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The Coca-Cola Company
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This article is about the company. For the carbonated beverage, see Coca-Cola.
The Coca-Cola Company
Coca-Cola's corporate headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Type
Public
Traded as
NYSE: KO
DJIA Component
S&P 100 Component
S&P 500 Component
Industry
Beverage
Founded
May 8, 1886; 131 years ago (1886-05-08)
Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
Founders
John Pemberton as Coca-Cola
Asa Griggs Candler as The Coca-Cola Company
Headquarters
One Coca-Cola Plaza,
Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Muhtar Kent
(Chairman)
James Quincey
(President and CEO)
Products
List of The Coca-Cola Company products
Revenue
US$41.863 billion (2016)[1]
Operating income
US$8.626 billion (2016)[1]
Net income
US$6.527 billion (2016)[1]
Total assets
US$87.270 billion (2016)[1]
Total equity
US$23.062 billion (2016)[1]
Number of employees
123,200 (2016)[1]
Subsidiaries
List of The Coca-Cola Company subsidiaries
Website
Coca-ColaCompany.com
The Coca-Cola Company, which is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, but incorporated in Wilmington, Delaware,[2] is an American multinational beverage corporation, and manufacturer, retailer, and marketer of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups.[3] The company is best known for its flagship product Coca-Cola, invented in 1886 by pharmacist John Stith Pemberton in Columbus, Georgia.[4] The Coca-Cola formula and brand were bought in 1889 by Asa Griggs Candler (December 30, 1851 – March 12, 1929), who incorporated The Coca-Cola Company in 1892. The company has operated a franchised distribution system since 1889, wherein The Coca-Cola Company only produces syrup concentrate, which is then sold to various bottlers throughout the world who hold exclusive territories. The Coca-Cola Company owns its anchor bottler in North America, Coca-Cola Refreshments.
The company's stock is listed on the NYSE (NYSE: KO) and is part of DJIA, the S&P 500 index, the Russell 1000 Index, and the Russell 1000 Growth Stock Index. Muhtar Kent serves as chairman of the company with James Quincey as president and chief executive officer.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Acquisitions
2 Revenue and sales
3 Stock
4 Staff and management
5 Bottlers
6 Consumer relations and civic involvement
7 Criticism
8 Advertising
9 Products and brands
9.1 Non-food assets
9.1.1 Columbia Pictures
9.1.2 World of Coca-Cola
9.2 Brands
9.2.1 Tab
9.2.2 Other soft drinks
9.2.3 BreakMate
9.2.4 Healthy beverages
9.2.5 Best selling
9.2.6 Information
9.2.7 Green tea
9.2.8 Glaceau
9.2.9 Huiyuan Juice
9.2.10 Coke Mini can
9.2.11 Holiday can
9.2.12 Stake in Monster Beverage
10 Sponsorship
10.1 Sports
10.2 Television
10.3 Theme parks
11 See also
12 References
13 Notes
14 Further reading
15 External links
History[edit]
Main article: Coca-Cola
Acquisitions[edit]
The company has a long history of acquisitions. Coca-Cola acquired Minute Maid in 1960,[5] the Indian cola brand Thums Up in 1993,[6] and Barq's in 1995.[7] In 2001, it acquired the Odwalla brand of fruit juices, smoothies, and bars for $181 million.[8][9] In 2007, it acquired Fuze Beverage from founder Lance Collins and Castanea Partners for an estimated $250 million.[10][11] The company's 2009 bid to buy a Chinese juice maker ended when China rejected its $2.4 billion bid for the Huiyuan Juice Group, on the grounds the resulting company would be a virtual monopoly.[12] Nationalism was also thought to be a reason for aborting the deal.[13] In 1982, Coca-Cola purchased Columbia Pictures for $692 million. It sold the movie studio to Sony, for $3 billion, in 1989.[14] In 2013, Coca-Cola finalized its purchase of ZICO, a coconut water company.[15][16][17] In 2011, the Coca-Cola company bought the rest of the organic tea company Honest Tea, after buying a 40% stake in the company in 2008.[18] In 2015, the company took a minority stake ownership in the cold pressed juice manufacturer, Suja Life LLC.[19][20]
Revenue and sales[edit]
The Coca-Cola Company's Minute Maid group North America offices in Sugar Land Town Square, Sugar Land, Texas, United States
According to The Coca-Cola Company's 2005 Annual Report, the firm at that time sold beverage products in more than 200 countries.[21] The 2005 report further states that of the more than 50 billion beverage servings of all types consumed worldwide, daily, beverages bearing the trademarks owned by or licensed to Coca-Cola account for approximately 1.5 billion. Of these, beverages bearing the trademark "Coca-Cola" or "Coke" accounted for approximately 78% of the company's total gallon sales.[21] According to the 2007 Annual Report, Coca-Cola had gallon sales distributed as follows: 43% in the United States, 37% in Mexico, India, Pakistan, Brazil, Japan, and the People's Republic of China, and 20% spread throughout the rest of the world.[citation needed] The figure in 2010 showed that they sold 1.6 billion drinks every day.[citation needed]
In 2010, it was announced that Coca-Cola had become the first brand to top £1 billion in annual UK grocery sales.[22] In 2017, Coke sales were down 11% from a year ago due to consumer tastes shifting away from sugary drinks and due to health risks associated with artificial sweeteners in Diet drinks.[23]
Stock[edit]
Certificate of Purchase Class A Stock for 20 Shares of The Coca-Cola Company, issued 20. February 1929
Since the 1920s, Coca-Cola has been a publicly traded company.[24] One share of stock purchased in 1919 for $40, with all dividends reinvested, would be worth $9.8 million in 2012, a 10.7% annual increase, adjusted for inflation.[25] In 1987, Coca-Cola once again became one of the 30 stocks which makes up the Dow Jones Industrial Average, which is commonly referenced as a proxy for stock market performance; it had previously been a Dow stock from 1932 to 1935.[26] Coca-Cola has paid a dividend, increasing each year for 49 years.[27][28] Stock is available from a direct purchase program, through Computershare Trust Company, but unlike many programs, has investment fees.[29]
Staff and management[edit]
Main page: Category:Coca-Cola people
The following are key management as of May 2017 (excluding VP positions and regional leaders):[30]
Muhtar Kent (Chairman of the Board)
James Quincey (President and Chief Executive Officer)
Marcos de Quinto (Chief Marketing Officer)
J. Alexander M. Douglas, Jr. (President, Coca‑Cola North America)
Ceree Eberly (Chief People Officer)
Irial Finan (President, Bottling Investments Group)
Bernhard Goepelt (General Counsel and Chief Legal Counsel)
Julie Hamilton (Chief Customer and Commercial Leadership Officer)
Brent Hastie (Senior Vice President, Strategy and Planning)
Ed Hays (Chief Technical Officer)
Barry Simpson (Chief Information Officer)
Clyde C. Tuggle (Chief Public Affairs and Communications Officer)
Kathy N. Waller (Chief Financial Officer)
Craig Williams (President, The McDonald's Division)
The following are all directors as of November 2016:[30]
See also: Category:Directors of The Coca-Cola Company
Muhtar Kent (Chairman)
Herbert A. Allen Jr.
Ronald W. Allen
Marc Bolland
Ana Botín
Howard G. Buffett
Richard M. Daley
Barry Diller
Helene D. Gayle
Alexis M. Herman
Bobby Kotick
Maria Elena Lagomasino
Sam Nunn
David B. Weinberg
Bottlers[edit]
Coca-Cola
In general, The Coca-Cola Company and its subsidiaries only produce syrup concentrate, which is then sold to various bottlers throughout the world who hold a local Coca-Cola franchise. Coca-Cola bottlers, who hold territorially exclusive contracts with the company, produce the finished product in cans and bottles from the concentrate, in combination with filtered water and sweeteners. The bottlers then sell, distribute, and merchandise the resulting Coca-Cola product to retail stores, vending machines, restaurants, and food service distributors. Outside the United States, these bottlers also control the fountain business.[citation needed]
Since the early 1980s, the company has actively encouraged the consolidation of bottlers, with the company often owning a share of these "anchor bottlers".[31]
Outside North America
The company's largest bottlers outside North America are:[32]
Coca-Cola Amatil, based in Australia (Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, South Pacific nations) (Company owns a share)
Coca-Cola European Partners PLC, based in the United Kingdom (western Europe) (Company owns share)
Coca-Cola Bottling Shqipëria, based in Albania
Coca-Cola Bottlers Philippines, Inc., based in the Philippines, a joint venture between the company and Coca-Cola FEMSA
Coca-Cola FEMSA, based in Mexico (parts of Mexico and Latin America) (Company owns share)
Arca Continental, also based in Mexico (parts of Mexico and Latin America) (independent)
Embotelladora Andina S.A, based in Chile (southern South America) (independent)
Coca-Cola Beverages Africa, based in Port Elizabeth, South Africa (southern and eastern Africa) (company owns share)
Coca-Cola Korea, based in South Korea (independent)
Coca-Cola HBC AG, originally based in Greece but now located in Switzerland (Greece, Eastern Europe, Russia, and Nigeria) (Company owns share)
Coca-Cola Icecek, based in Turkey (Turkey, southwest Asia, Arabia) (Company owns share)
Swire Group, based in Hong Kong (China, Taiwan, Hong Kong) (independent)
Kirin Company, based in Japan (independent)
In the United States
Houston Coca-Cola Bottling Company
In the United States, the company bypasses bottlers and is responsible for the manufacture and sale of fountain syrups directly to authorized fountain wholesalers and some fountain retailers.[33]
After purchasing the North American assets of Coca-Cola Enterprises, as of 2014 the company directly owns 100% of Coca-Cola Refreshments, the anchor bottler of Coca-Cola products in North America, representing about 90% of Canada and 80% of the United States.[citation needed]
Other major bottlers in the United States are:
Coca-Cola Bottling Co. Consolidated, based in Charlotte, North Carolina (company owns share)
Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Northern New England based in Bedford, New Hampshire and owned by Kirin Company
Coca-Cola Bottling Company United, based in Birmingham, Alabama (independent)
Swire Coca-Cola USA, based in Salt Lake City, Utah and owned by Swire Group
In September 2015, the company announced the sale of several production plants and territories to Swire, Consolidated, and United, and creation of the Coca-Cola National Product Supply System which controls 95% of the territory in the United States.[34]
Consumer relations and civic involvement[edit]
After Martin Luther King, Jr. won the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize, plans for an interracial celebratory dinner in still-segregated Atlanta were not initially well supported by the city's business elite until Coca-Cola intervened.[35]
J. Paul Austin, the chairman and CEO of Coca-Cola, and Mayor Ivan Allen summoned key Atlanta business leaders to the Commerce Club's eighteenth floor dining room, where Austin told them flatly, 'It is embarrassing for Coca-Cola to be located in a city that refuses to honor its Nobel Prize winner. We are an international business. The Coca-Cola Company does not need Atlanta. You all need to decide whether Atlanta needs the Coca-Cola Company.' Within two hours of the end of that meeting, every ticket to the dinner was sold.
—  Andrew Young[36]
Throughout 2012, Coca-Cola contributed $1,700,500 to a $46 million political campaign known as "The Coalition Against The Costly Food Labeling Proposition, sponsored by Farmers and Food Producers".[37] This organization was set up to oppose a citizen's initiative, known as Proposition 37, demanding mandatory labeling of foods containing genetically modified ingredients.[38]
In 2012, Coca-Cola was listed as a partner of the (RED) campaign, together with other brands such as Nike, Girl, American Express, and Converse. The campaign's mission is to prevent the transmission of the HIV virus from mother to child by 2015 (the campaign's byline is "Fighting For An AIDS Free Generation").[39]
Criticism[edit]
Main article: Criticism of Coca-Cola
Since the early 2000s, the criticisms over the use of Coca-Cola products as well as the company itself, escalated with concerns over health effects, environmental issues, animal testing, economic business practices and employee issues. The Coca-Cola Company has been faced with multiple lawsuits concerning these various criticisms.
Advertising[edit]
1996–2002 Chevrolet Express wagon from The Coca-Cola Company.
Coca-Cola advertising has "been among the most prolific in marketing history", with a notable and major impact on popular culture and society as a whole.
The logo, bottle design, and brand image are internationally recognizable. Their product is ranked the number one soft drink, repeatedly, internationally, and has notoriety as the first soft drink consumed by astronauts in space. Coca-Cola employs a diverse range of integrated marketing communications to advertise through direct marketing, web based media, social media, and sales promotions (Stringer, 2015).[40]
The company carefully considers all touch points a consumer (or prospective consumer) has with the brand as potential delivery channels for the brand's message, and makes use of all relevant communication systems. This well established, long standing, consistent approach has created a longing for the product that by far "superseded the desire for that typically associated with a drink to quench one's thirst" (Dudovskiy, 2015).[41]
Direct marketing
They have exclusive vendor company partnerships, which eliminates competition, e.g. cinemas and restaurants only serving Coca-Cola over Pepsi. At sponsored sporting events, they again eliminate competition by attaining sole sale rights as well as VIP sales opportunities to important clients, e.g., baseball fields.
Viral marketing
The company also markets via mobile marketing in text messages, e.g. viral marketing campaigns (Stringer, 2015).[40]
Web and social media
They set the industry benchmark as the brand so universally recognized that audience building is unnecessary. Their fan engagement spans 86 million globally across social media channels. They deliver a consistently unified message whether it be through new products, online interaction, and social, cultural, or sporting events (Stringer, 2015).[40]
Sales and promotions
In the retail setting, direct store beverage delivery trucks (mobile advertising) as well as point of sale coolers and vending machines have bright red logo blazoned branding. In terms of food service, Coca-Cola is a food pairing suggestion that is now ingrained as a food match, e.g., for popcorn, burgers, fries, and hot dog combos (Stringer, 2015).[40]
Products and brands[edit]
Main article: List of Coca-Cola brands
See also: List of assets owned by The Coca-Cola Company
Coca-Cola Company's office building in Madrid (Spain)
The Coca-Cola Company offers more than 350 brands in over 200 countries, aside from its namesake Coca-Cola beverage.
Non-food assets[edit]
Columbia Pictures[edit]
Coca-Cola bought Columbia Pictures in 1981 owing to the low monetary value of the studio. The film company was the first and only studio ever owned by Coca-Cola. During its ownership of the studio, the studio released many popular films including Ghostbusters, Stripes, The Karate Kid, and some others. However, after the 1987 film Ishtar, Columbia was sold to Tokyo-based Sony.
World of Coca-Cola[edit]
Main article: World of Coca-Cola
Coca-Cola operates a soft drink themed tourist attraction in Atlanta, Georgia; the World of Coca-Cola is a multi-storied exhibition. It features flavor sampling and a history museum, with locations in Las Vegas, Nevada and Lake Buena Vista, Florida.[42][43]
Brands[edit]
Tab[edit]
Tab was Coca-Cola's first attempt to develop a diet soft drink, using saccharin as a sugar substitute. Introduced in 1963, the product is still sold today, although its sales have dwindled since the introduction of Diet Coke. The Tab soft drink is difficult to locate in recent times, due to its de facto replacement by Diet Coke.[44]
Other soft drinks[edit]
The Coca-Cola Company also produces a number of other soft drinks including Fanta (introduced circa 1941) and Sprite. Fanta's origins date back to World War II during a trade embargo against Germany on cola syrup, making it impossible to sell Coca-Cola in Germany. Max Keith, the head of Coca-Cola's German office during the war, decided to create a new product for the German market, made from products only available in Germany at the time, which they named Fanta.[45] The drink proved to be a hit, and when Coke took over again after the war, it adopted the Fanta brand as well. Fanta was originally an orange flavored soft drink which can come in plastic bottles or cans. It has become available in many different flavors now such as grape, peach, grapefruit, apple, pineapple, and strawberry.
In 1961, Coca-Cola introduced Sprite, a lemon-lime soft drink, and another of the company's bestsellers and its response to 7 Up.
An ad in Berlin, Germany.
Coca-Cola South Africa also released Valpre Bottled "still" and "sparkling" water.
In 1969, the company released Simba, which was a take on Mountain Dew, and had packaging that was African desert themed, replete with an African Lion as the symbol of the brand. The tagline was "Simba - It Cures the African Thirst."
Also in 1969, the company released a line of products under the name of Santiba, which was targeted for mixing cocktails and party usage, products including Quinine water and Ginger Ale. Like the above-mentioned Simba, the Santiba line of products was short lived in the marketplace.
BreakMate[edit]
Main article: BreakMate
No longer manufactured, the Coca-Cola BreakMate was a three-flavour dispenser introduced by Coca-Cola and Siemens in 1988. Intended for use in offices with five to fifty people,[46] its refrigerated compartment held three individual one-litre plastic containers of soda syrup and a CO2 tank. Like a soda fountain, it mixed syrup in a 1:5 ratio with carbonated water. In North America, Coca-Cola discontinued spare BreakMate parts in 2007 and stopped distributing the syrup in 2010.[47]
Healthy beverages[edit]
During the 1990s, the company responded to the growing consumer interest in healthy beverages by introducing several new non-carbonated beverage brands. These included Minute Maid Juices to Go, Powerade sports beverage, flavored tea Nestea (in a joint venture with Nestlé), Fruitopia fruit drink, and Dasani water, among others. In 2001, Minute Maid division launched the Simply Orange brand of juices including orange juice. 2016, Coca-Cola India introduced Vio (flavoured milk) to enter into the value added dairy category, the product lays the foundation for Coca-Cola's new segment after Carbonated beverages: Water and Juices.[48]
In 2004, perhaps in response to the burgeoning popularity of low-carbohydrate diets such as the Atkins diet, Coca-Cola announced its intention to develop and sell a low-carbohydrate alternative to Coke Classic, dubbed C2 Cola. C2 contains a mix of high fructose corn syrup, aspartame, sucralose, and Acesulfame potassium. C2 is designed to more closely emulate the taste of Coca-Cola Classic. Even with less than half of the food energy and carbohydrates of standard soft drinks, C2 is not a replacement for zero-calorie soft drinks such as Diet Coke. C2 went on sale in the U.S. on June 11, 2004, and in Canada in August 2004. C2's future is uncertain due to disappointing sales.
Starting in 2009, The Coca-Cola Company invested in Innocent Drinks, first with a minor stake, increasing to 90% in the first quarter of 2013.[49]
It was in May 2014 when Finley, a sparkling fruit-flavoured drink, was launched in France. It was launched in other countries later,[50] including Belgium and Luxembourg in September. The drink had first been developed to start by Coca-Cola in 2001 in Belgium.[51] The drink it targeted for adults, and is low in sugar with four flavors in 2014.[50]
Best selling[edit]
Coca-Cola is the best-selling soft drink in most countries, and was recognized as the number one global brand in 2010.[52] While the Middle East is one of the only regions in the world where Coca-Cola is not the number one soda drink, Coca-Cola nonetheless holds almost 25% marketshare (to Pepsi's 75%) and had double-digit growth in 2003.[53] Similarly, in Scotland, where the locally produced Irn-Bru was once more popular, 2005 figures show that both Coca-Cola and Diet Coke now outsell Irn-Bru.[54] In Peru, the native Inca Kola has been more popular than Coca-Cola, which prompted Coca-Cola to enter in negotiations with the soft drink's company and buy 50% of its stakes. In Japan, the best selling soft drink is not cola, as (canned) tea and coffee are more popular.[55] As such, The Coca-Cola Company's best selling brand there is not Coca-Cola, but Georgia.[56] In May 2016, The Coca-Cola Company temporarily halted production of its signature drink in Venezuela due to sugar shortages.[57] Since then, The Coca-Cola Company has since been using "minimum inventories of raw material" to make their drinks at two production plants in Venezuela.[58]
Information[edit]
On July 6, 2006, a Coca-Cola employee and two other people were arrested and charged with trying to sell trade secrets information to the soft drink maker's competitor, PepsiCo for $1.5 million. The recipe for Coca-Cola, perhaps the company's most closely guarded secret, was never in jeopardy. Instead, the information was related to a new beverage in development. Coca-Cola executives verified that the documents were valid and proprietary. At least one glass vial containing a sample of a new drink was offered for sale, court documents said. The conspiracy was revealed by PepsiCo, which notified the authorities when they were approached by the conspirators.[59]
Green tea[edit]
The company announced a new "negative calorie" green tea drink, Enviga, in 2006, along with trying coffee retail concepts Far Coast and Chaqwa.
Glaceau[edit]
On May 25, 2007, Coca-Cola announced it would purchase Glaceau, a maker of flavored vitamin-enhanced drinks (vitamin water), flavored waters, and Burn energy drinks, for $4.1 billion in cash.[60]
Huiyuan Juice[edit]
On September 3, 2008, Coca-Cola announced its intention to make cash offers to purchase China Huiyuan Juice Group Limited (which has a 42% share of the Chinese pure fruit juice market[61]) for US$2.4bn (HK$12.20 per share).[62] China's ministry of commerce blocked the deal on March 18, 2009, arguing that the deal would hurt small local juice companies, could have pushed up juice market prices, and limited consumers' choices.[63]
Coke Mini can[edit]
In October 2009, Coca-Cola revealed its new 90-calorie mini can that holds 7.5 fluid ounces.[64] The mini can is often sold in 8 packs. Despite costing nearly 30 percent more per ounce, the mini cans have been met with positive sales figures.[65]
Holiday can[edit]
In November 2011, Coca-Cola revealed a seasonal design for their regular Coke cans as part of a partnership with the World Wildlife Fund. However it was withdrawn only a month after release due to consumer complaints about the similar look to the silver cans commonly used for Diet Coke. There were also complaints about deviating from traditional red as the color of Coca-Cola cans previously.[66]
Stake in Monster Beverage[edit]
It was announced on August 14, 2014, that Coca-Cola Co is making a cash payment of $2.15 billion for a 16.7 percent stake in Monster Beverage Corp to expand its market for energy drinks. Coke's ownership in Full Throttle and Burn will be transferred to Monster. In return, Monster will transfer its ownership in Hansen's Natural Sodas and Peace Iced Tea to Coke. Muhtar Kent, Coke's Chief Executive Officer, stated that the company has the option to increase its stake to 25 percent but cannot exceed that percentage in the next four years.[67][68]
Sponsorship[edit]
Coca-Cola's advertising expenses accounted for US$3.256 billion in 2011.[69]
Sports[edit]
Coca-Cola sponsored the English Football League from the beginning of the 2004–05 season (beginning August 2004) to the start of 2010/11 season, when the Football League replaced it with NPower.[citation needed] Along with this, Coca-Cola sponsored the Coca-Cola Football Camp, that took place in Pretoria, South Africa during the 2010 FIFA World Cup, during which hundreds of teenagers from around the world were able to come together and share their love of the game, partly due to Best Buy's efforts through their @15 program.[70]
Other major sponsorships include NHRA; NASCAR; the PGA Tour; NCAA Championships; the Olympic Games; the NRL; the FIFA World Cups; and the UEFA European Championships.[citation needed] Each Fall, Coca-Cola is the sponsor of the TOUR Championship by Coca-Cola held at East Lake Golf Club in Atlanta, GA. The TOUR Championship is the season ending tournament of the PGA TOUR.[citation needed] In the Philippines, it has a team in the Philippine Basketball Association, the Powerade Tigers.[citation needed]
Television[edit]
The company sponsored the popular Fox singing-competition series American Idol from 2002 until 2014.[71]
Coca-Cola is a sponsor of the nightly talk show on PBS, Charlie Rose in the US.[72]
Coca-Cola are also executive producers of Coke Studio (Pakistan). There are various adaptations of Coke Studio such as Coke Studio (India) and Coke Studio (Middle East).
Theme parks[edit]
While not necessarily having naming rights to anything in all locations, the company does sponsor and provide beverages in many theme parks, usually in an exclusive capacity. This includes the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts,[a] Merlin Entertainment, Universal Parks & Resorts, Six Flags, Cedar Fair, and SeaWorld Entertainment which are six of the nine largest theme park operators worldwide (it is unknown whether OCT Parks China, the Chimelong Group, or Fantawild, the fourth, seventh, and eighth largest theme park operators respectively, use Coca-Cola).[75]
The company also directly sponsors, with naming rights, the Coca-Cola London Eye and the Coca-Cola Orlando Eye.[76][77]
The company also operates "Coca-Cola" visitor centers in Israel and Turkey.[78][79]
See also[edit]
List of assets owned by The Coca-Cola Company
Stepan Company – produces coca leaf extract
Atlanta portal
Companies portal
Food portal
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Jump up ^ Estes, Adam. "A Brief History of Racist Soft Drinks". The Wire. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Mikkelson, Barbara (April 29, 2011). "The Reich Stuff?". Snopes. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Coca-Cola seeping into coffee breaks". Eugene Register-Guard. November 19, 1988.
Jump up ^ "Coca Cola Refreshments Discontinues BreakMate Syrup". VendingMarketWatch. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Coca-Cola India Enters Dairy Market With VIO Flavored Milk". The Coca-Cola Company. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Neate, Rupert (February 22, 2013), Coca-Cola takes full control of Innocent, London (I believe): ‘’The Guardian’’, retrieved 2017-06-28
^ Jump up to: a b Inge, Sophie (5/5/2014), Coca-Cola launches new soft drink in France, thelocal.fr, retrieved 2017-06-28 Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ Bouchkley, Ben (4/9/2014), Coke Launches adult soft drink Finley in Belgium to stem adult soft drinks age decline, Beverage Daily, retrieved 2017-06-28 Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ "Best Global Brands Ranking for 2010". Interbrand.com. Archived from the original on February 12, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Coke and Pepsi battle it out". AME Info. April 8, 2004. Retrieved May 11, 2006.
Jump up ^ Terry Murden (January 30, 2005). "Coke adds life to health drinks sector". The Scotsman. Scotland On Sunday. UK. Retrieved May 11, 2006.
Jump up ^ Japan Soft Drink Association
Jump up ^ Coca-Cola West Japan IR report (in Japanese), 2008.
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/business-36365336
Jump up ^ http://elestimulo.com/elinteres/coca-cola-lanza-en-venezuela-bebida-libre-de-azucar/
Jump up ^ Day, Kathleen (July 6, 2006). "3 Accused In Theft Of Coke Secrets". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 15, 2006.
Jump up ^ Stanford, Duane (May 25, 2007). "Coke to buy Glaceau in $4 billion deal". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on May 27, 2007. Retrieved May 25, 2007.
Jump up ^ Tucker, Sundeep (March 17, 2009). "Coca-Cola's $2.4bn China deal at risk". Financial Times. Hong Kong. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ "THE COCA-COLA COMPANY Media Center".
Jump up ^ Tucker, Sundeep (March 18, 2009). "China blocks Coca-Cola bid for Huiyuan". Financial Times. Hong Kong. Retrieved March 18, 2009.
Jump up ^ Plumb, Tierney (October 14, 2009). "Coca-Cola to unveil mini cans in D.C.". Washington Business Journal/Bizjournals.com.
Jump up ^ Tuttle, Brad. "How Coke Convinced Us to Pay More … for Less Soda". MONEY.com. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Esterl, Mike (December 1, 2011). "A Frosty Reception for Coca-Cola's White Christmas Cans". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ ATHAVALEY, ANJALI (August 15, 2014). "Coca-Cola pays $2.2 billion for major stake in Monster Beverage". Reuters. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gelles, David (August 14, 2014). "Coke to Buy Stake in Monster Beverage for $2.15 Billion". The New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ 2011 Annual Report (PDF), retrieved January 4, 2013
Jump up ^ "Teens Gear up for Soccer in South Africa". NewsBlaze.com. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Coca Cola ends 13-year partnership with American Idol as ratings slide and the talent show's advertising spending 'drops $387M in two years'". Daily Mail UK. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "About the program". Charlie Rose. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "PepsiCo Chairman & CEO Congratulates Disney on Grand Opening of the World-Class Shanghai Disney Resort". PepsiCo. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Jourdan, Adam (27 February 2017). "PepsiCo re-enters 'Magic Kingdom' with Shanghai Disney deal". Reuters. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "TEA/AECOM 2015 Global Attractions Attendance Report" (PDF). Themed Entertainment Association. 2015. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Orlando Eye is renamed the Coca-Cola Orlando Eye". 28 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Dineen, Caitlin. "Orlando Eye officially flies Coca-Cola banner". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Interview about the attractions park for Coca-Cola Turkey". cafe.themarker.com.
Jump up ^ "Coca-Cola Visitors Centre Turkey". mefik.co.il.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Shanghai Disney Resort uses Pepsi. It is the only Disney Parks location to serve Pepsi and not Coca-Cola.[73][74]
Further reading[edit]
"History of Bottling". The Coca-Cola Company.
August W. Giebelhaus (May 13, 2008). "Coca-Cola Company". The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Georgia Humanities Council.
"Robinson, William E.: Papers, 1935–69" (PDF). Abilene, Kansas: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.
"Coca-Cola Co". Lobbying Database. The Center for Responsive Politics.
Zyman, Sergio (June 1, 1999). The End of Marketing as We Know It. New York: HarperBusiness. ISBN 0-88730-986-0.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Coca-Cola Company.
Official website
The Coca-Cola Company companies grouped at OpenCorporates
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Yahoo! Finance
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SEC filings
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The Coca-Cola Company
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Quwat Jabal
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Tab
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ZICO
Sports drinks
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Monster Beverage
(17.9% stake)
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Mother
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Coffee-based
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illy
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Joint ventures
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Coca-Cola Hellenic (23.2%)
Coca-Cola European Partners (18%)
Coca-Cola Beverages Africa (11.3%)
Former holdings
Columbia Pictures
TriStar Pictures
Legal
Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. (1944)
POM Wonderful v. Coca-Cola (2014)
Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola (2001)
U.S. v. 40 Barrels & 20 Kegs of Coca-Cola ((1916)
Other
Coca-Cola buildings and structures
Criticism of Coca-Cola
Coca-Cola Freestyle
Limca Book of Records
My Coke Rewards
[show]
v
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Varieties of Coca-Cola
Regular
Coca-Cola
Mexican Coke
New Coke (Coke II)
Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola
Coca-Cola Cherry
Coca-Cola with Lime
Coca-Cola Vanilla
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[show]
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Coca-Cola buildings and structures
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Times Square, New York
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Other venues
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Coca Cola Airport
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World of Coca-Cola
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Components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average
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WorldCat Identities
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LCCN: n80020347
ISNI: 0000 0001 0668 7948
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Coca-Cola_Company&oldid=807345749"
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Abilene paradox
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In the Abilene paradox, a group of people collectively decide on a course of action that is counter to the preferences of many or all of the individuals in the group.[1][2] It involves a common breakdown of group communication in which each member mistakenly believes that their own preferences are counter to the group's and, therefore, does not raise objections. A common phrase relating to the Abilene Paradox is a desire not to "rock the boat". This differs from groupthink in that the Abilene paradox is characterized by an inability to manage agreement.[3]
Contents
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1 Explanation
2 Research
3 Applications of the theory
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Explanation[edit]
The term was introduced by management expert Jerry B. Harvey in his 1974 article "The Abilene Paradox: The Management of Agreement".[3] The name of the phenomenon comes from an anecdote that Harvey uses in the article to elucidate the paradox:
On a hot afternoon visiting in Coleman, Texas, the family is comfortably playing dominoes on a porch, until the father-in-law suggests that they take a trip to Abilene [53 miles north] for dinner. The wife says, "Sounds like a great idea." The husband, despite having reservations because the drive is long and hot, thinks that his preferences must be out-of-step with the group and says, "Sounds good to me. I just hope your mother wants to go." The mother-in-law then says, "Of course I want to go. I haven't been to Abilene in a long time."
The drive is hot, dusty, and long. When they arrive at the cafeteria, the food is as bad as the drive. They arrive back home four hours later, exhausted.
One of them dishonestly says, "It was a great trip, wasn't it?" The mother-in-law says that, actually, she would rather have stayed home, but went along since the other three were so enthusiastic. The husband says, "I wasn't delighted to be doing what we were doing. I only went to satisfy the rest of you." The wife says, "I just went along to keep you happy. I would have had to be crazy to want to go out in the heat like that." The father-in-law then says that he only suggested it because he thought the others might be bored.
The group sits back, perplexed that they together decided to take a trip which none of them wanted. They each would have preferred to sit comfortably, but did not admit to it when they still had time to enjoy the afternoon.
Ronald Sims writes that the Abilene paradox is similar to groupthink, but differs in significant ways, including that in groupthink individuals are not acting contrary to their conscious wishes and generally feel good about the decisions the group has reached.[4] According to Sims, in the Abilene paradox, the individuals acting contrary to their own wishes are more likely to have negative feelings about the outcome. In Sims' view, groupthink is a psychological phenomenon affecting clarity of thought, where in the Abilene paradox thought is unaffected.[5]
Like groupthink theories, the Abilene paradox theory is used to illustrate that groups not only have problems managing disagreements, but that agreements may also be a problem in a poorly functioning group.[6]
Research[edit]
The phenomenon is explained by social psychology theories of social conformity and social influence, which suggest human beings are often very averse to acting contrary to the trend of a group.[6][7] According to Harvey, the phenomenon may occur when individuals experience "action-anxiety"—stress concerning the group potentially expressing negative attitudes towards them if they do not go along. This action-anxiety arises from what Harvey termed "negative fantasies"—unpleasant visualizations of what the group might say or do if individuals are honest about their opinions—when there is "real risk" of displeasure and negative consequences for not going along. The individual may experience "separation anxiety", fearing exclusion from the group.[8][9][self-published source]
Applications of the theory[edit]
The theory is often used to help explain extremely poor group decisions, especially notions of the superiority of "rule by committee". For example, Harvey himself cited the Watergate scandal as a potential instance of the Abilene paradox in action.[10] The Watergate scandal occurred in the United States in the 1970s when many high officials of the administration of then-President Richard Nixon colluded in the cover-up and perhaps the execution of a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in Washington, D.C. Harvey quotes several people indicted for the cover-up as indicating that they had personal qualms about the decision but feared to voice them. For one instance, campaign aide Herbert Porter said that he "was not one to stand up in a meeting and say that this should be stopped", a decision he then attributed to "the fear of the group pressure that would ensue, of not being a team player".[10]
See also[edit]
Argumentum ad populum
Fundamental attribution error
Group polarization
Groupshift
Keynesian beauty contest
Pluralistic ignorance
Populism
Prediction market
Preference falsification
Prisoner's dilemma
Pseudoconsensus
The Wisdom of Crowds
Special interests
Unintended consequence
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McAvoy, John; Butler, Tom (2007). "The impact of the Abilene Paradox on double-loop learning in an agile team". Information and Software Technology. 49 (6): 552–563. doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2007.02.012.
Jump up ^ McAvoy, J.; Butler, T. (2006). "Resisting the change to user stories: a trip to Abilene". International Journal of Information Systems and Change Management. 1 (1): 48–61. doi:10.1504/IJISCM.2006.008286.
^ Jump up to: a b Harvey, J. B. (1974). "The Abilene paradox: the management of agreement". Organizational Dynamics. 3: 63–80. doi:10.1016/0090-2616(74)90005-9.
Jump up ^ Ronald R. Sims (1 January 1994). Ethics and Organizational Decision Making: A Call for Renewal. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-0-89930-860-9.
Jump up ^ Ronald R. Sims (1 January 1994). Ethics and Organizational Decision Making: A Call for Renewal. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-89930-860-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Levi, Daniel (28 April 2010). Group Dynamics for Teams. SAGE Publications. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-1-4129-7762-3.
Jump up ^ Vasu, Michael L.; Debra W. Stewart; G. David Garson (3 March 1998). Organizational Behavior and Public Management, Third Edition, Revised and Expanded. Taylor & Francis. pp. 136–137. ISBN 978-0-8247-0135-2.
Jump up ^ Pownall, Ian. Effective Management Decision Making. Bookboon. p. 223. ISBN 978-87-403-0120-5.
Jump up ^ Wilcox, Clifton (2010). Groupthink: An Impediment to Success. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 137–141. ISBN 978-1-4500-6099-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Harvey, Jerry (Summer 1988). "The Abilene Paradox: the Management of Agreement". Organizational Management. American Management Association. 17 (1): 19–20. doi:10.1016/0090-2616(88)90028-9.
Further reading[edit]
Harvey, Jerry B. (1988). The Abilene Paradox and Other Meditations on Management. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books. ISBN 0-669-19179-5
Harvey, Jerry B. (1996). The Abilene Paradox and Other Meditations on Management (paperback). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 0-7879-0277-2
Harvey, Jerry B. (1999). How Come Every Time I Get Stabbed in the Back, My Fingerprints Are on the Knife?. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 0-7879-4787-3
External links[edit]
How to Identify Groupthink: an Introduction to the Abilene Paradox
How to Avoid Bad Decisions and Why Not to Go to Abilene
Combat the Abilene Paradox by Identifying Groupthink
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