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Species diversity
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Species diversity is the number of different species that are represented in a given community (a dataset). The effective number of species refers to the number of equally abundant species needed to obtain the same mean proportional species abundance as that observed in the dataset of interest (where all species may not be equally abundant). Species diversity consists of three components: species richness, taxonomic or phylogenetic diversity and species evenness. Species richness is a simple count of species, taxonomic or phylogenetic diversity is the genetic relationship between different groups of species,whereas species evenness quantifies how equal the abundances of the species are.[1][2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Calculation of diversity
2 Diversity indices
3 Sampling considerations
4 Trends
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
Calculation of diversity[edit]
Species diversity in a dataset can be calculated by first taking the weighted average of species proportional abundances in the dataset, and then taking the inverse of this. The equation is:[1][2][3]
q D = 1 ∑ i = 1 S p i p i q − 1 q − 1 {\displaystyle {}^{q}\!D={1 \over {\sqrt[{q-1}]{\sum _{i=1}^{S}p_{i}p_{i}^{q-1}}}}}
The denominator equals mean proportional species abundance in the dataset as calculated with the weighted generalized mean with exponent q - 1. In the equation, S is the total number of species (species richness) in the dataset, and the proportional abundance of the ith species is p i {\displaystyle p_{i}} . The proportional abundances themselves are used as weights. The equation is often written in the equivalent form:
q D = ( ∑ i = 1 S p i q ) 1 / ( 1 − q ) {\displaystyle {}^{q}\!D=\left({\sum _{i=1}^{S}p_{i}^{q}}\right)^{1/(1-q)}}
The value of q defines which kind of mean is used. q = 0 corresponds to the weighted harmonic mean, which is 1/S because the p i {\displaystyle p_{i}} values cancel out. q = 1 is undefined, except that the limit as q approaches 1 is well defined:
lim q → 1 q D = exp  ( − ∑ i = 1 S p i ln  p i ) {\displaystyle \lim _{q\rightarrow 1}{}^{q}\!D=\exp \left(-\sum _{i=1}^{S}p_{i}\ln p_{i}\right)}
q = 2 corresponds to the arithmetic mean. As q approaches infinity, the generalized mean approaches the maximum p i {\displaystyle p_{i}} value. In practice, q modifies species weighting, such that increasing q increases the weight given to the most abundant species, and fewer equally abundant species are hence needed to reach mean proportional abundance. Consequently, large values of q lead to smaller species diversity than small values of q for the same dataset. If all species are equally abundant in the dataset, changing the value of q has no effect, but species diversity at any value of q equals species richness.
Negative values of q are not used, because then the effective number of species (diversity) would exceed the actual number of species (richness). As q approaches negative infinity, the generalized mean approaches the minimum p i {\displaystyle p_{i}} value. In many real datasets, the least abundant species is represented by a single individual, and then the effective number of species would equal the number of individuals in the dataset.[2][3]
The same equation can be used to calculate the diversity in relation to any classification, not only species. If the individuals are classified into genera or functional types, p i {\displaystyle p_{i}} represents the proportional abundance of the ith genus or functional type, and qD equals genus diversity or functional type diversity, respectively.
Diversity indices[edit]
Often researchers have used the values given by one or more diversity indices to quantify species diversity. Such indices include species richness, the Shannon index, the Simpson index, and the complement of the Simpson index (also known as the Gini-Simpson index).[4][5][6]
When interpreted in ecological terms, each one of these indices corresponds to a different thing, and their values are therefore not directly comparable. Species richness quantifies the actual rather than effective number of species. The Shannon index equals log(qD), and in practice quantifies the uncertainty in the species identity of an individual that is taken at random from the dataset. The Simpson index equals 1/qD and quantifies the probability that two individuals taken at random from the dataset (with replacement of the first individual before taking the second) represent the same species. The Gini-Simpson index equals 1 - 1/qD and quantifies the probability that the two randomly taken individuals represent different species.[1][2][3][6][7]
Sampling considerations[edit]
Depending on the purposes of quantifying species diversity, the dataset used for the calculations can be obtained in different ways. Although species diversity can be calculated for any dataset where individuals have been identified to species, meaningful ecological interpretations require that the dataset is appropriate for the questions at hand. In practice, the interest is usually in the species diversity of areas so large that not all individuals in them can be observed and identified to species, but a sample of the relevant individuals has to be obtained. Extrapolation from the sample to the underlying population of interest is not straightforward, because the species diversity of the available sample generally gives an underestimation of the species diversity in the entire population. Applying different sampling methods will lead to different sets of individuals being observed for the same area of interest, and the species diversity of each set may be different. When a new individual is added to a dataset, it may introduce a species that was not yet represented. How much this increases species diversity depends on the value of q: when q = 0, each new actual species causes species diversity to increase by one effective species, but when q is large, adding a rare species to a dataset has little effect on its species diversity.[8]
In general, sets with many individuals can be expected to have higher species diversity than sets with fewer individuals. When species diversity values are compared among sets, sampling efforts need to be standardised in an appropriate way for the comparisons to yield ecologically meaningful results. Resampling methods can be used to bring samples of different sizes to a common footing.[9] Species discovery curves and the number of species only represented by one or a few individuals can be used to help in estimating how representative the available sample is of the population from which it was drawn.[10][11]
Trends[edit]
The observed species diversity is affected not only by the number of individuals but also by the heterogeneity of the sample. If individuals are drawn from different environmental conditions (or different habitats), the species diversity of the resulting set can be expected to be higher than if all individuals are drawn from a similar environment. Increasing the area sampled increases observed species diversity both because more individuals get included in the sample and because large areas are environmentally more heterogeneous than small areas.
See also[edit]
Environment portal
Ecology portal
Earth sciences portal
Sustainable development portal
Alpha diversity
Beta diversity
Biodiversity
Diversity index
Measurement of biodiversity
Dark diversity
Gamma diversity
Genetic diversity
Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
Relative species abundance
Species–area relationship
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Hill, M. O. (1973) Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology, 54, 427–432
^ Jump up to: a b c d Tuomisto, H. (2010) A diversity of beta diversities: straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 1. Defining beta diversity as a function of alpha and gamma diversity. Ecography, 33, 2-22. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05880.x
^ Jump up to: a b c d Tuomisto, H. 2010. A consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity? Yes, it does exist. Oecologia 4: 853–860. doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1812-0
Jump up ^ Krebs, C. J. (1999) Ecological Methodology. Second edition. Addison-Wesley, California.
Jump up ^ Magurran, A. E. (2004) Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
^ Jump up to: a b Jost, L. (2006) Entropy and diversity. Oikos, 113, 363–375
Jump up ^ Jost, L. (2007) Partitioning diversity into independent alpha and beta components. Ecology, 88, 2427–2439.
Jump up ^ Tuomisto, H. (2010) A diversity of beta diversities: straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 2. Quantifying beta diversity and related phenomena. Ecography, 33, 23-45. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.06148.x
Jump up ^ Colwell, R. K. and Coddington, J. A. (1994) Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 345, 101-118.
Jump up ^ Good, I. J. and Toulmin, G. H. (1956) The number of new species, and the increase in population coverage, when a sample is increased. Biometrika, 43, 45-63.
Jump up ^ Chao, A. (2005) Species richness estimation. Pages 7909-7916 in N. Balakrishnan, C. B. Read, and B. Vidakovic, eds. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences. New York, Wiley.
External links[edit]
Harrison, Ian; Laverty, Melina; Sterling, Eleanor. "Species Diversity". Connexions (cnx.org). William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Maxfield Foundation, and the Connexions Consortium. Retrieved 1 February 2011. (Licensed under Creative Commons 1.0 Attribution Generic).
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Life of the Party (Shawn Mendes song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Life of the Party"
Single by Shawn Mendes
from the album The Shawn Mendes EP and Handwritten
Released
June 26, 2014
Format
Digital download
Genre
Pop rock[citation needed]
Length
3:35
Label
Island
Songwriter(s)
Ido Zmishlany
Scott Harris
Producer(s)
Ido Zmishlany
Shawn Mendes singles chronology
"Life of the Party"
(2014) "Oh Cecilia (Breaking My Heart)"
(2014)
"Life of the Party"
(2014) "Oh Cecilia (Breaking My Heart)"
(2014)
"Life of the Party" is the debut single recorded by Canadian singer Shawn Mendes from his extended play (EP) The Shawn Mendes EP and debut studio album Handwritten (2015). Written by Ido Zmishlany and Scott Harris, it was recorded in Toronto, Ontario and released on June 26, 2014.
Contents
1 Music video
2 Background
3 Chart performance
4 Charts and certifications
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
4.3 Certifications
5 References
Music video[edit]
A lyric video, released on June 30, 2014, is a long, one-shot zoom-in on Shawn Mendes in the George Street diner, who occasionally converses with the waitress of the diner as he is singing. Lyrics from the song appear in spots such as tables and hanging lights. It ends with the waitress reading a note left from Shawn, smiling as the scene fades.[1]
Background[edit]
The title of the song, "Life of the Party", may give the impression that it's an upbeat dance song, but in an interview, Mendes described the song as not "super happy, but it's also not depressing". The lyrics represent being happy with yourself and figuring out who you are and who you want to be.[2] It was written by two writers from New York, Ido Zmishlany and Scott Harris, though Mendes felt a strong connection to it.[3]
Chart performance[edit]
The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart of July 12, 2014, at number 24, making it his first entry in the chart and first top 40 hit.[4][5] Mendes became the youngest artist to debut in the top 25 with a debut song on the Billboard Hot 100 at 15 years, 11 months and 4 days of age.[6] The song debuted at number five on the Hot Digital Songs chart with 148,000 downloads.
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2014–15)
Peak
position
Australia Hitseekers (ARIA)[7]
9
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[8]
48
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[9]
9
Canada AC (Billboard)[10]
9
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[11]
7
Canada Hot AC (Billboard)[12]
5
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[13]
44
Ireland (IRMA)[14]
34
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[15]
6
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[16]
89
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[17]
46
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[18]
37
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[19]
99
US Billboard Hot 100[20]
24
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2014)
Position
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[21] 53
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[22]
Gold 35,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[23]
2× Platinum 160,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[24]
Gold 7,500*
Norway (IFPI Norway)[25]
Platinum 10,000*
Sweden (GLF)[26]
Platinum 40,000^
United States (RIAA)[27]
Platinum 1,000,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Shawn Mendes - Life Of The Party (Lyric Video)". ShawnMendesVEVO. YouTube. June 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Abel, A. (June 13, 2014). "Get to know the next Ed Seeran, vine star Shawn Mendes-plus, get a sneak peek at his first single". Seventeen Magazine. Retrieved June 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Gilman, Hannah (June 30, 2014). "Exclusive Premiere! You Have to Watch Vine Star Shawn Mendes's First Music Video: Swooning begins in 3, 2, 1..." Teen Vogue. Retrieved June 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2014-07-02). "Iggy Azalea Claims Longest Hot 100 Reign For A Female Rapper With 'Fancy'". Billboard. Retrieved 2014-07-02.
Jump up ^ "Music: Top 100 Songs - Billboard Hot 100 Chart". Billboard. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Shawn Mendes, 15-Year-Old Vine Celebrity, Makes Record-Breaking Debut on Billboard Hot 100". Idolator. July 2, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The ARIA Report: Issue 1309 (Week Commencing 30 March 2015)" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. p. 21. Retrieved April 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Shawn Mendes – Life of the Party" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Shawn Mendes Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Shawn Mendes Chart History (Canada AC)". Billboard. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Shawn Mendes Chart History (Canada CHR/Top 40)". Billboard. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Shawn Mendes Chart History (Canada Hot AC)". Billboard. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201438 into search. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 27, 2014". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Charts.nz – Shawn Mendes – Life of the Party". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201438 into search. Retrieved August 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Shawn Mendes – Life of the Party". Singles Top 100. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Shawn Mendes Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Hot 100 – Year of 2014". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2017 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Shawn Mendes – Life of the Party". Music Canada. Retrieved February 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Shawn Mendes – Life of the party". Recorded Music NZ.
Jump up ^ "Norwegian single certifications – Shawn Mendes – Life of the Party" (in Norwegian). IFPI Norway.
Jump up ^ "Shawn Mendes - Life of the Party" (in Swedish). Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Shawn Mendes – Life of the Party". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
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Salbutamol
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Salbutamol
Salbutamol (top),
(R)-(−)-salbutamol (center) and
(S)-(+)-salbutamol (bottom)
Clinical data
Trade names
Ventolin, Proventil, others[3]
Synonyms
Albuterol (USAN US)
AHFS/Drugs.com
Monograph
License data
US FDA: Albuterol
Pregnancy
category
AU: A [1]
US: C (Risk not ruled out) [2]
Routes of
administration
by mouth, inhalational, IV
ATC code
R03AC02 (WHO) R03CC02 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status
AU: S3 (Pharmacist only) [4]
CA: ℞-only [5]
UK: POM (Prescription only)
US: ℞-only
Pharmacokinetic data
Metabolism
Liver
Onset of action
<15 min (inhaled), <30 min (pill)[6]
Biological half-life
3.8–6 hours
Duration of action
2–6 hrs[6]
Excretion
Kidney
Identifiers
IUPAC name[show]
(RS)-4-[2-(tert-Butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol
CAS Number
18559-94-9 Y
PubChem CID
2083
IUPHAR/BPS
558
DrugBank
DB01001 N
ChemSpider
1999 Y
UNII
QF8SVZ843E
KEGG
D02147 Y
ChEBI
CHEBI:2549 N
ChEMBL
CHEMBL714 Y
ECHA InfoCard
100.038.552
Chemical and physical data
Formula
C13H21NO3
Molar mass
239.311 g/mol
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
Chirality
Racemic mixture
SMILES[show]
OCc1cc(ccc1O)C(O)CNC(C)(C)C
InChI[show]
InChI=1S/C13H21NO3/c1-13(2,3)14-7-12(17)9-4-5-11(16)10(6-9)8-15/h4-6,12,14-17H,7-8H2,1-3H3 Y
Key:NDAUXUAQIAJITI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
N Y (what is this?) (verify)
Salbutamol, also known as albuterol and marketed as Ventolin among other names,[3] is a medication that opens up the medium and large airways in the lungs.[6] It is used to treat asthma including asthma attacks, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).[6] It may also be used to treat high blood potassium levels.[7] Salbutamol is usually used with an inhaler or nebulizer but is also available as a pill and intravenous solution.[6][8] Onset of action of the inhaled version is typically within 15 minutes and lasts for two to six hours.[6]
Common side effects include shakiness, headache, fast heart rate, dizziness, and feeling anxious.[6] Serious side effects may include worsening bronchospasm, irregular heartbeat, and low blood potassium levels.[6] It can be used during pregnancy and breastfeeding, but safety is not entirely clear.[6][9] It is a short-acting β2 adrenergic receptor agonist which works by causing airway smooth muscles to relax.[6]
Salbutamol was first made in 1967 in Britain and became commercially available in the UK in 1969.[10] It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1982.[6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.[11] Salbutamol is available as a generic medication.[6] The wholesale cost in the developing world of an inhaler which contains 200 doses is between US$1.12 and US$2.64 as of 2014.[12] In the United States, it is between $25 and $50 for a typical month supply.[13]
Contents
[hide]
1 Medical uses
2 Adverse effects
3 Pharmacology
4 Chemistry
4.1 Structure and activity
5 History
6 Society and culture
6.1 Cost
6.2 Names
6.3 Doping
7 Research
8 Veterinary use
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Medical uses[edit]
Salbutamol is typically used to treat bronchospasm (due to any cause – allergic asthma or exercise-induced), as well as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.[6] It is also one of the most common medicines used in rescue inhalers (short-term bronchodilators to alleviate asthma attacks).[14]
As a β2 agonist, salbutamol also has use in obstetrics. Intravenous salbutamol can be used as a tocolytic to relax the uterine smooth muscle to delay premature labor. While preferred over agents such as atosiban and ritodrine, its role has largely been replaced by the calcium channel blocker nifedipine, which is more effective, better tolerated, and administered orally.[15]
Salbutamol has been used to treat acute hyperkalemia, as it stimulates potassium flow into cells, thus lowering the level in the blood.[7]
Adverse effects[edit]
The most common side effects are fine tremor, anxiety, headache, muscle cramps, dry mouth, and palpitation.[16] Other symptoms may include tachycardia, arrhythmia, flushing of the skin, myocardial ischemia (rare), and disturbances of sleep and behaviour.[16] Rarely occurring, but of importance, are allergic reactions of paradoxical bronchospasms, urticaria (hives), angioedema, hypotension, and collapse. High doses or prolonged use may cause hypokalemia, which is of concern especially in patients with renal failure and those on certain diuretics and xanthine derivatives.[16]
Pharmacology[edit]
The tertiary butyl group in salbutamol makes it more selective for β2 receptors,[17] which are the predominant receptors on the bronchial smooth muscles. Activation of these receptors causes adenylyl cyclase to convert ATP to cAMP, beginning the signalling cascade that ends with the inhibition of myosin phosphorylation and lowering the intracellular concentration of calcium ions (myosin phosphorylation and calcium ions are necessary for muscle contractions). The increase in cAMP also inhibits inflammatory cells in the airway, such as basophils, eosinophils, and most especially mast cells, from releasing inflammatory mediators and cytokines.[18][19] Salbutamol and other β2 receptor agonists also increase the conductance of channels sensitive to calcium and potassium ions, leading to hyperpolarization and relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles.[20]
Salbutamol is either filtered out by the kidneys directly or is first metabolized into 4'-O-sulphate, which is excreted in the urine.[8]
Chemistry[edit]
Structure and activity[edit]
(R)-(−)-salbutamol (top) and (S)-(+)-salbutamol (bottom)
Salbutamol is sold as a racemic mixture. The (R)-(−)-enantiomer (CIP nomenclature) is shown in the image at right (top), and is responsible for the pharmacologic activity; the (S)-(+)-enantiomer (bottom) blocks metabolic pathways associated with elimination of itself and of the pharmacologically active enantiomer (R).[21] The slower metabolism of the (S)-(+)-enantiomer also causes it to accumulate in the lungs, which can cause airway hyperreactivity and inflammation.[22]
History[edit]
Salbutamol was discovered in 1966 by a team led by David Jack at the Allen and Hanburys laboratory (a subsidiary of Glaxo) in Ware, Hertfordshire, England, and was launched as Ventolin in 1969.[23]
Society and culture[edit]
Cost[edit]
International wholesale price of 200 doses of salbutamol[12]
The wholesale cost of a 200-dose inhaler is between US$1.12 and US$2.64 in the developing world as of 2014[update][12] and GB£1.50 in the United Kingdom as of 2015[update].[24] In the United States, a typical month supply is between $25 and $50.[13]
Names[edit]
Ventolin 2 mg tablets made by GSK (Turkey)
Salbutamol is the INN (international nonproprietary name) while albuterol is the USAN (United States adopted name). The drug is usually manufactured and distributed as the sulphate salt (salbutamol sulphate).
It was first sold by Allen & Hanburys (UK) under the brand name Ventolin, and has been used for the treatment of asthma ever since.[25] The drug is marketed under many names worldwide.[3]
Doping[edit]
There is no compelling evidence that salbutamol and other β2 agonists can increase performance in healthy athletes.[26] In spite of this, salbutamol required "a declaration of Use in accordance with the International Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions" under the 2010 WADA prohibited list. This requirement was relaxed when the 2011 list was published to permit the use of "salbutamol (maximum 1600 micrograms over 24 hours) and salmeterol when taken by inhalation in accordance with the manufacturers’ recommended therapeutic regimen."[27][28]
According to two small and limited studies, salbutamol increases performance on endurance exercise even for a person without asthma.[29][30][31]
Another study contradicts the above findings, however. The double blind, randomised test conducted on 12 non-asthmatic athletes concluded that salbutamol had a negligible effect on endurance performance. Nevertheless, the study also showed that the drug's bronchodilating effect may have improved respiratory adaptation at the beginning of exercise.[32]
Salbutamol has been shown to improve muscle weight in rats[33] and anecdotal reports hypothesise that it might be an alternative to clenbuterol for purposes of fat burning and muscle gain, with multiple studies supporting this claim.[34][35][36][37] Abuse of the drug may be confirmed by detection of its presence in plasma or urine, typically exceeding 1000 µg/L. The window of detection for urine testing is on the order of just 24 hours, given the relatively short elimination half-life of the drug,[38][39][40] estimated at between 5 and 6 hours following oral administration of 4 mg.[18]
Research[edit]
Salbutamol has been studied in subtypes of congenital myasthenic syndrome associated with mutations in Dok-7.[41]
It has also been tested in a trial aimed at treatment of spinal muscular atrophy; it is speculated to modulate the alternative splicing of the SMN2 gene, increasing the amount of the SMN protein whose deficiency is regarded as a cause of the disease.[42][43]
Veterinary use[edit]
Salbutamol's low toxicity makes it safe for other animals and thus is the medication of choice for treating acute airway obstruction in most species.[22] It is usually used to treat bronchospasm or coughs in cats and dogs and used as a bronchodilator in horses with recurrent airway obstruction; it can also be used in emergencies to treat asthmatic cats.[44][45]
Toxic effects require an extremely high dose, and most overdoses are due to dogs chewing on and puncturing an inhaler or nebulizer vial.[46]
See also[edit]
Levosalbutamol — the (R)-(−)-enantiomer
Ipratropium/salbutamol
Salmeterol
Isoprenaline
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Thereaputic Goods Administration. "Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database". Australian Government.
Jump up ^ "HSDB:Albuterol". ToxNet. US National Library of Medicine.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Salbutamol". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-30. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Thereaputic Goods Administration. "Poisons Standard June 2017". Australian Government.
Jump up ^ "Prescription Drug List". Government of Canada.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Albuterol". Drugs.com. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved Dec 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Mahoney, BA; Smith, WA; Lo, DS; Tsoi, K; Tonelli, M; Clase, CM (18 April 2005). "Emergency interventions for hyperkalaemia". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2): CD003235. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003235.pub2. PMID 15846652.
^ Jump up to: a b Starkey, ES; Mulla, H; Sammons, HM; Pandya, HC (September 2014). "Intravenous salbutamol for childhood asthma: evidence-based medicine?" (PDF). Archives of Disease in Childhood. 99 (9): 873–7. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-304467. PMID 24938536. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-09-08.
Jump up ^ Yaffe, Sumner J. (2011). Drugs in pregnancy and lactation : a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 32. ISBN 9781608317080. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08.
Jump up ^ Landau, Ralph (1999). Pharmaceutical innovation : revolutionizing human health. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Press. p. 226. ISBN 9780941901215. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08.
Jump up ^ "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)" (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Salbutamol". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 448. ISBN 9781284057560.
Jump up ^ Hatfield, Heather. "Asthma: The Rescue Inhaler -- Now a Cornerstone of Asthma Treatment". WebMD. Archived from the original on 2017-07-16. Retrieved 2017-06-27.
Jump up ^ Rossi, S (2004). Australian Medicines Handbook. AMH. ISBN 0-9578521-4-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c "3.1.1.1 Selective beta2 agonists – side effects". British National Formulary (57 ed.). London: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal Pharmaceutical Society Publishing. March 2008. ISBN 0-85369-778-7.
Jump up ^ Lemke, T.L.; Williams, D.A.; Roche, V.F.; Zito, S.W. (2013). Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1314–1320. ISBN 9781609133450. OCLC 748675182. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Albuterol Sulfate". Rx List: The Internet Drug Index. Archived from the original on 2014-07-18. Retrieved 2014-07-13.
Jump up ^ Papich, Mark G. (2007). "Albuterol Sulfate". Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (2nd ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 10–11. ISBN 9781416028888.
Jump up ^ US Department of Health and Human Services (2017-04-28). "Albuterol - Medical Countermeasures Database". CHEMM. Archived from the original on 2017-08-03. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
Jump up ^ Mehta, Akul. "Medicinal Chemistry of the Peripheral Nervous System – Adrenergics and Cholinergics their Biosynthesis, Metabolism, and Structure Activity Relationships". Archived from the original on 2010-11-04. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
^ Jump up to: a b "Inhalation Therapy of Airway Disease". Merck Veterinary Manual. Archived from the original on 2017-06-25. Retrieved 2017-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Sir David Jack, who has died aged 87, was the scientific brain behind the rise of the pharmaceuticals company Glaxo". The Telegraph. Nov 17, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-11-25.
Jump up ^ BNF 69: March 2015 - September 2015 (69 ed.). Pharmaceutical Pr. March 31, 2015. p. 190. ISBN 9780857111562.
Jump up ^ "Ventolin remains a breath of fresh air for asthma sufferers, after 40 years" (PDF). The Pharmaceutical Journal. 279 (7473): 404–405. Archived from the original (PDF) on Oct 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ Davis, E; Loiacono, R; Summers, R J (2008). "The rush to adrenaline: drugs in sport acting on the β-adrenergic system". British Journal of Pharmacology. 154 (3): 584–97. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.164. PMC 2439523  . PMID 18500380.
Jump up ^ "The 2010 Prohibited List International Standard" (PDF). WADA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-11. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The 2011 Prohibited List International Standard" (PDF). WADA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-05-13. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
Jump up ^ Collomp, K; Candau, R; Lasne, F; Labsy, Z; Préfaut, C; De Ceaurriz, J (2000). "Effects of short-term oral salbutamol administration on exercise endurance and metabolism". Journal of Applied Physiology. 89 (2): 430–6. PMID 10926623. Archived from the original on 2010-11-13.
Jump up ^ "Salbutamol: Ergogenic effects of salbutamol". Peak Performance. Archived from the original on 2010-03-28. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
Jump up ^ Van Baak, MA; De Hon, OM; Hartgens, F; Kuipers, H (2004). "Inhaled salbutamol and endurance cycling performance in non-asthmatic athletes". International journal of sports medicine. 25 (7): 533–8. doi:10.1055/s-2004-815716. PMID 15459835.
Jump up ^ Goubault, C; Perault, MC; Leleu, E; Bouquet, S; Legros, P; Vandel, B; Denjean, A (2001). "Effects of inhaled salbutamol in exercising non-asthmatic athletes". Thorax. 56 (9): 675–679. doi:10.1136/thorax.56.9.675. PMC 1746141  . PMID 11514686.
Jump up ^ Carter WJ, Lynch ME (September 1994). "Comparison of the effects of salbutamol and clenbuterol on skeletal muscle mass and carcass composition in senescent rats". Metab. Clin. Exp. 43 (9): 1119–25. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(94)90054-X. PMID 7916118.
Jump up ^ Caruso, JF; Signorile, JF; Perry, AC; Leblanc, B; Williams, R; Clark, M; Bamman, MM (Nov 1995). "The effects of albuterol and isokinetic exercise on the quadriceps muscle group". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 27 (11): 1471–6. doi:10.1249/00005768-199511000-00002. PMID 8587482.
Jump up ^ Caruso, J. (20 January 2005). "Albuterol aids resistance exercise in reducing unloading-induced ankle extensor strength losses". Journal of Applied Physiology. 98 (5): 1705–1711. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01015.2004. PMID 15640389. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Caruso, John F.; Hamill, John L.; De Garmo, Nicole (2005). "Oral Albuterol Dosing During the Latter Stages of a Resistance Exercise Program". The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 19 (1): 102–7. doi:10.1519/R-14793.1. PMID 15705021.
Jump up ^ Caruso, JF; Hamill, JL; Yamauchi, M; Mercado, DR; Cook, TD; Keller, CP; Montgomery, AG; Elias, J (Jun 2004). "Albuterol helps resistance exercise attenuate unloading-induced knee extensor losses". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 75 (6): 505–11. PMID 15198276.
Jump up ^ Baselt, R. (2008). Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man (8th ed.). Biomedical Publications. pp. 33–35. ISBN 0-9626523-6-9.
Jump up ^ Berges, Rosa; S; V; F; M; F; M; D (2000). "Discrimination of Prohibited Oral Use of Salbutamol from Authorized Inhaled Asthma Treatment". Clinical Chemistry. 46 (9): 1365–75. PMID 10973867. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17.
Jump up ^ Schweizer, C; Saugy, M; Kamber, M (2004). "Doping test reveals high concentrations of salbutamol in a Swiss track and field athlete". Clin. J. Sport Med. 14 (5): 312–315. doi:10.1097/00042752-200409000-00018. PMID 15377972. Archived from the original on 2012-10-05.
Jump up ^ Liewluck, Teerin; Selcen, Duygu; Engel, Andrew G. (November 2011). "Beneficial effects of albuterol in congenital endplate acetylcholinesterase deficiency and Dok-7 myasthenia". Muscle & Nerve. 44 (5): 789–794. doi:10.1002/mus.22176. PMC 3196786  . PMID 21952943. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08.
Jump up ^ Van Meerbeke, J. P.; Sumner, C. J. (2011). "Progress and promise: The current status of spinal muscular atrophy therapeutics". Discovery medicine. 12 (65): 291–305. PMID 22031667.
Jump up ^ Lewelt, A.; Newcomb, T. M.; Swoboda, K. J. (2011). "New Therapeutic Approaches to Spinal Muscular Atrophy". Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports. 12 (1): 42–53. doi:10.1007/s11910-011-0240-9. PMC 3260050  . PMID 22134788.
Jump up ^ Plumb, Donald C. (2011). "Albuterol Sulfate". Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook (7th ed.). Stockholm, Wisconsin; Ames, Iowa: Wiley. pp. 24–25. ISBN 9780470959640.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Kathy W.; Trim, Cynthia M. (2013-06-28). Veterinary Anaesthesia E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 612. ISBN 9780702054235. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
Jump up ^ Cote, Etienne (2014-12-09). "Albuterol Toxicosis". Clinical Veterinary Advisor - E-Book: Dogs and Cats. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 45–46. ISBN 9780323240741. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
External links[edit]
U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal – Albuterol
Salbutamol at The Periodic Table of Videos
[show]
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Adrenergic receptor modulators
α1
Agonists: 6-FNE
Amidephrine
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Cirazoline
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L-Phenylalanine
L-Tyrosine
Melevodopa
Metaraminol
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Midodrine
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Norepinephrine
Octopamine (drug)
Oxymetazoline
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Synephrine
Tetryzoline
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XP21279
Xylometazoline
Antagonists: Abanoquil
Adimolol
Ajmalicine
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Anisodamine
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Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., brexpiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone)
Benoxathian
Buflomedil
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Domesticine
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Ergolines (e.g., ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, lisuride, terguride)
Etoperidone
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L-765,314
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Phenylpiperazine antidepressants (e.g., hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione)
Piperoxan
Prazosin
Quinazosin
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Silodosin
Spiperone
Talipexole
Tamsulosin
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Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin)
Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine, trimipramine)
Trimazosin
Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, loxapine, thioridazine)
Urapidil
WB-4101
Zolertine
α2
Agonists: (R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline
4-NEMD
6-FNE
Amitraz
Apraclonidine
Brimonidine
Cannabivarin
Clonidine
Corbadrine
Detomidine
Dexmedetomidine
Dihydroergotamine
Dipivefrine
Dopamine
Droxidopa (L-DOPS)
Etilevodopa
Ephedrine
Ergotamine
Epinephrine
Etilefrine
Ethylnorepinephrine
Guanabenz
Guanfacine
Guanoxabenz
L-DOPA (levodopa)
L-Phenylalanine
L-Tyrosine
Lofexidine
Medetomidine
Melevodopa
Methyldopa
Mivazerol
Naphazoline
Norepinephrine
Oxymetazoline
Phenylpropanolamine
Piperoxan
Pseudoephedrine
Rezatomidine
Rilmenidine
Romifidine
Talipexole
Tasipimidine
Tetrahydrozoline
Tiamenidine
Tizanidine
Tolonidine
Urapidil
Vatinoxan
XP21279
Xylazine
Xylometazoline
Antagonists: 1-PP
Adimolol
Amesergide
Aptazapine
Atipamezole
Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine, brexpiprazole, clozapine, lurasidone, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, zotepine)
Azapirones (e.g., buspirone, gepirone, ipsapirone, tandospirone)
BRL-44408
Buflomedil
Cirazoline
Efaroxan
Esmirtazapine
Fenmetozole
Fluparoxan
Idazoxan
mCPP
Mianserin
Mirtazapine
NAN-190
Olanzapine
Pardoprunox
Phentolamine
Phenoxybenzamine
Piperoxan
Piribedil
Rauwolscine
Rotigotine
SB-269970
Setiptiline
Spiroxatrine
Sunepitron
Tolazoline
Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, loxapine, thioridazine)
Yohimbine
β
Agonists: Abediterol
Alifedrine
Amibegron
Arbutamine
Arformoterol
Arotinolol
BAAM
Bambuterol
Befunolol
Bitolterol
Broxaterol
Buphenine
Carbuterol
Carmoterol
Cimaterol
Clenbuterol
Colterol
Corbadrine
Denopamine
Dipivefrine
Dobutamine
Dopamine
Dopexamine
Droxidopa (L-DOPS)
Ephedrine
Epinephrine
Etafedrine
Etilefrine
Etilevodopa
Ethylnorepinephrine
Fenoterol
Formoterol
Hexoprenaline
Higenamine
Indacaterol
Isoetarine
Isoprenaline
Isoxsuprine
L-DOPA (levodopa)
L-Phenylalanine
L-Tyrosine
Levosalbutamol
Mabuterol
Melevodopa
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Methyldopa
Mirabegron
Norepinephrine
Orciprenaline
Oxyfedrine
PF-610355
Phenylpropanolamine
Pirbuterol
Prenalterol
Ractopamine
Procaterol
Pseudoephedrine
Reproterol
Rimiterol
Ritodrine
Salbutamol
Salmeterol
Solabegron
Terbutaline
Tretoquinol
Tulobuterol
Vilanterol
Xamoterol
XP21279
Zilpaterol
Zinterol
Antagonists: Acebutolol
Adaprolol
Adimolol
Afurolol
Alprenolol
Alprenoxime
Amosulalol
Ancarolol
Arnolol
Arotinolol
Atenolol
Befunolol
Betaxolol
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Bisoprolol
Bopindolol
Bornaprolol
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ICI-118,551
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SR 59230A
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Tazolol
Tertatolol
Tienoxolol
Tilisolol
Timolol
Tiprenolol
Tolamolol
Toliprolol
Xibenolol
Xipranolol
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators
Dopaminergics
Serotonergics
Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
Monoamine releasing agents
Monoamine metabolism modulators
Monoamine neurotoxins
[show]
v
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Drugs for obstructive airway diseases: asthma/COPD (R03)
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Bitolterol
Carbuterol
Fenoterol
Isoetarine
Pirbuterol
Procaterol
Reproterol
Rimiterol
Salbutamol (albuterol)#/Levosalbutamol (levalbuterol)
Terbutaline
Tulobuterol
Long-acting β2 agonists
Bambuterol
Clenbuterol
Formoterol/Arformoterol
Salmeterol
Salmefamol
Ultra-long-acting β2 agonists
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Carmoterol
Indacaterol
Olodaterol
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Epinephrine#
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Flunisolide
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Anticholinergics/
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Aclidinium bromide
Glycopyrronium bromide
Ipratropium bromide#
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Non-xanthine PDE4 inhibitors
Ibudilast
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Others/unknown
Amlexanox
Eprozinol
Fenspiride
Omalizumab
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Aclidinium/formoterol
Beclometasone/formoterol
Beclometasone/formoterol/glycopyrronium
Budesonide/formoterol
Fluticasone furoate/vilanterol
Fluticasone propionate/salmeterol
Indacaterol/glycopyrronium bromide
Ipratropium bromide/salbutamol
Mometasone/formoterol
Umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol
#WHO-EM
‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
†Phase III
§Never to phase III
[show]
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2C-G-3
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2C-G-6
2C-G-N
2C-H
2C-I
2C-iP
2C-N
2C-NH2
2C-O
2C-O-4
2C-P
2C-Ph
2C-SE
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2C-T-3
2C-T-4
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2C-T-7
2C-T-8
2C-T-9
2C-T-10
2C-T-11
2C-T-12
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2C-T-14
2C-T-15
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2C-T-17
2C-T-18
2C-T-19
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2C-T-23
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Stimulants: Phenylethanolamine
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β-Methylphenethylamine
m-Methylphenethylamine
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o-Methylphenethylamine
p-Methylphenethylamine
Entactogens: Lophophine
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MDMPEA
Others: BOH
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Amphetamines
Psychedelics: 3C-BZ
3C-E
3C-P
Aleph
Beatrice
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DOC
DOEF
DOET
DOI
DOM
DON
DOPR
DOTFM
Ganesha
MMDA
MMDA-2
Psi-DOM
TMA
TeMA
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2-FMA
3-FA
3-FMA
Acridorex
Alfetamine
Amfecloral
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Amphetaminil
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Cathine
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Dimethylamphetamine
Ephedrine
Etilamfetamine
Fencamfamin
Fencamine
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Fenproporex
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Gepefrine
4-Hydroxyamphetamine
Iofetamine
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Mefenorex
Metaraminol
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Entactogens: 4-FA
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5-APDB
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5-MAPDB
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6-APDB
6-Chloro-MDMA
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6-IT
6-MAPB
6-MAPDB
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IAP
2,3-MDA
3,4-MDA (tenamfetamine)
MDEA
MDHMA
MDMA (midomafetamine)
MDOH
Methamnetamine
MMDMA
Naphthylaminopropane
TAP
Others: 3,4-DCA
Amiflamine
DiFMDA
Selegiline (also D -Deprenyl)
Phentermines
Stimulants: Chlorphentermine
Cloforex
Clortermine
Etolorex
Mephentermine
Pentorex
Phentermine
Entactogens: MDPH
MDMPH
Others: Cericlamine
Cathinones
Stimulants: 3-FMC
4-MC
4-BMC
4-CMC
4-EMC
4-FMC
4-MEC
4-MeMABP
4-MPD
Amfepramone
Benzedrone
Brephedrone
Buphedrone
Bupropion
Cathinone
Dimethylcathinone
Ethcathinone
Eutylone
Hydroxybupropion
Methcathinone
Methedrone
NEB
Pentedrone
Pentylone
Radafaxine
Entactogens: 3,4-DMMC
3-MMC
Butylone
Ethylone
Methylone
Methylenedioxycathinone
Mephedrone
Phenylisobutylamines
Entactogens: 4-CAB
4-MAB
Ariadne
BDB
Butylone
EBDB
Eutylone
MBDB
Stimulants: Phenylisobutylamine
Phenylalkylpyrrolidines
Stimulants: α-PBP
α-PHP
α-PPP
α-PVP
MDPBP
MDPPP
MDPV
4-MePBP
4-MePHP
4-MePPP
MOPPP
MOPVP
MPBP
MPHP
MPPP
Naphyrone
PEP
Prolintane
Pyrovalerone
Catecholamines
(and close relatives)
6-FNE
6-OHDA
a-Me-DA
a-Me-TRA
Adrenochrome
Ciladopa
D -DOPA (Dextrodopa)
Dimetofrine
Dopamine
Epinephrine
Epinine
Etilefrine
Ethylnorepinephrine
Fenclonine
Ibopamine
Isoprenaline
Isoetarine
L -DOPA (Levodopa)
L -DOPS (Droxidopa)
L -Phenylalanine
L -Tyrosine
m-Tyramine
Metanephrine
Metaraminol
Metaterol
Metirosine
Methyldopa
N,N-Dimethyldopamine
Nordefrin (Levonordefrin)
Norepinephrine
Norfenefrine (m-Octopamine)
Normetanephrine
Orciprenaline
p-Octopamine
p-Tyramine
Phenylephrine
Synephrine
Miscellaneous
AL-LAD
Amidephrine
Arbutamine
Cafedrine
Denopamine
Desvenlafaxine
Diphenidine
Dizocilpine
Dobutamine
Dopexamine
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IP-LAD
Lysergic acid amide
Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide
Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide
Lysergic acid diethylamide
Methoxamine
Methoxphenidine
MT-45
PARGY-LAD
Phenibut
PRO-LAD
Pronethalol
Salbutamol (Levosalbutamol)
Solriamfetol
Theodrenaline
Thiamphenicol
UWA-101
[show]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salbutamol&oldid=810389896"
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