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American Music Awards
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American Music Awards
American Music Awards of 2018
Logo as of 2016
Awarded for
favorite artists chosen in an online voting
Country
United States
First awarded
February 19, 1974; 44 years ago (1974-02-19)
Website
theamas.com
Most recent American Music Award winners
← 2017 October 9, 2018
Award
Artist of the Year New Artist of the Year
Winner
Taylor Swift Camila Cabello
Previous Artist of the Year
Bruno Mars
Artist of the Year
Taylor Swift
The American Music Awards (AMAs) is an annual American music awards show, created by Dick Clark in 1973 for ABC when the network's contract to air the Grammy Awards expired.[1] Unlike the Grammys, which are awarded on the basis of votes by members of the Recording Academy, the AMAs are determined by a poll of the public and fans, who can vote through the AMAs website.[2] The award statuette is manufactured by New York firm Society Awards.
Contents
1 History and overview
1.1 Conception
1.2 Hosts
2 Ceremonies
3 Categories
3.1 Current award categories
3.2 Past award categories
4 Most wins
4.1 Most wins in a single ceremony
4.2 Most wins by category
5 Special awards
5.1 Award of Merit
5.2 International Artist Award of Excellence
5.3 Icon Award
5.4 Dick Clark Award for Excellence
5.5 Award of Achievement
5.6 Lifetime Achievement Award
5.7 Artist of the Decade
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History and overview[edit]
Conception[edit]
The AMAs was created by Dick Clark in 1973 to compete with the Grammy Awards after the move of that year's show to Nashville, Tennessee led to CBS picking up the Grammy telecasts after its first two in 1971 and 1972 were broadcast on ABC. In 2014, American network Telemundo acquired the rights to produce a Spanish-language version of the American Music Awards and launched the Latin American Music Awards in 2015.[3][4]
While the Grammy Awards are awarded based on votes by members of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, the AMAs are determined by a poll of music buyers and the public. The American Music Awards have nominations based on sales, airplay, activity on social networks, and video viewing. Before 2010 had nominations based only on sales and airplay and nominated every work, even if old. The Grammys have nominations based on vote of the Academy and only nominate a work from their eligibility period that changes often.[5][6][7]
Hosts[edit]
The first hosts for the first telecast of the AMAs were Helen Reddy, Roger Miller, and Smokey Robinson. Helen Reddy not only hosted the show but also became the first female artist to win an AMA for Favorite Pop/Rock Female artist. For the first decade or so, the AMAs had multiple hosts, each representing a genre of music. For instance, Glen Campbell would host the country portion (Campbell, in fact, has co-hosted the AMAs more times than any other host or co-host), while other artists would co-host to represent his/her genre. In recent years, however, there has been one single host.
In 1991, Keenen Ivory Wayans became the first Hollywood actor to host the AMAs.
From its inception in 1973 until 2003, the AMAs have been held in mid- to late-January, but were moved to November (usually the Sunday before Thanksgiving) beginning in 2003 so as not to further compete with other major awards shows (such as the Golden Globe Awards and the Academy Awards) and allows for ABC to have a well-rated awards show during November sweeps.
For the 2008 awards, Jimmy Kimmel hosted for the fourth consecutive year. In 2009–2012, there was no host for the first time in history. Instead, the AMAs followed the Grammys' lead in having various celebrities give introductions. However, rapper Pitbull hosted the 2013 ceremony and 2014 ceremony. Jennifer Lopez hosted the 2015 show.[8] Gigi Hadid and Jay Pharoah hosted the 2016 show. Tracee Ellis Ross hosted the show in 2017 and 2018.
Between 2012 and 2014, as part of a marketing strategy for Samsung, the American Music Awards used the lock screen wallpaper of Samsung Galaxy smartphones rather than envelopes to reveal winners. A magnetic screen cover on each phone kept the wallpaper image with the winner's name secret until opened.[9]
In August 2018, Dick Clark Productions announced a two-year sponsorship and content partnership with YouTube Music.[10]
Ceremonies[edit]
#
Date
Host
Venue
01 February 19, 1974 Roger Miller, Helen Reddy, Smokey Robinson Earl Carroll Theatre
02 February 18, 1975 Sly Stone, Helen Reddy, Roy Clark Santa Monica Civic Auditorium
03 January 31, 1976
04 January 31, 1977 Glen Campbell, Helen Reddy, Lou Rawls and Electric Light Orchestra
05 January 16, 1978 David Soul, Glen Campbell and Natalie Cole
06 January 12, 1979 Donna Summer, Glen Campbell and Helen Reddy
07 January 18, 1980 ABC Studios
08 January 30, 1981 Crystal Gayle, Mac Davis and Teddy Pendergrass
09 January 25, 1982 Donna Summer, Glen Campbell and Lionel Richie Shrine Auditorium
10 January 17, 1983 Aretha Franklin
11 January 16, 1984 Lionel Richie
12 January 28, 1985
13 January 27, 1986 Diana Ross
14 January 26, 1987
15 January 25, 1988 Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, Mick Fleetwood, Robin Gibb and Whitney Houston
16 January 30, 1989 Anita Baker, Debbie Gibson, Kenny Rogers and Rod Stewart
17 January 22, 1990 Alice Cooper, Anita Baker, Gloria Estefan, Naomi Judd and Wynonna Judd
18 January 28, 1991 Keenen Ivory Wayans
19 January 27, 1992 MC Hammer
20 January 25, 1993 Bobby Brown, Gloria Estefan and Wynonna Judd
21 February 7, 1994 Meat Loaf, Reba McEntire and Will Smith
22 January 30, 1995 Queen Latifah, Tom Jones, Lorrie Morgan
23 January 29, 1996 Sinbad
24 January 27, 1997
25 January 26, 1998 Drew Carey
26 January 11, 1999 Brandy & Melissa Joan Hart
27 January 17, 2000 Norm Macdonald
28 January 8, 2001 Britney Spears and LL Cool J
29 January 9, 2002 Jenny McCarthy and Sean Combs
30 January 13, 2003 Jack Osbourne, Kelly Osbourne, Ozzy Osbourne and Sharon Osbourne
31 November 16, 2003 Jimmy Kimmel
32 November 14, 2004
33 November 22, 2005 Cedric the Entertainer
34 November 21, 2006 Jimmy Kimmel
35 November 18, 2007 Microsoft Theater
36 November 23, 2008
37 November 22, 2009 N/A
38 November 21, 2010
39 November 20, 2011
40 November 18, 2012
41 November 24, 2013 Pitbull
42 November 23, 2014
43 November 22, 2015 Jennifer Lopez
44 November 20, 2016 Gigi Hadid and Jay Pharoah
45 November 19, 2017 Tracee Ellis Ross
46 October 9, 2018[11]
Categories[edit]
Current award categories[edit]
Award
Year
Artist of the Year 1996, 2001–2002, 2003 (November)–present
New Artist of the Year 2004–present
Collaboration of the Year 2015–present
Video of the Year 2016–present
Tour of the Year 2016–present
Top Soundtrack 1996–2003 (January), 2007–2010, 2013–present
Favorite Social Artist 2018
Favorite Male Artist – Pop/Rock 1974–present
Favorite Female Artist – Pop/Rock 1974–present
Favorite Duo or Group – Pop/Rock 1974–present
Favorite Album – Pop/Rock 1974–present
Favorite Song – Pop/Rock 1974–1995, 2016–present
Favorite Male Artist – Soul/R&B 1974–present
Favorite Female Artist – Soul/R&B 1974–present
Favorite Album – Soul/R&B 1974–present
Favorite Song – Soul/R&B 1974–1995, 2016–present
Favorite Male Artist – Country 1974–present
Favorite Female Artist – Country 1974–present
Favorite Duo or Group – Country 1974–present
Favorite Album – Country 1974–present
Favorite Song – Country 1974–1995, 2016–present
Favorite Artist – Rap/Hip-Hop 1989–present
Favorite Album – Rap/Hip-Hop 1989–1992, 2003 (January)–present
Favorite Song – Rap/Hip-Hop 2016–present
Favorite Artist – Adult Contemporary 1992–present
Favorite Artist – Alternative 1995–present
Favorite Artist – Latin 1998–present
Favorite Artist – Contemporary Inspirational 2002–present
Favorite Artist – Electronic Dance Music 2012–present
Past award categories[edit]
Award
Year
Single of the Year 2013–2015
Fan's Choice Award 2003 (January)–2003 (November)
Favorite Pop/Rock Video 1984–1988
Favorite Pop/Rock Male Video Artist 1985–1987
Favorite Pop/Rock Female Video Artist 1985–1987
Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist 1985–1987
Favorite Pop/Rock New Artist 1989–2003
Favorite Soul/R&B Band/Duo/Group 1974–2003, 2005–2006, 2009
Favorite Soul/R&B Video 1984–1988
Favorite Soul/R&B Male Video Artist 1985–1987
Favorite Soul/R&B Female Video Artist 1985–1987
Favorite Soul/R&B Band/Duo/Group Video Artist 1985–1987
Favorite Soul/R&B New Artist 1989–2003
Favorite Country Video 1984–1988
Favorite Country Male Video Artist 1985–1987
Favorite Country Female Video Artist 1985–1987
Favorite Country Band/Duo/Group Video Artist 1985–1987
Favorite Country New Artist 1989–2003
Favorite Disco Male Artist 1979
Favorite Disco Female Artist 1979
Favorite Disco Band/Duo/Group 1979
Favorite Disco Album 1979
Favorite Disco Song 1979
Favorite Heavy Metal/Hard Rock Artist 1989–1997
Favorite Heavy Metal/Hard Rock Album 1989–1992
Favorite Heavy Metal/Hard Rock New Artist 1990–1993
Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Band/Duo/Group 2003 (January)–2008
Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop New Artist 1990–1994
Favorite Dance Artist 1990–1992
Favorite Dance Song 1990–1992
Favorite Dance New Artist 1990–1992
Favorite Adult Contemporary Album 1992–1994
Favorite Adult Contemporary New Artist 1992–1994
Most wins[edit]
The record for most American Music Awards won is held by Michael Jackson, who has amassed twenty-four awards. The record for most American Music Awards won by a group belongs to Alabama, who have collected twenty-three awards. For a female artist, the record for most American Music Awards won belongs to Taylor Swift who has won twenty-three awards.[12]
Artist
Number of awards
Michael Jackson 24
Alabama 23
Taylor Swift
Whitney Houston 21
Kenny Rogers 19
Garth Brooks 17
Justin Bieber 15
Reba McEntire
Lionel Richie
Rihanna 13
Carrie Underwood
Willie Nelson 12
Janet Jackson 11
Tim McGraw
Stevie Wonder
Mariah Carey 10
Randy Travis
Most wins in a single ceremony[edit]
The record for the most American Music Awards won in a single year is held by Michael Jackson (in 1984) and Whitney Houston (in 1994), each with 8 awards to their credit (including the Award of Merit, with which both artists were honored in the respective years).
Michael Jackson 8 (1984)
Whitney Houston 8 (1994)
Most wins by category[edit]
The following list shows the artists with most wins in each category, adapted from the AMAs official website.[13]
Artist of the Year: Taylor Swift (4 wins)
Song of the Year: Kenny Rogers (5 wins)
The Song of the Year record holder accounts for all previous single category winners.
Favorite Male Artist – Pop/Rock: (Tie) Barry Manilow, Eric Clapton, Michael Bolton, Michael Jackson and Justin Bieber (3 wins each)
Favorite Female Artist – Pop/Rock: (Tie) Olivia Newton-John and Whitney Houston (4 wins each)
Favorite Duo or Group – Pop/Rock: (Tie) Aerosmith, The Black Eyed Peas, Hall & Oates and One Direction (3 wins each)
Favorite Album – Pop/Rock: Michael Jackson and Justin Bieber (3 wins)
Favorite Male Artist – Country: Garth Brooks (8 wins)
Favorite Female Artist – Country: Reba McEntire (10 wins)
Favorite Duo or Group – Country: Alabama (17 wins)
Favorite Album – Country: Kenny Rogers, Carrie Underwood (5 wins)
Favorite Artist – Rap/Hip-Hop: Eminem (4 wins)
The Favorite Artist – Rap/Hip-Hop record holder accounts for all previous Favorite Female Artist – Rap/Hip-Hop and Favorite Male Artist – Rap/Hip-Hop category winners.
Favorite Album – Rap/Hip-Hop: Nicki Minaj (3 wins)
Favorite Male Artist – Soul/R&B: Luther Vandross (7 wins)
Favorite Female Artist – Soul/R&B: Rihanna (7 wins)
Favorite Album – Soul/R&B: Michael Jackson (4 wins)
Favorite Artist – Alternative Rock: Linkin Park (6 wins)
Favorite Artist – Adult Contemporary: Celine Dion (4 wins)
Favorite Artist – Latin Music: Enrique Iglesias (7 wins)
Favorite Artist – Contemporary Inspirational: Casting Crowns (4 wins)
Favorite Artist – Electronic Dance Music: (Tie) Calvin Harris and The Chainsmokers (2 wins each)
Special awards[edit]
Award of Merit[edit]
Main article: American Music Award of Merit
The American Music Award of Merit has been awarded to thirty two artists, the latest being Sting (2016).[14]
International Artist Award of Excellence[edit]
The International Artist Award of Excellence has been awarded to seven artists:[15]
Michael Jackson (1993)
Rod Stewart (1994)
Led Zeppelin (1995)
Bee Gees (1997)
Aerosmith (2001)
Beyoncé (2007)
Whitney Houston (2009)
Icon Award[edit]
The AMAs' producer Larry Klein stated: "The first-ever Icon Award was created to honor an artist whose body of work has made a profound influence over pop music on a global level."[16]
Rihanna (2013)
Dick Clark Award for Excellence[edit]
At the 2014 award ceremony, the Dick Clark Award for Excellence was given for the first time.[17]
Taylor Swift (2014)
Award of Achievement[edit]
Main article: American Music Award for Achievement
Michael Jackson (1989)
Prince (1990)
Mariah Carey (2000 and 2008)
Katy Perry (2011)
Lifetime Achievement Award[edit]
Diana Ross (2017)
Artist of the Decade[edit]
90s: Garth Brooks (2000)[18][19]
In 2000, the year Brooks won the award, the AMAs held a poll to elect the Artist of the Decade for each previous decade of the Rock & Roll era. According to some sources, the result of this poll is not counted in the total of AMAs won by these artists.[20][21][22] The results were Elvis Presley (1950s), The Beatles (60s), Stevie Wonder (70s) and Michael Jackson (80s).
See also[edit]
Latin American Music Award
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Perebinossoff, Philippe; et al. (2005). Programming for TV, radio, and the Internet. Elsevier. p. 42.
Jump up ^ "VOTING FAQs" (PDF). the amas. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Block, Alex Ben (July 30, 2014). "Telemundo Will Produce a Spanish-Language American Music Awards in 2015". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Cobo, Leila (August 24, 2015). "First-Ever Latin American Music Awards Headed to Telemundo". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift, Michael Jackson dominate American Music Awards nominations [UPDATED]". Los Angeles Times. October 13, 2009. Archived from the original on October 15, 2009. Retrieved October 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Eminem, Bieber outscore Lady Gaga in AMA nods". Reuters. October 12, 2010. Archived from the original on October 13, 2010. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Johnson Jr., Billy (October 12, 2010). "Lady Gaga Snubbed at American Music Awards Nominations". Retrieved October 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ Jennifer Lopez to Host and Perform at the 2015 American Music Awards | American Music Awards. Theamas.com. Retrieved on October 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Samsung Galaxy Note 2 Used To Announce Winners at AMAs". Newsbroadcast.co.uk. November 26, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Spangler, Todd (2018-08-22). "YouTube Music Signs American Music Awards Two-Year Title Sponsorship Deal". Variety. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
Jump up ^ "2018 American Music Awards to Air Live Tuesday, October 9 - American Music Awards". February 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2015 AMERICAN MUSIC AWARD NOMINEE STATISTICS". dick clark productions. October 13, 2015. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2015 AMERICAN MUSIC AWARD NOMINEE STATISTICS". TheAMAs.com. The American Music Awards. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "American Music Award of Merit". The AMAs. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "International Artist Award". The AMAs. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Rihanna to receive 'AMA Icon Award'". billboard.com. November 26, 2012. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Taylor Swift to Receive First Ever Dick Clark Award for Excellence at the 2014 AMAs". The AMAs. dick clark productions, inc. November 21, 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Winners Database". The Amas.
Jump up ^ "American Music Awards: List of winners". CNN. January 18, 2000.
Jump up ^ "Lauryn Hill, Backstreet Boys, DMX Honored With American Music Awards". MTV. January 18, 2000. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "List of American Music Awards winners". Sun Journal. January 18, 2000. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Santana wins top album honors at American Music Awards". Times Daily. January 18, 2000. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
External links[edit]
Official website
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text:
List of Rugby World Cup finals
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
List of Rugby World Cup finals
New Zealand's national team celebrate their victory in the 2011 Rugby World Cup Final
Sport
Rugby union
Instituted
1987
Number of teams
20
Country
International (World Rugby)
Holders
New Zealand (2015)
Most titles
New Zealand (3 titles)
The Rugby World Cup is an international rugby union competition established in 1987. It is contested by the men's national teams of the member unions of the sport's governing body, World Rugby, and takes place every four years. The winners of the first final were New Zealand, who beat France 29–9. They are also the current champions, beating Australia 34–17 in the 2015 final in London. The next Rugby World Cup in 2019, will be hosted in Japan.[1]
The Rugby World Cup final is the last match of the competition. The winning team is declared world champion and receives the Webb Ellis Cup.[2] If the score is a draw after 80 minutes of regular play, an additional 20-minute period of play, called extra time, is added. If the score remains tied, an additional 10 minutes of sudden-death extra time are played, with the first team to score points immediately declared the winner. If no team is able to break the tie during extra time, the winner is ultimately decided by a penalty shootout.[3] Two of the eight finals contested have gone to extra time: South Africa's victory against New Zealand in the 1995 final, and England's triumph against Australia in the 2003 final.
New Zealand are the most successful team in the history of the tournament, with three wins. They are also the only team to have won consecutive tournaments, with their victories in the 2011 and 2015 Rugby World Cup. Australia and South Africa have won the competition twice, while England have one win. They are the only nation from the northern hemisphere to have won the competition.[4] France are the only team to appear in a final without winning, losing all three finals they have contested.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Finals
3 Results by nation
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
History[edit]
The first final of the Rugby World Cup was contested in June 1987, in Auckland, between New Zealand and France. The host team opened the scoring in the 14th minute, following a drop goal by fly-half Grant Fox. They extended their lead later in the first half when Michael Jones scored a try, which was converted by Fox. Losing 9–0 at half-time,[A] the French opened their scoring in the second half, through a penalty by Didier Camberabero. Following this, New Zealand controlled the match and tries from David Kirk, John Kirwan and the goal kicking of Fox extended their lead to 29–3. A try by Pierre Berbizier in the final minutes, which was converted by Camberabero, reduced the deficit to 29–9, as New Zealand won the tournament's inaugural final.[6]
As the hosts, England reached the final of the 1991 tournament at Twickenham, where they faced Australia. Fly-half Michael Lynagh opened the scoring for Australia with a penalty in the 27th minute. They extended their lead before half-time when prop Tony Daly scored a try, which was converted by Lynagh. England scored two penalties in the second half, courtesy of full-back Jonathan Webb, but a further penalty by Lynagh sealed Australia's victory at 12–6.[7] The tournament hosts reached the final again in 1995, as South Africa faced New Zealand in Johannesburg. Fly-half Andrew Mehrtens opened the scoring for New Zealand in the 6th minute after scoring a penalty. His opposite number, Joel Stransky, levelled the score five minutes later. The pair swapped successful penalty attempts before Stransky gave South Africa a 9–6 lead with a 32nd-minute drop goal just before half-time. New Zealand equalized in the 55th minute with a drop goal by Mehrtens, and as no further points were scored, the final went into extra time for the first time. Mehrtens converted a penalty to put New Zealand back the lead, but Stransky replied minutes later. With seven minutes to the end of extra time, Stransky scored a drop goal to secure a 15–12 victory for South Africa.[8] Nelson Mandela, the South African President, wearing a Springboks jersey, presented the Webb Ellis Cup to South Africa captain François Pienaar.[9]
François Trinh-Duc tackled by New Zealand players during the 2011 Rugby World Cup Final.
The 1999 final saw Australia face France at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. Two tries by Owen Finegan and Ben Tune, and seven penalties by Matt Burke contributed to Australia's 35–12 win, as they became the first nation to win the Rugby World Cup twice.[10] Australia also became the first side to contest successive finals when they faced England in the 2003 final at the Telstra Stadium in Sydney. The hosts opened the scoring in the sixth minute through a Lote Tuqiri try. England responded and scored three penalties by fly-half Jonny Wilkinson and a try by winger Jason Robinson to achieve a 14–5 lead at half-time. Three penalties from Elton Flatley in the second half allowed Australia to level the score and send the final into extra time. Wilkinson and Flatley scored a penalty apiece before the former scored a drop goal in the last minute of the match to give England a 20–17 victory. They became the first side from the Northern hemisphere to win the tournament.[11]
England reached the final again in 2007, where they faced South Africa, who had won 36–0 when the two teams met during the pool stage.[12] South African full-back Percy Montgomery scored three penalties to Wilkinson's one to give South Africa a 9–3 lead at half-time. England had a try disallowed in the first minutes of the second half, when Mark Cueto was adjudged to be in touch before scoring. A penalty from Wilkinson and a further two from Montgomery reduced the gap but did not prevent South Africa from winning 15–6 and secure their second World Cup victory.[13] The 2011 final pitted hosts New Zealand against France for the second time in the tournament, after their first encounter in the pool stage resulted in a 37–17 win for New Zealand.[14] The host team scored the first points of the match, with a try in the 15th minute through prop Tony Woodcock. Nine minutes later, New Zealand's third-choice fly-half Aaron Cruden went off injured and was replaced by Stephen Donald, who had only been called into the squad following injuries to first-choice fly-halves Dan Carter and Colin Slade.[15] Donald extended New Zealand's lead in the second half with a penalty; a minute later, French captain Thierry Dusautoir scored a try, which was converted by François Trinh-Duc to leave France one point behind New Zealand. Despite constant pressure from the French for the remainder of the final, they were unable to score more points and New Zealand won the match 8–7 to lift their second World Cup trophy.[16]
New Zealand reached the final again in 2015, where they faced Australia at Twickenham. Tries from Nehe Milner-Skudder, Ma'a Nonu and Beauden Barrett, along with four penalties, two conversions and one drop goal from fly-half Dan Carter produced a 34–17 win for New Zealand. With this victory, they became the first team to win the World Cup three times and the first holders to retain the trophy. It was also the first time that New Zealand won the competition outside of their country.[17]
Finals[edit]
Key
Match was won during extra time
The "Year" column refers to the year the Rugby World Cup was held, and wikilinks to the article about that tournament.
Links in the "Winners" and "Runners-up" columns point to the articles for the national rugby teams of the countries, not the articles for the countries.
The wikilinks in the "Final score" column point to the article about that tournament's final game.
List of final matches, and respective venues, finalists and scores
Year
Winners
Final score
Runners-up
Venue
Location
Attendance
Ref(s)
1987
New Zealand 29–9 France Eden Park Auckland, New Zealand 48,035 [6]
1991
Australia 12–6 England Twickenham London, England 56,208 [7][18]
1995
South Africa 15–12 [B] New Zealand Ellis Park Johannesburg, South Africa 62,000 [19][20]
1999
Australia 35–12 France Millennium Stadium Cardiff, Wales 72,500 [10][21]
2003
England 20–17 [C] Australia Telstra Stadium Sydney, Australia 82,957 [22]
2007
South Africa 15–6 England Stade de France Paris, France 80,430 [23]
2011
New Zealand 8–7 France Eden Park Auckland, New Zealand 61,079 [5]
2015
New Zealand 34–17 Australia Twickenham London, England 80,125 [24][25]
Results by nation[edit]
National team
Wins
Runners-up
Total finals
Years won
Years runners-up
New Zealand
3 1 4 1987, 2011, 2015 1995
Australia
2 2 4 1991, 1999 2003, 2015
South Africa
2 0 2 1995, 2007 —
England
1 2 3 2003 1991, 2007
France
0 3 3 — 1987, 1999, 2011
See also[edit]
Women's Rugby World Cup
Notes[edit]
A. ^ Prior to 1992, a try was worth four points.[26]
B. ^ Score was 9–9 after 80 minutes.
C. ^ Score was 14–14 after 80 minutes.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Yokohama Stadium to host 2019 Rugby World Cup Final". The Guardian. London. 28 September 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "A guide to the Webb Ellis Cup". World Rugby. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tournament Rules". Rugby World Cup. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Linden, Julian (19 October 2015). "Southern hemisphere completes sweep of Rugby World Cup quarterfinals". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Fordyce, Tom (23 October 2011). "New Zealand 8–7 France". BBC Sport. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "1987: Kiwis see off France in final". BBC Sport. 24 September 2003. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Seeckts, Richard (2 November 1991). "Wallabies claim their first World Cup". ESPN. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Great Sporting Moments: South Africa 15 New Zealand 12, World Cup Final, Ellis Park, Johannesburg, 24 June, 1995". The Independent. London. 16 July 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Smith, David (8 December 2013). "Francois Pienaar: 'When the whistle blew, South Africa changed forever'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Australia ease to World Cup glory". ESPN. 6 November 1999. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Ingle, Sean; Mitchell, Kevin; Williams, Richard; Jones, Dan (28 October 2013). "Rugby World Cup 2003: How the Guardian covered England's victory". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Kitson, Robert (15 September 2007). "England hammered and humiliated". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Kevin (21 October 2007). "England lose the kicking game as dream dies". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Standley, James (24 September 2011). "New Zealand 37–17 France". BBC Sport. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand hero Stephen Donald delights in 'unreal' World Cup journey". BBC Sport. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
Jump up ^ McMorran, Steve (23 October 2011). "New Zealand win Rugby World Cup". The Independent. London. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Rees, Paul (31 October 2015). "New Zealand retain Rugby World Cup with ruthless display against Australia". The Observer. London. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "1991: Wallabies pip England". BBC Sport. 24 September 2003. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "1995: Party time for SA". BBC Sport. 24 September 2003. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "South Africa 15–12 New Zealand". ESPN. Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "1999: Aussies rule world again". BBC Sport. 24 September 2003. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "England win Rugby World Cup". BBC Sport. 22 November 2003. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Standley, James (20 October 2007). "England 6–15 South Africa". BBC Sport. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Fordyce, Tom (31 October 2015). "New Zealand beat Australia to retain Rugby World Cup". BBC Sport. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand 34–17 Australia". Rugby World Cup. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Griffiths, John (1 February 2009). "First five-point try, England at Twickenham and the origins of a No.8". ESPN. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
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text:
Daniel Boone (1964 TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Daniel Boone
Title card
Genre
Action-adventure
Starring
Fess Parker
Patricia Blair
Albert Salmi (season 1)
Ed Ames (seasons 1-4)
Rosey Grier (season 6)
Jimmy Dean
Darby Hinton
Veronica Cartwright (seasons 1-2)
Robert Logan
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
6
No. of episodes
165 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Aaron Rosenberg
Producer(s)
Barney Rosenzweig
Ted Schilz
George Sherman
Joseph Silver
Running time
60 minutes
Production company(s)
20th Century Fox Television
Distributor
20th Television
Release
Original network
NBC
Original release
September 24, 1964 – May 7, 1970
Daniel Boone is an American action-adventure television series starring Fess Parker as Daniel Boone that aired from September 24, 1964, to May 7, 1970, on NBC for 165 episodes, and was produced by 20th Century Fox Television, Arcola Enterprises, and Fespar Corp. Ed Ames co-starred as Mingo, Boone's Cherokee friend, for the first four seasons of the series. Albert Salmi portrayed Boone's companion Yadkin in season one only. Country Western singer-actor Jimmy Dean was a featured actor as Josh Clements during the 1968–1970 seasons. Actor and former NFL football player Rosey Grier made regular appearances as Gabe Cooper in the 1969 to 1970 season.[1] The show was broadcast "in living color" beginning in fall 1965, the second season, and was shot entirely in California and Kanab, Utah.
An earlier television series based on Daniel Boone appeared on the Walt Disney Presents in 1960, with Dewey Martin as Boone.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Production
3 Soundtrack
4 DVDs and syndication
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
Daniel Boone was one of two iconic historical figures played by Fess Parker. He previously appeared as Davy Crockett in a series of episodes of the Walt Disney anthology television series, to considerable acclaim amid the launch of a national craze. For his role as Boone, which lasted much longer, but had far less impact, Parker again wore a coonskin cap, which had been popularized years earlier by the Crockett shows. Daniel Boone's headgear was even mentioned in the show's theme song: "From the coonskin cap on the top of ol' Dan....".[2] Efforts had been made to secure the rights to Crockett from Walt Disney, but Disney refused to sell, so the series wound up being about Boone instead.
Parker as Daniel Boone
Parker with guest star George Sanders, 1966
In contrast, Parker's Boone was less of an explorer and more a family man than Parker's Crockett. Parker as Crockett also generally wore a light beard, whereas his Boone was predominantly clean-shaven. Boone's wife Rebecca (played by Patricia Blair) and son Israel (Darby Hinton) were often featured in the stories. In reality, Boone had 10 children. During the first two seasons, his daughter Jemima was shown (played by Veronica Cartwright), but she disappeared with no explanation toward the end of the second season. Western actor Chris Alcaide appeared twice on the series, once as an Indian, Flathead Joseph. Walter Coy made his last major television appearance in 1970 on Daniel Boone in the role of Chief Blackfish.[citation needed] Rico Alaniz played the Indian Crooked Hand in the 1969 episode "The Allies".[3]Med Flory was cast in seven episodes, the last three in the role of the drifter Bingen.
The series is set in the 1770s and 1780s, just before, during, and after the American Revolution, and mostly centered on adventures in and about Boonesborough, Kentucky. Some aspects of the show were less than historically faithful, which at one point led the Kentucky legislature to condemn the inaccuracies. The series' story line does not follow historical events; instead, story lines runs back and forth concerning historical events .
Inconsistencies include episodes such as "The Aaron Burr Story", a second-season episode in which the former Vice President of the United States visits Boonesborough. The episode was based on Burr's raising an armed group, allegedly to commit treason, in 1806. Meanwhile, another episode in the second season hinged on allegations that the Boonesborough settlers were planning insurrection against the British Crown, prior to the American Revolution. Still other episodes took place during the Revolution. No explanation was made for the 30-year discrepancy.
The character Caramingo, shortened to Mingo, was half-Cherokee, but highly educated somewhat in the Tonto mold, but with updated sensibilities and English descent through his father, the fourth Earl of Dunmore. (The 12th Earl now lives in Tasmania, Australia.). (A graduate of Oxford University, Mingo passed as a British officer in at least two episodes, and sang opera in another.) In reality, the Mingo were a small group of natives (and not one man) who were related to the Iroquois.[4] (However, from the native perspective, mingo is a word for "chief" in the Choctaw native language; in Chickasaw, minko is the word for "chief"). Ames also portrayed Mingo's evil twin brother, Taramingo, in "My Brother's Keeper". His role as Mingo led to a famous tomahawk-throwing demonstration on The Tonight Show, that was rerun on anniversary clip shows for decades afterward, in which Ames threw a tomahawk at a target of a man and the hatchet landed between the cutout's legs, much to host Johnny Carson's amusement.[5]
Mingo's character resembles Joseph Brant; Brant was a Mohawk Indian, who became a captain in the British Army. His sister, Molly, was the consort of Sir William Johnson, of Johnstown, Montgomery County, New York. Johnson took an interest in Molly's younger brother, acting as a surrogate father, and sent him to Moore's Indian Charity School, the precursor to Dartmouth. Brant was, therefore, well educated for men of his time, and exceptionally well educated for a Mohawk. A project in later years was to work on a Mohawk translation of the Bible. Brant's parents were both American Indians, unlike Mingo. Brant, despite his role in the American Revolution, is largely unknown outside Central New York, although he is a national hero in Canada. In Ontario, along Lake Ontario's shores, between Toronto and Niagara Falls, a town and hospital are named after him. A replica of his Canadian home is located next to Joseph Brant Memorial Hospital.
Any similarities possibly are coincidental. Boone's character needed an American Indian companion, and as the show was produced in the United States, the character needed to support the rebelling colonists to be believable as Boone's friend. Giving Mingo an education, a better one, incidentally, than Fess Parker's Boone, distanced Mingo from the traditional Western violent, uneducated savage stereotype. If creators were unaware of Moore's Indian Charity School, a British father would have been the easiest way to explain Mingo's background. Status in some Indian tribes is through women. An Indian mother and a British officer father provided status in both worlds. Nothing indicates that Brant was the basis for Mingo, and differences are notable, starting with Brant's stance as a Loyalist, but Mingo closely resembles Brant. (In many ways, having an educated background and a European father was more similar to another Iroquois diplomat, John "Cornplanter" Abeel, the son of a Seneca mother and a Dutch-American father, descended from colonial politician Johannes Abeel.)
One oddity to the show was that Parker's Boone very rarely used a horse for transportation. He instead walked to his destinations, sometimes incurring interstate travel.
Production[edit]
Parts of the series were filmed in Kane County, Utah.[6]
Soundtrack[edit]
The show's main title featured three versions of the theme song written by Vera Matson and Lionel Newman (although the lyrics were written by Ken Darby, credited under the name of his wife Matson).[7] The third "groovy version" was sung by The Imperials.[8][9]
DVDs and syndication[edit]
Liberation Entertainment (distributed by Goldhil Home Media) released all six seasons on DVD in Region 1 for the first time between 2006 and 2008.[10][11][12][13][14] These releases have been discontinued and are out of print.
On September 23, 2014, 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released Daniel Boone- The Complete Series: 50th Anniversary Collector's Edition on DVD in Region 1 via amazon.com's CreateSpace program. This is a manufacture-on-demand release, available exclusively through amazon.com.[15]
On January 8, 2016, it was announced that Shout! Factory had acquired the rights to the series in Region 1. They have subsequently released new collector's editions of the first five seasons on DVD.[16][17][18] [19] The sixth and final season will be re-released on December 19, 2017.[20]
DVD name
Ep #
Release date
Season One 13 September 26, 2006
April 19, 2016 (re-release)
Season Two 22 September 26, 2006
July 19, 2016 (re-release)
Season Three 20 May 8, 2007
January 24, 2017 (re-release)
Season Four 26 June 19, 2007
March 14, 2017 (re-release)
Season Five 23 August 7, 2007
May 2, 2017 (re-release)
Season Six 23 November 18, 2008
December 19, 2017 (re-release)
The Complete Series 103 September 23, 2014

Daniel Boone is currently airing on INSP.
It has also aired on MeTV, an over-the-air network whose offerings are older syndicated television shows.
See also[edit]
List of Daniel Boone episodes
Cumberland Gap
Dragging Canoe
Elizabethton, Tennessee
Fort Watauga
Richard Henderson
Sycamore Shoals
Transylvania Purchase
Watauga River
The Wilderness Road
Young Dan'l Boone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Roosevelt Grier on IMDb
Jump up ^ "Daniel Boone" Theme Song Archived June 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ ""The Allies", Daniel Boone, March 27, 1969". Internet Movie Data Base. Retrieved May 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Mingo Indians
Jump up ^ Ed Ames on Johnny Carson Show
Jump up ^ D'Arc, James V. (2010). When Hollywood came to town: a history of moviemaking in Utah (1st ed.). Layton, Utah: Gibbs Smith. ISBN 9781423605874.
Jump up ^ Jon Burlingame, p. 76, TV's Biggest Hits: The Story Of Television Themes From "Dragnet" To "Friends", Schirmer Books, 1995, ISBN 0-02-870324-3
Jump up ^ "Daniel Boone Theme Song". Archived from the original on March 5, 2010. Retrieved March 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Mingo". June 28, 2008. Retrieved March 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Large artwork for seasons 1 and 2
Jump up ^ Goldhil announces Season 3
Jump up ^ Cover Art Distributed For Daniel Boone - Season 4
Jump up ^ 5th Season Announced (Date, Details, Box Art); 6th Season Street Date
Jump up ^ Box Art & Extras for Fess Parker's Daniel Boone - Season 6!
Jump up ^ 'The Complete Series: 50th Anniversary Collectors Edition' on DVD Soon!
Jump up ^ TMG/Shout! Announce 'Season One: Collector's Edition' DVDs!
Jump up ^ Late January Release for 'Season 3: Collector's Edition'
Jump up ^ 'Season 4: Collector's Edition' DVDs...Possible Canadian Date
Jump up ^ USA and Canadian Dates for 'Season 5: Collector's Edition'
Jump up ^ Release for 'Season 6: The Final Season Collector's Edition'
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daniel Boone (television series).
Daniel Boone on IMDb
Daniel Boone at TV.com
Daniel Boone TV Series
Daniel Boone (1960 miniseries) on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Boone_(1964_TV_series)&oldid=808626832"
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Ball-and-stick model
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A plastic ball-and-stick model of proline
In chemistry, the ball-and-stick model is a molecular model of a chemical substance which is to display both the three-dimensional position of the atoms and the bonds between them.[1] The atoms are typically represented by spheres, connected by rods which represent the bonds. Double and triple bonds are usually represented by two or three curved rods, respectively, or alternately by correctly positioned sticks for the sigma and pi bonds. In a good model, the angles between the rods should be the same as the angles between the bonds, and the distances between the centers of the spheres should be proportional to the distances between the corresponding atomic nuclei. The chemical element of each atom is often indicated by the sphere's color.[2]
In a ball-and-stick model, the radius of the spheres is usually much smaller than the rod lengths, in order to provide a clearer view of the atoms and bonds throughout the model. As a consequence, the model does not provide a clear insight about the space occupied by the model. In this aspect, ball-and-stick models are distinct from space-filling (calotte) models, where the sphere radii are proportional to the Van der Waals atomic radii in the same scale as the atom distances, and therefore show the occupied space but not the bonds.
Computer ball-and-stick model of cyclohexane.
Ball-and-stick models can be physical artifacts or virtual computer models. The former are usually built from molecular modeling kits, consisting of a number of coil springs or plastic or wood sticks, and a number of plastic balls with pre-drilled holes. The sphere colors commonly follow the CPK coloring. Some university courses on chemistry require students to buy such models as learning material.
History[edit]
Hofmann's 1865 ball-and-stick model of methane (CH4). Later discoveries disproved this geometry.
In 1865, German chemist August Wilhelm von Hofmann was the first to make ball-and-stick molecular models. He used such models in lecture at the Royal Institution of Great Britain.
Specialist companies manufacture kits and models to order. One of the earlier companies was Woosters at Bottisham, Cambridgeshire, UK. Besides tetrahedral, trigonal and octahedral holes, there were all-purpose balls with 24 holes. These models allowed rotation about the single rod bonds, which could be both an advantage (showing molecular flexibility) and a disadvantage (models are floppy). The approximate scale was 5 cm per ångström (0.5 m/nm or 500,000,000:1), but was not consistent over all elements.
A Beevers ball-and-stick model of ruby (chromium-doped aluminium oxide).
The Beevers Miniature Models company in Edinburgh (now operating as Miramodus) produced small models beginning in 1961[3] using PMMA balls and stainless steel rods. In these models, the use of individually drilled balls with precise bond angles and bond lengths enabled large crystal structures to be accurately created in a light and rigid form.
See also[edit]
VSEPR theory
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Turner M (1971). "Ball and stick models for organic chemistry". Journal of Chemical Education. 48 (6): 407. doi:10.1021/ed048p407.
Jump up ^ Olmsted J, Williams GM (1997). Chemistry: The Molecular Science. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-8151-8450-8.
Jump up ^ "(Cecil) Arnold Beevers". Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ball-and-stick_model&oldid=822399702"
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