "'Take Me Out To A Cubs Game' Music CD". Amazon.com, Inc. 2008. Retrieved October 10, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Take Me Out To A Cubs Game CD". CubHub.net. 2008. Retrieved October 10, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Manic Sewing Circle on YouTube". YouTube.com. 2009. Retrieved March 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Manic Sewing Circle". CDBaby.com. 2008. Retrieved October 10, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Steve Goodman - The Baseball Singles EP". Music Fans Direct. Retrieved December 11, 2008.
Jump up ^ Havens, Lyndsey (November 3, 2016). "Steve Goodman's 'Go, Cubs, Go' Hits Streaming Highs During Chicago's World Series Run". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ James, Jordan (November 3, 2016). "'Go Cubs Go' shoots up Itunes charts after Chicago's World Series win". 247Sports.com. CBS Interactive. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bonesteel, Matt (November 4, 2016). "Let's all watch the cast of 'Hamilton' sing 'Go Cubs Go'". The Washington Post. Fred Ryan. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Zellner, Xander (November 8, 2016). "'Go, Cubs, Go' Hits Billboard Charts for the First Time After Cubs' World Series Win". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Havens, Lyndsey (November 4, 2016). "Chicago Cast of 'Hamilton' Close Show With 'Go Cubs Go': Watch". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved November 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Watch: Brett Eldredge leads Cubs fans in 'Go Cubs Go'". Comcast SportsNet Chicago. NBC Universal. November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cubs stars give 'SNL' a post-World Series song and dance". Chicago Tribune. November 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Danko, Laurie (June 28, 2010). "The story behind why we all sing "Go Cubs, Go"". Tennessee Smokies. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Folsom, Jim. "Jackie Robinson Ballpark Stadium Review". Stadium Journey. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Swartz, Tracy (March 4, 2017). "David Ross to dance to 'Go Cubs Go' on 'Dancing with the Stars'". Chicago Tribune.
Jump up ^ Brown, David (September 19, 2008). "Eddie Vedder ready to go 'All The Way' with new Cubs song". Yahoo! Inc. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ Marek, Lynne (May 30, 2014). "WGN America to drop Chicago sports". Chicago Business. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Steve Goodman Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)" Billboard. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
External links[edit]
Lyrics
Ringtone[permanent dead link]
2007 Go Cubs Go video
2008 Go Cubs Go video
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