text:
The Godfather (soundtrack)
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Not to be confused with Godfather (soundtrack).
The Godfather
Soundtrack album by Nino Rota
Released
1972. CD: 26 March 1991 159487
Genre
Soundtrack
Length
31:31
Label
Paramount (original) / MCA (CD)
Producer
Tom Mack
The Godfather chronology
The Godfather
(1972) The Godfather Part II
(1974)The Godfather Part II1974
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic [1]
Filmtracks [2]
The Godfather is the soundtrack from the film of the same name, released in 1972 by Paramount Records, and in 1991 on compact disc by MCA. Unless noted, the cues were composed by Nino Rota and conducted by Carlo Savina (who was credited on the LP, but not the CD). The song "I Have but One Heart" is sung by Al Martino, who performed it in the film as character Johnny Fontane.
Track listing[edit]
Side one
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "Main Title (The Godfather Waltz)" Nino Rota 3:04
2. "I Have But One Heart" Johnny Farrow, Marty Symes 3:00
3. "The Pickup" Nino Rota 2:56
4. "Connie's Wedding" Carmine Coppola 1:33
5. "The Halls of Fear" Nino Rota 2:12
6. "Sicilian Pastorale" Nino Rota 3:03
Side two
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "Love Theme from the Godfather" Nino Rota 2:37
2. "The Godfather Waltz" Nino Rota 3:35
3. "Apollonia" Nino Rota 1:22
4. "The New Godfather" Nino Rota 2:00
5. "The Baptism" Nino Rota 1:51
6. "The Godfather Finale" Nino Rota 3:50
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Allmusic review
Jump up ^ Filmtracks review
External links[edit]
Track List at discogs.com
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Music
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The Godfather Part II (soundtrack)
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"Speak Softly, Love"
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Miscellaneous
List of minor characters in The Godfather series
Mario Puzo
Mark Winegardner
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Five Families
Corleone
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Related articles
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Thin Line Between Love and Hate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Thin Line Between Love and Hate"
A-side label of U.S. vinyl single
Single by The Persuaders
from the album Thin Line Between Love and Hate
B-side
"Thigh Spy"
Released
August 1971
Format
7" (45 rpm)
Genre
R&B
Length
3:16
Label
Atco Records
Songwriter(s)
Richard Poindexter
Robert Poindexter
Jackie Members
Producer(s)
Richard Poindexter
Robert Poindexter
"Thin Line Between Love and Hate" is the title of a 1971 song by the New York City-based R&B vocal group The Persuaders. The song was written and produced by the Poindexter brothers, Robert and Richard, and was also co-written by Jackie Members.
This was the group's biggest hit song, spending two weeks atop the Billboard R&B chart in late 1971. It also reached #15 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and was a certified Gold Record by the RIAA.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cover versions
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Cover versions[edit]
The song has been covered or sampled by many musical acts.
Roots reggae artist BB Seaton did a version on his 1973 album of the same name
British reggae band Black Slate also did a cover on their 1980 Ensign Records album Amigo
The rock band The Pretenders recorded a cover version of this song that was included on their 1984 album Learning to Crawl. Featuring Paul Carrack on keyboards and backing vocals and released as a single, peaking at #83 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and #49 on the UK Singles Chart.[2] This version changed the lyrics from first-person viewpoint to second-person.
A sample of "Thin Line Between Love and Hate" was featured in the song "Washed Away" by the hip-hop band Arrested Development. This song can be found on their 1992 album 3 Years, 5 Months & 2 Days in the Life Of....
Also in 1992, rapper Kid Frost sampled this song on his track "Thin Line". This song is included on his album East Side Story and reached #82 on the Billboard R&B chart.
In 1995, Annie Lennox recorded a cover of this song that was featured on her second solo album Medusa.
In 1996, R&B vocal trio H-Town recorded the song, which was included in the film A Thin Line Between Love and Hate starring Martin Lawrence. Released as "A Thin Line Between Love & Hate", this version featured Shirley Murdock on female vocals and reached #6 on the Billboard R&B chart and #37 on the Billboard Hot 100.[1]
In 2000, Chrissie Hynde performed a cover version on Da Ali G Show. During the performance, Ali G said the song was "depressing", and sped it up into a jungle song, with backup dancers.
See also[edit]
R&B number-one hits of 1971 (USA)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 8th Edition (Billboard Publications), page 488.
Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart info Chartstats.com. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
External links[edit]
1971 Persuaders single info From discogs.com
1984 Pretenders single info From discogs.com
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Make It Funky" Part 1 by James Brown Billboard Best Selling Soul Singles number-one single
October 2–9, 1971 Succeeded by
"Trapped By a Thing Called Love" by Denise LaSalle
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Related articles
Discography
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text:
Roman conquest of Britain
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This article is about the conquest begun in AD 43. For other Roman invasions of Britain, see Caesar's invasions of Britain and Carausian Revolt.
Roman conquest of Britain.
The Roman conquest of Britain was a gradual process, beginning effectively in AD 43 under Emperor Claudius, whose general Aulus Plautius served as first governor of Roman Britain (Latin: Britannia). Great Britain had already frequently been the target of invasions, planned and actual, by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. In common with other regions on the edge of the empire, Britain had enjoyed diplomatic and trading links with the Romans in the century since Julius Caesar's expeditions in 55 and 54 BC, and Roman economic and cultural influence was a significant part of the British late pre-Roman Iron Age, especially in the south.
Between 55 BC and the 40s AD, the status quo of tribute, hostages, and client states without direct military occupation, begun by Caesar's invasions of Britain, largely remained intact. Augustus prepared invasions in 34 BC, 27 BC and 25 BC. The first and third were called off due to revolts elsewhere in the empire, the second because the Britons seemed ready to come to terms.[1] According to Augustus's Res Gestae, two British kings, Dubnovellaunus and Tincomarus, fled to Rome as suppliants during his reign,[2] and Strabo's Geography, written during this period, says Britain paid more in customs and duties than could be raised by taxation if the island were conquered.[3]
By the 40s AD, the political situation within Britain was apparently in ferment. The Catuvellauni had displaced the Trinovantes as the most powerful kingdom in south-eastern Britain, taking over the former Trinovantian capital of Camulodunum (Colchester), and were pressing their neighbours the Atrebates, ruled by the descendants of Julius Caesar's former ally Commius.[4]
Caligula planned a campaign against the Britons in 40, but its execution was bizarre: according to Suetonius' The Twelve Caesars, he drew up his troops in battle formation facing the English Channel and, once his forces had become quite confused, ordered them to gather seashells, referring to them as "plunder from the ocean due to the Capitol and the Palace".[5] Modern historians are unsure if that was meant to be an ironic punishment for the soldiers' mutiny or due to Caligula's derangement. Certainly this invasion attempt readied the troops and facilities that would make Claudius' invasion possible three years later. For example, Caligula built a lighthouse at Bononia (modern Boulogne-sur-Mer), the Tour D'Ordre, that provided a model for the one built soon after at Dubris (Dover).
Contents
[hide]
1 Claudian preparations
2 Crossing and landing
3 River battles
4 AD 44–60
5 AD 60–78
6 Campaigns of Agricola (AD 78–84)
6.1 Scotland before Agricola
6.2 Agricola in Caledonia
7 AD 84–96
8 Failure to conquer Caledonia
9 See also
10 Citations
11 References
12 Further reading
Claudian preparations[edit]
hide
v
t
e
Roman invasion and
occupation of Britain
Caesar's invasions (55–54 BC)
Conquest of Britain (43–76 AD)
Medway
Capture of Camulodunon
Caer Caradoc
Menai
Boudica's uprising (60–61 AD)
Camulodunum
Londinium
Watling Street
Scotch Corner (71 AD)
Mons Graupius (83 AD)
Siege of Burnswark (140 AD)
Caledonia (208–210 AD)
Carausian Revolt (286–296 AD)
Usurpation of Magnentius (350–353 AD)
Carausius II (354–358 AD)
Great Conspiracy (367–368 AD)
Usurpation of Magnus Maximus (383–388 AD)
Stilicho's Pictish War (398 AD)
Usurpation of Marcus (406–407 AD)
Usurpation of Gratian (407 AD)
Usurpation of Constantine III (407–411 AD)
In 43, possibly by re-collecting Caligula's troops from 40, Claudius mounted an invasion force to re-instate Verica, an exiled king of the Atrebates.[6] Aulus Plautius, a distinguished senator, was given overall charge of four legions, totalling about 20,000 men, plus about the same number of auxiliaries. The legions were:
Legio II Augusta
Legio IX Hispana
Legio XIV Gemina
Legio XX Valeria Victrix
The II Augusta is known to have been commanded by the future emperor Vespasian. Three other men of appropriate rank to command legions are known from the sources to have been involved in the invasion. Cassius Dio mentions Gnaeus Hosidius Geta, who probably led the IX Hispana, and Vespasian's brother Titus Flavius Sabinus the Younger. He wrote that Sabinus was Vespasian's lieutenant, but as Sabinus was the older brother and preceded Vespasian into public life, he could hardly have been a military tribune. Eutropius mentions Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus, although as a former consul he may have been too senior, and perhaps accompanied Claudius later.[7]
Crossing and landing[edit]
Main article: Site of the Claudian invasion of Britain
The main invasion force under Aulus Plautius crossed in three divisions. The port of departure is usually taken to have been Boulogne (Latin: Bononia), and the main landing at Rutupiae (Richborough, on the east coast of Kent). Neither of these locations is certain. Dio does not mention the port of departure, and although Suetonius says that the secondary force under Claudius sailed from Boulogne,[8] it does not necessarily follow that the entire invasion force did. Richborough has a large natural harbour which would have been suitable, and archaeology shows Roman military occupation at about the right time. However, Dio says the Romans sailed east to west, and a journey from Boulogne to Richborough is south to north. Some historians[9] suggest a sailing from Boulogne to the Solent, landing in the vicinity of Noviomagus (Chichester) or Southampton, in territory formerly ruled by Verica. An alternative explanation might be a sailing from the mouth of the Rhine to Richborough, which would be east to west.[10]
River battles[edit]
British resistance was led by Togodumnus and Caratacus, sons of the late king of the Catuvellauni, Cunobeline. A substantial British force met the Romans at a river crossing thought to be near Rochester on the River Medway. The battle raged for two days. Hosidius Geta was almost captured, but recovered and turned the battle so decisively that he was awarded the "Roman triumph".
The British were pushed back to the Thames. They were pursued by the Romans across the river causing some Roman losses in the marshes of Essex. Whether the Romans made use of an existing bridge for this purpose or built a temporary one is uncertain. At least one division of auxiliary Batavian troops swam across the river as a separate force.
Togodumnus died shortly after the battle on the Thames. Plautius halted and sent word for Claudius to join him for the final push. Cassius Dio presents this as Plautius needing the emperor's assistance to defeat the resurgent British, who were determined to avenge Togodumnus. However, Claudius was no military man. Claudius's arch says he received the surrender of eleven kings without any loss,[11] and Suetonius' The Twelve Caesars says that Claudius received the surrender of the Britons without battle or bloodshed.[12] It is likely that the Catuvellauni were already as good as beaten, allowing the emperor to appear as conqueror on the final march on Camulodunum. Cassius Dio relates that he brought war elephants and heavy armaments which would have overawed any remaining native resistance. Eleven tribes of South East Britain surrendered to Claudius and the Romans prepared to move further west and north. The Romans established their new capital at Camulodunum and Claudius returned to Rome to celebrate his victory. Caratacus escaped and would continue the resistance further west.
AD 44–60[edit]
Roman campaigns from AD 43 to 60.
Campaigns under Aulus Plautius, focused on the commercially valuable southeast of Britain.
The Roman Empire in AD 54.
Vespasian took a force westwards subduing tribes and capturing oppida as he went, going at least as far as Exeter, which would appear to have become an early base for Leg. II Augusta. [13] Legio IX Hispana was sent north towards Lincoln (Latin: Lindum Colonia) and within four years of the invasion it is likely that an area south of a line from the Humber to the Severn Estuary was under Roman control. That this line is followed by the Roman road of the Fosse Way has led many historians to debate the route's role as a convenient frontier during the early occupation. It is more likely that the border between Roman and Iron Age Britain was less direct and more mutable during this period.
Late in 47 the new governor of Britain, Publius Ostorius Scapula, began a campaign against the tribes of modern-day Wales, and the Cheshire Gap. The Silures of southeast Wales caused considerable problems to Ostorius and fiercely defended the Welsh border country. Caratacus himself was defeated in the Battle of Caer Caradoc and fled to the Roman client tribe of the Brigantes who occupied the Pennines. Their queen, Cartimandua was unable or unwilling to protect him however given her own truce with the Romans and handed him over to the invaders. Ostorius died and was replaced by Aulus Didius Gallus who brought the Welsh borders under control but did not move further north or west, probably because Claudius was keen to avoid what he considered a difficult and drawn-out war for little material gain in the mountainous terrain of upland Britain. When Nero became emperor in 54, he seems to have decided to continue the invasion and appointed Quintus Veranius as governor, a man experienced in dealing with the troublesome hill tribes of Anatolia. Veranius and his successor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus mounted a successful campaign across Wales, famously destroying the druidical centre at Mona or Anglesey in 60 at what historians later called the Menai Massacre. Final occupation of Wales was postponed however when the rebellion of Boudica forced the Romans to return to the south east. The Silures were not finally conquered until circa 76 when Sextus Julius Frontinus' long campaign against them began to have success.
AD 60–78[edit]
Following the successful suppression of Boudica's uprising, a number of new Roman governors continued the conquest by edging north. Cartimandua was forced to ask for Roman aid following a rebellion by her husband Venutius. Quintus Petillius Cerialis took his legions from Lincoln as far as York and defeated Venutius near Stanwick around 70. This resulted in the already Romanised Brigantes and Parisii tribes being further assimilated into the empire proper. Frontinus was sent into Roman Britain in 74 to succeed Quintus Petillius Cerialis as governor of that island. He subdued the Silures and other hostile tribes of Wales, establishing a new base at Caerleon for Legio II Augusta (Isca Augusta) and a network of smaller forts fifteen to twenty kilometres apart for his auxiliary units. During his tenure, he probably established the fort at Pumsaint in west Wales, largely to exploit the gold deposits at Dolaucothi. He retired in 78, and later he was appointed water commissioner in Rome. The new governor was Gnaeus Julius Agricola, made famous through the highly laudatory biography of him written by his son-in-law, Tacitus.
Campaigns of Agricola (AD 78–84)[edit]
Agricola's campaigns.
Northern campaigns.
Roman military organization in the north.
The Roman Empire in AD 96.
Arriving in mid-summer of 78, Agricola found several previously defeated peoples had re-established their independence. The first to be dealt with were the Ordovices of north Wales, who had destroyed a cavalry ala of Roman auxiliaries stationed in their territory. Knowing the terrain from his prior military service in Britain, he was able to move quickly to defeat and virtually exterminate them. He then invaded Anglesey, forcing the inhabitants to sue for peace.[14] The following year he moved against the Brigantes of northern England and the Selgovae along the southern coast of Scotland, using overwhelming military power to re-establish Roman control.[15]
Scotland before Agricola[edit]
Details of the early years of the Roman occupation in North Britain are unclear but began no earlier than 71, as Tacitus says that in that year Petillius Cerialis (governor 71–74) waged a successful war against the Brigantes,[16] whose territory straddled Britain along the Solway-Tyne line. Tacitus praises both Cerialis and his successor Julius Frontinus (governor 75–78), but provides no additional information on events prior to 79 regarding the lands or peoples living north of the Brigantes. The Romans certainly would have followed up their initial victory over the Brigantes in some manner. In particular, archaeology has shown the Romans campaigned and built military camps in the north along Gask Ridge, controlling the glens that provided access to and from the Scottish Highlands, and also throughout the Scottish Lowlands in northeastern Scotland. In describing Agricola's campaigns, Tacitus does not explicitly state that this is actually a return to lands previously occupied by Rome, where Roman occupation either had been thrown off by the Brittonic inhabitants, or had been abandoned by the Romans.
Agricola in Caledonia[edit]
Tacitus says that after a combination of force and diplomacy quieted discontent among the Britons who had been conquered previously, Agricola built forts in their territories in 79. In 80 he marched to the Firth of Tay (some historians hold that he stopped along the Firth of Forth in that year), not returning south until 81, at which time he consolidated his gains in the new lands that he had conquered, and in the rebellious lands that he had re-conquered.[17] In 82 he sailed to either Kintyre or the shores of Argyll, or to both. In 83 and 84 he moved north along Scotland's eastern and northern coasts using both land and naval forces, campaigning successfully against the inhabitants, and winning a significant victory over the northern British peoples led by Calgacus at the Battle of Mons Graupius.[18]
Prior to his recall in 84, Agricola built a network of military roads and forts to secure the Roman occupation. Existing forts were strengthened and new ones planted in northeastern Scotland along the Highland Line, consolidating control of the glens that provided access to and from the Scottish Highlands. The line of military communication and supply along southeastern Scotland and northeastern England (i.e., Dere Street) was well-fortified. In southern-most Caledonia, the lands of the Selgovae (approximating to modern Dumfriesshire and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright) were heavily planted with forts, not only establishing effective control there, but also completing a military enclosure of south-central Scotland (most of the Southern Uplands, Teviotdale, and western Tweeddale).[19] In contrast to Roman actions against the Selgovae, the territories of the Novantae, Damnonii, and Votadini were not planted with forts, and there is nothing to indicate that the Romans were at war with them.
AD 84–96[edit]
Agricola was recalled to Rome by Domitian. His successors are not named in any surviving source, but it seems they were unable or unwilling to further subdue the far north. The fortress at Inchtuthil was dismantled before its completion and the other fortifications of the Gask Ridge in Perthshire, erected to consolidate the Roman presence in Scotland in the aftermath of Mons Graupius, were abandoned within the space of a few years. It is equally likely that the costs of a drawn-out war outweighed any economic or political benefit and it was more profitable to leave the Caledonians alone and only under de jure submission.
Failure to conquer Caledonia[edit]
Main article: Scotland during the Roman Empire
Roman occupation was withdrawn to a line subsequently established as one of the limites (singular limes) of the empire (i.e., a defensible frontier) by the construction of Hadrian's Wall. An attempt was made to push this line north to the River Clyde-River Forth area in 142 when the Antonine Wall was constructed. This was once again abandoned after two decades and only subsequently re-occupied on an occasional basis.
The Romans retreated to the earlier and stronger Hadrian's Wall in the River Tyne-Solway Firth frontier area, this having been constructed around 122. Roman troops, however, penetrated far into the north of modern Scotland several more times. Indeed, there is a greater density of Roman marching camps in Scotland than anywhere else in Europe as a result of at least four major attempts to subdue the area.
The most notable was in 209 when the emperor Septimius Severus, claiming to be provoked by the belligerence of the Maeatae tribe, campaigned against the Caledonian Confederacy, a coalition of Brittonic Pictish[20] tribes of the north of Britain. He used the three legions of the British garrison (augmented by the recently formed 2nd Parthica legion), 9000 imperial guards with cavalry support, and numerous auxiliaries supplied from the sea by the British fleet, the Rhine fleet and two fleets transferred from the Danube for the purpose. According to Dio Cassius, he inflicted genocidal depredations on the natives and incurred the loss of 50,000 of his own men to the attrition of guerrilla tactics before having to withdraw to Hadrian's Wall. He repaired and reinforced the wall with a degree of thoroughness that led most subsequent Roman authors to attribute the construction of the wall to him. It was during the negotiations to purchase the truce necessary to secure the Roman retreat to the wall that the first recorded utterance, attributable with any reasonable degree of confidence, to a native of Scotland was made (as recorded by Dio Cassius). When Septimius Severus's wife, Julia Domna, criticised the sexual morals of the Caledonian women, the wife of a Caledonian chief, Argentocoxos, replied: "We consort openly with the best of men while you allow yourselves to be debauched in private by the worst".[21] The emperor Septimius Severus died at York while planning to renew hostilities, and these plans were abandoned by his son Caracalla.
Later excursions into Scotland by the Romans were generally limited to the scouting expeditions of exploratores in the buffer zone that developed between the walls, trading contacts, bribes to purchase truces from the natives, and eventually the spread of Christianity. The degree to which the Romans interacted with the Gaelic speaking island of Hibernia (modern Ireland) is still unresolved amongst archaeologists in Ireland. The successes and failures of the Romans in subduing the peoples of Britain are still represented in the political geography of the British Isles today.[clarification needed]
See also[edit]
A monument to the conquest, in Walmer, Kent.
Ancient Britain
Roman Britain
Roman mining
British military history
Itius Portus
Roman governors of Britain
Pugnaces Britanniae
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Dio Cassius, Roman History 49.38, 53.22, 53.25
Jump up ^ Augustus, Res Gestae Divi Augusti 32. The name of the second king is defaced, but Tincomarus is the most likely reconstruction.
Jump up ^ Strabo, Geography 4.5
Jump up ^ John Creighton (2000), Coins and power in Late Iron Age Britain, Cambridge University Press
Jump up ^ Suetonius, Caligula 44–46; Dio Cassius, Roman History 59.25
Jump up ^ Dio Cassius, Roman History 60.19–22
Jump up ^ Eutropius, Abridgement of Roman History 7:13
Jump up ^ Suetonius, Claudius 17
Jump up ^ For example, John Manley, AD43: a Reassessment.
Jump up ^ Strabo (Geography 4:5.2) names the Rhine as a commonly used point of departure for crossings to Britain in the 1st century AD.
Jump up ^ Arch of Claudius
Jump up ^ Suetonius, Claudius 17
Jump up ^ Suetonius, Vespasian 4
Jump up ^ Tacitus & 98:363–364, Life of Agricola, Ch. 18
Jump up ^ Tacitus & 98:365–366, Life of Agricola, Ch. 20–21
Jump up ^ Tacitus & 98:362, Life of Agricola, Ch. 17
Jump up ^ Tacitus & 98:364–368, Life of Agricola, Ch. 19–23.
Jump up ^ Tacitus & 98:368–380, Life of Agricola, Ch. 24–38.
Jump up ^ Frere 1987:88–89, Britannia
Jump up ^ ^ Encyclopaedia Romana. University of Chicago. accessed March 1, 2007
Jump up ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History 77.16
References[edit]
Frere, Sheppad Sunderland (1987), Britannia: A History of Roman Britain (3rd, revised ed.), London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, ISBN 0-7102-1215-1
Tacitus, Cornelius (1854) [98], "The Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola", The Works of Tacitus (The Oxford Translation, Revised), II, London: Henry G. Bohn, pp. 343–389
Further reading[edit]
The Great Invasion , Leonard Cottrell, Coward–McCann, New York, 1962, hardback. Was published in the UK in 1958.
Tacitus, Histories, Annals and De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae
A.D. 43, John Manley, Tempus, 2002.
Roman Britain, Peter Salway, Oxford, 1986
Miles Russel – Ruling Britannia – History Today 8/2005 pp 5–6
Francis Pryor. 2004. Britain BC. New York: HarperPerennial.
Francis Pryor. 2004. Britain AD. New York: HarperCollins.
George Shipway – Imperial Governor. 2002. London: Cassell Military Paperbacks.
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Joint Task Force
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"JTF" redirects here. For other uses, see JTF (disambiguation).
A Joint Task Force is a "joint" (multi-service) ad hoc military formation. The task force concept originated with the United States Navy around the beginning of the Second World War in the Pacific.
"Combined" is the British-American military term for multi-national formations.
CTF - Commander Task Force, sometimes Combined Task Force
CCTF - Commander Combined Task Force
CJTF - Combined Joint Task Force
Ships of Task Group 100.1 during Exercise BALTOPS, 1985
There are two ways in which a U.S. or U.S.-allied task force may be assigned a number. The first is the originally naval scheme promulgated and governed by the U.S. Military Communications-Electronic Board, chaired by the Joint Staff J6. Task force numbers allocated under this scheme form the majority of the listings below.
The second is a by-product of the U.S. Army's procedure for forming task-organised forces for combat, differing from strictly doctrinally assigned table of organization and equipment organizations. A battalion, company or brigade commander has very wide latitude in selecting a task force name,[1] though often the name of the commander is used (e.g. Task Force Faith; Task Force Smith was named for the commander of the 1st Battalion, 21st Infantry Regiment). This has often resulted in derivations from the originator unit's numerical designation being used. For example, when a special operations aviation unit was being formed in the late 1970s, the original unit drew heavily on personnel from the 158th Aviation. The designation chosen was Task Force 158, which later grew to become the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment. Another example comes from 2004 in Afghanistan. On 15 April 2004 the headquarters of the U.S. Army's 25th Infantry Division arrived in Afghanistan and took command of CJTF-180 from the 10th Mountain Division. Lieutenant General David Barno, commanding then decided to rename CJTF 180 because the “180” designation had traditionally been given to Joint task forces led by the Army's XVIII Airborne Corps. Barno chose Combined Joint Task Force 76 as the new name to evoke America’s history and the democratic spirit of 1776.[2] The CFC-A commander intended this new designation to highlight the change in command at the operational level at a time when Afghanistan appeared to be moving closer to democracy.
No coordination appears to occur between U.S. Army task forces designated in this way, and the USMCEB scheme. This has resulted in simultaneous designations being used at the same time. For example, Combined Joint Task Force 76, was in use in Afghanistan in 2004, but doubling up on the Task Force 76 designation used for decades by Amphibious Force, United States Seventh Fleet, in north Asia.
Contents
[hide]
1 Numbered USMCEB joint task forces
2 Named joint task forces
3 United States Army and other non-USMCEB task forces
4 Others
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
Numbered USMCEB joint task forces[edit]
Allied Communications Publication 113: Call Signs Book for Ships in its Annex B lists allocations of task force numbers from 1 to approximately 1000, allocated by the United States Military Communications-Electronic Board in blocks for use by the United States Department of Defense and allies.
Norman Polmar notes in Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet, 2005, that the task forces under the commanders of the Atlantic and Pacific Fleet are mainly for contingency purposes.[3] They are employed for specific operations and exercises.
Combined Task Force (CTF) 13 conducts a simulated long range raid on Camp Hanson, Okinawa Japan, March 21, 2016. CTF-13 conducted the raid, which commenced in South Korea, to demonstrate air assault, multi-continent long-range raid capabilities and the ability to deliver security and stability. CTF 13 included 1st Battalion, 3rd Marines.
Joint task force
Abbrev.
State
Notes
Joint Task Force 1 001 JTF-1 US Operation Crossroads
Joint Task Force 2 002 JTF-2 US/CAN In September 1964, Major General George Brown was selected to organize and command JTF-2, a Joint Chiefs of Staff organization formed at Sandia Base, New Mexico, to the test the services' weapon systems. It was staffed by personnel of all three services.[4] Low Altitude Program nuclear test organisation, 1965-70.[5] In 1990s seemingly transferred to Canada, possibly completely out of USMCEB formal system for use by Canadian special forces. The Canadian SOF unit that took this designation was formed on 1 April 1993.
Joint Task Force 3 003 JTF-3 US Formed late 1949 in preparation for Operation Greenhouse nuclear test series.[6]
Joint Task Force 4 004 JTF-4 US From 1960 to 1 December 1963, planning headquarters for Sub-Saharan Africa, responsible to Atlantic Command. Lt Gen Louis W. Truman reassigned as chief of staff for Caribbean operations during Cuban Missile Crisis. Superseded by creation of CINCMEAFSA (Commander-in-Chief U.S. Strike Command).[7] Drug interdiction task force in Caribbean Sea from December 1989. Became Joint Interagency Task Force East on 1 October 1994.[8] Later amalgamated into Joint Interagency Task Force South in 1994. Later became post-conflict reconstruction task force, eventually to become the ill-fated Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance.
Joint Task Force 5 005 JTF-5 US Drug interdiction task force at Coast Guard Island, Alameda, California, from December 1989. Later became Joint Interagency Task Force West.
Joint Task Force 6 006 JTF-6 US Drug interdiction task force at El Paso, Texas, from December 1989. Became Joint Task Force North in 2004. Now seemingly Task Force 6, the naval component commander, U.S. Africa Command, an additional duty post for Commander, Sixth Fleet.[9]
Joint Task Force 7 007 JTF-7 US Operation Sandstone, a series of nuclear weapon tests in 1948.
Combined Joint Task Force 7 007 CJTF-7 US CJTF 7 was the interim military formation that directed the U.S. military effort in Iraq between June 2003 and May 2004. Previously used for Operation Castle atomic tests in the 1940s-1950s
Joint Task Force 8 008 JTF-8 US Operation Dominic nuclear test organisation, April–November 1962.[citation needed]
Joint Task Force 11 011 JTF-11 US During World War II, Task Force 11 was a United States Navy aircraft carrier task force in the Pacific theater.
JTF at Soto Cano Air Base, 1983. By 1984 redesignated Joint Task Force Bravo
Task Force 12 012 TF-12 US Theater Anti-Submarine Warfare Force, Pacific / Patrol and Reconnaissance Force, Pacific (PATRECONFORPAC).[10]
Task Force 16 016 TF-16 US Maritime Defense Zone, U.S. Pacific Fleet, commanded by a Coast Guard officer (2005).[3] Previously celebrated carrier task force during World War II.
Task Force 17 017 TF-17 US Naval Air Forces, U.S. Pacific Fleet (2005).[3] Previously celebrated carrier task force during World War II.
Task Force 18 018 TF-18 US Sealift forces, U.S. Pacific Fleet (2005).[3] USS Hornet (CV-8)'s task force for 1942 Doolittle Raid.
Task Force 20 020 TF-20 US Task Group 20.5, a carrier battle group built around USS Independence (CV-62), was part of Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada, 1982.[11] Deputy Commander, Fleet and Joint Operations, U.S. Fleet Forces Command, with responsibility for subordinate seagoing formations, until 1 October 2012.
Task Force 21 021 TF-21 US Transformation of the United States Army
Task Forces 30-39 030 TF-30 US All allocated to United States Third Fleet
Task Force 31 031 TF-31 US
Task Force 37 037 TF-37 US
Task Force 38 038 TF-38 US Fast Carrier Task Force, World War II (Also Task Force 38.3)
Task Force 44 044 TF-44 US
Task Forces 50-57 050 TF-50 US All allocated to United States Fifth Fleet
Task Force 57 057 TF-57 US
Task Force 58 058 TF-58 US Recently Maritime Surveillance Force in the North Persian Gulf. Fast Carrier Task Force, World War II.
Task Force 60 060 TF-60 US United States Sixth Fleet; Battle Force from c.1950s-c.2010
Task Force 61 061 TF-61 US United States Sixth Fleet
Task Force 64 064 TF-64 US On 23 September 1942, USS San Francisco (CA-38), Salt Lake City, Minneapolis, Chester, Boise, and Helena, and Destroyer Squadron 12 (DesRon 12) became TF 64, a surface screening and attack force under the command of Rear Admiral Norman Scott in San Francisco. The next day, the force headed to the New Hebrides. Now United States Sixth Fleet.
Task Force 67 067 TF-67 US
Task Force 73 073 TF-73 US Commander, Logistics Group, Western Pacific, Seventh Fleet, Singapore.
Task Force 74 074 TF-74 US Submarine Force, U.S. Seventh Fleet. Previously Enterprise task force during Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.
Task Force 76 076 TF-76 US Amphibious Force, United States Seventh Fleet. CJTF 76 was a designation given to a division-sized U.S. Army task force in Afghanistan, seemingly outside the formal USMCEB system.
Task Force 77 077 TF-77 US Carrier Striking Force, U.S. Seventh Fleet. As of 2016[update] built around Carrier Strike Group Five.
ALSO: Former Task Force 145
Task Force 80 080 TF-80 US TF-80 is currently the Maritime Headquarters component for the U.S. Fleet Forces Command.
Task Force 84 084 TF-84 US Seemingly Anti-Submarine Warfare Force, Atlantic (ASWFORLANT).[12]
Task Force 88 088 TF-88 US Used during World War II for Task Force 88 (Operation Dragoon); after World War II for Task Force 88 (Operation Argus). Also used by a USSOCOM task force, seemingly not within the USMCEB numbering scheme.
Task Force 90 090 TF-90 US Amphibious Force, Naval Forces Far East, during the Korean War, and later involved in Operation Passage to Freedom.
Task Force 91 091 TF-91 US U.S. Naval Forces Alaska, commanded by Commander 17th Coast Guard District, United States Coast Guard.[13]
Task Force 93 093 TF-93 US Commander Alaskan Sea Frontier, late 1960s. Rear Admiral Donald M. White during SS Robert Louis Stevenson sinking incident, late 1960s.[14]
Task Force 100 100, TFTF 100 US Involved in USS Liberty incident, 1967. CINCUSNAVEUR established TF 100 under the command of Rear Admiral Renken, Commander, Service Forces, Atlantic, at 0000Z, 12 June 1967. With forces from Sixth Fleet, Commander Fleet Air Mediterranean, Service Forces, Sixth Fleet, Naval Securities Group Europe, plus the Liberty herself, TF 100 was to '..supervise the drydocking of USS Liberty at Malta on or about 13 June 1967 in order to prevent disclosure of classified information and equipment to unauthorised personnel.'[15] TF 100's functions were expected to be completed in about two days. Previously at times held by Deputy Commander-in-Chief United States Naval Forces Europe (DCINCUSNAVEUR). The task force (or Task Group 100.1) was also involved in a mid-May 1975 visit to Leningrad.[16] Leahy and Tattnall, part of Cruiser-Destroyer Group 12, were commanded by Rear Admiral Justin D. Langille III. On 1 April 2010, it was announced that Rear Adm. (lower half) Charles K. Carodine was to be assigned new duties. Carodine was at the time serving as chief of staff, JTF-100 Maritime Operations Center, United States Fleet Forces Command, Norfolk, Va.[17] Also by 2010 TF 100 had become the Service Crypographic Component Operations task force of United States Tenth Fleet.[18]
Task Force 101 101, TFTF 101 US Northern European Force after 1946-1956.[19][20] When Admiral Wright became CINCNELM was commanded by Rear Admiral Robert B. Pirie, Chief of Staff to CINCNELM. After the beginning of the War on Terror in 2001, Combined Joint Task Force - 101 was a 101st Airborne Division rotation in Afghanistan.
Task Forces 102-109 102, TFTF 102 US All now seemingly allocated to United States Tenth Fleet.[18]
Task Force 104 104, TFTF 104 US United States Naval Forces Germany, 1944–45, and possibly afterwards
Task Force 111 111, TFTF 111 UK/US Seemingly Admiral Bruce Fraser, Commander-in-Chief, British Pacific Fleet, aboard HMS Duke of York, soon after the end of World War II.
Task Force 115 115, TFTF 115 US Coastal Surveillance Force, Naval Forces Vietnam[21]
Task Force 116 116, TFTF 116 US River Patrol Force, Naval Forces Vietnam
Task Force 117 117, TFTF 117 US Mobile Riverine Force, Naval Forces Vietnam
Joint Task Force 120 120, JTFJTF 120 US In times of crisis and during certain exercises, Commander Second Fleet became Commander, JTF 120. This joint task force drew from the Atlantic Fleet, U.S. Army airborne and air assault units, U.S. Air Force aircraft and support personnel, U.S. Marine Corps amphibious forces, and at times, the United States Coast Guard. Ran Operation Urgent Fury, the invasion of Grenada in October 1983. Later ran Operation Uphold Democracy regarding Haiti in 1994-95.
Task Force 121 121, TFTF 121 US Possibly part of United States Twelfth Fleet during World War II. Task Force of Army Rangers during Operation Urgent Fury, Grenada, 1982.[11] After 2001, one of the designations for the Joint Special Operations Command high value targets task force. This was made up of operators from the U.S. Army's Delta Force, 75th Ranger Regiment, and 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment, Naval Special Warfare Development Group, the CIA's Special Activities Division, U.S. Air Force Combat Controllers, Pararescuemen, Tactical Air Control Party operators, and Special Operations Weather Technicians, the Aviation Tactics Evaluation Group (AvTEG), and the Joint Communications Unit. Two troops from the U.S. Army 1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment provided armor support for the Task Force. On occasions, Canadian, British, Australian and Polish special force personnel assisted and augmented TF121. It served in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Task Force 122 122, TFTF 122 US United States Twelfth Fleet, World War II. Commanded by Rear Admiral Alan G. Kirk, who commanded D-Day's Western Naval Task Force (Utah and Omaha Beaches).
Task Force 123 123, TFTF 123 US 82nd Airborne Division, Operation Urgent Fury, Grenada 1982.[11]
Task Force 124 124, TFTF 124 US Omaha Beach landing force, World War II.[22] In Grenada 1982, was the amphibious force, headquartered aboard USS Guam.[11] Now Strategic Communications Wing One,[23] Tinker AFB, Oklahoma (E-6A Mercury aircraft)
Task Force 125 125, TFTF 125 US Designation for Commander, Western Hemisphere Group, when acting as a naval component commander for U.S. Southern Command. Obsolete.[24]
Task Force 130 130, TFTF 130 US Manned Spacecraft Recovery Force, Pacific, for Project Apollo. Flagship USS Arlington (AGMR-2).
Task Force 134 134, TFTF 134 US Commander, Task Force 134, COMSUBPAC, is an operational commander responsible to USSTRATCOM for strategic deterrent submarine operations.[25]
Task Force 136 136, TFTF 136 US Under the commander of Commander, Second Fleet, was quarantine force during Cuban Missile Crisis.[26] Led for a time by Commander Cruiser-Destroyer Flotilla 2 aboard USS Canberra.
Task Force 140 140, TFTF 140 US Project Mercury Recovery Force (early 1960s), later Manned Spacecraft Recovery Force, Atlantic (for Apollo 9). In 1980s, as JTF 140, designation for Second Fleet for Caribbean contingency operations. Ocean Venture '90 was a JCS directed field exercise sponsored by the U.S. Atlantic Command and executed by JTF 140, a standing JTF assigned to LANTCOM which had existed since 1979.[27] Utilised for Haiti operations during 1994.[8]
Task Force 144 144, TFTF 144 US CTF 144, Commander Submarine Forces/COMSUBLANT. Operational commander for Atlantic ballistic missile submarines, responsible to Commander, U.S. Strategic Command
Task Force 145 145, TFTF 145 US
Task Force 151 151, TFTF 151 US Combined Maritime Forces
Joint Task Force 160 160, JTFJTF 160 US Directed Operation Sea Signal. This humanitarian operation receiving Haitian refugees at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba, took place from August 1994 to February 1996.[28]
Task Force 160 was a non-USMCEB, U.S. Army allocation.
Combined Joint Task Force-180 180, JTFJTF 180 US Appears to be the permanently assigned designator for HQ XVIII Airborne Corps when operating as a combined joint task force or joint task force, for example in Afghanistan after 2002.
Task Force 214 214, TFTF 214 US Twentieth Air Force, while acting as the ICBM task force for U.S. Strategic Command
Task Force 294 294, TFTF 294 US U.S. Air Force air refueling forces while acting as a task force for U.S. Strategic Command
Task Force 301 301, TFTF 301 CAN Royal Canadian Navy, Atlantic Coast
Task Force 311 311, TFTF 311 UK Commander, Task Force 311 (CTF-311), located in Northwood, Middlesex, is the Royal Navy's sole submarine operating authority (SUBOPAUTH). CTF-311 maintains operational control of all Britain's attack submarines, wherever they may be.[29]
Task Group 316.1 316, TFTF 316 UK Used for Endeavour 90 deployment, under Capt Franklyn, HMS Bristol (DTS)[30]
Task Force 317 317, TFTF 317 UK Falklands Task Force; see British naval forces in the Falklands War
Task Force 318 318, TFTF 318 UK In November 1967, TF 318, under Flag Officer Second in Command Far East Fleet, Rear Admiral Edward Ashmore, managed the British withdrawal from Aden after 128 years of colonial rule.[31] Reestablished with effect from 1 November 1971 to cover withdrawal of British forces from Persian Gulf (Roberts, 95)
Task Force 321 321, TFTF 321 UK Seemingly Royal Navy in the Mediterranean and Middle East. Used Cyprus 1974[32] during Falklands War when RNZN frigates deployed, and after Iraqi invasion of Kuwait (deployed force TG 321.1 in both later cases).[33] In 1990 CINCFLEET acted as CTF 321.
Task Group 323.2 323, TFTF 323 UK RN Mediterranean group during Operation Desert Storm
Task Force 324 324, TFTF 324 UK Royal Navy Red Sea force during Suez Crisis of 1956. Consisted only of HMS Newfoundland.[34]
Task Force 330 330, TFTF 330 UK UK naval forces during Operation Telic[35]
Task Force 333 333, TFTF 333 UK Involved in Operation Grapple nuclear tests at Christmas Island, August 1958.[36] TG 333.1 seemingly utilised by Captain 11th Frigate Squadron (Captain F11), Royal New Zealand Navy, in November 1972, during LONGEX 71 between Auckland and Wellington.[37] TGs of TF 333 later used in NATO area (Roberts)
Task Force 345 345, TFTF 345 UK UK Mediterranean naval task force during Suez Crisis of 1956.[34] Now is reported as '..CTF 345 is the organisation that provides command and control of the UK deterrent' at Northwood Headquarters. Rear Admiral Ian Corder commanded the task force as of September 2012.[38]
Task Force 373 373, TFTF 373 US JSOC or SOCCENT special operations forces task force in Afghanistan
Task Force 402 402, TFTF 402 US
Joint Task Force 435 435, JTFJTF 435 US (Combined Joint Interagency Task Force 435) Afghanistan theatre detention operations
Task Force 439 439, TFTF 439 NATO attack submarine force, Mediterranean
Task Force 440 440, TFTF 440 Operation Sharp Guard, 1993-96 (WEU, SNFL, SNFM)
Task Force 442 442, TFTF 442 US From 1967, Commander Submarine Flotilla 8 became COMSUBMED under NAVSOUTH in addition to wartime SSBN responsibilities as CTF 442.[39]
Task Force 465 465, TFTF 465 (NATO) Deployed task force of Operation Atalanta, EUNAVFOR Somalia, combating Somali piracy
Task Force 472 472, TFTF 472 SEATO (1969) At the time USS Evans and HMAS Melbourne collided on the early morning on 3 June 1969, both were part of Exercise Task Group 472.1. Command of Task Force 472, and TG 472.1, was being exercised by Rear Admiral G.J.B. Crabb, Flag Officer Commanding Australian Fleet. TF 472 included Melbourne, Evans, Kyes, Larson, Blackpool, and Cleopatra. TF 472 was taking part in SEATO Exercise Sea Spirit.[40]
Task Force 473 473, TFTF 473 France Seemingly permanently assigned to the carrier battle group ('aeronaval group') build around Charles de Gaulle. Part of Force d'action navale.
Task Force 500 500, TFTF 500 NATO Flag Officer Denmark (FOD), Allied Forces Baltic Approaches (1963).[41]
Task Force 502 502, TFTF 502 NATO Carrier battle force, Naval Striking and Support Forces, Southern Europe, 1970s-1980s. Provided by U.S. Carrier Group or Cruiser-Destroyer Group headquarters.
Task Force 503 503, TFTF 503 NATO Amphibious force, Naval Striking and Support Forces, Southern Europe, 1970s-1980s. Provided by U.S. Amphibious Squadron headquarters.
Task Force 504 504, TFTF 504 NATO Landing force, Naval Striking and Support Forces, Southern Europe, 1970s-1980s.
Task Force 505 505, TFTF 505 NATO Support force, Naval Striking and Support Forces, Southern Europe, 1970s-1980s.
Task Force 506 506, TFTF 506 NATO Special Operations Force, Naval Striking and Support Forces, Southern Europe, 1970s-1980s.
Task Force 508 508, TFTF 508 NATO (or member) As of late 2013, Operation Ocean Shield Somali counter-piracy force. CTF 508 was Rear Admiral Eugenio Diaz del Rio on board flagship Alvaro de Bazan on 14 January 2014.[42]
Joint Task Force 510 510, JTFJTF 510 US Special Operations Command Pacific standing joint task force for rapid deployment. Involved in Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines, 2002.
Joint Task Force 622 622, JTFJTF 622 AUS Operation VIC FIRE ASSIST[43]
Joint Task Force 627 627, JTFJTF 627 AUS SUBmarine Search And Rescue (SUBSAR)[44] May be designator for Commander Australian Fleet; CTF 627 was allocated to this officer under his previous title of Maritime Commander Australia in 1999-2000.
Joint Task Force 630 630, JTFJTF 630 AUS Op Larry Assist after Cyclone Larry, March 2006. Commander was Mick Slater.
Joint Task Force 631 631, JTFJTF 631 AUS Operation Astute - Timor Leste International Stabilisation Force
Joint Task Force 633 633, JTFJTF 633 AUS Operation Okra, HQJTF 633, based in the United Arab Emirates, provides command and control of all ADF elements deployed throughout the Middle East Area of Operations (MEAO) as part of Operation Slipper. JTF 633 is commanded by Major General Craig Orme.[45] Previous commanders have included MAJGEN Stuart Smith. Included Security Detachment Iraq
Joint Task Force 634 634, JTFJTF 634 AUS Supported 2007 Sydney APEC Conference.[46] Commander: Brigadier Andrew Smith, Cdr 7th Brigade.
Joint Task Force 637 637, JTFJTF 637 AUS Operation Kiribati Assist; Operation Queensland Flood Assist
Joint Task Force 639 639, JTFJTF 639 AUS Op Resolute - Border Protection Command
Joint Task Force 645 645, JTFJTF 645 AUS Commander INTERFET, 1999 (TF 645),[47] CHOGM 2001, CHOGM 2002[48]
Task Force 646 646, TFTF 646 AUS RAAF Air Command[49] Aerospace Operational Support Group TG 646.7.
Joint Task Force 662 662, JTFJTF 662 AUS ADF support during the 2009 Victorian Black Saturday bushfires.[50]
Joint Task Force 663 663, JTFJTF 663 AUS Operation Render Safe 2011.[51] HMAS Gascoyne, HMAS Diamantina, HMNZS Resolution (A14), HMNZS Wellington.
Joint Task Force 664 664, JTFJTF 664 AUS Operation Yasi Assist
Joint Task Force 665 665, JTFJTF 665 AUS Operation Testament, ADF commitment to World Youth Day 2008, Commander Brigadier David Saul
Task Force 714 714, TFTF 714 US United States Special Operations Command. Designation for JSOC high-value targets task force in Iraq and Afghanistan during General Stanley McChrystal's time in command.[52]
Task Force 825 825, TFTF 825 Spain Task Group 825.1 was the Spanish aircraft carrier Principe de Asturias task group in May 2008.[53]
Joint Task Force 950 950, JTFJTF 950 US Commander, United States Second Fleet whilst in a training role.[54]
Task Force 1099 US (See Task Force 121)
Named joint task forces[edit]
Joint Task Force Shining Hope; Joint Task Force Eagle Vista (1998 Presidential African visit)
Joint task force
Abbrev.
Who
Notes
Joint Task Force-Alaska JTF-AK US
Joint Task Force-Armed Forces Inaugural Committee JTF-AFIC US
Joint Task Force Aztec Silence US
Joint Task Force Bravo JTF-B US Central America operations from Soto Cano Air Base, Honduras
Joint Task Force Caring Response US
Joint Task Force Central CAN
Joint Task Force-Civil Support JTF-CS US
Joint Task Force East US
Joint Task Force for Elimination JTF-E US Joint Task Force for Elimination of WMD (JTF-E)
Joint Task Force Full Accounting US
Joint Task Force Gator US
Joint Task Force-Global Network Operations JTF-GNO US Critical infrastructure protection. (Evolved from JTF-CND, then JTF-CNO)
Joint Task Force Gold JTF Gold AUS Sydney 2000 Summer Olympic Games
Joint Task Force Guantanamo JTF-GTMO US
Joint Task Force Haiti US
Joint Task Force-Homeland Defense JTF-HD US
Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa CJTF-HOA US
Joint Task Force Katrina US
Joint Task Force Lebanon JTF-L US
Joint Task Force Liberia JTF Liberia US
Joint Task Force National Capital Region/Medical JTF CapMed US
Joint Task Force (North) JTF(N) CAN
Joint Task Force North US
Joint Task Force OMEGA JTF OMEGA Colombian Armed Forces JTF in support of US funded Plan Patriota
Joint Task Force Southwest Asia JTF-SWA US The JTF commander also commanded 9th Aerospace Expeditionary Task Force-Southwest Asia, U.S. Central Command, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It carried out Operation Southern Watch to enforce the Iraqi no-fly zones. The 9AETF-SWA was the forward-deployed arm of the Ninth Air Force. Established on August 26, 1992; active until 2003.[55]
Joint Task Force Rita US
United States Army and other non-USMCEB task forces[edit]
These included Combined Joint Task Force 76, Combined Joint Task Force 82, and Combined Joint Task Force 180.
Task force
Abbrev.
Who
Notes
Task Force 1-41 141 TF 1-41 INF US U.S. Army combined-arms heavy battalion mechanized Task Force consisting primarily of the 1st Battalion, 41st Infantry Regiment, 3rd Battalion, 66th Armor Regiment, and the 4th Battalion, 3rd Field Artillery Regiment all being part of the 2nd Armored Division (Forward). It served at the Battle of 73 Easting and the Battle of Norfolk. Formed in various other incarnations during other conflicts.
Combined Joint Task Force 82 082 CJTF-82 US
Special Operations Task Force 103 103 SOTF-103 US On 11 May 2010, Malian and Senegalese soldiers worked on small unit tactics, movements, and convoy vehicle recover drills with special operations forces personnel from Special Operations Task Force 103 in Bamako, Mali. The classes were part of Exercise Flintlock 10, an exercise focused on military interoperability and capacity-building, which was part of an AFRICOM-sponsored annual exercise program with partner nations in northern and western Africa. Flintlock 10, which includes participation of key European U.S. allies, was conducted by SOCAFRICA and was designed to build relationships and develop capacity among security forces throughout the Trans-Saharan region of Africa.
Task Force 118 118 TF-118 US a regular army aviation unit flying AH-58D Warrior helicopters whose mast-mounted IR sights helped spot small boats during Operation Prime Chance
Task Force ALBA Swiss Humanitarian operation in Albania during 1999.
Task Force Aegis US Redirects to Combined Joint Task Force 76
Task Force Alpha UK Redirects to 7th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)
Task Force Baum US Concentration camp rescue force "set up by U.S. Army general George S. Patton"
Task Force Bayonet US Task Force Bayonet (disambiguation)
Task Force Black US Redirects to Task Force 88 (anti-terrorist unit)
Task Force Blue US United States Navy SEALs
Task Force Danbi South Korea Haiti earthquake relief 2010
Task Force Eagle NATO IFOR
Task Force East US US European Command initiative to strengthen relationships with Eastern European allies
Task Force Faith US US Army unit during the Korean War
Task Force Falcon (US) US US Army Task Force serving as part of KFOR in Kosovo
Task Force Frigid US After World War II, the War Department decided that U.S. Army personnel must be able to live and operate in any degree of cold.[56] A group of task forces was therefore organized to test U.S. Army equipment in the cold. Task Force Frigid and Task Force Williwaw were dispatched to what is now Fort Greely, Alaska during the winters of 1946 and 1947.
Task Force Harvest NATO Operation Essential Harvest
Task Force Hawk US Kosovo
Task Force Helmand NATO Part of ISAF in Helmand Province, Afghanistan
Task Force K-Bar US "The first major ground deployment in the US-led invasion of Afghanistan"
Task Force Kandahar NATO ISAF in Kandahar, Afghanistan
Task Force Kean UN North Korea
Task Force Leatherneck US Located at Camp Leatherneck, Helmand Province, Afghanistan. Marine Air-Ground Task Force currently operating in Helmand Province. 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade during 2009-10 for Operation Enduring Freedom. Also used by the 1st and 2nd Marine Divisions during their deployments to Afghanistan
Task Force Libeccio CAN Operation Mobile#Royal Canadian Air Force - 2011 military intervention in Libya.
Task Force Lightning US 25th Infantry Division (United States)
Task Force Manchu US Second Battle of Naktong Bulge#The end of Task Force Manchu
Task Force Mustang US Combat Aviation Brigade, 36th Infantry Division, Texas Army National Guard
Task Force ODIN US US Army aviation battalion created to combat improvised explosive devices in Iraq
Task Force Phoenix CJTF Phoenix US Initially organized by CENTCOM to train and mentor the newly created Afghan National Security Forces
Task Force Ranger US Battle of Mogadishu (1993)#Task Force Ranger
Task Force Scorpio Swiss Biological and chemical response team activated during the first Gulf War - not deployed
Task Force Shield US/UK/Iraq Set up in 2003 to provide security for Iraq's critical oil infrastructure
Task Force Sinai US U.S. element of Multinational Force and Observers (MFO)
Task Force Smith US Battle of Osan#Task Force Smith
Task Force Tarawa US The 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade during the 2003 invasion of Iraq
Task Force Taro US 3rd Marine Regiment (United States)
Task Force Trinity US 3rd Battalion 3rd Marines
Task Force Tripoli US USMC air ground task force formed after the fall of Baghdad during the 2003 invasion of Iraq
Task Force Uruzgan Netherlands Part of NATO's Regional Command South, ISAF, Afghanistan
Task Force Viking US Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force – North (CJSOTF–N), also known as Task Force Viking, was the U.S. joint task force responsible for the northern front during the initial period of the 2003 invasion of Iraq
Task Force White Eagle Poland A brigade sized detachment of Polish Land Forces in Ghazni Province, Afghanistan. The brigade was under the command of the US 1st Cavalry Division.
Others[edit]
Task Force for Business and Stability Operations - U.S. Department of Defense commercial facilitation organization, not an operational task force.
Task Force 6-26 - USSOCOM or JSOC task force
Task Force Iron- A heavy battalion mechanized task force with the foundation being formed by Task Force 1-41 Infantry and other 2nd Armored Division (FWD) battalions during the 1991 Gulf War. It fought during the Battle of 73 Easting and the Battle of Norfolk.
Task Force 1-37 was a heavy battalion mechanized task force formed around units of the 1st Armored Division (United States). It served with distinction at the Battle of Medina Ridge during the 1991 Gulf War.
See also[edit]
Taskforce (disambiguation)
The Wire (JTF-GTMO)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ See Larry Bond, 'Cauldron' (fiction) or Hackworth, 'About Face'.
Jump up ^ Lieutenant General David W. Barno, interview by Center for Military History, 21 November 2006, 31–32, in A Different Kind of War.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Norman Polmar, Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet,' Naval Institute Press, 2005, p.37
Jump up ^ Puryear 1983, pp. 132–133.
Jump up ^ National Archives and Records Administration, Federal Record Group 374.5.2, accessed June 2013.
Jump up ^ Barton C. Hacker, 'Elements of Controversy'.
Jump up ^ History of the Unified Command Plan 1946-2012, pp. 22-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Siegel, Adam B. (August 1996). The Intervasion of Haiti, Professional Paper 539 (PDF). Center for Naval Analyses. p. 12.
Jump up ^ Science Advisor, NAVEUR/NAVAF/Sixth Fleet, Science and Technology Shortfalls Archived 2014-02-02 at the Wayback Machine., 26 June 2012, accessed January 2014.
Jump up ^ Globalsecurity.org, Patrol and Reconnaissance Force, Pacific
^ Jump up to: a b c d Spector, Ronald (1987). "U.S. Marines in Grenada 1983" (PDF). p. 6.
Jump up ^ CTF 84 Reserve Unit Established, October 5, 2005
Jump up ^ Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet
Jump up ^ Mud, Muscle and Miracles, 384.
Jump up ^ "CINCUSNAVEUR OPORD 15-67" (PDF). National Security Agency. 11 June 1967. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
Jump up ^ 1975LENINGRAD00693_b
Jump up ^ Defense, This story was written by the Department of. "CNO Announces Flag Officer Assignments". www.navy.mil. Retrieved 2016-01-29.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2010SET/Deets.pdf
Jump up ^ Warrior among Diplomats, p. 278 - 279
Jump up ^ "The Development of Unified Command Structure for the U. S. Armed Forces, 1945-1950," p. 11-21 in Ronald H. Cole, et al., The History of Unified Command 1946-1993 (Washington, DC: Joint History Office of the Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1995)
Jump up ^ Larry Berman, Zumwalt: The Life and Times of Admiral Elmo Russell "Bud" Zumwalt, Jr., Harper, 2012, 171.
Jump up ^ Samuel E> Morrison, The Invasion of France and Germany,, p.335-6.
Jump up ^ Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Jessica Vargas, TACAMO, Strategic Communications Wing One Public Affairs. "Strategic Communications Wing One Holds Change of Command". Navy.mil. Retrieved 2014-05-12. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Karen Smith et al., 'Is NAVSO Organized and Staffed to do its job?' Center for Naval Analysis, CRM D0005057.A1, January 2002.
Jump up ^ "p.370" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-05-12.
Jump up ^ U.S. Navy online documentation
Jump up ^ WA Saunders, Joint Pub 5-00.2 Joint Task Force Planning Guidance and Procedures: A Critical Review, 1992
Jump up ^ GlobalSecurity.org. "Operation Sea Signal", GlobalSecurity.org website, 2008. Retrieved on October 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ http://www.public.navy.mil/subfor/underseawarfaremagazine/issues/archives/issue_44/royal_navy.html
Jump up ^ Roberts, 344.
Jump up ^ Independent, Obituary: Admiral Sir Richard Fitch, 22 February 1994. Note that the Independent incorrectly lists Ashmore's apppoinment at the time.
Jump up ^ Henn, Francis. A Business of Some Heat: The United Nations Force in Cyprus Before and During the 1974 Turkish Invasion. Casemate Publishers, 2004, 295
Jump up ^ The Gulf Revisited - Why?, The Naval Review, 1990, and Cdre Chris Craig account
^ Jump up to: a b "SUEZ WAR OF 1956". Godfreydykes.info. 1956-11-05. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
Jump up ^ http://www.operationtelic.co.uk/order-of-battle/Operation-Telic-3-Order-%20of-Battle.pdf
Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/137649/foi_christmas_island_miscellaneous_docs.pdf
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Jump up ^ Andrew Preston (2012-09-15). "and Royal Navy Bridge Card, various editions". Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
Jump up ^ Joint Force Command Naples, The First Reorganisation, accessed 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.jag.navy.mil/library/investigations/HMAS%20EVANS%20AND%20MELBOURNE%203%20JUN%2069.pdf
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-03. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
Jump up ^ Operation OCEAN SHIELD (2014-01-14). "14 January 2014". Mc.nato.int. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
Jump up ^ Operation VIC FIRE ASSIST, army.gov.au
Jump up ^ AFTP 9(H)[permanent dead link], navy.gov.au
Jump up ^ Australian Operations in Afghanistan, accessed April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Commodore Timothy William BARRETT CSC RAN, ACT" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-05-12.
Jump up ^ http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Working_Paper_20.pdf, p.16
Jump up ^ Heightened security results in Joint Task Force, 11 April 2002, defence.gov.au/news/raafnews
Jump up ^ http://www.maltutty.com/content/Working%20Documents/16b%20SETE%202011%20WTR%20Workshop%20Presentation%20after.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.army.gov.au/Our-work/Community-engagement/Disaster-relief-at-home/Operation-VIC-FIRE-ASSIST-2009
Jump up ^ "WWII ammo to be rendered safe on joint mission - Keith Jackson & Friends: PNG ATTITUDE". Asopa.typepad.com. 2011-10-20. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
Jump up ^ Stanley McChrystal, My Share of the Task.
Jump up ^ http://www.armada.mde.es/ArmadaPortal/page/Portal/ArmadaEspannola/conocenos_actividades/prefLang_en/deLaFuerza--962_16_Espabras08--02_bitacora_es--2008--05--2008_05_01_es?_selectedNodeID=94179&_pageAction=selectItem
Jump up ^ Navy Wire, 1999.
Jump up ^ See Spirtas et al., 'What it takes,' 59-63.
Jump up ^ U.S. Army Cold Regions Test Center - History, accessed June 2013.
Further reading[edit]
Center for Naval Analysis, Joint Task Force Operations since 1983, CRM94-42, July 1994
Timothy M. Bonds, Myron Hura, Thomas-Durrell Young, 'Enhancing Army Joint Force Headquarters Capabilities,' Santa Monica, CA; RAND Corporation, 2010 - includes list of joint task forces
Roberts, John. Safeguarding the Nation: The Story of the Modern Royal Navy. Seaforth Publishing, 2009. Includes mention of a number of RN task groups.
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