text:
Hypersalivation
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Hypersalivation
Classification and external resources
DiseasesDB
20764
MedlinePlus
003048
eMedicine
ent/629
MeSH
D012798
[edit on Wikidata]
Hypersalivation (also called ptyalism[1] or sialorrhea[2]) is excessive production of saliva. It has also been defined as increased amount of saliva in the mouth, which may also be caused by decreased clearance of saliva.[3]
Hypersalivation can contribute to drooling if there is an inability to keep the mouth closed or in difficulty in swallowing the excess saliva (dysphagia) and lead to excessive spitting.
Hypersalivation also often precedes emesis (vomiting), where it accompanies nausea (a feeling of needing to vomit).[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Causes
1.1 Excessive production
1.2 Decreased clearance
2 Treatment
3 References
Causes[edit]
Excessive production[edit]
Conditions that can cause saliva overproduction include:[3]
Rabies
Pellagra (niacin or Vitamin B3 deficiency)[5]
Gastroesophageal reflux disease, in such cases specifically called a water brash, and is characterized by a sour fluid or almost tasteless saliva in the mouth[6]
Gastroparesis (main symptoms are nausea, vomiting, and reflux)
Pregnancy
Excessive starch intake
Anxiety (common sign of separation anxiety in dogs)
Pancreatitis
Liver disease
Serotonin syndrome
Mouth ulcers[medical citation needed]
Oral infections
Medications that can cause overproduction of saliva include:[3]
aripiprazole
clozapine
pilocarpine
ketamine
potassium chlorate
risperidone
rabeprazole sodium (Aciphex)
Toxins that can cause hypersalivation include:[3]
mercury
copper
organophosphates (insecticide)
arsenic
Decreased clearance[edit]
Causes of decreased clearance of saliva include:[3]
Infections such as tonsillitis, retropharyngeal and peritonsillar abscesses, epiglottitis and mumps.
Problems with the jaw, e.g., fracture or dislocation
Radiation therapy
Neurologic disorders such as myasthenia gravis, Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, rabies, bulbar paralysis, bilateral facial nerve palsy, and hypoglossal nerve palsy
Treatment[edit]
Hypersalivation is optimally treated by treating or avoiding the underlying cause.[3] Mouthwash and tooth brushing may have drying effects.[3]
In the palliative care setting, anticholinergics and similar drugs that would normally reduce the production of saliva causing a dry mouth could be considered for symptom management: scopolamine, atropine, propantheline, hyoscine, amitriptyline, glycopyrrolate.[7]
A 2008 systematic review investigated the efficacy of pharmacological interventions for patients who have too much salvia due to clozapine treatment:
Astemizole compared to control[8]
Summary
There is no well-tested treatment for this difficult problem and no data to confidently inform clinical practice.[8]
[show]Outcome
Findings in words
Findings in numbers
Quality of evidence
Hypersalivation
No effect / not cured / not markedly improved
Control: propantheline Astemizole probably is probably worse than propantheline - increasing the risk of having 'no effect'. Data are based on moderate quality evidence. RR 2.46 (1.63 to 3.72) Moderate
Change in hypersalivation scores (high = good)
Control: propantheline On average, people receiving astemizole scored a little lower than people treated with control for clozapine-induced hypersalivation. There was a clear difference between the groups, but, at present the meaning of this in day-to-day care is unclear. MD 0.64 lower (1.14 lower to 0.14 lower) Low
Adverse effects
Tachycardia
Control: doxepin Astemizole may increase the risk of experiencing fast heart rate, but, at present it is not possible to be confident about the difference between the two treatments because data supporting this finding are very limited. RR 5.00 (0.25 to 99.16) Very low
Constipation
Control: propantheline Astemizole may reduce constipation but there is no clear difference between people given astemizole and those receiving propanthelinecontrol for clozapine-induced hypersalivation. These findings are based on data of low quality. RR 0.60 (0.26 to 1.39) Low
Missing outcomes
No study reported any data on outcomes such as mental state, quality of life and information relating to time in services
References[edit]
Jump up ^ thefreedictionary.com > ptyalism Citing:
Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. 2007
Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. 2009
Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 3 ed. 2007
Jump up ^ thefreedictionary.com > sialorrhea Citing:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, Updated in 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Medscape > Hypersalivation By Erica Brownfield. Posted: 05/19/2004
Jump up ^ Clark], [edited by Parveen Kumar, Michael (2005). Kumar & Clark clinical medicine (6th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier Saunders. p. 266. ISBN 0702027634. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ thefreedictionary.com > water brash Citing: Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. 2007
Jump up ^ Medical Care of the Dying, 4th Edition, 2006, Edited by G.Michael Downing MD and Wendy Wainwright, MEd
^ Jump up to: a b Syed, R; Cahill, C; Duggan, L (2008). "Pharmacological interventions for clozapine-induced hypersalivation". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3: CD005579.pub2. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005579.pub2.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypersalivation&oldid=812113165"
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St. Elmo's Fire (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the 1985 film. For other uses, see St. Elmo's Fire (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
St. Elmo's Fire
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Joel Schumacher
Produced by
Lauren Shuler Donner
Written by
Joel Schumacher
Carl Kurlander
Starring
Rob Lowe
Demi Moore
Emilio Estevez
Ally Sheedy
Judd Nelson
Mare Winningham
Andrew McCarthy
Martin Balsam
Andie MacDowell
Music by
David Foster
Cinematography
Stephen H. Burum
Edited by
Richard Marks
Distributed by
Columbia Pictures
Release date
June 28, 1985 (1985-06-28)
Running time
110 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$10 million[1]
Box office
$37,803,872
St. Elmo's Fire is a 1985 American coming-of-age film directed by Joel Schumacher. The film, starring Emilio Estevez, Rob Lowe, Andrew McCarthy, Demi Moore, Judd Nelson, Ally Sheedy, and Mare Winningham, centers on a group of friends, recent graduates of Georgetown University, and their adjustment to their post-university lives and the responsibilities of encroaching adulthood. The film is a prominent movie of the Brat Pack genre.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Pre-production
4 Reception
5 Music
6 Potential adaptation
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Recent Georgetown University graduates Alec, his girlfriend Leslie, Kevin, Jules, and Kirby are waiting to hear about the conditions of their friends Wendy, a sweet-natured girl devoted to helping others, and Billy, a former frat boy and now reluctant husband and father, after a car accident. At the hospital, Kirby sees a female medical student named Dale, with whom he has been infatuated since college.
The group gathers at their favorite college hangout, St. Elmo’s Bar. Billy has been fired from the job Alec helped him secure and his marriage is unstable. At their apartment, Alec pressures Leslie to marry him, but she is convinced they are not ready. Kirby is telling Kevin of his love for Dale when Billy shows up, asking to spend the night as he cannot deal with his wife.
Kevin worries about his romantic life when Jules accuses him of being gay and loving Alec. When he visits Alec and Leslie for dinner, Alec confesses to Kevin that while buying lingerie for Leslie he had sexual intercourse with the saleswoman.
Billy and Wendy get drunk together and Wendy reveals that she is a virgin. She and Billy kiss but Wendy insists they just remain friends, especially since she realizes Billy is taking advantage of her crush on him.
During Halloween at St. Elmo’s Bar, Jules reveals to a disapproving Leslie that she is having an affair with her married boss. Billy sees his wife with another man in the crowd and attacks him. Billy is thrown out of the bar but reconciles with his wife. The girls confront Jules about the affair and her reckless spending but she insists that everything is under control.
Kirby takes a job working for Mr. Kim, a wealthy Korean businessman, and invites Dale to a party he is holding at Mr. Kim’s house. Wendy arrives with Howie, a boy her parents set her up with. Alec announces that he and Leslie are engaged, upsetting Leslie. She confronts him about her suspicions of his infidelity and the two break up. Alec is also angry with Kevin, who he believes confessed everything to Leslie. After the party, Jules gives Billy a ride home. As she is about to confide in him, Billy makes a pass at her. Furious, Jules throws him out of her car.
Still pursuing Dale, Kirby drives to the ski lodge where she is staying but learns she has a boyfriend. His borrowed car becomes stuck in the snow and Dale and her boyfriend invites him to come inside. The next morning, as Kirby prepares to leave Dale’s cottage, Dale tells him she is flattered by his affections. He kisses her, and she does not resist. Kirby then takes a photo with Dale and departs the lodge, happy.
Leslie goes to Kevin’s place to stay the night after the breakup and discovers photographs of her. Kevin confesses his love for her, and the two sleep together but the next morning, Alec comes by to apologize to Kevin for attacking him the night before. Alec is shocked to find Leslie there and the two argue over his infidelity.
Wendy meets her father at a café and announces she wants to be independent from her family and move into her own place. Jules has been fired from her job and fallen behind on her credit card payments; as a result, her possessions have been seized. Jules locks herself in her apartment and opens the windows, intending to freeze to death. The friends attempt to coax her out, but she is unresponsive. Kirby fetches Billy, who landed a job at a gas station courtesy of Kevin, to calm Jules down. Billy convinces Jules to come back out.
Wendy moves into her own place, where Billy visits and informs her that he is getting a divorce and moving to New York City. The two have sex as a going away present. At the bus station, the group gathers once more to say goodbye to Billy. Billy urges Alec to make up with Leslie but Leslie declares that she does not want to date anyone for a while. Alec and Kevin make up and the group decides to get brunch. However, they decide not to go to St. Elmo's bar and instead choose Houlihan's because there are "not so many kids" there.
Cast[edit]
Emilio Estevez as Kirby "Kirbo" Keager, a law student and waiter at St. Elmo's Bar.
Rob Lowe as Billy Hicks, a saxophonist "frat boy" and reluctant husband and father.
Andrew McCarthy as Kevin Dolenz, a writer for The Washington Post with a sullen streak, and Kirby's roommate.
Demi Moore as Julianna "Jules" Van Patten, an international banker and the "party girl" of the group.
Judd Nelson as Alec Newbury, a yuppie pursuing a career in politics.
Ally Sheedy as Leslie Hunter, a budding architect who is reluctant to marry Alec.
Mare Winningham as Wendy Beamish, a welfare clerk from a wealthy family and devoted to helping others.
Andie MacDowell as Dale Biberman, a hospital intern and the object of Kirby's affection.
Martin Balsam as Mr. Beamish
Joyce Van Patten as Mrs. Beamish
Jenny Wright as Felicia
Pre-production[edit]
According to Schumacher, "a lot of people turned down the script...the head of [one] major studio called its seven-member cast "the most loathsome humans he had ever read on the page."[1] The producers interviewed "hundreds of people" for the cast, including Anthony Edwards and Lea Thompson.[2] According to Lauren Shuler Donner, she found Estevez, Nelson, and Sheedy through recommendations from John Hughes, who had cast them in The Breakfast Club;[3] Schumacher said he had to "push hard" to get the studio to agree to cast the three.[4] Demi Moore had to go to rehab before shooting.[5]
Georgetown University would not permit filming on campus, administrators citing questionable content such as premarital sex. As a result, the university seen on film is The University of Maryland located 10 miles away in College Park, Maryland.[6]
Reception[edit]
David Denby called Schumacher "brutally untalented" and said that "nobody over the moral age of fifteen" will like the work of the Brat Pack actors in the film:[7]
“ St. Elmo's Fire isn't drama, it's gossip, and peculiarly early-adolescent gossip— a movie designed to be picked apart on the telephone. The turbidly self-important treatment of these vacuous college graduates, each one a 'type', is like a TV sitcom without jokes. St. Elmo's Fire is so depressing a portent of Hollywood's teen sycophancy because it not only devotes itself to stupid kids, it accepts their view of the world without any real criticism....The sole survivor of the general disaster is Ally Sheedy, who manages to make something charming out of the yup petulance. ”
According to Janet Maslin:
“ In the realm of films about close-knit bands of school friends, St. Elmo's Fire falls midway between The Big Chill and The Breakfast Club. Its characters are old enough to enjoy the first flushes of prosperity, but still sufficiently youthful to keep their self-absorption intact. But soon enough, they will be forced to give up their late-night carousing at a favorite bar and move on to more responsible lives. In the film's terms, which are distinctly limited, this will mean finding a more sedate hangout and learning to go there for brunch....St. Elmo's Fire is most appealing when it simply gives the actors a chance to flirt with the camera, and with one another. When it attempts to take seriously the problems of characters who are spoiled, affluent and unbearably smug, it becomes considerably less attractive.[8] ”
St. Elmo's Fire holds a 45% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with 17 positive reviews out of 38.[9]
Rob Lowe won a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actor for his work in this film.[10]
In a 2015 retrospective review, Justin Gerber of Consequence of Sound said that he was "prepared to say it’s the worst movie of all time, with all the necessary stipulations lined up and accounted for,"[11] going on to criticize the characters, plot, set, direction, and even score.
Music[edit]
The theme song "St. Elmo's Fire (Man in Motion)" was written by Canadian composer/producer David Foster and English musician John Parr, and also performed by Parr. The song was written for the Canadian athlete Rick Hansen who, at the time, was traveling around the world via his wheelchair to raise awareness for spinal cord injuries, a trip called the "Man in Motion Tour."[12] The song did not appear on any Parr album until Letter to America was released in July 2011.
The song "Give Her a Little Drop More", which plays during the movie when the characters enter St. Elmo's Bar & Restaurant, was written by British jazz trumpeter John Chilton.
"St. Elmo's Fire (Man in Motion)" hit No. 1 on Billboard's Hot 100 chart for two weeks in September 1985, and "Love Theme from St. Elmo's Fire" (the instrumental theme to the movie by David Foster) reached No. 15. Another version of the "Love Theme from St. Elmo's Fire" with lyrics, titled "For Just a Moment", was performed by Amy Holland and Donny Gerrard, and was included as the final song on the soundtrack album.
Potential adaptation[edit]
In August 2009, Sony Pictures Television received a "script commitment with a penalty attached to it" to adapt the film into a television series, which would "use the movie as a takeoff point and as an inspiration as it introduces six new friends: three boys and three girls."[13][14] Topher Grace and Gordon Kaywin of Sargent Hall Productions proposed the idea to Jamie Tarses; the three of them then recruited Dan Bucatinsky to write the pilot and got Schumacher to agree to the idea.[13]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Gora, Susannah (2010). You Couldn't Ignore Me If You Tried. Crown Publishers. p. 87. ISBN 0307408434.
Jump up ^ Gora, Susannah (2010). You Couldn't Ignore Me If You Tried. p. 88.
Jump up ^ Priggé, Steven (2004). Movie Moguls Speak. p. 91. ISBN 0786419296.
Jump up ^ Gora, Susannah (2010). You Couldn't Ignore Me If You Tried. p. 90.
Jump up ^ Cormier, Roger. "Facts about St. Elmo's Fire". Retrieved 17 July 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.fast-rewind.com/locations_elmos.htm. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Denby, David (July 15, 1985). "Time Warp". New York. p. 66. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet (June 28, 1985). "St Elmo's Fire". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
Jump up ^ St. Elmo's Fire at Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
Jump up ^ "1985 RAZZIE Nominees & 'Winners'". razzies.com. Retrieved 2011-05-09.
Jump up ^ Gerber, Justin. "St. Elmo's Fire Might Be the Worst Movie Ever". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 2015-07-24.
Jump up ^ "John Parr Rewrites 'St. Elmo's Fire' As Valentine To Tebow". npr.org. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (August 14, 2009). "'St. Elmo's Fire' Headed to TV". backstage.com. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
Jump up ^ Eng, Joyce (14 August 2009). "St. Elmo's Fire TV Series Heats Up at ABC". TVGuide.com. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: St. Elmo's Fire (film)
St. Elmo's Fire on IMDb
St. Elmo's Fire at AllMovie
St. Elmo's Fire at Rotten Tomatoes
St. Elmo's Fire at Box Office Mojo
"Zizek and the 80s Movie Song" by Graham Wolfe
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Joel Schumacher
The Incredible Shrinking Woman (1981)
D.C. Cab (1983)
St. Elmo's Fire (1985)
The Lost Boys (1987)
Cousins (1989)
Flatliners (1990)
Dying Young (1991)
Falling Down (1993)
The Client (1994)
Batman Forever (1995)
A Time to Kill (1996)
Batman & Robin (1997)
8mm (1999)
Flawless (1999)
Tigerland (2000)
Bad Company (2002)
Phone Booth (2002)
Veronica Guerin (2003)
The Phantom of the Opera (2004)
The Number 23 (2007)
Blood Creek (2009)
Twelve (2010)
Trespass (2011)
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Animal migration tracking
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Radio-collared wolf in Yellowstone National Park
For years scientists have been tracking animals and the ways they migrate. One of the many goals of animal migration research has been to determine where the animals are going; however, researchers also want to know why they are going "there". Researchers not only look at the animals' migration but also what is between point a and point b to determine if a species is moving to new locations based on food density, a change in water temperature, and the animal's ability to adapt to these changes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Technologies for tracking
2 Radio tracking
3 Satellite tracking
4 Importance
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Technologies for tracking[edit]
A monarch butterfly shortly after tagging at the Cape May Bird Observatory. The Observatory is one of the organisation that has a monarch identification tagging program. Plastic stickers are placed on the wing of the insect with identification information. Tracking information is used to study the migration patterns of monarchs, including how far and where they fly.
In the fall of 1803, American Naturalist John James Audubon wondered whether migrating birds returned to the same place each year. So he tied a string around the leg of a bird before it flew south. The following spring, Audubon saw the bird had indeed come back.
Scientists today still attach tags, such as metal bands, to track movement of animals. Metal bands require the re-capture of animals for the scientists to gather data; the data is thus limited to the animal's release and destination points.
Recent technologies have helped solve this problem. Some electronic tags give off repeating signals that are picked up by radio devices or satellites while other electronic tags could include archival tags (or data loggers). Scientists can track the locations and movement of the tagged animals without recapturing them using this RFID technology or satellites. These electronic tags can provide a great deal of data.
Radio tracking[edit]
Further information: Telemetry
The right one of these two brush-tailed rock-wallabies is wearing a radio tracking collar.
Tracking an animal by radio telemetry involves two devices. Telemetry, in general, involves the use of a transmitter that is attached to an animal and sends out a signal in the form of radio waves, just as a radio station does.[1] A scientist might place the transmitter around an animal's ankle, neck, wing, carapace, or dorsal fin. Alternatively, they may surgically implant it as internal radio transmitters have the advantage of remaining intact and functioning longer than traditional attachments, being protected from environmental variables and wear.[2] A VHF receiver picks up the signal, just like a home radio picks up a station's signal. The receiver is usually in a truck, an ATV, or an airplane.[1] To keep track of the signal, the scientist follows the animal using the receiver. This approach of using radio tracking can be used to track the animal manually but is also used when animals are equipped with other payloads. The receiver is used to home in on the animal to get the payload back.
Another form of radio tracking that can be utilized, especially in the case of small bird migration, is the use of geolocators or "geologgers".[3] This technology utilizes a light sensor that tracks the light-level data during regular intervals in order to determine a location based on the length of the day and the time of solar noon.[3]While there are benefits and challenges with using this method of tracking, it is one of the only practical means of tracking small birds over long distances during migration.[3][4]
Passive integrated transponders (PIT) are another method of telemetry used to track the movements of a species [3] Passive integrated transponders, or "PIT tags", are electronic tags that allow researchers to collect data from a specimen without the need to recapture and handle the animal.[5] Data is captured and monitored via electronic interrogation antennae, which records the time and location of the individual.[5] Pit tags are a humane method of tracking that has little risk of infection or mortality due to the limited contact necessary to monitor the specimens. They are also cost-efficient in that they can be used repeatedly should the need arise to remove the tag from the animal.[6]
Satellite tracking[edit]
Main article: GPS wildlife tracking
A saltwater crocodile with GPS-based satellite transmitter for migration tracking
Receivers can be placed in Earth-orbiting satellites such as ARGOS. Networks, or groups, of satellites are used to track animals. Each satellite in a network picks up electronic signals from a transmitter on an animal. Together, the signals from all satellites determine the precise location of the animal. The satellites also track the animal's path as it moves. Satellite-received transmitters fitted to animals can also provide information about the animals' physiological characteristics (e.g. temperature) and habitat use.[7][8] Satellite tracking is especially useful because the scientists do not have to follow after the animal nor do they have to recover the tag to get the data on where the animal is going or has gone. Satellite networks have tracked the migration and territorial movements of caribou, sea turtles,[9] whales, great white sharks, seals, elephants, bald eagles, ospreys and vultures.[7] Additionally Pop-up satellite archival tags are used on marine mammals and various species of fish. There are two main systems, the above-mentioned Argos and the GPS.[10] Thanks to these systems, conservationists can find the key sites for migratory species.[10] Another form of satellite tracking would be the use of acoustic telemetry. This involves the use of electronic tags that emit sound in order for the researchers to track and monitor an animal within three dimensions, which is helpful in instances when large quantities of a species are being tracked at a time.[11]
Importance[edit]
SeaTag-GEO on a turtle carrier platform for turtle tagging
Electronic tags are giving scientists a complete, accurate picture of migration patterns. For example, when scientists used radio transmitters to track one herd of caribou, they learned two important things. First, they learned that the herd moves much more than previously thought. Second, they learned that each year the herd returns to about the same place to give birth. This information would have been difficult or impossible to obtain with "low tech" tags.
Tracking migrations is an important tool to better understand and protect species. For example, Florida manatees are an endangered species, and therefore they need protection. Radio tracking showed that Florida manatees may travel as far as Rhode Island when they migrate. This information suggests that the manatees may need protection along much of the Atlantic Coast of the United States. Previously, protection efforts focused mainly in the Florida area.
In the wake of the BP oil spill, efforts in tracking animals has increased in the Gulf. Most researchers who use electronic tags have only a few options: pop-up satellite tags, archival tags, or satellite tags. Historically these tags were generally expensive and could cost several thousands of dollars per tag. However, with current advancements in technology prices are now allowing researchers to tag more animals. With this increase in the number of species and individuals that can be tagged it is important to record and acknowledge the potential negative effects these devices might have. [12] [13]
See also[edit]
Acoustic tag
Bird ringing
Data storage tag
Light level geolocator
GIS and aquatic science
Pop-up satellite archival tag
Tracking collar
Coded wire tag
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Technology and Development at the USDA Forest Service, Satellite/GPS Telemetry for Monitoring Lesser Prairie Chickens". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2017-03-02.
Jump up ^ Original text (in public domain):"Internal radio transmitters have the advantage of remaining intact and functioning longer than traditional attachments. Implanted transmitters also are protected from extrinsic variables such as environmental elements and wear (Eagle et al. 1984)." (Lander et al. 2005) http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1191&context=usdeptcommercepub (accessed 29 November 2012)
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Animal Migration Research, Jeff Kelly Lab". www.animalmigration.org. Retrieved 2017-03-02.
Jump up ^ Stutchbury, Bridget J. M.; Tarof, Scott A.; Done, Tyler; Gow, Elizabeth; Kramer, Patrick M.; Tautin, John; Fox, James W.; Afanasyev, Vsevolod (2009-02-13). "Tracking Long-Distance Songbird Migration by Using Geolocators". Science. 323 (5916): 896–896. doi:10.1126/science.1166664. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 19213909.
^ Jump up to: a b "PIT Tag Information Systems (PTAGIS) | Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission". www.psmfc.org. Retrieved 2017-03-02.
Jump up ^ "Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) Tags in the Study of Animal Movement | Learn Science at Scitable". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2017-03-02.
^ Jump up to: a b Gavashelishvili, A.; McGrady, M. J. (2007). "Radio-satellite telemetry of a territorial Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus in the Caucasus". Vulture News. 56: 4–13.
Jump up ^ Gavashelishvili, A.; McGrady, M.; Ghasabian, M.; Bildstein, K. L. (2012). "Movements and habitat use by immature Cinereous Vultures (Aegypius monachus) from the Caucasus". Bird Study. iFirst: 1–14. doi:10.1080/00063657.2012.728194.
Jump up ^ http://www.seaturtle.org/
^ Jump up to: a b Northern Bald Ibis Project
Jump up ^ "Acoustic Telemetry Fisheries Research". www.htisonar.com. Retrieved 2017-03-02.
Jump up ^ Bell, S. C.; El Harouchi, M.; Hewson, C. M.; Burgess, M. D. (2017). "No short- or long-term effects of geolocator attachment detected in Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca". Ibis. 159 (4): 734–743. doi:10.1111/ibi.12493.
Jump up ^ Weiser, E. L.; et al. (2016). "Effects of geolocators on hatching success, return rates, breeding movements, and change in body mass in 16 species of Arctic-breeding shorebirds". Movement Ecology. 4 (12). doi:10.1111/ibi.12493. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
External links[edit]
"Satellite Tracking." Space Today.
Tomkiewicz, Jr, Stanley. "Tracking animal Wild life." telonics.
Zanoni, Mary. "Animal ID." Klamath Basin.
"John James Audubon." Audubon. National Audubon Society, Inc.
"Satellite Tracking Migratory Birds." Western Ecological Research Center.
"Satellite Tracking Threatened Manatees." Space Today.
"Tracking Manatee Movement." Save The Manatee Club.
"Manatee Migration Updates." Journey North. Learner.
Radio interview Robert and Kirk Miner remember their grandfather, Jack Miner, and talk about the Jack Miner Migratory Bird Sanctuary. Originally aired February 1, 2008.
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The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Princess Diaries 2:
Royal Engagement
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Garry Marshall
Produced by
Whitney Houston
Debra Martin Chase
Screenplay by
Shonda Rhimes
Story by
Shonda Rhimes
Gina Wendkos
Based on
Characters
by Meg Cabot
Starring
Julie Andrews
Anne Hathaway
Heather Matarazzo
John Rhys-Davies
Héctor Elizondo
Chris Pine
Music by
John Debney
Cinematography
Charles Minsky
Edited by
Bruce Green
Production
companies
Walt Disney Pictures
ShondaLand
Martin Chase Productions
Distributed by
Buena Vista Pictures
Release date
August 11, 2004 (2004-08-11)
Running time
113 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$40 million
Box office
$134.7 million[2]
The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement is a 2004 American romantic comedy film and the sequel to 2001's The Princess Diaries. Unlike the first film, this film is not based on any of the books.
Most of the cast returned from the first film, including Julie Andrews, Anne Hathaway, Héctor Elizondo, Heather Matarazzo, and Larry Miller. Garry Marshall returned to direct and Debra Martin Chase to produce. New characters include Viscount Mabrey (John Rhys-Davies), Lord Nicholas Devereaux (Chris Pine), and Andrew Jacoby (Callum Blue).
Despite generally negative reviews from critics, the film had a worldwide box office of $122 million.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Reception
3.1 Critical response
4 Soundtrack
5 Sequel
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Five years after the previous events, Mia Thermopolis has just graduated from Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School and is returning to Genovia with her bodyguard, Joe. There, she will await her reign once her grandmother, Queen Clarisse, steps down as Queen. During Mia's twenty first birthday party, she dances with all the eligible bachelors in hope of finding a husband. She becomes attracted to a handsome gentleman named Nicholas. During the course of the night, Mia's tiara falls off and is caught by a Member of Parliament, Viscount Mabrey, who secretly plans to steal Mia's crown. While the Parliament is in-session the next morning, Mia stumbles upon a hidden room that allows her to secretly listen in. Viscount Mabrey reveals his nephew, Lord Devereaux, is another heir to the Genovian throne. Despite Queen Clarisse's objection, the only way Mia can assume her duties as Queen is if she marries within the month. Clarisse invites Lord Devereaux to stay at the palace, while Mia is shocked to discover Lord Devereaux is actually Nicholas. Mia's best friend, Lilly Moscovitz, surprises her by visiting. Together, they pick through potential husbands. Mia eventually chooses Andrew Jacoby, Duke of Kenilworth, and days later, they are engaged. Mabrey plans to have Nicholas woo Mia and dissolve the engagement.
For a ceremony, Mia is to ride sidesaddle, but is inexperienced. Queen Clarisse provides an ancestral wooden leg decoy to make it look like she's riding sidesaddle. Mabrey spooks Mia's horse with a rubber snake, and Joe rushes to aid Mia, but accidentally tears off the wooden leg. Humiliated, Mia flees to the stables, where Nicholas fails to comfort her. At a garden party, Mia and Nicholas quarrel about Mia's relationship with Andrew; Nicholas tricks Mia into admitting she doesn't love Andrew. Frustrated, she argues, but instead gets bombarded by a kiss. At first, she kisses him back but then backs away. Nicholas pursues her even more, which causes both of them to fall into a fountain. Queen Clarisse finally tells Mia that her behavior with Nicholas needs to stop.
During the Genovian Independence Day parade, Mia sees some boys harassing a little girl, and abruptly halts the parade to comfort the girl. Learning that the children are orphans, Mia has a vendor give them all tiaras and lets them walk with her in the parade. Everyone is impressed by her act of generosity, while Mabrey sees it as a political maneuver. Mia later decides to convert one of the royal palaces into a temporary children's center. That night, Mia has her bachelorette party, where Queen Clarisse surfs on a mattress and sings a duet with Princess Asana, one of Mia's good friends. In the meantime, Mabrey realizes Nicholas has fallen for Mia, but Nicholas says that Mia will never love him. Nicholas comes upon Mia as she is practicing her archery as part of her coronation rites. He helps her succeed in getting the arrow to hit the bullseye, something she had been struggling with. Nicholas then informs Mia that he is leaving, but asks to see her just one more time before he goes. She declines, saying she is under close guard.
That night, Nicholas appears outside Mia's window and asks her to come out. Lilly encourages her to go, and Mia sneaks out. They ride out to a lake where they share secrets, dance, and eventually fall asleep. They awaken to find a man in a boat videotaping them. Mia thinks Nicholas set her up, while he insists he had no idea. By the time Mia returns to the palace, the scandalous footage is already being broadcast. Andrew is disappointed and kisses Mia to see if there is a romantic spark between them. They realize that they do not love each other, but do not call off the wedding for the good of Genovia. The wedding is to take place the following day, and Mia's mother, Helen comes with her new husband, Patrick and their newborn son, Trevor. Nicholas decides against attending, but his surly housekeeper, Gretchen informs him that Mabrey engineered their televised scandal.
Before the wedding, Joe informs Mia that Nicholas is innocent. Queen Clarisse encourages Mia to follow her heart, something she has never done and has now cost her Joe, the only man she truly loved. Mia reenters the church, and after pointing out how her grandmother has ruled Genovia while unmarried for a number of years, she tells the members of parliament in the audience to consider the significant women in their lives and questions if they would have them do what they're trying to force her to do (marry someone she does not love). Mabrey cites the law again and once again suggests that his nephew be named King, but just then, Nicholas not only refuses the crown, but also disowns Mabrey as his uncle. Mia proposes the law on royal marriages be abolished, and the Parliament unanimously gives its assent. Encouraged by Mia to have her own happy ending, Clarisse proposes to Joe and they are promptly married.
About a week later, Mia is preparing for her coronation when Nicholas shows up. He professes his love for Mia on bended knee, and they share a romantic kiss. The next day, Mia is crowned "Her Majesty Amelia Mignonette Thermopolis Renaldi, Queen of Genovia", with all in attendance in the royal palace.
An epilogue shows that Genovian Parliament now allows female members, one of whom is Charlotte. And Queen Mia officially opens the children's home.
Cast[edit]
Anne Hathaway as Princess/Queen Amelia "Mia" Thermopolis Renaldi
Julie Andrews as Queen Clarisse Renaldi
Héctor Elizondo as Joe
John Rhys-Davies as Viscount Mabrey
Heather Matarazzo as Lilly Moscovitz
Chris Pine as Nicholas Devereaux
Callum Blue as Andrew Jacoby
Raven-Symoné as Princess Asana
Kathleen Marshall as Charlotte Kutaway
Jonny Blu as himself
Tom Poston as Lord Palimore
Joel McCrary as Prime Minister Motaz
Kim Thomson as Reporter Elsie Kentworthy
Larry Miller as Paolo Puttanesca
Caroline Goodall as Helen Thermopolis O'Connell
Meredith Patterson as Lady Elissa
Spencer Breslin as Prince Jacques
Tracy Reiner as Lady Anthony
Paul Vogt as Lord Crawley
Paul Williams as Lord Harmony
Peter Allen Vogt as Mr. Crawley
Anna Netrebko as herself
Abigail Breslin as Carolina, the orphan child
Hannah Schneider as Dancing Princess Hannah
Charlee Corra Disney as Princess Charlee
Aimee Adams Hall as Princess Aimee
Nadege August as Princess Nadege
Claudia Katz Minnick as Freda Kout
Stan Lee as Three Stooges wedding guest
Reception[edit]
The film opened in 3,472 theaters in North America and grossed $22,956,453 in its opening weekend. It grossed $134,734,481 worldwide—$95,170,481 in North America and $39,564,000 in other territories.[4]
Critical response[edit]
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film had a 25% "certified rotten" rating, with an average score of 4.6/10 based on 115 critical reviews. The site's general consensus is that "Anne Hathaway and Julie Andrews bring charm and elegance to the movie, but there's not enough material for them to work with in this sequel."[5] On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics, it has an average score of 43 from the 31 reviews, which indicates "Mixed or average reviews".[6]
The film's writer, Shonda Rhimes, later said that she treasured the experience if for nothing else – the opportunity to work with its star, Julie Andrews.[7]
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement (soundtrack)
The song, "Your Crowning Glory", a duet between Queen Clarisse (Julie Andrews) and Princess Asana (Raven-Symoné) was the first time Andrews had sung in public or on screen since she had throat surgery in 1997.
Sequel[edit]
In March 2016, despite the death of producer Whitney Houston in February 2012, Garry Marshall announced that Hathaway, who was pregnant with her first child, would appear in a third Princess Diaries film after she gave birth.[8] However, with Garry Marshall's death in July 2016, the project had been pulled. In August 2016, Hector Elizondo discussed a possibility that the third installment would still be produced. In an interview with Variety Latino, He said on the possibility, "I know Anne would like to do it. I know Julie would like to do it. I would like to do it. So we're on board, it's a question of when and a question of getting a good story. I'm ready! It's time to go back to Genovia!"[9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Princess Diaries 2 - Royal Engagement (U)". British Board of Film Classification. August 18, 2004. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 10, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Spencer Breslin - Box Office". The Numbers.
Jump up ^ "The Princess Diaries". Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Princess Diaries 2 - Royal Engagement (2004)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement Reviews, Ratings, Credits and More at Metacritic". Metacritic. CNET Networks. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ Staff, Hollywood.com (February 10, 2015). "Shonda Rhimes - Biography and Filmography - 1970".
Jump up ^ "Director Garry Marshall confirms Anne Hathaway is ready to film Princess Diaries 3". Metro.co.uk. March 14, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'The Princess Diaries 3' Could Still Happen, According to Hector Elizondo". Movie Fone. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website
The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement on IMDb
The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement at the TCM Movie Database
The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement at AllMovie
The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement at Box Office Mojo
The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement at Metacritic
The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement at Rotten Tomatoes
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P wave (electrocardiography)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Normal P wave, shown in darker red
The P wave in the ECG represents atrial depolarization, which results in atrial contraction, or atrial systole.
Contents
1 Physiology
2 Pathology
3 Atrial repolarization
4 Related pages
5 References
Physiology[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The P wave is a summation wave generated by the depolarization front as it transits the atria. Normally the right atrium depolarizes slightly earlier than left atrium since the depolarization wave originates in the sinoatrial node, in the high right atrium and then travels to and through the left atrium. The depolarization front is carried through the atria along semi-specialized conduction pathways including Bachmann's bundle resulting in uniform shaped waves. Depolarization originating elsewhere in the atria (atrial ectopics) result in P waves with a different morphology from normal.
Pathology[edit]
Characteristic peaked P wave of cor pulmonale
Peaked P waves (> 0.25 mV) suggest right atrial enlargement, cor pulmonale, (P pulmonale rhythm),[1] but have a low predictive value (~20%).[2]
A P wave with increased amplitude can indicate hypokalemia.[3] It can also indicate right atrial enlargement.[4]
A P wave with decreased amplitude can indicate hyperkalemia.
Bifid P waves (known as P mitrale) indicate left-atrial abnormality - e.g. dilatation [5] or hypertrophy.[1]
If at least three different shaped P waves can be seen in a given ECG lead tracing, this implies that even if one of them arises from the SA node, at least two others are arising elsewhere. This is taken as evidence of multiple (i.e. at least two) ectopic foci, and is called multifocal (or more correctly, multiform) atrial rhythm if the rate is ≤100) or multifocal atrial tachycardia if the rate is over 100.[6] This appears particularly commonly in exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease.[7]
If the baseline has a totally irregular form, this suggests fibrillatory waves of atrial fibrillation or possibly artefact; a saw tooth shaped baseline suggests the flutter waves of atrial flutter. With either of these rhythms, if the ventricular rate is fast, the fibrillatory or flutter waves can easily be misinterpreted as P waves.
Absence of the P wave with a flat baseline may indicate:
Fine atrial fibrillation[1]
Sinoatrial arrest (with a secondary escape rhythm)
If P waves are not clearly delineated in the surface ECG, a Lewis lead may be used to better visualize P waves.
Atrial repolarization[edit]
This occurs a mean of 320 ms after the end of the P wave, with a duration of 2-3 times that of the P wave and a polarity always opposite to that of the P wave. It is represented on the surface ECG by a so-called Ta wave. The clinical relevance of this is that, although a normal phenomenon, the nadir of the Ta wave can occur just after the QRS complex and cause ST depression similar to (and easily mistaken with) that occurring with disease states such as cardiac ischaemia.[8]
Related pages[edit]
Electrocardiography
PR interval
QRS complex
QT interval
ST segment
T wave
U wave
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Longmore, Murray (2004). Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine 8th edition page 90. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-852558-3.
Jump up ^ Reeves WC, Hallahan W, Schwiter EJ, Ciotola TJ, Buonocore E, Davidson W (1981). "Two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of electrocardiographic criteria for right atrial enlargement". Circulation. 64: 387–391. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.64.2.387. PMID 6454512.
Jump up ^ http://lifeinthefastlane.com/ecg-library/basics/hypokalaemia/
Jump up ^ http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/ecg/ecg_outline/Lesson7/index.html
Jump up ^ Munuswamy K, Alpert MA, Martin RH, Whiting RB, Mechlin NJ (1983). "Sensitivity and specificity of commonly used electrocardiographic criteria for left atrial enlargement determined by m-mode echocardiography". Am J Cardiol. 53 (6): 829–832. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(84)90413-2. PMID 6230922.
Jump up ^ Kastor JA (1990). "Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia". N Engl J Med. 322 (24): 1713–1717. doi:10.1056/NEJM199006143222405. PMID 2188131.
Jump up ^ Kothari SA, Apiyasawat S, Asad N, Spodick DH (2006). "Evidence supporting a new rate threshold for multifocal atrial tachycardia". Clin Cardiol. 28 (12): 3561–3563. doi:10.1002/clc.4960281205. PMID 16405199.
Jump up ^ Smith, SW. "Atrial Repolarization Wave Mimicking ST Depression". Retrieved 22 October 2014.
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