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Mercutio
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Mercutio
Romeo and Juliet character
Romeo and Juliet Act III Scene I The Death of Romeo's Friend, Mercutio. Edwin Austin Abbey, 1904.
Created by
William Shakespeare
Information
Family
Valentine (brother), the Prince, and Count Paris
Associate(s)
Romeo, Benvolio
Mercutio (/mərˈkjuːʃioʊ/ mər-KEW-shee-oh[1]) is a fictional character in William Shakespeare's 1597 tragedy, Romeo and Juliet. He is a close friend to Romeo and a blood relative to Prince Escalus and Count Paris. As such, being neither a Montague nor a Capulet, Mercutio is one of the few in Verona with the ability to mingle around those of both houses. The invitation to Capulet's party states that he has a brother named Valentine.
Though often fun-loving and witty, the latter demonstrated in his Queen Mab speech in the first act, Mercutio's sense of humor can at times be facetious or even coarse, much to his friends' annoyance. Moreover, he is moody and given to sudden outbursts of temper, one of which sets a key plot development in motion.
Contents
[hide]
1 Role in the play
2 Name origins
3 Mercutio's death
4 Performers
4.1 Stage
4.2 Film
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Role in the play[edit]
One of Romeo's closest friends, Mercutio, entreats Romeo to forget about his unrequited love for a girl named Rosaline and come with him to a masquerade ball at Lord Capulet's estate, through use of his Queen Mab speech. There, Mercutio and his friends become the life of the party, but Romeo steals away to Juliet, Capulet's daughter, with whom he has fallen in love, and he falls out of love with Rosaline. When Mercutio sees Romeo the next day, he is glad to see that his friend is his old self again, and he encourages Romeo, all the while making bawdy jokes at the expense of Juliet's Nurse.
After Romeo receives a death threat from Juliet's cousin Tybalt, Mercutio expects Romeo to engage Tybalt in a duel. However, Romeo refuses to fight Tybalt, because Romeo now considers Tybalt to be kin due to his secret marriage to Juliet. Mercutio is incensed at his friend's "calm, dishonorable, vile submission", and decides to fight Tybalt himself, right before which, Mercutio refers to his sword as his "fiddlestick." Romeo, not wanting his friend or his relative to get hurt, attempts to intervene. He fails, however, as Mercutio gets stabbed under Romeo's arm and dies. Before he dies, Mercutio curses both the Montagues and Capulets, crying several times, "A plague o' both your houses!" (Act III, Sc. 1, often quoted as "A pox on both your houses"). He makes one final pun before he dies: "Ask for me to-morrow, and you shall find me a grave man." A grief-stricken and enraged Romeo kills Tybalt, resulting in his banishment from Verona and beginning the tragic turn of events that make up the rest of the play.
Name origins[edit]
The name Mercutio was present in Shakespeare's sources for Romeo and Juliet, though his character was not well developed and he was presented as a romantic rival for Juliet.[2] The name is first used in Luigi Da Porto's 1530 "Giulietta e Romeo". Da Porto briefly introduces a character named Marcuccio Guertio, a noble youth "with very cold hands, in July as in January", who makes Giulietta Cappelletti appreciate the warm hands of Romeo Montecchi.[3][4]
Mercutio's death[edit]
Earlier versions of the story described a different chain of events leading to Tybalt's death, omitting Mercutio completely. Arthur Brooke's The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet and William Painter's 1567 versions of the story both left the entire episode solely to Romeo and Tybalt. In both stories, Tybaltio attacks the pacifist Romeo with such force that Romeo is forced to take up the sword to defend himself. He is then banished rather than executed because the killing was provoked. In 1672, English poet John Dryden wrote, "Shakespeare show'd the best of his skill in his Mercutio, and he said himself, that he was forced to murder him in the third Act, to being killed by him."[5]
The addition of Mercutio into the fray increases the tension, and Tybalt is seen as a slightly more peaceful character than in previous versions, as Mercutio is disgusted by the fact that Tybalt continues to search for a quarrel with Romeo, when Romeo is trying to bring peace between them. Mercutio hurls insults and taunts at Tybalt, and draws the sword first, in reaction to Tybalt's insults, which are directed to Romeo.
Mercutio's death in Act III, scene I is the pivotal point of the play, which up to this point is relatively light-hearted.[6] Mercutio's death is sudden and makes death a dark reality for several characters, causing a domino effect of tragic fate that leads ultimately to the tragic climax.
Performers[edit]
A number of famous actors have played the role of Mercutio. A small sampling follows.
Stage[edit]
Orson Welles performed the role of Mercutio in repertory during the 36-week US tour of the Katharine Cornell company (1933–34)
In 1933–34, Orson Welles played the role of Mercutio in the Katharine Cornell company's seven-month nationwide tour
In 1935, Laurence Olivier and John Gielgud alternated the roles of Romeo and Mercutio in a London stage production directed by Gielgud.
In 1945, Ralph Richardson made his Broadway debut as Mercutio opposite the Romeo of Maurice Evans and the Juliet of Katharine Cornell.
In 1947, Paul Scofield played Mercutio in a production directed by Peter Brook.
In 1958, Alec McCowen enjoyed a major success as Mercutio in London.
In 2006, Benjamin Walker portrayed Mercutio during the Williamstown Theater Festival with Emmy Rossum as Juliet and Greg Hildreth as Benvolio.
Mickey Calin portrayed Riff Lorton, the Mercutio and Lord Montague character, in the stage musical of West Side Story.
In 2013, Luca Giacomelli Ferrarini played Mercutio in the stage musical of the Italian production "Romeo e Giulietta - Ama e cambia il mondo", directed by Giuliano Peparini.
In 2017, Eli Wilcox played Mercutio in the hit play, Romeo and Juliet, directed by Robert McDunnough & starring Christopher Ely as Romeo and Zachary Pringel as Juliet.[7]
Film[edit]
In 1936, John Barrymore portrayed Mercutio in George Cukor's film Romeo and Juliet opposite Leslie Howard as Romeo.
In 1961, Russ Tamblyn played the Mercutio character, Riff Lorton, in the film adaptation of West Side Story, the musical modernised version of Romeo and Juliet.
In 1968, John McEnery portrayed Mercutio in Franco Zeffirelli's film Romeo and Juliet.
In 1976, Robin Nedwell played Mercutio in the Thames Television production directed by Joan Kemp-Welch, with Christopher Neame as Romeo and Ann Hasson as Juliet.
In 1996, Harold Perrineau Jr. portrayed Mercutio in Baz Luhrmann's modernised version, William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet.
In 1998, Ben Affleck portrayed actor Edward Alleyn in the romantic comedy Shakespeare in Love. In the film, Alleyn serves as history's first Mercutio.
In 2007, Tetsuya Kakihara and Christopher Bevins voice Mercutio in the anime series Romeo x Juliet.
In 2011, Hale Appleman portrayed Mercutio in Alan Brown's Private Romeo, a modern-day adaptation set at an all-male military academy.
In 2013, Christian Cooke played Mercutio in the film adaption directed by Carlo Carlei, starring Douglas Booth as Romeo and Hailee Steinfeld as Juliet.
In 2013, Ricky McLennan played Mercutio in the film adaption "Romeo and Juliet: A Love Song", directed by Tim Van Dammen, starring Christopher Landon as Romeo and Derya Parlak as Juliet.
See also[edit]
William Shakespeare
Romeo and Juliet
Complete list of Shakespearean characters
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam Webster, Incorporated. 1995. p. 753. ISBN 978-0-87779-042-6. (The pronunciation mər-ˈkyü-shē-ō was transcribed to IPA per Pronunciation respelling for English.)
Jump up ^ Draper, John W. (1939). "Shakespeare's 'Star-Crossed Lovers'". The Review of English Studies. 15 (57): 16–34. JSTOR 509718.
Jump up ^ Harold Bloom, Introduction to Romeo and Juliet, Chelsea House Publishers, 2005, p. 15
Jump up ^ Geoffrey Bullough, Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare: Early Comedies, Poems, Romeo and Juliet, Routledge and Kegan Paul Lt, London, 1957, p. 270
Jump up ^ Scott, Mark W.; Schoenbaum, S. (1987). Shakespearean Criticism. 5. Detroit: Gale Research Inc. p. 415. ISBN 0-8103-6129-9.
Jump up ^ Maxwell, Jennifer. The Catalytic Function of Mercutio. Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. (doc)
Jump up ^ HERself
External links[edit]
Complete listing of all of Mercutio's lines
Mercutio Character Analysis
[show]
v
t
e
William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet
Characters
Romeo
Juliet
Mercutio
Tybalt
Benvolio
Friar Laurence
Nurse
Paris
Rosaline
Queen Mab
Atomy
Sources
The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet
Pyramus and Thisbe
Palace of Pleasure
Troilus and Criseyde
Ballets
Romeo and Juliet (1938, Prokofiev)
Romeo and Juliet (1962, Cranko)
Romeo and Juliet (1965, MacMillan)
Romeo and Juliet (1977, Nureyev)
Romeo and Juliet (1965, Lavery)
Radio and Juliet (2005)
Romeo + Juliet (2007, Martins)
Romeo and Juliet (2008, Pastor)
Operas
Romeo und Julie (1776, Benda)
Giulietta e Romeo (1796, Zingarelli)
Giulietta e Romeo (1825, Vaccai)
I Capuleti e i Montecchi (1830, Bellini)
Gloria (1874, Cilea)
Roméo et Juliette (1867, Gounod)
A Village Romeo and Juliet (1907, Delius)
Romeo und Julia (1940, Sutermeister)
Musicals
The Belle of Mayfair (1906)
West Side Story (1957)
Once on This Island (1990)
Roméo et Juliette, de la Haine à l'Amour (2001)
Giulietta e Romeo (2007)
Classical
Beethoven's String Quartet No. 1 (c. 1800)
Roméo et Juliette (1839, Berlioz)
Romeo and Juliet (1870, Tchaikovsky)
On screen
1900
1908
1916 Metro Pictures
1916 Fox
1936
1953
1954
1955
1964
1968
1978 (TV)
1992 (TV)
1996
2006
2007
2013
Film
adaptations
English
Beneath the 12-Mile Reef (1953)
Romanoff and Juliet (1961)
West Side Story (1961)
Gonks Go Beat (1965)
Lonesome Cowboys (1968)
Romie-0 and Julie-8 (TV; 1979)
The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet (1982)
Valley Girl (1983)
Bullies (1986)
China Girl (1987)
Romeo.Juliet (1990)
Tromeo and Juliet (1996)
Love Is All There Is (1996)
Rose by Any Other Name... (1997)
The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998)
Shakespeare in Love (1998)
The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns (1999)
Romeo Must Die (2000)
Brooklyn Babylon (2001)
Pizza My Heart (TV; 2005)
West Bank Story (2005)
Life and Lyrics (2006)
Romeo & Juliet: Sealed with a Kiss (2006)
Rome & Jewel (2006)
David & Fatima (2008)
The Cross Road (2008)
Vicious Circle (2008)
Gnomeo & Juliet (2011)
Private Romeo (2011)
Warm Bodies (2013)
Make Your Move (2013)
Romeo & Juliet (2013)
Hindi
Ek Duuje Ke Liye (1981)
Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988)
Saudagar (1991)
Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein (2002)
Bollywood Queen (2002)
Ishaqzaade (2012)
Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela (2013)
Issaq (2013)
Telugu
Maro Charitra (1978)
Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi (1996)
Kalisundam Raa (2000)
Maro Charitra (2010)
Spanish
Romeo and Juliet (1940)
Los Tarantos (1963)
30:e november (Swedish/Spanish 1995)
Amar te duele (2002)
Italian
Fury of Johnny Kid (1967)
Ma che musica maestro (1971)
Portuguese
Mônica e Cebolinha: No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta (1979)
O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta (2005)
Other
Ambikapathy (Tamil 1937)
Les amants de Vérone (French 1949)
Romeo, Juliet and Darkness (Czech 1960)
The Phantom Lover (Mandarin 1995)
Chicken Rice War (Cantonese/English 2000)
Ondagona Baa (Kannada 2003)
Mamay (Ukrainian 2003)
The District! (Hungarian 2004)
In Fair Palestine: A Story of Romeo and Juliet (2006)
The Bubble (Hebrew/Arabic 2006)
Priyatama (Marathi 2014)
Arshinagar (Bengali 2015)
Eeda (Malayalam 2017)
The Sea Prince and the Fire Child (Japanese 1981)
TV series
Sons and Daughters (1982)
Family and Friends (1990)
Villa Quintana (1995)
Yo amo a Paquita Gallego (1998)
Skin (2003)
A Touch Away (2006)
Dangerous (2007)
Romeo × Juliet (2007)
Romeo y Julieta (2007)
Saints & Sinners (2007)
Harina de otro costal (2010)
Villa Quintana (2013)
Westside (2013 pilot)
Star-Crossed (2014)
Still Star-Crossed (2017)
Plays
Romanoff and Juliet (1956)
Romeo and Juliet (2013)
Songs
Lan và Điệp (1930s)
"Montagues and Capulets" (1935)
"Fever" (1956)
Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet (1968)
"(Don't Fear) The Reaper" (1976)
"Angelo" (1978)
"Romeo and Juliet" (1978)
"Romeo and Juliet" (1981)
"Cherish" (1989)
"Amor Prohibido" (1994)
"Kissing You" (1996)
"Exit Music" (1997)
"Romeo and Juliet" (1998)
"Starcrossed" (2004)
"Peut-être toi" (2006)
"Mademoiselle Juliette" (2007)
"Love Story" (2008)
"Love Me Again"
"Laal Ishq"
"Mor Bani Thanghat Kare"
"Nagada Sang Dhol"
"Ram Chahe Leela" (2013)
Albums
Romeo and Juliet (1968)
Romeo + Juliet (1996)
Romeo & Julia (2006)
Tragic Lovers (2008)
Literature
Les Chouans
The Wandering Jew (1844)
The Stolen Dormouse (1941)
The Faraway Lurs (1963)
Romiette and Julio (2001)
New Moon (2006)
Warm Bodies (2010)
Art
Romeo and Juliet: the Tomb Scene (1790)
Romeo and Juliet (1978)
Phrases
"Star-crossed"
"A rose by any other name would smell as sweet"
Story within
a story
Nicholas Nickleby
1912 film
1947 film
1980 play
2001 film
2002 film
The Picture of Dorian Gray
1910 film
1913 film
1915 film
1916 film
1917 film
1918 film
1945 film
1976 TV special
2009 film
Harlequinade
W Juliet
"Nothing Broken but My Heart"
Panic Button
Bare: A Pop Opera
""Into the Light"
Bolji život
The Sky Is Everywhere
Pay as You Exit
The White Mercedes
She Died a Lady
"Moonshine River"
Rendez-vous
Fame
"I Am Unicorn"
The Frog Prince
Molly
Smart Girls Get What They Want
Tumbleweeds
"The Thief of Baghead"
The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke
Prince Charming
Km. 0
Phileine Says Sorry
Hamateur Night
"Say You'll Be Mine"
Into the Gauntlet
Wandering Son
K-On!
Foreign
stories
Adam Khan and Durkhanai
Tum Teav
Yusuf Khan and Sherbano
Solomon & Gaenor
Butterfly Lovers
Hani and Sheh Mureed
Lục Vân Tiên
film
Teav Aek
Layla and Majnun
Lovers of Teruel
film
Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie
Ishaqzaade
Other
Such Tweet Sorrow
Romeo and Juliet effect
After Juliet
"Upper West Side Story" (2012)
Millennium Dome Show
Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn
Boys Don't Cry
My Wedding and Other Secrets
Donkey in Lahore
Upside Down
Letters to Juliet
Sherlock Gnomes
Book:Romeo and Juliet
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Chris Griffin
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This article is about the Family Guy character. For other uses, see Chris Griffin (disambiguation).
This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Chris Griffin
Family Guy character
First appearance
"Death Has a Shadow"
Created by
Seth MacFarlane
Voiced by
Seth Green
Information
Full name
Christopher Cross Griffin
Occupation
High school student
Former paperboy
Family
Peter Griffin (father)
Lois Griffin (mother)
Meg Griffin (sister)
Stewie Griffin (brother)
Brian Griffin (dog)
Adam West (Uncle)
Carol West (aunt)
Nationality
American
Christopher Cross "Chris" Griffin[1] is a fictional character from the American animated television series Family Guy. He is the elder son and middle child of Peter and Lois Griffin and brother of Stewie and Meg Griffin. He is voiced by Seth Green and first appeared on television, along with the rest of the family, in a 15-minute short on December 20, 1998. Chris was created and designed by MacFarlane himself. MacFarlane was asked to pitch a pilot to the Fox Broadcasting Company, based on The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve, two shorts made by MacFarlane featuring a middle-aged man named Larry and an intellectual dog, Steve. After the pilot was given the green light, the Griffin family appeared in the episode "Death Has a Shadow".
Originally designed as a somewhat gregarious, yet still unintelligent teenager, Chris became more awkward and even more idiotic over the course of the show. Running gags in the series involving Chris include the existence of an 'Evil Monkey' in his closet (though it is later revealed that the monkey is not evil), him masturbating frequently, and his pedophile admirer Herbert.
Contents
[hide]
1 Character origins
2 Personality
3 Evil Monkey
4 Identification with Seth Green
5 Appearance
6 References
7 External links
Character origins[edit]
Chris' character resembles that of Milt's, the son of the main character Larry Cummings in The Life of Larry, one of the animated short films created by Seth MacFarlane at the Rhode Island School of Design in 1995 that led to the development of Family Guy.[citation needed] Chris was originally given a "punk" image, according to creator Seth MacFarlane's DVD commentary tracks. During the first three seasons, he wore gold earrings, and his painful awkwardness was not as emphasized as it was supposed to be in the series, as he has now slowly become more gregarious.[citation needed]
Personality[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Chris is an overweight, idealistic, outgoing, and good-hearted teenage boy. But aside from that, Chris deals with problems that any other pubescent boy would face: acne, girls, and school. On the Volume 1 DVD Boxset TV guides special Family Guy edition, it stated that Chris "wouldn't hurt a fly, unless it landed on his hot dog". Due to Chris' weight, he was referred to as an "Elephant Child" when he was born. In one episode as Chris runs away from his pedophile admirer, Herbert, Herbert murmers to himself, "Get your fat ass back here!"
Chris is more often than not willing to take drastic measures to get what he wants or needs, particularly when it comes to keeping up with his grades in school. He once believed that he got a bad grade on a mathematics test when he tickled his brain by sticking an army man's rifle into his nose and accidentally puncturing a lobe. Fortunately, he is more well-endowed than Peter is, as he has a variety of talents, such as drawing, filmmaking, video editing, playing sports at school, etc. He also has an encyclopedic knowledge of pop culture, as well as films, television series, actors and actresses, tropes, making a film good or bad, etc. Generally, Chris is a fast learner; in "Patriot Games", when the family moved to London, Chris was the only member of the family who learned how to speak cockney English in a matter of seconds.
Despite this, Chris can be naive, often to the point of having a tendency to get away with things. In "Lethal Weapons", when Peter and Lois were having a fist fight, Chris cheered for Peter, telling him to "kick her ass!"; earlier in the episode, after Chris breaks a vase with his basketball and Lois tells Peter to punish him, Peter tells him to "punish himself" and subsequently spanks himself. Also, in Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story, when the children watch Lois and Peter are trying to make out, Chris mistakes it for a fight and says, "I don't know what they're fighting about, Meg, but I think Dad's winning. Go Dad!" In the episode "Trading Places", after Chris accidentally damages Peter's dirt bike, Peter "punishes" him by making him start smoking.
For most of the series, Chris is more socially active at school than Meg is, having various friends, both of which are boys and girls, whilst attending Buddy Cianci Junior High School (later James Woods Regional High School). Not surprisingly, as the series progressed and Meg became more often seen with her group of friends, Chris' social status was boosted to the point of being friends with everyone at James Woods Regional High School.[episode needed] In Stew-Roids, the school's queen bee Connie D'Amico dates Chris, at first to be more popular because of "dating a loser", but begins to see Chris as he really is after he says he likes her as well. Later in the episode however, she dumps him after making out with two other boys at a house party, but everyone takes pity on Chris and shuns Connie. Angry at Chris for usurping her place on the school's "social ladder", she attempts to humiliate Chris by tricking Neil Goldman into showing the students a video of him re-enacting a scene from the Silence of the Lambs where Buffalo Bill dances nude in front of a mirror, but Meg and Chris's friends manage to stop her. Afterwards, Chris makes a speech over the PA system about what it is like to be popular, and then says "man, it's hard work being this shallow". In "Once Bitten", Chris becomes friends with Neil Goldman, the resident nerd who is Meg's self-proclaimed love interest. Although their friendship was initially a ploy for Neil to get closer to Meg, Neil feels bad for using Chris and returns to him to resume their newfound friendship.
Evil Monkey[edit]
In a running gag, starting in the episode "Dammit Janet!," Chris is regularly tormented by an evil monkey who lives in his closet, though whenever he complains about it to anyone, they (a reference to the iconic tale of the Boy Who Cried Wolf) often laugh along with him instead thinking it is a joke, after which the monkey appears with a malevolent grimace and points at Chris in a threatening manner. In "Hannah Banana", Chris proves the monkey's part in the show to the family, and even ends up becoming friends with him after the monkey (who appears not to be evil at all, but just a poor creature who was depressed after his ex-wife cheated on him with another monkey) helps him write out a book report and pass. The simian explains his frightening mannerisms as a result of various conditions and unintended actions. Chris introduces him to his friends, hang out with each other in fun places, and the monkey helps Chris in his studies in school, which Peter does not do. This, however, causes a rift between Chris and Peter when Chris realizes that the monkey cares more for him than his father. Eventually the monkey helps the two patch things up, especially after Peter saves the monkey from Miley Cyrus (who is depicted as an android) who had kidnapped him à la King Kong. After that, the monkey happily moves out of Chris' closet to live in the closet of Tom Tucker's son Jake, where the cycle will start in a new beginning, as Jake himself experiences difficulty with his father.
In a 2003 interview, Seth MacFarlane stated that the writers thought it would be funny to give Chris a childhood fear that is actually real, since he has "a childlike mind".[2] The monkey's trademark grimace and pointing was the idea of writer Mike Barker.[2]
Identification with Seth Green[edit]
Another running gag, starting in the Star Wars remake episode "Blue Harvest", has Chris defending Robot Chicken, a show created by portrayer Seth Green which is broadcast on the Adult Swim block on the Cartoon Network cable network. When Peter (Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane) denigrates that show in "Blue Harvest", Chris loses his temper and storms off. Carried on in "Something, Something, Something, Dark Side", though Chris attempts to keep a cool head, he storms off again when Peter offers to tell the story of Without a Paddle, a critically panned film that features Seth Green. Both these scenes happen in the framing device of the episode and not in the interior Star Wars narrative, in which Green portrays Chris as Star Wars hero Luke Skywalker. In the final Star Wars parody, "It's a Trap!", mocking Green's career provokes further anger in Chris; Chris tries to defend Green by citing Buffy the Vampire Slayer as an example of a success in Green's career, but Carter Pewterschmidt suggests that the popularity of Buffy had been largely over-stated by Entertainment Weekly. These taunts give Chris—in character as Skywalker—the conviction to fight back against Stewie/Darth Vader and Carter/Darth Sidious (both played by MacFarlane). In the closing scenes of the episode's framing device, Chris gets to reverse the joke by poking fun at Seth MacFarlane's career, going so far as to suggest that Family Guy is a rip-off of The Simpsons; MacFarlane is, however, defended by the characters whom he voices (Peter, Brian and Stewie).
Outside of the Star Wars-themed episodes, "Road to the Multiverse" plays on the running gag, but with Stewie (MacFarlane once more) provoking the Robot Chicken Universe counterpart of Chris by asking "How does it feel to be on a major network for thirty seconds?" which prompts Chris to say "Fuck you!".
Appearance[edit]
Chris is the only Griffin family member to have blond hair, which is odd considering that Peter has brown hair and Lois has orange hair. He, like Meg, wears a signature hat, an orange and black baseball cap, and dresses in a blue T-shirt, black pants, and white hi-top sneakers with red stripes. In several of the early episodes, he, along with Lois, has had his ears pierced and wore gold earrings.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Brian the Bachelor". Family Guy. Season 4. Episode 7. June 26, 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b "Seth MacFarlane Interview". TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2003-04-21. Retrieved 2009-12-18.
External links[edit]
Chris Griffin at Fox.com
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Help
Category:Writers from Haryana
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Writers from Haryana.
Subcategories
This category has the following 6 subcategories, out of 6 total.
► Women writers from Haryana (1 C, 7 P)
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► Dramatists and playwrights from Haryana (1 C, 1 P)
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► Journalists from Haryana (7 P)
N
► Novelists from Haryana (6 P)
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► Poets from Haryana (11 P)
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► Scholars from Haryana (1 C, 8 P)
Pages in category "Writers from Haryana"
The following 7 pages are in this category, out of 7 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).
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Urvashi Butalia
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Y
B. D. Yadav
J. N. Singh Yadav
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Kashmiri Lal Zakir
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Writers_from_Haryana&oldid=738587017"
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Medieval university
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This article is about Western European institutions. For other early centers of higher learning, see ancient higher-learning institutions. For an overview of medieval foundations, see List of medieval universities.
For a broader coverage related to this topic, see History of universities.
Illustration from a 14th-century manuscript showing a meeting of doctors at the University of Paris.
A medieval university is a corporation organized during the Middle Ages for the purposes of higher learning.
The first Western European institutions generally considered universities were established in the Kingdom of Italy, then part of the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of England, the Kingdom of France, the Kingdom of Spain, and the Kingdom of Portugal between the 11th and 15th centuries for the study of the Arts and the higher disciplines of Theology, Law, and Medicine.[1] These universities evolved from much older Christian cathedral schools and monastic schools, and it is difficult to define the exact date when they became true universities, though the lists of studia generalia for higher education in Europe held by the Vatican are a useful guide.
The word universitas originally applied only to the scholastic guilds—that is, the corporation of students and masters—within the studium, and it was always modified, as universitas magistrorum, universitas scholarium, or universitas magistrorum et scholarium. Eventually, however, probably in the late 14th century, the term began to appear by itself to exclusively mean a self-regulating community of teachers and scholars recognized and sanctioned by civil or ecclesiastical authority.[2]
From the early modern period onwards, this Western-style organizational form gradually spread from the medieval Latin west across the globe, eventually replacing all other higher-learning institutions and becoming the preeminent model for higher education everywhere.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Antecedents
2 Establishment
3 Characteristics
4 The students
4.1 Course of study
4.2 Legal status
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Antecedents[edit]
A map of medieval universities.
The university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting.[4][5] Prior to the establishment of universities, European higher education took place for hundreds of years in Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools (scholae monasticae), in which monks and nuns taught classes. Evidence of these immediate forerunners of the later university at many places dates back to the 6th century AD.[6]
With the increasing growth and urbanization of European society during the 12th and 13th centuries, a demand grew for professional clergy. Before the 12th century, the intellectual life of Western Europe had been largely relegated to monasteries, which were mostly concerned with performing the liturgy and prayer; relatively few monasteries could boast true intellectuals. Following the Gregorian Reform's emphasis on canon law and the study of the sacraments, bishops formed cathedral schools to train the clergy in Canon law, but also in the more secular aspects of religious administration, including logic and disputation for use in preaching and theological discussion, and accounting to more effectively control finances. Pope Gregory VII was critical in promoting and regulating the concept of modern university as his 1079 Papal Decree ordered the regulated establishment of cathedral schools that transformed themselves into the first European universities.[7]
Learning became essential to advancing in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, and teachers also gained prestige. Demand quickly outstripped the capacity of cathedral schools, each of which was essentially run by one teacher. In addition, tensions rose between the students of cathedral schools and burghers in smaller towns. As a result, cathedral schools migrated to large cities, like Bologna, Rome and Paris.
Some scholars such as Syed Farid Alatas have noted some parallels between Madrasahs and early European colleges and have thus inferred that the first universities in Europe were influenced by the Madrasahs in Islamic Spain and the Emirate of Sicily.[8] Other scholars such as George Makdisi, Toby Huff and Norman Daniel, however, have questioned this, citing the lack of evidence for an actual transmission from the Islamic world to Christian Europe and highlighting the differences in the structure, methodologies, procedures, curricula and legal status of the "Islamic college" (madrasa) versus the European university.[9][10][11]
Establishment[edit]
Teaching at Paris, in a late 14th-century Grandes Chroniques de France: the tonsured students sit on the floor.
Hastings Rashdall set out the modern understanding[12] of the medieval origins of the universities, noting that the earliest universities emerged spontaneously as "a scholastic Guild, whether of Masters or Students... without any express authorisation of King, Pope, Prince or Prelate."[13]
Among the earliest universities of this type were the University of Bologna (1088), University of Paris (teach. mid-11th century, recogn. 1150), University of Oxford (teach. 1096, recogn. 1167), University of Modena (1175), University of Palencia (1208), University of Cambridge (1209), University of Salamanca (1218), University of Montpellier (1220), University of Padua (1222), University of Toulouse (1229), University of Orleans (1235), University of Siena (1240), University of Valladolid (1241) University of Northampton (1261), University of Coimbra (1288), University of Pisa (1343), Charles University in Prague (1348), Jagiellonian University (1364), University of Vienna (1365), Heidelberg University (1386) and the University of St Andrews (1413) begun as private corporations of teachers and their pupils.[14][15]
In many cases universities petitioned secular power for privileges and this became a model. Emperor Frederick I in Authentica Habita (1158) gave the first privileges to students in Bologna. Another step was when Pope Alexander III in 1179 "forbidding masters of the church schools to take fees for granting the license to teach (licentia docendi), and obliging them to give license to properly qualified teachers".[16] Hastings Rashdall considered that the integrity of a university was only preserved in such an internally regulated corporation, which protected the scholars from external intervention. This independently evolving organization was absent in the universities of southern Italy and Spain, which served the bureaucratic needs of monarchs—and were, according to Rashdall, their artificial creations.[17]
The University of Paris was formally recognized when Pope Gregory IX issued the bull Parens scientiarum (1231).[16] This was a revolutionary step: studium generale (university) and universitas (corporation of students or teachers) existed even before, but after the issuing of the bull, they attained autonomy. "[T]he papal bull of 1233, which stipulated that anyone admitted as a teacher in Toulouse had the right to teach everywhere without further examinations (ius ubique docendi), in time, transformed this privilege into the single most important defining characteristic of the university and made it the symbol of its institutional autonomy . . . By the year 1292, even the two oldest universities, Bologna and Paris, felt the need to seek similar bulls from Pope Nicholas IV."[16]
Mob Quad, in Merton College, Oxford. This group of buildings was constructed in three phases and concluded in c. 1378.
By the 13th century, almost half of the highest offices in the Church were occupied by degreed masters (abbots, archbishops, cardinals), and over one-third of the second-highest offices were occupied by masters. In addition, some of the greatest theologians of the High Middle Ages, Thomas Aquinas and Robert Grosseteste, were products of the medieval university.
The development of the medieval university coincided with the widespread reintroduction of Aristotle from Byzantine and Arab scholars. In fact, the European university put Aristotelian and other natural science texts at the center of its curriculum,[18] with the result that the "medieval university laid far greater emphasis on science than does its modern counterpart and descendent."[19]
Although it has been assumed that the universities went into decline during the Renaissance due to the scholastic and Aristotelian emphasis of its curriculum being less popular than the cultural studies of Renaissance humanism, Toby Huff has noted the continued importance of the European universities, with their focus on Aristotle and other scientific and philosophical texts into the early modern period, arguing that they played a crucial role in the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries. As he puts it "Copernicus, Galileo, Tycho Brahe, Kepler, and Newton were all extraordinary products of the apparently procrustean and allegedly Scholastic universities of Europe... Sociological and historical accounts of the role of the university as an institutional locus for science and as an incubator of scientific thought and arguments have been vastly understated."[20]
Characteristics[edit]
Diagrams, in a volume of treatises on natural science, philosophy, and mathematics. This 1300 manuscript is typical of the sort of book owned by medieval university students.
Initially medieval universities did not have physical facilities such as the campus of a modern university. Classes were taught wherever space was available, such as churches and homes. A university was not a physical space but a collection of individuals banded together as a universitas. Soon, however, universities began to rent, buy or construct buildings specifically for the purposes of teaching.[21]
Universities were generally structured along three types, depending on who paid the teachers. The first type was in Bologna, where students hired and paid for the teachers. The second type was in Paris, where teachers were paid by the church. Oxford and Cambridge were predominantly supported by the crown and the state, which helped them survive the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1538 and the subsequent removal of all principal Catholic institutions in England. These structural differences created other characteristics. At the Bologna university the students ran everything—a fact that often put teachers under great pressure and disadvantage. In Paris, teachers ran the school; thus Paris became the premiere spot for teachers from all over Europe. Also, in Paris the main subject matter was theology, so control of the qualifications awarded was in the hands of an external authority - the Chancellor of the diocese. In Bologna, where students chose more secular studies, the main subject was law.
It was also characteristic of teachers and scholars to move around. Universities often competed to secure the best and most popular teachers, leading to the marketisation of teaching. Universities published their list of scholars to entice students to study at their institution. Students of Peter Abelard followed him to Melun, Corbeil, and Paris,[22] showing that popular teachers brought students with them.
The students[edit]
Students attended the medieval university at different ages—from 14 if they were attending Oxford or Paris to study the Arts, to their 30s if they were studying Law in Bologna. During this period of study, students often lived far from home and unsupervised, and as such developed a reputation, both among contemporary commentators and modern historians, for drunken debauchery. Students are frequently criticised in the Middle Ages for neglecting their studies for drinking, gambling and sleeping with prostitutes.[23]
Course of study[edit]
Universitas Istropolitana (A former university building in present-day Bratislava)
University studies took six years for a Master of Arts degree (a Bachelor of Arts degree was awarded after completing the third or fourth year). Studies for this were organized by the faculty of arts, where the seven liberal arts were taught: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, and rhetoric.[24][25] All instruction was given in Latin and students were expected to converse in that language.[26] The trivium comprised the three subjects that were taught first: grammar, logic, and rhetoric. These three subjects were the most important of the seven liberal arts for medieval students.[27] The curriculum came also to include the three Aristotelian philosophies: physics, metaphysics and moral philosophy.[27]
Much of medieval thought in philosophy and theology can be found in scholastic textual commentary because scholasticism was such a popular method of teaching. Aelius Donatus' Ars grammatica was the standard textbook for grammar; also studied were the works of Priscian and Graecismus by Eberhard of Béthune.[28] Cicero's works were used for the study of rhetoric.[27] Studied books on logic included Porphyry's introduction to Aristotelian logic, Gilbert de la Porrée's De sex principiis and Summulae Logicales by Petrus Hispanus (later Pope John XXI).[29] The standard work of astronomy was Tractatus de sphaera.[29]
Once a Master of Arts degree had been conferred, the student could leave the university or pursue further studies in one of the higher faculties, law, medicine, or theology, the last one being the most prestigious. A popular textbook for theological study was called the Sentences (Quattuor libri sententiarum) of Peter Lombard; theology students as well as masters were required to write extensive commentaries on this text as part of their curriculum.[citation needed] Studies in the higher faculties could take up to twelve years for a master's degree or doctorate (initially the two were synonymous), though again a bachelor's and a licentiate's degree could be awarded along the way.[30]
Courses were offered according to books, not by subject or theme. For example, a course might be on a book by Aristotle, or a book from the Bible. Courses were not elective: the course offerings were set, and everyone had to take the same courses. There were, however, occasional choices as to which teacher to use.[31]
A university class, Bologna (1350s).
Students often entered the University at fourteen to fifteen years of age, though many were older.[32] Classes usually started at 5:00 or 6:00 AM.
Legal status[edit]
Further information: Tenure (academic)
Students were afforded the legal protection of the clergy. In this way no one was allowed to physically harm them; they could only be tried for crimes in an ecclesiastical court, and were thus immune from any corporal punishment. This gave students free rein in urban environments to break secular laws with impunity, which led to many abuses: theft, rape and murder were not uncommon among students, who did not face serious consequences[33] and students were known to engage in drunkenness.
This led to uneasy tensions with secular authorities—the demarcation between town and gown. Masters and students would sometimes "strike" by leaving a city and not returning for years. This happened at the University of Paris strike of 1229 after a riot left a number of students dead. The University went on strike and they did not return for two years. As students had the legal status of clerics, which Canon Law prohibited for women, women were not admitted into universities.
Most universities in Europe were recognised by the Holy See as a Studium Generale, testified by a papal bull. Members of these institutions were encouraged to disseminate their knowledge across Europe, often lecturing at a different Studia Generales. Indeed, one of the privileges the papal bull confirmed was the right to confer the Ius ubique docendi, the right to teach everywhere.[34]
See also[edit]
List of oldest universities in continuous operation
Renaissance of the 12th century
Studium Generale
Ancient universities of Scotland
Town and gown
Nation (university)
University
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ de Ridder-Symoens 1992, pp. 47–55
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: History of Education. The development of the universities.
Jump up ^ Rüegg, Walter (ed.): Geschichte der Universität in Europa, 3 vols., C.H. Beck, München 1993, ISBN 3-406-36956-1
Jump up ^ Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. XIX–XX
Jump up ^ Verger 1999
Jump up ^ Riché, Pierre (1978): "Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century", Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, ISBN 0-87249-376-8, pp. 126-7, 282-98
Jump up ^ Thomas Oestreich (1913). "Pope St. Gregory VII". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Jump up ^ Alatas, S. F. (2006), "From Jami`ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue", Current Sociology, 54 (1): 112–132 [123–4], doi:10.1177/0011392106058837
Jump up ^ George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", in: Studia Islamica, Vol. 32 (1970), S. 255-264 (264):
Thus the university, as a form of social organization, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the middle ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite like it anywhere.
Jump up ^ The scholarship on these differences is summarized in Toby Huff, Rise of early modern science, 2nd ed. p. 149-159; p. 179-189.
Jump up ^ Norman Daniel: Review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1984), pp. 586-588 (587)
Jump up ^ Pryds, Darleen (2000), "Studia as Royal Offices: Mediterranean Universities of Medieval Europe", in Courtenay, William J.; Miethke, Jürgen; Priest, David B., Universities and Schooling in Medieval Society, Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, 10, Leiden: Brill, p. 83, ISBN 90-04-11351-7, ISSN 0926-6070, In his magisterial work on European universities, Hastings Rashdall [considered that] the integrity of a university is preserved only when the institution evolved into an internally regulated corporation of scholars, be they students or masters.
Jump up ^ Rashdall, Hastings (1895), The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, 1, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 17–18, retrieved February 2012, The University was originally a scholastic Guild, whether of Masters or Students. Such Guilds sprang into existence, like other Guilds, without any express authorisation of King, Pope, Prince, or Prelate. They were spontaneous products of the instinct of association that swept over the towns of Europe in the course of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "10 of the Oldest Universities in the World". Top Universities. 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2017-05-30.
Jump up ^ Seelinger, Lani. "The 13 Oldest Universities In The World". Culture Trip. Retrieved 2017-05-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kemal Gürüz, Quality Assurance in a Globalized Higher Education Environment: An Historical Perspective, Istanbul, 2007, p. 5
Jump up ^ Pryds, Darleen (2000), "Studia as Royal Offices: Mediterranean Universities of Medieval Europe", in Courtenay, William J.; Miethke, Jürgen; Priest, David B., Universities and Schooling in Medieval Society, Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, 10, Leiden: Brill, pp. 83–99, ISBN 90-04-11351-7, ISSN 0926-6070
Jump up ^ Toby Huff, Rise of early modern science 2nd ed. p. 180-181
Jump up ^ Edward Grant, "Science in the Medieval University", in James M. Kittleson and Pamela J. Transue, ed., Rebirth, Reform and Resilience: Universities in Transition, 1300-1700, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1984, p. 68
Jump up ^ Toby Huff, Rise of Early Modern science, 2nd ed., p. 344.
Jump up ^ A. Giesysztor, Part II, Chapter 4, page 136: University Buildings, in A History of the University In Europe, Volume I: Universities in the Middle Ages, W. Ruegg (ed.), Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Jump up ^ James M. Kittleson, Rebirth, reform and resilience: Universities in transition 1300-1700, (Columbus, Ohio State University Press, 1984), p. 164.
Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5022p3bhfmEC&lpg=PA150&dq=medieval%20universities%20nations&pg=PA125#v=onepage&q=false&f=false
Jump up ^ H. Rashdall, The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, 3 Volumes, F.M. Powicke, A.B. Emden (Eds. of 2nd Edition), Oxford University Press, 1936.
Jump up ^ G. Leff and J. North, Chapter 10: The Faculty of Arts, in A History of the University in Europe, Volume I: Universities in the Middle Ages, W. Ruegg (ed.), Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Jump up ^ Rait, R.S. 1912. Life in the Medieval University, p. 133
^ Jump up to: a b c Rait, R.S. 1912. Life in the Medieval University, p. 138
Jump up ^ Rait, R.S. 1912. Life in the Medieval University, pp. 138-139
^ Jump up to: a b Rait, R.S. 1912. Life in the Medieval University, p. 139
Jump up ^ O. Pedersen, The First Universities - Studium Generale and the Origins of University Education in Europe, Cambridge University Press, 1997
Jump up ^ Pedersen, o.c., Chapter 10: Curricula and intellectual trends.
Jump up ^ H. Rashdall, o.c., Volume 3, page 352.
Jump up ^ H. Rashdall, o.c., Volume 3, page 360.
Jump up ^ Rashdall, o.c., Chapter I, page 8.
References[edit]
Cobban, Alan B. English University Life in the Middle Ages Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8142-0826-6
Ferruolo, Stephen: The Origins of the University: The Schools of Paris and their Critics, 1100-1215 Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8047-1266-2
Haskins, Charles Homer: The Rise of Universities. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1972. ISBN 0-87968-379-1
Rashdall, Hastings, rev. by F. M. Powicke, and A. B. Emden: The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, 3 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1895; 1987, ISBN 0-19-821431-6
Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2
Rait, Robert S.: Life in the Medieval University, Cambridge University Press, 1931, ISBN 0-527-73650-3
Pedersen, Olaf, The First Universities: Studium Generale and the Origins of University Education in Europe, Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Seybolt, Robert Francis, trans.: The Manuale Scholarium: An Original Account of Life in the Mediaeval University, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1921
Thorndike, Lynn, trans. and ed.: University Records and Life in the Middle Ages, New York: Columbia University Press, 1975, ISBN 0-393-09216-X
Verger, Jacques (1999), "Universität", Lexikon des Mittelalters, 8, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, cols:1249–1255
External links[edit]
The Shift of Medical Education into the Universities
The Educational Legacy of Mediaeval and Renaissance Traditions.
From Manuscript to Print: Evolution of the Mediaeval Book.
Life of the Students at Paris.
Mediaeval History: A Mediaeval Atlas
Cambridge, A Brief History: The Mediaeval University.
Mediaeval Science, the Church, and Universities
Quality Assurance In A Globalized Higher Education Environment: An Historical Perspective (DOC file)
The Rise of Universities (classic), Charles Homer Haskins, 1923
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