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The Wizard (Black Sabbath song)
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"The Wizard"
Cover artwork for the single, as used in the Netherlands
Single by Black Sabbath
from the album Black Sabbath
A-side
"Paranoid"
Released
13 February 1970 (1970-02-13)
Genre
Heavy metal, blues rock[1]
Length
4:24 (album version)
4:46 (studio outtake)
Label
Vertigo (UK)
Warner Bros. (US)
Songwriter(s)
Geezer Butler
Tony Iommi
Ozzy Osbourne
Bill Ward
Producer(s)
Rodger Bain
Black Sabbath singles chronology
"Evil Woman"
(1970) "The Wizard"
(1970) "Paranoid"
(1970)
Audio sample
file
help
"The Wizard" is a song by the British heavy metal band Black Sabbath, taken from their 1970 album Black Sabbath. It is the second track on the record. The song was composed by all four members of the group and was produced by Rodger Bain. "The Wizard" was the B-side to the title track of the band's second album Paranoid.
Contents
1 Information
2 Personnel
3 Covers
4 References
5 External links
Information[edit]
"The Wizard" is about a wizard who uses his magic to encourage people he encounters. In a 2005 interview with Metal Sludge, Black Sabbath bassist and lyricist Geezer Butler said the song's lyrics were influenced by the wizard Gandalf from The Lord of the Rings.[2] It was also believed to be about the band's drug dealer at the time.[citation needed]
Personnel[edit]
Ozzy Osbourne – vocals, harmonica
Tony Iommi – guitar, slide guitar[3]
Geezer Butler – bass
Bill Ward – drums
Covers[edit]
The song was covered by Bullring Brummies for the Black Sabbath tribute album Nativity in Black..[4]
The song was covered by Zakk Wylde's band Pride and Glory on the second disc of the reissue of Pride and Glory. Wylde had also been a member of Ozzy Osbourne's solo band at the time.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Grow, Kory (18 August 2016). "See Revealing, Lost Black Sabbath Items From UK Auction". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
Jump up ^ "Black Sabbath (album) review". Metal Sludge.
Jump up ^ "Black Sabbath (album) review". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ Parisien, Roch, Nativity in BlackReview, Allmusic, retrieved 15 July 2011
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
show
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Black Sabbath (album)
Songs
Side one
"Black Sabbath"
"The Wizard"
"Behind the Wall of Sleep"
"N.I.B."
Side two
"Evil Woman"
"Sleeping Village"
"Warning"
U.S. edition
"Wicked World"
"A Bit of Finger/Sleeping Village/Warning"
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Eric Singer
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Glenn Hughes
Ray Gillen
Bob Daisley
Tony Martin
Terry Chimes
Jo Burt
Cozy Powell
Neil Murray
Bobby Rondinelli
Mike Bordin
Tommy Clufetos
Studio albums
Black Sabbath
Paranoid
Master of Reality
Vol. 4
Sabbath Bloody Sabbath
Sabotage
Technical Ecstasy
Never Say Die!
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Mob Rules
Born Again
Seventh Star
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The End
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Black Box: The Complete Original Black Sabbath (1970–1978)
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The Rules of Hell
Greatest Hits (2009)
Iron Man: The Best of Black Sabbath
Unofficial albums
The Sabbath Collection
The Ozzy Osbourne Years
Under Wheels of Confusion
The Best of Black Sabbath
Club Sonderauflage
Singles
"Evil Woman"
"The Wizard"
"Paranoid"
"After Forever" / "Fairies Wear Boots"
"Children of the Grave"
"Iron Man"
"Tomorrow's Dream"
"Sabbath Bloody Sabbath"
"Am I Going Insane (Radio)"
"Never Say Die!"
" Hard Road" / "Symptom of the Universe"
"Neon Knights"
"Die Young"
"The Mob Rules"
"Trashed"
"TV Crimes"
"Psycho Man"
"The Devil Cried"
"God Is Dead?"
"End of the Beginning"
"Loner"
Other songs
"Black Sabbath"
"N.I.B."
"War Pigs"
"Planet Caravan"
"Hand of Doom"
"Sweet Leaf"
"Into the Void"
"Changes"
"Supernaut"
"Children of the Sea"
"Heaven and Hell"
Videos
Never Say Die
Black and Blue
The Black Sabbath Story, Vol. 1
The Black Sabbath Story, Vol. 2
Cross Purposes Live
The Last Supper
Inside Black Sabbath - 1970–1992
Black Sabbath's Paranoid
Rock Review
Hangin' with Heaven and Hell
Live... Gathered in Their Masses
The End of the End
Tours
Sabotage Tour
Technical Ecstasy Tour
Never Say Die! Tour
Heaven & Hell Tour
Mob Rules Tour
Born Again Tour 1983
Ozzfest Tours (1997
1999
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2004
2005)
Black Sabbath Reunion Tour
The End Tour
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People
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text:
Boston Massacre
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality. Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
For the baseball event nicknamed the "Boston Massacre", see Yankees – Red Sox rivalry.
For the 2013 terrorist attack, see Boston Marathon bombing.
Boston Massacre
Part of the American Revolution
This famous depiction of the event was engraved by Paul Revere (copied from an engraving by Henry Pelham), colored by Christian Remick, and printed by Benjamin Edes. The Old State House is depicted in the background.[1]
Location
Boston, Massachusetts, British America
(now State Street, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.)
Coordinates
42°21′32″N 71°03′26″W / 42.35879°N 71.05717°W / 42.35879; -71.05717Coordinates: 42°21′32″N 71°03′26″W / 42.35879°N 71.05717°W / 42.35879; -71.05717
Date
March 5, 1770; 248 years ago (1770-03-05)
Attack type
Massacre
Weapons
Flintlock muskets, clubs
Deaths
5
Non-fatal injuries
6
Perpetrators
British Army infantrymen
This article is part of a series about the
American Revolution
1765–1783
Origins[show]
Sugar Act
Currency Act
Quartering Acts
Stamp Act 1765
Declaratory Act
No taxation without representation
Townshend Acts
Tea Act
Boston Massacre
Boston Tea Party
Intolerable Acts
Revolutionary War[show]
Continental Army
Continental Navy
Minutemen
Battles
Intelligence
Treaty of Paris
Costs
Declaration of Independence[show]
Continental Congress
Committee of Five
Lee Resolution
Articles of Confederation
United States Constitution[show]
Philadelphia Convention
Annapolis Convention
The Federalist Papers
Bill of Rights
A New Republic[show]
Republicanism
American Enlightenment
Liberalism
First Great Awakening
Role of Women
Legacy[show]
Atlantic Revolutions
Bicentennial
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The Boston Massacre, known as the Incident on King Street by the British,[2] was an incident on March 5, 1770, in which British Army soldiers shot and killed several people while under attack by a mob. The incident was heavily publicized by leading Patriots, such as Paul Revere and Samuel Adams, to encourage rebellion against the British authorities.[3][4][5] British troops had been stationed in Boston, capital of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, since 1768 in order to protect and support crown-appointed colonial officials attempting to enforce unpopular Parliamentary legislation. Amid ongoing tense relations between the population and the soldiers, a mob formed around a British sentry, who was subjected to verbal abuse and harassment. He was eventually supported by eight additional soldiers, who were subjected to verbal threats and repeatedly hit by clubs, stones and snowballs. They fired into the crowd, without orders, instantly killing three people and wounding others. Two more people died later of wounds sustained in the incident.
The crowd eventually dispersed after Acting Governor Thomas Hutchinson promised an inquiry, but the crowd re-formed the next day, prompting the withdrawal of the troops to Castle Island. Eight soldiers, one officer, and four civilians were arrested and charged with murder. Defended by lawyer and future American president John Adams, six of the soldiers were acquitted, while the other two were convicted of manslaughter and given reduced sentences. The men found guilty of manslaughter were sentenced to branding on their hand. Depictions, reports, and propaganda about the event, notably the colored engraving produced by Paul Revere (shown at top-right), further heightened tensions throughout the Thirteen Colonies.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Incident
3 Aftermath
3.1 Investigation
3.2 Propaganda battle
3.3 Trial
4 Legacy
4.1 Contribution to American Revolution
4.2 Commemorations
5 See also
6 References
7 Sources
8 Further reading
9 External links
Background
Main article: American Revolution
View of the Old State House, Boston, Massachusetts, the seat of British colonial government from 1713 to 1776. The Boston Massacre took place in front of the balcony, and the site is now marked by a cobblestone circle in the square (photo 2009)
Massacre Site
Boston, the capital of the Province of Massachusetts Bay and an important shipping town, was a major center of resistance to unpopular acts of taxation by the British Parliament in the 1760s.[6] In 1768, the Townshend Acts were placed upon the colonists, by which a variety of common items that were manufactured in Britain and exported to the colonies were subjected to import tariffs. Colonists objected that the Townshend Acts were a violation of the natural, charter, and constitutional rights of British subjects in the colonies.[6] The Massachusetts House of Representatives began a campaign against the Townshend Acts by sending a petition to King George III asking for the repeal of the Townshend Revenue Act. The House also sent what became known as the Massachusetts Circular Letter to other colonial assemblies, asking them to join the resistance movement,[6] and called for a boycott of merchants importing the affected goods.[7]
In Great Britain, Lord Hillsborough, who had recently been appointed to the newly created office of Colonial Secretary, was alarmed by the actions of the Massachusetts House. In April 1768 he sent a letter to the colonial governors in America, instructing them to dissolve the colonial assemblies if they responded to the Massachusetts Circular Letter. He also ordered Massachusetts Governor Francis Bernard to direct the Massachusetts House to rescind the letter. The house refused to comply.[8]
Boston's chief customs officer, Charles Paxton, wrote to Hillsborough, asking for military support because "the Government is as much in the hands of the people as it was in the time of the Stamp Act."[9] Commodore Samuel Hood responded by sending the fifty-gun warship HMS Romney, which arrived in Boston Harbor in May 1768.[10] On June 10, 1768, customs officials seized Liberty, a sloop owned by leading Boston merchant John Hancock, on allegations that the ship had been involved in smuggling. Bostonians, already angry because the captain of Romney had been impressing local sailors, began to riot.[11] Customs officials fled to Castle William for protection.[12]
Daniel Calfe declares, that on Saturday evening the 3d of March, a camp-woman, wife to James McDeed, a grenadier of the 29th, came into his father's shop, and the people talking about the affrays at the ropewalks, and blaming the soldiers for the part they had acted in it, the woman said, "the soldiers were in the right;" adding, "that before Tuesday or Wednesday night they would wet their swords or bayonets in New England people's blood."
—Excerpt from A Short Narrative, suggesting the soldiers were contemplating violence against the colonists[13]
Given the unstable state of affairs in Massachusetts, Hillsborough instructed General Thomas Gage, Commander-in-Chief, North America, to send "such Force as You shall think necessary to Boston".[14] On October 1, 1768, the first of four British Army regiments began disembarking in Boston.[15] Two regiments were removed from Boston in 1769, but the 14th and the 29th Regiments of Foot remained.[16]
The Journal of Occurrences, an anonymously written series of newspaper articles, chronicled clashes between civilians and soldiers while troops were stationed in Boston, feeding tensions with its sometimes exaggerated accounts of the events. Tensions rose markedly after Christopher Seider, "a young lad about eleven Years of Age", was killed by a customs employee on February 22, 1770.[16] Seider's death was glorified in the Boston Gazette, and his funeral was described as one of the largest of the time in Boston. The killing and subsequent propaganda inflamed tensions, with gangs of colonists looking for soldiers to harass, and soldiers also on occasion looking for confrontation.[17]
Incident
This 19th-century lithograph by Henry Pelham is a variation of Revere's famous engraving. Produced soon before the American Civil War, this image emphasizes Crispus Attucks, the African-American in the center, who had by then become an important symbol for abolitionists. (John Bufford after William L. Champey, circa 1856)[18]
On the evening of March 5, Private Hugh White, a British soldier, stood on guard duty outside the Custom house on King Street, today known as State Street. A young wigmaker's apprentice named Edward Garrick called out to a British officer, Captain-Lieutenant John Goldfinch, that Goldfinch had not paid a bill due to Garrick's master. Goldfinch had in fact settled his account and ignored the insult.[19] Private White called out to Garrick that he should be more respectful of the officer. Garrick exchanged insults with Private White. Then, after Garrick started poking the officer in the chest with his finger, the officer left his post, challenged the boy, and struck him on the side of the head with his musket. As Garrick cried in pain, one of his companions, Bartholomew Broaders, began to argue with White. This attracted a larger crowd.[20] Henry Knox, a 19-year-old bookseller (who would later serve as a general in the revolution), came upon the scene and warned White, "if he fired he must die for it."[19]
An 1868 print by Alonzo Chappel, showing a more chaotic scene contrary to most earlier representations.
As the evening progressed, the crowd around Private White grew larger and more boisterous. Church bells were rung, which usually signified a fire, bringing more people out. Over fifty Bostonians pressed around White, led by a mixed-race runaway slave named Crispus Attucks, throwing objects at the sentry and challenging him to fire his weapon. White, who had taken up a somewhat safer position on the steps of the Custom House, sought assistance. Runners alerted the nearby barracks and Captain Thomas Preston, the officer of the watch.[21][22] According to his report, Preston dispatched a non-commissioned officer and six privates of the 29th Regiment of Foot, with fixed bayonets, to relieve White.[23][24] The soldiers Preston sent were Corporal William Wemms, Hugh Montgomery, John Carroll, William McCauley, William Warren, and Matthew Kilroy. Accompanied by Preston, they pushed their way through the crowd. En route, Henry Knox, again trying to reduce tensions, warned Preston, "For God's sake, take care of your men. If they fire, you must die." [clarification needed] Captain Preston responded "I am aware of it."[25] When they reached Private White on the custom house stairs, the soldiers loaded their muskets, and arrayed themselves in a semicircular formation. Preston shouted at the crowd, estimated to number between three and four hundred, to disperse.[26]
Boston Massacre grave marker in the Granary Burying Ground
The crowd continued to press around the soldiers, taunting them by yelling, "Fire!", by spitting at and throwing snowballs and other small objects at them.[27] Richard Palmes, a local innkeeper who was carrying a cudgel, came up to Preston and asked if the soldiers' weapons were loaded. Preston assured him they were, but that they would not fire unless he ordered it, and (according to his own deposition) that he was unlikely to do so, since he was standing in front of them. A thrown object then struck Private Montgomery, knocking him down and causing him to drop his musket. He recovered his weapon, and was thought to angrily shout "Damn you, fire!", then discharged it into the crowd although no command was given. Palmes swung his cudgel first at Montgomery, hitting his arm, and then at Preston. He narrowly missed Preston's head, striking him on the arm instead.[27]
There was a pause of uncertain length (eyewitness estimates ranged from several seconds to two minutes), after which the soldiers fired into the crowd. Rather than a disciplined volley (Preston gave no orders to fire), a ragged series of shots was fired, which hit eleven men.[28] Three Americans—ropemaker Samuel Gray, mariner James Caldwell, and Crispus Attucks—died instantly.[29] Samuel Maverick, an apprentice ivory turner of seventeen,[30] was struck by a ricocheting musket ball at the back of the crowd, and died a few hours later, in the early morning of the next day. An Irish immigrant, Patrick Carr, died two weeks later.[29] Christopher Monk, another apprentice, was one of those seriously wounded in the attack.[31] Although he recovered to some extent, he was crippled and eventually died in 1780, purportedly due to the injuries he had sustained in the attack a decade earlier.[32][33]
The crowd moved away from the immediate area of the custom house, but continued to grow in nearby streets.[34] Captain Preston immediately called out most of the 29th Regiment, which adopted defensive positions in front of the state house.[35] Acting Governor Thomas Hutchinson was summoned to the scene, and was forced by the movement of the crowd into the council chamber of the state house. From its balcony he was able to minimally restore order, promising there would be a fair inquiry into the shootings if the crowd dispersed.[36]
Aftermath
Investigation
Hutchinson immediately began investigating the affair, and by morning, Preston and the eight soldiers had been arrested.[37] In a meeting of the governor's council held late the morning after the shootings, Boston's selectmen asked Hutchinson to order the removal of troops from the city to Castle William on Castle Island,[36] while a town meeting at Faneuil Hall met to discuss the affair. The governor's council was at first opposed to ordering the troop withdrawal, with Hutchinson correctly claiming he did not have the authority to order the troops to move. Lieutenant Colonel William Dalrymple, commander of the troops, did not offer to move them.[38] The town meeting, however, became more restive when it learned of this. Under an imminent threat of further violence, the council changed its position, and unanimously ("under duress", according to Hutchinson's report) agreed to request the troops' removal.[39] Secretary of State Andrew Oliver reported that, had the troops not been removed, "that they would probably be destroyed by the people — should it be called rebellion, should it incur the loss of our charter, or be the consequence what it would."[40] This decision left the governor without effective means to police the town.[40] The 14th was transferred to Castle Island without incident about a week later, with the 29th following shortly after.[41] The first four victims were buried amid great ceremony on March 8; Patrick Carr, the fifth and final victim, died on March 14 and was buried with them on March 17.[42]
Mr. John Gillespie, in his deposition, (No. 104) declares that, as he was going to the south end of the town, to meet some friends at a public house, he met several people in the streets in parties [armed with clubs], to the number, as he thinks, of forty or fifty persons; and that while he was sitting with his friends there, several persons of his acquaintance came in to them at different times, and took notice of the numbers of persons they had seen in the street armed in the above manner. [...] About half an hour after eight the bells rung, which [Gillespie] and his company took to be for fire; but they were told by the landlord of the house that it was to collect the mob. Mr. Gillespie upon this resolved to go home, and in his way met numbers of people who were running past him, of whom many were armed with clubs and sticks, and some with other weapons. At the same time a number of people passed by him with two fire-engines, as if there had been a fire in the town. But they were soon told that there was no fire, but that the people were going to fight the soldiers, upon which they immediately quitted the fire-engines, and swore they would go to their assistance. All this happened before the soldiers near the custom-house fired their muskets, which was not till half an hour after nine o'clock; and it [shows] that the inhabitants had formed, and were preparing to execute, a design of attacking the soldiers on that evening.
—Excerpt from A Fair Account, suggesting the colonists planned the attack on the soldiers[43]
On March 27 the eight soldiers, Captain Preston, and four civilians who were in the Customs House and were alleged to have fired shots, were all indicted for murder.[44] Bostonians continued to be hostile to the troops and their dependents. General Gage, convinced the troops were doing more harm than good, ordered the 29th Regiment out of the province in May.[45] Governor Hutchinson took advantage of the ongoing high tensions to orchestrate delays of the trials until later in the year.[46]
Propaganda battle
In the days and weeks following the incident, a propaganda battle was waged between Boston's radicals and supporters of the government. Both sides published pamphlets that told strikingly different stories, which were principally published in London in a bid to influence opinion there. The Boston Gazette's version of events, for example, characterized the massacre as part of an ongoing scheme to "quell a Spirit of Liberty", and harped on the negative consequences of quartering troops in the city.[47]
Henry Pelham's engraving copied by Paul Revere
A young Boston artist, Henry Pelham, half-brother of the celebrated portrait painter John Singleton Copley, depicted the event. Silversmith and engraver Paul Revere closely copied Pelham's image, and is often credited as its originator. In order to further public outrage, the engraving contained several inflammatory details. Captain Preston is shown ordering his men to fire, and a musket is seen shooting out of the window of the customs office, which is labeled "Butcher's Hall."[48] Artist Christian Remick hand-colored some prints.[1] Some copies of the print show a man with two chest wounds and a somewhat darker face, matching descriptions of Attucks; others show no victim as a person of color. The image was published in the Boston Gazette, circulating widely, and became an effective piece of anti-British propaganda. The image of bright red "lobster backs" and wounded men with red blood was hung in farmhouses across New England.[49]
Anonymous pamphlets were published describing the event from significantly different perspectives. A Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre, published under the auspices of the Boston town meeting, was principally written by James Bowdoin, a member of the governor's council and a vocal opponent of British colonial policy, along with Samuel Pemberton, and Joseph Warren.[50] It described the shooting and other lesser incidents that took place in the days before as unprovoked attacks on peaceful, law-abiding inhabitants, and was, according to historian Neal Langley York, probably the most influential description of the event.[51] The account it provided was drawn from more than 90 depositions taken after the event, and it included accusations that the soldiers sent by Captain Preston had been deployed with the intention of causing harm.[52] In the interest of minimizing impact on the jury pool, city leaders held back local distribution of the pamphlet, but sent copies to other colonies and to London, where they knew depositions collected by Governor Hutchinson were en route.[53] A second pamphlet, Additional Observations on the Short Narrative, furthered the attack on crown officials by complaining that customs officials (one of whom had left Boston to carry Hutchinson's gathered depositions to London) were abandoning their posts under the pretense that it was too dangerous for them to do their duties.[54]
The depositions that Hutchinson collected and sent to London were eventually published in a pamphlet entitled A Fair Account of the Late Unhappy Disturbance in Boston.[55] Drawn mainly from depositions by soldiers, its account of affairs sought to blame selfish Bostonians for denying the validity of Parliamentary laws. It also blamed the city's hoodlums and gangs for the lawlessness preceding the event, and claimed that they set up an ambush of the soldiers.[56] However, as it was not published until well after the first pamphlet had arrived in London, it ended up having a much smaller impact on the public debate there.[55]
Trial
John Adams defended the soldiers six of whom were acquitted
The Part I took in Defence of Cptn. Preston and the Soldiers, procured me Anxiety, and Obloquy enough. It was, however, one of the most gallant, generous, manly and disinterested Actions of my whole Life, and one of the best Pieces of Service I ever rendered my Country. Judgment of Death against those Soldiers would have been as foul a Stain upon this Country as the Executions of the Quakers or Witches, anciently. As the Evidence was, the Verdict of the Jury was exactly right. This however is no Reason why the Town should not call the Action of that Night a Massacre, nor is it any Argument in favour of the Governor or Minister, who caused them to be sent here. But it is the strongest Proofs of the Danger of Standing Armies.
—  John Adams, on the third anniversary of the massacre[57]
The government was determined to give the soldiers a fair trial so there could be no grounds for retaliation from the British and so moderates would not be alienated from the Patriot cause. After several lawyers with Loyalist leanings refused to defend him, Preston sent a request to John Adams, pleading for him to work on the case. Adams, who was already a leading Patriot and who was contemplating a run for public office, agreed to help, in the interest of ensuring a fair trial.[58] Adams was joined by Josiah Quincy II after the latter was assured that the Sons of Liberty would not oppose his appointment, and by Robert Auchmuty, a Loyalist.[59] They were assisted by Sampson Salter Blowers, whose chief duty was to investigate the jury pool, and Paul Revere, who drew a detailed map of the bodies to be used in the trial of the British soldiers held responsible.[60][61] Massachusetts Solicitor General Samuel Quincy and private attorney Robert Treat Paine, hired by the town of Boston, handled the prosecution.[62] Preston was tried separately in late October 1770. He was acquitted after the jury was convinced that he had not ordered the troops to fire.[63]
The trial of the eight soldiers opened on November 27, 1770.[64] Adams told the jury to look beyond the fact the soldiers were British. He argued that if the soldiers were endangered by the mob, which he called "a motley rabble of saucy boys, negroes, and molattoes, Irish teagues and outlandish jack tarrs [i.e. sailors]",[65] they had the legal right to fight back, and so were innocent. If they were provoked but not endangered, he argued, they were at most guilty of manslaughter.[66]
The jury agreed with Adams and acquitted six of the soldiers after two and one-half hours' deliberation. Two of the soldiers were found guilty of manslaughter because there was overwhelming evidence that they had fired directly into the crowd. The jury's decisions suggest that they believed the soldiers had felt threatened by the crowd, but should have delayed firing.[67] Patrick Carr, the fifth victim, corroborated this with deathbed testimony delivered to his doctor. The convicted soldiers were granted reduced sentences by pleading benefit of clergy, which reduced their punishment from a death sentence to branding of the thumb in open court.[68]
The four civilians were tried on December 13.[69] The principal prosecution witness, a servant of one of the accused, made claims that were easily rebutted by defense witnesses. In the face of this weak testimony, as well as waning public interest, the prosecution allegedly failed to press its case very hard. The civilians were all acquitted, and the servant was eventually convicted of perjury, whipped, and banished from the province.[70]
Legacy
Contribution to American Revolution
The Boston Massacre is considered one of the most important events that turned colonial sentiment against King George III and British Parliamentary authority.
Howard Zinn argues that Boston was full of class anger. He reports that in 1763, the Boston Gazette published that "a few persons in power" were promoting political projects "for keeping the people poor in order to make them humble."[71]
John Adams wrote that the "foundation of American independence was laid" on March 5, 1770, and Samuel Adams and other Patriots used annual commemorations (Massacre Day) of the event to fulminate against British rule.[72] Christopher Monk, the boy who was wounded in the attack and died in 1780, was paraded before the crowds as a reminder of British hostility.[33]
Later events, such as the Boston Tea Party, further illustrated the crumbling relationship between Britain and its colonies. Although five years passed between the massacre and outright revolution, and direct connections between the massacre and the later war are (according to historian Neil Langley York) somewhat tenuous,[73] it is widely perceived as a significant event leading to the violent rebellion that followed.[74][75]
Commemorations
Massacre memorial on the Boston Common
See also: Massacre Day and Freedom Trail
The massacre was remembered in 1858 in a celebration organized by William Cooper Nell, an African American abolitionist who saw the death of Crispus Attucks as an opportunity to demonstrate the role of African Americans in the Revolutionary War.[76] Partly because of this activism, artwork commemorating the massacre was produced that changed the color of a victim's skin to black (which in Revere's original engraving was white) to emphasize Attucks' claimed martyrdom.[77] In 1888, a monument was erected on the Boston Common to the men killed in the massacre, and the five victims, along with Christopher Seider, were reinterred in a prominent grave in the Granary Burying Ground.[78]
The massacre is reenacted annually on March 5[79] under the auspices of the Bostonian Society.[80][81] The Old State House, the massacre site, and the Granary Burying Ground are all part of Boston's Freedom Trail, connecting sites important in the city's revolutionary-era history.[78]
See also
Boston portal
List of massacres in Massachusetts
Timeline of United States revolutionary history (1760–1789)
References
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Jump up ^ Triber, A True Republican, p. 66.
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Jump up ^ A Short Narrative, p. 17.
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^ Jump up to: a b Knollenberg, Growth, pp. 76–78.
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Jump up ^ A Fair Account, pp. 14–15
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Jump up ^ Ross, Jane (April 1975). "Paul Revere – Patriot Engraver". Early American Life: 34–37.
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Jump up ^ Zobel, Boston Massacre, pp. 285–86, 298.
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Jump up ^ York, The Boston Massacre, pp. 46–47.
Jump up ^ Woods, Exploring American History, p. 149.
Jump up ^ Wheeler et al, Discovering the American Past, pp. 101–02.
Jump up ^ Nell et al, William Cooper Nell, 515.
Jump up ^ Fitz, Karsten (2005). "Commemorating Crispus Attucks: Visual Memory and the Representations of the Boston Massacre, 1770–1857". American Studies (Volume 50, No. 3): 463–484. JSTOR 41158169.
^ Jump up to: a b York, The Boston Massacre, p. 46.
Jump up ^ "The Boston Massacre". The Freedom Trail Foundation. Archived from the original on November 25, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Massacre Reenactment Registration". Bostonian Society. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ Young, p. 20
Sources
A Fair Account of the Late Unhappy Disturbance at Boston. London: B. White. 1770. OCLC 535966548. Original printing of the governor's account.
A Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre. London: W. Bingley. 1770. OCLC 510892519. Original printing of the colonists' account.
Adams, John (1962). Butterfield, L. H., ed. Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, vol. 2. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. OCLC 19993300.
Allison, Robert J. (2006). The Boston Massacre. Beverly, MA: Applewood Books. ISBN 978-1-933212-10-4. OCLC 66392877.
Antal, John (2013). 7 Leadership Lessons of the American Revolution: The Founding Fathers, Liberty, and the Struggle for Independence. Casemate. p. 40. ISBN 9781612002033.
Archer, Richard (2010). As if an Enemy's Country: the British Occupation of Boston and the Origins of Revolution. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538247-1. OCLC 313664751.
Bailyn, Bernard (1974). The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-64160-0. OCLC 6825524.
Cumming, William P.; Rankin, Hugh F. (1975). The Fate of a Nation: The American Revolution Through Contemporary Eyes. New York: Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-0-7148-1644-9. OCLC 1510269.
Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508847-2. OCLC 263430392.
Knollenberg, Bernhard (1975). Growth of the American Revolution, 1766–1775. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-917110-3. OCLC 1416300.
Middlekauff, Robert (2007). The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516247-9. OCLC 496757346.
Miller, John (1959). Origins of the American Revolution. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804705936. OCLC 180556929.
Nell, William Cooper; Wesley, Dorothy Porter; Uzelac, Constance Porter (2002). William Cooper Nell, Nineteenth-Century African American Abolitionist, Historian, Integrationist: Selected Writings from 1832–1874. Baltimore, MD: Black Classic Press. ISBN 978-1-57478-019-2. OCLC 50673509.
O'Connor, Thomas H (2001). The Hub: Boston Past and Present. Boston: Northeastern University Press. ISBN 978-1-55553-474-5. OCLC 248309644.
Ross, Betsy McCaughey; McCaughey, Elizabeth P. (1980). From Loyalist to Founding Father: the Political Odyssey of William Samuel Johnson. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04506-3. OCLC 479827879.
Triber, Jayne (1998). A True Republican: The Life of Paul Revere. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-55849-139-7. OCLC 171052850.
Walett, Francis (September 1950). "James Bowdoin, Patriot Propagandist". The New England Quarterly (Volume 23, No. 3). JSTOR 361420.
Wheeler, William Bruce; Becker, Susan Becker; Glover, Lorri (2011). Discovering the American Past: A Look at the Evidence: To 1877. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-79984-9. OCLC 664324291.
Woods, Thomas (2008). Exploring American History: From Colonial Times to 1877. New York: Associated University Press. ISBN 978-0-7614-7746-4. OCLC 302384920.
York, Neil Longley (2009). "Rival Truths, Political Accommodation, and the Boston 'Massacre'". Massachusetts Historical Review (Volume 11): 57–95. JSTOR 40345980.
York, Neil Longley (2010). The Boston Massacre: a History with Documents. New York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-87348-2. OCLC 695944958.
Young, Alfred (Spring 2003). "Revolution in Boston? Eight Propositions for Public History on the Freedom Trail" (PDF). The Public Historian (Volume 25, No. 2): 17–41.
Zinn, Howard (1980). A People's History of the United States. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019448-2. OCLC 42420960.
Zobel, Hiller B (1970). The Boston Massacre. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-31483-0. OCLC 243696768.
Further reading
Reid, John Phillip (1974). "A Lawyer Acquitted: John Adams and the Boston Massacre". American Journal of Legal History (Volume 18, No. 3): 189–207. ISSN 0002-9319.
Ritter, Kurt W (1977). "Confrontation as Moral Drama: the Boston Massacre in Rhetorical Perspective". Southern Speech Communication Journal (Volume 42, No. 1): 114–136. ISSN 0361-8269.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boston Massacre.
Library resources about
Boston Massacre
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Texts on Wikisource:
"Boston Massacre, The". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
"Boston Massacre". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
"Boston Massacre". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
An oration delivered April 2d, 1771, at the request of the inhabitants of the town of Boston (1771) by James Lovell
The Boston Massacre Historical Society
Boston National Historical Park Official Website
Adams’ Argument for the Defense at the trial of the soldiers, at Founders Online website. (Retrieved 10 December 2017.)
Massachusetts Historical Society Massacre Exhibit
Boston Massacre investigative game by the Bostonian Society, stagers of the annual reenactment
Preceded by
Old State House Locations along Boston's Freedom Trail
Site of the Boston Massacre Succeeded by
Faneuil Hall
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Anne Archer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Anne Archer
Anne Archer at the 1989 Academy Awards
Born
(1947-08-24) August 24, 1947 (age 71)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1970–present
Spouse(s)
William Davis (1969–1977)
Terry Jastrow (1979–present)
Children
Jeffrey Tucker Jastrow (b. 1984)
Tommy Davis
Parent(s)
John Archer
Marjorie Lord
Website
www.annearcher.com
Anne Archer (born August 24, 1947) is an American actress. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the 1987 film Fatal Attraction. Her other film appearances include Paradise Alley (1978), Patriot Games (1992), Short Cuts (1993), Clear and Present Danger (1994), and Lullaby (2014). On stage, she starred as Mrs. Robinson in the West End production of The Graduate in 2001, and in the title role of The Trial of Jane Fonda at the 2014 Edinburgh Festival Fringe.
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television films
4.3 Television series
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Archer was born in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of actors John Archer and Marjorie Lord.[1]
Career[edit]
Archer's first television appearance was in 1970 on the series Men at Law. She was named Miss Golden Globe in 1971. Her first feature film was The Honkers (1972), which was followed by Lifeguard (1976). She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Beth Gallagher in the film Fatal Attraction (1987). Her other prominent film roles include Patriot Games (1992) and Clear and Present Danger (1994).
In 2001, Archer portrayed Mrs. Robinson at the Gielgud Theatre in a West End production of The Graduate. She has made several appearances on television shows such as Mannix, Hawaii Five-0, Little House on the Prairie, Falcon Crest, Boston Public, It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, Privileged, and Ghost Whisperer.[2]
She was a regular on the short-lived sitcom Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice in 1973.[3]
In 2014 and 2016, she played Jane Fonda in the premier production of the play The Trial of Jane Fonda, at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.[4][5]
Personal life[edit]
Archer married William Davis in 1969. They had one son, Thomas William "Tommy" Davis, born on August 18, 1972. The couple divorced in 1977.[6] She married Terry Jastrow in 1979.[6] They have one son together, Jeffrey Tucker Jastrow, born on October 18, 1984.[7][6] She was originally a Christian Scientist,[8] but her husband and she have been members of the Church of Scientology since 1975.[9] Between 1982 and 1986, she was a spokeswoman for Applied Scholastics, the literacy training organization sponsored by the Church of Scientology.[1][10] Her son Tommy was the head of the Church of Scientology's Celebrity Centre International in Los Angeles.[11][12]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1972 The Honkers Deborah Moon
1972 Cancel My Reservation Crazy Hollister
1973 The All-American Boy Drenna Valentine
1976 Trackdown Barbara
1976 Lifeguard Cathy
1978 Good Guys Wear Black Margaret
1978 Paradise Alley Annie
1980 Hero at Large Jolene Marsh
1980 Raise the Titanic Dana Archibald
1981 Green Ice Holbrook
1982 Waltz Across Texas Gail Weston
1984 The Naked Face Ann Blake
1985 Too Scared to Scream Kate Bridges
1986 The Check is in the Mail... Peggy Jackson
1987 Fatal Attraction Beth Gallagher Nominated—Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
Nominated—BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role
Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
1990 Love at Large Miss Dolan
1990 Narrow Margin Carol Hunnicut
1990 Eminent Domain Mira Borski
1992 Patriot Games Cathy Ryan
1993 Body of Evidence Joanne Braslow Nominated—Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actress
1993 Family Prayers Rita Jacobs
1993 Short Cuts Claire Kane Golden Globe Award for Best Ensemble Cast
1994 Clear and Present Danger Cathy Muller Ryan
1994 There Goes My Baby Narrator Voice role
1996 Mojave Moon Julie Rigby
1998 Nico the Unicorn Julie Hastings
2000 Innocents Beryl Denright
2000 Whispers: An Elephant's Tale Gentle Heart Voice role
2000 Rules of Engagement Mrs. Mourain
2000 The Art of War Eleanor Hooks
2002 The Gray in Between Ursula
2003 Uncle Nino Marie Micelli
2004 November Carol Jacobs
2005 Man of the House Prof. Molly McCarthy
2005 The Iris Effect Sarah Hathaway
2006 Cut Off Louise
2006 End Game The First Lady
2008 Felon Maggie
2009 Ghosts of Girlfriends Past Vonda Volkom
2014 Lullaby Rachel
2017 Trafficked Mother Monica
Television films[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1973 The Blue Knight Laila
1974 The Mark of Zorro Teresa
1975 The Log of the Black Pearl Lila Bristol
1976 A Matter of Wife... And Death Carol
1976 The Dark Side of Innocence Nora Hancock Mulligan
1978 The Pirates Jordana Mason
1984 The Sky's No Limit Dr. Susan Keith Browning
1987 A Different Affair N/A
1988 Leap of Faith Debby Franke Ogg
1992 The Last of His Tribe Henriette Kroeber
1992 Nails Mary Niles
1994 Jane's House Mary Parker
1994 Because Mommy Works Abby
1995 The Man in the Attic Krista Heldmann
1996 Jake's Women Maggie
1998 Indiscretion of an American Wife Julia Burton
1998 My Husband's Secret Life Theresa "Sissy" Sullivan
2002 Night of the Wolf Claire McNichol
2007 Judicial Indiscretion Monica Barrett
2008 Family Practice Helena Kinglare
Television series[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1970 Men at Law Annette Porter Episode: "Shadows of Doubt"
1970 Hawaii Five-0 Jane Michaels Episode: "Beautiful Screamer"
1971 The F.B.I. Lynne Ashton Episode: "Downfall"
1971 Mod Squad Jennifer Episode: "Color of Laughter, Color of Tears"
1971 Ironside Myra St. John Episode: "Murder Impromptu"
1971 Alias Smith and Jones Ellen Lewis Episode: "Shootout at Diablo Station"
1971 Love, American Style Louise Episode: "Love and the Fountain of Youth"
1972 The Sixth Sense Elizabeth Danbury Episode: "Can a Dead Man Strike from the Grave?"
1973 Mannix Anne Avery Episode: "A Problem of Innocence"
1973 Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice Carol Sanders 12 episodes
1974 Harry O Sharon Dempsey Episode: "Guardian at the Gates"
1975 Little House on the Prairie Kate Thorvald Episode: "Doctor's Lady"
1975 Petrocelli Sherril Brewster Episode: "Shadow of Fear"
1975–76 Switch Laurie 3 episodes
1976 McCloud Wilhelmina Kirk Episode: "Our Man in the Harem"
1976 Petrocelli N/A Episode: "Shadow of a Doubt"
1976 Harry O Felicia Applequist Episode: "The Mysterious Case of Lester and Dr. Fong"
1977 Seventh Avenue Myrna Gold 3 episodes
1983 The Family Tree Annie Benjamin Nichols 6 episodes
1985 Falcon Crest Cassandra Wilder 22 episodes
1994 Leslie's Folly Leslie TV short
1995 Present Tense, Past Perfect Kate TV short
1999 Camino de Santiago Isabelle Derek 3 episodes
2000 Beggars and Choosers Beverly Boyden Episode: "Moles, Meatloaf, and Myrna Loy"
2003 Boston Public Patricia Emerson 3 episodes
2004 The L Word Lenore Pieszecki 3 episodes
2006 It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Barbara Reynolds 3 episodes
2006–08 Ghost Whisperer Beth Gordon 4 episodes
2008–09 Privileged Laurel Limoges 13 episodes
2016 The Grinder Lenore Episode: "For the People"
Law and order SVU 2018
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Thise, Mark (2008). Hollywood Winners & Losers A to Z. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 5. ISBN 0-87910-351-5. She is the international spokeswoman for Applied Scholastic International, a front group for the Church of Scientology.
Jump up ^ Anne Archer Official Website-Film Credits Archived August 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle F. (2009). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946-Present. Ballantine Books. p. 159.
Jump up ^ "Edinburgh Theater Review: 'The Trial of Jane Fonda' Starring Anne Archer". Variety. August 4, 2014. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Anne Archer stars as Jane Fonda in London play". Reuters. July 14, 2016. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Biography of Anne Archer". All American Talent and Celebrity Network. www.allamericanspeakers.com. 2008. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
Jump up ^ "Anne Archer: My Family Values". 2014-07-11. Retrieved 2018-04-04.
Jump up ^ Wright, Lawrence (February 14, 2011). "The Apostate: Paul Haggis vs. the Church of Scientology". The New Yorker. Retrieved March 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ "SCIENTOLOGY'S TOP 20 CELEBRITIES — in order of those most likely to defect". The Underground Bunker. September 26, 2016. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ebner, Mark; Andrew Breitbart (2004). Hollywood, Interrupted. John Wiley and Sons. p. 128. ISBN 0-471-45051-0.
Jump up ^ Shaw, William (2008-02-17). "The science of celebrity". The Sunday Telegraph. p. 26.
Jump up ^ Morton, Andrew (2008). Tom Cruise: An Unauthorized Biography. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 243, 317. ISBN 0-312-35986-1.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anne Archer.
Official website
Anne Archer on IMDb
Anne Archer at AllMovie
Anne Archer at the TCM Movie Database
Anne Archer Biography, filmreference.com; accessed January 15, 2018.
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BIBSYS: 99006007
BNE: XX1296807
BNF: cb14038545m (data)
GND: 173746284
ISNI: 0000 0001 1468 4106
LCCN: n99020343
MusicBrainz: 1695efbd-5cfa-47cc-a31d-431c221b98a1
SNAC: w6002ptm
SUDOC: 08376044X
VIAF: 17423086
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne_Archer&oldid=846479199"
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values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: آن ارتشر – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: অ্যান আর্চার – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: آن آرچر – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Էնն Առչեր – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: אן ארצ'ר – Hebrew

values: アン・アーチャー – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: Арчер, Энн – Russian

values: Ен Арчер – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Енн Арчер – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: این آرچر – Urdu

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values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

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