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First-past-the-post voting
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It has been suggested that this article be merged with Plurality voting. (Discuss) Proposed since February 2018.
A ballot paper for a first-past-the-post voting system, with the voter required to mark only one candidate
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A first-past-the-post (FPTP) voting method is one in which voters indicate on a ballot the candidate of their choice, and the candidate who receives the most votes wins: this is described as winner takes all. First-past-the-post voting is a plurality voting method. FPTP is a common, but not universal, feature of electoral systems with single-member electoral divisions, and is practiced in close to one third of countries. Notable examples include Canada, India, Pakistan, the United Kingdom and the United States, as well as most of their current or former colonies and protectorates.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Illustration
3 Effects
4 Benefits
5 Criticisms
5.1 Tactical voting
5.2 Effect on political parties
5.3 Wasted votes
5.4 Gerrymandering
5.5 Manipulation charges
5.6 Smaller parties may reduce the success of the largest similar party
5.7 Safe seats
5.8 Distorted geographical representation
5.9 Impact on party policy and campaigning
6 Voting method criteria
6.1 Majority criterion
6.2 Condorcet winner criterion
6.3 Condorcet loser criterion
6.4 Independence of irrelevant alternatives criterion
6.5 Independence of clones criterion
7 List of current FPTP countries
8 List of former FPTP countries
9 Other uses
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Overview[edit]
Countries that still use a first-past-the-post voting system
First-past-the-post voting methods can be used for single- and multiple-member electoral divisions. In a single-member election, the candidate with the highest number (but not necessarily a majority) of votes is elected. In a multiple-member election (or multiple-selection ballot), each voter casts (up to) the same number of votes as there are positions to be filled, and those elected are the highest-placed candidates corresponding to that number of positions. For example, if there are three vacancies, then the three candidates with the greatest numbers of votes are elected.
The Electoral Reform Society is a political pressure group based in the United Kingdom that advocates abolishing the first-past-the-post method (FPTP) for all elections. It argues FPTP is "bad for voters, bad for government and bad for democracy". It is the oldest organisation concerned with electoral methods in the world.[1]
As of 2014[update], all U.S. states other than Maine and Nebraska use a winner-take-all form of simple plurality, first-past-the-post voting, to appoint the electors of the Electoral College. Under the typical method, the presidential candidate gaining the greatest number of votes wins all of the state's available electors, regardless of the number or share of votes won, or the difference separating the leading candidate and the first runner-up.[2]
The multiple-round election ("runoff") voting method uses first-past-the-post voting method in each of two rounds. The first round determines which candidates will progress to the second and final round.
Illustration[edit]
Under a first-past-the-post voting method, the highest polling candidate is elected. In this real-life illustration from 2011, Tony Tan obtained a greater number of votes than the other candidates. Therefore, he was declared the winner, despite the second-placed candidate having an inferior margin of 0.35%, and that a majority of voters (64.8%) did not vote for him:
e • d Summary of the 27 August 2011 Singaporean presidential election results[3][4][5]
Candidate
Symbol
Results
Votes
% of valid votes
Tony Tan
745,693 35.20
Tan Cheng Bock
738,311 34.85
Tan Jee Say
530,441 25.04
Tan Kin Lian (Loses deposit)
104,095 4.91
Valid votes 2,118,540 98.24% of total votes cast
Rejected votes 37,849 1.76% of total votes cast
Total votes cast 2,156,389 Voter turnout: 94.8% of electorate
Absent 118,384
Electorate 2,274,773
Effects[edit]
The effect of a system based on plurality voting is that the larger parties, and parties with geographically concentrated support, gain a disproportionately large share of seats, while smaller parties with more evenly distributed support are left with a disproportionately small share. It is more likely that a single party will hold a majority of legislative seats. In the United Kingdom, 18 of the 23 general elections since 1922 have produced a single-party majority government. For example, the 2005 United Kingdom general election results in Great Britain were as follows:
e • d Summary of the 5 May 2005 House of Commons of the United Kingdom election results (parties with more than one seat; not incl. N. Ireland)
Seats
Parties with over one seat, for Great Britain only
Seats %
Votes %
Votes
Labour Party 355 56.5 36.1 9,552,436
Conservative Party 198 31.5 33.2 8,782,192
Liberal Democrats 62 9.9 22.6 5,985,454
Scottish National Party 6 1.0 1.6 412,267
Plaid Cymru 3 0.5 0.7 174,838
Others 4 0.6 5.7 1,523,716
628
26,430,908
In this example, Labour took a majority of the seats with only 36% of the vote. The largest two parties took 69% of the vote and 88% of the seats. In contrast, the Liberal Democrats took more than 20% of the vote but only about 10% of the seats.
Another example would be the UK General Election held on 7 May 2015:
Party Votes Seats Votes per Seat
Conservative Party 11,334,920 (36.8%)
331 (50.9%)
331 / 650
34,244
Labour Party 9,344,328 (30.4%)
232 (35.7%)
232 / 650
40,277
UK Independence Party 3,881,129 (12.6%)
1 (0.2%)
1 / 650
3,881,129
Liberal Democrats 2,415,888 (7.9%)
8 (1.2%)
8 / 650
301,986
Scottish National Party 1,454,436 (4.7%)
56 (8.6%)
56 / 650
25,972
Green Party 1,154,562 (3.8%)
1 (0.2%)
1 / 650
1,154,562
Democratic Unionist Party 184,260 (0.6%)
8 (1.2%)
8 / 650
23,033
Plaid Cymru 181,694(0.6%)
3 (0.5%)
3 / 650
60,565
Sinn Féin 176,232 (0.6%)
4 (0.6%)
4 / 650
44,058
Ulster Unionist Party 114,935 (0.4%)
2 (0.3%)
2 / 650
57,468
Social Democratic & Labour Party 99,809 (0.3%)
3 (0.5%)
3 / 650
33,270
Here, the Conservatives took 51% of the seats with only 37% of the vote. Of the smaller parties, the SNP received a greater share of seats than votes, whereas UKIP and the Liberal Democrats gained very little representation compared to the share of the vote they received.
Benefits[edit]
The benefits of FPTP are that its concept is easy to understand, and ballots can more easily be counted and processed than in preferential voting systems.
Supporters argue that it is the electoral method that provides the best governance, trading fairness in representation for more responsible government. Its tendency to produce majority rule allows a government to pursue a consistent strategy for its term in office and to make decisions that may be both correct and unpopular.[6]
Tony Blair, defending FPTP, argued that other systems give small parties the balance of power, and influence disproportionate to their votes.[7]
Allowing people into the UK parliament who did not finish first in their constituency was described by David Cameron as creating a "Parliament full of second-choices who no one really wanted but didn't really object to either."[8] Winston Churchill criticised the electoral outcomes of the alternative vote as "determined by the most worthless votes given for the most worthless candidates."[9]
Supporters also argue that electoral systems using proportional representation (PR) often enable smaller parties to become decisive in Parliament, thus gaining a power of leverage against the Government. FPTP generally reduces this likelihood, except where parties have a strong regional basis.[10][11]
Criticisms[edit]
Tactical voting[edit]
To a greater extent than many others, the first-past-the-post method encourages tactical voting. Voters have an incentive to vote for a candidate whom they predict is more likely to win, in preference to their preferred candidate who may be unlikely to win and for whom a vote could be considered as wasted.
The position is sometimes summarised, in an extreme form, as "all votes for anyone other than the runner-up are votes for the winner."[citation needed] This is because votes for these other candidates deny potential support from the second-placed candidate, who might otherwise have won. Following the extremely close 2000 U.S. presidential election, some supporters of Democratic candidate Al Gore believed that one reason he lost to Republican George W. Bush is because a portion of the electorate (2.7%) voted for Ralph Nader of the Green Party, and exit polls indicated that more of them would have preferred Gore (45%) to Bush (27%).[12] This election was ultimately determined by the results from Florida, where Bush prevailed over Gore by a margin of only 537 votes (0.009%), which was far exceeded by the 97488 (1.635%) votes for Nader.
In Puerto Rico, there has been a tendency for Independentista voters to support Populares candidates. This phenomenon is responsible for some Popular victories, even though the Estadistas have the most voters on the island, and is so widely recognised that Puerto Ricans sometimes call the Independentistas who vote for the Populares "melons", because that fruit is green on the outside but red on the inside (in reference to the party colors).
Because voters have to predict in advance who the top two candidates will be, results can be significantly distorted:
Some voters will vote based on their view of how others will vote as well, changing their originally intended vote;
Substantial power is given to the media, because some voters will believe its assertions as to who the leading contenders are likely to be. Even voters who distrust the media will know that others do believe the media, and therefore those candidates who receive the most media attention will probably be the most popular;
A new candidate with no track record, who might otherwise be supported by the majority of voters, may be considered unlikely to be one of the top two, and thus lose votes to tactical voting;
The method may promote votes against as opposed to votes for. For example, in the UK, entire campaigns have been organised with the aim of voting against the Conservative Party by voting either Labour or Liberal Democrat, depending on which is seen as best placed to win in each locality. Such behaviour is difficult to measure objectively.
Proponents of other voting methods in single-member districts argue that these would reduce the need for tactical voting and reduce the spoiler effect. Examples include preferential voting systems, such as instant runoff voting, as well as the two-round system of runoffs and less tested methods such as approval voting and Condorcet methods.
Effect on political parties[edit]
A graph showing the difference between the popular vote (inner circle) and the number of seats won by major political parties (outer circle) at the 2015 United Kingdom general election
Duverger's law is an idea in political science which says that constituencies that use first-past-the-post methods will lead to two-party systems, given enough time. Economist Jeffrey Sachs explains:
The main reason for America's majoritarian character is the electoral system for Congress. Members of Congress are elected in single-member districts according to the "first-past-the-post" (FPTP) principle, meaning that the candidate with the plurality of votes is the winner of the congressional seat. The losing party or parties win no representation at all. The first-past-the-post election tends to produce a small number of major parties, perhaps just two, a principle known in political science as Duverger's Law. Smaller parties are trampled in first-past-the-post elections.
—  from Sachs's The Price of Civilization, 2011[13]
Duverger's law is rarely seen in reality, with most first-past-the-post elections resulting in multiparty legislatures, the United States being the major exception.[14][15] There is a counter-force to Duverger's Law, that while on the national level a plurality system may encourage two parties, in the individual constituencies supermajorities will lead to the vote fracturing.[16]
Wasted votes[edit]
Wasted votes are seen as those cast for losing candidates, and for winning candidates in excess of the number required for victory. For example, in the UK general election of 2005, 52% of votes were cast for losing candidates and 18% were excess votes – a total of 70% 'wasted' votes. On this basis a large majority of votes may play no part in determining the outcome. This "winner-takes-all" system may be one of the reasons why "voter participation tends to be lower in countries with FPTP than elsewhere."[17]
Gerrymandering[edit]
Main article: Gerrymandering
Because FPTP permits many wasted votes, an election under FPTP is more easily gerrymandered. Through gerrymandering, electoral areas are designed deliberately to unfairly increase the number of seats won by one party, by redrawing the map such that one party has a small number of districts in which it has an overwhelming majority of votes, and a large number of districts where it is at a smaller disadvantage.
Manipulation charges[edit]
The presence of spoilers often gives rise to suspicions that manipulation of the slate has taken place. A spoiler may have received incentives to run. A spoiler may also drop out at the last moment, inducing charges that such an act was intended from the beginning.
Smaller parties may reduce the success of the largest similar party[edit]
Under first-past-the-post, a small party may draw votes away from a larger party that it is most similar to, and therefore give an advantage to another less similar large party.
Safe seats[edit]
First-past-the-post within geographical areas tends to deliver (particularly to larger parties) a significant number of safe seats, where a representative is sheltered from any but the most dramatic change in voting behaviour. In the UK the Electoral Reform Society estimates that more than half the seats can be considered as safe.[18] It has been claimed that MPs involved in the 2009 expenses scandal were significantly more likely to hold a safe seat.[19][20]
However, other voting systems, notably the part-list system, can also create politicians who are relatively immune from electoral pressure.
Distorted geographical representation[edit]
The 'winner-takes-all' nature of FPTP leads to distorted patterns of representation, since party support is commonly correlated with geography. For example, in the UK the Conservative Party represents most of the rural seats, and most of the south of the country, and the Labour Party most of the cities, and most of the north. This means that even popular parties can find themselves without elected politicians in significant parts of the country, leaving their supporters (who may nevertheless be a significant minority) unrepresented.[21]
Impact on party policy and campaigning[edit]
It has been suggested that the distortions in geographical representation provide incentives for parties to ignore the interests of areas in which they are too weak to stand much chance of gaining representation, leading to governments that do not govern in the national interest. Further, during election campaigns the campaigning activity of parties tends to focus on 'marginal' seats where there is a prospect of a change in representation, leaving safer areas excluded from participation in an active campaign.[22] Political parties operate 'targeting', directing their activists and policy proposals toward those areas considered to be marginal, where each additional vote has more value.[23][24]
Voting method criteria[edit]
Scholars rate voting methods using mathematically derived voting method criteria, which describe desirable features of a method. No ranked preference method can meet all of the criteria, because some of them are mutually exclusive, as shown by results such as Arrow's impossibility theorem and the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem.[25]
Majority criterion[edit]
Y The majority criterion states that "if one candidate is preferred by a majority (more than 50%) of voters, then that candidate must win".[26] First-past-the-post meets this criterion (though not the converse: a candidate does not need 50% of the votes in order to win). Although the criterion is met for each constituency vote, it is not met when adding up the total votes for a winning party in a parliament.
Condorcet winner criterion[edit]
N[27] The Condorcet winner criterion states that "if a candidate would win a head-to-head competition against every other candidate, then that candidate must win the overall election". First-past-the-post does not[27] meet this criterion.
Condorcet loser criterion[edit]
N[27] The Condorcet loser criterion states that "if a candidate would lose a head-to-head competition against every other candidate, then that candidate must not win the overall election". First-past-the-post does not[27] meet this criterion.
Independence of irrelevant alternatives criterion[edit]
N The independence of irrelevant alternatives criterion states that "the election outcome remains the same even if a candidate who cannot win decides to run." First-past-the-post does not meet this criterion.
Independence of clones criterion[edit]
N The independence of clones criterion states that "the election outcome remains the same even if an identical candidate who is equally-preferred decides to run." First-past-the-post does not meet this criterion.
List of current FPTP countries[edit]
The following is a list of the countries currently following the first-past-the-post voting system.[28][29]
Antigua and Barbuda
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Barbados
Bangladesh
Belize
Bermuda
Botswana
Brazil (Federal Senate)
Canada
Cayman Islands
Cote d'Ivoire
Cook Islands
Dominica
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Grenada
India
Indonesia
Jamaica
Kenya
Kuwait
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Saint Lucia
Liberia
Marshall Islands
Maldives
Malawi
Malaysia
Mexico
Micronesia
Myanmar (Burma)
Nigeria
Niue
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Philippines
Poland (since 2011 Senate of Poland is elected using FPTP [30][31])
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
Seychelles
Singapore
Sierra Leone
Solomon Islands
Swaziland
Tanzania
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tuvalu
Uganda
United Kingdom (but excluding its devolved parliaments or assemblies in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland)
United States (California, Georgia, Louisiana, and the state of Washington use a two-round system for non-presidential elections, and Maine is planned to use a ranked choice voting system for non-presidential elections starting in 2018[32])
Virgin Islands
Yemen
Zambia
List of former FPTP countries[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Argentina (The Chamber of Deputies uses Party list PR. Only twice used FPTP, first between 1902 and 1905 only used in the elections of 1904,[33] and the second time between 1951 and 1957 only used in the elections of 1951 and 1954.[34])
Australia (replaced by IRV in 1918)
Belgium (adopted in 1831, replaced by Party list PR in 1899)[35]
Cyprus (replaced by proportional representation in 1981)
Denmark (replaced by proportional representation in 1920)
Hong Kong (adopted in 1995, replaced by List PR in 1998)
Lebanon (replaced by proportional representation in June 2017)
Lesotho (replaced by MMP Party list in 2002)
Malta (replaced by STV in 1921)
Nepal (replaced by a mix of Party list and FPTP)[36]
Netherlands (replaced by Party list PR in 1917)[37]
New Zealand (replaced by MMP in 1996)
Papua New Guinea (replaced by IRV in 2002)[38]
Scotland (replaced by MMP in 1999)[39]
South Africa (replaced by Party list PR in 1996)
Other uses[edit]
The Bahá'í Faith uses a form of multiple-member first-past-the-post voting among adult members to elect its governing councils at local, national, and international levels. Campaigning is prohibited.
See also[edit]
Politics portal
Cube rule
Deviation from proportionality
Plurality-at-large voting
Approval Voting
Single non-transferable vote
Single transferable vote
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Electoral Reform Society History & Governance". Retrieved 23 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "U. S. Electoral College: Frequently Asked Questions". Retrieved 23 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Singapore Presidential Election 2011
Jump up ^ Presidential Elections Results. Singapore Elections Department. 28 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Polling Day Voter Turnout. Singapore Elections Department. 28 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Andy Williams (1998). UK Government & Politics. Heinemann. pp. 24–. ISBN 978-0-435-33158-0.
Jump up ^ P. Dorey (17 June 2008). The Labour Party and Constitutional Reform: A History of Constitutional Conservatism. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 400–. ISBN 978-0-230-59415-9.
Jump up ^ David Cameron. "Why keeping first past the post is vital for democracy." Daily Telegraph. 30 Apr 2011
Jump up ^ Larry Johnston (13 December 2011). Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State. University of Toronto Press. pp. 231–. ISBN 978-1-4426-0533-6.
Jump up ^ Ilan, Shahar. "about blackmail power of Israeli small parties under PR". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Dr.Mihaela Macavei, University of Alba Iulia" (PDF). Retrieved 8 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Rosenbaum, David E. (24 February 2004). "THE 2004 CAMPAIGN: THE INDEPENDENT; Relax, Nader Advises Alarmed Democrats, but the 2000 Math Counsels Otherwise". New York Times. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Sachs, Jeffrey (2011). The Price of Civilization. New York: Random House. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-4000-6841-8.
Jump up ^ Dunleavy, Patrick (18 June 2012). "Duverger's Law is a dead parrot. Outside the USA, first-past-the-post voting has no tendency at all to produce two party politics". blogs.lse.ac.uk.
Jump up ^ Dunleavy, Patrick; Diwakar, Rekha (2013). "Analysing multiparty competition in plurality rule elections" (PDF). Party Politics. 19 (6): 855–886. doi:10.1177/1354068811411026.
Jump up ^ Dickson, Eric S.; Scheve, Kenneth (2010). "Social Identity, Electoral Institutions and the Number of Candidates". British Journal of Political Science. 40 (2): 349–375. doi:10.1017/s0007123409990354. JSTOR 40649446.
Jump up ^ Drogus, Carol Ann (2008). Introducing comparative politics: concepts and cases in context. CQ Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-87289-343-6.
Jump up ^ "General Election 2010: Safe and marginal seats". www.theguardian.com. Guardian Newspapers. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Wickham, Alex. ""Safe seats" almost guarantee corruption". www.thecommentator.com. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "FactCheck: expenses and safe seats". www.channel4.com. Channel 4. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "First Past the Post". www.conservativeelectoralreform.org. Conservative Action for Electoral Reform. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "First Past the Post is a 'broken voting system'". www.ippr.org. Institute for Public Policy Research. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Terry, Chris. "In Britain's first past the post electoral system, some votes are worth 22 times more than others". www.democraticaudit.com. London School of Economics. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Galvin, Ray. "What is a marginal seat?". www.justsolutions.eu. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ David Austen-Smith and Jeffrey Banks, "Monotonicity in Electoral Systems", American Political Science Review, Vol 85, No 2 (Jun. 1991)
Jump up ^ Single-winner Voting Method Comparison Chart Archived 28 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine. "Majority Favorite Criterion: If a majority (more than 50%) of voters consider candidate A to be the best choice, then A should win."
^ Jump up to: a b c d Felsenthal, Dan S. (2010) Review of paradoxes afflicting various voting procedures where one out of m candidates (m ≥ 2) must be elected. In: Assessing Alternative Voting Procedures, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK.
Jump up ^ "Countries using FPTP electoral system for national legislature". idea.int.
Jump up ^ "Electoral Systems". ACE Electoral Knowledge Network. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/26/law-justice-party-small-majority-polish-eleciton
Jump up ^ https://www.senat.gov.pl/gfx/senat/userfiles/_public/k8eng/noty/howare.pdf
Jump up ^ "Maine became the first state in the country Tuesday to pass ranked choice voting". 10 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Milia, Juan Guillermo (2015). El Voto. Expresión del poder ciudadano. Buenos Aires: Editorial Dunken. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-987-02-8472-7.
Jump up ^ "Law 14,032". Sistema Argentino de Información Jurídica.
Jump up ^ Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Kiesstelsel. §1.1 Federale verkiezingen". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
Jump up ^ Bhuwan Chandra Upreti (2010). Nepal: Transition to Democratic Republican State : 2008 Constituent Assembly. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-81-7835-774-4.
Jump up ^ Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Kiesstelsel. §1.1 Geschiedenis". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
Jump up ^ "PNG voting system praised by new MP". ABC. 12 December 2003. Archived from the original on 4 January 2005. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Scotland Office - Devolution".
External links[edit]
A handbook of Electoral System Design from International IDEA
ACE Project: What is the electoral system for Chamber 1 of the national legislature?
ACE Project: First Past The Post – Detailed explanation of first-past-the-post voting
ACE Project: Experiments with moving away from FPTP in the UK
ACE Project: Electing a President using FPTP
ACE Project: FPTP on a grand scale in India
The Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform says the new proportional electoral system it proposes for British Columbia will improve the practice of democracy in the province.
Fact Sheets on Electoral Systems provided to members of the Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform, British Columbia.
The Problem With First-Past-The-Post Electing (data from UK general election 2005)
The Problems with First Past the Post Voting Explained (video) on YouTube
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United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum, 2011
Results
Referendum question
"At present, the UK uses the “first past the post” system to elect MPs to the House of Commons. Should the “alternative vote” system be used instead?"
Legislation
Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011
Parties
For a "Yes" vote
Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
Christian Party
Christian Peoples Alliance
English Democrats
Green Party of England and Wales
Liberal Democrats
Liberal Party
Mebyon Kernow
Pirate Party UK
Plaid Cymru
Scottish Green Party
Scottish National Party
SDLP
Sinn Féin
UKIP
Libertarian Party
Neutral/split
Labour Party
Socialist Party of Great Britain
Official Monster Raving Loony Party
For a "No" vote
British National Party
Communist Party
Conservative Party
Democratic Unionist Party
England First Party
Green Party in Northern Ireland
Respect Party
Socialist Party
Traditional Unionist Voice
Ulster Unionist Party
Advocacy groups
Advocating a "Yes" vote
YES! To Fairer Votes
Advocating a "No" vote
NOtoAV
Print media
For a "Yes" vote
The Guardian
The Independent
Financial Times
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Al Capone Does My Shirts
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Al Capone Does My Shirts
Author
Gennifer Choldenko
Country
America
Language
English
Series
A
's literature
Set in
Alcatraz Island, near San Francisco in 1935
Published
Puffin; Reprint edition (April 20, 2006)
Pages
220
Awards
Newbery Honor selection, California Young Reader Medal in 2007
Followed by
Al Capone Shines My Shoes
Al Capone Does My Shirts is a historical fiction novel for young adults by author Gennifer Choldenko. In this story, Moose Flanagan and his family move from Santa Monica to Alcatraz Island. The move was caused by the father's new job positions as an electrician and as a guard in the well known Alcatraz prison. The book was named as a Newbery Honor selection and in 2007 it received the California Young Reader Medal. It has two sequels, Al Capone Shines My Shoes and Al Capone Does My Homework.[1][2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Other stories
3 Awards
4 Critical reception
5 Stage Performance
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Moose Flanagan and his family composed of father Cam, mother Helen, and sister Natalie move from Santa Monica to Alcatraz Island in the 1930s. The move was caused by Cam's new job as an electrician and guard at Alcatraz prison. The Flanagans pretend that Natalie, who is fifteen and has autism, is only ten in hopes gain her admission to the Esther P. Marinoff School, an off-island school for children with mental illness directed by a Mr. Purdy. This lie is encouraged by Moose's mother, who believes that the Marinoff School is Natalie's only hope for a cure and wants to avoid sending Natalie to a mental institution. Due to his parents' hectic work schedules Moose is left with almost full responsibility of Natalie while he is also trying to fit in at his new on-island school. Natalie is accepted into the Esther P. Marinoff School, but is sent back home almost immediately because she's having trouble adjusting to the school. Moose's mother and Natalie's new psychologist, Mrs. Kelly, push Moose to take full care of Natalie and to take her everywhere he goes to help improve her social skills.
Moose becomes friends with the warden's daughter, Piper, who regularly gets into trouble in her attempts to earn money to get off of Alcatraz. Piper talks him into being part of her money making schemes, having inmates on the island do laundry for the kids at school. When the scheme flops and the Warden hears of it, the children are punished and have to find a new way to spend their time. In an attempt to gain acceptance, Moose hangs around the prisoners' rec center in hopes of finding stray baseball for use in games with the other kids. Moose eventually notices his older sister Natalie developing a relationship with convict 105, also known as Onion, who is trusted and able to roam freely because his sentence is almost up. Onion knows Moose has been looking for a baseball, gives Moose a ball. Scared of his sister hanging out with a convict, Moose is only reassured because of his confidence that she will be re-accepted to the Marinoff School. Moose and his family's hopes are crushed when the school rejects Natalie. Desperate to help Natalie, Moose decides to take a risk with the help of Piper and writes a letter to the infamous criminal Al Capone, who works in Alcatraz's laundry. The letter asks Capone to pull any strings he has to help Moose's family get his sister back into school. Within days, Natalie is accepted into a new branch of Esther P. Marinoff School for older children. The next day Moose is getting ready for the day when he finds a note in the sleeve of his shirt with the word "done" underlined.
Other stories[edit]
It has three sequels, Al Capone Shines My Shoes (2011) and Al Capone Does My Homework (2014) and Al Capone Throws Me a Curve (2018).
Awards[edit]
Newbery Honor
California Young Reader Medal
Critical reception[edit]
Kirkus Review gave the book a positive review, stating "Choldenko's pacing is exquisite, balancing the tense family dynamics alongside the often-humorous and riveting school story of peer pressure and friendship."[4] Miranda Doyle of The School Library Journal says "The story, told with humor and skill, will fascinate readers with an interest in what it was like for the children of prison guards and other workers to actually grow up on Alcatraz Island." [5] Ed Sullivan of Booklist states in his review, "With its unique setting and well-developed characters, this warm, engaging coming-of-age story has plenty of appeal, and Choldenko offers some fascinating historical background on Alcatraz Island in an afterword." [6]
Stage Performance[edit]
In 2011, the book was adapted as a stage performance at The Children's Theatre of Western Springs [7].
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/lesson-plan/al-capone-does-my-shirts-discussion-guide
Jump up ^ http://www.alcaponedoesmyshirts.com/index.html
Jump up ^ http://www.kidsreads.com/reviews/al-capone-does-my-shirts
Jump up ^ https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/gennifer-choldenko/al-capone-does-my-shirts/
Jump up ^ Doyle, Miranda, et al. "Al Capone Does My Shirts (Book)." School Library Journal 50.3 (2004): 203-204. Academic Search Complete. Web. 8 Dec. 2015.
Jump up ^ Choldenko, Gennifer. "Al Capone Does My Shirts (Book)." Booklist 100.11 (2004): 976. Academic Search Complete. Web. 8 Dec. 2015.
Jump up ^ https://patch.com/illinois/westernsprings/ev--ctws-presents-al-capone-does-my-shirts
External links[edit]
Author webpage
Publishers Weekly review
Publisher webpage
Children and Young Adult Literature portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_Capone_Does_My_Shirts&oldid=845853190"
Categories:
2004 American novels
Newbery Honor-winning works
American young adult novels
1935 in fiction
Novels set in San Francisco
Alcatraz Island in fiction
Historical novels
Novels set on islands
Gangs in fiction
Cultural depictions of Al Capone
2004 children's books
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Ray Boltz
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Ray Boltz
Born
(1953-06-14) June 14, 1953 (age 64)
Muncie, Indiana, U.S.
Genres
Contemporary Christian
Occupation(s)
Singer, songwriter
Instruments
Vocals, piano, guitar
Years active
1986–2004, 2008–present
Website
RayBoltz.com
Raymond Howard "Ray" Boltz (born June 14, 1953) is a singer and songwriter who first came to wide notice in contemporary Christian music. Many of his songs tell stories of faith and inspiration.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Discography
2.1 Compilation albums
2.2 Charts
3 Awards
4 References
5 External links
Background[edit]
Raised by his parents William and Ruth Boltz, Ray Boltz is the middle child of his parents' three children. A fourth child died shortly after birth. Ray was married to Carol Boltz[1] for 33 years (1975-2008), and they have four children.
Boltz was virtually unknown when he wrote "Thank You", which won the Song of the Year prize at the 1990 GMA Dove Awards.[2] His song "I Pledge Allegiance to the Lamb" also won a Dove Award for Inspirational Recorded Song of the Year at the 25th GMA Dove Awards in 1994. After the release of Songs from the Potter's Field in 2002, and his last tour in 2004, Boltz retired from the music industry. He separated from his wife in 2005 before moving to Fort Lauderdale, Florida, with their divorce being finalized in early 2008.
On Friday, September 12, 2008, during an interview with the Washington Blade, Boltz disclosed that he was gay.[3] Since then, Boltz has performed at several churches of the Metropolitan Community Church, a gay-affirming Christian denomination.[4]
In 2010, he released the album True, which won Album of the Year at the OUTMusic Awards.[5] Boltz currently lives in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, with his partner, who is also his talent agent.
Discography[edit]
1986 Watch the Lamb
1988 Thank You
1989 The Altar
1991 Another Child to Hold
1992 Seasons Change
1994 Allegiance
1995 The Concert of a Lifetime (live, RIAA Gold)
1996 No Greater Sacrifice
1997 A Christmas Album: Bethlehem Star
1998 Honor and Glory
2000 The Classics
2001 Concert of a Lifetime for Kids [live]
2002 Songs from the Potter's Field
2004 The Unchanging Story
2010 True
Compilation albums[edit]
1994 Moments for the Heart (RIAA Gold Certified)
2001 Moments for the Heart, Vol. 1 & 2
2010 All The Best
Charts[edit]
Year
Album
Chart
Position
1995 The Concert of a Lifetime Billboard 200 194
1996 No Greater Sacrifice Billboard 200 173
1997 A Christmas Album: Bethlehem Star Billboard 200 169
Awards[edit]
Boltz has been the recipient of two song awards from the Gospel Music Association's Dove Awards. "Thank You" received the 1990 Song of the Year award, and "I Pledge Allegiance to the Lamb" received the 1994 award for Inspirational Song. He also was one of various artists contributing to God with Us: A Celebration of Christmas Carols & Classics, which won the 1997 award for Special Event Album.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Freedman, Samuel G. (2010-05-14). "Christian Singer Resumes Career, Relieved of a Secret". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Thank You Songfacts". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
Jump up ^ DiGuglielmo, Joey (12 September 2008). "Key changes". Washington Blade. Retrieved 2009-02-19. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Lopez, Rich (2009-09-10). "Ray of Light". Dallas Voice. Retrieved 2009-01-01. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Freedman, Samuel G. (2010-05-14). "Christian Singer Resumes Career, Relieved of a Secret". The New York Times.
External links[edit]
Official website
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
MusicBrainz: 19b354e5-3036-4923-9db7-b6949123c8b8
VIAF: 13956373
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Boltz&oldid=815260062"
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Technical support
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
AT&T Mobility previously provided technical support for some of its mobile phones through Device Support Centers.
Technical support (often shortened to tech support) refers to a plethora of services by which enterprises provide assistance to users of technology products such as mobile phones, televisions, computers, software products or other informatic, electronic or mechanical goods. In general, technical support services address specific problems with a product or service rather than the provision of training, customization, or other support services. Most companies offer technical support for the products they sell, either freely available or for a fee. Technical support may be delivered over by e-mail, live support software on a website, or a tool where users can log a call or incident. Larger organizations frequently have internal technical support available to their staff for computer-related problems. The Internet can also be a good source for freely available tech support, where experienced users help users find solutions to their problems.[not verified in body] In addition, some fee-based service companies charge for premium technical support services.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Coverage of support
2 Categories of technical support
2.1 Call in
2.2 Block hours
2.3 Managed services
2.4 Crowdsourced technical support
3 Self-help
4 Outsourcing technical support
5 Multi-tiered technical support
5.1 Tier 0
5.2 Tier 1
5.3 Tier 2
5.4 Tier 3
5.5 Tier 4
6 Remote computer repair
7 Scams
8 References
Coverage of support[edit]
Technical support may be delivered by the different technologies depending on the situation. For example, direct questions can be addressed using telephone calls, SMS, Online chat, Support Forums, E-mail or Fax; basic software problems can be addressed over the telephone or, increasingly, by using remote access repair services; while more complicated problems with hardware may need to be dealt with in person.
Categories of technical support[edit]
Call in[edit]
This type of technical support has been very common in the services industry.[citation needed] It is also known as "Time and Materials" (T&M) IT support.[citation needed] The customer pays for the materials (hard drive, memory, computer, digital devices, etc.) and also pays the technician based on the pre-negotiated rate when a problem occurs.[citation needed]
Block hours[edit]
Block hours allow the client to purchase a number of hours upfront at an agreed price. While it is commonly used to offer a reduced hourly rate, it can also simply be a standard non-reduced rate, or represent a minimum fee charged to a client before providing service.[original research?] The premise behind this type of support is that the customer has purchased a fixed number of hours to use either per month or year. This allows them the flexibility to use the hours as they please without doing the paperwork and the hassle of paying multiple bills.[citation needed]
Managed services[edit]
Managed services means a company will receive a list of well-defined services on an ongoing basis, with well-defined "response and resolution times" for a fixed rate or a flat fee. This can include things like 24/7 monitoring of servers, 24/7 help desk support for daily computer issues, and on-site visits by a technician when issues cannot be resolved remotely.[citation needed] Some companies also offer additional services like project management, backup and disaster recovery, and vendor management in the monthly price. The companies that offer this type of tech support are known as managed services providers.
Crowdsourced technical support[edit]
Many companies and organizations provide discussion boards for users of their products to interact; such forums allow companies to reduce their support costs[2] without losing the benefit of customer feedback.
Self-help[edit]
Almost all tech brands and service providers give free access to a rich library of technical support solutions to users. These are huge databases of step-by-step solutions, however if you visit the support sites for big brands the solutions are more often for their products alone. Another method of getting technical support that’s gained popularity is to follow troubleshooting steps shown in a support video.
Outsourcing technical support[edit]
With the increasing use of technology in modern times, there is a growing requirement to provide technical support. Many organizations locate their technical support departments or call centers in countries or regions with lower costs. Dell was amongst the first companies to outsource their technical support and customer service departments to India in 2001.[3] There has also been a growth in companies specializing in providing technical support to other organizations. These are often referred to as MSPs (Managed Service Providers).[4]
For businesses needing to provide technical support, outsourcing allows them to maintain a high availability of service. Such need may result from peaks in call volumes during the day, periods of high activity due to introduction of new products or maintenance service packs, or the requirement to provide customers with a high level of service at a low cost to the business. For businesses needing technical support assets, outsourcing enables their core employees to focus more on their work in order to maintain productivity.[5] It also enables them to utilize specialized personnel whose technical knowledge base and experience may exceed the scope of the business, thus providing a higher level of technical support to their employees.
Multi-tiered technical support[edit]
Technical support is often subdivided into tiers, or levels, in order to better serve a business or customer base. The number of levels a business uses to organize their technical support group is dependent on a business' needs regarding their ability to sufficiently serve their customers or users. The reason for providing a multi-tiered support system instead of one general support group is to provide the best possible service in the most efficient possible manner. Success of the organizational structure is dependent on the technicians' understanding of their level of responsibility and commitments, their customer response time commitments, and when to appropriately escalate an issue and to which level.[6] A common support structure revolves around a three-tiered technical support system.
Tier 0[edit]
Tier 0 (or self-help) is in the form of "wikis" or FAQs that allow for users to access and resolve information on their own rather than have to contact a local Helpdesk or Service Desk for resolution.
Tier 1[edit]
Tier I (or Level 1, abbreviated as T1 or L1) is the initial support level responsible for basic customer issues. It is synonymous with first-line support, level 1 support, front-end support, support line 1, and various other headings denoting basic level technical support functions.[citation needed] The first job of a Tier I specialist is to gather the customer’s information and to determine the customer’s issue by analyzing the symptoms and figuring out the underlying problem.[6] When analyzing the symptoms, it is important for the technician to identify what the customer is trying to accomplish so that time is not wasted on "attempting to solve a symptom instead of a problem." [6]
This level should gather as much information as possible from the end user. The information could be computer system name, screen name or report name, error or warning message displayed on the screen, any logs files, screen shots, any data used by the end user or any sequence of steps used by the end user, etc. This information needs to be recorded into the issue tracking or issue logging system. This information is useful to analyze the symptoms to define the problem or issue.[citation needed]
Once identification of the underlying problem is established, the specialist can begin sorting through the possible solutions available. Technical support specialists in this group typically handle straightforward and simple problems while "possibly using some kind of knowledge management tool." [7] This includes troubleshooting methods such as verifying physical layer issues, resolving username and password problems, uninstalling/reinstalling basic software applications, verification of proper hardware and software set up, and assistance with navigating around application menus. Personnel at this level have a basic to general understanding of the product or service and may not always contain the competency required for solving complex issues.[8] Nevertheless, the goal for this group is to handle 70%-80% of the user problems before finding it necessary to escalate the issue to a higher level.[8]
In other industries (such as banking, credit cards, mobile telephony, etc.), first-level support is carried by a call center that operates extensive hours (or 24/7). This call center acts as an "initial sink" for user requests and, if required, creates an incident to notify other business teams/units to satisfy the user request (for example, blocking stolen credit cards or mobile phones from use).[citation needed] In some industries,[which?] first-line support requires knowledge of the products, terms and conditions offered by the business rather than technical information itself (Retail / Wholesale). Most ISPs only offer tier 1 support.[citation needed]
Tier 2[edit]
Tier II (or Level 2, abbreviated as T2 or L2) is a more in-depth technical support level than Tier I and therefore costs more as the technicians are more experienced and knowledgeable on a particular product or service. It is synonymous with level 2 support, support line 2, administrative level support, and various other headings denoting advanced technical troubleshooting and analysis methods. Technicians in this realm of knowledge are responsible for assisting Tier I personnel in solving basic technical problems and for investigating elevated issues by confirming the validity of the problem and seeking for known solutions related to these more complex issues.[8] However, prior to the troubleshooting process, it is important that the technician review the work order to see what has already been accomplished by the Tier I technician and how long the technician has been working with the particular customer. This is a key element in meeting both the customer and business needs as it allows the technician to prioritize the troubleshooting process and properly manage his or her time.[6]
This team needs to collect information such as program name that is failed or application name or any database related details (table name, view name, package name, etc.) or API names. These details are useful for Tier 3.[citation needed]
If a problem is new and/or personnel from this group cannot determine a solution, they are responsible for raising this issue to the Tier III technical support group. In addition, many companies may specify that certain troubleshooting solutions be performed by this group to help ensure the intricacies of a challenging issue are solved by providing experienced and knowledgeable technicians. This may include, but is not limited to onsite installations or replacements of various hardware components, software repair, diagnostic testing, and the utilization of remote control tools used to take over the user’s machine for the sole purpose of troubleshooting and finding a solution to the problem.[6][9]
Tier 3[edit]
Tier III (or Level 3, abbreviated as T3 or L3) is the highest level of support in a three-tiered technical support model responsible for handling the most difficult or advanced problems. It is synonymous with level 3 support, 3rd line support, back-end support, support line 3, high-end support, and various other headings denoting expert level troubleshooting and analysis methods. These individuals are experts in their fields and are responsible for not only assisting both Tier I and Tier II personnel, but with the research and development of solutions to new or unknown issues. Note that Tier III technicians have the same responsibility as Tier II technicians in reviewing the work order and assessing the time already spent with the customer so that the work is prioritized and time management is sufficiently utilized.[6] If it is at all possible, the technician will work to solve the problem with the customer as it may become apparent that the Tier I and/or Tier II technicians simply failed to discover the proper solution. Upon encountering new problems, however, Tier III personnel must first determine whether or not to solve the problem and may require the customer’s contact information so that the technician can have adequate time to troubleshoot the issue and find a solution.[8] It is typical for a developer or someone who knows the code or backend of the product, to be the Tier 3 support person.
This Tier 3 team can analyze the code and data using information from Tier 1 and Tier 2.[citation needed]
In some instances, an issue may be so problematic to the point where the product cannot be salvaged and must be replaced. Such extreme problems are also sent to the original developers for in-depth analysis. If it is determined that a problem can be solved, this group is responsible for designing and developing one or more courses of action, evaluating each of these courses in a test case environment, and implementing the best solution to the problem.[8] Once the solution is verified, it is delivered to the customer and made available for future troubleshooting and analysis.
Tier 4[edit]
While not universally used, a fourth level often represents an escalation point beyond the organization. Tier IV (or Level 4, abbreviated as T4 or L4) is generally a hardware or software vendor.[citation needed] Within a corporate incident management system, it is important to continue to track incidents even when they are being actioned by a vendor, and the Service Level Agreement (SLA) may have specific provisions for this.[citation needed] Within a manufacturing organization, the fourth level might also represent the Research & Development.[citation needed]
Remote computer repair[edit]
Remote computer repair is a method for troubleshooting software related problems via remote desktop connections.[10] Technicians use software that allows them to access the user's desktop via the Internet. With the user's permission, the technician can take control of the user's mouse and keyboard inputs, transfer various diagnostic and repair applications to the user's desktop, run scans, install antivirus programs, etc. If the remote service permits it, the technician can even reboot the PC and reconnect remotely to continue his/her work without the user's assistance.[citation needed]
Common repairs available with online computer support providers are computer virus and spyware removal, computer optimization, Windows Registry repair, device driver issues, Web-related issues, and Windows security updates.[citation needed]
Normally, only software can be "repaired" remotely. A computer with a broken hardware component (such as a motherboard or hard disk) can, in some cases, be diagnosed and worked around but must be repaired or replaced while located with the defective hardware.[citation needed] However, hot-swappable components do allow for remote "replacement" of faulty hardware to some extent by switching to the standby device, without the need to physically work on the system in question.[citation needed]
Scams[edit]
Main article: Technical support scam
A common scam typically involves a cold caller claiming to be from a technical support department of a company like Microsoft. Such cold calls are often made from call centers based in India to users in English-speaking countries. The scammer will instruct the user to download a remote desktop program and once connected, use social engineering techniques that typically involve Windows components to persuade the victim that they need to pay in order for the computer to be fixed and then proceeds to steal money from the victim's credit card. [11]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Technical support for the neighbours". BBC News. 2005-03-28. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
Jump up ^ "How to Use Online Forums". Inc.
Jump up ^ Dell moves outsourced jobs back to U.S. shores
Jump up ^ Berkley, Susan; Maggie Klenke. "Call Centre Trends". The Great Voice Company. Retrieved 2008-05-02.
Jump up ^ Perkins, Bart (2004-11-08). "Outsourcing: First Ask Why?". Computerworld Management. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Walker, Gary (2001). IT Problem Management (Harris Kern’s Enterprise Computing Institute Series). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. pp. 85–113. ISBN 0-13-030770-X. Google Book Search.
Jump up ^ Windley, Phillip J. (2002). "Delivering High Availability Services Using a Multi-Tiered Support Model" (PDF). Windley's Technometria. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kajko-Mattsson, Mira (July–October 2004). "Problems within front-end support". Journal of Software Maintenance and Evolution: Research and Practice. 16 (4/5): 309–329. doi:10.1002/smr.298.
Jump up ^ Leung, Nelson K. Y.; Lau, Sim Kim (Summer 2007). "Information Technology Help Desk Survey: To Identify the Classification of Simple and Routine Enquiries". Journal of Computer Information Systems. 47 (4): 70–81.
Jump up ^ Germain, Jack (2007-07-30). "Remote PC Repair, Part 1: The Warranty Alternative". TechNewsWorld. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
Jump up ^ Arthur, Charles (18 July 2012). "Virus phone scam being run from call centres in India". Guardian. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technical_support&oldid=815522834"
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