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Freedom of religion in Nepal
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Nepal is a secular state under the Interim Constitution, which was promulgated on January 15, 2007. The Interim Constitution provides for freedom to practice one's religion. The Interim Constitution also specifically denies the right to convert another person. The now-defunct constitution of 1990, which was in effect until January 15, 2007, described the country as a "Hindu Kingdom," although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion. The Government generally did not interfere with the practice of other religious groups, and religious tolerance was broadly observed; however, there were some restrictions.
The Government took positive preliminary steps with respect to religious freedom during the period covered by this report, and government policy contributed to the generally free practice of religion. The Interim Parliament, through the Interim Constitution, officially declared the country a secular state in January 2007; however, no laws specifically affecting freedom of religion were changed. Nonetheless, many believed that the declaration made it easier to practice their religion freely.
Adherents of the country's many religious groups generally coexisted peacefully and respected places of worship, although there were reports of societal abuses and discrimination based on religious belief or practice. Those who converted to another religious group at times faced violence and occasionally were ostracized socially but generally did not fear to admit their affiliations in public. But overall, Nepal is viewed as a religiously harmonious place for its state of development.
Contents
[hide]
1 Religious demography
2 Status of religious freedom
2.1 Legal and policy framework
2.2 Restrictions on religious freedom
2.3 Forced religious conversion
2.4 In rebel-held areas during the Nepalese Civil War
3 Societal abuses and discrimination
4 Atheists in Nepal
5 See also
6 References
Religious demography[edit]
Main article: Religion in Nepal
The country has an area of 147,181 square kilometres (56,827 sq mi) and a population of 28 million. Hinduism is reported to be the religion of 81.34% of the population followed by Buddhism (9.04%), Islam(4.38%), Kirant (an indigenous animist religion),(3.04%), and Christianity (1.41%). There are adherents to many other religious groups, whose proportion is small.[1] According to the chairman of the Madrassah Islamiyah Association, there are almost 2,500 madrassahs. Twenty thousand Tibetan Buddhist refugees reside in the country.
Status of religious freedom[edit]
Legal and policy framework[edit]
The Interim Constitution provides for freedom of religion and permits the practice of all religious groups; however, there are some restrictions. The Interim Parliament declared the country a secular state in the Interim Constitution in January 2007. The previous constitution described the country as a "Hindu Kingdom," although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion. Article 23 of the Interim Constitution protects the rights of all religious groups by guaranteeing the individual the right "to profess and practice his/her own religion as handed down to him/her from ancient times having due regard to traditional practices." It also states "no person shall be entitled to convert another person from one religion to another and shall not take actions or behave in a way that would create disturbance in another's religion."
The Interim Constitution maintains the stipulation from the 1990 constitution that no one can be discriminated against based on caste. In 2002 the previous government constituted a National Dalit Commission charged with protecting and promoting Dalit (formerly called "untouchable") rights and ensuring active participation of the Dalit community in the development of the country. Before the People's Movement in April 2006, which led to removal of the King and his government, the Commission devised legal and policy arrangements for Dalit rights, made recommendations to implement international conventions to which the country is a party, monitored and coordinated non-governmental organizations (NGOs) on efforts to uplift Dalits, and launched programs on social awareness to end social discrimination and untouchability. After the success of the People's Movement, many members of the Commission were accused of being royalist and resigned, and the Commission was unable to function. The Interim Government nominated 16 members to the Commission on June 3, 2007.
There are no specific laws favoring the Hindu majority, nor does the Government control the expression of Hinduism.
Although there were no registration requirements for religious groups, there were legal registration requirements for NGOs. Organizations had been prohibited from registering if their names contained religious words. However, this began to change in April 2007 when the Government allowed the registration of an organization with the word "Bible" in its title. Christian, Muslim, and Jewish religious organizations claimed that, unless registered, such organizations were restricted from owning land, an important step for establishing churches, mosques, synagogues, or burial sites. An organization that provides religious services and kosher foods to Jewish adherents (generally tourists) complained that the organization was not able to legally register as a religious organization and its workers had to enter the country on business visas.
Proselytizing remained illegal. There are officially no foreign missionaries; however, for decades dozens of Christian missionary hospitals, welfare organizations, and schools have operated in the country. These organizations did not proselytize, and otherwise operated freely. Missionary schools were among the most respected institutions of secondary education; many members of the governing and business elite graduated from Jesuit high schools. Foreign workers in the missionary hospitals and schools entered the country with visas designating them as technical workers for local or international NGOs sponsoring the hospitals and schools. The Government enforced these immigration laws; if foreign workers were found to proselytize, they were expelled from the country. There were no expulsions during the reporting period. Many foreign Christian organizations had direct ties to local churches and sponsored pastors for religious training abroad.
Some holy days, most of them Hindu, were recognized as national holidays. These were Mahashivaratri, Buddha Jayanti, Falgun Purnima, Krishna Asthami, Dasain, and Tihar.
Although public schools did not teach religion, most had a statue of Saraswoti, the Hindu goddess of learning, on their grounds. Many began the day with a Hindu prayer to the goddess.
The Government had no formal policy on interfaith understanding. A local NGO, the Interreligious Council of Nepal, consisting of representatives of the Hindu, Buddhist, Muslim, Christian, and Baha'i faiths, was active in promoting peace in the country.
Restrictions on religious freedom[edit]
Tibetan Buddhists faced various restrictions on their celebrations. Local authorities generally restricted celebration of Tibetan religious festivals to private property. Police in Kathmandu prohibited Tibetans celebrating the New Year from carrying pictures of the Dalai Lama around an important Buddhist temple as part of religious ceremonies. The Government also restricted all other non-religious local Tibetan celebrations (Tibetan New Year, the Dalai Lama's birthday, and Democracy Day) to private property. On March 10, 2007, however, the Tibetan community was allowed to march freely in the street, demanding "freedom and justice for Tibet." During the reporting period, the Government revoked the legally obtained registration of a welfare office to look after Tibetan refugees (a lawsuit was pending at the end of the reporting period) and did not allow the registration of an office to represent the Dalai Lama. The welfare office previously looked after more than 20,000 Tibetan refugees who left their homeland after the Dalai Lama fled Tibet in 1959.
The law prohibits converting others and proselytizing; these activities are punishable by fines, imprisonment, or, for foreigners, expulsion. However, personal conversion is allowed. Some Christian and Muslim groups were concerned that the ban on proselytizing limited the expression of non-Hindu religious belief. NGOs or individuals were allowed to file reports that individuals or organizations were proselytizing, and the Government investigated these reports.
There were no incidents of punishment for conversion or proselytism during the reporting period.
Madrassahs, but not mosques, are required to register with local district administration offices (part of the Home Ministry) and supply information about their funding sources to operate; they receive no government funding. Some Muslim leaders criticized the move as discriminatory; however, the registration requirement has not been enforced. Muslims were not restricted from participating in the Hajj, although the Government did not subsidize the pilgrimage.
The Constitution prohibits discrimination on the basis of caste; however, the caste system strongly influences society. While the Government has stressed that caste-based discrimination is illegal and temple access for "lower castes" has improved in some areas, caste discrimination was frequently practiced at Hindu temples, where Dalits were forbidden from entering by some Hindu priests.
There were no restrictions on the selling or possession of religious literature.
Civil servants may take off religious holidays and celebrate them on private property without government interference.
There were no reports of religious prisoners or detainees.
Forced religious conversion[edit]
There were no reports of forced religious conversion, including of minor U.S. citizens who had been abducted or illegally removed from the United States, or of the refusal to allow such citizens to be returned to the United States. [Edit: The meaning of this sentence is unclear.] There have been frequent reports alleging that various missionaries and foreign Christian organizations have lured poor people to change their religion by offering them jobs and money. No proof for these allegations has ever been brought forward, however; and such charges have long been leveled against Christians in south Asia. The charges have sometimes brought tensions in societies, where the newly converted are claimed to have been brainwashed.
In rebel-held areas during the Nepalese Civil War[edit]
During the Nepalese Civil War, Maoist insurgents restricted religious freedom in parts of the country. There were reports of Maoists enforcing a "people's calendar" in schools that did not allow for religious holidays. Maoists sometimes demanded the use of religious facilities for their political organizations and courts.
Christian organizations reported several cases where Maoists extorted cash from churches. In September 2004 Maoist threats prompted the temporary closing of 21 churches in Sankhuwasabha District. In October 2006 local leaders closed the Christian Kashi Gaun Church in Kashi village, Gorkha in response to pressure from local religious Lamas who were concerned that people would abandon their traditional religious beliefs. Members of the Nepal Interreligious Council visited Gorkha and met with religious and district leaders, and the government agreed to reopen the church in February 2007.
'Just talking to the vice president of Nepal Interreligious Council,(9:00pm on 1-02-2018) it was confirmed that Dr. K. B. Rokaya together with others (Ramchandra and Phanindra has visited Gorkha as mentioned. After having a dialogue held at Gorkha with the representative of the government and others has agreed to open all the churches. Interestingly, One of the church which was recently built in Ranxi village was padlocked by Maoist leader was also opened. Similarly, for the cases of Sankhuwasabha, Rokaya has met Maoist leader Krishna Bahdur Mohara in Delhi, and immediately after the meeting Mohara phoned to the in charge in Sankhusabha/Panchthar, then all the closed churches was open.' Rokaya also confirmed that although there was a presence of Interreligious council but was not organized and active at that time. So he had led the group on behalf of the NCCN (National Christian Church Nepal)
There were scattered reports of Maoist insurgents attacking Hindu temples and harassing Hindu priests.[citation needed] On August 21, 2006, a group of Maoists disrupted a religious function organized by a pro-Hindu organization in Bhairahawa, accusing the group of attempting to reestablish the monarchy. On September 21, 2005, a group of armed Maoists attacked and vandalized Ramchandra Temple in Muga village of Dhankuta District.
Societal abuses and discrimination[edit]
Adherents of the country's many religious groups generally coexisted peacefully and respected places of worship. Most Hindus respected the many Buddhist shrines located throughout the country; Buddhists accorded Hindu shrines the same respect. Buddha's birthplace is an important pilgrimage site, and his birthday is a national holiday. However, some Christian groups reported that Hindu extremism increased in recent years, especially since the Parliamentary declaration of the country as a "secular state" instead of a "Hindu Kingdom." Of particular concern were the local affiliates of the India-based Hindu political party Shiv Sena, locally known as Pashupati Sena, Shiv Sena Nepal, and Nepal Shivsena. This group was accused of playing a role in the violence in the Terai, the southern area of Nepal along the border with India, in late 2006 and early 2007.
Some citizens were wary of proselytizing and conversion by Christians and viewed the growth of Christianity with concern. There were unconfirmed reports that Maoists suppressed religious observance in areas under their control through intimidation and harassment.
Those who chose to convert to other religions, in particular Hindu citizens who converted to Islam or Christianity, were sometimes ostracized. They occasionally faced isolated incidents of hostility or discrimination from Hindu extremist groups. Some reportedly were forced to leave their villages. While this prejudice was not systematic, it was occasionally violent. Nevertheless, converts generally were not afraid to publicly admit their new religious affiliations.
Although such discrimination is prohibited by the Constitution, the caste system strongly influenced society. Societal discrimination against members of lower castes and Dalits remained widespread despite the Government's efforts to protect the rights of disadvantaged castes. Lower castes also experienced discrimination in many other areas of life, including education, employment, and marriage. Other religious communities did not practice caste discrimination. Entrance into many Hindu temples was often restricted for persons not of South Asian ethnicity, who are unlikely to be Hindu.
On April 11, 2007, the Ministry of Education and Sports reported that Dalit students in Parbat District had been refused admission to the high school completion examination based on their caste. The Ministry said it would take action against those involved; however, at the end of the reporting period, the Ministry had not done so.
On March 4, 2007, more than 100 Dalit families were forced to leave their village in Rautahat District after a clash between a Dalit and a higher caste individual during a religious festival. The families returned to their village on March 8 after police, human rights activists, and Dalit organizations intervened.
In October 2006 a Dalit family in Doti District was banished from its community because family members refused to play music (their traditional role) during a Hindu religious celebration. The family took refuge in a neighboring village.
Atheists in Nepal[edit]
Atheist population in Nepal is emerging. Although at a technical level, the roots of atheism were established by the Communist parties (United Mission league and Maoists), they themselves were more or less influenced by a cultural bias of favoritism to Hinduism. Though, Hinduism is a very wide religion that grants enough grounds for other faiths, including atheism, recognizing Nepal as a Hindu state was humiliating to adherents of other faiths. So became the driving force for the establishment of secular state following the people's movement in 2006.
See also[edit]
Religion in Nepal
Human rights in Nepal
References[edit]
United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Nepal: International Religious Freedom Report 2007. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jump up ^ "National Population and Housing Census 2011" (PDF). Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission Secretariat, Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-17. Retrieved April 2014. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
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text:
He who does not work, neither shall he eat
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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He who does not work, neither shall he eat is a New Testament aphorism originally by Paul the Apostle, later cited by John Smith in Jamestown, Virginia, and by Lenin during the Russian Revolution.
Contents
[hide]
1 New Testament
2 Jamestown
3 Soviet Union
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
New Testament[edit]
The aphorism is found in the Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle (with Silvanus and Timothy) to the Thessalonians, in which Paul writes:
εἴ τις οὐ θέλει ἐργάζεσθαι μηδὲ ἐσθιέτω
eí tis ou thélei ergázesthai mēdè esthiétō
that is,
If anyone is not willing to work, let him not eat.[1]
The Greek phrase οὐ θέλει ἐργᾰ́ζεσθαι ou thélei ergázesthai means "is not willing to work". Other English translations render this as "would"[2] or "will not work",[3] which may confuse readers unaccustomed to this use of the verb "will" in the archaic sense of "want to, desire to".
Jamestown[edit]
In the spring of 1609, John Smith cited the aphorism to the colonists of Jamestown:
Countrymen, the long experience of our late miseries I hope is sufficient to persuade everyone to a present correction of himself, And think not that either my pains nor the adventurers' purses will ever maintain you in idleness and sloth...
...the greater part must be more industrious, or starve...
You must obey this now for a law, that he that will not work shall not eat (except by sickness he be disabled). For the labors of thirty or forty honest and industrious men shall not be consumed to maintain a hundred and fifty idle loiterers.[4]
Soviet Union[edit]
The motto in a 1920s Soviet poster
According to Vladimir Lenin, "He who does not work shall not eat" is a necessary principle under socialism, the preliminary phase of the evolution towards communist society. The phrase appears in his 1917 work, The State and Revolution. Through this slogan Lenin explains that in socialist states only productive individuals could be allowed access to the articles of consumption.
The socialist principle, "He who does not work shall not eat", is already realized; the other socialist principle, "An equal amount of products for an equal amount of labor", is also already realized. But this is not yet communism, and it does not yet abolish "bourgeois law", which gives unequal individuals, in return for unequal (really unequal) amounts of labor, equal amounts of products.
This is a "defect" according to Marx, but it is unavoidable in the first phase of communism; for if we are not to indulge in utopianism, we must not think that having overthrown capitalism people will at once learn to work for society without any rules of law. (Chapter 5, Section 3, "The First Phase of Communist Society")
In accordance with Lenin’s understanding of the socialist state, article twelve of the 1936 Soviet Constitution states:
In the USSR work is a duty and a matter of honor for every able-bodied citizen, in accordance with the principle: “He who does not work, neither shall he eat.”
In Lenin’s writing, this was not so much directed at lazy or unproductive workers,[5][6] but rather the bourgeoisie. (Marxist theory defines the bourgeoisie as the group of those who buy the labor-power of workers and engage it in the process of production, deriving profits from the surplus value thus expropriated. Once communism was realised, that is, after the abolition of property and the law of value, no-one would live off the labor of others.[7])
Neither did the principle apply to those rendered incapable of work by old age or disability. These groups would have a right to society's products because they were not at fault for their condition. The elderly, in particular, had worked during their youth, and so could not be denied life’s basic necessities. The Soviet state would then, at least theoretically, provide a basic level of social security.[8]
The principle was enunciated in the Russian Constitution of 1918.
Leon Trotsky wrote that: "The old principle: who does not work shall not eat, has been replaced with a new one: who does not obey shall not eat."[9][10]
See also[edit]
Second Epistle to the Thessalonians
From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs
Socialism
To each according to his contribution
Welfare state
Workfare
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 2 Thessalonians 3:10
Jump up ^ King James Bible
Jump up ^ American Standard Bible
Jump up ^ John Thompson, The Journals of Captain John Smith: A Jamestown Biography, ISBN 1426200552, 2007, p. 139
Jump up ^ Vladimir Lenin. "How to Organise Competition?". Collected Works. 26. Progress Publishers. pp. 404–15.
Jump up ^ Vladimir Lenin (22 May 1918). "Letter to the Petrograd Soviet". On The Famine.
Jump up ^ Richard D. Wolff and Stephen Resnick (2002). Class Theory and History. New York: Routledge. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "Social Security in the Soviet Union". country-data.com.
Jump up ^ Somin, Ilya (November 5, 2009). "The Evil of Leon Trotsky Revisited". The Volokh Conspiracy. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Leon Trotsky (1936) The Revolution Betrayed Chapter 11: Whither the Soviet Union?
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: He who does not work, neither shall he eat
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=He_who_does_not_work,_neither_shall_he_eat&oldid=828577213"
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Parietal cell
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Parietal cell
Human parietal cells (pink staining) - stomach
Control of stomach acid
Details
Location
Stomach
Function
Gastric acid, intrinsic factor secretion
Identifiers
Latin
exocrinocytus parietalis
MeSH
D010295
TH
H3.04.02.1.00033
Anatomical terms of microanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]
Parietal cells (also known as oxyntic or delomorphous cells), are the epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. These cells are located in the gastric glands found in the lining of the fundus and in the body of the stomach. They contain an extensive secretory network (called canaliculi) from which the HCl is secreted by active transport into the stomach. The enzyme hydrogen potassium ATPase (H+/K+ ATPase) is unique to the parietal cells and transports the H+ against a concentration gradient of about 3 million to 1, which is the steepest ion gradient formed in the human body. Parietal cells are primarily regulated via histamine, acetylcholine and gastrin signaling from both central and local modulators (see 'Regulation').
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Canaliculus
2 Function
2.1 Hydrochloric acid secretion
2.2 Regulation
2.3 Intrinsic factor secretion
3 Clinical significance
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Structure[edit]
Canaliculus[edit]
A canaliculus is an adaptation found on gastric parietal cells. It is a deep infolding, or little channel, which serves to increase the surface area, e.g. for secretion. The parietal cell membrane is dynamic; the numbers of canaliculi rise and fall according to secretory need. This is accomplished by the fusion of canalicular precursors, or "tubulovesicles", with the membrane to increase surface area, and the reciprocal endocytosis of the canaliculi (reforming the tubulovesicles) to decrease it.
Function[edit]
Hydrochloric acid secretion[edit]
Hydrochloric acid is formed in the following manner:
Hydrogen ions are formed from the dissociation of carbonic acid. Water is a very minor source of hydrogen ions in comparison to carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is formed from carbon dioxide and water by carbonic anhydrase.
The bicarbonate ion (HCO3−) is exchanged for a chloride ion (Cl−) on the basal side of the cell and the bicarbonate diffuses into the venous blood, leading to an alkaline tide phenomenon.
Potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl−) ions diffuse into the canaliculi.
Hydrogen ions are pumped out of the cell into the canaliculi in exchange for potassium ions, via the H+/K+ ATPase. These receptors are increased in number on luminal side by fusion of tubulovesicles during activation of parietal cells and removed during deactivation. This receptor maintains a million fold difference in proton concentration. ATP is provided by the numerous mitochondria.
As a result of the cellular export of hydrogen ions, the gastric lumen is maintained as a highly-acidic environment. The acidity aids in digestion of food by promoting the unfolding (or denaturing) of ingested proteins. As proteins unfold, the peptide bonds linking component amino acids are exposed. Gastric HCl simultaneously activates pepsinogen, an endopeptidase that advances the digestive process by breaking the now-exposed peptide bonds, a process known as proteolysis.
Regulation[edit]
Parietal cells secrete acid in response to three types of stimuli:[1]
Histamine, stimulates H2 histamine receptors (most significant contribution).
Acetylcholine, from parasympathetic activity via the vagus nerve and enteric nervous system, stimulating M3 receptors.[2]
Gastrin, stimulating CCK2 receptors (least significant contribution, but also causes histamine secretion by local ECL cells)
Activation of histamine through H2 receptor causes increases intracellular cAMP level while Ach through M3 receptor and gastrin through CCK2 receptor increases intracellular calcium level. These receptors are present on basolateral side of membrane.
Increased cAMP level results in increased protein kinase A. Protein kinase A phosphorylates proteins involved in the transport of H+/K+ ATPase from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane. This causes resorption of K+ ions and secretion of H+ ions. The pH of the secreted fluid can fall by 0.8.
Gastrin primarily induces acid-secretion indirectly, increasing histamine synthesis in ECL cells,which in turn signal parietal cells via histamine release/H2 stimulation.[3] Gastrin itself has no effect on the maximum histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion.[4]
The effect of histamine, acetylcholine and gastrin is synergistic, that is, effect of two simultaneously is more than additive of effect of the two individually. It helps in non-linear increase of secretion with stimuli physiologically.[5]
Intrinsic factor secretion[edit]
Parietal cells also produce intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is required for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the diet. A long-term deficiency in vitamin B12 can lead to megaloblastic anemia, characterized by large fragile erythrocytes. Pernicious anaemia results from autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells, precluding the synthesis of intrinsic factor and, by extension, absorption of Vitamin B12. Pernicious anemia also leads to megaloblastic anemia. Atrophic gastritis, particularly in the elderly, will cause an inability to absorb B12 and can lead to deficiencies such as decreased DNA synthesis and nucleotide metabolism in the bone marrow.
Clinical significance[edit]
Immunofluorescence staining pattern of gastric parietal antibodies on a stomach section
Peptic ulcers can result from over-acidity in the stomach. Antacids can be used to enhance the natural tolerance of the gastric lining. Antimuscarinic drugs such as pirenzepine or H2 antihistamines can reduce acid secretion. Proton pump inhibitors are more potent at reducing gastric acid production since that is the final common pathway of all stimulation of acid production.
In pernicious anemia, autoantibodies directed against parietal cells or intrinsic factor cause a reduction in vitamin B12 absorption. It can be treated with injections of replacement vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin or cyanocobalamin).
Achlorhydria is another autoimmune disease of the parietal cells. The damaged parietal cells are unable to produce the required amount of gastric acid. This leads to an increase in gastric pH, impaired digestion of food and increased risk of gastroenteritis.
See also[edit]
Gastric chief cell
Digestion
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Discovery and Development of Proton Pump Inhibitors
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Boulpaep, Walter (2009). Medical Physiology. Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 898–899. ISBN 978-1-4160-3115-4.
Jump up ^ "Gastric acid secretion - Homo sapiens". KEGG. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Waldum, Helge L., Kleveland, Per M., et al. (2009)'Interactions between gastric acid secretagogues and the localization of the gastrin receptor', Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology,44:4,390 — 393
Jump up ^ Kleveland PM, Waldum HL, Larsson M. Gastric acid secretion in the totally isolated, vascularly perfused rat stomach. A selective muscarinic-1 agent does, whereas gastrin does not, augment maximal histamine-stimulated acid secretion. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987;/22:/705�13.
Jump up ^ Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology 24th edition. LANGE.
External links[edit]
Illustration of Chief cells and Parietal cells at anatomyatlases.org
The Parietal Cell: Mechanism of Acid Secretion at vivo.colostate.edu
Histology image: 11303loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University - Digestive System: Alimentary Canal: fundic stomach, gastric glands, lumen"
Physiology: 6/6ch4/s6ch4_8 - Essentials of Human Physiology
Physiology: 6/6ch4/s6ch4_14 - Essentials of Human Physiology
Parietal cell antibody
Antibody to GPC
[hide]
v
t
e
Physiology of the gastrointestinal system
GI tract
Upper
Exocrine
Chief cells
Pepsinogen
Parietal cells
Gastric acid
Intrinsic factor
Foveolar cells
HCO3−
Mucus
Goblet cells
Mucus
Processes
Swallowing
Vomiting
Fluids
Saliva
Gastric acid
Lower
Enteric nervous system
Submucous plexus
Myenteric plexus
Endocrine/paracrine
G cells
gastrin
D cells
somatostatin
ECL cells
Histamine
enterogastrone:
I cells
CCK
K cells
GIP
S cells
secretin
Enteroendocrine cells
Enterochromaffin cell
APUD cell
Fluids
Intestinal juice
Processes
Segmentation contractions
Migrating motor complex
Borborygmus
Defecation
Either/both
Processes
Peristalsis (Interstitial cell of Cajal
Basal electrical rhythm)
Gastrocolic reflex
Digestion
Enterocyte
Accessory
Fluids
Bile
Pancreatic juice
Processes
Enterohepatic circulation
Abdominopelvic
Peritoneal fluid
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