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Football pitch
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This article is about the playing field for the game of association football or soccer. For playing fields for other football codes, see Football field.
"Football ground" redirects here. For the entire building that includes the pitch, see stadium.
Standard pitch measurements. Not all pitches are the same size, though the preferred size for many professional teams' stadiums is 105 by 68 metres (115 yd × 74 yd) with an area of 7,140 square metres (76,900 sq ft; 1.76 acres; 0.714 ha).
A football pitch (also known as a football field[1] or soccer field) is the playing surface for the game of association football. Its dimensions and markings are defined by Law 1 of the Laws of the Game, "The Field of Play".[2] The surface can either be natural or artificial, but FIFA's Laws of the Game specify that all artificial surfaces must be painted green. The pitch is typically made of turf (grass) or artificial turf, although amateur and recreational teams often play on dirt fields.
All line markings on the pitch form part of the area which they define. For example, a ball on or above the touchline is still on the field of play, and a foul committed over the line bounding the penalty area results in a penalty. Therefore, a ball must completely cross the touchline to be out of play, and a ball must wholly cross the goal line (between the goal posts) before a goal is scored; if any part of the ball is still on or above the line, the ball is still in play.
The field descriptions that apply to adult matches are described below. Note that due to the original formulation of the Laws in England and the early supremacy of the four British football associations within IFAB, the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units. The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditional units in brackets), but use of the imperial units remains common in some countries, especially in the United Kingdom.
Contents
1 Pitch boundary
2 Goals
2.1 History of football goals and nets
3 Penalty and goal areas
4 Other markings
5 Turf
6 See also
7 References
Pitch boundary[edit]
The Goal line at the Stretford End of Old Trafford in Manchester (1992)
The pitch is rectangular in shape. The longer sides are called touchlines. The other opposing sides are called the goal lines. The two goal lines must be between 45 and 90 m (50 and 100 yd) and be the same length.[3] The two touch lines must also be of the same length, and be between 90 and 120 m (100 and 130 yd) in length.[3] All lines must be equally wide, not to exceed 12 cm (5 in).[3] The corners of the pitch are marked by corner flags.[4]
For international matches the field dimensions are more tightly constrained; the goal lines must be between 64 and 75 m (70 and 80 yd) long and the touch lines must be between 100 and 110 m (110 and 120 yd).[3] In March 2008 the IFAB attempted to standardise the size of the football pitch for international matches and set the official dimensions of a pitch to 105 m long by 68 m wide.[5] However, at a special meeting of the IFAB on 8 May 2008, it was ruled that this change would be put on hold pending a review and the proposed change has not been implemented.[6]
Although the term goal line is often taken to mean only that part of the line between the goalposts, in fact it refers to the complete line at either end of the pitch, from one corner flag to the other. In contrast, the term byline (or by-line) is often used to refer to that portion of the goal line outside the goalposts. This term is commonly used in football commentaries and match descriptions, such as this example from a BBC match report; "Udeze gets to the left byline and his looping cross is cleared..."[7]
Goals[edit]
See also: Scoring in association football
A football goal
Goals are placed at the centre of each goal-line.[8] These consist of two upright posts placed equidistant from the corner flagposts, joined at the top by a horizontal crossbar. The inner edges of the posts must be 7.32 metres (8 yd) apart, and the lower edge of the crossbar must be 2.44 metres (8 ft) above the ground.[9] Nets are usually placed behind the goal, though are not required by the Laws.
Goalposts and crossbars must be white, and made of wood, metal or other approved material. Rules regarding the shape of goalposts and crossbars are somewhat more lenient, but they must conform to a shape that does not pose a threat to players. Since the beginning of the football there have always been goalposts, but the crossbar wasn't invented until 1875, where a string between the goalposts was used.[10]
A goal is scored when the ball crosses the goal line between the goal-posts, even if a defending player last touched the ball before it crossed the goal line (see own goal). A goal may, however, be ruled illegal (and void by the referee) if the player who scored or a member of his team commits an offence under any of the laws between the time the ball was previously out of play and the goal being scored. It is also deemed void if a player on the opposing team commits an offence before the ball has passed the line, as in the case of fouls being committed, a penalty awarded but the ball continued on a path that caused it to cross the goal line.
The football goal size for a junior match goal is approximately half the size of an adult sized match goal.[11]
History of football goals and nets[edit]
Football goals were first described in England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. In 1584 and 1602 respectively, John Norden and Richard Carew referred to "goals" in Cornish hurling. Carew described how goals were made: "they pitch two bushes in the ground, some eight or ten foote asunder; and directly against them, ten or twelue [twelve] score off, other twayne in like distance, which they terme their Goales".[12] The first reference to scoring a goal is in John Day's play The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green (performed circa 1600; published 1659). Similarly in a poem in 1613, Michael Drayton refers to "when the Ball to throw, And drive it to the Gole, in squadrons forth they goe". Solid crossbars were first introduced by the Sheffield Rules. Football nets were invented by Liverpool engineer John Brodie in 1891,[13] and they were a necessary help for discussions about whether or not a goal had been scored.[14]
Penalty and goal areas[edit]
Further information: Penalty area
The penalty area is the large marked rectangular area. The smaller rectangle within it is the goal area (here the yellow-shirted goalkeeper is the only player in the goal area). The penalty arc is the curved line adjoining the "top" of the penalty area (here the red-shirted referee is standing near the arc).
Two rectangular boxes are marked out on the pitch in front of each goal.[citation needed]
The goal area (colloquially the "six-yard box"), consists of the rectangle formed by the goal-line, two lines starting on the goal-line 5.5 metres (6 yd) from the goalposts and extending 5.5 metres (6 yd) into the pitch from the goal-line, and the line joining these. Goal kicks and any free kick by the defending team may be taken from anywhere in this area. Indirect free kicks awarded to the attacking team within the goal area are taken from the point on the line parallel to the goal line (the "six-yard line") nearest where the infringement occurred; they cannot be taken any closer to the goal line. Similarly drop-balls that would otherwise occur closer to the goal line are taken on this line.[citation needed]
The penalty area (colloquially "The 18-yard box" or just "The box") is similarly formed by the goal-line and lines extending from it, but its lines start 16.5 metres (18 yd) from the goalposts and extend 16.5 metres (18 yd) into the field. This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to denote where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a foul by a defender, usually punished by a direct free kick, becomes punishable by a penalty kick. Both the goal and penalty areas were formed as halfcircles until 1902.[14]
The penalty mark is 11 metres (12 yd) in front of the very centre of the goal; this is the point from where penalty kicks are taken.
The penalty arc (colloquially "the D") is marked from the outside edge of the penalty area, 9.15 metres (10 yd) from the penalty mark; this, along with the penalty area, marks an exclusion zone for all players other than the penalty kicker and defending goalkeeper during a penalty kick.[citation needed]
Other markings[edit]
The centre circle is marked at 9.15 metres (10 yd) from the centre mark. Similar to the penalty arc, this indicates the minimum distance that opposing players must keep at kick-off; the ball itself is placed on the centre mark.[14] During penalty shootouts all players other than the two goalkeepers and the current kicker are required to remain within this circle.
The half-way line divides the pitch in two. The half which a team defends is commonly referred to as being their half. Players must be within their own half at a kick-off and may not be penalised as being offside in their own half. The intersections between the half-way line and the touchline can be indicated with flags like those marking the corners – the laws consider this as an optional feature.[4]
The arcs in the corners denote the area (within 1 yard of the corner) in which the ball has to be placed for corner kicks; opposition players have to be 9.15 m (10 yd) away during a corner, and there may be optional lines off-pitch 9.15 metres (10 yards) away from the corner arc on the goal- and touch-lines to help gauge these distances.[8]
Turf[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2010)
See also: Sports turf
Grass is the normal surface of play, although artificial turf may sometimes be used especially in locations where maintenance of grass may be difficult due to inclement weather. This may include areas where it is very wet, causing the grass to deteriorate rapidly; where it is very dry, causing the grass to die; and where the turf is under heavy use. Artificial turf pitches are also increasingly common on the Scandinavian Peninsula, due to the amount of snow during the winter months. The strain put on grass pitches by the cold climate and subsequent snow clearing has necessitated the installation of artificial turf in the stadia of many top-tier clubs in Norway, Sweden and Finland. The latest artificial surfaces use rubber crumbs, as opposed to the previous system of sand infill. Some leagues and football associations have specifically prohibited artificial surfaces due to injury concerns and require teams' home stadia to have grass pitches. All artificial turf must be green and also meet the requirements specified in the FIFA Quality Concept for Football Turf.[15][16][17]
Football can also be played on a dirt field. In most parts of the world, dirt is only used for casual recreational play.
See also[edit]
Football field (for each football code)
Turf management
Groundskeeping
References[edit]
Jump up ^ For example, George Cuming, Manager Project Future Referees (9 December 2009). "Evolution of football field markings". Asian Football Confederation. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Premiership football stadiums". TalkFootball. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Laws of the Game 2011/2012" (PDF). FIFA. p. 7. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Laws of the Game 2011/2012" (PDF). FIFA. p. 8. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Goal-line technology put on ice". IFAB media release. FIFA. 8 March 2008. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "FIFA Circular 1145" (PDF). FIFA media release. FIFA. 22 May 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Match report BBC
^ Jump up to: a b "Laws of the Game 2011/2012" (PDF). FIFA. p. 9. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
Jump up ^ https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/footballdevelopment/refereeing/81/42/36/log2013en_neutral.pdf
Jump up ^ Hornby, Hugh (2000). Football. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. p. 12. ISBN 8778267633.
Jump up ^ "Football Goal Size". Quickplay Sport. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Richard Carew. "EBook of The Survey of Cornwall". Project Gutenberg. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Herbert, Ian (7 July 2000). "Blue plaque for man who invented football goal net". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 6 April 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hornby, Hugh (2000). Football. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. p. 13. ISBN 8778267633.
Jump up ^ "Laws of the Game 2011/2012" (PDF). FIFA. p. 6. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "FIFA Quality Concept for Football Turf" (PDF). FIFA. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "FIFA Quality Concept" (PDF). Retrieved 14 February 2012.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Association football fields.
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Laws of the Game (rules of association football)
Terms
Law 1: The Field of Play
Law 2: The Ball
Law 3: The Number of Players
Law 4: The Players' Equipment
Law 5: The Referee
Law 6: The Other Match Officials
Law 7: The Duration of the Match
Law 8: The Start and Restart of Play
Law 9: The Ball In and Out of Play
Law 10: The Method of Scoring
Law 11: Offside
Law 12: Fouls and Misconduct
Law 13: Free kicks (direct and indirect)
Law 14: The Penalty Kick
Law 15: The Throw-In
Law 16: The Goal Kick
Law 17: The Corner Kick
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Football and rugby union
Football and futsal
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UCAS Tariff
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The UCAS Tariff (formerly called UCAS Points System) is used to allocate points to post-16 qualifications. Universities and colleges may use it when making offers to applicants. A points total is achieved by converting qualifications such as A levels (and many others) into points, making it simpler for course providers to compare applicants. It is used as a means of giving students from the United Kingdom places at UK universities.
Common ways for UCAS points to be calculated are through the UCAS Tariff Calculator, official tariff tables, or through third-party software and websites.
The UCAS Tariff was first introduced in 2001. Since then, however, both the range of qualifications held by applicants, and the variety of progression routes into higher education have increased. Therefore a new Tariff was introduced. The new UCAS Tariff points are based on a different methodology. The change to new UCAS Tariff will not in itself change entry requirements for university or college courses. Universities and colleges are independent organisations and each year they decide how to set their entry requirements. Those universities and colleges that use UCAS Tariff points to express their entry requirements will simply set their requirements using the new number system.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Points system
1.1 GCE qualifications
1.1.1 New tariff
1.1.2 Old tariff
1.2 International Baccalaureate
1.3 Advanced Placement Exams
1.4 BTECs
1.5 Irish Leaving Certificate
1.6 Scottish Qualifications Authority Qualifications
1.7 Music exams
1.8 Speech & Drama exams
1.9 Other
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Points system[edit]
The following qualifications can count towards the tariff:
GCE qualifications[edit]
New tariff[edit]
GCE A levels
These Tariff points will be used for applications submitted for the 2017 admissions cycle onwards (i.e. for students making applications from September 2016 for full-time courses starting from September 2017).
A level UCAS points table (New Tariff)[2]
Grade
UCAS Points
A* 56
A 48
B 40
C 32
D 24
E 16
GCE AS levels
These Tariff points will be used for applications submitted for the 2017 admissions cycle onwards (i.e. for students making applications from September 2016 for full-time courses starting from September 2017).
AS level UCAS points table
Grade
UCAS points
A 20
B 16
C 12
D 10
E 6
AVCEs
Ranging from 32 (Grade EE) to 112 (Grade AA)
Old tariff[edit]
A level UCAS points table (Old Tariff)[3]
Grade
UCAS Points
A* 140
A 120
B 100
C 80
D 60
E 40
AS level UCAS points table
Grade
UCAS points
A 60
B 50
C 40
D 30
E 20
International Baccalaureate[edit]
Higher Level subjects
Ranging from 12 (Level 3) to 56 (Level 7)
Standard Level subjects
Ranging from 6 (Level 3) to 28 (Level 7)
TOK and EE bonus points
Ranging from 4 (Grade E) to 12 (Grade A)
Full Diploma or each of its components.
Advanced Placement Exams[edit]
Ranging from 12 (Grade 1) to 28 (Grade 5)
BTECs[edit]
National Award
Ranging from 16 (Pass) to 48 (Distinction)
National Certificate
Ranging from 32 (Double Pass) to 96 (Double Distinction)
National Diploma
Ranging from 48 (Triple Pass) to 112 (Triple Distinction)
BTEC Nationals in Children’s Play, Learning and Development (NQF)
Ranging from 32 (Double Pass) to 112 (Double Distinction*)
BTEC National Certificate in Children’s Play, Learning and Development
Ranging from 48 (Triple Pass) to 168 (Triple Distinction*)
BTEC National Award in Children’s Play, Learning and Development
Ranging from 16 (Pass) to 56 (Distinction*)
Irish Leaving Certificate[edit]
Higher Level
Ranging from 9 (D3 Grade) to 36 (A1 Grades)
Ordinary Level
Ranging from 6 (B3 Grade) to 12 (A1 Grade)
Scottish Qualifications Authority Qualifications[edit]
Main article: Scottish Qualifications Certificate
See also: Education in Scotland
SQC Nationals Advanced Highers
Ranging from 32 (Grade D) to 56 (Grade A)
Advanced Highers UCAS points table
Grade
UCAS Points
A 56
B 48
C 40
D 32
SQC Nationals Higher
Ranging from 15 (Grade D) to 33 (Grade A)
Highers UCAS points table
Grade
UCAS points
A 33
B 27
C 21
D 15
Music exams[edit]
These are only counted if at grade 6 or above.
Theory
Ranging from 4 points (Grade 6 Pass) to 10 (Grade 8 Distinction)
Practical
Ranging from 6 (Grade 6 Pass) to 30 (Grade 8 Distinction)
Speech & Drama exams[edit]
These are only counted if at grade 6 or above.
Ranging from 8 points (Grade 6 Pass) to 30 (Grade 8 Distinction)
Individuals who complete the LAMDA Certificate in Performance Studies with merit or distinction can earn more points than are available for graded exams (8 for pass, 16 for merit, 24 for distinction)
Other[edit]
The Welsh Baccalaureate is worth from 16 (Grade E) to 56 points (Grade A*).
An Advanced Extension Award can either be worth 12 for a Merit or 14 for a distinction (this is on top of the A level tariff)
Foundation Art and Design ranges from 80 for a pass to 112 for a distinction
Free-standing Mathematics Qualifications points range from 3 points for a grade E up to 10 points for a grade A.
ASDAN Certificate of Personal Effectiveness CoPE, offers 16 points.
See also[edit]
UCAS
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Tariff 2017". UCAS. 2014-10-08. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
Jump up ^ "The new Tariff for Advanced GCE and Advanced VCE 2017". UCAS. Retrieved 2016-06-16.
Jump up ^ "A levels and AS – GCE and VCE". ucas.com. n.d.
External links[edit]
The UCAS Tariff calculator 2017
The UCAS Tariff tables 2017 (PDF)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UCAS_Tariff&oldid=805898068"
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Think globally, act locally
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The phrase "Think globally, act locally" or "Think global, act local" has been used in various contexts, including planning, environment, education, mathematics, and business.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 Origin in town planning
3 Origins of the phrase
4 Education
5 Business
6 Mathematics
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
Definition[edit]
"Think globally, act locally" urges people to consider the health of the entire planet and to take action in their own communities and cities. Long before governments began enforcing environmental laws, individuals were coming together to protect habitats and the organisms that live within them. These efforts are referred to as grassroots efforts. They occur on a local level and are primarily run by volunteers and helpers.
"Think Globally, Act Locally" originally began at the grassroots level, however, it is now a global concept with high importance. It is not just volunteers who take the environment into consideration. It is corporations, government officials, education system, and local communities.
Warren Heaps states, "It's really important to recognize that markets are different around the world, and company compensation programs should reflect a balance between global corporate philosophy and local practice and culture".[1]
Origin in town planning[edit]
The original phrase "Think global, act local" has been attributed to Scots town planner and social activist Patrick Geddes.[2] Although the exact phrase does not appear in Geddes' 1915 book "Cities in Evolution,"[3] the idea (as applied to city planning) is clearly evident: " 'Local character' is thus no mere accidental old-world quaintness, as its mimics think and say. It is attained only in course of adequate grasp and treatment of the whole environment, and in active sympathy with the essential and characteristic life of the place concerned."[4]— Patrick Geddes, was a Scottish biologist, sociologist, philanthropist and pioneering town planner. He was also responsible for introducing the concept of "region" to architecture and planning. He has made significant contributions to the consideration of the environment. Geddes believed in working with the environment, versus working against it.[5]
Town planning is important to understanding of the idea "think globally, act locally". Urban management and development highly impacts the surrounding environment. The ways in which this is initiated is vital to the health of the environment. Corporations need to be aware of global communities when expanding their companies to new locations.Not only do corporations need to be aware of global differences, but also Urban and rural areas who plan on expanding or changing the dynamics of their community. As stated "Addressing the complex urban environmental problems, in order to improve urban livability through Urban Environmental Strategies (UES), involves taking stock of the existing urban environmental problems, their comparative analysis and prioritization, setting out objectives and targets, and identification of various measures to meet these objectives".[6]
Origins of the phrase[edit]
The first use of the phrase in an environmental context is disputed. Some say it was coined by David Brower,[7] founder of Friends of the Earth, as a slogan for FOE[8] when it was founded in 1969,[citation needed] although others attribute it to René Dubos in 1977[9]. Canadian "futurist" Frank Feather also chaired a conference called "Thinking Globally, Acting Locally" in 1979 and has claimed the paternity of the expression.[10] Other possible originators include French theologian Jacques Ellul.[11]
Education[edit]
The term was increasingly applied to initiatives in international education and was advanced by Stuart Grauer in his 1989 University of San Diego publication, Think Globally, Act Locally: A Delphi Study of Educational Leadership Through the Development of International Resources in the Local Community. In this publication it was attributed to Harlan Cleveland.[12] It is said that this term was used by German-American sociologist Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy[citation needed] in the 1950s or earlier, prior to the formation of the United Nations Organization.
It is not only corporations that are acknowledging the importance of environmental issues, but also the education system. Government officials and school boards across the world are beginning to develop a new way of teaching. Globalization is now thought of as an important concept to understanding the world. Certain schools believe it is important to discuss global issues as young as 5 years old. It is students who are our future, therefore understanding the concept of "think globally, act locally" is fundamental to our future.[13]
Business[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The term is also used in business strategy, where multinational corporations are encouraged to build local roots. This is sometimes expressed by converging the words "global" and "local" into the single word "glocal," a term used by several companies (notably Sony Corporation and other major Japanese multinationals) in their advertising and branding strategies in the 1980s and 1990s.
Currently more and more corporations are finding it extremely important to analyze the environmental damage of their company. The pressure they receive from government officials and local communities regarding environmental issues is vital to their company's image. Glocalization is an emerging concept throughout the business world. It was first developed by the Japanese, however, it has now emerged throughout Western society. Glocalization refers to the practice of conducting business according to both local and global considerations [14]
Mathematics[edit]
The phrase is an in-joke among mathematicians, as it is often used in situations where the global structure of an object (e.g., a manifold, a Diophantine equation, or a group) can be inferred from the local structure. (See Hasse principle for a detailed description of one such example.)
See also[edit]
Agenda 21
United Nations Global Goals = 2015-2030 Sustainable Development Goals and its #WorldsLargestLesson - Tell everyone, let's leave no one behind
Global citizenship
Green politics
Netherlands fallacy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Think Globally, Act Locally for Compensation Design". Warren Heaps. 28 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Barash, David (2002). Peace and Conflict. Sage Publications. p. 547. ISBN 978-0-7619-2507-1.
Jump up ^ Geddes, Patrick (1915). Cities in Evolution. London: Williams.
Jump up ^ Geddes, Patrick (1915). Cities in Evolution. London: Williams. p. 397.
Jump up ^ The worlds of Patrick Geddes: Biologist, town planner, re-educator, peace-warrior. Boardman, Philip. 1978. ISBN 0710085486
Jump up ^ "Urban Environment and Climate Change - Strategic Urban Environmental Planning". worldbank.org. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
Jump up ^ David Brower (obituary), The Daily Telegraph, 8 November 2000; Joachim Radkau/Lothar Hahn, Aufstieg und Fall der deutschen Atomwirtschaft, München, 2013, p. 300.
Jump up ^ Christopher Reed: Obituary of David Ross Brower, The Guardian, 8 November 2000. Online copy[permanent dead link] at the John Muir Trust
Jump up ^ Willy Gianinazzi, « Penser global, agir local. Histoire d'une idée », EcoRev'. Revue critique d'écologie politique, N. 46, Summer 2018, p. 24, who quotes: Rene Dubos, « The despairing optimist », The American Scholar, Spring 1977, p. 156.
Jump up ^ Keyes, Ralph. The Quote Verifier. Simon & Schuster. New York, NY 2006. ISBN 978-0-312-34004-9.
Jump up ^ Jacques Ellul, Penser globalement, agir localement, Pyremonde, Paris, 2006, quoting the review he did in 1968.
Jump up ^ Grauer, Stuart. Think Globally, Act Locally: A Delphi Study of Educational Leadership Through the Development of International Resources in the Local Community. University of San Diego, San Diego 1989.
Jump up ^ "THINK GLOBALLY, ACT LOCALLY: PROMOTING PRESCHOOL LEARNING ABOUT OTHER CULTURES." Monica Divitini, Magnus R. Jenssen, Kristin R. Skau.
Jump up ^ "Is Your Business Glocal? How to Think Globally and Act Locally". YFS Magazine - Startups, Small Business News and Entrepreneurial Culture. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
Further reading[edit]
Stephen, Walter (2004). Think global, act local : the life and legacy of Patrick Geddes. Edinburgh: Luath Press. ISBN 978-1-84282-079-7.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Think_globally,_act_locally&oldid=849229461"
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Effective interest rate
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The effective interest rate (EIR), effective annual interest rate, annual equivalent rate (AER) or simply effective rate is the interest rate on a loan or financial product restated from the nominal interest rate as an interest rate with annual compound interest payable in arrears.
It is used to compare the annual interest between loans with different compounding periods like week, month, year, etc. The effective interest rate differs in one important respect from the annual percentage rate (APR): the APR method converts this weekly or monthly interest rate into what would be called an annual rate that doesn’t take into account the effect of compounding.[1]
By contrast, in the EIR, the periodic rate is annualized using compounding. It is the standard in the European Union and a large number of countries around the world.
The EIR is more precise in financial terms, taking into consideration the effects of compounding, i.e. the fact that for each period, interest is not calculated on the principal, but on the amount of the previous period, including capital and interest. This reasoning is easily understandable when looking at savings: interest is capitalized every month, and every month the saver earns interest on the interest from the previous period. As an effect of compounding, the interest earned over a year represent 26.82% of the initial amount, instead of 24%, the monthly 2% interest rate simply multiplied by 12. If we consider borrowings instead of savings, the compounded interest rate reflects the opportunity cost for the borrower not to be able to invest the interest he pays to the lender into an asset generating the same percentage of return. [1]
The term nominal EIR or nominal APR can be used to refer to an annualized rate that does not take into account front-fees and other costs can be included.
Annual percentage yield or effective annual yield is the analogous concept used for savings or investment products, such as a certificate of deposit. Since any loan is an investment product for the lender, the terms may be used to apply to the same transaction, depending on the point of view.
Effective annual interest or yield may be calculated or applied differently depending on the circumstances, and the definition should be studied carefully. For example, a bank may refer to the yield on a loan portfolio after expected losses as its effective yield and include income from other fees, meaning that the interest paid by each borrower may differ substantially from the bank's effective yield.
Contents
[hide]
1 Calculation
2 Effective interest rate (accountancy)
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Calculation[edit]
The effective interest rate is calculated as if compounded annually. The effective rate is calculated in the following way, where r is the effective annual rate, i the nominal rate, and n the number of compounding periods per year (for example, 12 for monthly compounding):
r = ( 1 + i n ) n − 1 {\displaystyle r\ =\ \left(1+{\frac {i}{n}}\right)^{n}-1}
For example, a nominal interest rate of 6% compounded monthly is equivalent to an effective interest rate of 6.17%. 6% compounded monthly is credited as 6%/12 = 0.005 every month. After one year, the initial capital is increased by the factor (1 + 0.005)12 ≈ 1.0617.
When the frequency of compounding is increased up to infinity the calculation will be:
r = e i − 1 {\displaystyle r\ =\ e^{i}-1}
The yield depends on the frequency of compounding:
Effective Annual Rate Based on Frequency of Compounding
Nominal Rate
Semi-Annual
Quarterly
Monthly
Daily
Continuous
1%
1.003% 1.004% 1.005% 1.005% 1.005%
5%
5.063% 5.095% 5.116% 5.127% 5.127%
10%
10.250% 10.381% 10.471% 10.516% 10.517%
15%
15.563% 15.865% 16.075% 16.180% 16.183%
20%
21.000% 21.551% 21.939% 22.134% 22.140%
30%
32.250% 33.547% 34.489% 34.969% 34.986%
40%
44.000% 46.410% 48.213% 49.150% 49.182%
50%
56.250% 60.181% 63.209% 64.816% 64.872%
The effective interest rate is a special case of the internal rate of return.
If the monthly interest rate j is known and remains constant throughout the year, the effective annual rate can be calculated as follows:
r = ( 1 + j ) 12 − 1 {\displaystyle r\ =\ (1+j)^{12}-1}
The annual percentage rate (APR) is calculated in the following way, where i is the interest rate for the period and n is the number of periods.
APR = i x n
Effective interest rate (accountancy)[edit]
In accountancy the term effective interest rate is used to describe the rate used to calculate interest expense or income under the effective interest method. This is not the same as the effective annual rate, and is usually stated as an APR rate.
See also[edit]
Real interest rate
Real versus nominal value (economics)
For a zero-coupon bond such as a US treasury bill, an annual effective discount rate may be specified instead of an effective interest rate, because zero coupon bonds trade at a discount from their face values.
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b (PDF) http://www.mftransparency.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/MFT-RPT-502-EN-The-Microfinance-Transparency-Pricing-Supervision-Handbook-2013-06.pdf. Missing or empty |title= (help)
References[edit]
"Interest Rates: An Introduction", webpage: NYFed.
External links[edit]
http://www.miniwebtool.com/effective-interest-rate-calculator/ Online Effective Interest Rate Calculator
http://www.mftransparency.org/resources/microfinance-traps-handbook/ Microfinance Transparent Pricing Supervision Handbook
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effective_interest_rate&oldid=836085452"
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Jim Tavaré
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Jim Tavaré
Jim Tavaré
Born
(1963-04-30) 30 April 1963 (age 54)
Essex, England
Medium
Stand-up, television
Website
jimtavare.org
Jim Tavaré (/ˈtævəreɪ/; born 30 April 1963)[1] is an English stand-up comedian, actor, and musician. He is best known for his work on The Sketch Show on ITV, which won a BAFTA award. He played the role of Tom (the owner of the Leaky Cauldron) in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, and has appeared in several music videos, including Roots Manuva's "Too Cold", McFly's "It's All About You" (for BBC Comic Relief), Phoenix Foundation's "Thames Soup", and Letlive's "Banshee".
Life and career[edit]
Tavaré was born in Essex, England in 1963. When he was 7, he and his family moved to Cheshire, where he eventually attended art school in Northwich. After finishing his art studies, he moved to London, where he worked with Corin Redgrave. As a result, he successfully auditioned for and attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.[2] Tavaré's first film appearance was as a student in Another Country (1984) with Rupert Everett and Colin Firth. Although uncredited, he was a featured extra appearing in numerous scenes throughout the film. Tavaré was Colin Firth's stand-in for the duration of the film. Charles Spencer, Diana, Princess of Wales's brother, was also an uncredited extra. Tavaré eventually branched out into stand-up comedy with a unique act which featured his double bass, an instrument he had learned to play during his childhood.
In 1995, Tavaré wrote and starred in a series of short silent films for BBC2, titled Jim Tavaré Pictures Presents.[3] On Channel Five, he had a skit series of his own that he co-wrote with Ricky Gervais, called The Jim Tavaré Show. He appeared three times in the Royal Variety Performance and subsequently worked for Prince Charles at several private engagements, including at a private Christmas party and at a gala held at Highgrove in front of Queen Elizabeth II and 13 other crowned heads of state. He became renowned in the UK as Prince Charles's favourite comedian. Following an appearance at the Montreal Just For Laughs festival, CBS commissioned a special episode of the American series Wings based on and written entirely around his comedy act. Tavaré starred in this episode, which was called "Take My Life Please".
Tavaré co-wrote and appeared in the BAFTA-winning ITV series The Sketch Show,[4] alongside Lee Mack, Tim Vine, Ronni Ancona, Karen Taylor, and Kitty Flanagan. In 2004, Tavaré appeared in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban as Tom the Innkeeper. In 2008, he finished in fourth place on Last Comic Standing 6, having been the only overseas act ever to have reached the final show. He performed a 63-date national tour with the other four Last Comic Standing finalists throughout the US. He appeared in the fifth series of the David Duchovny comedy-drama Californication as an English butler to a hip-hop mogul played by Wu-Tang Clan frontman RZA. He made a guest-star appearance in season 5 of the comedy and spy drama Chuck, the TV show Jimmy Kimmel Live!, and on Comedy Central's Tosh.0. In September 2013, he began filming the role of The Dog Catcher in Syco Entertainment's feature film Pudsey: The Movie alongside David Walliams, Jessica Hynes, and John Sessions. In 2014, Tavaré appeared in Camp Abercorn, a web series that depicts a fictional Boy Scouts of America camp and how one of its gay staff members deals with their exclusion policy.[5] In March 2017, Tavaré was in an intensive care unit after being injured in a collision with a car.[6]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://directors.findthecompany.co.uk/l/5665618/Mr-Jim-Tavare
Jump up ^ "An exclusive interview with – Jim Tavaré by Pete Austin". 2015-11-18. Retrieved 2017-08-11.
Jump up ^ Dutton, Julian (2015-07-23). Keeping Quiet: Visual Comedy in the Age of Sound. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 9781909183834.
Jump up ^ "Harry Potter actor Jim Tavare is back home after breaking his neck in a car crash - BBC Newsbeat". BBC Newsbeat. 2017-05-04. Retrieved 2017-08-11.
Jump up ^ "Jim Tavaré". Lease Movies. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Harry Potter actor Jim Tavare in intensive care with broken neck and punctured lung". BBC News. 9 March 2017.
Sources[edit]
Sit-Down Comedy (contributor to anthology, ed. Malcolm Hardee & John Fleming) Ebury Press/Random House, 2003. ISBN 0-09-188924-3; ISBN 978-0-09-188924-1
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Tavaré&oldid=809658986"
Categories:
1963 births
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20th-century English male actors
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English double-bassists
English male comedians
English male film actors
English male television actors
Last Comic Standing contestants
Male actors from Essex
People from Cheshire (before 1974)
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