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Sing (2016 American film)
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Sing
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Garth Jennings
Produced by
Chris Meledandri
Janet Healy
Written by
Garth Jennings
Starring
Matthew McConaughey
Reese Witherspoon
Seth MacFarlane
Scarlett Johansson
John C. Reilly
Taron Egerton
Tori Kelly
Music by
Joby Talbot
Edited by
Gregory Perler[1]
Production
company
Illumination Entertainment
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
September 11, 2016 (2016-09-11) (TIFF)
December 21, 2016 (2016-12-21) (United States)
Running time
108 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$75 million[2]
Box office
$634.1 million[2]
Sing is a 2016 American computer-animated musical comedy-drama film produced by Illumination Entertainment.[3] It was directed and written by Garth Jennings, co-directed by Christophe Lourdelet[1] and starring the voices of Matthew McConaughey, Reese Witherspoon, Seth MacFarlane, Scarlett Johansson, John C. Reilly, Taron Egerton, and Tori Kelly. The film is about a group of anthropomorphic animals that enter a singing competition, hosted by a koala hoping to save his theater.
The film includes more than 60 songs from famous artists and also has an original song by Stevie Wonder and Ariana Grande called "Faith," which was nominated for a Golden Globe.[4] It screened on the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11, 2016, premiered at Microsoft Theater on December 3, 2016 and was released in the United States on December 21, 2016, by Universal Pictures. The film received generally positive reviews and grossed $634 million worldwide. Along with The Secret Life of Pets, it marked the first time that Illumination Entertainment released two feature films in the same year.
A sequel, entitled Sing 2, has been announced for a release on December 25, 2020.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Voice cast
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
5 Release
5.1 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Accolades
7 Sequel
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
In a world of anthropomorphic animals, koala Buster Moon owns a theater, having been interested in show business since his father took him to his first music show as a child. Following financial problems brought up by the bank representative Judith, he tells his wealthy friend Eddie that he will host a singing competition with a prize of $1,000. But Buster's assistant, Miss Crawly, accidentally appends two extra zeroes, and the promotional fliers showing $100,000 are blown out of Buster's office into the city streets.
Animals from all around the city gather for auditions. Those selected include housewife and mother of 25 piglets Rosita; street musician mouse Mike; mobster's son gorilla Johnny; and punk-rock porcupine Ash. Shy teenage elephant Meena fails her audition out of stage fright, while Ash's boyfriend Lance is dismissed from the contest. Rosita is paired with another contestant, an exuberant pig named Gunter, for a dance routine. Although Buster discovers the flyers show a prize of $100,000 (money he does not have), he remains optimistic. Buster convinces Eddie to arrange a visit with Eddie's grandmother, former opera singer and theater actress Nana Noodleman, to persuade her to sponsor the prize money. She is hesitant to contribute but agrees to see a private screening of the show.
Encouraged by her grandfather, Meena tries to ask Buster for another chance, but becomes his stage hand instead. When one of the acts quits, and another is injured, Meena is added as an act. The performers' individual problems begin to hinder rehearsals: Rosita flounders in her dance routine with Gunter, after having been distracted by her parenting duties that have fallen into disarray. After discovering Lance with a new girlfriend and evicting them from her apartment, Ash is devastated and can no longer sing her assigned song, Carly Rae Jepsen's "Call Me Maybe." Johnny is torn between having to help his father as the driver of a getaway car in a heist and making the practices. When he tries to do both, he does not show up for the planned pickup in time, and his father and his gang are arrested. Meena does not get any help in overcoming her stage fright, and Mike, certain that the prize money is as good as his, buys a fancy car to impress a female mouse, and then swindles a group of bears in a card game at a nightclub.
The day of the screening, the bears interrupt the show, demanding the money from Mike, who in turn, points to Buster. The bears open the chest containing the prize money, but it is nowhere near $100,000. The glass tank full of luminescent squids that Buster got to light up the theater breaks under all their weight, flooding the theater, which then comes crashing down. With the lot repossessed by Judith, Buster, who had been living in his theater's office desk, takes up residence at Eddie's place (his parents' pool house). Although the contestants (besides Mike, who saw Buster as a fraud) visit him and try to cheer him up, Buster is too despondent to listen to them. He tries to start over by opening a car wash, using the same bucket that his father had used to earn money for Buster's theater.
When Meena goes to the theater's rubble lot and sings Leonard Cohen's "Hallelujah," Buster hears her and is inspired to reinstate the show without the prize money. They perform on a makeshift stage on the lot in front of Rosita and Meena's family members. As Rosita and Gunter perform Taylor Swift's "Shake It Off," more animals are attracted to the scene as the show is broadcast on the news. Johnny's rendition of Elton John's "I'm Still Standing" impresses his father, who then escapes from prison to reconcile with him. Despite an interruption by Judith, Ash sings her original rock song "Set It All Free." Mike returns to the show and sings Frank Sinatra's "My Way." Meena finally overcomes her fears and sings Stevie Wonder's "Don't You Worry 'bout a Thing," which literally brings down the house. The show becomes a success and impresses Nana, who was in the audience. Nana buys the lot and the theater is rebuilt and reopened.
Voice cast[edit]
Matthew McConaughey, Reese Witherspoon, Scarlett Johansson, Tori Kelly, Taron Egerton, and Nick Kroll at the film's premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival.
Matthew McConaughey as Buster Moon, an optimistic koala who plans to save his theater from closure by holding a singing competition.[3][5]
Reese Witherspoon as Rosita, a pig who gave up her teenage music dreams to become a devoted wife to Norman, and mother to their 25 piglets.[5]
Seth MacFarlane as Mike, an arrogant street musician mouse with a big Frank Sinatra-esque voice.[5]
Scarlett Johansson as Ash, a teenage porcupine punk rocker who takes part in an alternative-rock music duo with her boyfriend Lance.[1][5]
John C. Reilly as Eddie Noodleman, a sheep and Buster's friend who doubts the future of the theater.[5][6]
Tori Kelly as Meena, a teenage elephant with an exquisite singing voice and severe stage fright.[5]
Taron Egerton as Johnny, a teenage gorilla who wants to sing, though his father would rather have him follow his criminal footsteps.[5]
Jennifer Saunders as Nana Noodleman, a sheep and Eddie's grandmother who was a singer in her glory days.[7][8]
Jennifer Hudson[1] as Young Nana
Garth Jennings as Miss Crawly, an elderly iguana with a glass eye who is Buster's administrative assistant.[1]
Peter Serafinowicz as Big Daddy, a gorilla gang leader who wants his son Johnny to follow in his crime business.[1]
Nick Kroll as Gunter, a passionate dancing pig who is partnered with Rosita for the show.[9][7]
Beck Bennett as Lance, a porcupine and Ash's boyfriend.[1]
Jay Pharoah[7] as Meena's grandfather who pressures her to overcome her stage fright.
Nick Offerman[7] as Norman, a pig and Rosita's husband.
Leslie Jones as Meena's mother
Rhea Perlman as Judith,[1][10] a brown llama from the bank who warns Buster that his theater will be repossessed if he does not pay.
Laraine Newman as Meena's grandmother
Adam Buxton as Stan, a gorilla who is a member of Big Daddy's gang.
Brad Morris as Baboon, whom Mike attacks for not donating more money to his street performances.
Bill Farmer as News Reporter Dog, who documents Buster's singing competition.
The voices of Rosita's piglet children were provided by Oscar, Leo, Caspar, and Asa Jennings, the children of Garth Jennings, the film's writer and director. Jennings had directors Edgar Wright and Wes Anderson provide "additional voices", continuing a tradition of the three friends appearing in each other's films.[11]
Production[edit]
In January 2014, it was announced that Garth Jennings would write and direct an animated comedy film for Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment, about "courage, competition and carrying a tune,"[12] which was originally titled Lunch,[13] and then retitled as Sing.[5]
On January 14, 2015, Matthew McConaughey was cast in the film's lead voice role.[3] Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy produced the film.[3] On June 17, 2015, it was confirmed that McConaughey's character is named Buster and that John C. Reilly would voice Eddie, a sheep and Buster's best friend.[6] In November 2015, it was announced that Reese Witherspoon, Seth MacFarlane, Scarlett Johansson, Tori Kelly and Taron Egerton had joined the cast of the film.[5]
The film features 65 pop songs, the rights to which cost 15 percent of the film's $75 million budget.[14] The animation was created entirely in France by Illumination MacGuff.[15]
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: Sing: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
A soundtrack album for the film was released on December 21, 2016.
Release[edit]
The almost complete[16] film was screened as a work in progress beginning September 11, 2016 at the Toronto International Film Festival.[17] Universal Studios released the film on December 21, 2016.[18]
Home media[edit]
Sing was released on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, Ultra HD Blu-ray and DVD on March 21, 2017. It includes three short films: Gunter Babysits, Love at First Sight, and Eddie's Life Coach.[19]
In Gunter Babysits, Gunter offers to watch over Rosita and Norman's piglets while they are away as he works to prove himself to be a good babysitter.
In Love at First Sight, Johnny sets Miss Crawly up with an online dating website where she manages to score a date with a lizard named Herman.
In Eddie's Life Coach, Eddie's mother sets Eddie up for a digital training seminar where he will be assigned to a dachshund named Garry "The Winner" Wishman.
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Sing grossed $270.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $363.8 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $634.1 million, against a production budget of $75 million.[2] Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $194.2 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenue for the film, making it the 7th most profitable release of 2016.[20]
In North America, the film opened alongside Passengers and Assassin's Creed, and was expected to gross around $70 million from 4,022 theaters over its first six days of release.[21] The film made $1.7 million during its Tuesday night previews.[22] It went on to gross $35.2 million in its opening weekend (a six-day total of $75.5 million), finishing second at the box office behind Rogue One: A Star Wars Story, which was in its second week.[23] Sing holds the record for being the highest-grossing film to never finish first at the North American box office, besting My Big Fat Greek Wedding ($241.4 million in 2002).[24]
Critical response[edit]
On the aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 73% based on 168 reviews, and an average rating of 6.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Sing delivers colorfully animated, cheerfully undemanding entertainment with a solid voice cast and a warm-hearted – albeit familiar – storyline that lives up to its title."[25] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 based on 37 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[26] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[27]
Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars and wrote, "In a year full of talking-animal hits, Sing isn't quite as strong a number. It's a tale that might not be particularly thought-provoking but sure is toe-tapping."[28] In her review for the Los Angeles Times, Katie Walsh called Sing, "a cute movie with genuinely funny moments (keep an eye out for the koala car wash), and some great tunes to boot."[29] The Arizona Republic's Bill Goodykoontz was rather mixed about the movie in his review and overall said, "Sing is like an album with a good song here and there, but too much filler and not enough hits."[30] Reviewing the version of the film screened at the Toronto International Film Festival, Stefan Pape of the British website HeyUGuys gave the film a mixed review of 2/5, stating that "Garth Jennings's Sing effectively acknowledges early on that it's following a completely unoriginal formula, and yet carries on regardless."[31] While Peter Debruge of Variety, who also saw the film during the same festival, did not find the subplots to have any "profound life lessons," he overall praised Jennings' direction, the cast's voice performances and the film's silliness.[32]
Accolades[edit]
List of awards and nominations
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)
AARP Annual Movies for Grownups Awards February 6, 2017 Best Movie for Grownups who Refuse to Grow Up Sing Nominated [33]
Annie Awards February 4, 2017 Outstanding Achievement, Music in an Animated Feature Production Joby Talbot [34]
Golden Globe Awards January 8, 2017 Best Animated Feature Film Sing [35]
Best Original Song "Faith" – Ryan Tedder, Stevie Wonder and Francis Farewell Starlite
Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 17, 2016 Best Song – Animated Film [36][37]
Best Soundtrack Album Sing: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Outstanding Music Supervision – Film Jojo Villanueva Won
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards March 11, 2017 Favorite Animated Movie Sing Nominated [38]
Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie Reese Witherspoon
Most Wanted Pet
Favorite Soundtrack Sing
Saturn Awards June 28, 2017 Best Animated Film Nominated [39]
Sequel[edit]
Universal and Illumination have announced plans for a sequel, tentatively titled Sing 2, slated for December 25, 2020.[40]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Felperin, Leslie (September 11, 2016). "'Sing': Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sing (2016)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kit, Borys (January 14, 2015). "Matthew McConaughey to Star in Illumination Animated Film (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Amidi, Amid (September 9, 2016). "A Complete List of Every Song in Illumination's 'Sing'". Cartoon Brew. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Truitt, Brian (November 10, 2015). "Sneak peek: A-list animals 'SING' together". USA Today. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Hopewell, John (June 17, 2015). "Annecy: Chris Meledandri on Matthew McConaughey as a Koala Legit Theater Owner, 'The Grinch'". Variety. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Trumbore, Dave (November 11, 2015). "Meet the Animated Animals of Illumination Entertainment's 2016 Musical Comedy, 'Sing'". Collider. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Buxton, Adam (April 14, 2016). "EP.16 - Pub Walk With Garth Jennings". soundcloud.com. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Yuen, Jenny (September 11, 2016). "TIFF 2016: Matthew McConaughey optimistic about 'Sing'". Toronto Sun. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sing - Full Cast and Credits". Hollywood.com. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Weintraub, Steve 'Frosty' (2016-12-19). "Garth Jennings on Getting Edgar Wright and Wes Anderson to Provide Voices in 'Sing'". Collider. Retrieved 2017-11-09.
Jump up ^ "'Despicable Me 3′ Set For June 2017 Release; 'Dr. Seuss' How The Grinch Stole Christmas' Arrives Five Months Later". Deadline. January 15, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hopewell, John (January 8, 2014). "France Fights Bidding War to Lure Hollywood Filmmakers". Variety. Retrieved January 9, 2014. Universal now has “Max” and “Lunch” set up at Illumination MacGuff.
Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg (December 9, 2016). "Illumination's Chris Meledandri Talks Success Secrets, Rumors He'll Head DreamWorks". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Keslassy, Elsa (2 December 2016). "Oscar's French Animation Connection Draws on Deep Talent Pool".
Jump up ^ Grobar, Matt (December 5, 2016). "'Sing' Director Garth Jennings On Working With "Wizards," The Learning Curve Of His Feature Animation Debut". Deadline. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hammond, Pete (August 23, 2016). "Universal & Illumination To Launch 'Sing' With Live Jennifer Hudson And Tori Kelly Performances At Toronto". Deadline. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (January 15, 2014). "Universal Dates 'Despicable Me 3,' New 'Grinch Who Stole Christmas'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wolfe, Jennifer (February 14, 2017). "Illumination Entertainment's 'Sing' Headed to Retail". Animation World Network. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (March 28, 2017). "No. 7 'Sing' Box Office Profits – 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Will 'Rogue One' Vanquish The Christmas B.O. Competition?". Deadline.com.
Jump up ^ "'Sing's' Box-Office Debut Tops 'Assassin's Creed,' 'Passengers' in Tuesday Night Previews". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ "With 'Fences,' 'La La Land' Enter Top 10 As 'Rogue One' & 'Sing' Rule Holiday – Monday AM Update". Deadline.com. December 27, 2016. Sing* (Ill/Uni) 4,022 locations, 4-day $54.9M, 3-day: $35.2M, 4-day: $13,7K average, Total: $75.5M, 1 wk
Jump up ^ "Top Grossing Movies that never hit #1". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
Jump up ^ "Sing (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sing reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". CinemaScore. Search "Sing".
Jump up ^ Brian Truitt (December 20, 2016). "Review: Animated 'Sing' is a poppy treat (and Matthew McConaughey sings!)". USA Today. Retrieved March 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Katie Walsh (December 20, 2016). "Packed with pop tunes, 'Sing' discovers the simple fun in putting on a show". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bill Goodykoontz (December 21, 2016). "'Sing' has too much filler, not enough hits". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved March 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "TIFF 2016: Sing Review - HeyUGuys". Retrieved September 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Peter Debruge (September 11, 2016). "Film Review: 'Sing'". Variety. Retrieved March 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rahman, Abid (December 15, 2016). "Denzel Washington's 'Fences' Leads Nominations for AARP's Movies for Grownups Awards". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "44th Annie Award Nominees". International Animated Film Society. November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Golden Globes 2017: The Complete List of Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. December 12, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards". Deadline. November 18, 2016. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (November 2, 2016). "'La La Land' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations". Variety. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon's Kids' Choice Awards Nominations". Variety. February 24, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (March 2, 2017). "Saturn Awards Nominations 2017: 'Rogue One,' 'Walking Dead' Lead". Variety. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg (January 25, 2017). "'Sing' Sequel Coming From Illumination and Universal". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
External links[edit]
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text:
New England Colonies
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The New England Colonies of British America included Connecticut Colony, Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Massachusetts Bay Colony, and Province of New Hampshire, as well as a few smaller short-lived colonies. The New England colonies were part of the Thirteen Colonies and eventually became five of the six states in New England.[1] Captain John Smith was the author of the 1616 work A Description of New England which first applied the term "New England"[2] to the coastal lands from Long Island Sound to Newfoundland.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Before the Mayflower
2 Pilgrims and Puritans
3 Founding (1636)
4 Commerce
5 Wartime Enslavement of Enemy Combatants in New England
6 Education
7 See also
8 Notes
9 Sources
Before the Mayflower[edit]
The English royal charters granted land to the north to Queen Elizabeth, land to the south to the London Company.
France, England, and other countries made several attempts to colonize New England early in the 17th century, and those nations were often in contention for lands in the New World. French nobleman Pierre Dugua Sieur de Monts established a settlement on Saint Croix Island, Maine in June 1604 under the authority of the King of France. The small St. Croix River Island is located on the northern boundary of present-day Maine. Nearly half the settlers perished due to the harsh winter and scurvy, and the survivors moved north out of New England to Port-Royal of Nova Scotia (see symbol "R" on map to the right) in the spring of 1605.[4]
King James I of England recognized the need for a permanent settlement in New England, and he granted competing royal charters to the Plymouth Company and the London Company. The Plymouth Company ships arrived at the mouth of the Kennebec River (then called the Sagadahoc River) in August 1607 where they established a settlement named Sagadahoc Colony, better known as Popham Colony (see symbol "Po" on map to right) to honor financial backer Sir John Popham. The colonists faced a harsh winter, the loss of supplies following a storehouse fire, and mixed relations with the indigenous tribes.
Colony leader Captain George Popham died, and Raleigh Gilbert decided to return to England to take up an inheritance left by the death of an older brother—at which point, all of the colonists decided to return to England. It was around August 1608 when they left on the ship Mary and John and a new ship built by the colony named Virginia of Sagadahoc. The 30-ton Virginia was the first sea-going ship ever built in North America.[5]
Conflict over land rights continued through the early 17th century, with the French constructing Fort Pentagouet near present-day Castine, Maine in 1613. The fort protected a trading post and a fishing station and was considered the first longer-term settlement in New England. It changed hands multiple times throughout the 17th century among the English, French, and Dutch colonists.[6]
In 1614, Dutch explorer Adriaen Block traveled along the coast of Long Island Sound and then up the Connecticut River to present-day Hartford, Connecticut. By 1623, the Dutch West India Company regularly traded for furs there and, ten years later, they fortified it for protection from the Pequot Indians and named the site "House of Hope" (also identified as "Fort Hoop," "Good Hope," and "Hope").[7]
Pilgrims and Puritans[edit]
A group of Puritans known as the Pilgrims arrived on the Mayflower from England and the Netherlands to establish Plymouth Colony in modern-day Massachusetts, the second successful English colony in North America, following Jamestown, Virginia. About half of the one hundred-plus passengers on the Mayflower died that first winter, mostly because of diseases contracted on the voyage followed by a harsh winter.[8] In 1621, an Indian named Squanto taught the colonists how to grow corn and where to catch eels and fish. His assistance was invaluable and helped the Pilgrims to survive the early years of the colonization. The Pilgrims lived on the same site where Squanto's Patuxet tribe had established a village before they were wiped out from diseases.[9]
The Plymouth settlement faced great hardships and earned few profits, but it enjoyed a positive reputation in England and may have sown the seeds for further immigration. Edward Winslow and William Bradford published an account of their adventures in 1622 called Mourt's Relation.[10] This book was only a small glimpse of the hardships and adventures encountered by the Pilgrims, but it may have served to encourage other Puritans to emigrate during the Great Migration.
Major boundaries of Massachusetts Bay and neighboring colonial claims in the 17th century and 18th century. Modern state boundaries are partially overlaid for context.
The Puritans in England first sent smaller groups in the mid-1620s to establish colonies, buildings, and food supplies, learning from the Pilgrims' harsh experiences of winter in the Plymouth Colony. In 1623, the Plymouth Council for New England (successor to the Plymouth Company) established a small fishing village at Cape Ann under the supervision of the Dorchester Company. The first group of Puritans moved to a new town at nearby Naumkeag after the Dorchester Company dropped support, and fresh financial support was found by Rev. John White. Other settlements were started in nearby areas; however, the overall Puritan population remained small through the 1620s.[11]
A larger group of Puritans arrived in 1630, leaving England because they desired to worship in a manner that differed from the Church of England. Their views were in accord with those of the Pilgrims who arrived on the Mayflower, except that the Pilgrims were known as "separatists" because they felt that they needed to separate themselves from the Church of England, whereas the later Puritans were content to remain under the umbrella of the Church of England. The separate colonies were governed independent of each other until 1691, when Plymouth Colony was absorbed into the Massachusetts Bay Colony to form the Province of Massachusetts Bay.
Early dissenters of the Puritan laws were often banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The Connecticut Colony was started after Puritan minister Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts Bay with around 100 followers in search of greater religious and political freedom. Puritan minister Roger Williams left Massachusetts Bay to found the Rhode Island Colony, while John Wheelwright left with his followers to a colony in present-day New Hampshire and shortly thereafter on to present day Maine. The Puritans also established the American public school system for the express purpose of ensuring that future generations would be able to read the Bible for themselves, which was a central tenet of Puritan worship.[12]
Founding (1636)[edit]
It was the dead of winter in January 1636 when Salem minister Roger Williams had been banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony because of theological differences. In Salem, he preached that government and religion should be separate; he also believed that the Wampanoag and Narragansett tribes had been treated unfairly. That winter, the tribes helped Williams to survive and sold him land for a new colony in present-day Providence, Rhode Island which he named Providence Plantation in recognition of the intervention of Divine Providence in establishing the new colony. It was unique in its day in expressly providing for religious freedom and a separation of church from state.
Roger Williams returned to England two times to prevent the attempt of other colonies to take over Providence and to charter or incorporate Providence and other nearby communities into the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.[13]
A map of the Connecticut, New Haven, and Saybrook colonies
Later in 1636, Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts with one hundred followers and founded a new English settlement just north of the Dutch Fort Hoop that became Connecticut Colony. The community was first named Newtown then renamed Hartford shortly afterwards to honor the English town of Hertford. One of the reasons why Hooker left was that only members of the church could vote and participate in the government in Massachusetts Bay, which he believed should include any adult male owning property. The Connecticut Colony was not the first settlement in Connecticut (the Dutch were first) or even the first English settlement (Windsor was first in 1633). Thomas Hooker obtained a royal charter and established Fundamental Orders, considered to be one of the first constitutions in North America. Other colonies later merged into the royal charter for the Connecticut Colony, including New Haven and Saybrook.
Commerce[edit]
Whaling in small wooden boats with hand harpoons was a hazardous enterprise, even when hunting the "right" whale.
The earliest colonies in New England were usually fishing villages or farming communities on the more fertile land along the rivers. The rocky soil in the New England Colonies was not as fertile as the Middle or Southern Colonies, but the land provided rich resources, including lumber that was valued for building homes and ships. Lumber was also a resource that could be exported back to England, where there was a shortage of wood. In addition, the hunting of wildlife provided furs to be traded and food for the table.
In Massachusetts their economy was heavily based off of small industries with people working as, porters, tanners, shopkeepers and metalworkers. They had merchants which carried raw materials such as furs, timber, and the tar and pitch needed for shipbuilding. Trade went on directly between the English colonists and the European Caribbean islands.
The New England Colonies were located near the ocean where there was an abundance of whales, fish, and other marketable sea life. Excellent harbors and some inland waterways offered protection for ships and were also valuable for fresh water fishing. By the end of the 17th century, New England colonists had created an Atlantic trade network that connected them to the English homeland as well as the West African slave coast, the Caribbean's plantation islands, and the Iberian Peninsula. Colonists relied upon British and European imports for glass, linens, hardware, machinery, and other items for the colonial household.
The Southern Colonies could produce tobacco, rice, and indigo in exchange for imports, whereas New England's colonies could not offer much to England beyond fish, furs, and lumber. Inflation was a major issue in the economy. During the 18th century, shipbuilding drew upon the abundant lumber and revived the economy, often under the direction of the British Crown.[14]
Wartime Enslavement of Enemy Combatants in New England[edit]
Enslavement of enemies defeated in war was a common practice in European nations at this time. This was a policy that had been going on for decades in Ireland, particularly since the time of Elizabeth I and during the mid-17th century Cromwell wars in Britain and Ireland, where large numbers of Irish, Welsh, and Scots prisoners of war were sent as slaves to plantations in the West Indies, especially to Barbados and Jamaica.[15]
The practice of selling enemy combatants into slavery was begun in the American colonies during the Pequot War and King Philip's War. Military leader Benjamin Church spoke out at that time against enslavement of Indians. (Church's militia company was responsible for killing King Philip in August 1676.) In the summer of 1675, he described the enslavement of Indian combatants as "an action so hateful…that (I) opposed it to the loss of the good will and respect of some that before were (my) good friends." This said, Church was an owner of African slaves himself, like many Englishmen in the colony.[16]
Ships carrying captured war combatants began to leave New England ports during King Philip's War (1675-78) for places far away late in 1675 and, by the next summer, the shipping out of slaves had turned into a regular process which continued for the three years of the war. The policy concerning war enemies was that "no male captive above the age of fourteen years should reside in the colony."[17]
It is estimated that at least a thousand New England Indian warriors were sold as slaves during King Philip's War, with over half of those coming from Plymouth. By the end of the war, villages that were once crowded Indian population centers were empty of inhabitants, due to the fact that the male Indian population had risen in armed war against their English neighbors.[18]
Education[edit]
In the New England Colonies, the first settlements of Pilgrims and the other Puritans who came later taught their children how to read and write in order that they might read and study the Bible for themselves. Depending upon social and financial status, education was taught by the parents home-schooling their children, public grammar schools, and private governesses, which included subjects from reading and writing to Latin and Greek and more.
See also[edit]
Middle Colonies
Southern Colonies
Chesapeake Colonies
Thirteen Colonies
History of Massachusetts
Historical outline of Massachusetts
British Colonial America
New England
Manor of East Greenwich
History of New England
Dominion of New England
New England Confederation
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Gipson
Jump up ^ Bisceglia
Jump up ^ Smith
Jump up ^ St. Croix Celebration. "St. Croix Island History". Archived from the original on 2001-08-03. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
Jump up ^ "Maine’s First Ship: Historic Overview". Maine's First Ship. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "New France Forts". New France New Horizons. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
Jump up ^ New York Historical Society, p. 260
Jump up ^ Deetz, Patricia Scot; James F. Deetz. "Passengers on the Mayflower: Ages & Occupations, Origins & Connections". The Plymouth Colony Archive Project. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
Jump up ^ NativeAmericans.com. "Squanto (The History of Tisquantum)". Archived from the original on June 5, 2007. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bradford, William (1865). Mourt’s Relation, or Journal of the Plantation at Plymouth. Boston: J. K. Wiggin. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
Jump up ^ Young, Alexander (1846). Chronicles of the First Planters of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, 1623-1636. Boston: C. C. Little and J. Brown. p. 26. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
Jump up ^ The Library of Congress Web Site. "America as a Religious Refuge: The Seventeenth Century". Retrieved 2008-11-11.
Jump up ^ Roger Williams, Family Association. "Biography of Roger Williams". Retrieved 2009-02-07.
Jump up ^ . N.p.. Web. 20 Aug 2013. <https://www.boundless.com/u-s-history/britain-and-the-settling-of-the-colonies-1600-1750/settling-new-england/commerce-in-the-new-england-colonies/>.
Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) p. 253
Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) pp 253, 345
Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) p. 345
Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) p. 332
Sources[edit]
Bisceglia, Michael (12 February 2008). "John Smith: The man who named New England". Sea Coast Online. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
Gipson, Lawrence. The British Empire Before the American Revolution (15 volumes) (1936-1970). Knopf.
Collections of the New York Historical Society. New York: H. Ludwig. 1841.
Smith, John, Captain & Admiral (1616). Royster, Paul, ed. A Description of New England (1616): An Online Electronic Text Edition. Electronic Texts in American Studies.
[hide]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_England_Colonies&oldid=807264151"
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text:
New York City steam system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Steam vapor being vented through a typical Con Edison orange and white stack on Seventh Avenue at West 20th Street. Steam vapor such as this can be caused by a leak in Con Ed's steam system – which heats and cools buildings in Manhattan up to East 89th and West 96th Street – or by cooler water contacting the outside of a steam pipe.[1]
The New York City steam system is a district heating system which takes steam produced by steam generating stations and carries it under the streets of Manhattan to heat and cool high rise buildings and businesses. Some New York businesses and facilities also use the steam for cleaning and disinfection.
The New York Steam Company began providing service in lower Manhattan on March 3, 1882.[2] Today, Consolidated Edison operates the largest commercial steam system in the world.[3] The organization within Con Edison that is responsible for the system's operation is known as Steam Operations, providing steam service to over 1,700 customers and serving commercial and residential establishments in Manhattan from Battery Park to 96th Street uptown on the West side and 89th Street on the East side of Manhattan.[4] Roughly 24 billion pounds (11,000,000 t) of steam flow through the system every year.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Effects on the environment
2 Plants
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Effects on the environment[edit]
Approximately 30% of the ConEd steam system’s installed capacity and 50% of the annual steam generated comes from cogeneration.[5] Cogeneration and Heat Recovery Steam Generation (HRSG) significantly increases the fuel efficiency of cogenerated electricity and thereby reduces the emission of pollutants, such as NOx, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and particulate matter, and reduces the city's carbon footprint. Con Edison is promoting the use of steam for cooling in the summer months, something that can be accomplished with the installation of absorption chillers.[6] Such trigeneration systems reduce peak electrical loads and save construction costs associated with expanding electrical infrastructure.
Clouds of condensation can sometimes be seen rising from manholes in Manhattan through orange and white "chimneys". This can be caused by external water being boiled by contact with the steam pipes or by leaks in the steam system itself.[1]
At least 12 steam pipe explosions have occurred in New York City since 1987.[7] The most recent incident was the 2007 New York City steam explosion. Another major incident occurred on June 28, 1996, at the plant on East 75th Street.[8]
Plants[edit]
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap · Google Maps
Download coordinates as: KML · GPX
East 74th Street plant
West 59th Street plant
East 74th Street Station (at FDR Drive) 40°46′01″N 73°57′03″W / 40.7668749°N 73.9508952°W / 40.7668749; -73.9508952
60th Street Station (at York Ave.) 40°45′35″N 73°57′32″W / 40.7598303°N 73.9589127°W / 40.7598303; -73.9589127
59th Street Station (at 11th Ave.) (IRT Powerhouse) 40°46′08″N 73°59′30″W / 40.7689531°N 73.991624°W / 40.7689531; -73.991624
East River Station (14th St. and FDR) (cogeneration) 40°43′40″N 73°58′24″W / 40.7277782°N 73.9732059°W / 40.7277782; -73.9732059
BNYCP Plant (Brooklyn Navy Yard Cogeneration Partners) (cogeneration) 40°41′58″N 73°58′34″W / 40.699314°N 73.976086°W / 40.699314; -73.976086
Ravenswood "A" House Steam Station (Queens) 40°45′22″N 73°57′01″W / 40.7561804°N 73.9503086°W / 40.7561804; -73.9503086
See also[edit]
Cogeneration
District heating
Holly Steam Combination Company
2007 New York City steam explosion
References[edit]
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b c "Steam operations FAQ" on the Con Edison website
Jump up ^ "A Brief History of Con Edison". Con Edison. Archived from the original on 2006-03-12. Retrieved 2014-05-04.
Jump up ^ Moyer, Greg (9 October 2014). "Miles of Steam Pipes Snake Beneath New York". Retrieved 20 July 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Steam Energy" (PDF). Con Edison. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Con Edison Steam Long Range Plan 2010-2030", p. 69
Jump up ^ Benefits and Case Studies of Hybrid Cooling Using Steam Archived 2007-10-08 at the Wayback Machine., Consolidated Edison
Jump up ^ Belson, Ken and DePalma, Anthony. "Asbestos and Aging Pipes Remain Buried Hazards", The New York Times (July 19, 2007).
Jump up ^ Raffa, Frank. "Con-Ed Blows Off Some Steam". FDNewYork.com. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
External links[edit]
Con Edison Steam Operations
Con Ed History
Gotham Gazette Article on Steam
Why District Steam Heat Flopped in Gilded Age New York
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_steam_system&oldid=826139346"
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Mystery Spot
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Mystery Spot in Santa Cruz. For "mystery spots" in general, see gravity hill. For the Supernatural episode, see Mystery Spot (Supernatural).
Mystery Spot entrance
The Mystery Spot is a visual illusion–based tourist attraction near Santa Cruz, California, opened in 1939 by George Prather. [1] Visitors experience demonstrations that appear to defy gravity, on the short but steep uphill walk and inside a wooden building on the site. The Mystery Spot is a popular tourist attraction, and gained recognition as a roadside "gravity box" or "tilted house" illusion.[2] At this roadside attraction, the laws of gravity and physics seem to disappear as balls roll uphill and people lean over past their toes without tumbling over.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Geography
3 Illusion explanation
4 Activities
5 Cultural relevance
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
One of the many optical illusions at the Santa Cruz Mystery Spot.
The Mystery Spot was first discovered by George Prather in 1939. George Prather was an electrician, mechanic, and inventor before he opened the site. He was born near Fresno and moved to Santa Cruz in 1920. He owned a welding shop and repair garage in the area before he discovered the Mystery Spot. The Mystery Spot was one of several roadside attractions that opened after World War II for new automobile owners and was featured on Art Baker's television show You Asked For It.
Prather was inspired to open the site by the popularity of the nearby Oregon Vortex which opened to the public in 1930. According to a newspaper report, Prather bought 3 acres on the hill in 1940 after he felt slightly dizzy while walking and was interested in his dizziness. The newspaper also reported that during further exploration of his property he found his compass jittering and he then built his "crazy house" and opened the site to the public in June 1941, where tour guides lead visitors through the Mystery Spot on a daily basis. The site is what is known as a gravity hill and was the first of its kind to be built in California. The guides perform various demonstrations to showcase the unusual phenomena that Prather stumbled upon.[4]
Prather died in January 1946 and at that time his son Bruce inherited the land and continued running The Mystery Spot with his father's business partner Vaden McCray until his own passing in 2015.[5] The McCray family was photographed for the Life magazine spread on the Mystery spot for their November 15, 1948 issue. McCray died in 2001 before Bruce Prather. An unnamed Santa Cruz lawyer now owns the property.[6] The Mystery Spot was nominated in July 2014 to be designated as a California Historical landmark and was officially declared as California Historical Landmark #1055 in August 2014.[7]
Geography[edit]
The site is located in Santa Cruz, California amongst the Santa Cruz mountains, Oak trees, Eucalyptus trees, near Granite Creek, and within the California Redwood forest. The Mystery Spot is between the Santa Cruz Mountains and the Santa Cruz Beach Boardwalk, popular tourist spots. The Redwood trees in this area grow crookedly and are a part of what is known as the Twisted Grove in Nisene Marks State Park. The Mystery Spot can be found on Highway 17 along the way to the Santa Cruz Mountains. The Mystery Spot is home to a man-made dahlia garden along the hiking trail.[8]
Illusion explanation[edit]
The classic "Titanic" pose is possible on table at The Mystery Spot
Guide leaning on top of table at The Mystery Spot
The Mystery Spot is a gravity hill, tilt-induced visual illusion. The illusion experienced by visitors results from the oddly tilted environment as well as standing on a tilted floor. Inside the tilted room of the Mystery Spot, misperceptions of the height and orientation of objects occur.[9] Even when people are standing outside on a level ground, the slant of the building in the background causes misperceptions as humans judge the height of people using the slant of the roof rather than the true horizon.[10]
These visual illusions include balls rolling uphill and people leaning farther than normally possible without falling down.[11] Psychologists at Berkeley state that all of the misperceptions stem from the simple fact that the house is slanted at a 20 degree angle.[12] Professor William Prinzmetal states, “When the perceiver's body also is tilted, the distorting impact on vision is greatly magnified- up to two or three times.”[13] Another point he makes is that distorted orientation causes other senses to fall back while your visual senses become heightened.[14] People standing at impossible angles and water flowing uphill are related to the angle at which the house sits on.
Other suggestions have been proposed to explain the reason behind The Mystery Spot’s odd gravitational rules and illusions. Tour guides suggest that “a meteor which fell in ancient days and left a magic circle” is the cause behind the mystery,[15] and suggest that an electromagnetic field on the hill deters wildlife.[16] These are theories proposed by guides for entertainment, and not scientific reasoning.[17]
Activities[edit]
The Mystery Spot is open for tours 365 days a year.[18] Aside from the attraction itself, there is a thirty-minute hiking trail nearby.[19]
Cultural relevance[edit]
The Mystery Spot was the first 'gravity-defying' tourist attraction in California and was the most prominent illusion-based tourist attraction in California in the mid-20th century.[20] The Mystery Spot has been featured on Buzzfeed, the Santa Cruz Sentinel, comic strips, travel blogs, and newspapers for decades.[21]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lamers, Chantal (July 22, 2007). "Gravitational tourist draw". The Orange County Register. The Orange County Register. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
Jump up ^ News Advisory. Washington, DC: United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1991. 30 July 2014. Web. 8 Mar. 2017.
Jump up ^ McBroom, Patricia. "Santa Cruz Mystery Spot Explained." Santa Cruz Mystery Spot Explained. Office of Public Affairs, UC Berkeley, 09 Sept. 1998. Web. 15 Mar. 2017.
Jump up ^ Bready, Lowell (June 13, 1941). "Mystery Spot - You Never Saw a Crazier Place - Opens Sunday for your Amazement". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Santa Cruz Sentinel. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bruce Leonard Prather". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Santa Cruz Sentinel. October 25, 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Grace Anestine (Osterberg) McCray". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Santa Cruz Sentinel. May 22, 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "2014 Annual Report" (PDF). Office of Historic Preservation California State Parks Natural Resources Agency State of California. California State Parks. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Clark, Samantha (June 20, 2016). "Santa Cruz Mystery Spot at 75: the Story, the Speculation, the Science". 90.3 KAZU. 90.3 KAZU. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
Jump up ^ McBroom, Patricia (9 September 1998). "Santa Cruz "Mystery Spot" Explained". The Berkeleyan. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Shimamura, A. P. & Prinzmetal, W. (November 1999). "The Mystery Spot Illusion and its Relation to Other Visual Illusions" (PDF). Psychological Science. 10 (6): 501–507. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00196.
Jump up ^ "Paranormal and Transcendental Experience." Google Books. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2017.
Jump up ^ "09.09.98 - Santa Cruz Mystery Spot Explained." 09.09.98 - Santa Cruz Mystery Spot Explained. Office of Public Affairs, UC Berkeley, n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2017.
Jump up ^ "09.09.98 - Santa Cruz Mystery Spot Explained." 09.09.98 - Santa Cruz Mystery Spot Explained. Office of Public Affairs, UC Berkeley, n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2017.
Jump up ^ "09.09.98 - Santa Cruz Mystery Spot Explained." 09.09.98 - Santa Cruz Mystery Spot Explained. Office of Public Affairs, UC Berkeley, n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2017.
Jump up ^ Yamanaka, Sharon. "The Mystery Spot." Santa Cruz County History - Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Santa Cruz County History, n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2017.
Jump up ^ Yamanaka, Sharon. "The Mystery Spot." Santa Cruz County History - Santa Cruz Public Libraries. Santa Cruz County History, n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2017.
Jump up ^ Gullickson, Christina. "Top 10 Things to Do in Santa Cruz County before You Die: No. 6 Take a Tour of the Famous Mystery Spot." Santa Cruz Sentinel. Santa Cruz Sentinel, 15 July 2012. Web. 16 Mar. 2017
Jump up ^ "The Mystery Spot Official Website." MysterySpot.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Mystery Spot in Santa Cruz: Altered Reality or a Clever Gimic." California Through My Lens. N.p., 16 Oct. 2014. Web. 19 Mar. 2017.
Jump up ^ News Advisory. Washington, DC: United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1991. 30 July 2014. Web. 8 Mar. 2017.
Jump up ^ "In The Press | Gallery | The Mystery Spot - Santa Cruz, CALIF." MysterySpot.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2017. <https://www.mysteryspot.com/in-the-press>.
External links[edit]
Mystery Spot official website (California)
Video Tour of the Mystery Spot (California)
Coordinates: 37°00′45″N 122°00′06″W / 37.012601°N 122.001795°W / 37.012601; -122.001795
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mystery_Spot&oldid=826917217"
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List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Jennifer Hudson sings the national anthem at Super Bowl XLIII.
This article is a list of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl. The U.S. national anthem ("The Star-Spangled Banner") has been performed at all but one Super Bowl since its first year in 1967; Vikki Carr sang "America the Beautiful" in place of the anthem at Super Bowl XI in 1977. Since Super Bowl XVI in 1982, famous singers or music groups have performed the anthem at the vast majority of Super Bowl games.
Beginning with Super Bowl XLIII in 2009, "America the Beautiful" is sung before the national anthem every year. Some early Super Bowls featured marching bands performing the anthem, and the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance.
Contents
[hide]
1 Performances
2 Multiple and hometown performances
3 Notable performances
4 Controversies
5 Other patriotic performances
6 See also
7 References
Performances[edit]
No.
Year
Venue
Performer(s)[1]
I 1967 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, California The Pride of Arizona, Michigan Marching Band, and UCLA choir
II 1968 Orange Bowl, Miami GSU Tiger Marching Band
III 1969 Lloyd Geisler of the Washington National Symphony Orchestra[2]
An NFL.com reference ([1]) states that Anita Bryant performed the anthem, but NBC's broadcast of game, available from the Paley Center for Media's collection, shows that Geisler performed it.
IV 1970 Tulane Stadium, New Orleans Al Hirt
V 1971 Orange Bowl, Miami Tommy Loy (trumpet)
VI 1972 Tulane Stadium, New Orleans U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale
VII 1973 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Little Angels (children's choir) of Chicago's Holy Angels Church
VIII 1974 Rice Stadium, Houston, Texas Charley Pride
IX 1975 Tulane Stadium, New Orleans GSU Tiger Marching Band (2)
X 1976 Orange Bowl, Miami Tom Sullivan
XI 1977 Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California None (Vikki Carr sang "America the Beautiful")
XII 1978 Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans Phyllis Kelly of Northeast Louisiana University
XIII 1979 Orange Bowl, Miami The Colgate Thirteen
XIV 1980 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Cheryl Ladd
XV 1981 Superdome, New Orleans Helen O'Connell
XVI 1982 Pontiac Silverdome, Pontiac, Michigan Diana Ross
XVII 1983 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Leslie Easterbrook
XVIII 1984 Tampa Stadium, Tampa, Florida Barry Manilow
XIX 1985 Stanford Stadium, Stanford, California San Francisco Boys Chorus, San Francisco Girls Chorus, Piedmont Children's Chorus, and San Francisco Children's Chorus
XX 1986 Superdome, New Orleans Wynton Marsalis (trumpet)
XXI 1987 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Neil Diamond
XXII 1988 Jack Murphy Stadium, San Diego Herb Alpert (trumpet)
XXIII 1989 Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami Billy Joel
XXIV 1990 Superdome, New Orleans Aaron Neville
XXV 1991 Tampa Stadium, Tampa Whitney Houston with The Florida Orchestra directed by Jahja Ling
XXVI 1992 Metrodome, Minneapolis Harry Connick, Jr.
ASL (American Sign Language): Lori Hilary
XXVII 1993 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Garth Brooks
ASL: Marlee Matlin
XXVIII 1994 Georgia Dome, Atlanta Natalie Cole
ASL: Courtney Keel Foley
XXIX 1995 Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami Kathie Lee Gifford
ASL: Heather Whitestone
XXX 1996 Sun Devil Stadium, Tempe, Arizona Vanessa L. Williams
ASL: Mary Kim Titla
XXXI 1997 Superdome, New Orleans Luther Vandross
ASL: Erika Rachael Schwarz
XXXII 1998 Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego Jewel
ASL: Phyllis Frelich
XXXIII 1999 Pro Player Stadium, Miami Cher
ASL: Speaking Hands
XXXIV 2000 Georgia Dome, Atlanta Faith Hill
ASL: Briarlake Elementary School Signing Choir
XXXV 2001 Raymond James Stadium, Tampa Backstreet Boys
AASL: Tom Cooney
XXXVI 2002 Superdome, New Orleans Mariah Carey
ASL: Joe Narcisse
XXXVII 2003 Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego Dixie Chicks
ASL: Janet Maxwell
XXXVIII 2004 Reliant Stadium, Houston Beyoncé
ASL: Suzanna Christy
XXXIX 2005 Alltel Stadium, Jacksonville, Florida Combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the U.S. Naval Academy, the U.S. Air Force Academy (2), and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets
ASL: Wesley Tallent
XL 2006 Ford Field, Detroit Aaron Neville (2) and Aretha Franklin,
Dr. John (piano accompaniment)
ASL: Angela LaGuardia
XLI 2007 Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida Billy Joel (2)
ASL: Marlee Matlin (2)
XLII 2008 University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona Jordin Sparks
ASL: A Dreamer[3]
XLIII 2009 Raymond James Stadium, Tampa, Florida Jennifer Hudson
ASL: Kristen Santos
XLIV 2010 Sun Life Stadium, Miami Gardens Carrie Underwood
ASL: Kinesha Battles
XLV 2011 Cowboys Stadium, Arlington, Texas Christina Aguilera
ASL: Candice Villesca[4]
XLVI 2012 Lucas Oil Stadium, Indianapolis Kelly Clarkson
ASL: Rachel Mazique[5]
XLVII 2013 Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans Alicia Keys[6]
ASL: John Maucere[7]
XLVIII 2014 MetLife Stadium, East Rutherford, New Jersey Renée Fleming
ASL: Amber Zion
XLIX 2015 University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona[8] Idina Menzel
ASL: Treshelle Edmond[9]
50 2016 Levi's Stadium, Santa Clara, California Lady Gaga
ASL: Marlee Matlin (3)[10]
LI 2017 NRG Stadium, Houston, Texas Luke Bryan
ASL: Kriston Lee Pumphery[11].
LII 2018 U.S. Bank Stadium, Minneapolis, Minnesota Pink
ASL: Alexandria Wailes[12].
Multiple and hometown performances[edit]
Acts that have performed three times:
Marlee Matlin (ASL), (XXVII, XLI, and 50)
Acts that have performed two times:
GSU Tiger Marching Band (II and IX)
Billy Joel (XXIII and XLI)
Aaron Neville (XXIV and XL)
U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale[13] (VI and XXXIX)
Singers that performed in or near their hometown metropolitan area:
Beyoncé (XXXVIII, Houston)
Aretha Franklin (XL, Detroit)
Al Hirt (IV, New Orleans)
Aaron Neville (XXIV & XL, New Orleans)
Diana Ross (XVI, Detroit)
Jordin Sparks (XLII, Phoenix)
Notable performances[edit]
The performance by Whitney Houston at Super Bowl XXV in 1991, during the Gulf War, had been for many years regarded as one of the best renditions ever.[14][15][16][17][18][19] It was released as a single a few weeks later, appeared on the album Whitney: The Greatest Hits, and was re-released as a single in 2001 shortly after the September 11 attacks.
The 1992 performance marked the first time American Sign Language was used alongside the lead singer.
Faith Hill performed the anthem at Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000.[20] It became popular in country radio. Following the September 11 attacks, her version entered the country singles chart at number 35, despite not being released as an official single, and reentered the same chart at number 49 in July 2002.[citation needed]
At Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014, in an emotional and groundbreaking performance, soprano Renée Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the national anthem,[21] scoring the highest ratings for a Fox Network program in its history, and the second-highest ratings for any television program in history.
Controversies[edit]
Just days after Super Bowl XXV, a report surfaced that Whitney Houston lip synced her performance. It was confirmed that she was actually singing into a dead microphone, but the performance heard in the stadium and on television was prerecorded.[22][14][15]
Since 1993, the NFL has required performers to supply a backup track.[14] This came after Garth Brooks walked out of the stadium prior to his XXVII performance. Only 45 minutes before kickoff, he refused to take the stage, due to a dispute with NBC. Brooks requested that the network premiere his new music video "We Shall Be Free" during the pregame. The network chose not to air the video, due to content some felt was disturbing imagery. Brooks had also refused to pre-record the anthem, which meant the league had nothing to play if he left. Television producers spotted Jon Bon Jovi in the grandstands, and were prepared to use him as a replacement. After last-minute negotiations, NBC agreed to air a clip of the video during the broadcast of the game,[23] and Brooks was coaxed back into the stadium and sang.[19]
Following the "wardrobe malfunction" controversy during Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004, all scheduled performers for Super Bowl XXXIX were chosen under heavy scrutiny.[24] Game organizers decided not to use a popular music vocalist.[25] The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the Naval Academy, Air Force Academy, Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets were invited to perform. This was the first time since the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 that all four service academies sang together.[13][26]
Two days after Super Bowl XLIII, it was revealed that Jennifer Hudson also had lip synced.[14]
At the beginning of Super Bowl XLV, Christina Aguilera sang the lyrics incorrectly. Instead of singing "O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming", the pop star sang "What so proudly we watched at the twilight's last gleaming".[27][28] According to the New York Times, she also changed "gleaming" to "reaming".[29]
Other patriotic performances[edit]
The Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus performs at Super Bowl XLVII.
The following Super Bowls featured other patriotic performances besides the national anthem. Since 2009, "America the Beautiful" is sung before the national anthem.[30]
Pledge of Allegiance
1969: Apollo 8 crew
1970: Apollo astronauts
1973: Apollo 17 crew
"America the Beautiful"
1977: Vikki Carr (in place of the national anthem)
2001: Ray Charles
2002: Mary J. Blige, Marc Anthony and the Boston Pops Orchestra
2005: Alicia Keys and a tribute video to the recently deceased Ray Charles
2009: Faith Hill
2010: Queen Latifah
2011: Lea Michele
2012: Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert
2013: Jennifer Hudson with the Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus[31][32]
2014: Queen Latifah with the New Jersey Youth Chorus
2015: John Legend [9]
2016: U.S. Armed Forces Chorus [33]
2017: Phillipa Soo, Renee Elise Goldsberry and Jasmine Cephas Jones.[34]
2018: Leslie Odom Jr..[35].
"God Bless America"
2003: Céline Dion
See also[edit]
Super Bowl
List of Super Bowl halftime shows
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Super Bowl – Entertainment". National Football League. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "NBC Broadcast of Super Bowl III". Paley Center for Media. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wong, Scott (January 29, 2008). "Living the dream: Prof to sign anthem for deaf". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Texan to Sign the National Anthem at the Super Bowl". National Association of the Deaf. February 6, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl XLVI: PepsiCo and the NAD". National Association of the Deaf. February 5, 2012. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ King (January 19, 2013). "Alicia Keys to Perform National Anthem at Super Bowl XLVII". KING Says. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "NAD, NFL, & CBS Rally to Improve the Super Bowl Experience". National Association of the Deaf. February 3, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl Tickets 2015". Ticketexchangebyticketmaster.com. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Idina Menzel to sing National Anthem at Super Bowl". National Football League. January 16, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lady Gaga will sing national anthem at Super Bowl 50". National Football League. Associated Press. February 2, 2016. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Luke Bryan will sing national anthem at Super Bowl LI". National Football League. January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pink will sing national anthem at Super Bowl LII". National Football League. January 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Byron, Master Sgt. David (February 1, 2005). "Super Bowl goes super blue". Air Force Print News. af.mil. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Hudson's Super Bowl Lip-Sync No Surprise to Insiders". ABC News. February 3, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "A fitting wartime rendition". St. Petersburg Times. February 4, 1991. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Warner can't match '07 magic vs. Steelers". Chicago Tribune. February 2, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Our National Anthem: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly". Rolling Stone. July 3, 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXV Highlight Film, NFL Films, 1991
^ Jump up to: a b "Oh, Say, Can She Sing". St. John's Downtown. January 31, 2004. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ Dunkerley, Beville; Leahhey, Andrew; Parton, Chris; Moss, Marissa R.; Shelburne, Craig (September 21, 2015). "Faith Hill's 10 Greatest Live Performances". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Opera star Renee Fleming to sing national anthem at Super Bowl". CBS Sports. January 21, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Cuomo, Chris; Paparella, Andrew (February 16, 2012). "Home > Entertainment Whitney Houston's Star-Spangled Secret". ABC News. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Discography". The Official Garth Brooks Official Website. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ Collins, Scott; James, Meg (February 4, 2005). "The Nation; After '04 Fiasco, Super Bowl Wants to Avoid Going Offsides". The Los Angeles Times (Home ed.). p. A01.
Jump up ^ Sandomir, Richard (February 14, 2005). "Football? They Play a Game?". New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Cadets to sing at Super Bowl XXXIX". Air Force Print News. af.mil. January 25, 2005. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Callow, James (February 7, 2011). "Super Bowl 2011: Christina Aguilera defends national anthem gaffe". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Schabner, Dean (February 6, 2011). "Christina Aguilera Mangles 'Star-Spangled Banner' at Super Bowl". ABC News.
Jump up ^ Harris, Elizabeth A. (February 6, 2011). "Singing, Aguilera Trips O'er Ramparts". New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl Entertainment". Retrieved February 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Weseling, Chris (January 30, 2013). "Sandy Hook, Newtown to be represented in Super Bowl". National Football League. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hudson, Jennifer (January 31, 2013). "I'm blessed & honored to be singing "America The Beautiful" with Sandy Hook elementary school chorus at the Super Bowl Sunday". Twitter. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://proplayerinsiders.com/nfl-player-team-news-features/armed-forces-chorus-will-sing-america-beautiful-super-bowl-50/
Jump up ^ Paulson, Michael (January 27, 2017). "'Hamilton' Is Coming to the Super Bowl". The New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ NFL.com (January 15, 2018). "Leslie Odom Jr To Sing America The Beautiful At Super Bowl". Retrieved January 15, 2018.
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