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National Food Security Act, 2013
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National Food Security Act, 2013
Food security and insecurity in India
Enacted by
Parliament of India
Date signed
12 September 2013
Status: In force
The National Food Security Act, 2013 (also Right to Food Act) is an Act of the Parliament of India which aims to provide subsidized food grains to approximately two thirds of India's 1.2 billion people.[1] It was signed into law on 12 September 2013, retroactive to 5 July 2013.[2][3]
The National Food Security Act, 2013 (NFSA 2013) converts into legal entitlements for existing food security programmes of the Government of India. It includes the Midday Meal Scheme, Integrated Child Development Services scheme and the Public Distribution System. Further, the NFSA 2013 recognizes maternity entitlements. The Midday Meal Scheme and the Integrated Child Development Services Scheme are universal in nature whereas the PDS will reach about two-thirds of the population (75% in rural areas and 50% in urban areas).
Under the provisions of the bill, beneficiaries of the Public Distribution System (or, PDS) are entitled to 5 kilograms (11 lb) per person per month of cereals at the following prices:
Rice at ₹3 (4.6¢ US) per kg
Wheat at ₹2 (3.1¢ US) per kg
Coarse grains (millet) at ₹1 (1.5¢ US) per kg.
Pregnant women, lactating mothers, and certain categories of children are eligible for daily free cereals.
The bill has been highly controversial. It was introduced into India's parliament on 22 December 2011, promulgated as a presidential ordinance on 5 July 2013, and enacted into law on 12 September 2013.[4][5]
Odisha government implemented food security bill in 14 district from 17 November 2015
Assam government implemented Act on 24 December 2015.
Contents
[hide]
1 Salient features
2 Intent
3 Scope
4 Commentary
4.1 Critics
4.2 Advocates
5 Chhattisgarh Food Security Act
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
8.1 Official Documents
8.2 Media coverage and comments
Salient features[edit]
Coverage and entitlement under Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) : Up to 75% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population will be covered under TPDS, with uniform entitlement of 5 kg per person per month. However, since Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) households constitute poorest of the poor, and are presently entitled to 35 kg per household per month, entitlement of existing AAY households will be protected at 35 kg per household per month. State-wise coverage : Corresponding to the all India coverage of 75% and 50% in the rural and urban areas, State-wise coverage will be determined by the Central Government. Planning Commission has determined the State-wise coverage by using the NSS Household Consumption Survey data for 2011-12......
Subsidised prices under TPDS and their revision : Foodgrains under TPDS will be made available at subsidised prices of Rs. 3/2/1 per kg for rice, wheat and coarse grains for a period of three years from the date of commencement of the Act. Thereafter prices will be suitably linked to Minimum Support Price (MSP). In case, any State’s allocation under the Act is lower than their current allocation, it will be protected up to the level of average offtake under normal TPDS during last three years, at prices to be determined by the Central Government. Existing prices for APL households i.e. Rs. 6.10 per kg for wheat and Rs 8.30 per kg for rice has been determined as issue prices for the additional allocation to protect the average offtake during last three years.
Identification of Households : Within the coverage under TPDS determined for each State, the work of identification of eligible households is to be done by States/UTs.
Nutritional Support to women and children : Pregnant women and lactating mothers and children in the age group of 6 months to 14 years will be entitled to meals as per prescribed nutritional norms under Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) and Mid-Day Meal (MDM) schemes. Higher nutritional norms have been prescribed for malnourished children up to 6 years of age.
Maternity Benefit : Pregnant women and lactating mothers will also be entitled to receive maternity benefit of not less than Rs. 6,000.
Women Empowerment : Eldest woman of the household of age 18 years or above to be the head of the household for the purpose of issuing of ration cards.
Grievance Redressal Mechanism : Grievance redressal mechanism at the District and State levels. States will have the flexibility to use the existing machinery or set up separate mechanism.
Cost of intra-State transportation & handling of foodgrains and FPS Dealers' margin : Central Government will provide assistance to States in meeting the expenditure incurred by them on transportation of foodgrains within the State, its handling and FPS dealers’ margin as per norms to be devised for this purpose.
Transparency and Accountability : Provisions have been made for disclosure of records relating to PDS, social audits and setting up of Vigilance Committees in order to ensure transparency and accountability.
Food Security Allowance : Provision for food security allowance to entitled beneficiaries in case of non-supply of entitled foodgrains or meals.
Penalty : Provision for penalty on public servant or authority, to be imposed by the State Food Commission, in case of failure to comply with the relief recommended by the District Grievance Redressal Officer.[6]
Intent[edit]
The intent of the National Food Security Bill is spelled out in the Lok Sabha committee report, The National Food Security Bill, 2011, Twenty Seventh Report, which states, "Food security means availability of sufficient foodgrains to meet the domestic demand as well as access, at the individual level, to adequate quantities of food at affordable prices." The report adds, "The proposed legislation marks a paradigm shift in addressing the problem of food security – from the current welfare approach to a right based approach. About two thirds(approx 67%) of the population will be entitled to receive subsidized foodgrains under Targeted Public Distribution System. In a country where almost 40% of children are undernourished the importance of the scheme increases significantly."
Scope[edit]
The Indian Ministry of Agriculture's Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) has referred to the Bill as the "biggest ever experiment in the world for distributing highly subsidized food by any government through a ‘rights based’ approach."[7] The Bill extends coverage of the Targeted Public Distribution System, India's principal domestic food aid program, to two thirds of the population, or approximately 820 million people. Initially, the Lok Sabha Standing Committee on Food, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution estimated a "total requirement of foodgrains, as per the Bill would be 61.55 million [metric] tons in 2012-13."[8] The CACP calculated in May 2013, "...the requirement for average monthly PDS offtake is calculated as 2.3 mt for wheat (27.6 mt annually) and 2.8 mt for rice (33.6 mt annually)..." When volumes needed for the Public Distribution System and "Other Welfare Schemes" were aggregated, the CACP estimated rice and wheat requirements to total an "annual requirement of 61.2" million metric tons.[7] However, the final version of the Bill signed into law includes on page 18 an annex, "Schedule IV", which estimates the total food grain allocation as 54.926 million metric tons.[9]
The Standing Committee estimated that the value of additional food subsidies (i.e., on top of the existing Public Distribution System) "during 2012-13 works out to be...Rs.2409 crores," that is, 24.09 billion rupees, or about $446 million at the then-current exchange rate, for a total expenditure of 1.122 trillion rupees (or between $20 and $21 billion).[8] However, the Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) calculated, "Currently, the economic cost of FCI for acquiring, storing and distributing foodgrains is about 40 percent more than the procurement price."[10] The Commission added,
The stated expenditure of Rs 1,20,000 crore annually in NFSB is merely the tip of the iceberg. To support the system and the welfare schemes, additional expenditure is needed for the envisaged administrative set up, scaling up of operations, enhancement of production, investments for storage, movement, processing and market infrastructure etc. The existing Food Security Complex of Procurement, Stocking and Distribution- which NFSB perpetuates- would increase the operational expenditure of the Scheme given its creaking infrastructure, leakages & inefficient governance.[10]
The Commission concluded that the total bill for implementation of the Bill "....may touch an expenditure of anywhere between Rs 125,000 to 150,000 crores," i.e., 1.25 to 1.5 trillion rupees.[10] As of the implementation deadline of 4 October 2014, only 11 states had either implemented the Act or declared readiness to do so.[11] On 28 November 2014, the Indian government announced, "Allocation of foodgrains to 11 States/Union Territories (UTs) namely, Bihar, Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab and Rajasthan has started under the Act..." and that the "remaining 25 States/UTs have not completed the preparatory measures required for implementation of the Act." The Indian government extended the deadline for implementation of the Act "by another six months, i.e. till 04.04.2015."[12]
Commentary[edit]
Critics[edit]
Criticism of the National Food Security Bill includes accusations of both political motivation and fiscal irresponsibility.[13][14][15][16] One senior opposition politician, Murli Manohar Joshi, went so far as to describe the bill as a measure for "vote security" (for the ruling government coalition) rather than food security.[13] Another political figure, Mulayam Singh Yadav, declared, "It is clearly being brought for elections...Why didn’t you bring this bill earlier when poor people were dying because of hunger?...Every election, you bring up a measure. There is nothing for the poor."[17]
The report of the 33rd meeting of the Technical Advisory Committee on Monetary Policy stated, "...Food prices are still elevated and the food security bill will aggravate food price inflation as it will tilt supply towards cereals and away from other farm produce (proteins), which will raise food prices further...Members desired that the Reserve Bank impress on the government the need to address supply side constraints which are causing inflationary pressure, especially on the food front."[18][19] Dr. Surjit S. Bhalla warned, "The food security bill...if implemented honestly, will cost 3 per cent of the GDP in its very first year."[20] The writer Vivek Kaul noted,
The government’s estimated cost of food security comes at 11.10%...of the total receipts. The CACP’s estimated cost of food security comes at 21.5%...of the total receipts. Bhalla’s cost of food security comes at around 28% of the total receipts...Once we express the cost of food security as a percentage of the total estimated receipts of the government, during the current financial year, we see how huge the cost of food security really is.[21]
The Indian Ministry of Agriculture's Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices warned that enactment of the Bill could be expected to "induce severe imbalance in the production of oilseeds and pulses," and "...will create demand pressures, which will inevitably spillover to market prices of food grains. Furthermore, the higher food subsidy burden on the budget will raise the fiscal deficit, exacerbating macro level inflationary pressures."[10] The Commission argued further that the Bill would restrict private initiative in agriculture, reduce competition in the marketplace due to government domination of the grain market, shift money from investments in agriculture to subsidies, and continue focus on cereals production when shifts in consumer demand patterns indicate a need to focus more on protein, fruits and vegetables.[10]
Advocates[edit]
The bill was very widely viewed as a "pet project" of Indian National Congress(INC) President, Sonia Gandhi.[22][23] Gandhi addressed Parliament the night of the August 2013 Lok Sabha vote on the bill, saying its passage would be a "chance to make history".[24]
Former National Advisory Council member and development economist Professor Jean Drèze, reputedly one of the architects of the original, 2011 version of the bill, wrote, "...the Bill is a form of investment in human capital. It will bring some security in people’s lives and make it easier for them to meet their basic needs, protect their health, educate their children, and take risks."[25] Professor Drèze dismissed opposition from business interests, saying, "Corporate hostility does not tell us anything except that the Food Bill does not serve corporate interests. Nobody is claiming that it does, nor is that the purpose of the Bill."[26]
Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution K.V. Thomas stated in an interview,
This is no mean task, a task being accomplished in the second most populated country in the world. All the while, it has been a satisfying journey. The responsibility is not just of the Central Government but equally of the States/[Union Territories]. I am sure together we can fulfill this dream. The day is not far off, when India will be known the world over for this important step towards eradication of hunger, malnutrition and resultant poverty...By providing food security to 75 percent of the rural and 50 percent of the urban population with focus on nutritional needs of children, pregnant and lactating women, the National Food Security Bill will revolutionize food distribution system.[4]
In a rebuttal to Dr. Surjit S. Bhalla, three economists responded, "...the food subsidy bill should roughly double and come to around 1.35% of GDP, which is still way less than the numbers he put out."[27]
Chhattisgarh Food Security Act[edit]
The Chhattisgarh Food Security Act, 2012 law was enacted by the Chhattisgarh government. It was passed on 21 December 2012, by the State Assembly unopposed to ensure "access to adequate quantity of food and other requirements of good nutrition to the people of the State, at affordable prices, at all times to live a life of dignity.’’.[28]
The Act divides households into four groups — Antodaya, Priority, General and Excluded households.
The priority households will have monthly public distribution system (PDS) entitlement of 35 kg rice, wheat flour, pulses, gram and iodised salt at subsidised price. "The new act will make the acclaimed PDS more comprehensive. Nearly 90% of the provisions incorporated in the Act were already covered under the PDS", the chief minister Raman Singh said.The new initiative will put a burden of Rs. 2311 crore on the state exchequer. The act will not cover those who are income tax payees, own over 4 hectares of irrigated or 8 hectares of non-irrigated land in non-scheduled areas and who are liable to pay property tax in urban areas.[29]
The Act benefits 42 lakh families living here. It will also cover families headed by a destitute, a widow or a differently abled person. It will also take care of poor, children living in hostels/ashrams, pregnant women as well as those hit by disaster.
See also[edit]
Right to food
Public distribution system
Food Security Bill
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Govt defers promulgation of ordinance on Food Security Bill". Times of India. 13 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "The National Food Security Bill, 2013 Receives the Assent of the President, Published in the Gazette of India as Act No. 20 of 2013" (Press release). Press Information Bureau.
Jump up ^ "Food Security Act To Be Implemented From July 5". Bloomberg TV India.
^ Jump up to: a b U.S. Department of Agriculture, New Delhi, India, Indian Cabinet Approves National Food Security Bill 2013, GAIN Report IN3037, 11 April 2013
Jump up ^ National Food Security Ordinance, No. 7 of 2013, 5 July 2013
Jump up ^ http://dfpd.nic.in/Salient-features-National-Food-Security-Act.htm
^ Jump up to: a b Ashok Gulati & Surbhi Jain (May 2013). "Buffer Stocking Policy in the wake of NFSB: Concepts, Empirics, and Policy Implications" (PDF). Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Standing Committee on Food, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution (2012-13), Fifteenth Lok Sabha, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (Department Of Food and Public Distribution) (January 2013). "The National Food Security Bill, 2011, Twenty Seventh Report" (PDF). CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "National Food Security Bill, Registered No. DL-(N)04/0007/2003-13, as published by the Ministry of Law and Justice, September 10, 2013" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ashok Gulati; et al. (December 2012). "National Food Security Bill, Challenges and Options, Discussion Paper No. 2" (PDF). Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.
Jump up ^ Dipak K Dash (8 Oct 2014). "Food security deadline for states expires without extension". Times of India. The eleven states as of 4 October 2014, were reportedly Assam, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Punjab, Bihar, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh and Karnataka.
Jump up ^ "States gets another six months for implementation of national food security act". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 28 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Shekhar Iyer (26 August 2013). "This isn't food security, it's vote security, says BJP". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 31 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Shweta Punj (29 September 2013). "Digestion pangs". Business Today.
Jump up ^ "Food bill: Experts seek proper selection, revamped PDS". Times of India, 8 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Praful Bidwai (9 September 2013). "Food Bill is a first step". The Daily Star.
Jump up ^ "Food Security Bill passed in Lok Sabha after nine-hour debate". FirstPost. 27 August 2013.
Jump up ^ RBI Committee meeting cautions the government against Food Security Bill
Jump up ^ RBI releases Minutes of 24 July 2013 Meeting of the Technical Advisory Committee on Monetary Policy
Jump up ^ "Manmonia's FSB: 3% of GDP". Indian Express. 6 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Vivek Kaul (27 August 2013). "Food Bill is the biggest mistake India might have made till date". Firstpost.
Jump up ^ "Lok Sabha passes Sonia Gandhi's ambitious Food Bill". moneycontrol.com (CNBC). 27 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Parliament clears Sonia's pet Food Security Bill, Cong eyes poll gain". CNN-IBN. 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Edited by Deepshikha Ghosh (27 August 2013). "Sonia Gandhi fine, 'relieved' that Food Bill was passed, Narendra Modi wishes her good health". NDTV. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Why The Food Bill Is Sound Economics". Tehelka. 13 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Revati Laul (7 September 2013). "'The Food Security Bill Can Help To Protect The People From Poverty And Insecurity',". Tehelka.
Jump up ^ Milind Murugkar; Ashok Kotwal; Bharat Ramaswami (28 August 2013). "Correct costs of the Food Security Bill". Ideas for India.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
Jump up ^ http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/food-security-act-should-centre-emulate-chhattisgarh-yes/article4249370.ece
External links[edit]
Official Documents[edit]
The National Food Security Bill, 2011; Bill No. 132 of 2011 (original bill as submitted in 2011)
Report of the Expert Committee on National Food Security Bill, Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister, Government of India, January 2011
Gulati, Ashok, et al, National Food Security Bill, Challenges and Options, Discussion Paper No. 2, Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices, December 2012
Standing Committee on Food, Consumer Affairs And Public Distribution (2012-13), Fifteenth Lok Sabha, Ministry Of Consumer Affairs, Food And Public Distribution (Department Of Food And Public Distribution), The National Food Security Bill, 2011, Twenty Seventh Report, January 2013
Joshi, Pramod K., "National Food Security Bill and need for a stronger implementation strategy," Government Knowledge Centre Think Pieces, 7 March 2013
U.S. Department of Agriculture, New Delhi, India, Indian Cabinet Approves National Food Security Bill 2013, GAIN Report IN3037, 11 April 2013
National Food Security Bill, 2013 (version of April 2013)
Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Amendments in the National Food Security Bill Introduced in the Lok Sabha, 2 May 2013
Gulati, Ashok, and Surbhi Jain, Buffer Stocking Policy in the wake of NFSB: Concepts, Empirics, and Policy Implications, Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices, May 2013
National Food Security Ordinance, No. 7 of 2013, 5 July 2013
The National Food Security Bill, 2013, Bill No. 109 of 2013,as introduced in Lok Sabha
The National Food Security Bill, 2013, Bill No. 109-C of 2013, as passed by Lok Sabha on 26 August 2013
National Food Security Bill, Registered No. DL-(N)04/0007/2003-13, as published by the Ministry of Law and Justice, 10 September 2013
CHHATTISGARH FOOD SECURITY ACT, 2012
U.S. Department of Agriculture, New Delhi, India, National Food Security Bill Becomes Law, GAIN Report IN3105, 16 September 2013
"State Food Ministers meet to discuss implementation of National Food Security Act," Press Information Bureau, Government of India, press release, 27 September 2013
"A Novel Approach to Food Security", by Avinash Kishore, P. K. Joshi, and John Hoddinott, Chapter 3 of 2013 Global Food Policy Report, Washington: IFPRI, 2014
"States gets another six months for implementation of national food security act," Press Information Bureau, Government of India, press release, 28 November 2014
Media coverage and comments[edit]
Drèze, Jean, "Summary Of The National Food Security Bill 2013", Tehelka, 22 March 2013
Sugden, Joanna, "Q&A: Pros and Cons of The Food Security Bill," Wall Street Journal, 8 May 2013 (interview with Dr. P.K. Joshi of the International Food Policy Research Institute office in New Delhi)
"How much will food security bill cost exchequer?", moneycontrol.com (CNBC), 8 June 2013 ("Ashok Gulati chairman of the commission on agricultural costs and prices, T Nanda Kumar, former agriculture secretary and Sonal Varma chief economist at Nomura discuss the nuances of the Food Security Bill on Indianomics.")
Drèze, Jean, "The Food Security Debate in India", New York Times blog, 9 July 2013
Kumar, Ashok, "The Anatomy of the National Food Security Act 2013", NewsYaps, 14 March 2014
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Dave's Gourmet
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Dave's Gourmet hot sauce
Dave's Gourmet is a company notable for creating and introducing Dave's Insanity Sauce, which formerly held the title of "world's hottest sauce." The sauce is widely distributed through gourmet hot sauce boutiques and online hot-sauce sites.
Contents
1 History
2 Varieties
2.1 Standard sauces
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
The original Dave's Insanity Sauce premiered around 1993 and was one of the first sauces to be made directly from capsaicin extract, allowing it to be hotter than the hottest habanero-pepper sauces of the day. It has been rated at 180,000 Scoville units,[1] compared with 2,500-5,000 for Tabasco sauce. Part of the intrigue behind the sauce name (Insanity) was founder Dave Hirschkop’s wearing of a straitjacket at events promoting his products.[2]
Dave's Gourmet has since introduced sauces with increasingly greater concentrations of capsaicin under names such as Dave's Commemorative Insanity, Dave's Total Insanity, and Dave's Ultimate Insanity, which has been reported variously as from 90,000 to 250,000 on the Scoville scale and comes with a caveat Use this product one drop at a time." Keep away from eyes, children and pets. Not for people with heart or respiratory problems. Also offered is Dave's Private Reserve which comes in a coffin-shaped package and has been reported variously as from 500,000 to 750,000 Scoville units. His most recent release is a super-limited holiday edition, which is two to three times as hot as his private reserve, and was limited to 200 bottles total, selling for $199 per bottle.[citation needed]
Varieties[edit]
The following varieties of Dave's Gourmet sauces are currently available:
Standard sauces[edit]
Cool Cayenne Sauce
Ginger Peach Hot Sauce
Hurtin' Jalapeño Sauce
Hurtin' Habanero Sauce
Jammin' Jerk Sauce
Roasted Garlic Hot Sauce
Roasted Red Pepper & Chipotle Hot Sauce
Scotch Bonnet Hot Sauce
Dave’s Steak Sauce
Temporary Insanity Sauce
Insanity Sauce
Total Insanity Sauce
Ultimate Insanity Sauce
Ghost Pepper Naga Jolokia Hot Sauce
Scorpion Sauce
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The world's spiciest hot sauces". Fox News. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "About Us". Dave's Gourmet, Inc. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
External links[edit]
Official website
"The Scoville Heat Scale". www.chilliworld.com.
Clarkson, Jeremy (October 4, 2009). "Help, quick – I've unscrewed the top on a ticking bomb". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on July 12, 2010.
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Sharks in captivity
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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One of the several whale sharks housed at the Georgia Aquarium
Several species of sharks are kept in captivity in public aquaria. In home aquaria, size constraints mean that only the smallest sharks are typically viable as pets.
Contents
[hide]
1 Public aquaria
1.1 Behavior
2 Home aquaria
2.1 Housings
2.2 Diet and nutrition
2.3 In community tanks
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Public aquaria[edit]
Until recently only a few benthic species of shark, such as hornsharks, leopard sharks, catsharks, and zebra sharks, had survived in aquarium conditions for up to a year or more. This gave rise to the belief that sharks, as well as being difficult to capture and transport, were difficult to care for. A better knowledge of sharks has led to more species (including the large pelagic sharks) being able to be kept for far longer. At the same time, transportation techniques have improved and long distance movement of sharks is becoming easier.[1] Several attempts to keep a Great White Shark in captivity have been attempted, but most specimens died or had to be released after a short time. One example, placed in the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium in Japan, only survived for three days.[2] The longest a Great White was held in captivity was at the Monterey Bay Aquarium, in September 2004. A young female was kept in an outdoor tank for 198 days before releasing her back into the wild. In the following years, the Monterey Bay Aquarium hosted five more juvenile white sharks for temporary stays before ending their program in 2011.[3]
Behavior[edit]
When introduced to their new habitat some mature sharks has refused food despite the abundance and variety of feeding methods used[4]. Over a period of years this results in sharks dying of starvation amidst plenty[5]. Sharks are usually seen to live a solitary existence, rarely moving about in group events, although, a tank could house up to four or five species during the same time period[6]. It has been commonly seen that Lemon and Nurse sharks occupy the bottom of the tank floor. Occasionally, they will take a swim no more than two or three feet off the bottom[7]. Bull sharks, Sandbar sharks, and Sand tiger sharks continuously swim at mid-depth. Larger tiger sharks inhabit the upper region of the tank where their dorsal fin is breaking the surface frequently[8]. Swimming patterns seen from sharks in captivity are that of Blacktip, Bull, and Lemon sharks being active 24 hours and those of Sandbars, Nurse and Sand tigers being active at certain times of the day/night[9]. However, within some aquaria’s this could be attributed to the different feeding times of these species[10]. Sharks in captivity, referring to that of Sandbar, Sand tiger, and Nurse sharks are predicted to be less aggressive being that no aggressive biting is seen after feeding[11]. The foremost behavior observed from those in captivity was curiosity, reasoning's being due to less competition for food and lack of stimulation[12].
Home aquaria[edit]
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (January 2009)
Most species of shark are not suitable for domestic aquaria and not every species of shark sold by pet stores make good inhabitants for personal aquaria. Some species of sharks can also be kept well in home saltwater aquaria.[13] Uninformed or unscrupulous dealers sometimes sell juvenile sharks like the nurse shark, which upon reaching adulthood will have far outgrown typical home aquaria.[13] Public aquaria are generally not interested in accepting donated specimens that have overgrown their housing and some shark owners have been tempted to release them into the wild.[13]
Housings[edit]
However, some species of shark can make prized additions to home aquaria.[13] Species appropriate to home aquaria represent considerable spatial and financial investments as they generally approach adult lengths of 3 feet and can live up to 25 years.[13] Sharks must be housed in aquaria at or exceeding 180 gallons in volume, with more active species requiring more space.[13] Surface area is an even more significant consideration for aquarists than volume as it is the determining factor for the amount of oxygen that ends up being dissolved in the water, and therefore critical to the sharks' respiration.[13] Choice of aquarium substrate is also important because a sharp, rough bed can irritate a shark's soft underbelly, or in severe cases lead to fatal infections.[13] Shark aquaria are generally advised to be decorated "conservatively" in order to leave space for the animal to move more freely during daily activities. A cave, however, is often an appropriate addition for some shy species.[13]
Diet and nutrition[edit]
Sharks are very frequently overfed by amateur aquarists, which can lead to obesity or unnaturally fast growth rates.[13] Captive sharks are healthiest when fed at levels similar to their food intake in the wild.[13] Usually this amounts to 1-3% of their body weight weekly.[13] However, aquarium conditions and species disposition are considered by conscientious aquarists when feeding captive sharks.[13] Relatively sedentary species, such as wobbegongs can live on feedings occurring once or twice weekly.[13] More active species may require to be fed three or four times per week to maintain satisfactory health.[13] Sharks living in cooler water temperatures have slower metabolisms than sharks in warmer water housings and therefore require less food.[13]
The most common staple food provided to captive sharks in home aquaria is frozen fish.[13] The freezing process used to store foods for sharks often results in the food items losing nutrient value.[13] Lost nutrients are replaced by vitamin supplements, which are marketed commercially, sometimes by companies generally associated with more typical pet foods (such as Purina Mills).[13] Uncorrected nutrient deficiencies inherent in the frozen food diet can cause considerable detriment to the health of captive specimens.[13] Conditions such as popeye, ascites, and anemia are known to occur in captive sharks that are deficient in some essential vitamin.[13] Vitamin B deficiency results in a treatable condition where the shark's back arches and it swims in a circular motion.[13]
Feeding sharks frozen non-marine fish can result in deficiencies of omega-3 fatty acids, which can result in "fat infiltration of the liver," which can impede the organ's function seriously enough for major health issues.[13]
In community tanks[edit]
Sometimes sharks are unwittingly put in harm's way when aquarists include potentially dangerous tankmates in the same aquarium.[13] Hobbyists generally don't think of other fish being a threat to sharks, but triggerfish, angel fish, puffers, and wrasses can all injure them.[13] A large grouper is capable of consuming smaller sharks.[13] Sometimes docile bottom feeding sharks are put at risk because of the fish that feed on the ocean bottom, sedentary sharks are simply an extension of the substrate."[13] Another problem aquarists keeping sharks with other types of fish have encountered is that the smaller, more passive aquarium-friendly shark species often have difficulty competing with their tankmates for the food provided by the aquarist.[13] Sharks are predatory themselves and may maul or consume tankmates smaller or weaker than themselves.[13]
See also[edit]
Sharks portal
Aquarium
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Whale Sharks in Captivity". Archived from the original on August 26, 2012. Retrieved 2015-02-10.
Jump up ^ Hale, Tom (November 1, 2016). "Great White Shark Dies After Just THREE Days In Captivity". IFL Science!. Retrieved 2017-04-12.
Jump up ^ Fong, Joss (2016-07-08). "Why there aren't any great white sharks in captivity". Vox. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
Jump up ^ Essapian, F. (1962). Notes on the Behavior of Sharks in Captivity. Copeia, 1962(2), 457-459. doi:10.2307/1440936
Jump up ^ Essapian, F. (1962). Notes on the Behavior of Sharks in Captivity. Copeia, 1962(2), 457-459. doi:10.2307/1440936
Jump up ^ Essapian, F. (1962). Notes on the Behavior of Sharks in Captivity. Copeia, 1962(2), 457-459. doi:10.2307/1440936
Jump up ^ Essapian, F. (1962). Notes on the Behavior of Sharks in Captivity. Copeia, 1962(2), 457-459. doi:10.2307/1440936
Jump up ^ Essapian, F. (1962). Notes on the Behavior of Sharks in Captivity. Copeia, 1962(2), 457-459. doi:10.2307/1440936
Jump up ^ Hussain, S. M. (1991). The Behavior of Sharks in Captivity. Indian Journal of Fishtrits. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hussain, S. M. (1991). The Behavior of Sharks in Captivity. Indian Journal of Fishtrits. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ Flunory, M., Ortiz, M., & Restrepo, A. (n.d.). A Behavioral Study of Sharks in Captivity. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ Flunory, M., Ortiz, M., & Restrepo, A. (n.d.). A Behavioral Study of Sharks in Captivity. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Michael, Scott W. (March 2004). "Sharks at Home". Aquarium Fish Magazine. pp. 20–29.
External links[edit]
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