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Earth Angel
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"Earth Angel"
Single by The Penguins
A-side
"Hey Señorita"
Released
October 1954[1]
Format
7" single
10" shellac
Recorded
c. August–September 1954[2]
Genre
Doo-wop
rhythm and blues
Length
2:57
Label
Dootone
Songwriter(s)
Curtis Williams
Jesse Belvin
Gaynel Hodge
Producer(s)
Dootsie Williams
The Penguins singles chronology
"Earth Angel"
(1954) "No There Ain't No News Today / When I Am Gone"
(1954)
"Hey Señorita / Earth Angel"
(1954) "No There Ain't No News Today / When I Am Gone"
(1954)
"Earth Angel" (occasionally referred to as "Earth Angel (Will You Be Mine)") is a song by American doo-wop group the Penguins. Produced by Dootsie Williams, it was released as their debut single in October 1954 on Dootone Records. The Penguins had formed the year prior and recorded the song as a demo in a garage in South Los Angeles. The song's origins lie in multiple different sources, among them songs by Jesse Belvin, Patti Page, and the Hollywood Flames. Its authorship was the subject of a bitter legal dispute with Williams in the years following its release.
Although the song was going to be overdubbed with additional instrumentation, the original demo version became an unexpected hit, quickly outstripping its A-side. The song grew out of Southern California and spread across the United States over the winter of 1954–55. "Earth Angel" became the first independent label release to appear on Billboard's national pop charts, where it peaked within the top 10. It was a big hit on the magazine's R&B charts, where it remained number one for several weeks. A cover version by white vocal group the Crew-Cuts peaked higher on the pop charts, reaching number three. The song made an appearance in the movie "Back to the Future" with the band Marvin Berry & The Starlighters. More cover versions followed, including recordings by Gloria Mann, Tiny Tim, Johnny Tillotson, and Elvis Presley.
The Penguins' only hit, it eventually sold in excess of 10 million copies. The original recording of the song remained an enduring hit single for much of the 1950s, and it is now considered to be one of the definitive doo-wop songs. In 2005, it was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry, deeming it "culturally, historically, or aesthetically important."
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Commercial performance
3 Legal issues
4 Cover versions and in popular culture
5 Legacy
6 Charts
6.1 Weekly charts
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
Background[edit]
"Earth Angel"
"Earth Angel" is largely composed of elements from earlier doo-wop songs, among them "Blue Moon" and "Dream Girl".
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The Penguins—composed of lead vocalist Cleveland Duncan, bass Curtis Williams, tenor Dexter Tisby, and baritone Bruce Tate—formed at Fremont High School in Los Angeles, California in 1953.[2] The group named themselves after the Kool cigarette advertising mascot.[1] Williams and Gaynel Hodge were previously members of The Hollywood Flames, where they began writing "Earth Angel" with mentor Jesse Belvin, also a Fremont High graduate. Belvin had previously had a hit single in "Dream Girl", a 1952 ballad credited to Jesse & Marvin (saxophonist Marvin Phillips). The song echoes "Earth Angel" in its melodic refrain: "Dream girl, dream girl..."[3] Its "why-oh" hook was adapted as a background chant within "Earth Angel".[3] The "Will you be mine?" hook was borrowed from the R&B hit of the same name by the Swallows.[3] The Hollywood Flames were hired that year by Jessie Mae Robinson to record a demo of "I Went to Your Wedding", later recorded by Patti Page. Hodge later noted that the group lifted the bridge from that song for "Earth Angel".[4] The song also contains elements of the Flames' 1953 recording of "I Know" in its piano introduction and chord progressions, which were closely based on the Rodgers & Hart standard "Blue Moon".[3][4][5] Williams reportedly wrote the song for his wife, Marlene, and Duncan re-wrote the melody, as he disliked the original.[5]
"Earth Angel" was recorded as a literal garage demo—it was recorded in a home garage at the Los Angeles home of Ted Brinson (a relative of Williams who had previously played bass for the Jimmie Lunceford and Andy Kirk bands).[2][1] The home was located at 2190 West 30th Street in South Los Angeles.[6] The garage was used as the primary recording space of Dootsie Williams for all of his Dootone artists, and had also been used to record demos for Jessie Mae Robinson.[2] It was recorded on a single-track Ampex tape recorder, owned by big band veteran Ted Brinson, who performs bass guitar on the track.[2] The drums were muffled with pillows so as to not overwhelm the vocals.[2] A neighbor's pet dog stopped many takes by barking. "Everytime the dog barked next door, I'd have to go out and shut him up, and then we'd do another take," remembered Williams.[1] Williams performs piano on the track,[2] with Preston Epps on bongos (though this unconfirmed), as well as an unknown drummer.[6] The song is composed in the key of A-flat major and is set in time signature of common time with a tempo of 76 beats per minute. Duncan's vocal range spans from F3 to G4.[7] The first five seconds of the intro are cut off of the recording by accident.[6]
Commercial performance[edit]
John Dolphin broadcasting from Dolphin's of Hollywood, where the song first found airplay.
Although it was an unfinished demo, "Earth Angel" began to see immediate success. Williams carried a rough acetate dub with him to Dolphin's of Hollywood All Night Record Shop, a local record store, to gauge shop owner John Dolphin's opinion.[6] Dolphin broadcast a late-night rhythm and blues broadcast from his store, and KGFJ disc jockey Dick Hugg was sitting in.[6] Hugg played both sides of the single, and by the next morning, requests began coming in for the song.[2][6] As a result, Williams abandoned an idea to overdub additional instrumentation and began immediate manufacturing of the 7" single to issue it as soon as possible.[2] Still convinced "Hey Señorita" would be the hit, it was pressed to the A-side;[6] disc jockeys soon began flipping the record in favor of "Earth Angel".[1][8] The demand for "Earth Angel" nearly bankrupted Dootone; producer Walter Williams ran out of label paper, leading the single to be pressed on multiple colored labels.[1] It made its first appearance in Billboard as a territorial hit for Los Angeles, becoming the second best-selling R&B single in Los Angeles for the second week of October 1954.[9] It climbed to number one for the city by November 13, after which it began to grow in popularity in New York, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Buffalo, Pittsburgh, and Nashville.[10]
"Earth Angel" became the first independent label release to appear on Billboard's national pop charts.[2] Billboard called the record a "Best Buy" for the R&B charts, and Cashbox in Canada gave it its "Award o' the Week".[11] It hit number one in New York on November 27,[12] and by Christmas Day the song was placing on the "Best Sellers in Stores" chart for both R&B and pop, where it debuted at number 25.[13][14] By January 15, 1955, the single had advanced to the top 20 of the overall Best Sellers in Stores chart, resulting in its addition to the "Honor Roll of Hits" chart.[15] It also reached number one on the "Most Played in Jukeboxes" R&B chart.[16] After seven weeks on the chart, it peaked at number eight on the overall Best Sellers in Stores chart,[17] and by February 19 had hit number one on all the major R&B charts.[18] It remained a number one R&B hit for three weeks, before being dethroned by Johnny Ace's "Pledging My Love".[6]
At the time, it was a rare achievement for an R&B song to chart within the top echelons of the pop chart.[8] The Penguins were the first West Coast R&B group to dent the pop top ten.[6] In May 1955, Dootsie Williams was presented with a gold record to celebrate the record selling one million copies (it was reported that nearly 200,000 copies of "Earth Angel" were sold in Southern California alone).[2] With the popularity of the song "The Flying Saucer", the single saw revived sales in summer 1956.[19] When the Penguins switched to Mercury Records, the label reissued "Earth Angel" in September 1956 with string accompaniment.[2][6] The following July, Billboard reported that the single was again breaking out in certain markets, remarking, "This wax breaks out every summer."[2] It made another appearance at #101 in late December 1959.[20] Indeed, Billboard confirmed the single's enduring popularity in 1960: "The original version of 'Earth Angel,' for example, is still known to be a heavy traffic item in many areas."[21] By 1963, Williams had told Billboard the single had passed the 2,000,000 mark, and it was reported to be the top-selling single of Dootone Records (at this period renamed Dooto).[22] The same year, it was reported that thousands of bogus copies of "Earth Angel" were attempted to be sold by an unidentified counterfeiter.[23]
The song has continued to sell multiple decades after its release;[24] in 1983, for example, it was still selling thousands of copies per week around the world.[6] According to The New York Times, the Penguins' recording of "Earth Angel" has sold over ten million copies.[8] Its exact figures are uncertain; the Honolulu Star-Bulletin wrote that the single has sold "perhaps as many as 20 million records, remaining one of the most popular records of all time."[5]
Legal issues[edit]
Group members later engaged in a dispute with Dootsie Williams regarding royalties.[4] By mid-January 1955, the Penguins reportedly did not receive advances from Dootone, and problems began to arise.[6] They hired Buck Ram, a white big band-era veteran, to manage the group; he would later take partial credit for the song's success, despite the fact that he only began managing the group after its release.[2] On April 9, 1955, the Penguins signed with Mercury Records. Ram had directed the group to Mercury, slyly using his power as a representative to get another L.A.-based vocal group, the Platters, signed as well.[25] Dootone had previously confirmed to trades that their recording contract with the Penguins spanned three years. A court decision found this contract was invalid as three of the four members of the group were minors at the time of their signing.[6] Curtis Williams sued Dootone for $100,000, claiming damages as a result of his underage signing. Dootone countersued, claiming Mercury induced the group to break their Dootone contract and for taking the publishing rights of "Earth Angel".[6] Jesse Belvin and supposed co-writer Johnny Green sued the group the same week for not receiving credit for writing the song.[6]
Dootsie Williams sued and was awarded the rights to the song in 1957 by the Los Angeles Superior Court "on the ground that Belvin and Hodge had written most of it."[2]
Cover versions and in popular culture[edit]
"Earth Angel" has been repeatedly covered in popular culture.[24] As was a common occurrence at the time,[8] there were a number of cover versions released upon the record's immediate success.[1] Many white artists covered the song, including Gloria Mann, Pat O'Day, and Les Baxter.[4] The most notable of these was performed by a vocal group from Canada named the Crew-Cuts, signed to Mercury Records. Their version peaked at number three on the pop charts, higher than the original.[8] Their version also reached British charts, a feat the original was unable to achieve.[1] Elvis Presley recorded an informal cover during an army stint in Germany.[4] "The Flying Saucer" (1956), widely considered one of the first mashup songs,[26][27] sampled the song without permission.[19] Other cover versions include Johnny Tillotson, The Cleftones, The Vogues, New Edition, The Temptations, Joan Baez, Bella Morte, and Johnny Preston.[5]
In addition to cover versions, the song has also been employed in various film and television soundtracks.[24] The 1991 film Earth Angel was named after the song.[5] The song has been used in the television series Happy Days.[5] It was featured prominently in the film Back to the Future (performed by Harry Waters Jr. as Marvin Berry & The Starlighters), as well as Superman III and The Karate Kid Part II.[28] It is also used in the jukebox musical Jersey Boys, a musical about the rock band The Four Seasons. Australian group Human Nature covered the song on their 2014 album Jukebox.[citation needed]
Legacy[edit]
Although the Penguins never matched the success of their debut single, the song has continued to see popularity and acclaim. Cleveland Duncan, the song's lead vocalist, remarked, "I never get tired of singing it, as long as people never get tired of hearing it."[8] The song became a staple of oldies radio in the late 20th century.[24]
An appraisal in the book Singles dubs the song "a simple but elegant recording now judged by many to be one of the finest examples of what would become doo-wop".[1] Despite the higher success of the cover by the Crew-Cuts, the original amateur recording by the Penguins is now considered definitive.[1] Steve Sullivan, author of the Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings, writes that the track "possesses virtually all of the qualities cherished by doo-wop lovers: melodic beauty, a shimmering earnest lead vocal, stripped-to-the-bone simplicity, and a pristine romantic innocence."[2] The New York Times wrote that "For many the song evokes a glittering, timeless vision of proms, sock hops and impossibly young love",[8] and the Los Angeles Times concurred, calling it a "nostalgic evocation of post-World War II youth culture."[24] Steve Propes, an author and music historian, remarked that "It was the first of the ultra-romantic ballads that hit the nerve of teens at the time ... It stood out because of the sincerity of the delivery."[24] Rolling Stone placed it at number 152 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and called it "a pivotal record in the early development of rock & roll. The artless, unaffected vocals of the Penguins, four black high schoolers from L.A., defined the street-corner elegance of doo-wop."[29]
A 1997 listener poll by New York radio station WCBS placed "Earth Angel" just behind the Five Satins' "In the Still of the Night" in a list of most enduring doo-wop songs.[2] In 1973, Billboard reported that many considered "Earth Angel" among the first rock and roll hits,[30] and The New York Times stated that "its rhythmic, wailing plea to an idealized young woman captured the spirit of the just-emerging rock generation."[8] In 2005, it was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry, deeming it "culturally, historically, or aesthetically important".[31]
In July 2016, British rock band Coldplay played the song in concert in New Jersey with Michael J. Fox, star of Back to the Future, on guitar, in a tribute to the film.[32]
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
All versions[a]
Chart (1954–55)
Peak
position
US Honor Roll of Hits (Billboard)[33]
5
The Penguins version
Chart (1954–55)
Peak
position
US Best Sellers in Stores (Billboard)[17]
8
US Best Sellers in Stores (R&B) (Billboard)[18]
1
US Most Played in Jukeboxes (R&B) (Billboard)[16]
1
US Most Played by Jockeys (R&B) (Billboard)[18]
1
Chart (1959)
Peak
position
US Bubbling Under the Hot 100 (Billboard)[20]
6
The Crew-Cuts
Chart (1955)
Peak
position
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[34]
4
US Best Sellers in Stores (Billboard)[35]
8
US Most Played in Jukeboxes (Billboard)[36]
8
US Most Played by Jockeys (Billboard)[37]
3
Gloria Mann version
Chart (1955)
Peak
position
US Best Sellers in Stores (Billboard)[38]
24
US Most Played in Jukeboxes (Billboard)[39]
19
Johnny Tillotson version
Chart (1960)
Peak
position
US Hot 100 (Billboard)[40]
57
The Vogues version
Chart (1969)
Peak
position
US Hot 100 (Billboard)[41]
42
New Edition version
Chart (1986)
Peak
position
US Hot 100 (Billboard)[42]
21
Preceded by
"Hearts of Stone" by The Charms Billboard R&B Best Sellers in Stores number-one single
January 15, 1955 – February 5, 1955 Succeeded by
"Pledging My Love" by Johnny Ace
See also[edit]
"Blue Moon"
List of best-selling singles
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Billboard's Honor Roll of Hits measured a song's popularity versus a particular artist's rendition. It combined all cover versions of a song into one consolidated listing.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Black, Johnnie (2006). Singles: Six Decades of Hot Hits and Classic Cuts. New York: Thunder Bay Press, p. 11. First edition, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Sullivan, Steve (2013). Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings. New York: Scarecrow Press, pp. 382–84. First edition, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Dawson, Jim, & Steve Propes (1992). What Was the First Rock 'N' Roll Record?. New York: Faber & Faber, pp. 158–64. First edition, 1992.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Birnbaum, Larry (2013). Before Elvis: The Prehistory of Rock 'n' Roll. New York: Scarecrow Press, pp. 316–18. First edition, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Ryan, Tim (September 14, 2001). "'Earth Angel' still flying high". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Warner, Jay (1992). American Singing Groups: A History from 1940s to Today. New York: Hal Leonard, pp. 272–75. First edition, 1992.
Jump up ^ "The Penguins "Earth Angel" Sheet Music". Music Notes. EMI Music Publishing. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Martin, Douglas (November 14, 2012). "Cleve Duncan, the Voice of 'Earth Angel', Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "R&B Territorial Best-Sellers". The Billboard: 51. November 6, 1954. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "This Week's Best Buys: "Earth Angel"". Billboard: 98. November 13, 1954. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "BMI Checklist". Billboard: 24. January 1, 1955. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "R&B Territorial Best-Sellers". Billboard: 44. November 27, 1954. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Best Sellers in Stores". Billboard: 30. December 25, 1954. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Rhythm and Blues Records: Best Sellers in Stores". Billboard: 30. December 25, 1954. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Honor Roll of Hits". Billboard: 46. January 15, 1955. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Honor Roll of Hits". Billboard: 60. January 15, 1955. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Best Sellers in Stores". Billboard: 32. February 5, 1955. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Rhythm and Blues Records". Billboard: 52. February 19, 1955. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Earth Angel' Flies Again". Billboard: 39. August 18, 1956. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bubbling Under the Hot 100". Billboard: 25. December 28, 1959. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Col. Sets Literary Section". Billboard. 75 (34): 6. January 4, 1960. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dooto Plans Move to New Quarters Outside Hollywood". Billboard. 74 (26): 52. June 30, 1962. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dooto Reward for 45 Counterfeiters". Billboard: 10. August 24, 1963. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Mike Anton (November 16, 2012). "Cleve Duncan dies at 78; one of the Penguins on 'Earth Angel'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Buck Ram interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969)
Jump up ^ Plasketes, George (2010). Play it Again: Cover Songs in Popular Music. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, p. 210. First edition, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Recombinant DNA of the Mash-Up". The New York Times. January 6, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "100 Best Tracks of the Fifties". NME. January 31, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. April 7, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kirsch, Bob (May 12, 1973). "Trip Releasing 10 Two-Pocket Diskthologies". Billboard. 85 (19): 10. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Grunge, Rap Music Added to U.S. Recording Registry". NPR. April 5, 2005. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "See Coldplay, Michael J. Fox Play 'Back to the Future' Songs Onstage". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
Jump up ^ "Honor Roll of Hits". Billboard: 24. March 5, 1955. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Best Sellers in Stores". Billboard: 48. February 26, 1955. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most Played in Jukeboxes". Billboard: 34. March 19, 1955. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most Played by Jockeys". Billboard: 36. March 12, 1955. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Best Sellers in Stores". Billboard: 24. February 26, 1955. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Most Played in Jukeboxes". Billboard: 34. March 19, 1955. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Tillotson Chart History". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Vogues Chart History". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "New Edition Chart History". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
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Sea of Galilee
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Sea of Galilee - Kinneret
Coordinates
32°50′N 35°35′E / 32.833°N 35.583°E / 32.833; 35.583Coordinates: 32°50′N 35°35′E / 32.833°N 35.583°E / 32.833; 35.583
Lake type
Monomictic
Primary inflows
Upper Jordan River and local runoff[1]
Primary outflows
Lower Jordan River, evaporation
Catchment area
2,730 km2 (1,050 sq mi)[2]
Basin countries
Israel, Syria
Max. length
21 km (13 mi)
Max. width
13 km (8.1 mi)
Surface area
166 km2 (64 sq mi)
Average depth
25.6 m (84 ft), varying
Max. depth
43 m (141 ft), varying
Water volume
4 km3 (0.96 cu mi)
Residence time
5 years
Shore length1
53 km (33 mi)
Surface elevation
−214.58 m (−704.0 ft), varying
Settlements
Tiberias, Tel Katzir
References
[1][2]
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.
The Sea of Galilee (Hebrew: יָם כִּנֶּרֶת, Judeo-Aramaic: יַמּא דטבריא, גִּנֵּיסַר, Arabic: بحيرة طبريا), Kinneret or Kinnereth,[3] Lake of Gennesaret, or Lake Tiberias, is a freshwater lake in Israel. It is approximately 53 km (33 mi) in circumference, about 21 km (13 mi) long, and 13 km (8.1 mi) wide. Its area is 166.7 km2 (64.4 sq mi) at its fullest, and its maximum depth is approximately 43 m (141 feet).[4] At levels between 215 metres (705 ft) and 209 metres (686 ft) below sea level,[5] it is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth and the second-lowest lake in the world (after the Dead Sea, a saltwater lake).[6] The lake is fed partly by underground springs although its main source is the Jordan River which flows through it from north to south.
Contents
1 Geography
2 Names
2.1 Lake or Sea of Kinneret
2.2 Lake of Gennesaret
2.3 Sea of Ginosar
2.4 Sea of Galilee, sea of Tiberias, or Lake Tiberias
2.5 Sea of Minya
3 History
3.1 Prehistory
3.2 Antiquity
3.3 Middle Ages
3.4 Modern era
4 Archaeology
5 Water use
6 Tourism
7 Flora and fauna
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
11 Further reading
Geography[edit]
Sea of Galilee in relation to the Dead Sea
Names[edit]
The lake has been called by different names throughout its history, usually depending on the dominant settlement on its shores. With the changing fate of the towns, the lake's name also changed.
Lake or Sea of Kinneret[edit]
The modern Hebrew name, Kinneret, comes from the Hebrew Bible, the main source of the Christian Old Testament, where it appears as the "sea of Kinneret" in Numbers 34:11 and Joshua 13:27, spelled כנרות "Kinnerot" in Hebrew in Joshua 11:2. This name was also found in the scripts of Ugarit, in the Aqhat Epic. Kinneret was listed among the "fenced cities" in Joshua 19:35. A persistent, though likely erroneous, popular etymology of the name presumes that the name Kinneret may originate from the Hebrew word kinnor ("harp" or "lyre") in view of the shape of the lake.[7] The scholarly consensus, however, is that the origin of the name lies with the important Bronze and Iron Age city of Kinneret, excavated at Tell el-'Oreimeh.[8] However, there is no evidence that the city of Kinneret itself was not named after the body of water rather than vice versa, or for the origin of the town's name.
Lake of Gennesaret[edit]
All Old and New Testament writers use the term "sea" (Hebrew יָם yam, Greek θάλασσα), with the exception of Luke who calls it "the Lake of Gennesaret" (Luke 5:1), from the Greek λίμνη Γεννησαρέτ (limnē Gennēsaret), the "Grecized form of Chinnereth" according to Easton (1897).[9]
Sea of Ginosar[edit]
The Babylonian Talmud, as well as Flavius Josephus mention the sea by the name "Sea of Ginosar" after the small fertile plain of Ginosar that lies on its western side.[citation needed] Ginosar is yet another name derived from "Kinneret".[8]
Sea of Galilee, sea of Tiberias, or Lake Tiberias[edit]
In the New Testament, the term "sea of Galilee" (Greek: θάλασσαν τῆς Γαλιλαίας, thalassan tēs Galilaias) is used in the gospel of Matthew 4:18; 15:29, the gospel of Mark 1:16; 7:31, and in the gospel of John 6:1 as "the sea of Galilee, which is the sea of Tiberias" (θαλάσσης τῆς Γαλιλαίας τῆς Τιβεριάδος, thalassēs tēs Galilaias tēs Tiberiados), the late 1st century CE name.[10] Sea of Tiberias is also the name mentioned in Roman texts and in the Jerusalem Talmud, and was adopted into Arabic as Buhairet Tabariyya (help·info) (بحيرة طبريا), "Lake Tiberias".
Sea of Minya[edit]
From the Umayyad through the Mamluk period the lake was known in Arabic as "Bahr al-Minya", the "Sea of Minya", after the Umayyad qasr complex whose ruins are still visible at Khirbat al-Minya. This is the name employed by the medieval Persian and Arab scholars Al-Baladhuri, Al-Tabari and Ibn Kathir.[11]
History[edit]
Prehistory[edit]
In 1989, remains of a hunter-gatherer site were found under the water at the southern end. Remains of mud huts were found in Ohalo. Nahal Ein Gev, located about 3 km east of the lake, contains a village from the late Natufian period. The site is considered one of the first permanent human settlements in the world from a time predating the Neolithic revolution.[citation needed]
Antiquity[edit]
Jesus appears on the shore of Lake Tiberias by James Tissot
Jesus and the miraculous catch of fish, in the Sea of Galilee, by Raphael
The Sea of Galilee lies on the ancient Via Maris, which linked Egypt with the northern empires. The Greeks, Hasmoneans, and Romans founded flourishing towns and settlements on the land-locked lake including Hippos and Tiberias. The first-century historian Flavius Josephus was so impressed by the area that he wrote, "One may call this place the ambition of Nature"; he also reported a thriving fishing industry at this time, with 230 boats regularly working in the lake. Archaeologists discovered one such boat, nicknamed the Jesus Boat, in 1986.
In the Bible, much of the ministry of Jesus occurred on the shores of Lake Galilee. In those days, there was a continuous ribbon development of settlements and villages around the lake and plenty of trade and ferrying by boat. The Synoptic Gospels of Mark (1:14–20), Matthew (4:18–22), and Luke (5:1–11) describe how Jesus recruited four of his apostles from the shores of Lake Galilee: the fishermen Simon and his brother Andrew and the brothers John and James. One of Jesus' famous teaching episodes, the Sermon on the Mount, is supposed to have been given on a hill overlooking the lake. Many of his miracles are also said to have occurred here including his walking on water, calming the storm, the disciples and the miraculous catch of fish, and his feeding five thousand people (in Tabgha). In John's Gospel the sea provides the setting for Jesus' third post-resurrection appearance to his disciples (John 21).
View of the Sea of Galilee from space
In 135 CE, Bar Kokhba's revolt was put down. The Romans responded by banning all Jews from Jerusalem. The center of Jewish culture and learning shifted to the region of Galilee and the Kinneret, particularly the city of Tiberias. It was in this region that the Jerusalem Talmud was compiled.[12]
Middle Ages[edit]
The lake's importance declined when the Byzantines lost control and the area was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate and subsequent Islamic empires. Apart from Tiberias, the major towns and cities in the area were gradually abandoned.[citation needed] The palace Khirbat al-Minya was built by the lake during the reign of the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I (705–715 CE). In 1187, Saladin defeated the armies of the Crusades at the Battle of Hattin, largely because he was able to cut the Crusaders off from the valuable fresh water of the Sea of Galilee.
Modern era[edit]
Duga beach, Kinneret
Southern tip of the lake, seen from Mount Poriya
The lake had little importance within the early Ottoman Empire. Tiberias did see a significant revival of its Jewish community in the 16th century, but had gradually declined, until in 1660 the city was completely destroyed. In the early 18th century, Tiberias was rebuilt by Zahir al-Umar, becoming the center of his rule over Galilee, and seeing also a revival of its Jewish community.
In 1909, Jewish pioneers established the first cooperative farming village (kibbutz), Kvutzat Kinneret in the immediate vicinity of the lake. The settlement trained Jewish immigrants in farming and agriculture. Later, Kvutzat Kinneret pioneers established Kibbutz Degania Alef. The Kvutzat Kinneret is considered the cradle of the kibbutz culture of early Zionism and is the birthplace of Naomi Shemer and the burial site of Rachel—two of the most prominent Israeli poets.
In 1917, the British defeated Ottoman Turkish forces and took control of Palestine, while France took control of Syria. In the carve-up of the Ottoman territories between Britain and France, it was agreed that Britain would retain control of Palestine, while France would control Syria. However, the allies had to fix the border between the Mandatory Palestine and the French Mandate of Syria.[13] The boundary was defined in broad terms by the Franco-British Boundary Agreement of December 1920, which drew it across the middle of the lake.[14] However, the commission established by the 1920 treaty redrew the boundary. The Zionist movement pressured the French and British to assign as many water sources as possible to Mandatory Palestine during the demarcating negotiations. The High Commissioner of Palestine, Herbert Samuel, had sought full control of the Sea of Galilee.[15] The negotiations led to the inclusion into the Palestine territory of the whole Sea of Galilee, both sides of the River Jordan, Lake Hula, Dan spring, and part of the Yarmouk.[16] The final border approved in 1923 followed a 10-meter wide strip along the lake's northeastern shore,[17] cutting the Mandatory Syria (State of Damascus) off from the lake.
The British and French Agreement provided that existing rights over the use of the waters of the Jordan by the inhabitants of Syria would be maintained; the Government of Syria would have the right to erect a new pier at Semakh on Lake Tiberias or jointly use the existing pier; persons or goods passing between the landing-stage on the Lake of Tiberias and Semakh would not be subject to customs regulations, and the Syrian government would have access to the said landing-stage; the inhabitants of Syria and Lebanon would have the same fishing and navigation rights on Lakes Huleh, Tiberias and River Jordan, while the Government of Palestine would be responsible for policing of lakes.[18]
On May 15, 1948, Syria invaded the newborn State of Israel,[19] capturing territory along the Sea of Galilee.[20] Under the 1949 armistice agreement between Israel and Syria, Syria occupied the northeast shoreline of the Sea of Galilee. The agreement, though, stated that the armistice line was "not to be interpreted as having any relation whatsoever to ultimate territorial arrangements." Syria remained in possession of the lake's northeast shoreline until the 1967 Arab-Israeli war.
In the 1950s, Israel formulated a plan to link the Kinneret with the rest of the country's water infrastructure via the National Water Carrier, in order to supply the water demand of the growing country. The carrier was completed in 1964. The Israeli plan, to which the Arab League opposed its own plan to divert the headwaters of the Jordan River, sparked political and sometimes even armed confrontations over the Jordan River basin.
After 5 years of drought as of 2018[update], Sea of Galilee is expected to get to the black line.[21] The black elevation line is the lowest depth from which irreversible damage begin and no water can be pumped out anymore.[22] Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research describe it as "The black line marks -214.87 m, the lowest-ever level reached since 1926 when the water level record began. According to the water authority, the Kinneret water level must not decline below this level."[23]
In February 2018, The city of Tiberias requested a desalination plant to treat the water coming from the Sea of Galilee and demanded a new water source for the city.[24] March 2018 was the lowest point in water income[definition needed] to the lake since 1927.[25]
In September 2018 the Israeli energy and water office announced a project to purr desalinated water from the Mediterranean sea into the sea of Galilee using an underground tunnel, the tunnel is expected to be largest of its kind done in Israel and will transfer half of the Mediterranean desalted water and will push 300 to 500 Million cubic litters of water per year.[26] The plan said to cost five billion shekels. Giora Eiland lead the meetings with the German counterparts to find a suitable contractor to build the project.
Archaeology[edit]
In 1986 the Ancient Galilee Boat, also known as the Jesus Boat, was discovered on the north-west shore of the Sea of Galilee during a drought when water levels receded. It is an ancient fishing boat from the 1st century AD, and although there is no evidence directly linking the boat to Jesus and his disciples it nevertheless is an example of the kind of boat Jesus and his disciples, some of whom were fishermen, would have used.
Ancient Galilee boat at Kibbutz Ginossar
During a routine sonar scan in 2003 (finding published in 2013),[27] archaeologists discovered an enormous conical stone structure. The structure, which has a diameter of around 230 feet (70 m), is made of boulders and stones. The ruins are estimated to be between 2,000 and 12,000 years old, and are about 10 metres (33 ft) underwater.[28] The estimated weight of the monument is over 60,000 tons. Researchers explain that the site resembles early burial sites in Europe and was likely built in the early Bronze Age.
In February 2018, archaeologists discovered seven intact mosaic with Greek inscriptions. One inscription, one of the longest found to date in western Galilee, gives the names of donors and the names and positions of church officials, including Irenaeus. Another mosaic mentions a woman as a donor to the church’s construction. This inscription is the first in the region to mention a female donor.[29]
Water use[edit]
Sea of Galilee water levels January 2004 – February 2012
Israel's National Water Carrier, completed in 1964, transports water from the lake to the population centers of Israel, and in the past supplied most of the country's drinking water.[30] Nowadays the lake supplies approximately 10% of Israel's drinking water needs.[31]
In 1964, Syria attempted construction of a Headwater Diversion Plan that would have blocked the flow of water into the Sea of Galilee, sharply reducing the water flow into the lake.[32] This project and Israel's attempt to block these efforts in 1965 were factors which played into regional tensions culminating in the 1967 Six-Day War. During the war, Israel captured the Golan Heights, which contain some of the sources of water for the Sea of Galilee.
The Israeli government monitors water levels and publishes the results daily at this web page. The level over the past eight years can be retrieved from that site.[33] Increasing water demand in Israel, Lebanon and Jordan, as well as dry winters, have resulted in stress on the lake and a decreasing water line to dangerously low levels at times. The Sea of Galilee is at risk of becoming irreversibly salinized by the salt water springs under the lake, which are held in check by the weight of the freshwater on top of them.[34]
Up until the mid-2010s, about 400,000,000 cubic metres (1.4×1010 cu ft) of water was pumped through the National Water Carrier each year.[35] Under the terms of the Israel–Jordan peace treaty, Israel also supplies 50,000,000 cubic metres (1.8×109 cu ft) of water annually from the lake to Jordan.[36] In recent years the Israeli government has made extensive investments in water conservation, reclamation and desalination infrastructure in the country. This has allowed it to significantly reduce the amount of water pumped from the lake annually in an effort to restore and improve its ecological environment, as well as respond to some of the most extreme drought conditions in hundreds of years affecting the lake's intake basin since 1998. Therefore, it is expected that in 2016 only about 25,000,000 cubic metres (880,000,000 cu ft) of water will be drawn from the lake for Israeli domestic consumption, a small fraction of the amount typically drawn from the lake over the previous decades.[31]
With extreme drought conditions continuing to intensify, the government of Israel approved a plan in 2018 to pump desalinated water into the lake in an effort to stop the water level from plunging below a point where irreversible ecological damage to the lake might take place.[37]
Tourism[edit]
Tourists on a boat at Tiberias, 1891
Kinneret beach
Tilapia zilli (redbelly tilapia, "St. Peter's fish"), served in a Tiberias restaurant
Tourism around the Sea of Galilee is an important economic branch. Historical and religious sites in the region draw both local and foreign tourists. The Sea of Galilee is an attraction for Christian pilgrims who visit Israel to see the places where Jesus performed miracles according to the New Testament, such as his walking on water, calming the storm and feeding the multitude. Alonzo Ketcham Parker, a nineteenth-century American traveler, called visiting the Sea of Galilee "a 'fifth gospel' which one read devoutly, his heart overflowing with quiet joy".[38]
In April 2011, Israel unveiled a 40-mile (64 km) hiking trail in Galilee for Christian pilgrims, called the "Jesus Trail". It includes a network of footpaths, roads and bicycle paths linking sites central to the lives of Jesus and his disciples. It ends at Capernaum on the shores of the Sea of Galilee, where Jesus espoused his teachings.[39]
Another key attraction is the site where the Sea of Galilee's water flows into the Jordan River, to which thousands of pilgrims from all over the world come to be baptized every year.[citation needed]
Israel's most well-known open water swim race, the Kinneret Crossing, is held every year in September, drawing thousands of open water swimmers to participate in competitive and noncompetitive events.[citation needed]
Tourists also partake in the building of rafts on Lavnun Beach, called Rafsodia. Here many different age groups work together to build a raft with their bare hands and then sail that raft across the sea.[citation needed]
Other economic activities include fishing in the lake and agriculture, particularly bananas, dates, mangoes, grapes and olives in the fertile belt of land surrounding it.[citation needed]
Flora and fauna[edit]
The warm waters of the Sea of Galilee support various flora and fauna, which have supported a significant commercial fishery for more than two millennia. Local flora include various reeds along most of the shoreline as well as phytoplankton. Fauna include zooplankton, benthos and a number of fish species such as Acanthobrama terraesanctae. Fish caught commercially include Tristramella simonis and Sarotherodon galilaeus, locally called "St. Peter’s Fish".[4] In 2005, 300 short tons (270 t) of tilapia were caught by local fishermen. This dropped to 8 short tons (7.3 t) in 2009 due to overfishing.[40]
However, low water levels in drought years have stressed the lake's ecology. This may have been aggravated by over-extraction of water for either the National Water Carrier to supply other parts of Israel or, since 1994, for the supply of water to Jordan (see "Water use" section above). Droughts of the early and mid-1990s dried out the marshy northern margin of the lake.[41] A fish species that is unique to the lake, Tristramella sacra, used to spawn in the marsh and has not been seen since the 1990s droughts.[41] Conservationists fear this species may have become extinct.[41] It is hoped that drastic reductions in the amount of water pumped through the National Water Carrier will help restore the lake's ecology over the span of several years. As such, the amount planned to be drawn in 2016 for Israeli domestic water use is expected to be less than 10% of the amount commonly drawn on an annual basis in the decades before the mid-2010s.[31]
Panoramic view of the Sea of Galilee
See also[edit]
Water portal
Israel portal
Bible portal
Miracles of Jesus
Sea of Galilee Boat
Tourism in Israel
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Aaron T. Wolf, Hydropolitics along the Jordan River, United Nations University Press, 1995
^ Jump up to: a b Exact-me.org
Jump up ^ The Hebrew letter "ת" (Tav) is often transliterated as "Th".
^ Jump up to: a b Data Summary: Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee) Archived 2014-02-03 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Kinneret – General" (in Hebrew). Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research Ltd.
Jump up ^ The 1996-discovered subglacial Lake Vostok challenges both records; it is estimated to be 200 m (660 ft) to 600 m (2,000 ft) below sea level.
Jump up ^ Easton's Revised Bible Dictionary, Chinnereth. Another speculation is that the name comes from a fruit called in Biblical Hebrew kinar, which is thought to be the fruit of Ziziphus spina-christi.
^ Jump up to: a b Avraham Negev, Shimon Gibson, ed. (2001). Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, London: Continuum. p. 285. ISBN 0-8264-1316-1.
Jump up ^ Easton, Gennesaret.
Jump up ^ Easton, Tiberias
Jump up ^ "Khirbet Al-Minya". Jalili48. Professor Dr. Moslih Kanaaneh. 12 May 2006. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
Jump up ^ In the time of the Byzantine Empire, the lake's significance in Jesus' life made it a major destination for Christian pilgrims. This led to the growth of a full-fledged tourist industry, complete with package tours and plenty of comfortable inns.
Jump up ^ The Preamble of the League of Nations Mandate Archived 2016-04-21 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Franco-British Convention on Certain Points Connected with the Mandates for Syria and the Lebanon, Palestine and Mesopotamia, signed Dec. 23, 1920. Text available in American Journal of International Law, Vol. 16, No. 3, 1922, 122–126.
Jump up ^ The boundaries of modern Palestine, 1840–1947 (2004), by Gideon Biger. Publisher Rutledge Curzon. ISBN 978-0-7146-5654-0, p. 130.
Jump up ^ The boundaries of modern Palestine, 1840–1947, p. 150. and 130.
Jump up ^ The boundaries of modern Palestine, 1840–1947, p. 145.
Jump up ^ Agreement between His Majesty's Government and the French Government respecting the Boundary Line between Syria and Palestine from the Mediterranean to El Hámmé Archived 2008-09-09 at the Wayback Machine., Treaty Series No. 13 (1923), Cmd. 1910. Page 7.
Jump up ^ "Israel and the Palestinians - a history - guardian.co.uk - guardian.co.uk".
Jump up ^ "The Year of 1948".
Jump up ^ "שר האנרגיה הכריז: מצב חירום במשק המים - ישראל היום".
Jump up ^ "חדשות - בארץ nrg - מומחים: מצב המים – הקשה מקום המדינה". www.makorrishon.co.il.
Jump up ^ "כנרת - מפלס האגם". kinneret.ocean.org.il.
Jump up ^ קוריאל, אילנה (16 February 2018). "בטבריה חוששים להישאר בלי מים - ומבקשים מתקן התפלה" – via Ynet.
Jump up ^ להורדה, הרבה יותר נוח לגלוש באפליקציית חדשות 20, לחץ עכשיו. "כמות המים שנכנסה לכנרת היא הנמוכה ביותר שנרשמה מאז 1927 - חדשות 20".
Jump up ^ https://m.calcalist.co.il/Article.aspx?guid=3745482&ref=ynet
Jump up ^ Paz, Yitzhak; Moshe, Reshef; Ben-Avraham, Zvie; Shmuel, Marco; Tibor, Gideon; Nadel, Dani (2013). "A Submerged Monumental Structure in the Sea of Galilee, Israel". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 42 (1): 189–193. doi:10.1111/1095-9270.12005.
Jump up ^ "Mysterious structure found at bottom of ancient lake". CNN.com. Retrieved 2013-05-23.
Jump up ^ LOBELL, JARRETT A. "Gods of the Galilee - Archaeology Magazine". www.archaeology.org.
Jump up ^ "Black gold under the Golan". The Economist. 7 November 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Amit, Hagai (1 June 2016). "הקו האדום של הכנרת נהפך לבעיה של הירדנים" [The Kinneret's Red Line has Turned into Jordan's Problem]. TheMarker. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Fischhendler, Itay (2008). "When Ambiguity in Treaty Design Becomes Destructive: A Study of Transboundary Water". Global Environmental Politics. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
Jump up ^ Kinneret Basin Water Level
Jump up ^ Skynews report, 5 May 2009: Race To Save Sea Of Galilee From Disaster Archived 2009-05-08 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Shmuel Kantor. "The National Water Carrier".
Jump up ^ "Developments related to the Middle East Peace Process". UN. Retrieved 2008-02-20.
Jump up ^ Lidman, Melanie (10 June 2018). "Government approves plan to pump desalinated water into Sea of Galilee". Times of Israel.
Jump up ^ Parker, A. K., "The Sea of Galilee" in The Biblical World, Vol. 7, No. 4 (April 1896), pages 264–272
Jump up ^ Daniel Estrin, Canadian Press (April 15, 2011). "Israel unveils hiking trail in Galilee for Christian pilgrims". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on March 13, 2013. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
Jump up ^ "Still Fishers of Men". Vermont Catholic. 1 (12): 3. June 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Goren, M. (2006). "Tristramella sacra". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2011-06-13.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sea of Galilee.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Sea of Galilee.
World Lakes Database entry for Sea of Galilee
Kinneret Data Center // Kinneret Limnological Laboratory
Sea of Galilee (Kinneret) // Israel Ministry of Environmental Protection
Bibleplaces.com: Sea of Galilee
Peace Mural of the Sea of Galilee in the Chapel of the Good Shephard – Ramallah
Updated elevation of the Kinneret's level (Hebrew). Elevation (meters below sea level) is shown on the line following the date line.
Virtual Map of Israel: Kinneret
Sea Of Galilee Water Level Application [Google Store]
Israel Bans Fishing in Sea of Galilee
The Road To The Sea Of Galilee
Further reading[edit]
Tamar Zohary, Assaf Sukenik, Tom Berman (2014). Lake Kinneret: Ecology and Management. Springer. ISBN 9789401789448. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
C. Serruya (1978). Lake Kinneret. ISBN 90-6193-085-5.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_of_Galilee&oldid=866526825"
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Gun laws in Missouri
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Location of Missouri in the United States
Gun laws in Missouri regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the state of Missouri in the United States.[1][2]
Contents
1 Summary table
2 Concealed carry
3 Open carry
4 Concealed Carry Permit Requirement Exceptions
5 References
6 External links
Summary table[edit]
Subject/Law
Long Guns
Handguns
Relevant Statutes
Notes
State permit required to purchase? No No
Firearm registration? No No
Owner license required? No No
Carry permits required ? No No Missouri is a "shall issue" state for concealed carry. Permitless carry took effect on January 1, 2017.[3]
Open carry permitted? Yes Yes Open carry is permitted. As of October 11, 2014, a valid CCW overrides local laws against Open Carry, state wide.
State preemption of local restrictions? Yes Yes Local governments are allowed to regulate open carry and the discharge of firearms (except in self defense); however, ccw permit holders are exempt from ordinances banning open carry.[4]
Assault weapon law? No No
Magazine Capacity Restriction? No No
NFA weapons restricted? No No
Peaceable journey law? Yes Yes
Background checks required for private sales? No No
Concealed carry[edit]
Missouri Statute 571.070 (8/28/2007) says that it is unlawful for a felon or adjudged incompetent Person to have possession of any firearm (including concealable firearms). Violation of this law is a class D felony.[5] This law was the subject of a challenge, in which a nonviolent felon successfully argued that the law is unconstitutional as applied to him. The law failed muster against the required strict scrutiny test.[6][7] However, the law was found to be constitutional by the Supreme Court of Missouri.[8]
Missouri law exempts the possession of antique firearms, as defined in 18 U.S.C. Section 921, from the provision that specifies a person commits the crime of unlawful possession of a firearm if he or she is a convicted felon possessing a firearm.[5]
Missouri Statute 571.121 (8/28/2007) says that: (a) You have to carry your permit with you when you carry the concealed weapon, and if you don't have it with you, it is not a crime, but you can be fined up to $35; and that (b) County sheriffs issue a state CCW I.D. that reflects that you can carry concealed.[9]
In September 2014, Missouri lawmakers passed SB 656 allowing specially trained school employees to carry concealed guns on campuses. It also allows anyone with a concealed weapons permit to carry guns openly in cities or towns with bans against the open carrying of firearms. The age to obtain a concealed weapons permit was also dropped from 21 to 19 [See 2014 Senate Bill 656]. Missouri became the 10th state to pass legislation allowing armed school employees since the mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, in 2012.[10] The bill was initially vetoed by Gov. Nixon, but the Missouri legislature overrode the veto during the September veto session.[11]
In September 2016, another Senate bill coincidentally numbered SB 656 was passed allowing permitless concealed carry by anyone 19[12][13] years of age or older who may lawfully own a gun. This bill was also vetoed by Governor Nixon, on June 27, 2016. After the Missouri legislature reconvened for the veto-override session on September 14, 2016, the Senate voted to override the veto with a 24 – 6 vote (23 required) and the House followed through shortly thereafter with a 112 – 41 vote (109 required). The permitless carry provision of the bill went into effect on January 1, 2017.[3]
Open carry[edit]
Missouri allows any person who has a valid concealed carry endorsement or permit and is lawfully carrying a firearm in a concealed manner to briefly and openly display the firearm, so long as the firearm is not displayed in an angry or threatening manner.[14] Some localities prohibit open carry; however, concealed carry license holders are exempted from this restriction.[15]
Concealed Carry Permit Requirement Exceptions[edit]
As of January 1, 2017, a permit is not required to carry concealed.[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "State Gun Laws: Missouri", National Rifle Association – Institute for Legislative Action. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Missouri State Law Summary", Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Missourians Celebrate a Win for Self-Defense Rights on Wednesday". Retrieved 2016-09-15.
Jump up ^ http://moga.mo.gov/mostatutes/stathtml/02100007501.html, Missouri Revised Statutes, 21.750 Firearms legislation preemption by general assembly, exceptions--limitation on civil recovery against firearms or ammunitions manufacturers, when, exception.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.moga.mo.gov/mostatutes/stathtml/57100000701.html, Missouri Revised Statutes, 571.070 Possession of firearm unlawful for certain persons--penalty--exception.
Jump up ^ http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/st-louis-judge-tosses-out-gun-case-citing-newly-enacted/article_59c7444f-1f6a-5ac7-aa5c-ec8bf4af09a0.html
Jump up ^ https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1678155-robinsonmotion.html
Jump up ^ Mann, Jennifer S. "Missouri Supreme Court says Amendment 5 did not extend gun rights to non-violent felons". stltoday.com. Retrieved 2016-03-15.
Jump up ^ http://www.moga.mo.gov/mostatutes/stathtml/57100001211.html, Missouri Revised Statutes, 571.121 Duty to carry and display endorsement, penalty for violation--director of revenue immunity from liability, when.
Jump up ^ Ballentine, Summer. "Missouri lawmakers expand gun rights in schools". Washington Times. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Bergquist, Garrett. "State Senate overrides gun bill veto". Retrieved 19 September 2014.
Jump up ^ https://www.nraila.org/gun-laws/state-gun-laws/missouri/
Jump up ^ http://handgunlaw.us/states/missouri.pdf
Jump up ^ "Section 571.037 RSMo". Missouri Revised Statutes. August 28, 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Section 21.750 RSMo". Missouri Revised Statutes. August 28, 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
External links[edit]
Chapter 571 - Weapons Offenses of Missouri Revised Statutes
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_Missouri&oldid=846361883"
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