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List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes
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This is a list of roots, suffixes, and prefixes used in medical terminology, their meanings, and their etymology. Most of them are combining forms in New Latin and hence international scientific vocabulary. There are a few general rules about how they combine. First, prefixes and suffixes, most of which are derived from ancient Greek or classical Latin, have a droppable -o-. As a general rule, this -o- almost always acts as a joint-stem to connect two consonantal roots, e.g. arthr- + -o- + logy = arthrology. But generally, the -o- is dropped when connecting to a vowel-stem; e.g. arthr- + itis = arthritis, instead of *arthr-o-itis. Second, medical roots generally go together according to language, i.e., Greek prefixes occur with Greek suffixes and Latin prefixes with Latin suffixes. Although international scientific vocabulary is not stringent about segregating combining forms of different languages, it is advisable when coining new words not to mix different lingual roots.
Contents
[hide]
1 Prefixes and suffixes
1.1 A
1.2 B
1.3 C
1.4 D
1.5 E
1.6 F
1.7 G
1.8 H
1.9 I
1.10 J
1.11 K
1.12 L
1.13 M
1.14 N
1.15 O
1.16 P
1.17 Q
1.18 R
1.19 S
1.20 T
1.21 U
1.22 V
1.23 X
1.24 Y
1.25 Z
2 English meanings
2.1 Roots of the body
2.1.1 Roots of bodily concepts
2.1.2 Roots of body parts and components
2.2 Roots of color
2.3 Roots of description
2.4 Roots of position
2.5 Prefixes of quantity or amount
3 See also
4 References
5 Bibliography
Prefixes and suffixes[edit]
The following is an alphabetical list of medical prefixes and suffixes, along with their meanings, origin, and English examples.
A[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
a-, an- not, without Ancient Greek ἀ-/ἀν- (a-/an-), not, without analgesic, apathy
ab- from; away from Latin abduction
abdomin- Of or relating to the abdomen Latin abdōmen, abdomen, fat around the belly abdomen, abdominal
-ac pertaining to Greek -ακός (-akos) cardiac, hydrophobiac
acanth- thorn or spine Ancient Greek ἄκανθα (ákantha), thorn acanthion, acanthocyte, acanthoma, acanthulus
acou-[1] Of or relating to hearing Greek ἀκούειν (akoúein), ἀκουστικός (akoustikós), of or for hearing acoumeter, acoustician, hyperacusis
acr- extremity, topmost Greek ἄκρον (akron), highest or farthest point acrocrany, acromegaly, acroosteolysis, acroposthia
-acusis hearing Greek ἀκουστικός (akoustikós), of or for hearing paracusis
-ad toward, in the direction of dorsad
ad- at, increase, on, toward Latin adduction
aden- Of or relating to a gland Ancient Greek ἀδήν, ἀδέν- (adēn, aden-), an acorn; a gland adenocarcinoma, adenology, adenotome, adenotyphus
adip- Of or relating to fat or fatty tissue Latin (adeps, adip-), fat Adipocyte
adren- Of or relating to adrenal glands Latin adrenal artery
-emia (BrE) blood condition Greek ἀναιμία, without blood Anemia
aer(o)- air, gas Greek ἀήρ, ἀέρος Aerosinusitis
aesthesi- (BrE) sensation Greek αἴσθησις Anesthesia
-al pertaining to Latin -alis abdominal, femoral
alb- Denoting a white or pale color Latin albus, white Albino
alge(si)- pain Greek ἄλγος Analgesic
-algia, alg(i)o- pain Greek Myalgia
all- Denoting something as different, or as an addition Ancient Greek ἄλλος (allos), another, other Alloantigen, allopathy
ambi- Denoting something as positioned on both sides; describing both of two Latin (ambi-, ambo), both, on both sides Ambidextrous
amni- Pertaining to the membranous fetal sac (amnion) Greek ἄμνιον Amniocentesis
amph(i)-, on both sides Greek ἀμφί (amphi) Amphicrania, amphismela, amphomycin
amylo- starchy, carbohydrate-related Latin amylum (starch) Amylase, amylophagia
an- not, without Greek Analgesia
ana- back, again, up Greek Anaplasia
an- anus Latin anal
andr- pertaining to a man Greek ἀνήρ, ἀνδρ- Android, andrology, androgen
angi- blood vessel Greek ἀγγεῖον angiogram, angioplasty
aniso- Describing something as unequal Ancient Greek ἄνῑσος (anīsos), unequal Anisocytosis, anisotropic
ankyl-, ancyl- Denoting something as crooked or bent Ancient Greek ἀγκύλος (ankýlos), crooked, curved Ankylosis
ante- Describing something as positioned in front of another thing Latin (āntē), before, in front of antepartum
anti- Describing something as 'against' or 'opposed to' another Ancient Greek αντι (anti), against Antibody, antipsychotic
apo- away, separated from, derived from Ancient Greek ἀπό Apoptosis
arch- first, primitive Ancient Greek archinephron
arsen(o)- Of or pertaining to a male; masculine Greek (arsein) arsenoblast
arteri(o)- Of or pertaining to an artery Ancient Greek ἀρτηρία (artēría), a wind-pipe, artery (used distinctly versus a vein) Arteriole, artery
arthr- Of or pertaining to the joints, limbs Ancient Greek ἄρθρον (árthron), a joint, limb Arthritis
articul- joint Latin articulus Articulation
-ary pertaining to Latin -arius biliary tract, coronary
-ase enzyme Greek διάστασις, division Lactase
-asthenia weakness Greek, ἀσθένεια Myasthenia gravis
atel(o)- imperfect or incomplete development atelocardia
ather- fatty deposit, soft gruel-like deposit ἀθάρη (athárē) Atherosclerosis
-ation process Latin medication
atri- an atrium (esp. heart atrium) Latin atrioventricular
aur- Of or pertaining to the ear Latin (auris), the ear Aural
aut- self Greek αὐτο- Autoimmune
aux(o)- increase; growth Auxocardia: enlargement of the heart, auxology
axill- Of or pertaining to the armpit (uncommon as a prefix) Latin (axilla), armpit Axilla
azo(to)- nitrogenous compound azothermia: raised temperature due to nitrogenous substances in blood
B[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
bacteri- Pertaining to bacteria Latin ("bacterium"); Greek βακτήριον ("baktḗrion"), “small staff” bacteriophage, bactericide
balan- Of the glans penis or glans clitoridis Greek βάλανος (bálanos), acorn, glans balanitis
bas- Of or pertaining to base Greek βάσις (básis), "foundation", "base" basolateral
bi- twice, double Latin Binary
bio- life Ancient Greek βίος (bíos) Biology
blast- germ or bud Greek βλαστός (blastós) Blastomere
blephar(o)- Of or pertaining to the eyelid Ancient Greek βλέφαρον (blépharon), eyelid Blepharoplasty
brachi(o)- Of or relating to the arm Latin (bracchium), from Ancient Greek βραχίων (brachiōn), arm Brachium of inferior colliculus
brachy- Indicating 'short' or less commonly 'little' Ancient Greek βραχύς (brachys), short, little, shallow brachycephalic
brady- 'slow' Ancient Greek βραδύς (bradys), slow Bradycardia
bronch(i)- of or relating to the bronchus Latin (bronchus); Ancient Greek βρόγχος (brónkhos), windpipe Bronchitis, bronchiolitis obliterans
bucc(o)- Of or pertaining to the cheek Latin (bucca), cheek Buccolabial
burs(o)- bursa (fluid sac between the bones) Latin (bursa), purse; Ancient Greek βύρσα (búrsa), hide, wine-skin Bursa, bursitis
C[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
capill- Of or pertaining to hair Latin (capillus), hair Capillus
capit- Pertaining to the head (as a whole) Latin (caput, capit-), the head capitation
carcin- cancer Greek καρκίνος (karkinos), crab carcinoma
cardi- Of or pertaining to the heart Ancient Greek καρδία (kardía), heart cardiology
carp- Of or pertaining to the wrist Latin (carpus) < Ancient Greek καρπός (karpós), wrist; NOTE: This root should not be confused with the mirror root carp(o)- meaning fruit. carpopedal spasm
cata- down, under Greek κατά (kata) Cataract, catabolism
-cele pouching, hernia Ancient Greek κήλη (kēlē) Hydrocele, Varicocele
-centesis surgical puncture for aspiration Ancient Greek κέντησις (kentēsis) amniocentesis
cephal(o)- Of or pertaining to the head (as a whole) Ancient Greek κεφαλή (képhalē), the head cephalalgy, hydrocephalus
cerat(o)- Of or pertaining to the cornu; a horn Ancient Greek κέρας, κερατ- (kéras, kerat-), a horn Ceratoid
cerebell(o)- Of or pertaining to the cerebellum Latin (cerebellum), little brain Cerebellum
cerebr- Of or pertaining to the brain Latin (cerebrum), brain Cerebrology
cervic- Of or pertaining to the neck, the cervix Latin (cervix, cervīc-), neck, cervix cervicodorsal
cheil- Of or pertaining to the lips Latin (cheilitis) angular cheilitis
chem- chemistry, drug Greek χημεία chemotherapy
chir-, cheir- Of or pertaining to the hand Ancient Greek χείρ, χειρο- (cheir, cheiro-), hand chiropractor
chlor- Denoting a green color Ancient Greek χλωρός (chlōros), green, yellow-green chlorophyll
chol(e)- Of or pertaining to bile Ancient Greek χολή (cholē), bile Cholaemia (UK)/ Cholemia (US), Cholecystitis
cholecyst(o)- Of or pertaining to the gallbladder Ancient Greek χοληκύστις (cholēkýstis), gallbladder < χολή (cholē), bile, gall + κύστις (kýstis), bladder Cholecystectomy
chondr(i)o- cartilage, gristle, granule, granular Ancient Greek χονδρός (chondros) Chondrocalcinosis
chrom(ato)- color Ancient Greek χρῶμα (chrōma) Hemochromatosis
-cidal, -cide killing, destroying Latin bacteriocidal
cili- Of or pertaining to the cilia, the eyelashes; eyelids Latin (cilium), eyelash; eyelid Ciliary
circum- Denoting something as 'around' another Latin (circum), around circumcision
cis- on this side Latin cis cisgender
clast break Greek κλαστός "broken" osteoclast
clostr- spindle Greek κλωστήρ (klōstēr) Clostridium
co- with, together, in association Latin coenzymes
col-, colo-, colono- colon κόλον (kólon) Colonoscopy
colp(o)- Of or pertaining to the vagina Ancient Greek κόλπος (kólpos), bosom, womb; hollow, depth Colposcopy
com- with, together Latin cum
contra against Latin Contraindicate
cor- with, together Latin corrective
cor- Of or pertaining to eye's pupil Ancient Greek κόρη (kórē), girl, doll; pupil of the eye Corectomy
cord- Of or pertaining to the heart (uncommon as a prefix) Latin (cor, cordi-), "heart" Commotio cordis
cornu- Applied to processes and parts of the body describing them likened or similar to horns Latin cornū, "horn" Greater cornu
coron(o)- pertaining to heart Latin corōna coronary heart disease
cortic(o) Cortex, or outer region Latin cortex, "Bark of a tree" Corticosteriod
cost- Of or pertaining to the ribs Latin (costa), "rib" Costochondral
cox- Of or relating to the hip, haunch, or hip-joint Latin (coxa), hip Coxopodite
crani(o)- Belonging or relating to the cranium Latin (cranium) < Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον (krānion), the cranium, skull, bones enclosing the brain Craniology
-crine, crin(o) to secrete εκκρίνει ecrine Endocrine
cry(o)- cold Greek κρύος Cryoablation
cutane- skin Latin cutis Subcutaneous
cyan(o)- Denotes a blue color Ancient Greek κύανος, κυάνεος (kýanos, kyáneos), blue Cyanopsia
cycl- circle, cycle Greek κύκλος (kuklos) Cyclosis
cyph(o)- Denotes something as bent (uncommon as a prefix) Ancient Greek κυφός (kȳphós), bent, hunchback Cyphosis
cyst(o)-, cyst(i)- Of or pertaining to the urinary bladder Ancient Greek κύστις κύστις (kýstis); bladder, cyst Cystotomy
cyt(o)-, -cyte cell Greek κύτος Cytokine, leukocyte
D[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
dacry(o)- Of or pertaining to tears Greek δάκρυ, tear Dacryoadenitis, dacryocystitis
-dactyl(o)- Of or pertaining to a finger, toe Ancient Greek δάκτυλος (dáktylos), finger, toe dactylology, polydactyly
de- from, down, or away from Latin de- dehydrate
dent- Of or pertaining to teeth Latin (dens, dentis), tooth Dentist
dermat(o)-, derm(o)- Of or pertaining to the skin Ancient Greek δέρμα, δέρματος (dérma, dérmat-), skin, human skin Dermatology, epidermis, hypodermic, xeroderma
-desis binding Greek δέσις (désis) arthrodesis
dextr(o)- right, on the right side Latin dexter Dextrocardia
di- two Greek δι- Diplopia
di- apart, separation Latin dilation, distal
dia- through, during, across Ancient Greek διά (diá), through, during, across dialysis
dif- apart, separation Latin different
digit- Of or pertaining to the finger [rare as a root] Latin (digitus), finger, toe Digit
diplo- twofold Greek διπλόος (diplóos) diploid, diplosis
-dipsia suffix meaning "(condition of) thirst"' Greek δίψα (dípsa) dipsomania, hydroadipsia, oligodipsia, polydipsia
dis- separation, taking apart Latin dis- Dissection
dors(o)-, dors(i)- Of or pertaining to the back Latin (dorsum), back dorsal, dorsocephalad
dromo- running, conduction, course Greek δρόμος (drómos) Dromotropic, syndrome
duodeno- duodenum, twelve: upper part of the small intestine (twelve inches long on average), connects to the stomach Latin duodeni Duodenal atresia
dynam(o)- force, energy, power Greek δύναμις (dúnamis) Hand strength dynamometer
-dynia pain Vulvodynia
dys- bad, difficult, defective, abnormal Greek δυσ- (dus-) dysentery, dysphagia, dysphasia
E[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
-eal pertaining to Latin adenohypophyseal, corneal, esophageal, perineal
ec- out, away Greek ἐκ- (ek-) Ectopia, ectopic pregnancy
ect(o)- outer, outside Greek ἐκτός (ektós) Ectoblast, ectoderm
-ectasia, -ectasis expansion, dilation Ancient Greek ἔκτασις (éktasis) Bronchiectasis, telangiectasia
-ectomy Denotes a surgical operation or removal of a body part. Resection, excision Ancient Greek ἐκτομή (ektomḗ), excision Mastectomy
-emesis vomiting condition Greek ἕμεσις (émesis) Hematemesis
-emia blood condition (Am Engl) Ancient Greek αἷμα, blood Anemia
encephal(o)- Of or pertaining to the brain. Also see Cerebro. Ancient Greek ἐγκέφαλος (enképhalos), the brain Encephalogram
endo- Denotes something as 'inside' or 'within' ἐνδο- (endo-), inside, internal Endocrinology, endospore
eosin(o)- Red Ancient Greek Eos, the Greek word for 'dawn' and the name of the Greek goddess of the dawn. Eosinophil granulocyte
enter(o)- Of or pertaining to the intestine Ancient Greek ἔντερον (énteron), intestine Gastroenterology
epi- on, upon Ancient Greek ἐπι- (epi-), before, upon, on, outside, outside of Epicardium, epidermis, epidural, episclera, epistaxis
episi(o)- Of or pertaining to the pubic region, the loins Ancient Greek ἐπίσιον- (epísion), the pubic area, loins; vulva Episiotomy
erythr(o)- Denotes a red color Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός (erythrós), red Erythrocyte
-esophageal, -esophago- gullet (AmE) Greek οἰσοφάγος (oisophágos) Esophagus
esthesio- sensation (AmE) Greek αἴσθησις (aisthēsis) Esthesioneuroblastoma, esthesia
eu- true, good, well, new εὖ (eû) Eukaryote
ex- out of, away from Latin Excision
exo- Denotes something as 'outside' another Ancient Greek ἐξω- (exo-), outside of, external Exophthalmos, exoskeleton
extra- outside Latin Extradural hematoma
F[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
faci- Of or pertaining to the face Latin faciēs, the face, countenance Facioplegic
fibr- fiber Latin fibra, fiber, filament, entrails[2] fibril, fibrin, fibrinous pericarditis, fibroblast
fil- fine, hair-like Latin (filum), thread Filament, filum terminale
foramen hole, opening, or aperature, particularly in bone Latin Foramen magnum
-form Used to form adjectives indicating 'having the form of' Latin (forma), form, shape cruciform, cuneiform, falciform
fore- before or ahead foregut
fossa A hollow or depressed area; trench or channel Latin (fossa), ditch, pit fossa ovalis
front- Of or pertaining to the forehead Latin (frōns, front-), the forehead frontonasal
G[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
galact(o)- milk Greek γάλα, γαλακτ- Galactorrhea
Galaxy
gastr(o)- Of or pertaining to the stomach Ancient Greek γαστήρ (gastēr), γαστρ-, stomach, belly Gastric bypass
-gen (1) Denotes the sense 'born in, from' (2) Denotes the sense 'of a certain kind' Ancient Greek -γενής (-genēs), from γεν-νάειν (gen-náein), to be born (1) Endogen; (2) Heterogenous
-genic Formative, pertaining to producing Greek Cardiogenic shock
genu- Of or pertaining to the knee Latin (genū), knee Genu valgum
-geusia Taste Ancient Greek γεῦσις (geusis) Ageusia, dysgeusia, hypergeusia, hypogeusia, parageusia
gingiv- Of or pertaining to the gums Latin gingīva, gum Gingivitis
glauc(o)- Denoting a grey or bluish-grey colour Ancient Greek γλαυκός (glaukos), grey, bluish-grey Glaucoma
gloss(o)-, glott(o)- Of or pertaining to the tongue Ancient Greek γλῶσσα, γλῶττα (glōssa, glōtta), tongue Glossology
gluco- sweet Greek γλυκός, sweet Glucocorticoid
glyc(o)- sugar Ancient Greek Glycolysis
gnath(o)- Of or pertaining to the jaw Ancient Greek γνάθος (gnáthos), jaw Gnathodynamometer
-gnosis knowledge Greek diagnosis, prognosis
gon(o)- seed, semen; also, reproductive Ancient Greek γόνος Gonorrhea
-gram, -gramme record or picture Greek γράμμα (gramma) Angiogram
-graph instrument used to record data or picture Ancient Greek -γραφία (-graphía), written, drawn, graphic interpretation Electrocardiograph
-graphy process of recording Ancient Greek Angiography
gyno-, gynaeco- (BrE), gyneco- (AmE) woman Greek γυνή, γυναικ- Gynecomastia
H[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
halluc- to wander in mind Classical Latin to wander in mind Hallucinosis
hemat-, haemato- (haem-, hem-) Of or pertaining to blood Latin (hæma) < Ancient Greek αἵμα, αἱματ- (haima, haimat-), blood Hematology, older form Haematology
hema- or hemo- blood (AmE) Greek Hemal, Hemoglobin
hemangi or hemangio- blood vessels Hemangioma
hemi- one-half Ancient Greek ἡμι- (hēmi-), "half" Cerebral hemisphere
hepat- (hepatic-) Of or pertaining to the liver Ancient Greek ἥπαρ, ἡπατο- (hēpar, hēpato-), the liver Hepatology, Hepatitis
heter(o)- Denotes something as 'the other' (of two), as an addition, or different Ancient Greek ἕτερος (héteros), the other (of two), another; different Heterogeneous
hidr(o)- sweat Greek ἱδρωτ- Hyperhidrosis
hist(o)-, histio- tissue Greek ἱστός Histology
home(o)- similar Ancient Greek ὅμοιος (homoios) Homeopathy
hom(o)- Denotes something as 'the same' as another or common Ancient Greek ὁμο- (homo-), the same, common Homosexuality
humer(o)- Of or pertaining to the shoulder (or [rarely] the upper arm) Latin (umerus), shoulder Humerus
hydr(o)- water Greek ὕδωρ Hydrophobe
hyper- Denotes something as 'extreme' or 'beyond normal' Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hyper), over, above; beyond, to the extreme Hypertension
hyp(o)- Denotes something as 'below normal' Ancient Greek ὑπ(ο)- (hypo-), below, under Hypovolemia,
hyster(o)- Of or pertaining to the womb, the uterus Ancient Greek ὑστέρα (hystéra), womb Hysterectomy, Hysteria
I[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
-i-asis condition, formation, or presence of Greek -ίασις Mydriasis
iatr(o)- Of or pertaining to medicine, or a physician (uncommon as a prefix; common as a suffix, see -iatry) Ancient Greek ἰᾱτρός (iātrós), healer, physician Iatrochemistry
-iatry Denotes a field in medicine of a certain body component Ancient Greek ἰᾱτρός (iātrós), healer, physician Podiatry, psychiatry
-ic pertaining to Greek -ικός (-ikos) Hepatic artery
-icle small Latin Ovarian follicle
-ics organized knowledge, treatment Latin -ica < Greek < -ικά Obstetrics
idio- self, one's own Greek ἴδιος, idios, "one's own" Idiopathic
ileo- ileum Greek ἰλεός Ileocecal valve
infra- below Latin Infrahyoid muscles
inter- between, among Latin Interarticular ligament
intra- within Latin intramural
ipsi- same Latin Ipsilateral
irid(o)- iris Greek ἴρις Iridectomy
isch- restriction Greek ἴσχω Ischemia
ischio- Of or pertaining to the ischium, the hip-joint Ancient Greek ἰσχιόν (ischión), hip-joint, ischium Ischioanal fossa
-ism condition, disease Dwarfism
-ismus spasm, contraction Greek -ισμός Hemiballismus
iso- Denoting something as being 'equal' Ancient Greek ἴσος (ísos), equal Isotonic
-ist one who specializes in Greek -ιστής (-istes) Pathologist
-ite the nature of, resembling Greek -ίτης Hermaphrodite
-itis inflammation Tonsillitis
-ium structure, tissue pericardium
J[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
juxta (iuxta) Near to, alongside or next to Latin Juxtaglomerular apparatus
K[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
kal- potassium hyperkalemia
kary-[3] nucleus Greek κάρυον (káruon), "nut" eukaryote
kerat-[4] cornea (eye or skin) Greek κέρας (kéras), "horn" keratoscope
kine-[5] movement Greek κινέω akinetopsia, kinesthesia
koil-[6] hollow Greek κοῖλος (koîlos) koilocyte
kyph-[7] humped Greek κυφός (kuphós) kyphoscoliosis
L[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
labi- Of or pertaining to the lip Latin (labium), lip labiodental
lacrim(o)- tear Latin Lacrimal canaliculi
lact(i)-, lact(o) milk Latin Lactation
lapar(o)- Of or pertaining to the abdominal wall, flank Ancient Greek λαπάρᾱ (lapárā), flank Laparotomy
laryng(o)- Of or pertaining to the larynx, the lower throat cavity where the voice box is Ancient Greek λάρυγξ, λαρυγγ- (lárynx, laryng-), throat, gullet Larynx
latero- lateral Latin Lateral pectoral nerve
lei(o)- smooth Greek λεῖος Leiomyoma
-lepsis, -lepsy attack, seizure Greek λῆψις Epilepsy, narcolepsy
lept(o)- light, slender Greek λεπτός (leptos) Leptomeningeal
leuc(o)-, leuk(o)- Denoting a white color Ancient Greek λευκός (leukos), white, bright Leukocyte
lingu(a)-, lingu(o)- Of or pertaining to the tongue Latin (lingua), tongue Linguistics
lip(o)- fat Greek λίπος (lipos) Liposuction
liss(os)- smooth Greek Λισσός (lissos) Lissencephaly
lith(o)- stone, calculus Greek λίθος (lithos) Lithotripsy
log(o)- speech Greek λόγος (logos) dialog, catalog, logos
-logist Denotes someone who studies a certain field (the field of _____-logy); a specialist; one who treats Ancient Greek λογιστής (logistēs), studier, practitioner Oncologist, pathologist
-logy Denotes the academic study or practice of a certain field; the study of Ancient Greek λόγoς (logos) study hematology, urology
lumb(o)-, lumb(a)- Of or relating to the part of the trunk between the lowest ribs and the pelvis. Latin (lumbus or lumbaris) loin Lumbar vertebrae
lymph(o)- lymph Latin lympha - water Lymphedema
lys(o)-, -lytic dissolution Greek Lysosome
-lysis Destruction, separation Greek λύσις Paralysis
M[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
macr(o)- large, long Greek μακρός Macrophage
-malacia softening Greek μαλακία Osteomalacia
mamm(o)- Of or pertaining to the breast Latin (mamma), breast; udder Mammogram
mammill(o)- Of or pertaining to the nipple Latin mammilla, nipple Mammillaplasty, Mammillitis
manu- Of or pertaining to the hand Latin (manus), hand Manufacture
mast(o)- Of or pertaining to the breast Ancient Greek μαστός (mastós), breast, women's breast; man's pectoral muscle Mastectomy
meg(a)-, megal(o)-, -megaly enlargement, million Greek μέγας Splenomegaly, Megameter
melan(o)- black color Ancient Greek μέλας, μελανο- (melas, melano-), black; dark Melanin
melos extremity Ancient Greek μέλος Erythromelalgia
mening(o)- membrane Greek μῆνιγξ, μηνιγγ- Meningitis
men- month, menstrual cycle Ancient Greek μήν (mḗn), month Menopause, Menorrhagia
mer- part Greek μέρος (meros), part Merocrine, Meroblastic
mes- middle Ancient Greek μέσος (mesos), "middle" Mesoderm
met, meta- after, beside, beyond or change Greek μετά Metacarpal, Metacarpus, Metacromion, Metanephros, Metatheria
-meter instrument used to measure or count Greek μέτρον Sphygmomanometer
-metry process of measuring Greek -μετρία Optometry
metr- Pertaining to conditions or instruments of the uterus Ancient Greek μήτρᾱ (mētrā), womb, uterus Metrorrhagia
micr- denoting something as small, or relating to smallness, millionth Ancient Greek μικρός (mikros), small Microscope
milli- thousandth Latin mille, thousand Milliliter
mon- single Greek μονός (monos) Infectious Mononucleosis
morph- form, shape Greek μορφή (morphē) Morphology
muscul(o)- muscle Latin Musculoskeletal system
my(o)- Of or relating to muscle Ancient Greek μῦς, μυ- (mys, my-), muscle; mouse; mussel Myoblast
myc(o)- fungus Greek μύκης, μυκητ- Onychomycosis
myel(o)- Of or relating to bone marrow or spinal cord Ancient Greek μυελόν (myelon), marrow; bone-marrow Myeloblast
myl(o)- Of or relating to molar teeth or lower jaw Greek (myle) Mylohyoid nerve
myri- ten thousand Ancient Greek μύριοι (mýrioi), myriad Myriad
myring(o)- eardrum Latin myringa Myringotomy
myx(o)- mucus Greek μύξα Myxoma
N[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
narc(o)- numb, sleep Greek νάρκη narcolepsy
nas(o)- Of or pertaining to the nose Latin (nāsum), nose nasal
necr(o)- death Greek νεκρός Necrosis, necrotizing fasciitis
neo- new Greek νέος Neoplasm
nephr(o)- Of or pertaining to the kidney Ancient Greek νεφρός (nephrós), kidney Nephrology
nerv- Of or pertaining to nerves and the nervous system [Uncommon as a root: neuro- mostly always used] Latin (nervus), tendon; nerve; Cognate with the Greek νευρον (neuron) (see below) Nerve, nervous system
neur(i)-, neur(o)- Of or pertaining to nerves and the nervous system Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neuron), tendon, sinew; nerve Neurofibromatosis
noci- pain, injury, hurt Latin (noceo) Nociception
normo- normal Latin Normocapnia
O[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
ocul(o)- Of or pertaining to the eye Latin (oculus), the eye Oculist
odont(o)- Of or pertaining to teeth Ancient Greek ὀδούς, ὀδοντ- (odoús, odont-), tooth orthodontist
odyn(o)- pain Greek ὀδύνη stomatodynia
-oesophageal, oesophago- (BrE) gullet Greek οἰσοφάγος oesophagus
-oid resemblance to Greek -οειδής Sarcoidosis
ole small or little Latin
olig(o)- Denoting something as 'having little, having few' Ancient Greek ὀλίγος (oligos), few Oligotrophy
om(o)- shoulder Ancient Greek ὠμός (ōmos), shoulder Omoplate
-oma (singular), -omata (plural) tumor, mass, fluid collection Greek -ωμα Sarcoma, teratoma, Mesothelioma
omphal(o)- Of or pertaining to the navel, the umbilicus Ancient Greek ὀμφαλός (omphalós), navel, belly-button Omphalotomy
onco- tumor, bulk, volume Greek ὄγκος Oncology
-one hormone
onych(o)- Of or pertaining to the nail (of a finger or toe) Ancient Greek ὄνυξ, ὀνυχο- (ónyx, ónycho-), nail; claw; talon Onychophagy
oo- Of or pertaining to an (egg), a woman's egg, the ovum Ancient Greek ᾠόν, ᾠο- (ōón, ōo-), egg, ovum Oogenesis
oophor(o)- Of or pertaining to the woman's (ovary) Neoclassical Greek ᾠοφόρον (ōophóron), ovary, egg-bearing Oophorectomy
ophthalm(o)- Of or pertaining to the (eye) Ancient Greek ὀφθαλμός (ophthalmós), the eye Ophthalmology
opistho- back, behind, rear[8] Greek roots, ὄπισθεν, opisthen meaning "behind"[9][better source needed][10] Opisthotonus
-opsy Examination or inspection Ancient Greek ὄψις (opsis), sight Biopsy, autopsy
optic(o)- Of or relating to chemical properties of the eye Middle French (optique) < Greek ὀπτικός (optikós); ώψ (opsi), vision. Cognate with Latin oculus, relating to the eye Opticochemical, biopsy
or(o)- Of or pertaining to the mouth Latin (ōs, or-), mouth Oral
-or one who doctor
orchi(o)-, orchid(o)-, orch(o)- testis Greek ὀρχις (orkhis, orkhi-) Orchiectomy, orchidectomy
orth(o)- Denoting something as straight or correct Ancient Greek ὀρθός (orthós), straight, correct, normal Orthodontist
-osis a condition, disease or increase Greek -ωσις Harlequin type ichthyosis, psychosis, osteoporosis
osse- bony Latin Osseous
ossi- bone Latin Peripheral ossifying fibroma
ost(e)-, oste(o)- bone Greek ὀστέον Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis
ot(o)- Of or pertaining to the ear Ancient Greek οὖς, ὠτ- (ous, ōt-), the ear Otology
-ous pertaining to Latin -osus porous
ovari(o)- Of or pertaining to the ovaries Latin (ōvarium), ovary Ovariectomy
ovo-, ovi-, ov- Of or pertaining to the eggs, the ovum Latin (ōvum), egg, ovum Ovogenesis
oxo- addition of oxygen Greek ὀξύς
oxy- sharp, acid, acute, oxygen Greek ὀξύς(oxus) Oxytocin, oxygenated, oxycodone
P[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
pachy- thick Greek παχύς pachyderma
palpebr- Of or pertaining to the eyelid (uncommon as a root) Latin (palpebra), eyelid palpebra
pan-, pant(o)- Denoting something as 'complete' or containing 'everything'; "all" Ancient Greek πᾶς, παν- (pas, pan-), all, every panophobia, panopticon, pancytopenia (deficiency in 'ALL' blood cell types - erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes)[11]
papill- Of or pertaining to the nipple (of the chest/breast) Latin (papilla), nipple; diminutive of papula (see below) papillitis
papul(o)- Indicates papulosity, a small elevation or swelling in the skin, a pimple, swelling Latin (papula), pimple, pustle; a small elevation or swelling in the skin papulation
para- alongside of Ancient Greek παρά (para) paracyesis
-paresis slight paralysis Greek πάρεσις hemiparesis
parvo- small Latin parvus Parvovirus
path(o)- disease Greek πάθος Pathology
-pathy Denotes (with a negative sense) a disease, or disorder Ancient Greek πάθος (pathos), suffering, accident sociopathy, neuropathy
pauci- Few Latin paucus Pauci-immune
pector- breast or chest Latin pectus pectoralgia, pectoriloquy, pectorophony
ped-, -ped-, -pes Of or pertaining to the foot; -footed Latin pēs, pēd-, foot Pedoscope
ped-, pedo- Of or pertaining to the child Ancient Greek παιδός, child pediatrics. pedophilia
pelv(i)-, pelv(o)- hip bone Latin Pelvis
-penia deficiency Greek πενία osteopenia
peo- Of or pertaining to the penis Greek πέος (peos) Peotomy
-pepsia Denotes something relating to digestion, or the digestive tract. Ancient Greek πεπτός (peptós) cooked, digested < πέσσω (péssō) I boil, cook; digest Dyspepsia
per- through Latin percutaneous
peri- Denoting something with a position 'surrounding' or 'around' another Ancient Greek περί (peri), around Periodontal
-pexy fixation Greek πῆξις Nephropexy
phaco- lens-shaped Greek φακός phacolysis, phacometer, phacoscotoma
-phage, -phagia Forms terms denoting conditions relating to eating or ingestion Ancient Greek φαγία (phagía) eating < φαγεῖν (phagein) to eat Sarcophagia
-phago- eating, devouring Greek -φάγος phagocyte
phagist- Forms nouns that denote a person who 'feeds on' the first element or part of the word Ancient Greek φαγιστής (phagistēs) eater; see -phagia Lotophagi
-phagy Forms nouns that denotes 'feeding on' the first element or part of the word Ancient Greek φαγία (phagia) eating; see -phagia hematophagy
phall- phallus Greek φαλλός (phallos) Aphallia
pharmac- drug, medication Greek φάρμακον pharmacology
pharyng- Of or pertaining to the pharynx, the upper throat cavity Ancient Greek φάρυγξ, φαρυγγ- (phárynx, pháryng-), throat, windpipe; chasm pharyngitis, pharyngoscopy
-phil(ia) attraction for Greek φιλία hemophilia
phleb- Of or pertaining to the (blood) veins, a vein Ancient Greek φλέψ, φλεβ- (phleps, phlebo-), blood-vessel, vein phlebography, phlebotomy
-phobia exaggerated fear, sensitivity, aversion Greek φόβος arachnophobia
phon- sound Greek φωνή phonograph, symphony
phos- Of or pertaining to light or its chemical properties, now historic and used rarely. See the common root phot- below. Ancient Greek φῶς, φωτ- (phōs, phōt-), light phosphene
phot- Of or pertaining to light Ancient Greek φῶς, φωτ- (phōs, phōt-), light photopathy
phren-, phrenic- the mind Greek φρήν, φρεν- phrenic nerve, schizophrenia
phyllo- leaf-like phyllodes tumour
phyt- to grow hydrophyte
pia- soft pia mater
piri- Pear Latin pirum, pear Piriformis muscle
-plasia formation, development Greek πλάσις Achondroplasia
-plasty surgical repair, reconstruction Greek πλαστός rhinoplasty
-plegia paralysis Greek πληγή paraplegia
pleio- more, excessive, multiple Greek pleion pleiomorphism
pleur- Of or pertaining to the ribs Latin (pleura) from Ancient Greek πλευρόν (pleurón), rib, side of the body Pleurogenous
-plexy stroke or seizure Greek πλῆξις Cataplexy
pne-, pneum- air, breath, lung Ancient Greek πνεῖν (pneîn), πνεῦμα, πνεύματος (pneûma), πνεύμων (pneúmōn) apnea, pneumatology, pneumonocyte, pneumonia
pod-, -pod-, -pus Of or pertaining to the foot, -footed Ancient Greek πούς, ποδ- (poús, pod-), foot podiatry
-poiesis production hematopoiesis
polio- Denoting a grey color Ancient Greek πολιός (poliós), "grey" poliomyelitis
poly- Denotes a 'plurality' of something Ancient Greek πολυς (polys), "much, many" polymyositis
por- pore, porous πόρος (póros) pore
porphyr- Denotes a purple color Ancient Greek πορπύρα (porphýra), "purple" porphyroblast
post- Denotes something as 'after' or 'behind' another Latin (post), after, behind postoperation, postmortem
pre- Denotes something as 'before' another (in [physical] position or time) Medieval Latin (pre-) < (Classical) Latin (præ), before, in front of premature birth
presby- old age Greek presbyopia, presbycusis[12]
prim- Denotes something as 'first' or 'most-important' Latin prīmus, first, most important primary
pro- Denotes something as 'before' another (in [physical] position or time) Ancient Greek προ (pro), before, in front of procephalic
proct- anus, rectum proctology
prosop- face Greek (prosopon), face, mask prosopagnosia
prot- Denotes something as 'first' or 'most important' Ancient Greek πρωτος (prōtos), first; principal, most important protoneuron
pseud- Denotes something false or fake Ancient Greek pseudoephedrine
psor- Itching psoriasis
psych- Of or pertaining to the mind Ancient Greek ψυχή (psyché), breath, life, soul psychology, psychiatry
pterygo- Pertaining to a wing Greek lateral pterygoid plate
-ptosis falling, drooping, downward placement, prolapse apoptosis, nephroptosis
-ptysis spitting Greek hemoptysis, the spitting of blood derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes
pulmon-, pulmo- Of or relating to the lungs Latin (pulmo, pulmōn-, usually used in plural), a lung pulmonary
py- pus Greek πύον pyometra
pyel- pelvis Ancient Greek (pyelos) pyelonephritis
pykno- to thicken (as the nucleus does in early stages of cell death) Greek πυκνωνω, to thicken or condense pyknosis
pylor- gate Greek pyloric sphincter
pyr- fever Greek πῦρ, πυρετός antipyretic
Q[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
quadr(i)- four Latin quadriceps
R[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
radi- radiation Latin radiowave
radic- referring to the beginning, or the root, of a structure, usually a nerve or a vein Latin (radix) root radiculopathy
re- again, back Latin relapse
rect- rectum Latin rectal, rectum
ren- Of or pertaining to the kidney Latin (rēnes), kidney renal
reticul(o)- net Latin reticulocyte
retro- backward, behind Latin retroversion, retroverted
rhabd(o)- rod shaped, striated Greek ῥάβδος rhabdomyolysis
rhachi(o)- spine Greek ῥάχις rachial, rachialgia, rachidian, rachiopathy
rhin(o)- Of or pertaining to the nose Ancient Greek ῥίς, ῥῑνο- (rhīs, rhīno-), nose rhinoceros, rhinoplasty
rhod(o)- Denoting a rose-red color Ancient Greek ῥόδον (rhódon), rose rhodophyte
-rrhage burst forth Greek -ρραγία Hemorrhage
-rrhagia rapid flow of blood Greek -ρραγία menorrhagia
-rrhaphy surgical suturing Greek ῥαφή neurorrhaphy
-rrhea (AmE) flowing, discharge Greek -ρροια Galactorrhea, Diarrhea
-rrhexis rupture Greek ῥῆξις Karyorrhexis
-rrhoea (BrE) flowing, discharge Greek -ρροια diarrhoea
rubr(o)- Of or pertaining to the red nucleus of the brain Latin (ruber), red Rubrospinal
-rupt Break or burst Latin Erupt, Interrupt
S[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
salping(o)- Of or pertaining to tubes e.g. fallopian tubes Ancient Greek σάλπιγξ, σαλπιγγ-, (sálpinx, salpingo-) trumpet (literally) Salpingectomy, salpingopharyngeus muscle
sangui-, sanguine- Of or pertaining to blood Latin (sanguis, sanguin-), blood Sanguine
sarco- muscular, fleshlike Greek σάρξ, σαρκ- sarcoma, sarcoidosis
schist(o)- split, cleft Greek σχιστός (schistos) schistocyte
schiz(o)- Denoting something 'split' or 'double-sided' Ancient Greek σχιζω; irregular formation of the verb σχίζειν (schizein), to cut, split Schizophrenia
scler(o)- hard Greek σκληρός Scleroderma
-sclerosis hardening Greek σκλήρωσις Atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis
scoli(o)- twisted Greek σκολιός (skolios) scoliosis
-scope instrument for viewing Greek -σκόπος stethoscope
-scopy use of instrument for viewing Greek -σκοπία endoscopy
scoto- darkness Greek σκότος (skotos) scotopic vision
semi- one-half, partly Latin semiconscious
sial(o)- saliva, salivary gland Greek σίαλος (sialos) sialagogue
sigmoid(o)- sigmoid, S-shaped curvature Greek σιγμοειδής sigmoid colon
sinistr(o)- left, left side Latin
sinus- Of or pertaining to the sinus Latin (sinus), a curve, bend, bay Sinusitis
sito- food, grain Greek σῖτος (sitos) Sitophobia
somat(o)-, somatico- body, bodily Greek σῶμα (sōma) somatic
somn(o) Sleep insomniac[13]
-spadias slit, fissure Greek σπάδων hypospadias, epispadias
spasmo- spasm Greek σπασμός Spasmodic dysphonia
sperma-, spermo-, spermato- semen, spermatozoa Greek σπέρμα (sperma) Spermatogenesis
splanchn(i)-, splanchn(o)- viscera Greek σπλάγχνον splanchnology
splen(o)- spleen Greek σπλήν, σπλην- Splenectomy
spondyl(o)- Of or pertaining to the spine, the vertebra Greek σπόνδυλος / σφόνδυλος, (spóndylos, sphóndylos), the spine Spondylitis
squamos(o)- Denoting something as 'full of scales' or 'scaly' Latin sqāmōsus, full of scales; scaly Squamous cell
-stalsis contraction Greek στάλσις Peristalsis
-stasis stopping, standing Greek στάσις Cytostasis, homeostasis
-staxis dripping, trickling Greek στάξις, στακτός
sten(o)- Denoting something as 'narrow in shape' or pertaining to narrowness Ancient Greek στενός (stenos); narrow, short Stenography
-stenosis abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure Ancient Greek στένωσις (stenōsis) restenosis, stenosis
steth- Of or pertaining to the upper chest, chest, the area above the breast and under the neck Ancient Greek στῆθος (stēthos), chest, cuirass stethoscope
stheno- strength, force, power Greek σθένος
stom-, stomat- Of or pertaining to the mouth; an artificially created opening[14] Ancient Greek στόμα, στοματ- (stóma, stomat-), "mouth" stomatogastric, stomatognathic system
-stomy creation of an opening Greek -στομία colostomy
sub- beneath, under Latin subcutaneous tissue
super- in excess, above, superior Latin superior vena cava
supra- above, excessive Latin supraorbital vein
sy, syl-, sym-, syn-, sys- Indicates similarity, likeness, or being together; assimilates before some consonants: before l to syl-, s to sys-, before a labial consonant to sym-. Ancient Greek συν- (syn), with, together symptom, synalgia, synesthesia, syssarcosis
T[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
tachy- Denoting something as fast, irregularly fast Ancient Greek ταχύς (tachys), fast, quickly tachycardia
-tension, -tensive pressure Latin Hypertension
terato- Monster Ancient Greek teras(s) terata(pl) teratoma, teratogen
tetan- rigid, tense Ancient Greek tetanos tetanus
thec- case, sheath Ancient Greek θήκη (thēkē) Intrathecal
thel- Of or pertaining to a nipple (uncommon as a prefix) Ancient Greek θηλή (thēlē), a teat, nipple Theleplasty, thelarche
thely- Denoting something as 'relating to a woman, feminine' Ancient Greek θῆλυς (thēlys), female, feminine Thelygenous
therap- treatment Ancient Greek (therapeía) hydrotherapy, therapeutic
therm(o)- heat Ancient Greek θερμός (thermós) Hypothermia
thorac(i)-, thorac(o)-, thoracico- Of or pertaining to the upper chest, chest; the area above the breast and under the neck Latin (thōrāx) < Ancient Greek θώραξ (thōrax), chest, cuirass thoracic, thorax
thromb(o)- Of or relating to a blood clot, clotting of blood Ancient Greek θρόμβος (thrómbos), lump, piece, clot of blood Thrombus, thrombocytopenia
thyr(o)- thyroid Greek θυρεο-ειδής
thym- emotions Greek: "thymos", spirit, soul; courage; breath, mind, emotions dysthymia
-tic pertaining to Greek -τικός
toco- childbirth Greek τόκος
-tome cutting instrument Greek τομή (tomē)
-tomy act of cutting; incising, incision Greek -τομία Gastrotomy
ton- tone, tension, pressure Greek τόνος (tonos)
-tony tension Greek -τονία
top(o)- place, topical Greek τόπος (topos) Topical anesthetic
tort(i)- twisted Latin tortus Torticollis
tox(i)-, tox(o)-, toxic(o)- toxin, poison Greek τοξικόν Toxoplasmosis
trache(a)- trachea Greek τραχεία Tracheotomy
trachel(o)- Of or pertaining to the neck Ancient Greek τράχηλος (tráchēlos), neck tracheloplasty
trans- Denoting something as moving or situated across or through Latin trāns, "across, through" Transfusion
tri- three Latin triangle, triceps
trich(i)-, trichia, trich(o)- Of or pertaining to hair, hair-like structure Ancient Greek θρίξ, τριχ(ο)- (thríx, trich(o)-), hair Trichocyst
-tripsy crushing Greek τρίψις Lithotripsy
-trophy nourishment, development Greek -τροφία, τροφή Pseudohypertrophy
tympan(o)- eardrum Greek τύμπανον Tympanocentesis
U[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
-ula, -ule small Latin Nodule
ultra- beyond, excessive Latin ultra Ultrasound, ultraviolet
umbilic- Of or pertaining to the navel, the umbilicus Latin umbilīcus, navel, belly-button Umbilical
ungui- Of or pertaining to the nail, a claw Latin unguis, nail, claw Unguiform, Ungual
un(i)- one Latin unus Unilateral hearing loss
ur- Of or pertaining to urine, the urinary system Greek οὐρεῖν (oureîn); οὖρον (oûron), urine; οὐρητήρ (ourētḗr); οὐρήθρα (ourḗthra) antidiuretic, diuresis, diuretic, dysuria, enuresis, polyurea, polyuria, uraemia/uremia, uremic, ureter, urethra, urology
uric- uric acid Greek οὐρικός
urin- Of or pertaining to urine, the urinary system Latin ūrīna, urine < Ancient Greek ουρον (ouron), see above. Uriniferous
uter(o)- Of or pertaining to the uterus or womb Latin (uterus), womb, uterus Uterus
V[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
vagin- Of or pertaining to the vagina Latin (vāgīna), sheath, scabbard Vagina
varic(o)- swollen or twisted vein Latin varix varicose
vas(o)- duct, blood vessel Latin vasoconstriction
vasculo- blood vessel Latin vāsculum
ven- Of or pertaining to the veins, venous blood, and the vascular system Latin (vēna), blood-vessel, vein Venule, Venospasm
ventr(o)- Of or pertaining to the belly; the stomach cavities Latin (venter), the belly, the stomach; the womb Ventrodorsal
ventricul(o)- Of or pertaining to the ventricles; any hollow region inside an organ Latin (venter), the ventricles of the heart, the ventricles of the brain Cardiac ventriculography
-version turning Latin versiō anteversion, retroversion
vesic(o)- Of or pertaining to the bladder Latin (vēsīca), bladder; blister vesical arteries
viscer(o)- Of or pertaining to the internal organs, the viscera Latin (viscus, pl. viscera), internal organ(s) Viscera
X[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
xanth(o)- Denoting a yellow color, an abnormally yellow color Greek ξανθός (xanthós), yellow Xanthopathy
xen(o)- Foreign, different Greek ξένος (xénos), stranger Xenograft
xer(o)- dry, desert-like Greek ξηρός (xērós), dry Xerostomia, xeroderma
xiph- sword Greek ξίφος (xíphos), sword xiphisternum, xiphoid, xiphoidalgia
Y[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
-y condition or process of Latin -ia < Greek -ία Surgery
Z[edit]
Affix
Meaning
Origin language and etymology
Example(s)
zo(o)- animal, animal life Greek ζῷον zoology
zym(o)- fermentation Greek ζύμη enzyme, lysozyme
English meanings[edit]
This section contains lists of different root classification (e.g. body components, quantity, description, etc.). Each list is alphabetized by English meanings, with the corresponding Greek and Latin roots given.
Roots of the body[edit]
Roots of bodily concepts[edit]
Bodily concept
Greek root in English
Latin root in English
Other root in English
Digestion -pepsia - -
Disease -pathy - -
Eating -phagia -vory -
Roots of body parts and components[edit]
(Internal anatomy, external anatomy, body fluids, body substances)
Body part or component
Greek root
Latin root
Other root
abdomen lapar- abdomin- -
aorta aort(o)- aort(o)- -
arm brachi- arm- -
armpit maschal- axill- -
artery arteri- – -
back not- dors- -
big toe – allic-, hallic- -
bladder cyst- vesic- -
blood haemat-, hemat- (haem-, hem-) sangui-, sanguin- -
blood clot thromb- – -
blood vessel angi- vas-, vascul- -
body somat-, som- corpor- -
bone oste- ossi- -
bone marrow, marrow myel- medull- -
brain encephal(o)- cerebr- -
breast mast- mamm(o)- -
chest steth- pector- -
cheek parei- bucc- -
ear ot(o)- aur(i)- -
eggs, ova oo- ov- -
eye ophthalm(o)- ocul(o)- optic(o)- (French)
eyelid blephar(o)- cili-, palpebr- -
face prosop(o)- faci(o)- -
fallopian tubes salping(o)- – -
fat, fatty tissue lip(o)- adip- -
finger dactyl(o)- digit- -
forehead - front(o)- -
gallbladder cholecyst(o)- fell- -
genitals, sexually undifferentiated gon(o)-, phall(o)- - -
gland aden(o)- - -
glans penis or clitoridis balan(o)- - -
gums - gingiv- -
hair trich(o)- capill- -
hand cheir(o)-, chir(o)- manu- -
head cephal(o)- capit(o)- -
heart cardi(o)- cordi- -
hip, hip-joint - cox- -
horn cerat(o)- cornu- -
intestine enter(o)- - -
jaw gnath(o)- - -
kidney nephr(o)- ren- -
knee gon- genu- -
lip cheil(o)-, chil(o)- labi(o)- -
liver hepat(o)-, (hepatic-) jecor- -
loins, pubic region episi(o)- pudend- -
lungs pneumon- pulmon(i)-, (pulmo-) -
marrow, bone marrow myel(o)- medull- -
mind psych- ment- -
mouth stomat(o)- or- -
muscle my(o)- - -
nail onych(o)- ungui- -
navel omphal(o)- umbilic- -
neck trachel(o)- cervic- -
nerve; the nervous system neur(o)- nerv- -
nipple, teat thele- papill-, mammill- -
nose rhin(o)- nas- -
ovary oophor(o)- ovari(o)- -
pelvis pyel(o)- pelv(i)- -
penis pe(o)- - -
pupil (of the eye) cor-, core-, coro- - -
rib pleur(o)- cost(o)- -
rib cage thorac(i)-, thorac(o)- - -
shoulder om(o)- humer(o)- -
sinus - sinus- -
skin dermat(o)-, (derm-) cut-, cuticul- -
skull crani(o)- - -
stomach gastr(o)- ventr(o)- –
testis orchi(o)-, orchid(o)- - –
throat (upper throat cavity) pharyng(o)- - –
throat (lower throat cavity/voice box]) laryng(o)- - –
thumb - pollic- –
tooth odont(o)- dent(i)- –
tongue gloss-, glott- lingu(a)- –
toe dactyl(o)- digit- –
tumour cel-, onc(o)- tum- –
ureter ureter(o)- ureter(o)- –
urethra urethr(o)-, urethr(a)- urethr(o)-, urethr(a)- –
urine, urinary system ur(o)- urin(o)- –
uterine tubes salping(o)- salping(o)- –
uterus hyster(o)-, metr(o)- uter(o)- –
vagina colp(o)- vagin- –
vein phleb(o)- ven- –
vulva episi(o)- vulv- –
womb hyster(o)-, metr(o)- uter(o)- –
wrist carp(o)- carp(o)- –
Roots of color[edit]
Color
Greek root in English
Latin root in English
Other root
black melan- atr-, nigr- –
blue cyan- cerule- –
gold chrys- aur- –
gray, grey poli- can- –
green chlor- vir- –
purple porphyr- purpur-, purpureo- –
red erythr-, rhod- rub-, rubr-, ruf- –
red-orange cirrh- – –
silver – argent- –
white leuc-, leuk- alb-, cand- –
yellow xanth- flav- jaun- (French)
Roots of description[edit]
(Size, shape, strength, etc.)
Description
Greek root in English
Latin root in English
Other root
bad, incorrect cac-, dys- mal- mis-
bent, crooked ankyl- prav- –
big mega-, megal(o)- magn(i)- –
biggest megist- maxim- –
broad, wide eury- lat(i)- –
cold cry(o)- frig(i)- –
dead necr(o)- mort- –
equal is(o)- equ(i)- –
false pseud(o)- fals(i)- –
female, feminine thely- - –
flat platy- plan(i)- –
good, well eu- ben(e)-, bon(i)- –
great mega-, megal(o)- magn(i)- –
hard scler(o)- dur(i)- –
heavy bar(o)- grav(i)- –
hollow coel(o)- cav(i)- –
huge megal(o)- magn(i)- –
incorrect, bad cac(o)-, dys- mal(e)- mis-
irregular poikil(o) – –
large; extremely large mega- magn(i)- –
largest megist- maxim- –
long macr(o)- long(i)- –
male, masculine arseno- vir- –
narrow sten(o)- angust(i)- –
new ne(o)- nov(i)- –
normal, correct orth(o)- rect(i)- –
old paleo- veter- –
sharp oxy- ac- –
short brachy- brev(i)- –
small micr(o)- parv(i)- (rare) –
smallest - minim- –
slow brady- tard(i)- –
fast tachy- celer- –
soft malac(o)- moll(i)- –
straight orth(o)- rect(i)- –
thick pachy- crass(i)- –
varied, various poikilo- vari- –
well, good eu- ben(e)- –
wide, broad eury- lat(i)- –
Roots of position[edit]
Description
Greek root in English
Latin root in English
Other root
around, surrounding peri- circum- –
left levo- laev-, sinistr- –
middle mes- medi- –
right dexi- dextr- –
Prefixes of quantity or amount[edit]
Description
Greek root in English
Latin root in English
Other root
double diplo- dupli- –
equal iso- equi- –
few oligo- pauci- –
half hemi- semi- demi- (French)
many, much poly- multi- –
twice dis- bis- –
See also[edit]
Classical compound
International scientific vocabulary
List of medical abbreviations
Medical dictionary
Medicine
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ἀκούω
Jump up ^ "Latin Word Study Tool". Tufts.edu. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
Jump up ^ κάρυον. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
Jump up ^ κέρας in Liddell and Scott
Jump up ^ κινέω in Liddell and Scott
Jump up ^ κοῖλος in Liddell and Scott
Jump up ^ κύπτω in Liddell and Scott
Jump up ^ http://www.dictionary.com/browse/opistho-
Jump up ^ Opisthotonus
Jump up ^ http://www.memidex.com/opisthotonus
Jump up ^ The Language of Medicine, 11th edition , Davi-Ellen Chabner
Jump up ^ Stedman's Online
Jump up ^ The Language of Medicine 11th Edition , Davi-Ellen Chabner
Jump up ^ Stanfield, Peggy S.; Hui, Y. H.; Cross, Nanna (30 September 2013). "Essential Medical Terminology". Jones & Bartlett Learning. Retrieved 25 February 2017 – via Amazon.
Bibliography[edit]
"Root Words: Quick Reference." LearnThatWord. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 March 2013.
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Control valve
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A control valve is a valve used to control fluid flow by varying the size of the flow passage as directed by a signal from a controller.[1] This enables the direct control of flow rate and the consequential control of process quantities such as pressure, temperature, and liquid level.
In automatic control terminology a control valve is termed a "final control element".
Contents
[hide]
1 Operation
2 Control action
3 Valve positioners
4 Types of control valve bodies
4.1 List of common types of control valve
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Operation[edit]
Air-actuated control valves each with a 4-20 mA "I to P" converter integral to a valve positioner. In this example each positioner is comparing the valve stem travel against control signal, and applying any correction.
The opening or closing of automatic control valves is usually done by electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic actuators. Normally with a modulating valve, which can be set to any position between fully open and fully closed, valve positioners are used to ensure the valve attains the desired degree of opening.
Air-actuated valves are commonly used because of their simplicity, as they only require a compressed air supply, whereas electrically-operated valves require additional cabling and switch gear, and hydraulically-actuated valves required high pressure supply and return lines for the hydraulic fluid.
The pneumatic control signals are traditionally based on a pressure range of 3-15psi (0.2-1.0 bar), or more commonly now, an electrical signal of 4-20mA for industry, or 0-10V for HVAC systems. Electrical control now often includes a "Smart" communication signal superimposed on the 4-20mA control current, such that the health and verification of the valve position can be signalled back to the controller. The HART, Fieldbus Foundation, and Profibus are the most common protocols.
An automatic control valve consists of three main parts in which each part exist in several types and designs:
Valve actuator - which moves the valve's modulating element, such as ball or butterfly.
Valve positioner - Which ensures the valve has reached the desired degree of opening. This overcomes the problems of friction and wear.
Valve body - in which the modulating element, a plug, globe, ball or butterfly, is contained.
Control action[edit]
Showing the evolution of analogue control loop signalling from the pneumatic era to the electronic era.
Example of current loops used for sensing and control transmission. Specific example of a smart valve positioner used.
Globe control valve with pneumatic diaphragm actuator and "smart" positioner which will also feed back to the controller the actual valve position
Taking the example of an air-operated valve, there are two control actions possible:
"Air or current to open" - The flow restriction decreases with increased control signal value.
"Air or current to close" - The flow restriction increases with increased control signal value.
There can also be failure to safety modes:
Air or control signal failure to close" - On failure of compressed air to the actuator, the valve closes under spring pressure or by backup power.
Air or control signal failure to open" - On failure of compressed air to actuator, the valve opens under spring pressure or by backup power.
The modes of failure operation are requirements of the failure to safety process control specification of the plant. In the case of cooling water it may be to fail open, and the case of delivering a chemical it may be to fail closed.
Valve positioners[edit]
As the pneumatic operation of valves, compared to motorised operation, has cost and reliability advantages, pneumatic actuation is still an industry standard. To allow the construction of hybrid systems, where the 4-20 mA is generated by the controller, but enables the use of pneumatic valves, a range of current to pressure (I to P) converters are available from manufacturers. These are usually located locally to the control valve and convert 4-20 mA to 3-15 psi (or (0.2 - 1.0 bar). This signal is then fed to the valve actuator or more commonly, a pneumatic positioner. This is a dedicated controller with a pneumatic nozzle and flapper arrangement and a mechanical linkage to sense the valve actuator movement. This ensures that problems of friction are overcome and the valve control element moves to the desired position, by comparing the actual valve regulating element position against the desired value; hence the name "positioner". As a mechanical linkage is used for this, the positioner has to be mounted on the valve body. A positioner also allows the use of higher air pressures for valve actuation, which is particularly useful with cylinder type valve actuators.
With the development of cheap industrial micro-processors, "smart" valve positioners have become available since the mid-1980s and are very popular for new installations. These include an I to P converter, plus valve position and condition monitoring in an integral unit mounted on the valve body. The valve position and status are fed back over the current loop to the controller, using such as the HART protocol. This allows further verification that the valve is operating as desired.
Types of control valve bodies[edit]
A huge variety of valve types and control operation exist. However, there are two main forms of action; the sliding stem and the rotary action.
The most common and versatile types of control valves are sliding-stem globe, V-notch ball, butterfly and angle types. Their popularity derives from rugged construction and the many options available that make them suitable for a variety of process applications.[2] Control valve bodies may be categorized as below:[3]
List of common types of control valve[edit]
Sliding Stem
Angle seat piston valve
Globe valve
Rotary
Butterfly valve
Ball valve
Other
pinch valve
Diaphragm Valve
See also[edit]
Control engineering
Control system
Distributed control system
Fieldbus Foundation
Flow control valve
HART Protocol
Instrumentation
Instrumentation engineering
Pneumatic flow control
PID controller
Process control
PROFIBUS
SCADA supervisory control system
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Instrument Society of America Standard S561.1, 1976. as reproduced in the "Fisher control valve handbook" fourth edition 1977.
Jump up ^ Hagen, S. (2003) "Control valve technology" Plant Services
Jump up ^ Fisher Controls International Emerson Process Management website.
External links[edit]
Control valve tutorials Tutorials covering the sizing, capacity and characteristics of control valves. Actuators, positioners, controllers and sensors are also discussed - Spirax Sarco
Control Valve Handbook (4th Edition) A 297-page online book.
Process Instrumentation (Lecture 8): Control valves Article from a University of South Australia website.
Pressure Independent Control Valve Animation Flash animations demonstrating conventional and pressure independent control valve operation.
Samson AG Demo Valve Sizing Software. Basic Trial valve sizing programme.
Control Valve Sizing Calculator Control Valve Sizing Calculator to determine Cv for a valve.
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This page was last edited on 8 September 2017, at 15:45.
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