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A Girl Who Sees Smells
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A Girl Who Sees Smells
Promotional poster
Also known as
Sensory Couple
Genre
Romance
Suspense
Fantasy
Based on
A Girl Who Sees Smells
by Seo Soo-kyung a/k/a Man Chwi[1]
Written by
Lee Hee-myung
Directed by
Baek Soo-chan
Oh Choong-hwan
Starring
Park Yoo-chun
Shin Se-kyung
Namgoong Min
Yoon Jin-seo
Country of origin
South Korea
Original language(s)
Korean
No. of episodes
16
Production
Executive producer(s)
Kim Yong-jin
Producer(s)
Lee Yong-seok
Min Yeon-hong
Jang Sung-wook
Cinematography
Lee Gil-bok
Jung Min-gyun
Editor(s)
Jang Si-yeon
Running time
65 minutes
Production company(s)
SBS Plus
Distributor
Seoul Broadcasting System
Release
Original network
Seoul Broadcasting System
Original release
April 1 (2015-04-01) – May 21, 2015 (2015-05-21)
External links
Website
A Girl Who Sees Smells[2] (Hangul: 냄새를 보는 소녀; RR: Naemsaereul Boneun Sonyeo; MR: Naemsaerŭl Bonŭn Sonyŏ) is a 2015 South Korean television series adapted from the webtoon of the same title by Seo Soo-kyung a/k/a Man Chwi.[1][3] Starring Park Yoo-chun, Shin Se-kyung, Namgoong Min and Yoon Jin-seo, it aired on SBS on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 for 16 episodes from April 1 to May 21, 2015.[4][5][6][7]
Its early working title was Sensory Couple (Hangul: 감각남녀; RR: Gamgangnamnyeo), before reverting to the name of the original webtoon.[8] Despite low ratings, the drama managed to top the Contents Power Index (CPI) rankings for the most influential dramas.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.2 Supporting
2.3 Special appearances
3 Ratings
4 Awards and nominations
5 International broadcast
6 References
7 External links
Synopsis[edit]
Choi Eun-seol (Shin Se-kyung) arrives home to find her parents murdered. When the murderer is distracted, she escapes but is hit by a car. Eun-seol's parents are later found with a barcode carved into their skin, the work of the "Barcode" serial killer. The lead detective on the case, Oh Jae-pyo (Jung In-gi) realizes that the now-comatose daughter Eun-seol is the sole surviving witness.
On that same night, Choi Moo-gak (Park Yoo-chun) is at the hospital visiting his younger sister (Kim So-hyun), also named Choi Eun-seol, who's being treated for mild injuries after a bus accident. But when he returns to her bed, he finds her dead with her throat slit.
Six months later, Eun-seol comes out of her coma. But she has no memories at all of her life before waking up at the hospital, and her left eye has turned green with no scientific explanation. She has also gained the unique ability to "see" smells as visible colors and shapes, and can even trace where people have been because their lingering scents are like a trail. To protect her, Jae-pyo adopts her and invents a new life for her, telling her that he's her real father and that her name is Oh Cho-rim. Three years and six months pass, and Cho-rim is a cheerful girl who's adjusted to her ability. She dreams of a becoming a comedian, and works as a gofer for a small, struggling theater company called Frog Troupe.
On the other hand, Moo-gak had been so traumatized by his sister's death that after two months of no sleep and constant pain, he'd fainted and was clinically dead for ten days. When he woke up, he'd lost the sense of smell and taste, and is unable to feel pain. And unlike his previous warm personality, Moo-gak is now stoic, emotionless, and speaks in a monotone. He leaves his job at the aquarium to become a police officer, vowing to reopen the case and catch the killer. But to do so, he must first get promoted to detective, and has to prove himself to the head of the homicide unit Detective Kang Hyuk (Lee Won-jong) in ten days or to never ask for a promotion again. Cho-rim also needs a skit partner for her upcoming audition in ten days, and when she offers to help him with his cases in exchange, they decide to team up. After a model (Park Han-byul) turns up dead, seemingly another victim of the Barcode serial killer, Moo-gak joins the investigation headed by Lieutenant Yeom Mi (Yoon Jin-seo), and he hones in on two possible suspects: the model's boyfriend, chef Kwon Jae-hee (Namgoong Min) and her doctor (Song Jong-ho).
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Park Yoo-chun as Detective Choi Moo-gak
After the murder of his sister, Moo-gak is determined to become a police inspector and take revenge for his sister's death. He is desensitised and is unable to smell or taste his food.
Shin Se-kyung as Oh Cho-rim/Choi Eun-seol
Cho-rim witnessed the murder of her parents and lived on as the sole witness of the barcode serial murders. She has a strange ability-being able to see smells as patterns in the air. She forms a team with Moo-gak, and together, they work to solve the series of barcode murders.
Namkoong Min as Chef Kwon Jae-hee/Jay Kwon Ford
Yoon Jin-seo as Yeom Mi
Supporting[edit]
Jung In-gi as Oh Jae-pyo
Nam Chang-hee as Jo In-bae
Oh Cho-hee as Eo Woo-ya
Jung Chan-woo as Wang Ji-bang
Park Jin-joo as Ma Ae-ri
Lee Won-jong as Kang Hyuk
Choi Tae-joon as Ye Sang-gil
Jo Hee-bong as Ki Choong-do
Kim Byung-ok as Chief of Police
Choi Jae-hwan as Tak Ji-seok
Jung Hyun-suk as Detective Kim
Kim Gi-cheon as Kim Joong-in
Song Jong-ho as Dr. Chun Baek-kyung
Heo Jung-eun as Ji-eun
Special appearances[edit]
Kim So-hyun as Choi Eun-seol (ep 1–2, 5)
Kim Dong-kyun as Park Hyung-jin (ep 1)
Bang Eun-hee as Yang Mi-yeon (ep 1)
Heo Joon-suk as Kang Sang-moon (ep 1)
Kim Bo-mi as Convenience store clerk (ep 1)
Kim Il-joong, Jang Ye-won as Themselves, TV Entertainment Tonight hosts (ep 1)
Running Man cast as Themselves (ep 1)
Park Han-byul as Joo Ma-ri (ep 2)
Oh Jung-tae as Autoclub employee (ep 2)
Park Young-soo as Arrested man at the police station (ep 2)
Dan-woo as Driver that hit a car in the mountain (ep 2–3)
Son Se-bin as Driver's girlfriend (ep 2–3)
Ha Soo-ho as Hwang Ki-soo (ep 4)
Kim Ho-chang as Tak Min-seok (ep 4)
--- as Chef Hong (ep 5)
Oh Tae-kyung as Yang Seok-jin (ep 5)
Lee Jung-shin as Himself (ep 6)
Julian Quintart (ep 10)
Ratings[edit]
Episode #
Original broadcast date
Average audience share
TNmS Ratings[10]
AGB Nielsen[11]
Nationwide
Seoul National Capital Area
Nationwide
Seoul National Capital Area
1
April 1, 2015 5.6% 7.1% 5.6% 6.1%
2
April 2, 2015 6.0% 6.6% 6.1% 6.8%
3
April 8, 2015 6.6% 7.1% 7.0% 7.9%
4
April 9, 2015 7.8% 8.8% 7.8% 8.0%
5
April 15, 2015 7.4% 8.4% 7.1% 7.5%
6
April 16, 2015 8.5% 9.8% 7.5% 7.7%
7
April 22, 2015 7.3% 8.0% 8.1% 8.4%
8
April 23, 2015 9.2% 10.5% 8.3% 8.5%
9
April 29, 2015 7.9% 8.5% 6.8% 7.0%
10
April 30, 2015 9.3% 10.7% 8.0% 8.4%
11
May 6, 2015 8.0% 9.4% 7.5% 8.1%
12
May 7, 2015 8.6% 9.8% 6.9% 6.7%
13
May 13, 2015 9.1% 10.6% 8.7% 9.2%
14
May 14, 2015 10.1% 11.4% 9.5% 9.7%
15
May 20, 2015 10.9% 13.5% 9.6% 9.5%
16
May 21, 2015 11.9% 14.4% 10.8% 11.4%
Average
8.4%
9.7%
7.8%
8.2%
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Awards
Category
Recipient
Result
2015 8th Korea Drama Awards Top Excellence Award, Actor Park Yoo-chun Nominated
4th APAN Star Awards Excellence Award, Actress in a Miniseries Shin Se-kyung Nominated
23rd SBS Drama Awards Top Excellence Award, Actor in a Miniseries Park Yoo-chun Won
Excellence Award, Actress in a Miniseries Shin Se-kyung Nominated
Special Award, Actor in a Miniseries Namkoong Min Won
Special Award, Actress in a Miniseries Yoon Jin-seo Won
Best Couple Award Park Yoo-chun and Shin Se-kyung Nominated
Melon Music Awards Best OST "Spring Is Gone by Chance" by Yuju & Loco Won
International broadcast[edit]
Philippines – Cine Mo! – 12 March 2017
Indonesia – Rajawali Televisi – 1 April 2015, repeat on 10 Januari 2018 at 9:00am
Singapore – Mediacorp Channel U – 22 December 2016
Malaysia – NTV7 – 5 March 2018 at 4:00pm
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b E. Kim (April 2, 2015). ""The Girl Who Sees Smells" Writer Calls Shin Se Kyung's Casting "the Work of God"". Soompi. Viki Inc. Retrieved April 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "[English] A Girl Who Sees Smells". SBS International. Seoul Broadcasting System. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sung, So-young (February 28, 2015). "New drama from a webtoon". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kwon, Ji-youn (April 6, 2015). "Convincing plot key to supernatural drama". The Korea Times. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hong, Grace Danbi (March 6, 2015). "Park Yoo Chun, Shin Se Kyung, Nam Goong Min and More Read Scripts Together for The Girl Who Sees Smells". enewsWorld. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hong, Grace Danbi (March 10, 2015). "JYJ′s Park Yoo Chun and Shin Se Kyung Unveil Opening Scene Filming for The Girl Who Sees Smells". enewsWorld. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kim, Jae-heun (May 10, 2015). "Park Yoo-chun and Namkoong Min want to swap roles". The Korea Times. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jones, Julie (February 27, 2015). "Park Yoochun To Romance Shin Se Kyung in Sensory Couple". KDramaStars. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://beatuscorner.com/the-girl-who-sees-smell-ranks-first-in-contents-power-index/
Jump up ^ "TNmS Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu". TNmS Ratings (in Korean). Archived from the original on November 28, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "AGB Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu". AGB Nielsen Media Research (in Korean). Archived from the original on December 26, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
External links[edit]
Official website (in Korean)
A Girl Who Sees Smells at HanCinema
A Girl Who Sees Smells on IMDb
A Girl Who Sees Smells (original webtoon) at kt KTOON
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French Indochina
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Indochinese Federation
Fédération indochinoise (French)
1887–1945
1945–1954
Flag
Emblem
Anthem:
"La Marseillaise"
Green: French Indochina
Dark grey: Other French possessions
Darkest grey: France
Status
Federation of French colonial possessions
Capital
Saigon (1887–1902)
Hanoi (1902–1945)
Saigon (1945–1954)
Common languages
French (official)
Vietnamese
Khmer
Lao
Chinese
Tây Bồi
Religion
Buddhism
Taoism
Confucianism
Vietnamese folk religion
Roman Catholicism
Government
French federation
Governor-General
Historical era
New Imperialism
• First establishment
17 October 1887
• Addition of Laos
3 October 1893
• Addition of Guangzhouwan
5 January 1900
• Japanese invasion of French Indochina
22 September 1940 – 26 September 1940
• Franco-Thai War
October 1940–9 May 1941
• Operation Bright Moon
9 March 1945 – 15 May 1945
• First disestablishment
15 May 1945
• Second disestablishment
21 July 1954
Area
1935
737,000 km2 (285,000 sq mi)
Population
• 1935
21,599,582
Currency
French Indochinese piastre
Preceded by Succeeded by
Japanese occupation of Cambodia
Empire of Vietnam
Lao Issara
French Cochinchina
Nguyễn dynasty
French Protectorate of Cambodia
Kingdom of Luang Phrabang
Kingdom of Champasak
Rattanakosin Kingdom
Qing dynasty
Thailand
Japanese occupation of Cambodia
Empire of Vietnam
Lao Issara
North Vietnam
Provisional Central Government of Vietnam
Kingdom of Cambodia
Kingdom of Laos
Republic of China
Thailand
Today part of
Cambodia
China
Laos
Vietnam
This article contains Khmer text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Khmer script.
This article contains Lao text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Lao script.
Indochina in 1891 (from Le Monde illustré).
1. Panorama of Lac-Kaï.
2. Yun-nan, in the quay of Hanoi.
3. Flooded street of Hanoi.
4. Landing stage of Hanoi
French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China)[1] (French: Indochine française; Lao: ສະຫະພັນອິນດູຈີນ; Khmer: សហភាពឥណ្ឌូចិន; Vietnamese: Đông Dương thuộc Pháp/東洋屬法, IPA: [ɗə̄wŋm jɨ̄əŋ tʰûək fǎp], frequently abbreviated to Đông Pháp; Chinese: 法属印度支那), officially known as the Indochinese Union (French: Union indochinoise)[2] after 1887 and the Indochinese Federation (French: Fédération indochinoise) after 1947, was a grouping of French colonial territories in Southeast Asia.
A grouping of the three Vietnamese regions of Tonkin (north), Annam (centre), and Cochinchina (south) with Cambodia was formed in 1887. Laos was added in 1893 and the leased Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan in 1898. The capital was moved from Saigon (in Cochinchina) to Hanoi (Tonkin) in 1902 and again to Da Lat (Annam) in 1939. In 1945 it was moved back to Hanoi.
After the Fall of France during World War II, the colony was administered by the Vichy government and was under Japanese occupation until March 1945, when the Japanese overthrew the colonial regime. After the Japanese surrender, the Viet Minh, a communist organization led by Hồ Chí Minh, declared Vietnamese independence, but France subsequently took back control of French Indochina. An all-out independence war, known as the First Indochina War, broke out in late 1946 between French and Viet Minh forces.
In order to create a political alternative to the Viet Minh, the State of Vietnam, led by former Emperor Bảo Đại, was proclaimed in 1949. On 9 November 1953 the Kingdom of Cambodia proclaimed its independence. Following the Geneva Accord of 1954, the French evacuated Vietnam and French Indochina came to an end.
Contents
1 History
1.1 First French interventions
1.2 19th century
1.3 Establishment
1.4 Vietnamese rebellions
1.5 Franco-Siamese war (1893)
1.6 Further encroachments on Siam (1904–07)
1.7 Yên Bái mutiny (1930)
1.8 French-Thai War (1940–41)
1.9 World War II
1.10 First Indochina War
1.11 Geneva Agreements
2 Population
3 Economy
3.1 Infrastructure
4 Architectural legacy
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
First French interventions[edit]
Main articles: France–Vietnam relations and French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh
French–Vietnamese relations started in early 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit missionary Alexandre de Rhodes. At this time, Vietnam was only just beginning to occupy the Mekong Delta, former territory of the Indianised kingdom of Champa which they had defeated in 1471.[3]
European involvement in Vietnam was confined to trade during the 18th century. In 1787, Pierre Pigneau de Behaine, a French Catholic priest, petitioned the French government and organised French military volunteers to aid Nguyễn Ánh in retaking lands his family lost to the Tây Sơn. Pigneau died in Vietnam but his troops fought on until 1802 in the French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh.
19th century[edit]
Main article: Cochinchina Campaign
See also: French Cochinchina and French protectorate of Cambodia
France was heavily involved in Vietnam in the 19th century; often French intervention was undertaken in order to protect the work of the Paris Foreign Missions Society in the country. For its part, the Nguyễn dynasty increasingly saw Catholic missionaries as a political threat; courtesans, for example, an influential faction in the dynastic system, feared for their status in a society influenced by an insistence on monogamy.
Saigon Governor's Palace about 1875, later renamed Norodom Palace after Norodom of Cambodia
In 1858, the brief period of unification under the Nguyễn dynasty ended with a successful attack on Da Nang by French Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly under the orders of Napoleon III. Diplomat Charles de Montigny's mission having failed, Genouilly's mission was to stop attempts to expel Catholic missionaries. His orders were to stop the persecution of missionaries and assure the unimpeded propagation of the faith.[4]
In September 1858, fourteen French gunships, 3,000 men and 300 Filipino troops provided by the Spanish[5] attacked the port of Tourane (present day Da Nang), causing significant damage and occupying the city. After a few months, Rigault had to leave the city due to supply issues and illnesses.[4]
Sailing south, de Genouilly then captured the poorly defended city of Saigon on 18 February 1859. On 13 April 1862, the Vietnamese government was forced to cede the three provinces of Biên Hòa, Gia Định and Định Tường to France. De Genouilly was criticised for his actions and was replaced by Admiral Page in November 1859, with instructions to obtain a treaty protecting the Catholic faith in Vietnam, but refrain from territorial gains.[4]
French policy four years later saw a reversal, with the French continuing to accumulate territory. In 1862, France obtained concessions from Emperor Tự Đức, ceding three treaty ports in Annam and Tonkin, and all of Cochinchina, the latter being formally declared a French territory in 1864. In 1867 the provinces of Châu Đốc, Hà Tiên and Vĩnh Long were added to French-controlled territory.
In 1863, the Cambodian king Norodom had requested the establishment of a French protectorate over his country. In 1867, Siam (modern Thailand) renounced suzerainty over Cambodia and officially recognised the 1863 French protectorate on Cambodia, in exchange for the control of Battambang and Siem Reap provinces which officially became part of Thailand. (These provinces would be ceded back to Cambodia by a border treaty between France and Siam in 1906).
Establishment[edit]
Main article: Tonkin campaign
See also: Annam (French protectorate), Tonkin (French protectorate), French protectorate of Laos, and Guangzhouwan
The Presidential Palace, in Hanoi, built between 1900 and 1906 to house the Governor-General of Indochina
French marine infantrymen in Tonkin, 1884
France obtained control over northern Vietnam following its victory over China in the Sino-French War (1884–85). French Indochina was formed on 17 October 1887 from Annam, Tonkin, Cochinchina (which together form modern Vietnam) and the Kingdom of Cambodia; Laos was added after the Franco-Siamese War in 1893.
The federation lasted until 21 July 1954. In the four protectorates, the French formally left the local rulers in power, who were the Emperors of Vietnam, Kings of Cambodia, and Kings of Luang Prabang, but in fact gathered all powers in their hands, the local rulers acting only as figureheads.
Vietnamese rebellions[edit]
The expansion of French Indochina (blue)
French troops landed in Vietnam in 1858 and by the mid-1880s they had established a firm grip over the northern region. From 1885 to 1895, Phan Đình Phùng led a rebellion against France. Nationalist sentiments intensified in Vietnam, especially during and after World War I, but all the uprisings and tentative efforts failed to obtain sufficient concessions from the French.
Franco-Siamese war (1893)[edit]
Main article: Franco-Siamese War
Siamese army in the disputed territory of Laos in 1893.
Territorial conflict in the Indochinese peninsula for the expansion of French Indochina led to the Franco-Siamese War of 1893. In 1893 the French authorities in Indochina used border disputes, followed by the Paknam naval incident, to provoke a crisis. French gunboats appeared at Bangkok, and demanded the cession of Lao territories east of the Mekong River.
King Chulalongkorn appealed to the British, but the British minister told the King to settle on whatever terms he could get, and he had no choice but to comply. Britain's only gesture was an agreement with France guaranteeing the integrity of the rest of Siam. In exchange, Siam had to give up its claim to the Thai-speaking Shan region of north-eastern Burma to the British, and cede Laos to France.
Further encroachments on Siam (1904–07)[edit]
Occupation of Trat by French troops in 1904.
The French continued to pressure Siam, and in 1902 they manufactured another crisis.[clarification needed] This time Siam had to concede French control of territory on the west bank of the Mekong opposite Luang Prabang and around Champasak in southern Laos, as well as western Cambodia. France also occupied the western part of Chantaburi.
In 1904, to get back Chantaburi, Siam had to give Trat and Koh Kong to French Indochina. Trat became part of Thailand again on 23 March 1907 in exchange for many areas east of the Mekong like Battambang, Siam Nakhon and Sisophon.
In the 1930s, Siam engaged France in a series of talks concerning the repatriation of Siamese provinces held by the French. In 1938, under the Front Populaire administration in Paris, France had agreed to repatriate Angkor Wat, Angkor Thom, Siem Reap, Siem Pang and the associated provinces (approximately 13) to Siam. Meanwhile, Siam took over control of those areas, in anticipation of the upcoming treaty. Signatories from each country were dispatched to Tokyo to sign the treaty repatriating the lost provinces.
Yên Bái mutiny (1930)[edit]
Further information: Yên Bái mutiny
French Indochina in 1930
On 10 February 1930, there was an uprising by Vietnamese soldiers in the French colonial army's Yên Bái garrison. The Yên Bái mutiny was sponsored by the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (VNQDĐ). The VNQDĐ was the Vietnamese Nationalist Party. The attack was the largest disturbance brewed up by the Cần Vương monarchist restoration movement of the late 19th century.
The aim of the revolt was to inspire a wider uprising among the general populace in an attempt to overthrow the colonial authority. The VNQDĐ had previously attempted to engage in clandestine activities to undermine French rule, but increasing French scrutiny of their activities led to their leadership group taking the risk of staging a large scale military attack in the Red River Delta in northern Vietnam.
French-Thai War (1940–41)[edit]
Main article: Franco-Thai War
During World War II, Thailand took the opportunity of French weaknesses to reclaim previously lost territories, resulting in the Franco-Thai War between October 1940 and 9 May 1941. The Thai forces generally did well on the ground, but Thai objectives in the war were limited. In January, Vichy French naval forces decisively defeated Thai naval forces in the Battle of Ko Chang. The war ended in May at the instigation of the Japanese, with the French forced to concede territorial gains for Thailand.
World War II[edit]
Main articles: French Indochina in World War II and 1940–46 in the Vietnam War
A propaganda painting in Hanoi, 1942.
In September 1940, during World War II, the newly created regime of Vichy France granted Japan's demands for military access to Tonkin following the Japanese occupation of French Indochina, which lasted until the end of the Pacific War. This allowed Japan better access to China in the Second Sino-Japanese War against the forces of Chiang Kai-shek, but it was also part of Japan's strategy for dominion over the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.
Thailand took this opportunity of weakness to reclaim previously lost territories, resulting in the Franco-Thai War between October 1940 and 9 May 1941.
On 9 March 1945, with France liberated, Germany in retreat, and the United States ascendant in the Pacific, Japan decided to take complete control of Indochina and destroyed the French colonial administration. Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos were proclaimed as independent states, members of Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. The Japanese kept power in Indochina until the news of their government's surrender came through in August. The general disorganization of French Indochina, coupled with several natural disasters, caused a dreadful famine in Northern and Central Vietnam. Several hundred thousands people – possibly over one million – are believed to have starved to death in 1944–45.
First Indochina War[edit]
Main article: First Indochina War
After the World War, France petitioned for the nullification of the 1938 Franco-Siamese Treaty and reasserted itself in the region, but came into conflict with the Viet Minh, a coalition of Communist and Vietnamese nationalists led by Hồ Chí Minh, founder of the Indochinese Communist Party. During World War II, the United States had supported the Viet Minh in resistance against the Japanese; the group had been in control of the countryside since the French gave way in March 1945.
American President Roosevelt and General Stilwell privately made it adamantly clear that the French were not to reacquire French Indochina after the war was over. He told Secretary of State Cordell Hull the Indochinese were worse off under the French rule of nearly 100 years than they were at the beginning. Roosevelt asked Chiang Kai-shek if he wanted Indochina, to which Chiang Kai-shek replied: "Under no circumstances!"[6]
Members of the 1st Foreign Parachute Heavy Mortar Company during the Indochina War
After the war, 200,000 Chinese troops under General Lu Han sent by Chiang Kai-shek invaded northern Indochina north of the 16th parallel to accept the surrender of Japanese occupying forces, and remained there until 1946.[7] The Chinese used the VNQDĐ, the Vietnamese branch of the Chinese Kuomintang, to increase their influence in Indochina and put pressure on their opponents.[8]
Chiang Kai-shek threatened the French with war in response to manoeuvering by the French and Ho Chi Minh against each other, forcing them to come to a peace agreement, and in February 1946 he also forced the French to surrender all of their concessions in China and renounce their extraterritorial privileges in exchange for withdrawing from northern Indochina and allowing French troops to reoccupy the region starting in March 1946.[9][10][11][12]
After persuading Emperor Bảo Đại to abdicate in his favour, on 2 September 1945 President Ho Chi Minh declared independence for the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. But before September's end, a force of British and Free French soldiers, along with captured Japanese troops, restored French control. Ho Chi Minh agreed to negotiate with the French in order to gain autonomy, but the Fontainebleau Agreements of 1946 failed to produce a satisfactory solution. Bitter fighting ensued in the First Indochina War as Ho and his government took to the hills. In 1949, in order to provide a political alternative to Ho Chi Minh, the French favored the creation of a unified State of Vietnam, and former Emperor Bảo Đại was put back in power. Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia became associated states of the French Union and were granted more autonomy.
However, 1950 was the turning point of the war. Ho's government was recognised by the fellow Communist governments of China and the Soviet Union, and Mao's government subsequently gave a fallback position to Ho's forces, as well as abundant supplies of weapons. In October 1950, the French army suffered its first major defeat with the battle of Route Coloniale 4. Subsequent efforts by the French military managed to improve their situation only in the short term. Bảo Đại's State of Vietnam proved a weak and unstable government, and Norodom Sihanouk's Cambodia proclaimed its independence in November 1953. Fighting lasted until May 1954, when the Viet Minh won the decisive victory against French forces at the gruelling battle of Điện Biên Phủ.
Geneva Agreements[edit]
Indochina in 1954
On 20 July 1954, the Geneva Conference produced the Geneva Agreements between North Vietnam and France. Provisions included supporting the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Indochina, granting it independence from France, declaring the cessation of hostilities and foreign involvement in internal Indochina affairs, and delineating northern and southern zones into which opposing troops were to withdraw. The Agreements mandated unification on the basis of internationally supervised free elections to be held in July 1956.[3]
It was at this conference that France relinquished any claim to territory in the Indochinese peninsula. The United States and South Vietnam rejected the Geneva Accords and never signed. South Vietnamese leader Diem rejected the idea of nationwide election as proposed in the agreement, saying that a free election was impossible in the communist North and that his government was not bound by the Geneva Accords. France did withdraw, turning the north over to the Communists while the Bảo Đại regime, with American support, kept control of the South.
The events of 1954 marked the beginnings of serious United States involvement in Vietnam and the ensuing Vietnam War. Laos and Cambodia also became independent in 1954, but were both drawn into the Vietnam War.
Population[edit]
The Vietnamese, Lao and Khmer ethnic groups formed the majority of their respective colony's populations. Minority groups such as the Muong, Tay, Chams, and Jarai, were collectively known as Montagnards and resided principally in the mountain regions of Indochina. Ethnic Han Chinese were largely concentrated in major cities, especially in Southern Vietnam and Cambodia, where they became heavily involved in trade and commerce. Around 95% of French Indochina's population was rural in a 1913 estimate, although urbanisation did slowly grow over the course of French rule.[13]
The principal religion in French Indochina was Buddhism, with Mahayana Buddhism influenced by Confucianism more dominant in Vietnam, while Theravāda Buddhism was more widespread in Laos and Cambodia. In addition, active Catholic missionaries were widespread throughout Indochina and roughly 10% of Tonkin's population identified as Catholic by the end of French rule. Cao Đài's origins began during this period as well.
The subdivisions of French Indochina.
Unlike Algeria, French settlement in Indochina did not occur at a grand scale. By 1940, only about 34,000 French civilians lived in French Indochina, along with a smaller number of French military personnel and government workers. The principal reasons why French settlement did not grow in a manner similar to that in French North Africa (which had a population of over 1 million French civilians) were because French Indochina was seen as a colonie d'exploitation économique (economic colony) rather than a colonie de peuplement (settlement colony helping Metropolitan France from being overpopulated), and because Indochina was distant from France itself.
During French colonial rule, the French language was the principal language of education, government, trade, and media and French was widely introduced to the general population. French became widespread among urban and semi-urban populations and became the principal language of the elite and educated. This was most notable in the colonies of Tonkin and Cochinchina (Northern and Southern Vietnam respectively), where French influence was most heavy, while Annam, Laos and Cambodia were less influenced by French education.[14]
Despite the dominance of the French language, local populations still largely spoke their native languages. After French rule ended, the French language was still largely used among the new governments (with the exception of North Vietnam) but since then English, increasingly taught in schools across the country, has massively replaced French as the second language. Today, less than 0.5% of the population of Vietnam can speak French.[14]
Economy[edit]
French Indochina was designated as a colonie d'exploitation (colony of economic exploitation) by the French government. Funding for the colonial government came by means of taxes on locals and the French government established a near monopoly on the trade of opium, salt and rice alcohol. The French administration established quotas of consumption for each Vietnamese village, thereby compelling villagers to purchase and consume set amounts of these monopolised goods.[15] The trade of those three products formed about 44% of the colonial government's budget in 1920 but declined to 20% by 1930 as the colony began to economically diversify.
The colony's principal bank was the Banque de l'Indochine, established in 1875 and was responsible for minting the colony's currency, the Indochinese piastre. Indochina was the second most invested-in French colony by 1940 after Algeria, with investments totalling up to 6.7 million francs.
Beginning in the 1930s, France began to exploit the region for its natural resources and to economically diversify the colony. Cochinchina, Annam and Tonkin (encompassing modern-day Vietnam) became a source of tea, rice, coffee, pepper, coal, zinc and tin, while Cambodia became a centre for rice and pepper crops. Only Laos was seen initially as an economically unviable colony, although timber was harvested at a small scale from there.
At the turn of the 20th century, the growing automobile industry in France resulted in the growth of the rubber industry in French Indochina, and plantations were built throughout the colony, especially in Annam and Cochinchina. France soon became a leading producer of rubber through its Indochina colony and Indochinese rubber became prized in the industrialised world. The success of rubber plantations in French Indochina resulted in an increase in investment in the colony by various firms such as Michelin. With the growing number of investments in the colony's mines and rubber, tea and coffee plantations, French Indochina began to industrialise as factories opened in the colony. These new factories produced textiles, cigarettes, beer and cement which were then exported throughout the French Empire.
Infrastructure[edit]
Paul Doumer Bridge, now Long Biên Bridge
Musée Louis Finot in Hanoi, built by Ernest Hébrard in 1932, now National Museum of Vietnamese History
When French Indochina was viewed as an economically important colony for France, the French government set a goal to improve the transport and communications networks in the colony. Saigon became a principal port in Southeast Asia and rivalled the British port of Singapore as the region's busiest commercial centre. By 1937 Saigon was the sixth busiest port in the entire French Empire.
In 1936, the Trans-Indochinois railway linking Hanoi and Saigon opened. Further improvements in the colony's transport infrastructures led to easier travel between France and Indochina. By 1939, it took no more than a month by ship to travel from Marseille to Saigon and around five days by aeroplane from Paris to Saigon. Underwater telegraph cables were installed in 1921.
French settlers further added their influence on the colony by constructing buildings in the form of Beaux-Arts and added French-influenced landmarks such as the Hanoi Opera House (modeled on the Palais Garnier), the Hanoi St. Joseph's Cathedral (resembling the Notre Dame de Paris) and the Saigon Notre-Dame Basilica. The French colonists also built a number of cities and towns in Indochina which served various purposes from trading outposts to resort towns. The most notable examples include Đà Lạt in southern Vietnam and Pakse in Laos.
Architectural legacy[edit]
Main article: French colonial
The governments of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia have previously been reluctant to promote their colonial architecture as an asset for tourism; however, in recent times, the new generation of local authorities has somewhat 'embraced' the architecture and advertise it[16].
See also[edit]
East Indies
French Union
List of Governors-General of French Indochina
Political administration of French Indochina
List of French possessions and colonies
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ While both 'Indo-China' and 'Indochina' can be found in contemporary English-language sources, 'Indo-China' is the most commonly used spelling (even though Indochine, instead of Indo-Chine', was commonly used in French); contemporary official publications also adopt the spelling of 'Indo-China'.
Jump up ^ Decree of 17 October 1887.
^ Jump up to: a b Kahin, George McTurnin; Lewis, John W. (1967). The United States in Vietnam: An analysis in depth of the history of America's involvement in Vietnam. Delta Books.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tucker, Spencer C. (1999). Vietnam (Google Books). University Press of Kentucky. p. 29. ISBN 0-8131-0966-3.
Jump up ^ Chapuis, Oscar (1995). A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc (Google Books). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 195. ISBN 0-313-29622-7.
Jump up ^ Barbara Wertheim Tuchman (1985). The march of folly: from Troy to Vietnam. Random House. p. 235. ISBN 0-345-30823-9. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Larry H. Addington (2000). America's war in Vietnam: a short narrative history. Indiana University Press. p. 30. ISBN 0-253-21360-6. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Peter Neville (2007). Britain in Vietnam: prelude to disaster, 1945–6. Psychology Press. p. 119. ISBN 0-415-35848-5. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Van Nguyen Duong (2008). The tragedy of the Vietnam War: a South Vietnamese officer's analysis. McFarland. p. 21. ISBN 0-7864-3285-3. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Stein Tønnesson (2010). Vietnam 1946: how the war began. University of California Press. p. 41. ISBN 0-520-25602-6. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Elizabeth Jane Errington (1990). The Vietnam War as history: edited by Elizabeth Jane Errington and B.J.C. McKercher. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 63. ISBN 0-275-93560-4. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Vietnam War Seeds of Conflict 1945–1960". The History Place. 1999. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Le Vietnam compte à lui seul cinquante quatre ethnies, présentées au Musée Ethnographique de Hanoi.
^ Jump up to: a b Approximately 100,000 people. "Vietnam". L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde (in French).
Jump up ^ Peters, Erica (2012). Appetites and Aspirations in Vietnam. AltaMira Press.
Jump up ^ http://www.eng.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/abouthcmcity/Lists/Posts/Post.aspx?CategoryId=10&ItemID=5440&PublishedDate=2005-03-13T11:19:09Z/
References[edit]
Brocheux, Pierre, and Daniel Hemery. Indochina: An Ambiguous Colonization, 1858–1954 (University of California Press; 2010) 490 pages; a history of French Indochina.
Chandler, David (2007). A History of Cambodia (4th ed.). Boulder, Colorado:: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-4363-1.
Duiker, William (1976). The Rise of Nationalism in Vietnam, 1900-1941. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0951-9.
Edwards, Penny (2007). Cambodge: The Cultivation of a Nation, 1860–1945. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2923-9.
Evans, Grant (2002). A Short History of Laos. Crow's Nest, Australia: Allen and Unwin. ASIN B000MBU21O.
Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2012). Vietnam Past and Present: The North (History of French colonialism in Tonkin). Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN B006DCCM9Q.
Marr, David (1971). Vietnamese Anticolonialism, 1885–1925. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-01813-3.
Marr, David (1982). Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-04180-1.
Marr, David (1995). Vietnam 1945: The Quest for Power. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07833-0.
McLeod, Mark (1991). The Vietnamese Response to French Intervention, 1862–1874. New York: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-93562-0.
Murray, Martin J. (1980). The Development of Capitalism in Colonial Indochina (1870–1940). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-04000-7.
Osborne, Milton (1969). The French Presence in Cochinchina and Cambodia: Rule and Response (1859–1905). Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ASIN B000K13QGO.
Perkins, Mandaley (2006). Hanoi, Adieu: A bittersweet memoir of French Indochina. Sydney: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-7322-8197-7.
Stuart-Fox, Martin (1997). A History of Laos. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59235-6.
Tarling, Nicholas (2001). Imperialism in Southeast Asia: "A Fleeting, Passing Phase". London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-23289-9.
Tully, John (2003). France on the Mekong: A History of the Protectorate in Cambodia, 1863–1953. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. ISBN 0-7618-2431-6.
Woodside, Alexander (1976). Community and Revolution in Modern Vietnam. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-20367-8.
Zinoman, Peter (2001). The Colonial Bastille: A History of Imprisonment in Vietnam, 1862–1940. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22412-4. On the bank of river called Touiys
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to French Indochina.
Wikisource has the text of a 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article about French Indochina.
(in English) (in French) The Colonization of Indochina, from around 1892
(in English) (in French) Indochina, a tourism book published in 1910
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French Indochina
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Coordinates: 21°02′00″N 105°51′00″E / 21.0333°N 105.8500°E / 21.0333; 105.8500
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text:
Bethany (biblical village)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the New Testament village. For the medieval (and present-day) town, see al-Eizariya. For other uses, see Bethany (disambiguation).
Reputed Tomb of Lazarus in Bethany (Arab name: al-Eizariya)
Lazarus Catholic Church mosaics of Maria, Lazarus and Martha
Lazarus Greek Orthodox Church
church in Bethany.
General view of Bethany (c.1865)
Bethany (Aramaic: בית עניא, Beth anya, or בית היני / ביתייני[1][2] Greek: Βηθανία Greek pronunciation: [vi.θa.ˈɲa], Arabic:العيزرية Arabic pronunciation: [ʔæl.ʕæj.zɑ.ri.jæ]) is recorded in the New Testament as the home of the siblings Mary, Martha, and Lazarus, as well as that of Simon the Leper. Jesus is reported to have lodged there after his entry into Jerusalem, and it could be from Bethany that he parted from his disciples at the Ascension.
Contents
[hide]
1 Location
2 Etymology
3 Bethany and care of the poor and sick
4 New Testament references to Bethany
5 Bethany beyond the Jordan
6 See also
7 Notes
8 Bibliography
9 External links
Location[edit]
Bethany has traditionally been identified with the present-day West Bank city of al-Eizariya (Arabic (العيزرية), meaning "Place of Lazarus"), site of the reputed Tomb of Lazarus, located about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the east of Jerusalem on the south-eastern slope of the Mount of Olives. The oldest house in present-day al-Eizariya, a 2,000-year-old dwelling reputed to have been (or which at least serves as a reminder of) the House of Martha and Mary, is also a popular pilgrimage site.[3]
The tomb in al-Eizariya has been identified as the tomb of the gospel account since at least the 4th century AD. Both the historian Eusebius of Caesarea[4] (c. 330) and the Bordeaux pilgrim in the Itinerarium Burdigalense[5] (c. 333) mention the Tomb of Lazarus in this location.
Zanecchia (1899), however, argued that ancient Bethany may actually have been located higher up the Mount of Olives from al-Eizariya, closer to Bethphage.[6] The Catholic Encyclopedia refers to Zanecchia (though the Encyclopedia article's author himself discounts his conclusion):
Some believe that the present village of Bethany does not occupy the site of the ancient village; but that it grew up around the traditional cave which they suppose to have been at some distance from the house of Martha and Mary in the village; Zanecchia places the site of the ancient village of Bethany higher up on the southeastern slope of the Mount of Olives, not far from the accepted site of Bethphage, and near that of the Ascension. It is quite certain that the present village formed about the traditional tomb of Lazarus, which is in a cave in the village. The identification of this cave as the tomb of Lazarus is merely possible; it has no strong intrinsic or extrinsic authority. The site of the ancient village may not precisely coincide with the present one, but there is every reason to believe that it was in this general location, mostly by the local villagers who have become dependent on hearsay than on fact, to both the local council which leases this Christian site for an annual higher bid reached in 2007 to about 40,000 Jordanian Dinars per year, and those who lease the site, charging tourists a ONE US dollar fee per head, an income otherwise non-existent[7]
Etymology[edit]
The root meaning and origin of the name Bethany has been the subject of much scholarship and debate. William Hepworth Dixon devotes a multi-page footnote to it in his The Holy Land (1866), largely devoted to debunking the meaning "house of dates", which is attributed to Joseph Barber Lightfoot by way of a series of careless interpretative mistakes. Dixon quotes at length a refutation of Lightfoot's thesis in the form of a letter by Emanuel Deutsch of the British Museum, who notes that neither the name Bethany, nor any of the roots suggested by Lightfoot, appear anywhere in the Talmud. Deutsch suggests a non-Hebrew root, a word transcribed in Syriac script whose meaning he gives as "House of Misery" or "Poor-house".[8]
This theory as to Bethany's etymology, which was eventually also adopted by Gustaf Dalman in 1905, is not without challengers. For example, E. Nestle's Philologica Sacra (1896) suggests that Bethany is derived from the personal name Anaiah, while others have suggested it is a shortened version of Ananiah, a village of Bethel mentioned in the Book of Nehemiah (11:32). Since Greek can neither reproduce an /h/ sound nor the harsh /ħ/ sound (Hebrew Ḥet) in the middle of a word, a derivation from the personal name Chananya ("Yah has been gracious") is also possible. Another suggestion, arising from the presence of nearby Bethphage ("house of unripe figs"), is that its name comes from beit hini, meaning "house of figs". In the Talmud, there is mention of a village called Beit Hino located near the Mount of Olives. Some translations suggest it as Bethany.[9]
Deutsch's thesis, however, seems to also be attested to by Jerome. In his version of Eusebius' Onomasticon, the meaning of Bethany is defined as domus adflictionis or "house of affliction". Brian J. Capper writes that this is a Latin derivation from the Hebrew beth 'ani or more likely the Aramaic beth 'anya, both of which mean "house of the poor" or "house of affliction/poverty", also semantically speaking "poor-house". Capper concludes, from historical sources as well as this linguistic evidence, that Bethany may have been the site of an almshouse.[10]
According to Capper and Deutsch before him, there are also linguistic difficulties that arise when the Anaiah/Ananiah, "house of figs" or "house of dates" theses are compared against the bethania form used in Greek versions of the New Testament. Additionally, the Aramaic beit 'anya is the form used for Bethany in Christian Palestinian and Syriac versions of the New Testament. Given this, and Jerome's familiarity with Semitic philology and the immediate region, Capper concludes that the "house of affliction" / "poor-house" meaning as documented by Jerome and in the Syriac New Testament usage is correct, and that this meaning relates to the use of the village as a centre for caring for the sick and aiding the destitute and pilgrims to Jerusalem.[10]
It may be possible to combine the Ananiah (as a personal name) and "house of the poor" derivations, since the shortening of Ananiah ("Yah has intervened") to Anya is conceivable though unattested (cf. the common shortening of Yochanan [and perhaps also Chananyah?] to Choni), whence a typical semitic wordplay might arise between Anya as a shortening of the personal name within the name of the village and as Aramaic for "poor". Such a wordplay may have served the choice of the village as the location for an almshouse.[11]
Bethany and care of the poor and sick[edit]
Capper and others have concluded that ancient Bethany was the site of an almshouse for the poor and a place of care for the sick. There is a hint of association between Bethany and care for the unwell in the Gospels: Mark tells of Simon the Leper's house there (Mark 14:3–10); Jesus receives urgent word of Lazarus' illness from Bethany (John 11:1–12:11).
According to the Temple Scroll from Qumran, three places for the care of the sick, including one for lepers, are to be located to the east of Jerusalem. The passage also defines a (minimum) radius of three thousand cubits (circa 1,800 yards) around the city within which nothing unclean shall be seen (XLVI:13–18). Since Bethany was, according to John, fifteen stadia (about 1.72 miles) from the holy city,[12] care for the sick there corresponded with the requirements of the Temple Scroll (the stadion being ideally 600 feet (180 m) or 400 cubits).[13] Whereas Bethphage is probably to be identified with At-Tur, located on the peak of the Mount of Olives with a magnificent view of Jerusalem, Bethany lay below to the southeast, out of view of the Temple Mount, which may have made its location suitable as a place for care of the sick, "out of view" of the Temple.
From this it is possible to deduce that the mention of Simon the Leper at Bethany in Mark's Gospel suggests that the Essenes, or pious patrons from Jerusalem who held to a closely similar view of ideal arrangements, settled lepers at Bethany. Such influence on the planning of Jerusalem and its environs (and even its Temple) may have been possible especially during the reign of Herod the Great (36–4 BC), whose favour towards the Essenes was noted by Josephus (Antiquities 15.10.5 [373–78]).[14]
Reta Halteman Finger approves Capper's judgment that only in the context of an almshouse at Bethany, where the poor were received and assisted, could Jesus remark that "The poor you will always have with you" (Mark 14:7; Matthew 26:11) without sounding callous.[15] Ling follows Capper's thesis concerning the connection between then place-name Bethany and the location there of an almshouse. Capper and Ling note that it is only in Bethany we find mention of the poor on the lips of the disciples, who object that the expensive perfumed oil poured over Jesus there might have been sold and the proceeds given to the poor (Mark 14:5; Matthew 26:8–9; John 12:4–6 [where the objection is made by Judas]); this objection may have been made in embarrassment and may also suggest a special connection between Bethany and care for the poor.[16]
It has also been suggested, based on the names found carved on thousands of ossuaries at the site, that Bethany in the time of Jesus was settled by people from Galilee who had come to live by Jerusalem. This would explain why Jesus and the disciples, as Galileans, would find it convenient to stay here when visiting Jerusalem.[17] As Capper writes,
Galilean pilgrims avoided potential conflict with Samaritans by travelling south on the eastern side of the Jordan. Bethany was the last station on their route to Jerusalem after crossing the river and taking the road through Jericho up into the highlands. A respectful distance from the city and Temple, and on the pilgrim route, Bethany was a most suitable location for a charitable institution. It is not surprising that an Essene hospice had been established at Bethany to intercept and care for pilgrims at the end of the long and potentially arduous journey from Galilee. The house combined this work with care for the sick and destitute of the Jerusalem area. Thus Bethany received its name because it was the Essene poorhouse par excellence, the poorhouse which alleviated poverty closest to the holy city.[18]
New Testament references to Bethany[edit]
See also: New Testament places associated with Jesus
The village of Bethany is referenced in relation to five incidents in the New Testament, in which the word Bethany appears 11 times:[19]
The raising of Lazarus from the dead – John 11:1–46
The entry of Jesus into Jerusalem on Palm Sunday, which Jesus begins near Bethany – Mark 11:1 and Luke 19:29
The lodging of Jesus in Bethany during the following week – Matthew 21:17 and Mark 11:11–12
The dinner in the house of Simon the Leper, at which Mary anoints Jesus – Matthew 26:6–13, Mark 14:3–9, and John 12:1–8
Before the Ascension of Jesus into heaven – Luke 24:50
In Luke 10:38–42, a visit of Jesus to the home of Mary and Martha is described, but the village of Bethany is not named (nor whether Jesus is even in the vicinity of Jerusalem).
Bethany beyond the Jordan[edit]
A second place named Bethany is mentioned in the Gospel of John 1:28 as being located on the east bank of the Jordan River. Its exact location is unclear; in fact, the only mention of this “Bethany” is to be found in that one verse. In the King James Version (following the Textus Receptus of the New Testament) the place where John the Baptist was baptizing in John 1:28 was not called Bethany, but Bethabara.[20] The second place may also refer to the more northerly territory of Batanaea.[21]
The King James Version is the only English version of the New Testament that refers to "Bethany on the east bank of the Jordan River", as "Bethabara". Most other English versions (including the Douay-Rheims, NIV, NASB, NLT, RSV, IBS, and Darby) call it "Bethany".
See also[edit]
al-Eizariya
Tomb of Lazarus (al-Eizariya)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Neubauer's Geography" (Adolphe Neubauer, La Géographie du Talmud, Paris 1868, pp. 149–50), where he writes: “The Talmud reports that Beth Hini shops were destroyed three years before Jerusalem. These shops were probably on the Mount of Olives, and Beth Hini would be identical with Bethany of the Gospel. The Talmud adds that the figs of Beth Hini ripened earlier than elsewhere and that fig trees disappeared as a result of the siege of Jerusalem. These fruits have given the name to the place Beth-Phagi, a place according to the Gospels near Bethany. We would identify Bethany with the present village of el-Azarieh, inhabited by Muslims and Christians.”
Jump up ^ Klein, Samuel (1910). "Remarks about the geography of ancient Palestine (German)". Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums. 54 (1/2): 18–19. JSTOR 23081701. (Registration required (help)).
Jump up ^ Shahin, 2005, p. 332.
Jump up ^ The Onomastikon of Eusebius and the Madaba Map, By Leah Di Segni. First published in: The Madaba Map Centenary, Jerusalem, 1999, pp. 115–20.
Jump up ^ Itinerary of the Pilgrim of Bordeaux, translated by Arnold vander Nat, 2001.
Jump up ^ D. Zanecchia La Palestine d'aujourd'hui, ses sanctuaires, ses localités bibliques et historiiques (Paris, 1899), Vol. I, 445–46.
Jump up ^ Breen, A.E. "Bethany". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907.
Jump up ^ Dixon, 1866, pp. 214–19.
Jump up ^ The Schottenstein Daf Yomi Edition Tractate Bava Kamma 88a2
^ Jump up to: a b Capper, in Charlesworth, 2006, pp. 497–98.
Jump up ^ Cf. Capper, "John, Qumran and Virtuoso Religion" in Paul Anderson, Mary Coloe, and Tom Thatcher (eds.), John and Qumran (Leuven: Peeters, 2009)
Jump up ^ John 11:18.
Jump up ^ Cf. Dieter Lelgemann, 'Recovery of the Ancient System of Foot/Cubit/Stadion Length Units'
Jump up ^ Matthias Delcor suggested that Essenes familiar with the Temple Scroll influenced the design of Herod's Temple, "Is the Temple Scroll a Source of the Herodian Temple?" in G.J. Brooke, Temple Scroll Studies (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1989), pp. 67–89
Jump up ^ Reta Halteman Finger, Of Widows and Meals: Communal Meals in the Book of Acts (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2008) p. 164, cf. Brian J. Capper, "The Church as the New Covenant of Effective Economics", International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church 2, 1 (January 2002) pp. 83–102, see p. 95.
Jump up ^ Timothy J. M. Ling, The Judaean Poor and the Fourth Gospel (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 143–45, 170–71, 176–77.
Jump up ^ With Jesus in the City of Bethany Archived December 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine., Rev. the Hon. Dr. Gordon Moyes AC MLC.
Jump up ^ Brian J. Capper, "The Church as the New Covenant of Effective Economics", International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church 2, 1 (January 2002) pp. 83–102. For further information, see also "The New Covenant Network in Southern Palestine at the Arrest of Jesus", in James R. Davila, The Dead Sea Scrolls as Background to Postbiblical Judaism and Early Christianity (Leiden: Brill, 2003), pp. 90–116, especially pp. 108–16 on Bethany and pp. 98–108 on the social work of the Essene poorcare houses of Judaea in general.
Jump up ^ Strong's Concordance
Jump up ^ Sloyan, Gerard Stephen (1987). John. ISBN 0-8042-3125-7. p. 11.
Jump up ^ Carson, D. A. (1991). Gospel According to John. ISBN 978-0851117492. pp. 146–47.
Bibliography[edit]
Aburish, Said K.: Children of Bethany: The Story of a Palestinian Family, Indiana University Press 1988. ISBN 0-253-30676-0
Capper, Brian J., "Essene Community Houses and Jesus' Early Community" (2006), in James H. Charlesworth, ed., Jesus and Archaeology, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, pp. 474–502, ISBN 978-0-8028-4880-2
Dixon, William Hepworth (1866), The Holy Land, Chapman and Hall
Shahin, Mariam (2005), Palestine: A Guide, Interlink Books, p. 332, ISBN 1-56656-557-X
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bethany (biblical village).
Catholic Encyclopedia: Bethany
Jewish Encyclopedia: Bethany
Pictures of Lazarus' reputed tomb at Bethany
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Coordinates: 31°46′17.08″N 35°15′40.77″E / 31.7714111°N 35.2613250°E / 31.7714111; 35.2613250
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