text:
Row, Row, Row Your Boat
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"Row, Row, Row Your Boat"
Sheet music
Nursery rhyme
Published
1852
"Row, Row, Row Your Boat" is an English language nursery rhyme and a popular children's song. It can also be an "action" nursery rhyme, whose singers sit opposite one another and "row" forwards and backwards with joined hands. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19236.
Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album 101 Gang Songs (1961). Crosby also used the song as part of a round with his family during his concert at the London Palladium in 1976. The performance was captured on the album Bing Crosby Live at the London Palladium.
Contents
[hide]
1 Lyrics
2 Origins
3 Additional or alternative verses
4 Notes and references
Lyrics[edit]
The most common modern version is often sung as a round for four voice parts ( play (help·info)). A possible arrangement for SATB is as follows:
Soprano
Contralto
Tenor
Bass
Row, row, row your boat,
Gently down the stream. Row, row, row your boat,
Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily, Gently down the stream. Row, row, row your boat,
Life is but a dream. Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily, Gently down the stream. Row, row, row your boat,
Life is but a dream. Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily, Gently down the stream.
Life is but a dream. Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily,
Life is but a dream.
The text above is often sung multiple times in succession to allow for the different voices to interweave with each other, forming four-part harmony.
Origins[edit]
It has been suggested that the song may have originally arisen out of American minstrelsy. The earliest printing of the song is from 1852, when the lyrics were published with similar lyrics to those used today, but with a very different tune. It was reprinted again two years later with the same lyrics and another tune. The modern tune was first recorded with the lyrics in 1881, mentioning Eliphalet Oram Lyte in The Franklin Square Song Collection but not making it clear whether he was the composer or adapter.[1]
Additional or alternative verses[edit]
People often add additional verses, a form of children's street culture, with the intent of either extending the song or (especially in the case of more irreverent versions) to make it funny, parody it, or substitute another sensibility for the perceived innocent one of the original. In Bean, where Rowan Atkinson (Mr.Bean) and Peter MacNicol (David Langley) also used this parody singing in the film. [2] Versions include:
Row, row, row your boat,
Gently down the stream.
If you see a crocodile,
Don't forget to scream.
And:
Row, row, row your boat,
Gently down the stream.
Throw your teacher overboard
And listen to her scream.[3]
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Studwell, S. M. (1997). The Americana Song Reader. New York: Haworth Press. p. 82. ISBN 0-7890-0150-0.
Jump up ^ Johnson, B. & Cloonan, M. (2009). Dark Side of the Tune: Popular Music and Violence. Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 98. ISBN 1-4094-0049-2.
Jump up ^ Lightfoot, C. (1997). The Culture of Adolescent Risk-Taking Culture and Human Development. New York: Guilford Press. p. 78. ISBN 1-57230-232-1.
[hide]
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Nursery rhymes (list)
"A-Tisket, A-Tasket"
"Aiken Drum"
"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep"
"Did You Ever See a Lassie?"
"Hey Diddle Diddle"
"Hickory Dickory Dock"
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"Jack and Jill"
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"Little Boy Blue"
"Little Jack Horner"
"Little Miss Muffet"
"Mary Had a Little Lamb"
"Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary"
"Old King Cole"
"Old MacDonald Had a Farm"
"Old Mother Hubbard"
"Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe"
"Peter Piper"
"Polly Put the Kettle On"
"Poor Mary"
"Pop Goes the Weasel"
"Pussy Cat Pussy Cat"
"Rain Rain Go Away"
"Roses Are Red"
"Rub-a-dub-dub"
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Lullabies
"Hush, Little Baby"
"Rock-a-bye Baby"
Rounds
"Ding Dong Bell"
"Frère Jacques"
"Kookaburra"
"Row, Row, Row Your Boat"
"Scotland's Burning"
"Three Blind Mice"
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text:
Victory garden
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Victory garden (disambiguation).
American WWII-era poster promoting victory gardens
Victory gardens, also called war gardens or food gardens for defense, were vegetable, fruit, and herb gardens planted at private residences and public parks in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and Germany during World War I and World War II. George Washington Carver wrote an agricultural tract and promoted the idea of what he called a "Victory Garden". They were used along with Rationing Stamps and Cards to reduce pressure on the public food supply. Besides indirectly aiding the war effort, these gardens were also considered a civil "morale booster" in that gardeners could feel empowered by their contribution of labor and rewarded by the produce grown. This made victory gardens a part of daily life on the home front.
Two American war gardeners in 1918
Contents
[hide]
1 World War I
1.1 Canada
1.2 United States
2 World War II
2.1 Australia
2.2 Britain
2.3 United States
3 Postwar
4 Films
5 Television
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
World War I[edit]
Canada[edit]
Victory Gardens became popular in Canada in 1917. Under the Ministry of Agriculture's campaign, "A Vegetable Garden for Every Home", residents of cities, towns and villages utilized backyard spaces to plant vegetables for personal use and war effort. In the city of Toronto, ladies organizations brought expert gardeners into the schools to get school children and their families interested in gardening. In addition to gardening, home owners were encouraged to keep hens in their yards for the purpose of collecting eggs. The result was large production of potatoes, beets, cabbage and other useful vegetables.[1]
United States[edit]
WWI-era U.S. victory poster.
In March 1917, Charles Lathrop Pack organized the US National War Garden Commission and launched the war garden campaign. Food production had fallen dramatically during World War I, especially in Europe, where agricultural labor had been recruited into military service and remaining farms devastated by the conflict. Pack and others conceived the idea that the supply of food could be greatly increased without the use of land and manpower already engaged in agriculture, and without the significant use of transportation facilities needed for the war effort. The campaign promoted the cultivation of available private and public lands, resulting in over five million gardens in the USA[2] and foodstuff production exceeding $1.2 billion by the end of the war.[3]
President Woodrow Wilson said that "Food will win the war." To support the home garden effort, a United States School Garden Army was launched through the Bureau of Education, and funded by the War Department at Wilson's direction.[4]
World War II[edit]
See also: Food waste in the United Kingdom § History
The British "Dig on for Victory" poster by Peter Fraser
A victory garden in a bomb crater in London during WWII.
Australia[edit]
Australia launched a Dig for Victory campaign in 1942 as rationing and a shortage of agricultural workers began to affect food supplies. The situation began to ease in 1943; however, home gardens continued throughout the war.[5]
Britain[edit]
In Britain, "digging for victory" used much land such as waste ground, railway edges, ornamental gardens and lawns, while sports fields and golf courses were requisitioned for farming or vegetable growing. Sometimes a sports field was left as it was but used for sheep-grazing instead of being mown (for example see Lawrence Sheriff School § Effects of the Second World War). By 1943, the number of allotments had roughly doubled to 1,400,000, including rural, urban and suburban plots.[6] C. H. Middleton's radio programme In Your Garden reached millions of listeners keen for advice on growing potatoes, leeks and the like, and helped ensure a communal sense of contributing to the war effort (as well as a practical response to food rationing).[7] County Herb Committees were established to collect medicinal herbs when German blockades created shortages, for instance in Digitalis purpurea (Foxglove) which was used to regulate heartbeat. Victory gardens were planted in backyards and on apartment-building rooftops, with the occasional vacant lot "commandeered for the war effort!" and put to use as a cornfield or a squash patch. During World War II, sections of lawn were publicly plowed for plots in Hyde Park, London to promote the movement, while allotments growing onions in the shadow of the Albert Memorial also pointed to everybody, high and low, chipping in to the national struggle.[8]
United States[edit]
Amid regular rationing of food in Britain, the United States Department of Agriculture encouraged the planting of victory gardens during the course of World War II. Around one third of the vegetables produced by the United States came from victory gardens.[9] It was emphasized to American home front urbanites and suburbanites that the produce from their gardens would help to lower the price of vegetables needed by the US War Department to feed the troops, thus saving money that could be spent elsewhere on the military: "Our food is fighting," one US poster read.[10] By May 1943, there were 18 million victory gardens in the United States - 12 million in cities and 6 million on farms.[11]
Although at first the Department of Agriculture objected to Eleanor Roosevelt's institution of a victory garden on the White House grounds, fearing that such a movement would hurt the food industry, basic information about gardening appeared in public services booklets distributed by the Department of Agriculture, as well as by agribusiness corporations such as International Harvester and Beech-Nut. Fruit and vegetables harvested in these home and community plots was estimated to be 9,000,000–10,000,000 short tons (8,200,000–9,100,000 t) in 1944, an amount equal to all commercial production of fresh vegetables.[12][13][14]
In New York City, the lawns around vacant "Riverside" were devoted to victory gardens, as were portions of San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. The slogan "grow your own, can your own", was a slogan that started at the time of the war and referred to families growing and canning their own food in victory gardens.[15]
“ A Victory Garden is like a share in an airplane factory. It helps win the War and it pays dividends too. ”
— Claude Wickard, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture
Postwar[edit]
In 1946, with the war over, many British residents did not plant victory gardens, in expectation of greater availability of food. However, shortages remained in the United Kingdom, and rationing remained in place for at least some food items until 1954.
Land at the centre of the Sutton Garden Suburb in Sutton, London was first put to use as a victory garden during World War II; before then it had been used as a recreation ground with tennis courts. The land continued to be used as allotments by local residents for more than 50 years until they were evicted by the then landowner in 1997. The land has since fallen into disuse.[16]
The Fenway Victory Gardens in the Back Bay Fens of Boston, Massachusetts and the Dowling Community Garden in Minneapolis, Minnesota remain active as the last surviving public examples from World War II. Most plots in the Fenway Victory Gardens now feature flowers instead of vegetables while the Dowling Community Garden retains its focus on vegetables.[17]
Since the turn of the 21st century, interest in victory gardens has grown. A campaign promoting such gardens has sprung up in the form of new victory gardens in public spaces, victory garden websites and blogs, as well as petitions to renew a national campaign for the victory garden and to encourage the re-establishment of a victory garden on the White House lawn. In March 2009, First Lady Michelle Obama planted an 1,100-square-foot (100 m2) "Kitchen Garden" on the White House lawn, the first since Eleanor Roosevelt's, to raise awareness about healthy food.[18]
Films[edit]
Several countries produced numerous information films about growing victory gardens.
Canada
World War II
He Plants for Victory (1943)
United Kingdom
World War I
Grow Vegetables For War Effort
War Garden Parade
World War II
Dig For Victory! (1940, 1941, 1942)
Children's Allotment Gardens (1942)
Compost Heaps for Feeding (1942)
Digging For Victory (1943)
Winter Greens (1943)
Blitz on Bugs (1944)
Dig for Victory - Proceed According To Plan (1944)
United States
World War II
Victory Gardens (1941, 1942, 1943)
Barney Bear's Victory Garden (1942)
As Ye Sow (1945)
Television[edit]
Historical documentary and reality television series such as The 1940s House, Wartime Farm and the second season of Coal House place modern families in a recreated wartime settings, including digging victory gardens.
The WGBH public-television series The Victory Garden took the familiar expression to promote composting and intensive cropping for homeowners who wanted to raise some vegetables (and some flowers).
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Victory gardens.
Australian Women's Land Army
Community garden
Home front during World War II
List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom
Rationing in the United Kingdom
United States home front during World War II
Women's Land Army
Woman's Land Army of America
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hopkins, John Castell (1919). The Province of Ontario in the War: A Record of Government and People. Toronto: Warwick Brothers and Rutter. pp. 60–61.
Jump up ^ Pack, Charles Lathrop. War Gardens Victorious (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1919) p. 15.
Jump up ^ Eyle, Alexandra. Charles Lathrop Pack: Timberman, Forest Conservationist, and Pioneer in Forest Education (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1994) p. 142.
Jump up ^ Hayden-Smith, Rose: Sowing the Seeds of Victory (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2014).
Jump up ^ "Victory gardens, Second World War". Australian War Memorial.
Jump up ^ D. Matless, Landscape and Englishness (London 2016) p.246
Jump up ^ A. Harris, Romantic Moderns (London 2010) p. 240-1
Jump up ^ A. Harris, Romantic Moderns (London 2010) p. 241
Jump up ^ Kallen, Stuart A. (2000). The War at Home. San Diego: Lucent Books. ISBN 1-56006-531-1.
Jump up ^ "Where our men are fighting, our food is fighting". Loc.gov. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
Jump up ^ "18,000,000 Gardens for Victory". Popular Mechanics. May 1943. p. 1.
Jump up ^ "Victory Gardens during World War II". livinghistoryfarm.org.
Jump up ^ http://www.victorygardenfoundation.org/VGhistory/Facts%20about%201945%20VGs.pdf[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/80400530/pdf/hist/bhnhe_1944_misc_pub_550.pdf
Jump up ^ "World war II: Civic responsibility" (PDF). Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Sutton Garden Suburb Conservation Area Character Appraisal Archived 2016-10-09 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Dowling Community Garden History".
Jump up ^ Burrows, Marian (March 19, 2009). "Obamas to Plant Vegetable Garden at White House". New York Times.
Further reading[edit]
Hayden-Smith, Rose (2014). Sowing the Seeds of Victory: American Gardening Programs of World War I. McFarland Books. ISBN 978-0-7864-7020-4.
Hayden-Smith, Rose (2005). "Soldiers of the Soil: The Work of the United States School Garden Army in World War 1". University of California 4-H Youth Development Center. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
Kuhn, Clifford M., "‘It Was a Long Way from Perfect, but It Was Working’: The Canning and Home Production Initiatives in Green County, Georgia, 1940–1942," Agricultural History (2012) 86#1 pp 68–90.
Madsen, Joseph. "Fighting the War Through Gardening: Ballard High School's WWII Victory Garden" (PDF).
C. H. Middleton, Digging for Victory ([1942] London 2008)
Pack, Charles Lathrop (1919). The War Garden Victorious. J.P. Lippincott Co. OCLC 425762.
Smith, Daniel (2011). The Spade as Mighty as the Sword: The Story of World War Two's Dig for Victory Campaign. Aurum Press. ISBN 978-1-84513-617-8.
External links[edit]
Recipe for Victory: Food and Cooking in Wartime
PBS: The Victory Garden
A Visual History of Victory Gardens curated by Michigan State University
Victory Gardens Handbook of the Victory Garden Committee War Services, Pennsylvania State Council of Defense (April 1944)
Victory Garden complete film at archive.org
History of Urban Gardening in the United States
GARDENS FOR VICTORY reference pubbed Mar. 1942, intro/first chapter
Victory Garden Initiative - a grassroots organization in Milwaukee, Wisconsin promoting revival of the victory garden movement as a means to address food system and environmental issues.
Oldest Remaining Victory Gardens in Boston
1943 propaganda film He Plants for Victory (National Film Board of Canada)
1941 propaganda film Victory Gardens (United States Department of Agriculture)
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Kangla Palace
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The main entrance of the Kangla Fort in Imphal.
Kingdom of Manipur
Part of History of Manipur
Kings of Manipur
Pamheiba
1720–1751
Gaurisiam
1752–1754
Chitsai
1754–1756
Ching-Thang Khomba
1769–1798
Rohinchandra
1798–1801
Maduchandra Singh
1801–1806
Chourjit Singh
1806–1812
Marjit Singh
1812–1819
Gambhir Singh
1825–1834
Raja Nara Singh
1844–1850
Debindro Singh
1850
Chandrakirti Singh
1850–1886
Raja Surchandra
1886–1890
Kulachandra Singh
1890–1891
Churachandra Singh
1891–1941
Bodhchandra Singh
1941–1949
Manipur monarchy data
Ningthouja dynasty (Royal family)
Pakhangba (Symbol of the kingdom)
Cheitharol Kumbaba (Royal chronicle)
Imphal (Capital of the kingdom)
Kangla Palace (Royal residence)
v
t
e
The Palace of Kangla is an old palace at Imphal in Manipur (Kangleipak). It was situated on both sides (western and eastern) of the bank of the Imphal River. But now it remains only on the western side of the bank. Only the ruins remain now. Kangla means "dry land" in old Meitei. It was the traditional seat of the past Meitei rulers of Manipur.
Contents
[hide]
1 Introduction
2 Historical and archeological significance
3 Anglo-Manipur War of 1891
4 Holy/Sacred places of Kangla
4.1 Nungjeng Pukhri and other ponds
4.2 Nunggoibi
4.3 Manglen
4.4 Kangla Men Surung
4.5 Site of Lord Wangbaren
4.6 Site for Lord Koubru
5 Monuments and archaeological sites in Kangla Fort
5.1 Ruins of the Citadel
5.2 Ruins of the Uttra
5.3 Site of the two 'Kangla Sha'
5.4 Temple of Shree - Shree Govindajee
5.5 Stone inscription
6 Important structures of the British/Post Independence period
7 Concept Development Plan (CDP) of 'Kangla' Fort Archaeological Park (KFAP)
8 Assurances from the Government of India
9 'Kangla Fort Ordinance. 2004'
10 Historical and archeological significance
11 References
12 External links
Introduction[edit]
Channel around a part of Kangla
'Kangla' was the ancient capital of Manipur from the ancient times down to the year 1891 AD. It is located at the heart of the Imphal city almost intersected by 24°N Latitude, 94°E Longitude and it is 2,619 feet (798 m) above mean sea level. It is situated on the western bank of the Imphal River.
In ancient times, 'Kangla' was the royal palace since the reign of Pakhangba who ascended the throne in 33 AD, according to "Cheitharol Kummaba", the royal Chronicle of Manipur.
In pre-Pakhangba period, a ruling clan named Khaba ruled from 'Kangla'. 'Kangla' is not only the seat of political power but also a holy place for religious worship and ceremonies. There are a number of ancient treaties/manuscripts especially "Sakoklamlen" "Chinglon Laihui", "Nunglon" etc., which lay down the rules for the construction, worship, ceremonies relating to 'Kangla'.these palace was surrounded by a huge channel called"kangla pat"
Historical and archeological significance[edit]
Kangla gate (view from inside)
The main Kangla Gate today
Kangla is the most important historical and archeological site of Manipur. The kingdom of Manipur was established and developed at Kangla. Being a site of political and religious centre, Kangla has grown into a formidable fortress city through the centuries. It is from this capital that the Ningthouja clan gradually wielded enough political and military power and grew up to be the most dominant clan in Manipur. The royal chronicle gives many references to the construction of Kangla by successive reigning kings in Manipur.
The major landmarks in the growth of Kangla Fort were constructed by King Khagemba (1597–1652 AD), the conqueror of the Chinese. The royal chronicle records that in 1632 AD, Khagemba constructed a brick wall at the western gate of Kangla Fort. It appears that the art of brick making was acquired from the Chinese prisoners who were captured during the Chinese invasion of the eastern frontier of Manipur. Khagemba's son Khunjaoba (1632–1666 AD) improved on the fortification and beautification work of Kangla Fort. It is said that the king excavated a moat (Thangapat) on the western side of the Fort. During his period, the power and prestige of Manipur was at its peak. Burmese kings/chiefs approached him to settle their disputes and beg the hands of Manipuri princesses. The Fort was further improved and enlarged by King Garibaniwaz and after him by successive kings of Manipur.
Since the reign of Maharaja Bhagyachandra (1762–1798 AD), due to repeated invasion by the Burmese, Kangla was deserted several times. Maharaj Gambhir Singh, with the help of the Manipur Levy, liberated Manipur from the hands of the Burmese invading forces which occupied Manipur for seven years. This period of Burmese Rule is known as "Chahi Taret Khuntakpa" (Seven Years Devastation) in the annals of Manipur. Gambhir Singh, however, established his capital at Langthabal which is now known as Canchipur. During the reign of Nara Singh, the capital was shifted to Kangla in 1844.
Anglo-Manipur War of 1891[edit]
Remains of an inner wall inside the fort.
King Chandrakriti was succeeded by his eldest son Surchandra. However, he could not control his step brothers. As a result, Senapati Tikendrajit revolted against him and put his own brother Yubaraj Kulachandra to the Throne of Manipur. By this time, the Britishers took advantage to intervene in the internal affairs of Manipur. They sent Mr. J.W. Quinton, the Chief Commissioner of Assam to negotiate the palace revolt and to exile Senapati Tikendrajit. Thus, the first battle of the Anglo-Manipur War of 1891 broke out when the British forces, under orders from Mr. J.W. Quinton, the Chief Commissioner of Assam, attacked on 'Kangla', the Manipur Fort, in the early hours of 24 March 1891.
Manipur was an independent Asiatic power in alliance with the British Sovereign. This undeclared aggression left the Manipuris infuriated. However, they agreed to negotiate with the British officials when approached. The negotiation failed and the Manipuri commander ordered to execute the British Officers, though the King asked to keep them as prisoners. Thereafter, the British Empire declared war against Manipur and attacked it from three sides i.e., Silchar, Kohima and Tamu (in Myanmar). They conquered 'Kangla Fort' on 27 April 1891. Yubaraj Tikendrajit and Thangal General etc., were publicly executed by the British. Since then, 'Kangla' has been under occupation by the Security forces/Assam Rifles till 2004.
Holy/Sacred places of Kangla[edit]
'Kangla' is regarded as the holiest place for the Manipuris. It is a centre of pilgrimage for all the Manipuris who are residing in Manipur, Assam, Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Bangladesh and Myanmar etc. It is believed that Lord Pakhangba resides under 'Kangla' and ruled the Kingdom of Manipur and the Universe. It is also believed that there are 360 important holy/sacred places in 'Kangla'. Some of the important holy places in 'Kangla' are:
Nungjeng Pukhri and other ponds[edit]
This is a sacred pond believed to be the abode of Lord Pakhangba. It is located to the north-west of the "Uttra". Religious rituals are performed here. Besides this, there are other holy ponds like "Chingkhei Nungjeng", "Manung Nungjeng" and "Lai Pukhri" etc.
Nunggoibi[edit]
The site is a sacred place of worship of the Goddess of War. The "Huyein Lalu Chanba" ritual was performed here, whenever a King of Manipur emerged victorious in battle.
Manglen[edit]
It is the cremation site of the Kings of Manipur. The "Manglen" is believed to have been developed by Maharaj Garibaniwaz in 1738. According to the royal chronicle, the Cheitharol Kumbaba, Nara Singh Maharaj (1844–50) was cremated here at the "Manglen".
Kangla Men Surung[edit]
This is a sacred place where the kings of Manipur performed their coronation ceremony/erat-thouni. It is believed that the king will be able to rule the state or not according to the results of the ceremony/erat-thouni.
Site of Lord Wangbaren[edit]
This is located to the southeastern corner of 'Kangla' where ceremony/erat-thouni were performed in connection with flood and natural calamities.
Site for Lord Koubru[edit]
It is located to the northwestern corner of 'Kangla' and is worshipped mainly for good rainfall etc.
Besides these holy/sacred places, there are "Paotak Pung", "Pakhangba Pung", "Pakhangba Khuda", "Nata Pung", "Yaorei Khukal Tetnou Yotli Chingba Ching", "Yaoreibi" "Yaichampat", "Lukhrapat", the site of "Mangang Guru", "Shumshang", "Yumjaolairenbi", "Lai-Nongshaba", etc.
Monuments and archaeological sites in Kangla Fort[edit]
Ruins of the Citadel[edit]
Cheitharol Kumbaba, the royal chronicle, records the construction of the Citadel in 1611, that is, during the reign of King Khagemba (1597–1652). Twenty feet high, the Citadel is built of well-burnt bricks. A number of sacred places, including the coronation site of Pakhangba, were located within the enclosure of the citadel. The citadel enclosure had three entrances, two on the western side and one on the southern side. The entrance on the left end of the western face was opposite to the coronation hall and the entrance to the right end of the same wall faced the Darbar Hall. The southern entrance was connected with the passage leading to the Shree - Shree Govindajee Temple.
Ruins of the Uttra[edit]
The "Uttra" is the ancestral coronation hall of the Manipur kings. The installation ceremonies took place here. The building housing the coronation hall was destroyed in air raids during the Second World War The flight of the steps and the ruins of the foundation are the only remains of the "Uttra".
Site of the two 'Kangla Sha'[edit]
See also: Pakhangba
A file picture of the Kangla Sha, which were destroyed in the Anglo-Manipur war of 1891.
The Kangla Sha, actually - 2007 - under restoration
Two huge 'Kangla Sha' made of brick used to stand in front of the "Uttra" but just beyond the flight of steps leading to the "Uttra" - on either side of the path leading to the "Uttra". Mr. T.C. Hudson wrote in his book/The Meitheis', this was the National Emblem of the Meiteis. According to Sir James Johnstone, Kangla sha were originally erected by the Chinese war captives. But it is wrong. It is said that it existed even before the reign of Nongda lairen Pakhangba (33 AD). According to archaic belief the Kangla Sha is the Protector of the King and repelled the Omen. Whenever the King is in distress, the King used to worship /perform a sacred ritual, eating or drinking nothing, then if the kangla-Sha bless him HE shall protect the King.'Kangla Sha' were blown to pieces by the British after their occupation of 'Kangla' Fort in 1891. The site is remembered historically as the place where four British officers were beheaded by the Manipuri soldiers.
Temple of Shree - Shree Govindajee[edit]
The temple of Shree - Shree Govindajee was originally built in 1846, that is, during the reign of Maharaja Nara Singh (1844–50). It was severely damaged in the great earthquake of 1868. The deities(murtis) of Radha Govinda was damaged when parts of the temple collapsed in the earthquake (Cheitharol Kumbaba, p. 375). Maharaj Chandrakriti (1859–86), the then ruler of Manipur, reconstructed the temple in its original form. The temple is dedicated to Lord Govinda and His consort Radha.
Stone inscription[edit]
There is a stone inscription belonging to the period of Maharaja Marjit.
Important structures of the British/Post Independence period[edit]
There are many important historical and Architectural buildings/structures which belong to the British and post-independence period viz.:
Field Marshal General Slim's Cottage - the famous General of Second World War
Unit Hospital of the Assam Rifles.
Sir Akbar Hydri's tomb - the Governor of Assam.
Residence/Bungalows of the British Officers/Assam Rifle Officers,
Samadhi of Maharaj Bodhachandra of Manipur etc.
Memorial Stone at Kekrupat, which was erected in memory of those who sacrificed their life during the historic event of June 18, 2002.
The 1st I.R.B. Memorial.
17 Assam Rifle Commandants Office.
Concept Development Plan (CDP) of 'Kangla' Fort Archaeological Park (KFAP)[edit]
The Government of Manipur, to translate into action the general desire and aspirations of the people, had allocated a place for the Assam Rifles at Mahakoireng and had also requested the Union Government frequently to shift the Assam Rifles from 'Kangla'.
The State Government also engaged Prof. Nalini Thakur of School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi to prepare a Concept Development Plan (CDP) of 'Kangla Fort'. The 'CDP' to develop 'Kangla Fort' as a unique Archaeological Park in the region has been approved by the State Government. The development of 'Kangla' has started recently. After completion of the development works, 'Kangla Fort' will become a unique Archaeological Park (Heritage Park), in the entire North-Eastern region.
The essence of 'Kangla Development Project' is the preservation of the state heritage and to restore 'Kangla' to its pristine glory. The salient features of the 'Project' are the development and beautification of the ancient historical ruins and sacred and holy places inside 'Kangla', including the Citadel and temples in ruins, the "Nungjeng Pukhri" and reconstruction of 'Kangla Sha' (the State emblem), which were razed to the ground by the British Colonial forces at the end of the Anglo-Manipuri War of 1891.
Documentation of the ancient structures, holy and sacred places, publication of book on 'Kangla' with rare photographs are also one of the major target of the 'Project'. Plantation of indigenous trees, medicinal plants etc., are other distinct features of the 'Project'. Excavation of the inner moat, which is now lying as a dry ditch, conservation of the historical structures are parts of the 'Project' to restore 'Kangla' to its glorious past. Lastly, a majestic temple of Lord Pakhangba is also proposed for construction at a suitable place to fulfill the general wish and aspirations of the people of Manipur.
As per the Concept Development Plan, about Rs 15.00 crore is required for development of 'Kangla Fort' into 'Kangla Fort Archaeological Park'. Further, about Rs 1.50 crore would be required annually for maintenance of 'KFAP' after its proper development. Currently, development of 'KFAP' is taking place from Rs 5.00 crore sanctioned under the 11th Finance Commission Award. The remaining amount of Rs 10.00 crore for development of 'KFAP' had to be provided by State Government besides making provisions for Rs 1.50 crore annually for its maintenance.
Assurances from the Government of India[edit]
Shri M.M. Jacob, the then Union Minister of State (Home) visited Manipur in 1992 and a section of the Assam Rifles, then stationed at 'Kangla' Fort was shifted to Mahakoireng in a symbolic ceremony indicating the sincere gesture of the Union Government to vacate 'Kangla' to fulfill the common wish of the people of Manipur. The vacation of 'Kangla Fort' by the Assam Rifles and its subsequent handing over to the State Government has also been assured by the then Union Home Ministers like Shri S.B. Chavan, Shri Indrajit Gupta and the present Union Home Minister Shri Sivaraj Patil.
'Kangla Fort Ordinance. 2004'[edit]
Since the Government of India is considering to hand over the historical 'Kangla Fort' measuring about 237.62 acres (0.9616 km2), after its vacation by the Assam Rifles, on 20 November 2004 in presence of the Prime Minister of India, the State Cabinet has recently approved the draft 'Kangla Fort Ordinance, 2004'. It is proposed to promulgate this 'Ordinance' soon after the possession of the 'Kangla Fort' is handed over to the State Government by the Assam Rifles. Once the proposed law comes into force, the administration and management of the 'Kangla Fort' would vest in the 'Kangla Fort Board' under the Chairmanship of the Hon'ble Chief Minister, Manipur. In the proposed law, specific provision has been made to prohibit sale, lease, letting-out, transfer or alienation of entire land under 'Kangla Fort' in any form whatsoever.
Historical and archeological significance[edit]
The Kingdom of Manipur developed at Kangla. Being a political and religious centre, Kangla grew into a formidable fortress city over the centuries. It is from this capital that the Ningthouja clan gradually wielded enough political and military power to become the most dominant clan in Manipur. The royal chronicle of Manipur, Cheitharol Kumbaba, contains many references to the development of Kangla by successive reigning kings in Manipur.
The royal chronicle records that King Khagemba (1597–1652), the conqueror of the Chinese, constructed a brick wall at the western gate of 'Kangla Fort' in 1632. It appears that the art of brick making was acquired from the Chinese prisoners who were captured during the Chinese invasion of the eastern frontier of Manipur. His son, King Khunjaoba (1632–1666), carried out fortification and beautification work of Kangla Fort. It is believed that the king excavated a moat (Thangapat) on the western side of the Fort. The Fort was further enlarged by King Gharib Nawaz and other successive kings of Manipur.
It is famous in the history of Manipur. In the evening of March 24, 1891 British Gorkha troops attacked Juvraj Tikendrajit's residence in the Palace Compound, killing many innocent civilians including women and children who were watching a Ras Lila dance. The Manipuris struck back and the British was put on the defensive. In the ensuing chaos, five British officers including Frank St. Clair Grimwood, the Political Agent, and James Wallace Quinton, the Chief Commissioner of Assam, were lynched by a mob. This resulted in the Anglo-Manipur War in 1891. The British forces finally defeated the Manipuri forces and hoisted the Union Flag in Kangla on 27 April 1892. It was occupied by the British, declaring it as the cantonment area or the 'British Reserve' till they left Manipur in 1947.
Its occupation by the Assam Rifles, an Indian paramilitary force was a major source of discontent of the local people. M. M. Jacob, the then Minister of State for Home in 1992 had announced in a speech that the Assam Rifles would hand over the historic fort to the state government. This finally came true on November 20, 2004, when Prime Minister Manmohan Singh handed over the historic Kangla Fort to Manipur state government.
References[edit]
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kangla Palace.
The ancient capital of Manipur : E-Pao.Net
Rediscovering a heritage- By SUSHANTA TALUKDAR
Kangla Fort Beautiful Photos - KanglaOnline.com
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kangla_Palace&oldid=832114827"
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values:
/wiki/Kangla_Palace
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: कंगला महल – Hindi

values: காங்லா அரண்மனை – Tamil

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Kangla_Palace rootpage-Kangla_Palace skin-vector action-view