text:
Drive (The Cars song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Drive"
A-side label of U.S. vinyl single
Single by The Cars
from the album Heartbeat City
B-side
"Stranger Eyes"
Released
July 23, 1984 (1984-07-23)
Format
7-inch single
12-inch vinyl
mini CD
Recorded
1983
Genre
New wave
soft rock
synthpop
Length
3:54
Label
Elektra 69706
Songwriter(s)
Ric Ocasek
Producer(s)
Robert John "Mutt" Lange
The Cars
The Cars singles chronology
"Magic"
(1984) "Drive"
(1984) "Hello Again"
(1984)
"Magic"
(1984) "Drive"
(1984) "Hello Again"
(1984)
Music video
"Drive" on YouTube
Audio sample
file
help
"Drive" is a 1984 song by The Cars, the third single from the band's Heartbeat City album released in March 1984 and their biggest international hit. Written by Ric Ocasek, the track was sung by bassist Benjamin Orr[1] and produced by Robert John "Mutt" Lange with the band.[2] Upon its release, "Drive" became The Cars' highest charting single in the United States, peaking at No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart; on the Adult Contemporary chart, the song went to No. 1.[3] It reached No. 5 (No. 4 on re-entry in 1985) in the United Kingdom, No. 4 in West Germany, No. 6 in Canada and No. 3 (No. 5 on re-entry in 1985) in Ireland.
The song is associated with the July 1985 Live Aid event, where it was performed by Benjamin Orr during the Philadelphia event; previously, the song was used as the background music to a montage of clips depicting the contemporaneous Ethiopian famine during the London event, which was introduced by English musician David Bowie.[4][5] Following the concert it was re-released in the UK and peaked at No. 4 in August 1985. Proceeds from the sales of the re-released song raised nearly £160,000 for the Band Aid Trust: Ocasek presented the charity's trustee Midge Ure with a cheque for the amount while he was in London in November 1986 promoting his solo album This Side of Paradise.[6]
In a retrospective review of the single, AllMusic journalist Donald A. Guarisco praised the song for being "a gorgeous ballad that matches heartfelt songwriting to an alluring electronic soundscape. The music reflects the lyrical tone with a lovely melody that rises and falls in a soothing yet sad fashion."[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Music video
2 Track listing
3 Chart performance
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Certifications
5 In popular culture
6 Cover versions
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Music video[edit]
The music video was directed by actor Timothy Hutton and features model and actress Paulina Porizkova, who would later become Ric Ocasek's wife.[8]
The video alternates between shots of Orr sitting in a disused nightclub, facing mannequins posed at the bar as customers and bartender, and scenes that depict the breakdown of a relationship between the characters played by Ocasek and Porizkova. Ultimately left alone, the woman cries and laughs hysterically for a time before visiting the nightclub. She looks sadly in through a dirty window at the stage, where tuxedo-clad mannequins of the band members are posed with their instruments as if playing a show, and turns to walk away as the video ends.
Hutton later recalled that his directing the video came about because he was living next to Elliot Roberts, the manager of The Cars. They were listening to tracks from the then-unreleased album Heartbeat City and Hutton told Roberts he was particularly impressed by the track "Drive."
At that time, everybody was making videos. It was the height of MTV, and when you made a record, you were also thinking about the video. I talked to Elliott about how much I liked that song "Drive," and I started describing all the different ways I thought they could go with it, as far as the video. And he said, "You know, everything you're saying sounds really interesting. Do you mind if… Would you be up for me passing that concept along to Ric Ocasek?" I said, "Sure!" So he got back to me the next day and said, "Ric and I think you should direct the video. We love your idea, your take on it." So that's how that happened. And about a month later, I was in New York at the Astoria Studios over two days, filming the video.[9]
Hutton and Ric Ocasek became friends which led to the latter being cast in Made in Heaven.[citation needed]
Track listing[edit]
7" single
"Drive"
"Stranger Eyes"[10]
12" single
"Drive"
"My Best Friend's Girl"
"Stranger Eyes"[11]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1984–85)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[12] 10
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[13] 8
Canada (Billboard Canada)[14] 6
France (SNEP)[15] 9
Germany (Official German Charts)[16] 4
Ireland (IRMA)[17] 3
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[18] 12
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[19] 5
Norway (VG-lista)[20] 3
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[21] 15
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[22] 13
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[23] 4
US Billboard Hot 100[24] 3
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[25] 1
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[26] 9
U.S. Cash Box Top 100[27] 4
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1984)
Rank
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[28] 41
U.S. Cash Box [29] 29
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United Kingdom (BPI)[30]
Gold 500,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
In popular culture[edit]
The song was used in a 1984 episode of the American soap opera Santa Barbara and 2013 American TV series The Carrie Diaries.
The song was used in the 2007 film Transformers, playing on the radio in Sam Witwicky's car, Bumblebee.
It was also used in the series Everybody Hates Chris, in the episode " Everybody Hates the Car ".
Singer Aimee Mann performed a cover of the song on the February 7, 2018 episode (entitled "House by the Lake") of The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story. [31]
Cover versions[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The song was covered in 1984 by British entertainer Des O'Connor on his album Des O'Connor Now.
Australian band The Paradise Motel released a cover as a single in 1999. This was used in the 2001 Noah Taylor film He Died with a Felafel in His Hand.[32]
New Zealand band Strawpeople covered the song in 2000, featuring the vocals of Bic Runga. The song peaked at number 7 on the New Zealand charts.
In 2001, the German rock band Scorpions covered the song on their live unplugged album Acoustica.[33]
A cover by Ziggy Marley of Ziggy Marley and the Melody Makers was featured in the 2004 film 50 First Dates.[34]
In 2005, American band Deftones recorded an exclusive cover of the song for iTunes, which was feature in the trailer for The Stepfather
In 2010, Australian actor/singer Jason Donovan recorded a cover version of "Drive" for his covers album Soundtrack of the 80s.[35] The album went Top 20 in the UK in October 2010.[36]
The song was covered by US hard rock band Sixx:A.M. on their 2014 album Modern Vintage.[37]
My Morning Jacket covered the song live in January 2015.[38]
Britta Phillips covered the song on her album of covers Luck or Magic.[39]
Kirk Johnston recorded a licensed remake of "Drive" produced by Mark Younger-Smith (Billy Idol, Charmed Life) released as a single in 2015. The song was also featured on the "Full Circle" deluxe album in 2016. The song is available for download on iTunes, AmazonMusic and streaming on Spotify.
Barrett Baber covered the song for his 2016 album, A Room Full of Fighters.
See also[edit]
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1984 (U.S.)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Drive by The Cars Songfacts". Songfacts.com. May 12, 1984. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ric Ocasek Rocks CBGB | Music News". Rolling Stone. September 30, 2005. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 49.
Jump up ^ "BBC ON THIS DAY | 13 | 1985: Was Live Aid the best rock concert ever?". BBC News. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Geldolf Live Aid". Mojo4music.com. Archived from the original on January 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ NME. London, England: IPC Media: 4. November 15, 1986. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Guarisco, Donald A. "Drive - The Cars | Listen, Appearances, Song Review". AllMusic. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Video Classics: "Drive" – The Cars". CBS. February 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Timothy Hutton, from Ordinary People and Taps to a Cars video" By Will Harris Random Roles - AV Club Mar 10, 2015 accessed 13 March 2015
Jump up ^ "Cars, The - Drive (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Cars, The - Drive (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Cars – Drive". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Cars – Drive" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles - Volume 41, No. 5". RPM. October 6, 1984. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Cars – Drive" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Cars Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 43, 1984". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – The Cars" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Cars – Drive". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Cars – Drive". VG-lista. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Cars – Drive". Singles Top 100. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Cars – Drive". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Cars Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "The Cars Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "The Cars Chart History (Mainstream Rock)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "CASH BOX Top 100 Singles – Week ending October 6, 1984". Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 2018-01-01. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) Cash Box magazine.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1984/Top 100 Songs of 1984". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 30, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – The Cars – Drive". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Drive in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Joanna. "American Crime Story: The Truth Behind That Surprising Musical Cameo". Vanity Fair.
Jump up ^ "'He Died with a Felafel in His Hand (Music From The Feature Film)'". Discogs. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kritik von Martin Mengele. "Drive von Scorpions – laut.de – Song". Laut.de. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Various - 50 First Dates - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (CD) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jason Donovan's Drive cover of The Cars's Drive". WhoSampled. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Fulton, Rick (October 23, 2010). "Jason Donovan reveals how becoming a dad helped him kick cocaine habit". Daily Record. Glasgow, Scotland: Trinity Mirror. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Cornell, Jeff (August 27, 2014). "Sixx: A.M. Reveal Their Cover of The Cars' Classic 'Drive'". Loudwire Network. Retrieved September 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.setlist.fm/setlist/my-morning-jacket/2015/hard-rock-hotel-riviera-maya-mexico-3cacd07.html
Jump up ^ Roberts, Christopher (March 10, 2016). "Watch: Britta Phillips (of Luna and Dean & Britta) - "Drive" Video (The Cars Cover) Luck or Magic Due Out April 29 via Double Feature Records". Under the Radar. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
The Cars
Ric Ocasek
Elliot Easton
Greg Hawkes
David Robinson
Benjamin Orr
Studio albums
The Cars
Candy-O
Panorama
Shake It Up
Heartbeat City
Door to Door
Move Like This
Compilations
Greatest Hits
Just What I Needed: The Cars Anthology
Shake It Up & Other Hits
Complete Greatest Hits
The Essentials
Classic Tracks
The Elektra Years 1978–1987
Moving In Stereo: The Best of the Cars
Singles
"Just What I Needed"
"My Best Friend's Girl"
"Good Times Roll"
"Let's Go"
"It's All I Can Do"
"Double Life"
"Touch and Go"
"Don't Tell Me No"
"Gimme Some Slack"
"Shake It Up"
"Since You're Gone"
"Victim of Love"
"Think It Over" (UK only)
"You Might Think"
"Magic"
"Drive"
"Hello Again"
"Why Can't I Have You"
"Heartbeat City" (UK only)
"Tonight She Comes"
"I'm Not the One"
"You Are the Girl"
"Strap Me In"
"Coming Up You"
"Sad Song"
Other songs
"I'm in Touch with Your World"
"Don't Cha Stop"
"You're All I've Got Tonight"
"Bye Bye Love"
"Moving in Stereo"
"All Mixed Up"
"Candy-O"
"Night Spots"
"Dangerous Type"
"Panorama"
"Cruiser"
"Blue Tip"
Concert tours
North American Tour Spring 2011
Related articles
Discography
Substitution Mass Confusion: A Tribute to The Cars
The New Cars
Todd Rundgren
Kasim Sulton
Atom Ellis
Prairie Prince
It's Alive!
Utopia
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Bic Runga
Bic Runga discography
New Zealand Music Awards
Studio albums
Drive (1997)
Beautiful Collision (2002)
Birds (2005)
Belle (2011)
Close Your Eyes (2016)
Live albums
Together in Concert: Live (2000)
Live in Concert with the Christchurch Symphony (2003)
Compilation albums
Try to Remember Everything (2008)
Anthology (2012)
Extended plays
Drive (1995)
Singles
"Bursting Through"
"Sway"
"Suddenly Strange"
"Roll into One"
"Hey"
"Good Morning Baby"
"Sorry"
"Drive"
"Get Some Sleep"
"Something Good"
"Listening for the Weather"
"Winning Arrow"
"That's Alright"
"Say After Me"
"Hello Hello"
"Close Your Eyes"
Related articles
Sony Music New Zealand
New Zealand Music Awards
APRA Silver Scroll (1996)
APRA Top 100 New Zealand Songs of All Time (2001)
New Zealand Order of Merit (2006)
New Zealand Music Hall of Fame (2016)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drive_(The_Cars_song)&oldid=828283539"
Categories:
1983 songs
1984 singles
1985 singles
1980s ballads
The Cars songs
Bic Runga songs
Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles
Songs about automobiles
RPM Adult Contemporary number-one singles
Song recordings produced by Robert John "Mutt" Lange
Songs written by Ric Ocasek
Elektra Records singles
Hidden categories:
Pages with citations lacking titles
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
Use mdy dates from August 2015
Articles with hAudio microformats
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017
Singlechart usages for Australia
Singlechart usages for Austria
Singlechart usages for France
Singlechart usages for Germany
Singlechart usages for Ireland
Singlechart usages for Dutch40
Singlechart usages for New Zealand
Singlechart usages for Norway
Singlechart usages for Sweden
Singlechart usages for Switzerland
Singlechart usages for UK
Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100
Singlechart called without song
Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary
Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock
Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom
Articles needing additional references from June 2014
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Español
Français
Italiano
Norsk
Português
Simple English
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Edit links
This page was last edited on 1 March 2018, at 17:23.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

attrs: colspan style

values:
/wiki/7-inch_single
mw-redirect
7-inch single

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values:
mwPlayerContainer k-player videoHolder
width: 220px; position: relative;

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Media help

values:
hlist hlist-separated
font-size: smaller

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique

values:
left
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
text-align:center;
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

attrs: scope data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
col
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter

values:
/wiki/The_Carrie_Diaries_(TV_Series)
mw-redirect
The Carrie Diaries (TV Series)

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

values:
nofollow
https://www.bpi.co.uk/bpi-awards/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.laut.de/Scorpions/Drive

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
The_Cars
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values:
/wiki/Classic_Tracks_(The_Cars_album)
mw-redirect
Classic Tracks (The Cars album)

values: Moving In Stereo: The Best of the Cars (The Cars album) (page does not exist)

values: The Cars North American Tour Spring 2011

values:
/wiki/Utopia_(American_band)
mw-redirect
Utopia (American band)

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
Bic_Runga
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values: Live in Concert with the Christchurch Symphony

values:
/wiki/Hey_(Bic_Runga_song)
mw-redirect
Hey (Bic Runga song)

values:
/wiki/APRA_Silver_Scroll
mw-redirect
APRA Silver Scroll

values: APRA Top 100 New Zealand Songs of All Time

values: Category:Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles

values: Category:RPM Adult Contemporary number-one singles

values: Category:Song recordings produced by Robert John "Mutt" Lange

values: Category:Pages with citations lacking titles

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Australia

values: Category:Singlechart usages for New Zealand

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Switzerland

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100

values: Category:Singlechart called without song

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2014

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Drive_(The_Cars_song)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive
Drive – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive
Drive – Serbian
sr
sr
interlanguage-link-target

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Drive_The_Cars_song rootpage-Drive_The_Cars_song skin-vector action-view


text:
A Visit from St. Nicholas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"The Night Before Christmas" and "'Twas the Night Before Christmas" redirect here. For other uses, see The Night Before Christmas (disambiguation) and 'Twas the Night Before Christmas (disambiguation).
'Twas the night before Christmas, when all thro' the house
Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse;
The stockings were hung by the chimney with care,
In hopes that St. Nicholas soon would be there;
The children were nestled all snug in their beds,
While visions of sugar plums danced in their heads
[show]
And Mama in her 'kerchief, and I in my cap,
Had just settled our brains for a long winter's nap—
When out on the lawn there arose such a clatter,
I sprang from the bed to see what was the matter.
Away to the window I flew like a flash,
Tore open the shutters, and threw up the sash.
The moon on the breast of the new fallen snow,
Gave the luster of mid-day to objects below;
When, what to my wondering eyes should appear,
But a miniature sleigh, and eight tiny reindeer,
With a little old driver, so lively and quick,
I knew in a moment it must be St. Nick.
More rapid than eagles his coursers they came,
And he whistled, and shouted, and call'd them by name:
"Now! Dasher, now! Dancer, now! Prancer and Vixen,
"On! Comet, on! Cupid, on! Dunder and Blixem;
"To the top of the porch! To the top of the wall!
"Now dash away! Dash away! Dash away all!"
As dry leaves that before the wild hurricane fly,
When they meet with an obstacle, mount to the sky;
So up to the house-top the coursers they flew,
With the sleigh full of toys—and St. Nicholas too:
And then in a twinkling, I heard on the roof
The prancing and pawing of each little hoof.
As I drew in my head, and was turning around,
Down the chimney St. Nicholas came with a bound:
He was dress'd all in fur, from his head to his foot,
And his clothes were all tarnish'd with ashes and soot;
A bundle of toys was flung on his back,
And he look'd like a peddler just opening his pack:
His eyes—how they twinkled! His dimples: how merry,
His cheeks were like roses, his nose like a cherry;
His droll little mouth was drawn up like a bow,
And the beard of his chin was as white as the snow;
The stump of a pipe he held tight in his teeth,
And the smoke it encircled his head like a wreath.
He had a broad face, and a little round belly
That shook when he laugh'd, like a bowl full of jelly:
He was chubby and plump, a right jolly old elf,
And I laugh'd when I saw him in spite of myself;
A wink of his eye and a twist of his head
Soon gave me to know I had nothing to dread.
He spoke not a word, but went straight to his work,
And fill'd all the stockings; then turn'd with a jerk,
And laying his finger aside of his nose
And giving a nod, up the chimney he rose.
He sprung to his sleigh, to his team gave a whistle,
And away they all flew, like the down of a thistle:
But I heard him exclaim, ere he drove out of sight—
Happy Christmas to all, and to all a good night.[1]
"A Visit from St. Nicholas", more commonly known as "The Night Before Christmas" and "'Twas the Night Before Christmas" from its first line, is a poem first published anonymously in 1823 and later attributed to Clement Clarke Moore, who claimed authorship in 1837. Some commentators now believe the poem was written by Henry Livingston Jr..
The poem has been called "arguably the best-known verses ever written by an American"[2] and is largely responsible for some of the conceptions of Santa Claus from the mid-nineteenth century to today. It has had a massive impact on the history of Christmas gift-giving. Before the poem gained wide popularity, American ideas had varied considerably about Saint Nicholas and other Christmastide visitors. "A Visit from St. Nicholas" eventually was set to music and has been recorded by many artists.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Meter
3 Literary history
4 Original copies
5 Authorship controversy
5.1 Evidence in favor of Moore
5.2 Evidence in favor of Livingston
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
On Christmas Eve night, while his wife and children sleep, a father awakens to noises outside his house. Looking out the window, he sees Santa Claus (Saint Nicholas) in an air-borne sleigh pulled by eight reindeer. After landing his sleigh on the roof, the saint enters the house through the chimney, carrying a sack of toys with him. The father watches Santa filling the children's Christmas stockings hanging by the fire, and laughs to himself. They share a conspiratorial moment before Santa bounds up the chimney again. As he flies away, Santa wishes everyone a "Happy Christmas to all, and to all a good night."
Meter[edit]
The poem's meter is anapestic tetrameter (four feet of unstressed-unstressed-stressed). The anapest is the same foot used to construct limericks, and the common metrical modifications that can be observed in the limerick form also can be observed in Moore's poem. For example, while the first two lines each use full anapests, lines 3 and 4 each drop the first unstressed syllable. Likewise, lines 9 and 10 drop the first unstressed syllable; they also add an extra unstressed syllable to the end.
Literary history[edit]
Clement Clarke Moore, the author of A Visit from St. Nicholas
According to legend,[3] "A Visit" was composed by Clement Clarke Moore on a snowy winter's day during a shopping trip on a sleigh. His inspiration for the character of Saint Nicholas was a local Dutch handyman as well as the historical Saint Nicholas. Moore originated many of the features that are still associated with Santa Claus today while borrowing other aspects, such as the use of reindeer.[4] The poem was first published anonymously in the Troy, New York Sentinel on 23 December 1823, having been sent there by a friend of Moore,[2] and was reprinted frequently thereafter with no name attached. It was first attributed in print to Moore in 1837. Moore himself acknowledged authorship when he included it in his own book of poems in 1844. By then, the original publisher and at least seven others had already acknowledged his authorship.[5][6] Moore had a reputation as an erudite professor and had not wished at first to be connected with the unscholarly verse. He included it in the anthology at the insistence of his children, for whom he had originally written the piece.[5]
Moore's conception of Saint Nicholas was borrowed from his friend Washington Irving (see below), but Moore portrayed his "jolly old elf" as arriving on Christmas Eve rather than Christmas Day. At the time that Moore wrote the poem, Christmas Day was overtaking New Year's Day as the preferred genteel family holiday of the season, but some Protestants viewed Christmas as the result of "Catholic ignorance and deception"[2] and still had reservations. By having Saint Nicholas arrive the night before, Moore "deftly shifted the focus away from Christmas Day with its still-problematic religious associations." As a result, "New Yorkers embraced Moore's child-centered version of Christmas as if they had been doing it all their lives."[2]
In An American Anthology, 1787–1900, editor Edmund Clarence Stedman reprinted the Moore version of the poem, including the German spelling of "Donder and Blitzen" that he adopted, rather than the earlier Dutch version from 1823 "Dunder and Blixem." Both phrases translate as "Thunder and Lightning" in English, though the German word for thunder is "Donner" and the words in modern Dutch would be "Donder en Bliksem."
Modern printings frequently incorporate alterations that reflect changing linguistic and cultural sensibilities. For example, breast in "The moon on the breast of the new-fallen snow" is frequently bowdlerized to crest; the archaic ere in "But I heard him exclaim ere he drove out of sight" is frequently replaced with as. Note that this change implies that Santa Claus made his exclamation during the moment that he disappeared from view, while the exclamation came before his disappearance in the original. "Happy Christmas to all, and to all a good-night" is frequently rendered with the traditional English locution "'Merry Christmas'" and with "goodnight" as a single word.
Original copies[edit]
'Twas the night before Christmas (credit: New-York Historical Society)
Four hand-written copies of the poem are known to exist and three are in museums, including the New-York Historical Society library.[7] The fourth copy, written out and signed by Clement Clarke Moore as a gift to a friend in 1860, was sold by one private collector to another in December 2006. It was purchased for $280,000 by an unnamed "chief executive officer of a media company" who resides in New York City, according to Dallas, Texas-based Heritage Auctions which brokered the private sale.[8]
Authorship controversy[edit]
Moore's connection with the poem has been questioned by Professor Donald Foster,[9] who used textual content analysis and external evidence to argue that Moore could not have been the author.[10] Foster believes that Major Henry Livingston Jr., a New Yorker with Dutch and Scottish roots, should be considered the chief candidate for authorship, a view long espoused by the Livingston family. Livingston was distantly related to Moore's wife.[10] Foster's claim, however, has been countered by document dealer and historian Seth Kaller, who once owned one of Moore's original manuscripts of the poem. Kaller has offered a point-by-point rebuttal of both Foster's linguistic analysis and external findings, buttressed by the work of autograph expert James Lowe and Dr. Joe Nickell, author of Pen, Ink and Evidence.[5][11][12]
Evidence in favor of Moore[edit]
Moore is credited by his friend Charles Fenno Hoffman as author in the 25 December 1837 Pennsylvania Inquirer and Daily Courier. Further, the Rev. David Butler, who allegedly showed the poem to Sentinel editor Orville L. Holley, was a relative of Moore's. A letter to Moore from the publisher states, "I understand from Mr. Holley that he received it from Mrs. Sackett, the wife of Mr. Daniel Sackett who was then a merchant in this city"[citation needed]. Moore preferred to be known for his more scholarly works, but allowed the poem to be included in his anthology in 1844 at the request of his children. By that time, the original publisher and at least seven others had already acknowledged his authorship. Livingston family lore gives credit to their forebear rather than Moore, but there is no proof that Livingston himself ever claimed authorship, nor has any record ever been found of any printing of the poem with Livingston's name attached to it, despite more than 40 years of searches.
Evidence in favor of Livingston[edit]
Advocates for Livingston's authorship argue that Moore "tried at first to disavow" the poem.[13] They also posit that Moore falsely claimed to have translated a book.[14] Document dealer and historian Seth Kaller has challenged both claims. Kaller examined the book in question, A Complete Treatise on Merinos and Other Sheep, as well as many letters signed by Moore, and found that the "signature" was not penned by Moore, and thus provides no evidence that Moore made any plagiaristic claim. Kaller's findings were confirmed by autograph expert James Lowe, by Dr. Joe Nickell, the author of Pen, Ink & Evidence, and by others. According to Kaller, Moore's name was likely written on the book by a New-York Historical Society cataloger to indicate that it had been a gift from Moore to the Society.[5][15][16]
Some contend that Henry Livingston Jr., not Moore, was the author of the poem
Cover of a 1912 edition of the poem, illustrated by Jessie Willcox Smith
The Librarian of Congress, Dr. James Billington, reads The Night Before Christmas to the Little Scholars, December 2010
The following points have been advanced in order to credit the poem to Major Henry Livingston Jr.:
Livingston also wrote poetry primarily using an anapaestic metrical scheme, and it is claimed that some of the phraseology of A Visit is consistent with other poems by Livingston, and that Livingston's poetry is more optimistic than Moore's poetry published in his own name. But Stephen Nissenbaum argues in his Battle for Christmas that the poem could have been a social satire of the Victorianization of Christmas. Furthermore, Kaller claims that Foster cherry-picked only the poems that fit his thesis and that many of Moore's unpublished works have a tenor, phraseology, and meter similar to A Visit. Moore had even written a letter titled "From Saint Nicholas" that may have predated 1823.
Foster also contends that Moore hated tobacco and would, therefore, never have depicted Saint Nicholas with a pipe. However, Kaller notes, the source of evidence for Moore's supposed disapproval of tobacco is The Wine Drinker, another poem by him. In actuality, that verse contradicts such a claim. Moore's The Wine Drinker criticizes self-righteous, hypocritical advocates of temperance who secretly indulge in the substances which they publicly oppose, and supports the social use of tobacco in moderation (as well as wine, and even opium, which was more acceptable in his day than it is now).
Foster also asserts that Livingston's mother was Dutch, which accounts for the references to the Dutch Sinteklaes tradition and the use of the Dutch names "Dunder and Blixem". Against this claim, it is suggested by Kaller that Moore — a friend of writer Washington Irving and member of the same literary society — may have acquired some of his knowledge of New York Dutch traditions from Irving. Irving had written A History of New York in 1809 under the name of "Dietrich Knickerbocker." It includes several references to legends of Saint Nicholas, including the following that bears a close relationship to the poem:
And the sage Oloffe dreamed a dream,—and lo, the good St. Nicholas came riding over the tops of the trees, in that self-same wagon wherein he brings his yearly presents to children, and he descended hard by where the heroes of Communipaw had made their late repast. And he lit his pipe by the fire, and sat himself down and smoked; and as he smoked, the smoke from his pipe ascended into the air and spread like a cloud overhead. And Oloffe bethought him, and he hastened and climbed up to the top of one of the tallest trees, and saw that the smoke spread over a great extent of country; and as he considered it more attentively, he fancied that the great volume of smoke assumed a variety of marvelous forms, where in dim obscurity he saw shadowed out palaces and domes and lofty spires, all of which lasted but a moment, and then faded away, until the whole rolled off, and nothing but the green woods were left. And when St. Nicholas had smoked his pipe, he twisted it in his hatband, and laying his finger beside his nose, gave the astonished Van Kortlandt a very significant look; then, mounting his wagon, he returned over the tree-tops and disappeared.
—  Washington Irving, A History of New York[17]
MacDonald P. Jackson, Emeritus Professor of English at the University of Auckland, New Zealand and a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand, has spent his entire academic career analyzing authorship attribution. He has written a book titled Who Wrote "the Night Before Christmas"?: Analyzing the Clement Clarke Moore Vs. Henry Livingston Question,[18] published in 2016, in which he evaluates the opposing arguments and, for the first time, uses the author-attribution techniques of modern computational stylistics to examine the long-standing controversy. Jackson employs a range of tests and introduces a new one, statistical analysis of phonemes; he concludes that Livingston is the true author of the classic work.
See also[edit]
Santa Claus's reindeer
Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ "A Visit from St. Nicholas". New-York Historical Society. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Burrows, Edwin G. & Wallace, Mike. Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. pp. 462-463 ISBN 0-19-511634-8
Jump up ^ Walsh, Joseph J. (2001). Were They Wise Men Or Kings?: The Book of Christmas Questions. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-664-22312-5.
Jump up ^ Restad, Penne L. (1995). Christmas in America. Oxford University Press. p. 48. ISBN 0-19-509300-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kaller, Seth. "The Authorship of The Night Before Christmas". sethkaller.com.
Jump up ^ Siefker, Phyllis (1997). Santa Claus,. McFarland & Company. p. 4. ISBN 0-7864-0246-6.
Jump up ^ "A Visit from St. Nicholas". New-York Historical Society. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Copy of Poem Sold; 'Twas Worth $280K". Washington Post. Associated Press. 19 December 2006. Retrieved 19 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Mann, Ted. "Ho, Ho, Hoax," Scarsdale Magazine, 30 November 2006
^ Jump up to: a b "Major Henry Livingston Jr. (1748–1828) Account of a Visit from St. Nicholas" Archived 15 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine., Representative Poetry Online
Jump up ^ Lowe, James. "A Christmas to Remember: A Visit from St. Nicholas." Autograph Collector. January 2000. 26-29.
Jump up ^ Nickell, Joe. "The Case of the Christmas Poem." Manuscripts, Fall 2002, 54;4:293-308; Nickell, Joe. "The Case of the Christmas Poem: Part 2." Manuscripts, Winter 2003, 55;1:5-15.
Jump up ^ Christoph, Peter. "Clement Moore Revisited". Major Henry Livingston Jr., the author of "Night Before Christmas". Intermedia Enterprises. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (26 October 2000). "Literary Sleuth Casts Doubt on the Authorship of an Iconic Christmas Poem". New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Kaller, Seth. "The Moore Things Change...," The New-York Journal of American History, Fall 2004
Jump up ^ Lowe, James. "A Christmas to Remember: A Visit from St. Nicholas," Autograph Collector, January 2000, pp. 26-29
Jump up ^ A history of New York: from the ... - Washington Irving - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Jackson, MacDonald P. (2016). Who Wrote "The Night Before Christmas"?: Analyzing the Clement Clarke Moore vs. Henry Livingston Question. McFarland. ISBN 978-1476664439.
Further reading
Jackson, MacDonald P. (2016). Who Wrote "The Night Before Christmas"?: Analyzing the Clement Clarke Moore vs. Henry Livingston Question. McFarland. ISBN 978-1476664439.
Foster, Donald (2000). Author Unknown: On the Trail of Anonymous. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-6357-9.
Gardner, Martin (1991). The Annotated Night Before Christmas: A Collection Of Sequels, Parodies, And Imitations Of Clement Moore's Immortal Ballad About Santa Claus; Edited, with an introduction and notes, by Martin Gardner. Summit Books. ISBN 0-671-70839-2.
Nissenbaum, Stephen (1997). The Battle for Christmas: A Social and Cultural History of Christmas that Shows How It Was Transformed from an Unruly Carnival Season into the Quintessential American Family Holiday. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-41223-9.
Niels Henry Sonne. "The Night Before Christmas"—Who Wrote It? S.l: s.n, 1972. Reprinted from The Historical magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church, vol. 41, no. 4, pages 373-380.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
A Visit from St. Nicholas
Wikimedia Commons has media related to A Visit from St. Nicholas.
Free audiobook from LibriVox
eText of a 1912 edition of the poem, illustrated by Jessie Willcox Smith, at Project Gutenberg
Free Audiobook from The Internet Archive (Community Audio)
Twaz The Night Before Christmas - Celebrity Version as read by 23 UK-known media personalities
A Visit from Saint Nicholas From the Collections at the Library of Congress
Twas the Night Before Christmas (Poem) - Text | Video by Check123
Christmas portal
Literature portal
[show]
v
t
e
Christmas
Christmas Eve
Children's Day
Boxing Day
Nochebuena
Saint Nicholas Day
St. Stephen's Day
Sol Invictus
Yule
In
Christianity
Biblical Magi
Adoration of the Magi
Adoration of the Shepherds
Advent
Angel Gabriel
Annunciation
Annunciation to the shepherds
Baptism of the Lord
Bethlehem
Christingle
Christmastide
Epiphany
Herod the Great
Jesus
Joseph
Mary
Massacre of the Innocents
flight into Egypt
Nativity Fast
Nativity of Jesus
in art
in later culture
Nativity scene
Saint Nicholas
Star of Bethlehem
Twelfth Night
In folklore
Badalisc
La Befana
Belsnickel
Caganer
Christkind
Ded Moroz
Elves
Father Christmas
Grýla
Jack Frost
Joulupukki
Knecht Ruprecht
Korvatunturi
Krampus
Mikulás
Miner's figure
Mrs. Claus
Nisse/Tomte
North Pole
Old Man Winter
Olentzero
Père Fouettard
Père Noël
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
Saint Lucy
Santa's reindeer
Santa's workshop
Sinterklaas
Tió de Nadal
Vertep
Yule Cat
Yule Lads
Zwarte Piet
Gift-bringers
Saint Nicholas
Santa Claus
List of Christmas gift-bringers by country
Traditions
Advent calendar
Advent candle
Advent wreath
Boar's Head Feast
Candle arches
Cards
Carols by Candlelight
Cavalcade of Magi
Crackers
Decorations
Events and celebrations
Feast of the Seven Fishes
Flying Santa
Google Santa Tracker
Hampers
Las Posadas
Letters
Lights
Lord of Misrule
Markets
Meals and feasts
Moravian star
Nine Lessons and Carols
NORAD Tracks Santa
Nutcrackers
dolls
Ornaments
Parades
list
Piñatas
Pyramids
Räuchermann
Seals
Secret Santa
Spanbaum
Stamps
Stockings
Tree
Twelve Days
Wassailing
Windows
Yule Goat
Yule log
By country
Australia and New Zealand
Denmark
Germany
Hawaii
Hungary
Iceland
Indonesia
Ireland
Mexico
Norway
Philippines
Poland
Romania
Russia
Scotland
Serbia
Sweden
Ukraine
Music
Carols
list
Hit singles UK
Hit singles US
Music books
Carols for Choirs
The Oxford Book of Carols
The New Oxford Book of Carols
Piae Cantiones
Other media
Films
Poetry
"Old Santeclaus with Much Delight"
"A Visit from St. Nicholas"
Television
specials
Yule Log
In
modern
society
Advent Conspiracy
Black Friday (partying)
Black Friday (shopping)
Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
Christmas club
Christmas creep
Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
Christmas Lectures
Christmas Mountains
Christmas truce
Controversies
Cyber Monday
Economics
Giving Tuesday
El Gordo
Holiday season
In July
In August
Leon Day
NBA games
NFL games
Puritan New England
American Civil War
Post-War United States
Running of the Santas
SantaCon
Santa's Candy Castle
Small Business Saturday
Super Saturday
Virginia O'Hanlon
White Christmas
Winter festivals
WWE Tribute to the Troops
Xmas
Food and
drink
Dinner
Joulupöytä
Julebord
Kūčios
Réveillon
Twelve-dish supper
Smörgåsbord
Wigilia
Sweets
bûche de Noël
Cake
Candy cane
Cookies
Fruitcake
Gingerbread
Kourabiedes
Melomakarono
Mince pie
Pavlova
Pecan pie
Pumpkin pie
Pudding
Rosca de reyes
Szaloncukor
Turrón
Soup
Menudo
Sauce
Cranberry sauce
Beverages
Apple cider
Champurrado
Eggnog
Mulled wine
Smoking Bishop
Ponche crema
Dumpling
Hallaca
Tamale
Meat
Ham
Roast goose
Romeritos
Turkey
Stuffing
Category
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Clement Clarke Moore's "A Visit from St. Nicholas" (1823)
Alternate titles
"The Night Before Christmas"
"'Twas the Night Before Christmas"
Film and television
The Night Before Christmas (1905)
The Spirit of Christmas (1953)
Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974)
Twas the Night Before Christmas (1977)
Musical adaptations
The Night Before Christmas (2006)
Other
Christmas Mountains
Henry Livingston, Jr.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas&oldid=831513162"
Categories:
1823 poems
American poems
Christmas poems
Works originally published in American newspapers
Works published anonymously
Works of uncertain authorship
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles needing additional references from December 2017
All articles needing additional references
Use dmy dates from January 2016
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikisource
Languages
العربية
Dansk
فارسی
Français
Italiano
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Русский
Simple English
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
Walon
5 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 March 2018, at 23:41.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

value: b

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: The Night Before Christmas (disambiguation)

values: text-align: left; display: none; background: transparent;

values:
/wiki/Christmas_stockings
mw-redirect
Christmas stockings

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Christmas_Day
mw-redirect
Christmas Day

values: Edit section: Evidence in favor of Moore

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Evidence in favor of Livingston

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/James_Hadley_Billington
mw-redirect
James Hadley Billington

values:
/wiki/A_History_of_New_York
mw-redirect
A History of New York

values:
/wiki/Royal_Society_of_New_Zealand
mw-redirect
Royal Society of New Zealand

values: Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898

values:
/wiki/Washington_Post
mw-redirect
Washington Post

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Donald_Foster_(professor)
mw-redirect
Donald Foster (professor)

values: wikisource:Special:Search/A Visit from St. Nicholas

values: commons:Category:A Visit from St. Nicholas

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/17135

values:
nofollow
external text
http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/juv.05582

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values:
/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Day
mw-redirect
St. Stephen's Day

values:
/wiki/Old_Man_Winter
mw-redirect
Old Man Winter

values: List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers by country

values: Category:Christmas events and celebrations

values: List of Christmas and holiday season parades

values:
/wiki/Christmas_in_Denmark
mw-redirect
Christmas in Denmark

values: List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom

values: List of popular Christmas singles in the United States

values:
/wiki/Leon_Day_(holiday)
mw-redirect
Leon Day (holiday)

values: National Basketball Association Christmas games

values: National Football League Christmas games

values: List of multinational festivals and holidays

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974 TV special)

values: 'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1977 TV special)

values:
/wiki/Henry_Livingston,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Henry Livingston, Jr.

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Works originally published in American newspapers

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Use dmy dates from January 2016

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: زيارة من القديس نيكولاس – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: ملاقات با سنت نیکلاس – Persian

values: サンタクロースがきた – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Визит святого Николая – Russian

values: A Visit from St. Nicholas – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: Різдвяний гість – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: Li nute divant l' Noyé (live d' imådjes) – Walloon

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-A_Visit_from_St_Nicholas rootpage-A_Visit_from_St_Nicholas skin-vector action-view


text:
Superheated steam
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Superheated steam is a steam at a temperature higher than its vaporization (boiling) point at the absolute pressure where the temperature is measured.
The steam can therefore cool (lose internal energy) by some amount, resulting in a lowering of its temperature without changing state (i.e., condensing) from a gas, to a mixture of saturated vapor and liquid. If unsaturated steam (a mixture which contain both water vapor and liquid water droplets) is heated at constant pressure, its temperature will also remain constant as the vapor quality (think dryness, or percent saturated vapor) increases towards 100%, and becomes dry (i.e., no saturated liquid) saturated steam. Continued heat input will then "super" heat the dry saturated steam. This will occur if saturated steam contacts a surface with a higher temperature.
Superheated steam and liquid water cannot coexist under thermodynamic equilibrium, as any additional heat simply evaporates more water and the steam will become saturated steam. However this restriction may be violated temporarily in dynamic (non-equilibrium) situations. To produce superheated steam in a power plant or for processes (such as drying paper) the saturated steam drawn from a boiler is passed through a separate heating device (a superheater) which transfers additional heat to the steam by contact or by radiation.
Superheated steam is not suitable for sterilization.[1] This is because the superheated steam is dry. Dry steam must reach much higher temperatures and the materials exposed for a longer time period to have the same effectiveness; or equal F0 kill value. Superheated steam is also not useful for heating. Saturated steam has a much higher wall heat transfer coefficient.[2]
Slightly superheated steam may be used for antimicrobial disinfection of biofilms on hard surfaces.[3]
Superheated steam’s greatest value lies in its tremendous internal energy that can be used for kinetic reaction through mechanical expansion against turbine blades and reciprocating pistons, that produces rotary motion of a shaft. The value of superheated steam in these applications is its ability to release tremendous quantities of internal energy yet remain above the condensation temperature of water vapor; at the pressures at which reaction turbines and reciprocating piston engines operate.
Of prime importance in these applications is the fact that water vapor containing entrained liquid droplets is generally incompressible at those pressures. If steam doing work in a reciprocating engine or turbine, cools to a temperature at which liquid droplets form; the water droplets entrained in the fluid flow will strike the mechanical parts of engines or turbines, with enough force to bend, crack or fracture them.[4] Superheating and pressure reduction through expansion ensures that the steam flow remains as a compressible gas throughout its passage through a turbine or an engine, preventing damage of the internal moving parts.
Contents
[hide]
1 Saturated steam
2 Uses
2.1 Steam engine
2.2 Processing
2.3 Pest control
3 See also
4 References
Saturated steam[edit]
Saturated steam is steam that is in equilibrium with heated water at the same pressure, i.e., it has not been heated past the boiling point for that pressure. This is in contrast to superheated steam, in which the steam (water vapor) has been separated from the water and mist then additional heat has been added.
If saturated steam is reduced in temperature (whilst retaining its pressure) it will condense to produce water droplets, even if it is still considerably above the boiling point of 100 °C at standard pressure. These condensation droplets are a cause of damage to steam turbine blades,[5] the reason why such turbines rely on a supply of dry, superheated steam.
Dry steam is saturated steam that has been very slightly superheated. This is not sufficient to change its energy appreciably, but is a sufficient rise in temperature to avoid condensation problems, given the average loss in temperature across the steam supply circuit. Towards the end of the 19th century, when superheating was still a less-than-certain technology, such steam-drying gave the condensation-avoiding benefits of superheating without requiring the sophisticated boiler or lubrication techniques of full superheating.[6]
Saturated steam is advantageous in heat transfer due to the high latent heat of vaporization. It is a very efficient mode of heat transfer. In layman's terms, saturated steam is at its dew point at the corresponding temperature and pressure. The typical latent heat of vaporization (or condensation) is 970 Btu/lb for saturated steam at atmospheric pressure.[7]
Uses[edit]
Steam engine[edit]
Main article: High-pressure steam locomotive
Superheated steam was widely used in main line steam locomotives. Saturated steam has three main disadvantages in a steam engine: it contains small droplets of water which have to be periodically drained from the cylinders; being precisely at the boiling point of water for the boiler pressure in use, it inevitably condenses to some extent in the steam pipes and cylinders outside the boiler, causing a disproportionate loss of steam volume as it does so; and it places a heavy demand on the boiler.
Superheating the steam dries it effectively, raises its temperature to a point where condensation is much less likely and increases its volume significantly. Added together, these factors increase the power and economy of the locomotive. The main disadvantages are the added complexity and cost of the superheater tubing and the adverse effect that the "dry" steam has on lubrication of moving components such as the steam valves. Shunting locomotives did not generally use superheating.
The normal arrangement involved taking steam after the regulator valve and passing it through long superheater tubes inside specially large firetubes of the boiler. The superheater tubes had a reverse ("torpedo") bend at the firebox end so that the steam had to pass the length of the boiler at least twice, picking up heat as it did so.
Processing[edit]
Other potential uses of superheated steam include: drying, cleaning, layering, reaction engineering, epoxy drying and film use where saturated to highly superheated steam is required at one atmospheric pressure or at high pressure. Ideal for steam drying, steam oxidation and chemical processing. Uses are in surface technologies, cleaning technologies, steam drying, catalysis, chemical reaction processing, surface drying technologies, curing technologies, energy systems and nanotechnologies. Superheated steam is not usually used in a heat exchanger due to low heat transfer co-efficient.[8] In refining and hydrocarbon industries superheated steam is mainly used for stripping and cleaning purposes.
Pest control[edit]
Superheated steam is used for soil steaming.[dubious – discuss] Steam is induced into the soil which causes almost all organic material to deteriorate. Soil steaming is an effective alternative to chemicals in agriculture.
See also[edit]
Superheated water
References[edit]
Jump up ^ William D. Wise, "Succeed at steam sterilization, "Chemical processing" 27 November 2005. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
Jump up ^ Saturated steam vs superheated steam: Site for SCCS Group. Systhermique.com. Retrieved on 2012-10-01.
Jump up ^ Song, L.; Wu, J.; Xi, C. (2012). "Biofilms on environmental surfaces: Evaluation of the disinfection efficacy of a novel steam vapor system". American Journal of Infection Control. 40 (10): 926–930. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2011.11.013. PMID 22418602.
Jump up ^ Leyzerovich, A. S., Wet-Steam Turbines for Nuclear Power Plants, PennWell, USA, 2005.[page needed]
Jump up ^ Roy, G.J. (1975). Steam Turbines and Gearing. Kandy Marine Engineering Series. Stanford Maritime. pp. 36–37. ISBN 0-540-07338-5.
Jump up ^ Hills, Richard L. (1989). Power From Steam. Cambridge University Press. p. 203. ISBN 0-521-45834-X.
Jump up ^ "Saturated Steam Calculator". Spirax Sarco. Retrieved 2017-09-13.
Jump up ^ Superheated Steam : International site for Spirax Sarco. Spiraxsarco.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-25.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superheated_steam&oldid=840587000"
Categories:
Water
Steam power
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2017
Use dmy dates from June 2011
All accuracy disputes
Articles with disputed statements from June 2011
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Alemannisch
العربية
Čeština
Deutsch
فارسی
हिन्दी
Italiano
日本語
Polski
Русский
සිංහල
Українська
中文
4 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 10 May 2018, at 20:34.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: p

value: sup

values:
/wiki/Standard_pressure
mw-redirect
Standard pressure

values:
/wiki/Saturated_steam
mw-redirect
Saturated steam

values:
/wiki/Shunting_locomotives
mw-redirect
Shunting locomotives

values: The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (June 2011)

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajic.2011.11.013

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22418602

values: This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2017)

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2017

values: Category:Articles with disputed statements from June 2011

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Superheated_steam
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values: بخار محمص – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values: بخار خشک – Persian

values: अतितप्त भाप – Hindi

values: Перегретый пар – Russian

values: අධිතප්ත හුමාලය – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values: Перегріта пара – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Superheated_steam rootpage-Superheated_steam skin-vector action-view


text:
Man on Fire (novel)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Man on Fire
Cover of the first edition
Author
Philip Nicholson,
writing as A. J. Quinnell
Country
United States
Language
English
Series
Creasy
Genre
Thriller
Publisher
William Morrow
Publication date
September 1980
Media type
Print (hardback and paperback)
Pages
284 pp
ISBN
0-688-03743-7
OCLC
6305089
Dewey Decimal
813/.54
LC Class
PS3567.U36 M3
Followed by
The Perfect Kill
Man on Fire is a 1980 thriller novel by the English novelist Philip Nicholson, writing as A. J. Quinnell. The plot features his popular character Creasy, an American-born former member of the French Foreign Legion, in his first appearance.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Characters
3 Development
4 Sequels
5 Reception
6 Films
7 See also
8 References
Plot[edit]
In Italy, wealthy families often hire bodyguards to protect family members from the threat of kidnapping. When Rika Balletto urges her husband Ettore, a wealthy textiles producer living in Milan, to hire a bodyguard for their daughter Pinta, he is doubtful but agrees. After some searching, he finally settles for an American named Creasy.
Creasy, once purposeful and lethal who served as a US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance officer, has become a burnt-out alcoholic. To keep him occupied, his companion Guido suggests that Creasy should get a job and offers to set him up as a bodyguard: thus he is hired by the Ballettos, where he meets his charge, Pinta.
Creasy barely tolerates the precocious child and her pestering questions about him and his life. But slowly, she chips away at his seemingly impenetrable exterior, his defences drop, and he opens up to her. They become friends and he replaces her parents in their absences, giving her advice, guidance and help with her competition running: he is even spurred to give up his drinking and return to his former physical prowess. But Creasy's life is shattered when Pinta is kidnapped by the Mafia, despite his efforts to protect her.
Creasy is wounded during the kidnapping and as he lies in a hospital bed Guido keeps him informed of the goings on. Soon enough, Guido returns with the news that the exchange went bad and Pinta was found dead in a car, suffocated on her own vomit. She had also been raped by her captors.
Out of hospital, Creasy returns to Guido's pensione and outlines his plans for revenge against the men who took away the girl who convinced him it was all right to live again: anyone who was involved, or profited from it, all the way to the top of the Mafia. Told by Guido he can stay with in-laws on the island of Gozo in Malta, Creasy accepts the offer, to train for his new mission.
While on Gozo, Creasy trains for several months, getting into shape and re-familiarizing himself with weaponry. But, to his surprise, he also discovers he has another reason to live after his suicidal mission against the Mafia: he finds himself accepted by and admiring the Gozitans, as well as falling in love with Nadia, the daughter of his host.
Soon enough, he is fit and leaves for Marseille where he stocks up on supplies, weapons and ammunition: from there he travels back to Italy and then the war between Creasy and the Mafia begins. From low-level enforcers to the capos in Milan and Rome, as well as all the way to the head Don in Sicily, Creasy cuts through their organisation, killing anyone who had something even remotely to do with Pinta's kidnapping. After Creasy reveals to Rika that Ettore allowed her to be kidnapped for the insurance money, Ettore commits suicide. Finally, after killing the Don, a severely wounded Creasy is taken to hospital, but pronounced dead: a funeral is held and Creasy is thought to be gone.
But, unknown to all, Creasy was in fact alive and makes it back to Gozo where he is reunited with Nadia.
Characters[edit]
Creasy – The protagonist of the novel. Creasy originated from the US state of Tennessee. He served in the French Foreign Legion before becoming Pinta's bodyguard. A. J. Quinnell based Creasy on several people he knew from Africa and Vietnam in the 1960s and 1970s.[1] He imagined that Creasy would look like Robert Mitchum.[2]
Ettore Balletto – The husband of the Balletto family and the owner of Balletto Mills, one of Italy's largest producers of knitted silk fabric. He arranged a kidnapping of Pinta to commit an insurance scam: he set up an insurance policy at Lloyd's of London for two billion lire. After Creasy confronts him and exposes him to Rika, Ettore commits suicide in his eighth floor office.
Rika Balletto – The wife of the Balletto family.
Pinta Balletto – The child of the Balletto family.
Guido Arrellio – Creasy's friend and the owner of the Pensione Splendide in Naples.
Maria – The cook at the Balletto house.
Deluca (Signora Deluca) – Pinta's schoolteacher.
Giorgio Rabbia – One of Pinta's kidnappers, he works as the driver in the kidnapping.
Giacomo Sandri – One of Pinta's kidnappers: he is Fossella's sister's son.[3] He shoots Creasy during the kidnapping.
Cremasco and Dorigo – Two of Pinta's kidnappers. During the kidnapping, Creasy kills them before being wounded out of commission.
Dino Fossella – One of the two main Milan-based mafia bosses of Cantarella's organisation who planned about Pinta's kidnapping. Creasy kills him by placing a bomb in his rectum and detonating it.
Abrata – One of the two main Milan-based mafia bosses of Cantarella's organization who planned about Pinta's kidnapping.
Joey Schembri – The younger brother of Julia, Guido's wife: Julia died in a drunk driving accident before the start of the story.
Paul Schembri – Julia, Nadia and Joey's father who works as a farmer in Gozo.
Laura Schembri – Paul's wife and the mother of Julia, Nadia and Joey.
Nadia Schembri – Julia's sister, Nadia becomes Creasy's girlfriend. Creasy impregnates Nadia and Creasy returns to live with Nadia in Gozo.
Vico Mansutti – The lawyer for the Balletto family, Vico serves as a go-between in Pinta's kidnapping scheme, between Ettore and the mafia. Creasy wires a plastique to his car, so Vico dies when he starts his car.
Gina Mansutti – Vico's wife.
Mario Satta – A member of the Carabinieri tracking Creasy's movements.
Massimo Bellu – Satta's assistant.
Elio – Elio is Guido's younger brother.
Felicia – Elio's wife.
Pietro – An ex-thief who works as an employee at Guido's pensione.
Cantarella – The boss of the entire mafia organisation, who is based out of Palermo, Sicily.
Floriano Conti – A mafia boss in Rome and a member of Cantarella's organisation. Creasy uses an anti-tank missile to kill Conti.
"Wally" Wighman – An Australian who Creasy meets in Rome.
"Paddy" Collins – An Australian who Creasy meets in Rome.
Franco Masi – An owner of a farmhouse next to Villa Colacci, Cantarella's stronghold. Cantarella and the previous occupants served as Masi's benefactor: after Cantarella ordered the destruction of Masi's property, Masi gained a grudge against Cantarella.
Cesare Gravelli – One of Cantarella's main advisors.
Maurizio Dicandia – One of Cantarella's main advisors.
Amelia Zanbon – Sandri's 15-year-old companion.
Development[edit]
Two real-life incidents shaped A. J. Quinnell's development of the book. In the first, after the eldest son of a rich Singaporean was kidnapped by Triads for ransom money, the man refused to pay the ransom, leading to the death of his son; the refusal meant that the man's other children would not become targets. The second was the kidnapping of John Paul Getty III, the son of Paul Getty, in Rome.[4]
On a previous occasion, Quinnell had helped save the life of an Italian man suffering a medical emergency on an airliner flight between Tokyo and Hong Kong. When he began doing research for the book, he contacted the man's family. The family responded by introducing anti-mafia investigators, lawyers, and mafia members to Quinnell. The contacts eagerly helped Quinnell and asked to be named in the book.[2]
On the island of Gozo, Quinnell often frequented a Maltese bar called "Gleneagles". Several patrons at the bar, many of whom had poor English comprehension, agreed to be characters in the book.[2]
Sequels[edit]
Quinnell wrote four more novels featuring Creasy.
The Perfect Kill (1992)
The Blue Ring (1993)
Black Horn (1994)
Message From Hell (1996)
Reception[edit]
After the book's publication in 1981, Man on Fire became a best seller. By 2005 Man on Fire sold over eight million paperback copies and received many translations. Many of the book's most devoted fans come from Japan. The Times of Malta obituary of A. J. Quinnell stated that the Japanese liked Creasy's "samurai-style dedication".[2] Japanese people see Creasy as a "ronin", a disgraced former samurai, who tries to atone for his deeds with charitable acts.[4] Because of the Japanese popularity of the book, Malta received its first significant wave of Japanese tourism. As of 2005, due to the popularity of Quinnell's books, an early edition of Man on Fire had a price tag of £63 (£86.33 when adjusted for inflation).[2]
Films[edit]
There were two film adaptations made from this novel, one in 1987 and another more recently in 2004. Both took liberties with the novel's plot.
In the 2004 film, John Creasy (Denzel Washington) is an alcoholic ex-United States Special Operations soldier travelling to Mexico to visit his friend Rayburn. He subsequently lands a job on the advice of Rayburn as a bodyguard for an affluent Mexican automaker named Samuel Ramos (Marc Anthony) guarding his Mexican-American daughter Lupita "Pita" Ramos (Dakota Fanning). Just like the Creasy in the novel, he is cold and distant from Pita but quickly warms up to her. She is eventually kidnapped by Mexican policemen belonging to a criminal organisation called "La Hermandad" who are involved in much of the kidnapping conspiracy transpiring in Mexico. Believing Pita to be dead as the result of a botched ransom drop, Creasy exacts revenge on everyone involved with surgical precision. Eventually he discovers that Pita was in fact kept alive and agrees to exchange himself for her so she can be returned to her mother Lisa (Radha Mitchell). Creasy goes through with the exchange, but is suffering from prior gunshot wounds and dies shortly after giving himself over to enemy hands, but not before ensuring Pita's safe return to her mother.
The 2004 film received a 2005 Bollywood remake, Ek Ajnabee.[5]
See also[edit]
England portal
Italy portal
Malta portal
Novels portal
1980s portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Davies, Paul. Ed: Nancy Billias. "Be not overcome by evil but overcome evil with good: The Theology of Evil in Man on Fire." Posted in Producing and Promoting Evil. Rodopi Publishers, 2010. 220. Retrieved 30 March 2011. ISBN 90-420-2939-0, ISBN 978-90-420-2939-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Social and Personal Obituaries". (Archive) Times of Malta. Thursday 14 July 2005. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Quinell, A.J. Man on Fire. 145.
^ Jump up to: a b Davies, Paul. Ed: Nancy Billias. "Be not overcome by evil but overcome evil with good: The Theology of Evil in Man on Fire." Posted in Producing and Promoting Evil. Rodopi Publishers, 2010. 221. Retrieved 30 March 2011. ISBN 90-420-2939-0, ISBN 978-90-420-2939-2.
Jump up ^ Vijayan, Vipin. "Amitabh rocks in Ek Ajnabee". Rediff.com. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
[hide]
v
t
e
Man on Fire by A. J. Quinnell
Film adaptations
Man on Fire (1987)
Man on Fire (2004)
Ek Ajnabee (2005)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_on_Fire_(novel)&oldid=804310937"
Categories:
1980 British novels
British thriller novels
Debut novels
British novels adapted into films
Novels set in Italy
Novels set in Malta
William Morrow and Company books
Hidden categories:
EngvarB from September 2017
Use dmy dates from September 2017
Articles needing additional references from January 2011
All articles needing additional references
Articles lacking reliable references from January 2011
All articles lacking reliable references
Pages to import images to Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 8 October 2017, at 04:03.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: class role tabindex

values: mw-collapsible-toggle button 0

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources

values:
mw-collapsible
width:95%; margin: 0.2em 0;

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6305089

values: United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance

values:
/wiki/Triad_(gang)
mw-redirect
Triad (gang)

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values:
/wiki/Rodopi_Publishers
mw-redirect
Rodopi Publishers

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:British novels adapted into films

values: Category:William Morrow and Company books

values: Category:Use dmy dates from September 2017

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2011

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from January 2011

values: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

values: Category:Pages to import images to Wikidata

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Man_on_Fire_(novel)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Man_on_Fire_novel rootpage-Man_on_Fire_novel vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view