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List of changes in Star Wars re-releases
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Changes in Star Wars re-releases vary from minor differences in color timing, audio mixing, and take choices to major insertions of new visual effects, additions of characters and dialogue, scene expansions, and replacement of original cast members with newer ones. Though changes were also made to the prequel trilogy, the original trilogy saw the most alteration. Dissatisfied with the original theatrical cuts of the original Star Wars film, The Empire Strikes Back, and Return of the Jedi, creator George Lucas altered the films in an attempt to achieve the ideal versions that he could not initially due to limitations of time, budget, and technology.
The first significant changes were made in 1997 with the release of a Special Edition remaster in commemoration of the franchise's twentieth anniversary. These changes were intended to modernize the films and create consistency with the forthcoming prequel trilogy. Additional significant changes were made when the original trilogy was released on DVD in 2004, and such changes tried to further create consistency with the prequel trilogy after the release of The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones and in anticipation of Revenge of the Sith. Further changes were made to the films for their Blu-ray release in 2011.
Many changes met criticism and outrage from fans and critics, and many believed that Lucas degraded the original films with the additions. Most controversial is the decision to have Greedo shoot before Han Solo does, which sparked wide usage of the phrase "Han shot first". Other controversial changes include replacing the "Lapti Nek" performance by a puppet Sy Snootles with a longer "Jedi Rocks" performance by a CGI Snootles, having Darth Vader yell "No!" as he kills the Emperor, and replacing Sebastian Shaw as the Force ghost of Anakin Skywalker with Hayden Christensen, who was cast to play Anakin in the prequel films. It was also felt that subsequent changes stripped the Star Wars film of the qualities for which it won Academy Awards. Despite the negative response to many significant changes, critics also felt that many smaller changes were improvements, innocuous, or understandable.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Star Wars release history
2 Significant changes
2.1 Title change to Star Wars
2.2 Han shot first
2.3 Biggs Darklighter on Yavin IV
2.4 Jabba the Hutt and Boba Fett in Star Wars
2.5 Max Rebo Band
2.6 Expansion of Oola's death scene
2.7 Addition of Darth Vader's "No!" in Return of the Jedi
2.8 Victory celebration in Return of the Jedi
2.9 Consistency between original and prequel trilogies
3 Response
4 References
5 External links
Background[edit]
There will only be one [version of the films]. And it won't be what I would call the "rough cut", it'll be the "final cut". The other one will be some sort of interesting artifact that people will look at and say, "There was an earlier draft of this." The same thing happens with plays and earlier drafts of books. In essence, films never get finished, they get abandoned. At some point, you're dragged off the picture kicking and screaming while somebody says, "Okay, it's done." That isn't really the way it should work. Occasionally, [you can] go back and get your cut of the video out there, which I did on both American Graffiti and THX 1138; that's the place where it will live forever. So what ends up being important in my mind is what the DVD version is going to look like, because that's what everybody is going to remember. The other versions will disappear. Even the 35 million tapes of Star Wars out there won't last more than 30 or 40 years. A hundred years from now, the only version of the movie that anyone will remember will be the DVD version [of the Special Edition], and you'll be able to project it on a 20-foot-by-40-foot screen with perfect quality. I think it's the director's prerogative, not the studio's, to go back and reinvent a movie.
George Lucas[1]
The 1977 release of Star Wars was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry of the United States Library of Congress in 1989.[2] In 2014, the National Film Registry still did not have a copy of the 1977 film; George Lucas refused to submit a copy, stating that he no longer authorized the release of the theatrical version.[3] Lucasfilm offered the altered 1997 Special Edition release, but the Registry refused it as the first published version must be accepted.[4] The Library of Congress, however, received a 35mm print of the film, without the A New Hope subtitle and subsequent alterations, in 1978 as part of the film's copyright deposit.[3][5]
Star Wars release history[edit]
1977: Star Wars was theatrically released.[6]
1980: The Empire Strikes Back was theatrically released.[6] A 70mm print of the film differed from the more widely distributed 35mm print in takes of dialogue, visual and sound effects, shot choices, and transitions between shots.[7][8] None of these changes appeared in later releases, with exception of one dialogue change.[8]
1983: Return of the Jedi was theatrically released.[6]
1985: Star Wars, now subtitled A New Hope, was re-released on VHS and in 1989 released on LaserDisc with an improved audio mix. The LaserDisc release, and the CED videodisc also released, sped the film up by three percent to fit the film onto a single disc. Some releases additionally had minor aspect ratio changes.[8]
1993: The original trilogy was released on LaserDisc as "The Definitive Collection". With exception of a THX audio mix, scratch and dirt removal, and color balance changes, it matched the original theatrical releases.[8]
1995: The original trilogy was offered on VHS in a "last chance to own the original" campaign before the films were taken off the market in January 1996 and an altered re-release released in 1997.[9][10]
1997: The Special Edition of the original trilogy was released theatrically and to home media for the twentieth anniversary of Star Wars. This release featured the first significant changes, intended to modernize the films and create consistency with the forthcoming prequel trilogy.[8] The original negatives were also digitally restored.
1999: Episode I – The Phantom Menace was theatrically released.[6]
2002: Episode II – Attack of the Clones was theatrically released.[6]
2004: The original trilogy was released on DVD. Further significant alterations were made.[8]
2005: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith was theatrically released.[6]
2006: Another version of 2004 DVD edition was released. An unaltered version of the trilogy was included on bonus discs; it was same as the 1993 LaserDisc release and was of inferior quality to the restored version.[8]
2011: The original and prequel films were released for Blu-ray. Alterations were made to all films.[8]
2015: The original and prequel films were released digitally to streaming services. It is identical to the Blu-ray release, except for changes to the opening logos and fanfares.[8]
Significant changes[edit]
Title change to Star Wars[edit]
Main article: Star Wars (film) § Title
The first film was released in 1977 under the title Star Wars. The subtitles Episode IV and A New Hope were retroactively added to the opening crawl in a subsequent release.[11][12] Accounts differ as to when this change occurred. Some, including Lucasfilm, date the addition to a theatrical re-release on April 10, 1981,[8][11][12] while others place it much earlier at the re-release in July 1978.[13] This change was made to bring the original film in line with the titling of its sequel The Empire Strikes Back, which was released in 1980 with the subtitle Episode V.[8]
Han shot first[edit]
Main article: Han shot first
Because I was thinking mythologically — should he be a cowboy, should he be John Wayne? And I said, ‘Yeah, he should be John Wayne.’ And when you’re John Wayne, you don’t shoot people [first] — you let them have the first shot.
George Lucas in 2015[14]
In the Star Wars film, Han Solo is cornered in the Mos Eisley Cantina by the bounty hunter Greedo, and the confrontation ends with Han shooting under the table and killing Greedo. The circumstances of the shot varies between versions of the film. In the original 1977 theatrical release of the film, Han shoots Greedo, and Greedo does not shoot at all.[5] The 1997 Special Edition release of the film alters the scene so that Greedo shoots first and misses, and the scene is altered again in the 2004 DVD release of the film so that Han and Greedo shoot simultaneously.[3]
Lucas stated that he always intended for Greedo to have shot first.[15] He felt that the idea of Han shooting first depicts him as "a cold-blooded killer".[15][14] This decision sparked objections that it changed Han's moral ambiguity, fundamentally altered his established character,[16] and diminished his transition from antihero to hero; it became one of the most controversial changes to the films.
Biggs Darklighter on Yavin IV[edit]
During the production of the Star Wars film, scenes were filmed featuring Biggs Darklighter and his friendship with Luke Skywalker set on Tatooine and at the rebel base on Yavin IV shortly before the attack on the Death Star. The scenes were cut because they were felt to disrupt the pacing of the film, and in the original theatrical release, Biggs is only seen briefly during the attack on the Death Star, in which he dies, and a relationship between Biggs and Luke is never stated. Despite this, Luke reacts strongly to Biggs's death. The 1997 Special Edition of the Star Wars film incorporated the previously deleted scene on Yavin IV. The loss of the scenes at Tatooine and Yavin IV was felt to lessen the significance of Biggs' death, cast Luke's reaction to the death as overly strong, and make the framing of the death as a tragedy confusing. It was felt that the readdition of the Yavin IV scene helped to rectify this issue.[17][18]
Jabba the Hutt and Boba Fett in Star Wars[edit]
The original script for the Star Wars film included a scene between Jabba the Hutt and Han Solo, and the scene was filmed with Harrison Ford, playing Solo, and Declan Mulholland, a stand-in for Jabba.[19][20] Lucas intended to replace Mulholland in post-production with a stop motion character. Due to time limitations and budget constraints, Lucas could not achieve this, and the scene was cut. In the 1997 Special Edition, the scene was reinserted with CGI replacing Mulholland. Because Ford walked too close to Mulholland in the original scene, Han stepping on Jabba's tail, causing Jabba to squeal, was created as a workaround.[19] Boba Fett was also added to the background of the scene.[20] Jabba's design was modified for the 2004 DVD release.[19]
The insertion of this scene into the film was criticized for being superfluous to the previous cantina scene, slowing down the pacing, and failing to move the plot forward.[19][20] The original 1997 CGI was also described as "atrocious".[19]
Max Rebo Band[edit]
Main article: Max Rebo Band
The scene in Return of the Jedi in which Jabba the Hutt feeds the dancer Oola to the rancor opens with performance by the Max Rebo Band and its lead singer Sy Snootles. In the original theatrical release, the song is "Lapti Nek", sung for 45 seconds in the fictional language Huttese. The 1997 Special Edition changed the performance to the "less dated" song "Jedi Rocks", which runs nearly 2 minutes.[21]
Owen Good of Polygon, though he understood the desire to update the song, described the "Jedi Rocks" performance as "an overproduced intrusion that takes twice as long to add nothing" and felt that it distracted from the intention of the scene: to establish the trapdoor leading to the rancor and Jabba's deadliness. He also felt that "Lapti Nek" was an overall better song and described the vocal performance in "Jedi Rocks" as difficult to listen to or understand and as having "the volume and vocal fry of a higher pitched Tina Turner but none of the soul".[16] Brian Raftery of Wired wrote that replacing "Lapti Nek", which he praised as a track, was "one of Lucas' most salaciously dumb choices" and described "Jedi Rocks" as a Pointer Sisters "rip-off" and a "soul-free strutter, which is so grating that you can almost hear a tone-deaf Lucas beard-smirking approvingly in the background".[22] Ryan Lambie of Den of Geek! similar noted that change negatively altered the tone of the scene and only "replaced one flawed effect with another", writing: "What was once a low-key yet appealing background moment in the movie’s first act had grown into a literal show-stopper—an in-your-face audio-visual spectacle that literally overshadowed the original hand-made effects".
The puppet used for Sy Snootles was also replaced with CGI in the Special Edition. This was made because, according to producer Rick McCallum, Lucas could not achieve the "large musical number" he envisioned because characters could not move in certain ways, Sy Snootles could not open her mouth to lip sync correctly, and her eyes did not move. Lambie criticized this decision because it removed almost all evidence of puppeteer Timothy D. Rose's work in the film.[23] The 1997 Special Edition also increased the size of the Max Rebo Band from three members to twelve.[21] While Good wrote that this change was inconsequential,[16] Ratery felt that the additions made the scene "overstuffed" and described the CGI as dead on arrival.[22]
Expansion of Oola's death scene[edit]
In the theatrical release of Return of the Jedi, Oola's death is filmed from outside the rancor pit: she falls into the pit, and her scream is heard from off-screen. In the 1997 Special Edition, extra shots were inserted depicting her in the pit, including shots where she looks up to the crowd, the pit door being raised, and a shot of her terror. The rancor and Oola as she screams remain off-screen.[18]
Femi Taylor, who played Oola, impressed critics with her ability to reprise the role almost a decade later without visible difference.[18][20] James Whitbrook at io9 praised the additions to the scene, especially in comparison to the decision to bring the wampa on-screen in the Special Edition of The Empire Strikes Back, writing that it teased the rancor well while still keeping the monster a surprise for Luke's later battle with it.[18] Den of Geek! UK, however, criticized the additions as unnecessary and felt that they made the audience familiar with the pit, lessening fear during Luke's scene in the pit.[20]
Addition of Darth Vader's "No!" in Return of the Jedi[edit]
At the climax of Return of the Jedi, the Emperor tortures Luke with Force lightning, prompting Darth Vader to throw the Emperor down a chasm and kill him. In the theatrical release and earlier home video releases, Darth Vader watches and acts in silence.[24] The 2011 Blu-ray release adds Darth Vader yelling a drawn out "No", creating a parallel with his similar cry at the end of Episode III – Revenge of the Sith. This addition was described as unnecessary[16][24] and awful sounding,[8] and it was said to "[take] what was once emotional and [make] it laughable" and even ruin the film's climax.[16] It was also felt that the addition displayed a distrust in an audience's ability to interpret Vader's emotions.[16][24] The symmetry created by the parallel was described as "clumsy" and was felt to mock the scene in the prequel.[8][24]
Victory celebration in Return of the Jedi[edit]
Return of the Jedi ends with a scene of the Rebel Alliance and a village of Ewoks on Endor celebrating the death of the Emperor and victory over the Empire. The original theatrical release of the film featured the song "Ewok Celebration", also known as "Yub Nub", playing over the celebration.[8][22] The 1997 Special Edition release of the film replaced "Ewok Celebration" with score composed by John Williams titled "Victory Celebration",[8] and the scene was lengthened to include shots of celebration on the planets Coruscant,[8][25] Bespin, and Tatooine.[26] The 2004 DVD release further added a shot set on Naboo, in which a Gungan is given a line of dialogue.[8]
Consistency between original and prequel trilogies[edit]
The original theatrical release of Return of the Jedi showed Sebastian Shaw as Anakin Skywalker (above). The 2004 DVD release of the film replaced him with Hayden Christensen (below), who was cast in the role for the prequel trilogy.
In The Empire Strikes Back, the Emperor appears via hologram.[27] In the original theatrical 1980 release, he was portrayed by a woman under heavy makeup and voiced by Clive Revill. The Emperor was later played by Ian McDiarmid in Return of the Jedi, and McDiarmid reprised the role for the prequel trilogy.[27][28] To reflect this, the 2004 DVD release of The Empire Strikes Back replaced the woman with McDiarmid and new dialogue was written.[27]
Boba Fett's dialogue in The Empire Strikes Back was originally recorded by Jason Wingreen.[3][29] Subsequently, Attack of the Clones revealed Boba to be a clone of Jango Fett, played by Temuera Morrison.[30] To reflect this, Morrison re-recorded Boba's lines for the 2004 DVD release of the film.[3][27][29]
In a scene of Return of the Jedi where Darth Vader is unmasked, the 2004 DVD release digitally removed his eyebrows to reflect Anakin burning on Mustafar at the end of Revenge of the Sith.[27]
At the end of Return of the Jedi, Darth Vader is redeemed killing the Emperor to save Luke Skywalker's life, dies of his injuries shortly after, and appears to Luke as Anakin Skywalker alongside the Force ghosts of Yoda and Obi-Wan Kenobi. In the 1983 theatrical release, Sebastian Shaw plays this Force ghost in addition to an unmasked Vader. Later, Hayden Christensen was cast as Anakin in the prequel trilogy films Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith. To reflect this, the 2004 DVD release of Return of the Jedi replaced Shaw's appearance as the Force ghost with Christensen.[27]
Response[edit]
The first Star Wars won the Academy Awards for Best Visual Effects, Best Production Design, Best Original Score, and the Special Edition changes to the sound mixing, sound effects, and visual effects were felt to have "stripped the film of every aspect that it had won its Academy Awards for".[4]
Michael Matessino of Mashable, who in 2015 viewed the original theatrical print of Star Wars submitted to the Library of Congress, notes merit to Lucas' belief that technology did not allow him to achieve his vision, noting that a visible marquee around Leia's ship is "so jarring that it temporarily pulls me out of the film" because it is "lack[ing] the seamless quality [he has] come to expect from sci-fi and fantasy". Despite this, he "hate[s] each and every one" of the later added CGI effects and describes positively his ability to view the original print despite "Lucas's meddling".[5]
Dave Tach writing for Polygon noted minor changes, such as adding windows to Cloud City on Bespin, adding sparks to Jango Fett's jetpack, or replacing the original Emperor hologram with McDiarmid, as "innocuous" ones that "angered, to a close approximation, nobody" because "there was a solid logic behind those amendments".[16]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Magid, Ron (February 1997). "An Expanded Universe". American Society of Cinematographers. p. 4. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Complete National Film Registry Listing". Library of Congress. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Eveleth, Rose (August 27, 2014). "The Star Wars George Lucas Doesn't Want You To See". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Abramo, Donya (February 23, 2017). "Unaltered Star Wars theatrical cuts rumored to be released: Why it’s culturally important". Hypable. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Unaloff, Lance (December 17, 2015). "The search for the 'Star Wars' George Lucas doesn't want you to see". Mashable. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "George Lucas". Catalog of Feature Films. American Film Institute. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Matessino, Michael (January–February 1997). "70mm Variations Strike Back". Film Score Monthly. Vol. 2 no. 1. p. 15. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Kirby, Ben (January 31, 2017). "Who Shot First? The Complete List Of Star Wars Changes". Empire. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Daly, Steve (September 15, 1995). "Video Review: 'The Star Wars Trilogy'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick, Eileen; Goldstein, Seth (July 1, 1997). "Video at 'Miracle' Price; Last Shot for 'Star Wars'". Billboard. p. 107. Retrieved July 19, 2017 – via Google Books.
^ Jump up to: a b "Star Wars: Episode IV A New Hope". Lucasfilm. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "30 pieces of trivia about Star Wars". BBC. May 23, 2007. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Marcus, Hearn (2005). The Cinema of George Lucas. New York: Harry N. Abrams. p. 124. ISBN 0810949687. OCLC 56405075.
^ Jump up to: a b Stuever, Hank (December 5, 2015). "George Lucas: To feel the true force of ‘Star Wars,’ he had to learn to let it go". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Block, Alex Ben (February 9, 2012). "5 Questions With George Lucas: Controversial 'Star Wars' Changes, SOPA and 'Indiana Jones 5'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Polo, Susana; Hall, Charlie; Good, Owen; Tach, Dave (December 17, 2015). "The Worst Things in Star Wars". Polygon. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Vanderbilt, Mike (May 11, 2015). "Finally, Star Wars character Biggs Darklighter gets his due". The A.V. Club. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Whitbrook, James (September 28, 2015). "6 Ways the Star Wars Special Editions Actually Improved The Original Trilogy". io9. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Watkins, Gwynne (July 29, 2015). "15 Changes to the Original ‘Star Wars’ Trilogy That Still Make Us Crazy". Yahoo!. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "The 10 Worst Crimes Against the Original Star Wars Trilogy". Den of Geek!. April 4, 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Max Rebo Band: Behind the Scenes". StarWars.com. Lucasfilm. Archived from the original on December 15, 2006. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Raftery, Brian (December 21, 2015). "The 9 Best Songs Ever Played in a Star Wars Movie". Wired. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lambie, Ryan (January 22, 2016). "Star Wars: the changing face of Sy Snootles & the Rebo band". Den of Geek!. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Popolo, Meredith (September 16, 2011). "Top 10 Worst Changes Made to Star Wars". PC Magazine. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ King, Darryn (December 12, 2016). "The Star Wars Saga’s Secret Weapon: A Visual Effects Nerd with a Big Story to Tell". Vanity Fair. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Clark, Mark (2015). Star Wars FAQ: Everything Left to Know About the Trilogy That Changed the Movies. Milwaukee, WI: Applause Theatre & Cinema Books. ISBN 148036018X. OCLC 907104091.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Hyde, Douglas (September 23, 2004). "Five major changes in the 'Star Wars' DVD". CNN. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Palpatine". StarWars.com. Lucasfilm. Archived from the original on December 1, 2006. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Romano, Nick (January 2, 2016). "Jason Wingreen dead: All in the Family, Star Wars actor was 95". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fett, Jango". StarWars.com. Lucasfilm. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
External links[edit]
Online archive of Star Wars coverage at American Cinematographer, including interviews regarding the 1997 Special Edition
Lists of changes in Star Wars, The Empire Strikes Back, Return of the Jedi, and the prequel trilogy at DVD Active
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King and Lionheart
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"King and Lionheart"
Single by Of Monsters and Men
from the album My Head Is an Animal
Released
March 3, 2013
Recorded
2011
Genre
Indie rock, indie pop, indie folk
Length
4:34
Label
Republic
Songwriter(s)
Nanna Bryndís Hilmarsdóttir
Producer(s)
Of Monsters and Men, Aron Arnarsson, Jacquire King
Of Monsters and Men singles chronology
"Mountain Sound"
(2012) "King and Lionheart"
(2013) "Crystals"
(2015)
"Mountain Sound"
(2012) "King and Lionheart"
(2013) "Crystals"
(2015)
"King and Lionheart" is a song recorded by Icelandic alternative folk band Of Monsters and Men, written by co-lead vocalist Nanna Bryndís Hilmarsdóttir and produced by the band with Aron Arnarsson and Jacquire King for the band's debut studio album, My Head Is an Animal. The song maintains its position on both issues of the album, appearing as the second track on both the original Icelandic and international versions of the album. After reaching #1 on the Icelandic Tónlist singles chart in 2012,[1] the song was released as a radio-only single from My Head Is an Animal in the United States and the United Kingdom in March 2013. The song peaked at #17 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart.
Contents
[hide]
1 Music video
1.1 Synopsis
2 Lyric video
3 Track listing
4 Personnel
5 Charts
5.1 Weekly charts
5.2 Year-end charts
6 Release history
7 References
Music video[edit]
A music video for "King and Lionheart", directed by video production group WeWereMonkeys, was produced and released on 23 January 2013.[2] The video, which mirrors the Nordic art style of the music video for "Little Talks",[3] also directed by WeWereMonkeys, blends in the visual art styles of two-dimensional rendered backgrounds with CGI and live action-imposed film sequences.[4]
Synopsis[edit]
It starts with a boy and girl in an apocalyptical kingdom being separated from each other by Viking warriors. The warriors whisk the girl away to the middle of the bayou where they put her in a pit and leave her to sulk. Suddenly, a rabbit-like ghost appears to the girl and sets her free. She soon is spotted by the Viking warriors and chased by them through the bayou with the ghost leading the way. Meanwhile, the boy is locked in a cage sulking and watching the Viking warriors beat themselves up. Suddenly, a mini-ghost-dolphin appears to the boy and sets him free as well. Meanwhile, the ghost-rabbit helps the girl safely avoid attempting to cross a broken bridge. However, the ghost is soon eaten by the Viking warriors ship. The girl presses on and enters the kingdom where the boy's ghost leads him away from the Viking warriors by leading him into a four-faced rocket ship which he enters, whereupon it immediately blasts off. The girl returns just to see the boy crying in the rocket ship as it blasts away. The girl runs toward it being chased by the viking warriors. The screen blanks out and the video ends stating their fates remain unknown.
Lyric video[edit]
A lyric video was released in 2014 in the music videos presence. The lyric video begins with a ruins of a kingdom where the camera moves backwards. Towards the main chorus, a violent thunderstorm breaks ahead. Two cloaked figures move toward it as the video ends.
Track listing[edit]
UK promotional single
No.
Title
Length
1. "King and Lionheart" 4:34
Personnel[edit]
Adapted from My Head Is an Animal liner notes.[5]
Of Monsters and Men
Arnar Rósenkranz Hilmarsson – drums, percussion, co-producer
Árni Guðjónsson – accordion, piano, organ, co-producer
Brynjar Leifsson – electric and baritone guitar, co-producer
Kristján Páll Kristjánsson – bass, co-producer
Nanna Bryndís Hilmarsdóttir – vocals, acoustic guitar, co-producer
Ragnar Þórhallsson – vocals, acoustic guitar, co-producer
Additional personnel
Aron Arnarsson – engineer, producer
Jacquire King – producer
Craig Silvey – mixing
Greg Calbi – mastering
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2013)
Peak
position
US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[6]
28
US Adult Alternative Songs (Billboard)[7]
14
US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[8]
17
US Rock Airplay (Billboard)[9]
24
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2013)
Position
US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[10]
88
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
United Kingdom March 3, 2013 CD-R (Modern Rock / Alternative radio) Republic Records
United States March 4, 2013
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Netlistinn viku 3, 2012". Tonlist.is. Archived from the original on 2013-07-19. Retrieved 2013-06-20.
Jump up ^ "Of Monsters and Men — King And Lionheart". OfMonstersAndMenVEVO. YouTube, Google. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Review: King and Lionheart – Of Monsters And Men (video)". ramblingaboutmusic. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Hohnen, Mike. "Watch: Of Monsters and Men New Video 'King And Lionheart'". Musicfeeds.com.au. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
Jump up ^ My Head Is an Animal (2012 Issue) (liner notes). Of Monsters and Men. Republic Records. 2012.
Jump up ^ "Of Monsters and Men Chart History (Hot Rock Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Of Monsters and Men Chart History (Adult Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Of Monsters and Men Chart History (Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Of Monsters and Men Chart History (Rock Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hot Rock Songs: Year End 2013". Billboard. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
[hide]
v
t
e
Of Monsters and Men
Nanna Bryndís Hilmarsdóttir
Ragnar Þórhallsson
Brynjar Leifsson
Kristján Páll Kristjánsson
Arnar Rósenkranz Hilmarsson
Árni Guðjónsson
Studio albums
My Head Is an Animal
Beneath the Skin
Live albums
Live from Vatnagarðar
Extended plays
Into the Woods
Singles
"Little Talks"
"Dirty Paws"
"Mountain Sound"
"King and Lionheart"
"Crystals"
"Empire"
"Wolves Without Teeth"
Related articles
Republic Records
Universal Music Group
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_and_Lionheart&oldid=823020329"
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Basidiocarp
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Schematic of a typical basidiocarp, showing fruiting body, hymenium and basidia
In fungi, a basidiocarp, basidiome or basidioma (plural: basidiomata) is the sporocarp of a basidiomycete, the multicellular structure on which the spore-producing hymenium is borne. Basidiocarps are characteristic of the hymenomycetes; rusts and smuts do not produce such structures. As with other sporocarps, epigeous (above-ground) basidiocarps that are visible to the naked eye (especially those with a more or less agaricoid morphology) are commonly referred to as mushrooms, while hypogeous (underground) basidiocarps are usually called false truffles.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Types
3 See also
4 External links
Structure[edit]
All basidiocarps serve as the structure on which the hymenium is produced. Basidia are found on the surface of the hymenium, and the basidia ultimately produce spores. In its simplest form, a basidiocarp consists of an undifferentiated fruiting structure with a hymenium on the surface; such a structure is characteristic of many simple jelly and club fungi. In more complex basidiocarps, there is differentiation into a stipe, a pileus, and/or various types of hymenophores.
Types[edit]
Basidiocarps of Amanita muscaria, an agaric.
Basidiocarps of Ramaria rugosa, a coral fungus
Basidiocarps of Craterellus tubaeformis, a cantharelloid fungus.
Basidiocarps are classified into various types of growth forms based on the degree of differentiation into a stipe, pileus, and hymenophore, as well as the type of hymenophore, if present.
Growth forms include:
jelly fungus – fruiting body is jelly-like.
club fungus and coral fungus – erect fruiting body without a distinct stalk and cap, either unbranched (club fungus) or profusely branched (coral fungus).
polypore – underside of the fruiting body usually consists of tubes; otherwise very variable, usually wood-inhabiting
tooth fungus or hydnoid fungus - underside of the fruiting body composed of spines or teeth
corticioid fungus - the underside of the fruiting body is usually smooth or with spines (vs. hydnoid fungi) but not poroid nor gilled; typically effused without caps
cantharelloid fungus – fruiting body with shallow fold-like gills running over most of the lower surface of the fruiting body and not much differentiation between the stalk and cap.
gasteromycete or "gastroid fungus" – fruiting body has a ball-like shape and in which the hymenophore has become entirely enclosed on the inside of the fruiting body.
false truffle – like a gasteromycete, however, but with a hypogeous (underground) fruiting body.
secotioid fungus – like a gasteromycete, but with a stalk. Thought to be an evolutionarily intermediate stage between a gasteromycete and an agaric.
agaric or gill fungi – fruiting body with caps, gills, and (usually) a stalk.
bolete – fleshy fruiting body with a cap, a stalk, and tubes on the underside.
Basic divisions of Agaricomycotina were formerly based entirely upon the growth form of the mushroom. Molecular phylogenetic investigation (as well as supporting evidence from micromorphology and chemotaxonomy) has since demonstrated that similar types of basidiomycete growth form are often examples of convergent evolution and do not always reflect a close relationship between different groups of fungi. For example, agarics have arisen independently in the Agaricales, the Boletales, the Russulales, and other groups, while secotioid fungi and false truffles have arisen independently many times just within the Agaricales. [1]
See also[edit]
Ascocarp
Conidium
External links[edit]
Evolution & Morphology in the Homobasidiomycetes: The Clade/Morphology Chart by Gary Lincoff & Michael Wood, MykoWeb, November 27, 2005.
"Mycomorphology Part 1: Why Do Mushrooms Look Like Mushrooms?" by Peter Werner, Mycena News, December 2002. (Archived at MycoWeb)
"Mycomorphology Part 2: Basidiocarp Keeps its Balance" by Peter Werner, Mycena News, March 2003. (Archived at MycoWeb)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basidiocarp&oldid=838565630"
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Dominique McElligott
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Dominique McElligott
McElligott in 2011.
Born
(1986-03-05) 5 March 1986 (age 31)
Dublin, Ireland
Occupation
Actress
Years active
2001–present
Dominique McElligott (born 5 March 1986[citation needed]) is an Irish actress, who appears primarily in independent films. She starred in Moon (2009) and the RTÉ television series Raw before leaving to film Leap Year (2010).[1] From 2011 to 2012, she played a lead role in the AMC series Hell on Wheels.[2] In 2015, she starred in ABC's The Astronaut Wives Club.[3] In 2016, McElligott played Hannah Conway, wife of the Republican presidential nominee, in the fourth and fifth season of the Netflix show House of Cards.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Filmography
1.1 Film
1.2 Television
2 References
3 External links
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2008 Dark Floors Emily
2008 Satellites & Meteorites Dr. Johnson
2009 Moon Tess Bell
2010 Leap Year Bride minor part
2011 The Guard Aoife O'Carroll
2011 Blackthorn Etta Place
2012 Not Fade Away Joy Dietz
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2001–02 On Home Ground Cora Collins 10 episodes
2005 Whiskey Echo Rachel Television film
2008 Being Human Lauren Episode: "Pilot"
2008 Raw Rebecca Marsh 6 episodes
2009 The Philanthropist Bella Olazabal 3 episodes
2011–12 Hell on Wheels Lily Bell Main cast, 19 episodes
2015 The Astronaut Wives Club Louise Shepard Main cast
2016–17 House of Cards Hannah Conway Main cast
2016 The Last Tycoon Kathleen Moore[5] Main cast
Note: the Bella Olazabal character was apparently dropped from The Philanthropist before it was aired.[6]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dominique bounces back with bride role after Raw
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (27 July 2010). "AMC Pilot 'Hell On Wheels' Finds Its Leads".
Jump up ^ "RAW star's new show to air in US in June". 21 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Kelly, Aolfe. "Irish actress Dominique McElligott features in plum role on House of Cards season 4". www.independent.ie. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Last Tycoon: Dominique McElligott to Star in Amazon Pilot - canceled TV shows - TV Series Finale". 5 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dominique McElligott HELL ON WHEELS Interview". 5 November 2011.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dominique McElligott.
Dominique McElligott on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 103675703
LCCN: no2010015536
ISNI: 0000 0001 1953 756X
GND: 14355543X
SUDOC: 147404711
BNF: cb16172112c (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominique_McElligott&oldid=791652495"
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Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education
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Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education
Logo of MSBSHSE
Formation
January 1, 1966; 52 years ago (1966-01-01)
Type
State Governmental Board of Education
Headquarters
Pune, Maharashtra
Official language
Marathi & English
Website
mahahsscboard.maharashtra.gov.in
The Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र राज्य माध्यमिक आणि उच्च माध्यमिक शिक्षण मंडळ) is a statutory and autonomous body established under the "Maharashtra Secondary Boards Act" 1965 (amended in 1977). Most important task of the board, among few others, is to conduct the SSC and HSC examinations.[1] It is the most popular education board in terms of enrollment in high school in India only after the CBSE .It has been ranked 4th in the 'Futuristic Education Boards in India' among more than 35 educational boards in the country.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Functions
2.1 Divisional boards
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The Board came into existence on January 1, 1966 to regulate certain matters pertaining to secondary education in the state of Maharashtra, as "Maharashtra State Secondary Education Boards". The act was amended in 1976, and the name of the Board changed to its present name, "Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education".[3]
Functions[edit]
The board is responsible for formation, and implementation of the rules and regulations in accordance to the guidelines set by the state as well as central boards. It is also in charge, autonomously, of , and implementation of the syllabus/curriculum of all the grades, textbooks, exam schedule, and type. The board is also responsible for creation of textbooks, scoring of the centralised tests, and conducting examinations fairly and providing unbiased justice in the event of dispute.[4]
The Board conducts examination twice a year and the number of students appearing for the main examination is around 1,400,000 for Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) and 1,700,000 for Secondary School Certificate (SSC) every year.[1][5]
The exams are usually held in the months of March, and October every year; and results are given out usually in June, and January respectively. March marks the end of educational year, and June marks beginning of the new educational year in the state of Maharashtra.[6]
Divisional boards[edit]
There are eight divisional boards with the state to represent the state board. Their duties include, but not limited to:[7]
Decide the schools/colleges to conduct the final exams.
Appoint the paper setters, translaters, custodians (of question papers, and blank and filled up answer papers), conductors (transportation), and examiners (paper checkers).
There are nine divisional borads located at Amravati, Aurangabad, Kolhapur, Konkan, Latur, Mumbai, Nagpur, Nashik, and Pune.[6]
See also[edit]
Boards of Education in India
Secondary School Leaving Certificate (SSLC)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b https://mahahsscboard.maharashtra.gov.in/index.htm
Jump up ^ "Futuristic School Boards of India Rankings 2017". ReTHINK INDIA. 2017-04-12. Retrieved 2017-09-03.
Jump up ^ https://mahahsscboard.maharashtra.gov.in/msbshse.htm
Jump up ^ https://mahahsscboard.maharashtra.gov.in/dutiessb.htm
Jump up ^ "Nearly 15 lakh candidates to take Maharashtra MSBSHSE Class 12 Board Exam 2017 today". India Today. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Maharashtra State Board HSC, SSC 2017 exam dates released: Check here". India Today. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
Jump up ^ https://mahahsscboard.maharashtra.gov.in/dutiesdiv.htm
External links[edit]
Official website
www.mahresult.nic.in
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