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Sustainable architecture
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Hanging gardens of One Central Park, Sydney
Energy-plus-houses at Freiburg-Vauban in Germany
Sustainable architecture is architecture that seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, and development space and the ecosystem at large. Sustainable architecture uses a conscious approach to energy and ecological conservation in the design of the built environment.[1]
The idea of sustainability, or ecological design, is to ensure that our actions and decisions today do not inhibit the opportunities of future generations.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Sustainable energy use
1.1 Heating, ventilation and cooling system efficiency
1.2 Renewable energy generation
1.2.1 Solar panels
1.2.2 Wind turbines
1.2.3 Solar water heating
1.2.4 Heat pumps
2 Sustainable building materials
2.1 Recycled materials
2.2 Lower volatile organic compounds
2.3 Materials sustainability standards
3 Waste management
4 Building placement
5 Sustainable building consulting
6 Changing pedagogues
7 Sustainable urbanism and architecture
8 Criticism
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Sustainable energy use[edit]
Main articles: Low-energy house and Zero-energy building
K2 sustainable apartments in Windsor, Victoria, Australia by DesignInc (2006) features passive solar design, recycled and sustainable materials, photovoltaic cells, wastewater treatment, rainwater collection and solar hot water.
The passivhaus standard combines a variety of techniques and technologies to achieve ultra-low energy use.
Following its destruction by a tornado in 2007, the town of Greensburg, Kansas (United States) elected to rebuild to highly stringent LEED Platinum environmental standards. Shown is the town's new art center, which integrates its own solar panels and wind generators for energy self-sufficiency.
Energy efficiency over the entire life cycle of a building is the most important goal of sustainable architecture. Architects use many different passive and active techniques to reduce the energy needs of buildings and increase their ability to capture or generate their own energy.[3] One of the keys to exploit local environmental resources and influence energy-related factors such as daylight, solar heat gains and ventilation is the use of site analysis.
Heating, ventilation and cooling system efficiency[edit]
Numerous passive architectural strategies have been developed over time. Examples of such strategies include the arrangement of rooms or the sizing and orientation of windows in a building,[3] and the orientation of facades and streets or the ratio between building heights and street widths for urban planning.[4]
An important and cost-effective element of an efficient heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is a well-insulated building. A more efficient building requires less heat generating or dissipating power, but may require more ventilation capacity to expel polluted indoor air.
Significant amounts of energy are flushed out of buildings in the water, air and compost streams. Off the shelf, on-site energy recycling technologies can effectively recapture energy from waste hot water and stale air and transfer that energy into incoming fresh cold water or fresh air. Recapture of energy for uses other than gardening from compost leaving buildings requires centralized anaerobic digesters.
HVAC systems are powered by motors. Copper, versus other metal conductors, helps to improve the electrical energy efficiencies of motors, thereby enhancing the sustainability of electrical building components.
Site and building orientation have some major effects on a building's HVAC efficiency.
Passive solar building design allows buildings to harness the energy of the sun efficiently without the use of any active solar mechanisms such as photovoltaic cells or solar hot water panels. Typically passive solar building designs incorporate materials with high thermal mass that retain heat effectively and strong insulation that works to prevent heat escape. Low energy designs also requires the use of solar shading, by means of awnings, blinds or shutters, to relieve the solar heat gain in summer and to reduce the need for artificial cooling. In addition, low energy buildings typically have a very low surface area to volume ratio to minimize heat loss. This means that sprawling multi-winged building designs (often thought to look more "organic") are often avoided in favor of more centralized structures. Traditional cold climate buildings such as American colonial saltbox designs provide a good historical model for centralized heat efficiency in a small-scale building.
Windows are placed to maximize the input of heat-creating light while minimizing the loss of heat through glass, a poor insulator. In the northern hemisphere this usually involves installing a large number of south-facing windows to collect direct sun and severely restricting the number of north-facing windows. Certain window types, such as double or triple glazed insulated windows with gas filled spaces and low emissivity (low-E) coatings, provide much better insulation than single-pane glass windows. Preventing excess solar gain by means of solar shading devices in the summer months is important to reduce cooling needs. Deciduous trees are often planted in front of windows to block excessive sun in summer with their leaves but allow light through in winter when their leaves fall off. Louvers or light shelves are installed to allow the sunlight in during the winter (when the sun is lower in the sky) and keep it out in the summer (when the sun is high in the sky). Coniferous or evergreen plants are often planted to the north of buildings to shield against cold north winds.
In colder climates, heating systems are a primary focus for sustainable architecture because they are typically one of the largest single energy drains in buildings.
In warmer climates where cooling is a primary concern, passive solar designs can also be very effective. Masonry building materials with high thermal mass are very valuable for retaining the cool temperatures of night throughout the day. In addition builders often opt for sprawling single story structures in order to maximize surface area and heat loss.[citation needed] Buildings are often designed to capture and channel existing winds, particularly the especially cool winds coming from nearby bodies of water. Many of these valuable strategies are employed in some way by the traditional architecture of warm regions, such as south-western mission buildings.
In climates with four seasons, an integrated energy system will increase in efficiency: when the building is well insulated, when it is sited to work with the forces of nature, when heat is recaptured (to be used immediately or stored), when the heat plant relying on fossil fuels or electricity is greater than 100% efficient, and when renewable energy is used.
Renewable energy generation[edit]
BedZED (Beddington Zero Energy Development), the UK's largest and first carbon-neutral eco-community: the distinctive roofscape with solar panels and passive ventilation chimneys
Solar panels[edit]
Main article: Solar PV
Active solar devices such as photovoltaic solar panels help to provide sustainable electricity for any use. Electrical output of a solar panel is dependent on orientation, efficiency, latitude, and climate—solar gain varies even at the same latitude. Typical efficiencies for commercially available PV panels range from 4% to 28%. The low efficiency of certain photovoltaic panels can significantly affect the payback period of their installation.[5] This low efficiency does not mean that solar panels are not a viable energy alternative. In Germany for example, Solar Panels are commonly installed in residential home construction.
Roofs are often angled toward the sun to allow photovoltaic panels to collect at maximum efficiency. In the northern hemisphere, a true-south facing orientation maximizes yield for solar panels. If true-south is not possible, solar panels can produce adequate energy if aligned within 30° of south. However, at higher latitudes, winter energy yield will be significantly reduced for non-south orientation.
To maximize efficiency in winter, the collector can be angled above horizontal Latitude +15°. To maximize efficiency in summer, the angle should be Latitude -15°. However, for an annual maximum production, the angle of the panel above horizontal should be equal to its latitude.[6]
Wind turbines[edit]
Main article: Wind power
The use of undersized wind turbines in energy production in sustainable structures requires the consideration of many factors. In considering costs, small wind systems are generally more expensive than larger wind turbines relative to the amount of energy they produce. For small wind turbines, maintenance costs can be a deciding factor at sites with marginal wind-harnessing capabilities. At low-wind sites, maintenance can consume much of a small wind turbine's revenue.[7] Wind turbines begin operating when winds reach 8 mph, achieve energy production capacity at speeds of 32-37 mph, and shut off to avoid damage at speeds exceeding 55 mph.[7] The energy potential of a wind turbine is proportional to the square of the length of its blades and to the cube of the speed at which its blades spin. Though wind turbines are available that can supplement power for a single building, because of these factors, the efficiency of the wind turbine depends much upon the wind conditions at the building site. For these reasons, for wind turbines to be at all efficient, they must be installed at locations that are known to receive a constant amount of wind (with average wind speeds of more than 15 mph), rather than locations that receive wind sporadically.[8] A small wind turbine can be installed on a roof. Installation issues then include the strength of the roof, vibration, and the turbulence caused by the roof ledge. Small-scale rooftop wind turbines have been known to be able to generate power from 10% to up to 25% of the electricity required of a regular domestic household dwelling.[9] Turbines for residential scale use are usually between 7 feet (2 m) to 25 feet (8 m) in diameter and produce electricity at a rate of 900 watts to 10,000 watts at their tested wind speed.[10] Building integrated wind turbine performance can be enhanced with the addition of an aerofoil wing on top of a roof mounted turbine.[11]
See also: Design feasibilIty of Wind turbine systems
Solar water heating[edit]
Main article: Solar thermal power
Solar water heaters, also called solar domestic hot water systems, can be a cost-effective way to generate hot water for a home. They can be used in any climate, and the fuel they use—sunshine—is free.[12]
There are two types of solar water systems- active and passive. An active solar collector system can produce about 80 to 100 gallons of hot water per day. A passive system will have a lower capacity.[13]
There are also two types of circulation, direct circulation systems and indirect circulation systems. Direct circulation systems loop the domestic water through the panels. They should not be used in climates with temperatures below freezing. Indirect circulation loops glycol or some other fluid through the solar panels and uses a heat exchanger to heat up the domestic water.
The two most common types of collector panels are Flat-Plate and Evacuated-tube. The two work similarly except that evacuated tubes do not convectively lose heat, which greatly improves their efficiency (5%-25% more efficient). With these higher efficiencies, Evacuated-tube solar collectors can also produce higher-temperature space heating, and even higher temperatures for absorption cooling systems.[14]
Electric-resistance water heaters that are common in homes today have an electrical demand around 4500 kW·h/year. With the use of solar collectors, the energy use is cut in half. The up-front cost of installing solar collectors is high, but with the annual energy savings, payback periods are relatively short.[14]
Heat pumps[edit]
Air-source heat pumps (ASHP) can be thought of as reversible air conditioners. Like an air conditioner, an ASHP can take heat from a relatively cool space (e.g. a house at 70 °F) and dump it into a hot place (e.g. outside at 85 °F). However, unlike an air conditioner, the condenser and evaporator of an ASHP can switch roles and absorb heat from the cool outside air and dump it into a warm house.
Air-source heat pumps are inexpensive relative to other heat pump systems. However, the efficiency of air-source heat pumps decline when the outdoor temperature is very cold or very hot; therefore, they are only really applicable in temperate climates.[14]
For areas not located in temperate climates, ground-source (or geothermal) heat pumps provide an efficient alternative. The difference between the two heat pumps is that the ground-source has one of its heat exchangers placed underground—usually in a horizontal or vertical arrangement. Ground-source takes advantage of the relatively constant, mild temperatures underground, which means their efficiencies can be much greater than that of an air-source heat pump. The in-ground heat exchanger generally needs a considerable amount of area. Designers have placed them in an open area next to the building or underneath a parking lot.
Energy Star ground-source heat pumps can be 40% to 60% more efficient than their air-source counterparts. They are also quieter and can also be applied to other functions like domestic hot water heating.[14]
In terms of initial cost, the ground-source heat pump system costs about twice as much as a standard air-source heat pump to be installed. However, the up-front costs can be more than offset by the decrease in energy costs. The reduction in energy costs is especially apparent in areas with typically hot summers and cold winters.[14]
Other types of heat pumps are water-source and air-earth. If the building is located near a body of water, the pond or lake could be used as a heat source or sink. Air-earth heat pumps circulate the building's air through underground ducts. With higher fan power requirements and inefficient heat transfer, Air-earth heat pumps are generally not practical for major construction.
Sustainable building materials[edit]
See also: Green building
Some examples of sustainable building materials include recycled denim or blown-in fiber glass insulation, sustainably harvested wood, Trass, Linoleum,[15] sheep wool, concrete (high and ultra high performance[16] roman self-healing concrete[17]), panels made from paper flakes, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linnen, sisal, seegrass, expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fiber plates, calcium sand stone, locally obtained stone and rock, and bamboo, which is one of the strongest and fastest growing woody plants, and non-toxic low-VOC glues and paints. Vegetative cover or shield over building envelopes also helps in the same. Paper which is fabricated or manufactured out of forest wood is supposedly hundred percent recyclable .thus it regenerates and saves almost all the forest wood that it takes during its manufacturing process.
Recycled materials[edit]
Recycling items for building
Sustainable architecture often incorporates the use of recycled or second hand materials, such as reclaimed lumber and recycled copper. The reduction in use of new materials creates a corresponding reduction in embodied energy (energy used in the production of materials). Often sustainable architects attempt to retrofit old structures to serve new needs in order to avoid unnecessary development. Architectural salvage and reclaimed materials are used when appropriate. When older buildings are demolished, frequently any good wood is reclaimed, renewed, and sold as flooring. Any good dimension stone is similarly reclaimed. Many other parts are reused as well, such as doors, windows, mantels, and hardware, thus reducing the consumption of new goods. When new materials are employed, green designers look for materials that are rapidly replenished, such as bamboo, which can be harvested for commercial use after only 6 years of growth, sorghum or wheat straw, both of which are waste material that can be pressed into panels, or cork oak, in which only the outer bark is removed for use, thus preserving the tree. When possible, building materials may be gleaned from the site itself; for example, if a new structure is being constructed in a wooded area, wood from the trees which were cut to make room for the building would be re-used as part of the building itself.
Lower volatile organic compounds[edit]
Low-impact building materials are used wherever feasible: for example, insulation may be made from low VOC (volatile organic compound)-emitting materials such as recycled denim or cellulose insulation, rather than the building insulation materials that may contain carcinogenic or toxic materials such as formaldehyde. To discourage insect damage, these alternate insulation materials may be treated with boric acid. Organic or milk-based paints may be used.[18] However, a common fallacy is that "green" materials are always better for the health of occupants or the environment. Many harmful substances (including formaldehyde, arsenic, and asbestos) are naturally occurring and are not without their histories of use with the best of intentions. A study of emissions from materials by the State of California has shown that there are some green materials that have substantial emissions whereas some more "traditional" materials actually were lower emitters. Thus, the subject of emissions must be carefully investigated before concluding that natural materials are always the healthiest alternatives for occupants and for the Earth.[19]
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) can be found in any indoor environment coming from a variety of different sources. VOCs have a high vapor pressure and low water solubility, and are suspected of causing sick building syndrome type symptoms. This is because many VOCs have been known to cause sensory irritation and central nervous system symptoms characteristic to sick building syndrome, indoor concentrations of VOCs are higher than in the outdoor atmosphere, and when there are many VOCs present, they can cause additive and multiplicative effects.
Green products are usually considered to contain fewer VOCs and be better for human and environmental health. A case study conducted by the Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering at the University of Miami that compared three green products and their non-green counterparts found that even though both the green products and the non-green counterparts both emitted levels of VOCs, the amount and intensity of the VOCs emitted from the green products were much safer and comfortable for human exposure.[20]
Materials sustainability standards[edit]
Despite the importance of materials to overall building sustainability, quantifying and evaluating the sustainability of building materials has proven difficult. There is little coherence in the measurement and assessment of materials sustainability attributes, resulting in a landscape today that is littered with hundreds of competing, inconsistent and often imprecise eco-labels, standards and certifications. This discord has led both to confusion among consumers and commercial purchasers and to the incorporation of inconsistent sustainability criteria in larger building certification programs such as LEED. Various proposals have been made regarding rationalization of the standardization landscape for sustainable building materials.[21]
Waste management[edit]
Waste takes the form of spent or useless materials generated from households and businesses, construction and demolition processes, and manufacturing and agricultural industries. These materials are loosely categorized as municipal solid waste, construction and demolition (C&D) debris, and industrial or agricultural by-products.[22] Sustainable architecture focuses on the on-site use of waste management, incorporating things such as grey water systems for use on garden beds, and composting toilets to reduce sewage. These methods, when combined with on-site food waste composting and off-site recycling, can reduce a house's waste to a small amount of packaging waste.
Building placement[edit]
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One central and often ignored aspect of sustainable architecture is building placement. Although the ideal environmental home or office structure is often envisioned as an isolated place, this kind of placement is usually detrimental to the environment. First, such structures often serve as the unknowing frontlines of suburban sprawl. Second, they usually increase the energy consumption required for transportation and lead to unnecessary auto emissions. Ideally, most building should avoid suburban sprawl in favor of the kind of light urban development articulated by the New Urbanist movement. Careful mixed use zoning can make commercial, residential, and light industrial areas more accessible for those traveling by foot, bicycle, or public transit, as proposed in the Principles of Intelligent Urbanism. The study of Permaculture, in its holistic application, can also greatly help in proper building placement that minimizes energy consumption and works with the surroundings rather than against them, especially in rural and forested zones.
Sustainable building consulting[edit]
A sustainable building consultant may be engaged early in the design process, to forecast the sustainability implications of building materials, orientation, glazing and other physical factors, so as to identify a sustainable approach that meets the specific requirements of a project.
Norms and standards have been formalized by performance-based rating systems e.g. LEED[23] and Energy Star for homes.[24] They define benchmarks to be met and provide metrics and testing to meet those benchmarks. It is up to the parties involved in the project to determine the best approach to meet those standards.
Changing pedagogues[edit]
Critics of the reductionism of modernism often noted the abandonment of the teaching of architectural history as a causal factor. The fact that a number of the major players in the shift away from modernism were trained at Princeton University's School of Architecture, where recourse to history continued to be a part of design training in the 1940s and 1950s, was significant. The increasing rise of interest in history had a profound impact on architectural education. History courses became more typical and regularized. With the demand for professors knowledgeable in the history of architecture, several PhD programs in schools of architecture arose in order to differentiate themselves from art history PhD programs, where architectural historians had previously trained. In the US, MIT and Cornell were the first, created in the mid-1970s, followed by Columbia, Berkeley, and Princeton. Among the founders of new architectural history programs were Bruno Zevi at the Institute for the History of Architecture in Venice, Stanford Anderson and Henry Millon at MIT, Alexander Tzonis at the Architectural Association, Anthony Vidler at Princeton, Manfredo Tafuri at the University of Venice, Kenneth Frampton at Columbia University, and Werner Oechslin and Kurt Forster at ETH Zürich.[25]
The term “sustainability” in relation to architecture has so far been mostly considered through the lens of building technology and its transformations. Going beyond the technical sphere of “green” design, invention and expertise, some scholars are starting to position architecture within a much broader cultural framework of the human interrelationship with nature. Adopting this framework allows tracing a rich history of cultural debates about our relationship to nature and the environment, from the point of view of different historical and geographical contexts.[26]
Sustainable urbanism and architecture[edit]
Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design.[27][28] This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.[29] Both trends started in the 1980s. The Driehaus Architecture Prize is an award that recognizes efforts in New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture, and is endowed with a prize money twice as high as that of the modernist Pritzker Prize.[30]
Criticism[edit]
There are conflicting ethical, engineering, and political orientations depending on the viewpoints.[31]
There is no doubt Green Technology has made its headway into the architectural community, the implementation of given technologies have changed the ways we see and perceive modern day architecture. While green architecture has been proven to show great improvements of ways of living both environmentally and technologically the question remains, is all this sustainable? Many building codes have been demeaned to international standards. "LEED" (Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design) has been criticized for exercising flexible codes for building to follow. Contractors do this to save as much money as they possibly can. For example, a building may have solar paneling but if the infrastructure of the building's core doesn't support that over a long period of time improvements would have to be made on a constant basis and the building itself would be vulnerable to disasters or enhancements. With companies cutting paths to make shortcuts with sustainable architecture when building their structures it fuels to the irony that the "sustainable" architecture isn't sustainable at all. Sustainability comes in reference to longevity and effectiveness.
Ethics and Politics also play into sustainable architecture and its ability to grow in urban environment. Conflicting viewpoints between engineering techniques and environmental impacts still are popular issues that resonate in the architectural community. With every revolutionary technology or innovation there comes criticisms of legitimacy and effectiveness when and how it is being utilized. Many of the criticisms of sustainable architecture do not reflect every aspect of it but rather a broader spectrum across the international community.
See also[edit]
Architecture portal
Energy portal
Sustainable development portal
Alternative natural materials
BREEAM
Cross-laminated timber (CLT)
Deconstruction (building)
Earth embassy
Earthship
Ecological design
Ecological footprint
Energy-plus-house
Envirostructure
Fab Tree Hab: 100% Ecological Home
Haute qualité environnementale French standard for green building - HQE
Low-energy house
New Urbanism
Organic architecture
Passive house
Principles of Intelligent Urbanism
Renewable heat
Solar architecture
Solar chimney
Straw-bale construction
Superinsulation
Sustainable design
Sustainable development
Sustainable flooring
Sustainable landscape architecture
Sustainable preservation
Sustainable refurbishment
Windcatcher
Zero-energy building
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sustainable Architecture and Simulation Modelling", Dublin Institute of Technology, [1] Archived 2013-05-06 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Doerr Architecture, Definition of Sustainability and the Impacts of Buildings [2]
^ Jump up to: a b M. DeKay & G.Z. Brown, Sun Wind & Light, architectural design strategies, 3rd ed. Wiley, 2014
Jump up ^ M. Montavon, Optimization of Urban Form by the Evaluation of the Solar Potential, EPFL, 2010
Jump up ^ shamilton. "Module Pricing". Solarbuzz. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
Jump up ^ G.Z. Brown, Mark DeKay. Sun, Wind & Light. 2001
^ Jump up to: a b Brower, Michael; Cool Energy, The Renewable Solution to Global Warming; Union of Concerned Scientists, 1990
Jump up ^ Gipe, Paul; Wind Power: Renewable Energy for Farm and Business; Chelsea Green Publishing, 2004
Jump up ^ The Sunday Times, "Home wind turbines dealt killer blow", April 16, 2006
Jump up ^ "Wind turbine, a powerful investment", Rapid City Journal, February 20, 2008
Jump up ^ Factors enhancing aerofoil wings for wind energy harnessing in buildings,7 November 2013 http://bse.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/11/07/0143624413509097.abstract?papetoc
Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Solar Water Heaters, March 24, 2009 [3]
Jump up ^ "Solar Water Heaters". Toolbase.org. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e John Randolph and Gilbert M. Masters, 2008. "Energy for Sustainability: Technology, Planning, Policy," Island Press, Washington, DC.
Jump up ^ Duurzaam en Gezond Bouwen en Wonen by Hugo Vanderstadt,
Jump up ^ GUMBEL, PETER (4 December 2008). "Building Materials: Cementing the Future" – via www.time.com.
Jump up ^ Jonkers, Henk M. (23 March 2018). Self Healing Materials. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 195–204 – via link.springer.com.
Jump up ^ Information on low-emitting materials may be found at www.buildingecology.com/iaq_links.php IAQ links
Jump up ^ Building Emissions Study accessed at California Integrated Waste Management web site
Jump up ^ James, J.P., Yang, X. Indoor and Built Environment, Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Several Green and Non-Green Building Materials: A Comparison, January 2004.[4] Retrieved: 2008-04-30.
Jump up ^ Contreras, Jorge L.; Roth, Hannah; Lewis, Meghan (1 September 2011). "Toward a Rational Framework for Sustainable Building Materials Standards" – via papers.ssrn.com.
Jump up ^ John Ringel., University of Michigan, Sustainable Architecture, Waste Prevention [5]
Jump up ^ "U.S. Green Building Council".
Jump up ^ "ENERGY STAR - The Simple Choice for Energy Efficiency". www.energystar.gov.
Jump up ^ Mark Jarzombek, “The Disciplinary Dislocations of Architectural History,” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 58/3 (September 1999), p. 489. See also other articles in that issue by Eve Blau, Stanford Anderson, Alina Payne, Daniel Bluestone, Jeon-Louis Cohen and others.
Jump up ^ McGrath, Brian (2013). Urban Design Ecologies: AD Reader. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 220–237. ISBN 978-0-470-97405-6.
Jump up ^ taotiadmin (20 April 2015). "The Charter of the New Urbanism".
Jump up ^ "Beauty, Humanism, Continuity between Past and Future". Traditional Architecture Group. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Issue Brief: Smart-Growth: Building Livable Communities. American Institute of Architects. Retrieved on 2014-03-23.
Jump up ^ "Driehaus Prize". Together, the $200,000 Driehaus Prize and the $50,000 Reed Award represent the most significant recognition for classicism in the contemporary built environment.. Notre Dame School of Architecture. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Mark Jarzombek, "Sustainability - Architecture: between Fuzzy Systems and Wicked Problems" (PDF), Blueprints, 21 (1): 6–9
External links[edit]
World Green Building Council
El Paso Solar Energy Association Information page about passive solar water heating
Energy Recovery Council
Passivhaus Institut German institute for passive buildings
U.S. EPA - Landfill Research Bioreactor landfill research supports sustainable waste management initiatives
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List of WWE Network events
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
75,167 fans attended the Mercedes-Benz Superdome for WrestleMania XXX (pictured), the first ever WrestleMania to be broadcast on the WWE Network
The following is a list of WWE Network events, detailing all professional wrestling cards promoted on the WWE Network by WWE. For lists of all non in-ring programing, please see WWE Network programming.
WWE has been broadcasting pay-per-view events since the 1980s, when its classic "Big Four" events (Royal Rumble, WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series) were first established. However, the company's pay-per-view business began to drastically change with the launch of the WWE Network on February 24, 2014. While most of the WWE events still air in many parts of the world on traditional pay-per-view channels, WWE's focus has shifted away from delivering their events on pay-per-view channels. Their main focus now is delivering all of the events on the WWE Network, including some that are exclusively on the Network. WWE has pushed the Network's launching price of $9.99 USD[1] as a way to lure potential customers away from traditional pay-per-view which, on average, costs 5-to-6 times as much (in the United States) as the Network. The WWE Network also features the back catalog of WWE, WCW, and ECW pay-per-view events, as well as all WWE Network events from NXT Arrival onwards in their on-demand section. All WWE Network events that have aired since the launch of the Network have been broadcast in high-definition.[2]
The WWE events are typically 3 hours in length. The "Big Four" events are approximately 4 hours in length. WWE airs a pre-show before each Network event known as Kickoff. Each Kickoff includes matches, interviews, and a panel of experts previewing the upcoming line-up. The Kickoff pre-show began as a 30-minute show[3] before expanding to 1 hour, beginning with Night of Champions in September 2014.[4] The "Big Four" Kickoff shows are the longest, at 2 hours.[5] WWE occasionally airs a post-show after some Network events known as Fallout. Each Fallout includes interviews and a panel of experts analyzing the event. The Fallout post-shows vary in length.[6]
The NXT TakeOver events began at 2 hours in length before expanding to 2 and a 1/2 hours, beginning with TakeOver: Brooklyn in 2015. Each TakeOver Kickoff includes interviews and a panel of experts previewing the upcoming line-up. The TakeOver Kickoff pre-shows began at 30-minutes in length before expanding to 1 hour, beginning with TakeOver: San Antonio in 2017.[7] WWE also occasionally airs a post-show after TakeOver events known as TakeOver Fallout. Each TakeOver Fallout includes interviews and a panel of experts analyzing the event. The Fallout post-shows vary in length.
Contents
[hide]
1 WWE Network events
1.1 2014
1.2 2015
1.3 2016
1.4 2017
1.5 2018
2 Scheduled upcoming events
2.1 2018
2.2 2019
3 Number of events by year
4 Themed WWE Network events
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
WWE Network events[edit]
2014[edit]
NXT event
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event
000000002018-02-27-0000February 27 Arrival Full Sail University Winter Park, FL Bo Dallas vs. Adrian Neville for the NXT Championship
000000002018-04-06-0000April 6 WrestleMania XXX Mercedes-Benz Superdome New Orleans, LA Randy Orton vs. Batista vs. Daniel Bryan for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship
000000002018-05-04-0000May 4 Extreme Rules Izod Center East Rutherford, NJ Daniel Bryan vs. Kane for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship
000000002018-05-29-0000May 29 TakeOver Full Sail University Winter Park, FL Adrian Neville vs. Tyson Kidd for the NXT Championship
000000002018-06-01-0000June 1 Payback Allstate Arena Rosemont, IL The Shield (Dean Ambrose, Seth Rollins and Roman Reigns) vs. Evolution (Triple H, Randy Orton and Batista)
000000002018-06-29-0000June 29 Money in the Bank TD Garden Boston, MA John Cena vs. Alberto Del Rio vs. Bray Wyatt vs. Cesaro vs. Kane vs. Randy Orton vs. Roman Reigns vs. Sheamus for the vacant WWE World Heavyweight Championship
000000002018-07-20-0000July 20 Battleground Tampa Bay Times Forum Tampa, FL John Cena vs. Randy Orton vs. Kane vs. Roman Reigns for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship
000000002018-08-17-0000August 17 SummerSlam Staples Center Los Angeles, CA John Cena vs. Brock Lesnar for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship
000000002018-09-11-0000September 11 TakeOver: Fatal 4-Way Full Sail University Winter Park, FL Adrian Neville vs. Sami Zayn vs. Tyson Kidd vs. Tyler Breeze for the NXT Championship
000000002018-09-21-0000September 21 Night of Champions Bridgestone Arena Nashville, TN Brock Lesnar vs. John Cena for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship
000000002018-10-26-0000October 26 Hell in a Cell American Airlines Center Dallas, TX Seth Rollins vs. Dean Ambrose
000000002018-11-23-0000November 23 Survivor Series Scottrade Center St. Louis, MO Team Cena - John Cena, Dolph Ziggler, Big Show, Ryback and Erick Rowan
vs.
Team Authority - Seth Rollins, Kane, Mark Henry, Rusev and Luke Harper
000000002018-12-11-0000December 11 TakeOver: R Evolution Full Sail University Winter Park, FL Adrian Neville vs. Sami Zayn for the NXT Championship
000000002018-12-14-0000December 14 TLC: Tables, Ladders, Chairs... and Stairs Quicken Loans Arena Cleveland, OH Dean Ambrose vs. Bray Wyatt
2015[edit]
NXT event
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event
000000002018-01-25-0000January 25 Royal Rumble Wells Fargo Center Philadelphia, PA 30-man Royal Rumble match
000000002018-02-11-0000February 11 TakeOver: Rival Full Sail University Winter Park, FL Sami Zayn vs. Kevin Owens for the NXT Championship
000000002018-02-22-0000February 22 Fastlane FedExForum Memphis, TN Roman Reigns vs. Daniel Bryan
000000002018-03-29-0000March 29 WrestleMania 31 Levi's Stadium Santa Clara, CA Brock Lesnar vs. Roman Reigns vs. Seth Rollins for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship
000000002018-04-26-0000April 26 Extreme Rules Allstate Arena Rosemont, IL Seth Rollins vs. Randy Orton for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship
000000002018-04-28-0000April 28 King of the Ring iWireless Center Moline, IL Neville vs. Bad News Barrett
000000002018-05-17-0000May 17 Payback Royal Farms Arena Baltimore, MD Seth Rollins vs. Roman Reigns vs. Randy Orton vs. Dean Ambrose for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship
000000002018-05-20-0000May 20 TakeOver: Unstoppable Full Sail University Winter Park, FL Kevin Owens vs. Sami Zayn for the NXT Championship
000000002018-05-31-0000May 31 Elimination Chamber American Bank Center Corpus Christi, TX Seth Rollins vs. Dean Ambrose for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship
000000002018-06-14-0000June 14 Money in the Bank Nationwide Arena Columbus, OH Seth Rollins vs. Dean Ambrose for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship
000000002018-07-04-0000July 4 The Beast in the East Ryōgoku Sumo Hall Sumida, Tokyo
Japan John Cena and Dolph Ziggler vs. Kane and King Barrett
000000002018-07-19-0000July 19 Battleground Scottrade Center St. Louis, MO Seth Rollins vs. Brock Lesnar for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship
000000002018-08-22-0000August 22 TakeOver: Brooklyn Barclays Center Brooklyn, NY Finn Bálor vs. Kevin Owens for the NXT Championship
000000002018-08-23-0000August 23 SummerSlam Barclays Center Brooklyn, NY The Undertaker vs. Brock Lesnar
000000002018-09-20-0000September 20 Night of Champions Toyota Center Houston, TX Seth Rollins vs. Sting for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship
000000002018-10-03-0000October 3 Live from Madison Square Garden Madison Square Garden New York, NY John Cena vs. Seth Rollins for the WWE United States Championship
000000002018-10-07-0000October 7 TakeOver: Respect Full Sail University Winter Park, FL Bayley vs. Sasha Banks for the NXT Women's Championship
000000002018-10-25-0000October 25 Hell in a Cell Staples Center Los Angeles, CA The Undertaker vs. Brock Lesnar
000000002018-11-22-0000November 22 Survivor Series Philips Arena Atlanta, GA Roman Reigns vs. Sheamus for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship
000000002018-12-13-0000December 13 TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs TD Garden Boston, MA Sheamus vs. Roman Reigns for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship
000000002018-12-16-0000December 16 TakeOver: London SSE Arena, Wembley Wembley, London
England Finn Bálor vs. Samoa Joe for the NXT Championship
2016[edit]
Raw-branded event SmackDown-branded event NXT event
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event
000000002018-01-24-0000January 24 Royal Rumble Amway Center Orlando, FL 30-man Royal Rumble match for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship
000000002018-02-21-0000February 21 Fastlane Quicken Loans Arena Cleveland, OH Roman Reigns vs. Dean Ambrose vs. Brock Lesnar
000000002018-03-12-0000March 12 Roadblock Ricoh Coliseum Toronto, Ontario
Canada Triple H vs. Dean Ambrose for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship
000000002018-04-01-0000April 1 TakeOver: Dallas Kay Bailey Hutchison Convention Center Dallas, TX Finn Bálor vs. Samoa Joe for the NXT Championship
000000002018-04-03-0000April 3 WrestleMania 32 AT&T Stadium Arlington, TX Triple H vs. Roman Reigns for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship
000000002018-05-01-0000May 1 Payback Allstate Arena Rosemont, IL Roman Reigns vs. AJ Styles for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship
000000002018-05-22-0000May 22 Extreme Rules Prudential Center Newark, NJ Roman Reigns vs. AJ Styles for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship
000000002018-06-08-0000June 8 TakeOver: The End Full Sail University Winter Park, FL Samoa Joe vs. Finn Bálor for the NXT Championship
000000002018-06-19-0000June 19 Money in the Bank T-Mobile Arena Paradise, NV Seth Rollins vs. Dean Ambrose for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship
000000002018-07-24-0000July 24 Battleground Verizon Center Washington, D.C. Dean Ambrose vs. Roman Reigns vs. Seth Rollins for the WWE Championship
000000002018-08-20-0000August 20 TakeOver: Brooklyn II Barclays Center Brooklyn, NY Samoa Joe vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the NXT Championship
000000002018-08-21-0000August 21 SummerSlam Barclays Center Brooklyn, NY Brock Lesnar vs. Randy Orton
000000002018-09-11-0000September 11 Backlash Richmond Coliseum Richmond, VA Dean Ambrose vs. AJ Styles for the WWE World Championship
000000002018-09-14-0000September 14 Cruiserweight Classic Finale Full Sail University Winter Park, FL Gran Metalik vs. T.J. Perkins for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship
000000002018-09-25-0000September 25 Clash of Champions Bankers Life Fieldhouse Indianapolis, IN Kevin Owens vs. Seth Rollins for the WWE Universal Championship
000000002018-10-09-0000October 9 No Mercy Golden 1 Center Sacramento, CA Randy Orton vs. Bray Wyatt
000000002018-10-30-0000October 30 Hell in a Cell TD Garden Boston, MA Sasha Banks vs. Charlotte Flair for the WWE Raw Women's Championship
000000002018-11-19-0000November 19 TakeOver: Toronto Air Canada Centre Toronto, Ontario
Canada Shinsuke Nakamura vs. Samoa Joe for the NXT Championship
000000002018-11-20-0000November 20 Survivor Series Air Canada Centre Toronto, Ontario
Canada Goldberg vs. Brock Lesnar
000000002018-12-04-0000December 4 TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs American Airlines Center Dallas, TX AJ Styles vs. Dean Ambrose for the WWE World Championship
000000002018-12-18-0000December 18 Roadblock: End of the Line PPG Paints Arena Pittsburgh, PA Kevin Owens vs. Roman Reigns for the WWE Universal Championship
2017[edit]
Raw-branded event SmackDown-branded event NXT event
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event
000000002018-01-14-0000January 14 United Kingdom Championship Tournament - Day 1 Empress Ballroom Blackpool, Lancashire
England Tyler Bate vs. Tucker
000000002018-01-15-0000January 15 United Kingdom Championship Tournament - Day 2 Empress Ballroom Blackpool, Lancashire
England Tyler Bate vs. Pete Dunne for the WWE United Kingdom Championship
000000002018-01-28-0000January 28 TakeOver: San Antonio Freeman Coliseum San Antonio, TX Shinsuke Nakamura vs. Bobby Roode for the NXT Championship
000000002018-01-29-0000January 29 Royal Rumble Alamodome San Antonio, TX 30-man Royal Rumble match
000000002018-02-12-0000February 12 Elimination Chamber Talking Stick Resort Arena Phoenix, AZ John Cena vs. AJ Styles vs. Baron Corbin vs. Bray Wyatt vs. Dean Ambrose vs. The Miz for the WWE Championship
000000002018-03-05-0000March 5 Fastlane Bradley Center Milwaukee, WI Kevin Owens vs. Goldberg for the WWE Universal Championship
000000002018-04-01-0000April 1 TakeOver: Orlando Amway Center Orlando, FL Bobby Roode vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the NXT Championship
000000002018-04-02-0000April 2 WrestleMania 33 Camping World Stadium Orlando, FL The Undertaker vs. Roman Reigns
000000002018-04-30-0000April 30 Payback SAP Center San Jose, CA Roman Reigns vs. Braun Strowman
000000002018-05-19-0000May 19 United Kingdom Championship Special Epic Studios Norwich, Norfolk
England Tyler Bate vs. Mark Andrews for the WWE United Kingdom Championship
000000002018-05-20-0000May 20 TakeOver: Chicago Allstate Arena Rosemont, IL The Authors of Pain (Akam and Rezar) vs. #DIY (Johnny Gargano and Tommaso Ciampa) for the NXT Tag Team Championship
000000002018-05-21-0000May 21 Backlash Allstate Arena Rosemont, IL Randy Orton vs. Jinder Mahal for the WWE Championship
000000002018-06-04-0000June 4 Extreme Rules Royal Farms Arena Baltimore, MD Bray Wyatt vs. Finn Bálor vs. Roman Reigns vs. Samoa Joe vs. Seth Rollins
000000002018-06-18-0000June 18 Money in the Bank Scottrade Center St. Louis, MO AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura vs. Dolph Ziggler vs. Sami Zayn vs. Baron Corbin vs. Kevin Owens
000000002018-07-09-0000July 9 Great Balls of Fire American Airlines Center Dallas, TX Brock Lesnar vs. Samoa Joe for the WWE Universal Championship
000000002018-07-23-0000July 23 Battleground Wells Fargo Center Philadelphia, PA Jinder Mahal vs. Randy Orton for the WWE Championship
000000002018-08-19-0000August 19 TakeOver: Brooklyn III Barclays Center Brooklyn, NY Bobby Roode vs. Drew McIntyre for the NXT Championship
000000002018-08-20-0000August 20 SummerSlam Barclays Center Brooklyn, NY Brock Lesnar vs. Roman Reigns vs. Samoa Joe vs. Braun Strowman for the WWE Universal Championship
000000002018-09-12-0000September 12 Mae Young Classic Finale Thomas & Mack Center Paradise, NV Kairi Sane vs. Shayna Baszler
000000002018-09-24-0000September 24 No Mercy Staples Center Los Angeles, CA Brock Lesnar vs. Braun Strowman for the WWE Universal Championship
000000002018-10-08-0000October 8 Hell in a Cell Little Caesars Arena Detroit, MI Shane McMahon vs. Kevin Owens
000000002018-10-22-0000October 22 TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs Target Center Minneapolis, MN Kurt Angle, Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins vs. Braun Strowman, Kane, The Miz, Cesaro and Sheamus
000000002018-11-18-0000November 18 TakeOver: WarGames Toyota Center Houston, TX SAnitY (Alexander Wolfe, Eric Young and Killian Dain) vs. The Undisputed Era (Adam Cole, Bobby Fish and Kyle O'Reilly) vs. The Authors of Pain (Akam and Rezar) and Roderick Strong
000000002018-11-19-0000November 19 Survivor Series Toyota Center Houston, TX Team Raw (Kurt Angle, Triple H, Braun Strowman, Finn Bálor and Samoa Joe) vs. Team SmackDown (Shane McMahon, John Cena, Randy Orton, Shinsuke Nakamura and Bobby Roode)
000000002018-12-17-0000December 17 Clash of Champions TD Garden Boston, MA AJ Styles vs. Jinder Mahal for the WWE Championship
2018[edit]
Raw-branded event SmackDown-branded event NXT event
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event
000000002018-01-27-0000January 27 TakeOver: Philadelphia Wells Fargo Center Philadelphia, PA Andrade "Cien" Almas vs. Johnny Gargano for the NXT Championship
000000002018-01-28-0000January 28 Royal Rumble Wells Fargo Center Philadelphia, PA 30-woman Royal Rumble match
000000002018-02-25-0000February 25 Elimination Chamber T-Mobile Arena Paradise, NV John Cena vs. Roman Reigns vs. Braun Strowman vs. The Miz vs. Elias vs. Seth Rollins vs. Finn Bálor
000000002018-03-11-0000March 11 Fastlane Nationwide Arena Columbus, OH AJ Styles vs. John Cena vs. Kevin Owens vs. Sami Zayn vs. Dolph Ziggler vs. Baron Corbin for the WWE Championship
000000002018-04-07-0000April 7 TakeOver: New Orleans Smoothie King Center New Orleans, LA Johnny Gargano vs. Tommaso Ciampa
000000002018-04-08-0000April 8 WrestleMania 34 Mercedes-Benz Superdome New Orleans, LA Brock Lesnar vs. Roman Reigns for the WWE Universal Championship
000000002018-04-27-0000April 27 Greatest Royal Rumble King Abdullah International Stadium Jeddah, Makkah Region
Saudi Arabia
Scheduled upcoming events[edit]
2018[edit]
NXT event
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event
000000002018-05-06-0000May 6 Backlash[8][9] Prudential Center[10] Newark, NJ TBD
000000002018-06-16-0000June 16 TakeOver: Chicago[11][12] Allstate Arena[12] Rosemont, IL TBD
000000002018-06-17-0000June 17 Money in the Bank[8][9] Allstate Arena[13] Rosemont, IL TBD
000000002018-06-18-0000June 18 United Kingdom Championship Tournament - Day 1 Royal Albert Hall[14] Kensington, London
England TBD
000000002018-06-19-0000June 19 United Kingdom Championship Tournament - Day 2 Royal Albert Hall[15] Kensington, London
England TBD
000000002018-07-15-0000July 15 Extreme Rules[8][9] PPG Paints Arena[16] Pittsburgh, PA TBD
000000002018-08-18-0000August 18 TakeOver: Brooklyn[17] Barclays Center Brooklyn, NY TBD
000000002018-08-19-0000August 19 SummerSlam[17][9] Barclays Center Brooklyn, NY TBD
000000002018-09-16-0000September 16 Hell in a Cell[8][9] TBA Nashville, TN TBD
000000002018-10-21-0000October 21 TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs[8][9] TBA Boston, MA TBD
000000002018-11-17-0000November 17 TakeOver: Los Angeles[18][19] Staples Center Los Angeles, CA TBD
000000002018-11-18-0000November 18 Survivor Series[18][9] Staples Center Los Angeles, CA TBD
000000002018-12-16-0000December 16 Clash of Champions[8][9] TBA San Jose, CA TBD
2019[edit]
NXT event
Date
Event
Venue
Location
Main event
000000002018-01-26-0000January 26 TakeOver[20] Talking Stick Resort Arena Phoenix, AZ TBD
000000002018-01-27-0000January 27 Royal Rumble[20] Chase Field Phoenix, AZ TBD
April 6 TakeOver[21] Barclays Center Brooklyn, NY TBD
April 7 WrestleMania 35[21] MetLife Stadium East Rutherford, NJ TBD
Number of events by year[edit]
2014 – 14
2015 – 21
2016 – 21
2017 – 25
2018 – 7 (13 more confirmed)
2019 – 0 (4 confirmed)
Total – 88 (17 more confirmed)
Themed WWE Network events[edit]
Many WWE Network events are thematic, centered around particular types of matches, or have an annually-recurring main-event.
WWE Network event
Years
Feature
Current
TakeOver 2014–present The specials are themed around the NXT developmental brand and may include matches featuring any of the three NXT Championships
Extreme Rules 2014–present Many of the matches will either be Extreme Rules matches or will otherwise be variants of hardcore wrestling
Money in the Bank 2014–present Includes the Money in the Bank ladder matches, one where the winner will earn one guaranteed WWE Championship shot and the other where the winner will earn one guaranteed WWE SmackDown Women's Championship shot. Both shots can be used at any time, any place, for up to a year
Hell in a Cell 2014–present One or more of the matches will be a Hell in a Cell match
Survivor Series 2014–present A focus on elimination-style matches, particularly the traditional Survivor Series elimination tag-team match
TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs 2014–present At least one of the matches will be a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match, while individual tables matches, ladder matches, and chairs matches may also take place
Royal Rumble 2015–present Includes the Royal Rumble match, where the winner traditionally receives a world championship match at WrestleMania
Elimination Chamber 2015; 2017–present One or more of the matches will be Elimination Chamber matches
Clash of Champions 2016–present Every championship must be defended
Former
Night of Champions 2014–2015 Every WWE championship was to be defended
King of the Ring 2015 A single-elimination tournament to crown that year's "King of the Ring"
Cruiserweight Classic Finale 2016 The culmination of a 32-man single-elimination tournament featuring competitors 205 lbs. and under
United Kingdom Championship Tournament 2017 A single-elimination tournament to crown the inaugural WWE United Kingdom Champion
Mae Young Classic Finale 2017 The culmination of a 32-woman single-elimination tournament
See also[edit]
Professional wrestling portal
List of WWE pay-per-view events
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "WWE Network".
Jump up ^ Flint, Joe (January 8, 2014). "WWE launching over-the-top network". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Extreme Rules 2014".
Jump up ^ "Night of Champions 2014". WWE.
Jump up ^ "LL Cool J To Open WrestleMania, 2-Hour Kickoff Show - SEScoops". 16 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "WWE Payback 2014". WWE.
Jump up ^ "Don't miss NXT TakeOver: San Antonio tonight".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Scherer, Dave (November 22, 2017). "WWE Adds a Fifth Co-Branded PPV, Full 2018 WWE PPV Schedule with Dates and Cities for the Events". PWInsider. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Powell, Jason. "Major WWE pay-per-view shakeup, all co-branded events, two events dropped". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "WWE Backlash 2018". StubHub. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Money in the Bank Week to return to Chicago in 2018". CBS Sports. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "NXT TakeOver: Chicago returns to Allstate Arena on Saturday, June 16". WWE. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Arena, Allstate. "WWE Money in the Bank | Allstate Arena". www.rosemont.com/allstate/. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hall, Royal Albert. "WWE United Kingdom Championship Tournament 2 Royal Albert Hall". WWE.com. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hall, Royal Albert. "WWE United Kingdom Championship Tournament 2 Royal Albert Hall". WWE.com. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ Arena, PPG Paints. "WWE Extreme Rules | PPG Paints Arena". www.ppgpaintsarena.com. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "SummerSlam Week to return to Brooklyn in 2018". WWE. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Los Angeles to host WWE Survivor Series in 2018". WWE. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Survivor Series 2018 Travel Packages available now at SurvivorSeriesTravel.com". WWE. February 20, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "WWE fans, Royal Rumble 2019 is coming to Chase Field in Phoenix". AZ Central. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "WrestleMania is coming back to MetLife Stadium". New York Post. 2018-03-16. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
External links[edit]
WWE Official Website
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Jeff Heath (American football)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Jeff Heath
Heath with the Cowboys in 2017
No. 38 – Dallas Cowboys
Position:
Strong safety
Personal information
Born:
(1991-05-14) May 14, 1991 (age 26)
Lake Orion, Michigan
Height:
6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
Weight:
212 lb (96 kg)
Career information
High school:
Lake Orion (MI)
College:
Saginaw Valley State
Undrafted:
2013
Career history
Dallas Cowboys (2013–present)
Roster status:
Active
Career highlights and awards
Second-team All-GLIAC (2012)
Career NFL statistics as of 2017
Total tackles:
197
Interceptions:
7
Pass deflections:
12
Forced fumbles:
6
Fumble recoveries:
1
Player stats at NFL.com
Player stats at PFR
Jeff Heath (born May 14, 1991) is an American football safety for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for Saginaw Valley State. Heath signed with the Cowboys as an undrafted free agent in 2013.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early years
2 College career
3 Professional career
3.1 2013 season
3.2 2014 season
3.3 2015 season
3.4 2016 season
3.5 2017 season
4 References
5 External links
Early years[edit]
Heath attended Lake Orion High School in Lake Orion, Michigan. His father Mike, played semi-pro football and serves as an assistant football coach at Lake Orion.[3] Heath was selected as the Big Play Player of the Year for kicking a game-winning 49 yard field goal to give Lake Orion a playoff victory and regional title over Sterling Heights Stevenson. The team advanced to the Michigan Division 1 state championship game in 2008 before falling to Rockford High School. He started as a defensive back and was voted team captain his senior year.[citation needed]
College career[edit]
Heath played college football at Saginaw Valley State University, a NCAA Division II program and a member of the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. Heath was not heavily recruited out of high school, and was only offered a partial scholarship with SVSU.[4]
As a sophomore, he appeared in 8 games (7 starts), tallying 49 tackles (3.5 for loss), one interception and 2 fumble recoveries. The next year, he started all 11 games, registering 81 tackles (9 for loss), one sack, 3 passes defended, one interception, also forced and recovered one fumble.
As a senior, he started all games, recording 77 tackles (3 for loss), 5 interceptions, 7 passes defended, one forced fumble and 2 fumble recoveries. He finished his college career after starting 30-of-35 games, posting 219 tackles (16.5 for loss), 7 interceptions, 4 forced fumbles and 4 fumble recoveries.
Professional career[edit]
At his pro day, Heath ran a 4.40 40-yard dash, bench pressed 225 pounds 22 times, and had a 37-inch vertical leap.[5]
Pre-draft measureables
Ht
Wt
40-yard dash
10-yd split
20-yd split
20 ss
3-cone
Broad
BP
Wonderlic
6-1 * 209 lb * 4.40 * 1.59 * 2.70 * 4.36 * 6.88 * 10'06" * 22 * x
(* represents GLIAC Pro Day March 11, 2013)
2013 season[edit]
On April 27, 2013, he signed with the Dallas Cowboys as an undrafted free agent, a team that scouted him in college and that was the first one to contact him following the 2013 NFL draft.[6]
During the preseason, Rick Gosselin of The Dallas Morning News proclaimed Heath could be the Cowboys next sleeper college gem.[7] He was eventually named to the Cowboys 53-man roster as a reserve safety and special teams player.[8]
Heath made his first NFL start on October 27, 2013 at free safety against his hometown Detroit Lions.[9] He started in place of injured starter J.J. Wilcox and finished the game with 9 tackles and a forced fumble. In that game, he also was part of a highlight reel reception, when he lost a jump ball to Calvin Johnson. The next two games proved difficult, with Minnesota Vikings Adrian Peterson running over him for a touchdown and being beaten for three touchdowns while playing against the New Orleans Saints. After Wilcox returned from injury, he remained the starter after proving to be a more reliable and productive player. He finished the season with 9 starts, 60 tackles (sixth on the team), 6 passes defended (tied for fourth) and 13 special teams tackles (led the team).
2014 season[edit]
In 2014, he broke his thumb in the eleventh game against the New York Giants, at the time he was the team's special teams leading tackler (he finished fourth with 8 tackles) and was among the leading Pro Bowl vote-getters for special teams. In the playoffs, he made a key pass deflection on a two-point conversion against the Green Bay Packers and replaced Barry Church in the starting lineup after he was injured in the second half.
2015 season[edit]
On special teams, he tied for the team lead in tackles (9) with Kyle Wilber and Damien Wilson. He also ran a fake punt against the Buffalo Bills
On defense, he improved his coverage in passing situations. Against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers he had 2 crucial interceptions to keep the Cowboys in the game but was called for a holding penalty with 59 seconds to play, that invalidated a fumble at the goal line and gave the Buccaneers a chance to score the winning touchdown.
During the week 8 game against the Seattle Seahawks, Heath was involved in a violent collision with Seahawks player Ricardo Lockette. Heath – blocking for a Cowboys punt return – hit him with a block that Lockette didn't see coming. Heath drew a 15-yard penalty for unsportsmanlike conduct. While reviewing the game for Fox Sports, former NFL Vice President of Officiating Mike Pereira stated that the hit was clean and no penalty should have been called.[10] "I was just praying that he was OK," Heath said. "Scary because we're football players, and there's collisions and stuff like that. But we're also men, fathers, sons. You never want to see a guy injured. Those are really scary injuries – the head injuries. I felt terrible that he was injured like that."[11] Lockette ultimately retired following the injury.
2016 season[edit]
Heath played in all 16 games for the Cowboys as a reserve safety, backing up Byron Jones, Barry Church, and J. J. Wilcox.[12] He finished the season with 16 tackles, 1 interception, and 2 passes defensed. Heath also had 2 tackles, a sack, and an interception in the Cowboys playoff loss to the Green Bay Packers.[13] Heath tied for the team lead in special teams tackles with 7, along with Byron Jones and Kyle Wilber.[14]
2017 season[edit]
Heath entered the 2017 season as the starter at strong safety for the Cowboys after the departure of Barry Church.
In a Week 7 game against the San Francisco 49ers, Heath filled in as the emergency kicker. Following an injury to kicker Dan Bailey, Heath served as the kicker for extra points and kickoffs, ultimately finishing 2/3 on PATs. This made him the first non-kicker or punter to make multiple extra points in game since Houston Oilers linebacker Ted Thompson went 4/4 in 1980.[15] Heath did not attempt any field goals in the 40–10 Cowboys win, but finished with six solo tackles, including one tackle for loss.[16][17][18] In a Week 9 victory over the Kansas City Chiefs, Heath intercepted quarterback Alex Smith for the first interception of Smith’s season.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cowboys: Jeff Heath won't be the lone answer at safety in 2017". Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cowboys Believe in Jeff Heath". Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Heath to make first start in homecoming". Retrieved February 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lake Orion family, friends celebrate SVSU grad's first NFL start in homecoming against Detroit Lions". Retrieved February 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jeff Heath results". Retrieved February 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "SVSU defensive back Jeff Heath signs as undrafted free agent with Dallas Cowboys". mlive.com. Retrieved April 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Safety Jeff Heath may be Dallas Cowboys' next overlooked college gem". Retrieved February 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "SVSU alum Jeff Heath makes Dallas Cowboys' 53-man roster Saturday". Retrieved February 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "DeMarco Murray may play vs. Lions". Retrieved February 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "ESPN owes Cowboys' Jeff Heath an apology for 'branding this kid as a dirty player'". Retrieved February 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jeff Heath "hated" Ricardo Lockette was injured on his special teams block". Retrieved February 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ https://sportsday.dallasnews.com/dallas-cowboys/cowboys/2017/08/07/cowboys-putting-faith-jeff-heath-starting-safety
Jump up ^ https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/H/HeatJe00/gamelog/post/
Jump up ^ https://www.teamrankings.com/nfl/player-stat/defense-special-teams-total-tackles
Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000866159/article/safety-jeff-heath-served-as-emergency-kicker-for-cowboys
Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nfl/boxscore?gameId=400951619
Jump up ^ https://sportsday.dallasnews.com/dallas-cowboys/cowboys/2017/06/22/byron-jones-seen-lot-jeff-heath-offseason-makes-plays-critical-situations
Jump up ^ https://sportsday.dallasnews.com/dallas-cowboys/cowboys/2017/08/07/cowboys-putting-faith-jeff-heath-starting-safety
External links[edit]
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Dallas Cowboys current roster
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11 Cole Beasley
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62 Jarron Jones
66 Lewis Neal
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70 Zack Martin
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78 Kadeem Edwards
79 Chaz Green
80 Rico Gathers
81 K. D. Cannon
82 Jason Witten
83 Terrance Williams
84 James Hanna
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87 Geoff Swaim
88 Dez Bryant
89 Blake Jarwin
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96 Maliek Collins
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98 Tyrone Crawford
99 Charles Tapper
-- Marqueston Huff
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