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List of St. Louis Cardinals seasons
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St. Louis Cardinals
History
1875–1919
1920–1952
1953–1989
1990–present
Seasons
People
Cardinal Nation
Award winners
Coaches
Managers
Owners and executives
Broadcasters
Overview
Logos and jerseys
Records
Cubs rivalry • Royals rivalry
World Series Championships:
pre-MLB: 1886 · MLB: 1926 · 1931 · 1934 · 1942 · 1944 · 1946 · 1964 · 1967 · 1982 · 2006 · 2011
Grounds
Robison Field (1893–1920)
Sportsman's Park (1920–53) (Busch I)
Busch Memorial Stadium (1966-2005) (Busch II)
Busch Stadium (Current)
Teams
MLB: St. Louis Cardinals, National League
AAA: Memphis Redbirds, Pacific Coast League
AA: Springfield Cardinals, Texas League
Advanced A: Palm Beach Cardinals, Florida State League
A: Peoria Chiefs, Midwest League
Short season: Johnson City Cardinals • GCL Cardinals • DSL Cardinals
The St. Louis Cardinals, a professional baseball franchise based in St. Louis, Missouri, compete in the National League (NL) of Major League Baseball (MLB). Founded in 1882 as a charter member of the American Association (AA), the team was originally named the Brown Stockings before it was shortened to Browns the next season. The team moved to the National League in 1892 when the AA folded. The club changed its name to the Perfectos for one season in 1899 and adopted the Cardinals name in 1900. The St. Louis Cardinals are tied with the Cincinnati Reds and Pittsburgh Pirates as the third-oldest continuously-operated baseball team.[a] In that time, the team has won 19 National League pennants and 11 World Series championships (most in the National League and second only to the New York Yankees, who have won 27). They also won four American Association pennants and one pre-World Series championship that Major League Baseball does not consider official.
The Cardinals had six periods of continued success during their history. The first period occurred during the 1880s when the team won four consecutive American Association pennants from 1885–1888 while known as the Browns. The Cardinals next found success from 1926–1934 when they played in five World Series, winning three. During World War II the Cardinals won four NL pennants in five years from 1942–1946, including three World Series championships. During the 1960s the Cardinals won two World Series and played in another. In the 1980s the Cardinals played in three World Series, winning in 1982. Most recently, the Cardinals have made the playoffs nine times, winning seven NL Central titles and qualifying as a wild-card entrant in 2001, 2011 and 2012, winning the World Series in 2006 and 2011.
The only extended period of failure the Cardinals have experienced began when they joined the National League in 1892. The Cardinals played only five winning seasons in 30 years while finishing last seven times from their entrance to the NL until 1921. However, the Cardinals have remarkably avoided such failure since then as they have not finished in last place in the National League since 1918, by far the longest streak in the NL.[b] The Cardinals failed to reach the World Series in the 1950s, 1970s, and 1990s, but were regularly a competitive team in each of these decades.
Contents
[hide]
1 Year by year
2 All-time records
3 Record by decade
4 Footnotes
5 Related lists
6 References
7 External links
Year by year[edit]
AA Champions
(1882–1892) * Pre-World Series Champions
(1884–1891) † World Series Champions
(1903–present) ‡ NL Champions
(1892–present)[c] ** Division Champions
(1969–present) ^ Wild Card Berth
(1994–present) ¤
Season
Level
League
Division
Finish[d]
Wins[d]
Losses[d]
Win%
GB[e]
Post-Season
Awards
St. Louis Brown Stockings
1882
MLB AA 5th 37 43 .463 18
St. Louis Browns
1883
MLB AA 2nd 65 33 .663 1
1884
MLB AA 4th 67 40 .626 8
1885
MLB AA * 1st 79 33 .705 — Tied World Series (White Stockings) 3–3–1[f] *
1886
MLB † AA * 1st 93 46 .669 — Won World Series (White Stockings) 4–2 †
1887
MLB AA * 1st 95 40 .704 — Lost World Series (Wolverines) 10–5 * Tip O'Neill
(TC)[1]
1888
MLB AA * 1st 92 43 .681 — Lost World Series (Giants) 6–4 *
1889
MLB AA 2nd 90 45 .667 2
1890
MLB AA 3rd 78 58 .574 12
1891
MLB AA 2nd 85 51 .625 8½
1892
MLB NL 11th 56 94 .373 46
1893[g]
MLB NL 10th 57 75 .432 30½
1894
MLB NL 9th 56 76 .424 34
1895
MLB NL 11th 39 92 .298 48½
1896
MLB NL 11th 40 90 .308 50½
1897
MLB NL 12th 29 102 .221 63½
1898
MLB NL 12th 39 111 .260 63½
St. Louis Perfectos
1899
MLB NL 5th 84 67 .556 18½
St. Louis Cardinals
1900
MLB NL 5th 65 75 .464 19
1901
MLB NL 4th 76 64 .543 14½
1902
MLB NL 6th 56 78 .418 44½
1903
MLB NL 8th 43 94 .314 46½
1904
MLB NL 5th 75 79 .487 31½
1905
MLB NL 6th 58 96 .377 47
1906
MLB NL 7th 52 98 .347 63
1907
MLB NL 8th 52 101 .340 55½
1908
MLB NL 8th 49 105 .318 50
1909
MLB NL 7th 54 98 .355 56
1910
MLB NL 7th 63 90 .412 40½
1911
MLB NL 5th 75 74 .503 22
1912
MLB NL 6th 63 90 .412 41
1913
MLB NL 8th 51 99 .340 49
1914
MLB NL 3rd 81 72 .529 13
1915
MLB NL 6th 72 81 .471 18½
1916
MLB NL 7th 60 93 .392 33½
1917
MLB NL 3rd 82 70 .539 15
1918
MLB NL 8th 51 78 .395 33
1919
MLB NL 7th 54 83 .394 40½
1920[h]
MLB NL 5th 75 79 .487 18
1921
MLB NL 3rd 87 66 .569 7
1922
MLB NL 3rd 85 69 .552 8 Rogers Hornsby
(TC)[2]
1923
MLB NL 5th 79 74 .516 16
1924
MLB NL 6th 65 89 .422 28½
1925
MLB NL 4th 77 76 .503 18 Rogers Hornsby (MVP, TC)[2]
1926
MLB ‡ NL ** 1st 89 65 .578 — Won World Series (Yankees) 4–3 ‡ Bob O'Farrell (MVP)
1927
MLB NL 2nd 92 61 .601 1½
1928
MLB NL ** 1st 95 59 .617 — Lost World Series (Yankees) 4–0 ** Jim Bottomley (MVP)
1929
MLB NL 4th 78 74 .513 20
1930
MLB NL ** 1st 92 62 .597 — Lost World Series (Athletics) 4–2 **
1931
MLB ‡ NL ** 1st 101 53 .656 — Won World Series (Athletics) 4–3 ‡ Frankie Frisch (MVP)[3]
1932
MLB NL 6th 72 82 .468 18
1933
MLB NL 5th 82 71 .536 9½
1934
MLB ‡ NL ** 1st 95 58 .621 — Won World Series (Tigers) 4–3 ‡ Dizzy Dean (MVP)[3]
1935
MLB NL 2nd 96 58 .623 4
1936
MLB NL 2nd 87 67 .565 5
1937
MLB NL 4th 81 73 .526 15 Joe Medwick (MVP, TC)[2][3]
1938
MLB NL 6th 71 80 .470 17½
1939
MLB NL 2nd 92 61 .601 4½
1940
MLB NL 3rd 84 69 .549 16
1941
MLB NL 2nd 97 56 .634 2½
1942
MLB ‡ NL ** 1st 106 48 .688 — Won World Series (Yankees) 4–1 ‡ Mort Cooper (MVP)[3]
1943
MLB NL ** 1st 105 49 .682 — Lost World Series (Yankees) 4–1 ** Stan Musial (MVP)[3]
1944
MLB ‡ NL ** 1st 105 49 .682 — Won World Series (Browns) 4–2[i] ‡ Marty Marion (MVP)[3]
1945
MLB NL 2nd 95 59 .617 3
1946
MLB ‡ NL ** 1st[j] 98 58 .628 — Won World Series (Red Sox) 4–3[k] ‡ Stan Musial (MVP)[3]
1947
MLB NL 2nd 89 65 .578 5
1948
MLB NL 2nd 85 69 .552 6½ Stan Musial (MVP)[3]
1949
MLB NL 2nd 96 58 .623 1
1950
MLB NL 5th 78 75 .510 12½
1951
MLB NL 3rd 81 73 .526 15½
1952
MLB NL 3rd 88 66 .571 8½
1953[l]
MLB NL 4th 83 71 .539 22
1954
MLB NL 6th 72 82 .468 25 Wally Moon (ROY)[4]
1955
MLB NL 7th 68 86 .442 30½ Bill Virdon (ROY)[4]
1956
MLB NL 4th 76 78 .494 17
1957
MLB NL 2nd 87 67 .565 8
1958
MLB NL 5th 72 82 .468 20
1959
MLB NL 7th 71 83 .461 16
1960
MLB NL 3rd 86 68 .558 9
1961
MLB NL 5th 80 74 .519 13
1962
MLB NL 6th 84 78 .519 17½
1963
MLB NL 2nd 93 69 .574 6
1964
MLB ‡ NL ** 1st 93 69 .574 — Won World Series (Yankees) 4–3 ‡ Ken Boyer (MVP)[3]
Bob Gibson (WS MVP)
1965
MLB NL 7th 80 81 .497 16½
1966[n]
MLB NL 6th 83 79 .512 12
1967
MLB ‡ NL ** 1st 101 60 .627 — Won World Series (Red Sox) 4–3 ‡ Orlando Cepeda (MVP)[3]
Bob Gibson (WS MVP)
1968
MLB NL ** 1st 97 65 .599 — Lost World Series (Tigers) 4–3 ** Bob Gibson (MVP, CYA)[3][5]
1969
MLB NL East[o] 4th 87 75 .537 13
1970
MLB NL East 4th 76 86 .469 13 Bob Gibson (CYA)[5]
1971
MLB NL East 2nd 90 72 .556 7 Joe Torre (MVP)[3]
1972
MLB NL East 4th 75 81 .481 21½
1973
MLB NL East 2nd 81 81 .500 1½
1974
MLB NL East 2nd 86 75 .534 1½ Bake McBride (ROY)[4]
1975
MLB NL East 4th 82 80 .506 10½
1976
MLB NL East 5th 72 90 .444 29
1977
MLB NL East 3rd 83 79 .512 18
1978
MLB NL East 5th 69 93 .426 21
1979
MLB NL East 3rd 86 76 .531 12 Keith Hernandez (MVP)[3]
1980
MLB NL East 4th 74 88 .457 17
1981
MLB NL East 2nd 30 20 .600 1½
2nd 29 23 .558 ½
1982
MLB ‡ NL ** East ^ 1st 92 70 .568 — Won NLCS (Braves) 3–0
Won World Series (Brewers) 4–3 ‡ Darrell Porter (WS MVP)
1983
MLB NL East 4th 79 83 .488 11
1984
MLB NL East 3rd 84 78 .519 12½
1985
MLB NL ** East ^ 1st 101 61 .623 — Won NLCS (Dodgers) 4–2
Lost World Series (Royals) 4–3[r] ** Willie McGee (MVP)[3]
Vince Coleman (ROY)[4]
Whitey Herzog (MOY)[6]
1986
MLB NL East 3rd 79 82 .491 28½ Todd Worrell (ROY)[4]
1987
MLB NL ** East ^ 1st 95 67 .586 — Won NLCS (Giants) 4–3
Lost World Series (Twins) 4–3 **
1988
MLB NL East 5th 76 86 .469 25
1989
MLB NL East 3rd 86 76 .531 7
1990
MLB NL East 6th 70 92 .432 25
1991
MLB NL East 2nd 84 78 .519 14
1992
MLB NL East 3rd 83 79 .512 13
1993
MLB NL East 3rd 87 75 .537 10
1994
MLB NL Central[t] 3rd 53 61 .465 13 Playoffs cancelled[s]
1995
MLB NL Central 4th 62 81 .434 22½
1996
MLB NL Central ^ 1st 88 74 .543 — Won NLDS (Padres) 3–0
Lost NLCS (Braves) 4–3
1997
MLB NL Central 4th 73 89 .451 11
1998
MLB NL Central 3rd 83 79 .512 19
1999
MLB NL Central 4th 75 86 .466 21½
2000
MLB NL Central ^ 1st 95 67 .586 — Won NLDS (Braves) 3–0
Lost NLCS (Mets) 4–1
2001
MLB NL Central 1st[u] ¤ 93 69 .574 — Lost NLDS (Diamondbacks) 3–2 Albert Pujols (ROY)[4]
2002
MLB NL Central ^ 1st 97 65 .599 — Won NLDS (Diamondbacks) 3–0
Lost NLCS (Giants) 4–1 Tony La Russa (MOY)[6]
2003
MLB NL Central 3rd 85 77 .525 3
2004
MLB NL ** Central ^ 1st 105 57 .648 — Won NLDS (Dodgers) 3–1
Won NLCS (Astros) 4–3
Lost World Series (Red Sox) 4–0 **
2005
MLB NL Central ^ 1st 100 62 .617 — Won NLDS (Padres) 3–0
Lost NLCS (Astros) 4–2 Albert Pujols (MVP)[3]
Chris Carpenter (CYA)[5]
2006'[v]
MLB ‡ NL ** Central ^ 1st 83 78 .516 — Won NLDS (Padres) 3–1
Won NLCS (Mets) 4–3
Won World Series (Tigers) 4–1 ‡ David Eckstein (WS MVP)
2007
MLB NL Central 3rd 78 84 .481 7
2008
MLB NL Central 4th 86 76 .531 11½ Albert Pujols (MVP)[3]
2009
MLB NL Central ^ 1st 91 71 .562 — Lost NLDS (Dodgers) 3–0 Albert Pujols (MVP)[3]
2010
MLB NL Central 2nd 86 76 .531 6
2011
MLB ‡ NL ** Central 2nd ¤ 90 72 .556 6 Won NLDS (Phillies) 3–2
Won NLCS (Brewers) 4–2
Won World Series (Rangers) 4–3 ‡ David Freese (WS MVP)
2012
MLB NL Central 2nd ¤ 88 74 .543 9 Won Wild Card Game (Braves)
Won NLDS (Nationals) 3–2
Lost NLCS (Giants) 4–3
2013
MLB NL ** Central ^ 1st 97 65 .599 — Won NLDS (Pirates) 3–2
Won NLCS (Dodgers) 4–2
Lost World Series (Red Sox) 4–2 **
2014
MLB NL Central ^ 1st 90 72 .556 — Won NLDS (Dodgers) 3–1
Lost NLCS (Giants) 4–1
2015
MLB NL Central ^ 1st 100 62 .617 — Lost NLDS (Cubs) 3–1
2016
MLB NL Central 2nd 86 76 .531 17½
All-time records[edit]
Totals
Wins
Losses
Win %
781 432 .644 American Association regular season record (1882–1891)
16 21 .432 American Association post-season record (1882–1891)
9,690
9,269
.511
National League regular season record (1892–present)[z]
129 114 .531 MLB post-season record (1892–present)
10,471 9,701 .519 All-time regular season record (1882–present)
145 135 .518 All-time post-season record (1882–present)
10,616
9,836
.519
All-time regular and post-season record (1882–present)
Record by decade[edit]
The following table describes the Cardinals' MLB win–loss record by decade.
Decade
Wins
Losses
Pct
1880s 618 323 .657
1890s 563 816 .408
1900s 580 888 .395
1910s 652 830 .440
1920s 822 712 .536
1930s 869 665 .566
1940s 960 580 .623
1950s 776 763 .504
1960s 884 718 .552
1970s 800 813 .496
1980s 825 734 .529
1990s 758 794 .488
2000s 913 706 .564
2010s 637 497 .562
All-time
10657
9839
.520
These statistics are from Baseball-Reference.com's St. Louis Cardinals History & Encyclopedia,[7] and are current as of October 18, 2016.
Footnotes[edit]
a The current variations of the Cardinals, Reds, and Pirates all began playing in 1882. The two older clubs are the Atlanta Braves who were founded in 1871 in Boston and the Chicago Cubs who have played continuously since 1874.
b The Cardinals did finish in last place of the NL East in 1990, however the Atlanta Braves of the NL West had a worse record. The next longest streak is by the Cincinnati Reds who most recently finished in last place of the NL in 1982. The similar streak in the American League is held by the Boston Red Sox who last finished in last place of the AL in 1932.[8]
c For lists of all National League pennant winners see National League pennant winners 1876–1900, National League pennant winners 1901-68, and National League Championship Series.
d The Finish, Wins, and Losses columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play. Regular and postseason records are combined only at the bottom of the list.
e The GB column lists "Games Back" from the team that finished in first place that season. It is determined by finding the difference in wins plus the difference in losses divided by two.
f The dispute in 1885 concerned Game 2, which was forfeited by St. Louis when they pulled their team off the field protesting an umpiring decision. The managers, Cap Anson and Charles Comiskey, initially agreed to disregard the game. When St. Louis won the final game and an apparent 3–2 Series championship, Chicago White Stockings owner Albert Spalding overruled his manager and declared that he wanted the forfeit counted. The result of a tied Series was that neither team got the prize money that had been posted by the owners before the Series (and was returned to them after they both agreed it was a tie).[9]
g The Cardinals moved from their original home, Sportsman's Park, to a new field called New Sportsman's Park where they played until 1920. The ballpark would later be named League Park and then Robision Field under different Cardinals ownership.
h During the season the Cardinals moved from Robison Field, where they had played since 1893, to become tenants of the St. Louis Browns at Sportsman's Park. The Cardinals had originally played at Sportsman's Park from 1882–1892.
i The 1944 World Series was nicknamed the "Streetcar Series" and featured the NL Cardinals against the AL St. Louis Browns. Every game during the series was played at Sportsman's Park in St. Louis.
j The Cardinals finished the 1946 regular season tied for first place in the National League with the Brooklyn Dodgers, however the Cardinals claimed the pennant by winning the first two games in a best-of-three playoff series.
k The 1946 World Series is best remembered for Enos Slaughter's Mad Dash to score the go-ahead run in the 8th inning of Game 7.
l In 1953 the Cardinals were bought by Anheuser-Busch and Gussie Busch became team president, which he would remain until his death in 1989. Busch then purchased Sportsman's Park from the rival St. Louis Browns and renamed it Busch Stadium. The Browns would leave St. Louis after the season for Baltimore, Maryland.
m In 1962 the National League increased the schedule from 154 games, which had been established since 1904, to 162 games, where it remains today.
n During the season the Cardinals moved from Busch Stadium I, where they had played since 1920 to Busch Memorial Stadium.
o In 1969 MLB expanded by 4 teams to 12 in each league and split each league into an East and West division, the Cardinals were placed in the National League East.
p The 1972 Major League Baseball strike forced the cancellation of the first seven games (thirteen game-days) of the season.[10]
q The 1981 season was shortened by a player's strike. MLB decided to split the season into two halves with the division winner of each half playing in a Divisional Round of the playoffs. The Cardinals finished with the best overall record in the NL East at 59–43, but they finished in second place in both halves of the season and did not make the playoffs.[11]
r The 1985 World Series, nicknamed the "Show-Me Series" or "I-70 Series" because it featured two Missouri teams in St. Louis and the Kansas City Royals, is most remembered for The Call in Game 6. With the Cardinals leading the series 3–2 and Game 6 1–0, they took the field in the 9th inning to claim the championship. Pitcher Todd Worrell faced the Royals Jorge Orta first, Orta hit a slow ground ball to first baseman Jack Clark, who flipped the ball to Worrell at first for the apparent out, however umpire Don Denkinger called Orta safe and the Cardinals unraveled to lose Game 6 and got blown out in Game 7.[12]
s The 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike ended the season on August 11 and caused the entire postseason to be cancelled.[13]
t In 1994 MLB split each league into 3 divisions. The Cardinals were placed in the newly created National League Central.[14]
u In 2001 the Cardinals and the Houston Astros tied for first place in the NL Central. Since both teams were assured of a place in the playoffs, MLB declared it a shared championship. Houston was granted the NL Central's position in the playoff bracket by way of a better head-to-head record and St. Louis was given the Wild Card spot.[15]
v The Cardinals began play in the new Busch Stadium in 2006 after 40 years at Busch Memorial Stadium. They became the first team since the 1923 New York Yankees to win the World Series in their first season in a ballpark.
z Major League Baseball considers this to be the Cardinals' official all-time record. MLB does not count the years played in the American Association or post-season games towards the official record.
Related lists[edit]
List of St. Louis Cardinals managers
List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches
References[edit]
General
"St. Louis Cardinals Year-by-year results". www.stlcardinals.com. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
"St. Louis Cardinals Team Index". www.baseball-reference.com. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
"St. Louis Cardinals Post-season results". www.stlcardinals.com. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
"St. Louis Cardinals Awards". www.stlcardinals.com. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
"National League season-by-season". www.baseball-reference.com. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
Specific
Jump up ^ "Tip O'Neill stats". Baseball Reference. Retrieved 5 May 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Triple Crown winners". Major League Baseball Official Website. Retrieved 5 May 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "MVP winners". Major League Baseball Official Website. Retrieved 5 May 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Rookie of the Year winners". Major League Baseball Official Website. Retrieved 5 May 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Cy Young winners". Major League Baseball Official Website. Retrieved 5 May 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Manager of the Year winners". Major League Baseball Official Website. Retrieved 5 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "St. Louis Cardinals History & Encyclopedia". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "National League season-by-season". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved May 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ Jon David Cash, Before They Were Cardinals: Major League Baseball in Nineteenth-Century St. Louis. University of Missouri Press 2002
Jump up ^ Morgan, Joe (August 21, 2002). "Strike is no longer necessary". ESPN. Retrieved 2009-03-05.
Jump up ^ "Year in Review – 1981". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved 2008-05-02.
Jump up ^ "1985 World Series". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
Jump up ^ Zirin, David (August 18, 2004). "The MLB Strike – 25 Years in the Making". Buzzle editorials. Retrieved 2008-05-02. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "1994 National League". Baseball Reference. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
Jump up ^ "2001 St. Louis Cardinals". St. Louis Cardinals Official Website. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
External links[edit]
St. Louis Cardinals History
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pre-MLB
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[show]
Seasons (136)
1880s
1880 · 1881 · 1882
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Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about a famous phrase. For other uses, see The Pursuit of Happiness.
Office for Emergency Management. Office of War Information war poster 1941–1945
"Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness" is a well-known phrase in the United States Declaration of Independence.[1] The phrase gives three examples of the "unalienable rights" which the Declaration says have been given to all human beings by their creator, and which governments are created to protect.
Contents
1 Origin and phrasing
1.1 Meaning of "happiness"
1.2 Lockean roots hypothesis
1.3 Virginia Declaration of Rights
1.4 Alternative hypotheses
2 Comparable mottos worldwide
3 References
Origin and phrasing[edit]
The United States Declaration of Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson, and then edited by the Committee of Five, which consisted of Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston. It was then further edited and adopted by the Committee of the Whole of the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776.[2][3] The second paragraph of the first article in the Declaration of Independence contains the phrase "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness".
Jefferson's "original Rough draught" is on exhibit in the Library of Congress.[4] This version was used by Julian Boyd to create a transcript of Jefferson's draft,[5] which reads:
We hold these truths to be sacred & undeniable; that all men are created equal & independent, that from that equal creation they derive rights inherent & inalienable, among which are the preservation of life, & liberty, & the pursuit of happiness; ...
The Committee of Five edited Jefferson's draft. Their version survived further edits by the whole Congress intact, and reads:[6]
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. ——
A number of possible sources or inspirations for Jefferson's use of the phrase in the Declaration of Independence have been identified, although scholars debate the extent to which any one of them actually influenced Jefferson. Jefferson declared himself an Epicurean during his lifetime: this is a philosophical doctrine that teaches the pursuit of happiness and proposes autarchy, which translates as self-rule, self-sufficiency or freedom. The greatest disagreement comes between those who suggest the phrase was drawn from John Locke and those who identify some other source.[citation needed]
Meaning of "happiness"[edit]
There is debate about what the word "happiness" may have meant in 1776. Current usage focuses on pleasant, positive emotions and having needs satisfied,[7][8] whereas in 1776 the common meaning may have been "prosperity, thriving, wellbeing".[9][10]
Lockean roots hypothesis[edit]
In 1689, Locke argued in his Two Treatises of Government that political society existed for the sake of protecting "property", which he defined as a person's "life, liberty, and estate".[11] In A Letter Concerning Toleration, he wrote that the magistrate's power was limited to preserving a person's "civil interest", which he described as "life, liberty, health, and indolency of body; and the possession of outward things".[12] He declared in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding that "the highest perfection of intellectual nature lies in a careful and constant pursuit of true and solid happiness".[13]
According to those scholars who saw the root of Jefferson's thought in Locke's doctrine, Jefferson replaced "estate" with "the pursuit of happiness", although this does not mean that Jefferson meant the "pursuit of happiness" to refer primarily or exclusively to property. Under such an assumption, the Declaration of Independence would declare that government existed primarily for the reasons Locke gave, and some have extended that line of thinking to support a conception of limited government.[14][15][16][17][18]
Virginia Declaration of Rights[edit]
The first and second article of the Virginia Declaration of Rights, written by George Mason and adopted unanimously by the Virginia Convention of Delegates on June 12, 1776, speaks of happiness in the context of recognizably Lockean rights and is paradigmatic of the way in which "the fundamental natural rights of mankind" were expressed at the time.[19][20]
That all men are by nature equally free and independent and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.
—  Virginia Declaration of Rights[21]
Benjamin Franklin was in agreement with Thomas Jefferson in downplaying protection of "property" as a goal of government. It is noted that Franklin found property to be a "creature of society" and thus, he believed that it should be taxed as a way to finance civil society.[22]
Alternative hypotheses[edit]
In 1628, Sir Edward Coke wrote in The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England, his commentary on Thomas de Littleton, that "It is commonly said that three things be favoured in Law, Life, Liberty, Dower."[23] At common law, dower was closely guarded as a means by which the widow and orphan of a deceased landowner could keep their real property.[24]
Garry Wills has argued that Jefferson did not take the phrase from Locke and that it was indeed meant to be a standard by which governments should be judged.[25] Wills suggests Adam Ferguson as a good guide to what Jefferson had in mind:
If, in reality, courage and a heart devoted to the good of mankind are the constituents of human felicity, the kindness which is done infers a happiness in the person from whom it proceeds, not in him on whom it is bestowed; and the greatest good which men possessed of fortitude and generosity can procure to their fellow creatures is a participation of this happy character. If this be the good of the individual, it is likewise that of mankind; and virtue no longer imposes a task by which we are obliged to bestow upon others that good from which we ourselves refrain; but supposes, in the highest degree, as possessed by ourselves, that state of felicity which we are required to promote in the world.
—  Adam Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society[26]
The 17th-century cleric and philosopher Richard Cumberland wrote that promoting the well-being of our fellow humans is essential to the "pursuit of our own happiness".[27] Locke never associated natural rights with happiness, but his philosophical opponent Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz made such an association in the introduction to his Codex Iuris Gentium.[28] William Wollaston's The Religion of Nature Delineated describes the "truest definition" of "natural religion" as being "The pursuit of happiness by the practice of reason and truth".[29] An English translation of Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui's Principles of Natural and Politic Law prepared in 1763 extolled the "noble pursuit" of "true and solid happiness" in the opening chapter discussing natural rights.[30] Historian Jack Rakove posits Burlamaqui as the inspiration for Jefferson's phrase.[31]
Another possible source for the phrase is in the Commentaries on the Laws of England published by Sir William Blackstone, from 1765 to 1769, which are often cited in the laws of the United States. Blackstone argues that God 'has so intimately connected, so inseparably interwoven the laws of eternal justice with the happiness of each individual, that the latter cannot be attained but by observing the former; and, if the former be punctually obeyed, it cannot but induce the latter. In consequence of which mutual connection of justice and human felicity, he has not perplexed the law of nature with a multitude of abstracted rules and precepts, referring merely to the fitness or unfitness of things, as some have vainly surmised; but has graciously reduced the rule of obedience to this one paternal precept, “that man should pursue his own true and substantial happiness.” This is the foundation of what we call ethics, or natural law.'[32]
Comparable mottos worldwide[edit]
Other tripartite mottos include "liberté, égalité, fraternité" (liberty, equality, fraternity) in France; "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit" (unity, justice and liberty) in Germany and "peace, order, and good government" in Canada.[33] It is also similar to a line in the Canadian Charter of Rights: "life, liberty, security of the person" (this line was also in the older Canadian Bill of rights, which added "enjoyment of property" to the list).
The phrase can also be found in Chapter III, Article 13 of the 1947 Constitution of Japan, and in President Ho Chi Minh's 1945 declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. An alternative phrase "life, liberty, and property", is found in the Declaration of Colonial Rights, a resolution of the First Continental Congress. The Fifth Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution declare that governments cannot deprive any person of "life, liberty, or property" without due process of law. Also, Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights reads, "Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person".
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Declaration of Independence: Rough Draft". USHistory.org. Archived from the original on March 30, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2014. Scanned image of the Jefferson's "original Rough draught" of the Declaration of Independence, written in June 1776, including all the changes made later by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and other members of the committee, and by Congress.
Jump up ^ Rakove, Jack N. (2009). The Annotated U.S. Constitution and Declaration of Independence. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 7–22. ISBN 0674036069.
Jump up ^ Dube, Ann Marie (May 1996). "The Declaration of Independence". A Multitude of Amendments, Alterations and Additions. Pennsylvania: U.S. National Park Service. OCLC 44638441.
Jump up ^ "We Hold These Truths To Be Self Evident..." U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved October 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ Boyd, Julian P., ed. (1950). The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Volume 1: 1760–1776. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 243–47. OCLC 16353926.
Jump up ^ "Declaration of Independence". U.S. National Archives. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Khoddam, Rubin (June 16, 2015). "What's Your Definition of Happiness?". Psychology Today. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Scott Barry (January 30, 2016). "The Differences between Happiness and Meaning in Life". Scientific American. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fountain, Ben (September 17, 2016). "Two American Dreams: how a dumbed-down nation lost sight of a great idea". The Guardian. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Shannon, Timothy J. (July 4, 2016). "What About That Pursuit of Happiness?". Philly.com via Gettysburg College. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Locke, John (1988) [1689]. Laslett, Peter, ed. Two Treatises of Government. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press. Sec. 87, 123, 209, 222. ISBN 052135448X.
Jump up ^ Locke, John (1983) [1689]. Tully, James H., ed. A Letter Concerning Toleration. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing. p. 26. ISBN 091514560X.
Jump up ^ Locke, John (1975) [1689]. Nidditch, Peter H., ed. Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. Book 2, Chapter 21, Section 51. ISBN 0198245955.
Jump up ^ Zuckert, Michael P. (1996). The Natural Rights Republic. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. pp. 73–85. ISBN 0268014809.
Jump up ^ Corbett, Ross J. (2009). The Lockean Commonwealth. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 1438427948.
Jump up ^ Pangle, Thomas L. (1988). The Spirit of Modern Republicanism. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226645401.
Jump up ^ Gibson, Alan (2009). Interpreting the Founding (2nd ed.). Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0700617051.
Jump up ^ Rahe, Paul A. (1994) [1992]. Republics Ancient & Modern, Volume 3; Inventions of Prudence: Constituting the American Regime. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 13–19. ISBN 080784473X.
Jump up ^ Rakove, Jack N. (2009). The Annotated U.S. Constitution and Declaration of Independence. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 78. ISBN 0674036069.
Jump up ^ Banning, Lance (1995). Jefferson & Madison. New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 17, 103–04. ISBN 0945612486. Lance Banning notes that the Virginia Declaration of Rights was the inspiration for the phrase in the Declaration of Independence, but does not trace it back to Locke, and in general downplays Jefferson's debts to Locke.
Jump up ^ "The Virginia Declaration of Rights". U.S. National Archives. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Franklin, Benjamin (2006). Skousen, Mark, ed. The Compleated Autobiography. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. p. 413. ISBN 0-89526-033-6.
Jump up ^ Coke, Edward (1628). The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England. London: Adam Islip. Section 193. OCLC 84760833.
Jump up ^ Whitehead, Edward Jenkins (1922). The Law of Real Property in Illinois. 1. Chicago: Burdette J. Smith & Company. p. 178. OCLC 60731472.
Jump up ^ Wills, Gary (2002) [1978]. Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence. New York, NY: Mariner Books. ISBN 978-0-618-25776-8.
Jump up ^ Ferguson, Adam (1995) [1767]. Oz-Salzberger, Fania, ed. An Essay on the History of Civil Society. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–100. ISBN 052144215X.
Jump up ^ Cumberland, Richard (2005) [1727]. A Treatise of the Laws of Nature. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund. pp. 523–24. ISBN 0865974721.
Jump up ^ Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1988). Riley, Patrick, ed. Leibniz: Political Writings (2nd ed.). Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 171. ISBN 0521353807.
Jump up ^ Wollaston, William (1759) [1722]. The Religion of Nature Delineated (8th ed.). London: Samuel Palmer. p. 90. OCLC 2200588.
Jump up ^ Burlamaqui, Jean-Jacques (2006) [1747]. The Principles of Natural and Politic Law. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund. p. 31. ISBN 0865974969.
Jump up ^ Rakove, Jack N. (2010). Revolutionaries: A New History of the Invention of America. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 300. ISBN 0618267468. ...arguably owed more to Jefferson's reading of the Swiss jurist Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui than it did to his manifest debt to John Locke.
Jump up ^ Blackstone, William (1765). "Section the Second: Of the Nature of Laws in General". Commentaries on the Laws of England. Clarendon Press. pp. 40–41. OCLC 65350522.
Jump up ^ Dyck, Perry Rand (2000). Canadian Politics: Critical Approaches (3rd ed.). Scarborough, ON: Nelson Thomson Learning. ISBN 978-0-17-616792-9.
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Hannah John-Kamen
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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British actress
Hannah John-Kamen
Born
Hannah Dominique E. John-Kamen
(1989-09-06) 6 September 1989 (age 28)
Anlaby, East Yorkshire, England
Alma mater
Central School of Speech and Drama
Occupation
Actress
Years active
2011–present
Height
1.67 m (5 ft 6 in)
Hannah John-Kamen (born 6 September 1989)[1] is a British actress. She is known for her roles as Dutch in the Syfy television series Killjoys, Ornela in the HBO series Game of Thrones, F'Nale Zandor in Steven Spielberg's Ready Player One, and Ghost in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Ant-Man and the Wasp.
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Video games
5 Stage
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
John-Kamen was born in Anlaby, East Yorkshire, England, the youngest of three children of a Nigerian forensic psychologist father and a Norwegian former fashion model mother.[2] She has an older brother and an older sister. She attended primary school in Kirk Ella, received her secondary education at Hull Collegiate School[3] and trained at the National Youth Theatre in London.[4] In 2012, she graduated from the Central School of Speech and Drama.
Career[edit]
John-Kamen began her career in 2011 when she provided her voice for the video game Dark Souls. She went on to make episode appearances in television series Misfits (2011), Black Mirror (2011), Whitechapel (2012), The Syndicate (2012), The Midnight Beast (2012) and The Hour (2012).
In 2012, John-Kamen landed the lead role of Viva in Viva Forever!, a West End musical based on the songs of the Spice Girls.[5] Written by Jennifer Saunders and produced by Judy Craymer, Viva Forever! premiered on 11 December 2012 at the Piccadilly Theatre[6] to largely negative reviews. The Daily Mirror, however, praised John-Kamen's performance, noting, "It's a shame a talented cast, especially Hannah John-Kamen's Viva and the rest of Eternity, are let down by a clichéd plot and leaden dialogue."[7] The show was closed on 29 June 2013.
2015 saw John-Kamen land a starring role in SyFy's Killjoys.[8][9] In 2016 John-Kamen had a guest starring role on HBO's Game of Thrones.[10] In 2016, she appeared in "Playtest", an episode of the anthology series Black Mirror.[11] She also appeared in season two of the UK series The Tunnel.
On John-Kamen's role in Steven Spielberg's Ready Player One, Kristen Tauer wrote: "While much of Ready Player One takes place in a virtual reality world, John-Kamen's character is unique in that she is rooted in the reality throughout the film."[12] Also in 2018, Kamen played villain Ghost in the superhero film Ant-Man and the Wasp.[13]
Personal life[edit]
John-Kamen plays the piano and is trained in ballet, cabaret, jazz dance, salsa, and tap dance.[4]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Director
Notes
2015 Star Wars: The Force Awakens First Order Officer #1 J.J. Abrams
2018 Tomb Raider Sophie Roar Uthaug
Ready Player One F'Nale Zandor Steven Spielberg
Ant-Man and the Wasp Ava Starr / Ghost Peyton Reed
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2011 Misfits Carly Episode #3.6
Black Mirror Selma Episode "Fifteen Million Merits"
2012 Whitechapel Roxy 2 episodes
The Syndicate Young Shop Assistant Episode #1.2
The Midnight Beast Pizza Girls Episode: "Someone Called Sam"
The Hour Rosa Maria Ramírez 4 episodes
2014 Death in Paradise Yasmin Blake Series 3; Episode 6
Happy Valley Justine
2015 Cucumber Violet
The Ark Nahlab Television film
Banana Violet
2015–present Killjoys Dutch / Aneela Main role
2016 The Tunnel: Sabotage Rosa Persaud
Game of Thrones Ornela Episodes: "Oathbreaker", "Book of the Stranger"
Black Mirror Sonja Episode: "Playtest"
Video games[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2011 Dark Souls Lord's Blade Ciaran Voice role
2014 Dark Souls II Sweet Shalquoir
Stage[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Theatre
Notes
2012 Viva Forever! Viva Piccadilly Theatre From 11 December 2012 to 29 June 2013[6]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hannah John-Kamen Biography". Frost Snow. 24 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Brown, Emma (20 January 2017). "DISCOVERY: HANNAH JOHN-KAMEN". Interview Magazine.
Jump up ^ "Hannah John-Kamen to star in Spice Girls musical". This Is Hull and East Riding. 3 October 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hannah John-Kamen". The Casting Website.com. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Shenton, Mark (13 July 2012). "Initial Casting Revealed for West End's Viva Forever!, Featuring Music of The Spice Girls". Playbill. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Shenton, Mark (26 June 2012). "Viva Forever, Musical Featuring Spice Girls Songs, Confirms West End Opening at Piccadilly Theatre". Playbill. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Palmer, Alun (12 December 2012). "Lost in Spice: Viva Forever! the Spice Girls musical is just a Wannabe". The Daily Mirror. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Killjoys' actress unleashes her 'bossy' side". .bendbulletin.com. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "An Interview with Killjoys' Hannah John-Kamen, Aaron Ashmore, and Luke Macfarlane – Discussing Season Two". talknerdywithus.com. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Killjoys' John-Kamen generating heat". Welland Tribune. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Black Mirror' Season 3 Trailer: "No One Is This Happy'". Deadline. 7 October 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Tauer, Kristen (30 March 2018). "Hannah John-Kamen, a Villain on the Rise". WWD. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (7 June 2017). "'Black Mirror's' Hannah John-Kamen Lands Key Role in 'Ant-Man and the Wasp'". Variety . Archived from the original on 7 June 2017.
External links[edit]
Hannah John-Kamen on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
ISNI: 0000 0004 5971 4964
VIAF: 18147602433457641079
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannah_John-Kamen&oldid=856770568"
Categories:
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c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: هانا جان کامن – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 해나 존카먼 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: ハナ・ジョン＝カーメン – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Джон-Кеймен, Ханна – Russian

values: Ганна Джон-Кеймен – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: 漢娜·約翰-卡門 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Hannah_John-Kamen rootpage-Hannah_John-Kamen skin-vector action-view