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Archie Marries Veronica/Archie Marries Betty
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"Archie Marries Veronica/Archie Marries Betty"
Cover of Archie 600 (Oct 2009). Art by Stan Goldberg.
Publisher
Archie Comics
Publication date
October 2009 – April 2010
Genre
Romantic comedy
Title(s)
Archie #600–606
Creative team
Writer(s)
Michael Uslan
Artist(s)
Stan Goldberg
Bob Smith
"Archie Marries Veronica/Archie Marries Betty" is an American comic book story by writer Michael Uslan and artists Stan Goldberg and Bob Smith that was originally presented in Archie # 600–606. In issues # 600–602, the story features a futuristic look into the life of Riverdale teen Archie Andrews in the years that follow his college graduation when Archie makes his ultimate decision to marry Veronica Lodge instead of Betty Cooper. In Issues # 603–605, the story switches and Archie proposes marriage to Betty instead of to Veronica. Issue #606 serves as the epilogue to the story and ties the previous six issues together.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Plot
2.1 Part 1: Archie Marries Veronica: "The Proposal"
2.1.1 Synopsis
2.2 Part 2: Archie Marries Veronica: "The Wedding"
2.2.1 Synopsis
2.3 Part 3: Archie Marries Veronica: "It's Twins!"
2.3.1 Synopsis
2.4 Part 4: Archie Marries Betty: "Will You Marry Me?"
2.4.1 Synopsis
2.5 Part 5: Archie Marries Betty: "You May Kiss The Bride!"
2.5.1 Synopsis
2.6 Part 6: Archie Marries Betty: "Happily Ever After"
2.6.1 Synopsis
2.7 Epilogue: Archie Gets Married: "Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow"
2.7.1 Synopsis
3 Spin-offs
3.1 Life with Archie: The Married Life
3.2 Archie Marries Valerie
4 Sources
Background[edit]
In May 2009, Archie Comics released plans for what they would call "The Archie Story Of The Century" and announced that Archie Andrews would ask Veronica Lodge to marry him in Archie Comics # 600,[1] the first issue of a six-part story arc detailing their engagement, marriage and life together. The publishers of Archie Comics did not expect the response they would get from readers and longtime fans telling them they made a mistake in Archie's choice. The New York Times would later reveal that the whole story is simply a fantasy and that the first half of the story would show Archie's life with Veronica, and the second half would show his life with Betty.[2]
Plot[edit]
Part 1: Archie Marries Veronica: "The Proposal"[edit]
"The Proposal" is Part 1 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica/Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 600.[3] The story features a futuristic look into the life of Riverdale teen Archie Andrews and his subsequent engagement to Veronica Lodge after his college graduation.
Synopsis[edit]
The night before the gang's graduation from Riverdale High, The Archies play their final concert and mourn the oncoming changes. Archie comes home and after getting heat from his father about picking a college, he takes a walk down Memory Lane... literally. Archie realizes he's never walked up Memory Lane before and switches directions. After traveling through a yellow wood, Memory Lane splits into two dirt roads. He chooses the left one and "saves the right one for another day." Archie is then cast four years into the future on the eve of his college graduation. Archie soon makes it back to his house no longer wearing his high school lettermen's jacket but one that reads "State U" on the back. His mother exclaims how excited she is for her son's graduation and Fred states how he wishes Archie had majored in business instead of history and that he's still excited he's graduating from college. Archie dismisses this when Mary states that Veronica Lodge is waiting for him inside the house. He and Veronica discuss the changes in their lives, but both accept growing up.
After a successful graduation, Veronica hosts a party at her mansion with Josie and the Pussycats headlining. Archie learns that Veronica is planning to work for her father's company in either London or Hong Kong. As for the rest of the gang, Moose Mason is going to manage his uncle's burger joint on Staten Island while his girlfriend Midge Klump will be running her own nail salon in Bayonne, New Jersey. Dilton Doiley is going to M.I.T. for his doctorate in quantum mechanics, Reggie Mantle will fulfill his destiny as a used car salesman in Atlanta and Jughead Jones will stick around Riverdale grilling burgers at Pop Tate's Choklit Shoppe until he figures things out. Finally, Betty Cooper will be working as a buyer at Saks Fifth Avenue in New York City.
After the party, Archie is given a large sum of money by his parents. A few weeks later, he uses it for the down payment on an engagement ring for Veronica. He proposes to her in "Spiffany's" just as Betty and Jughead happen to walk by and witness. Veronica accepts and Betty runs weeping in an unknown direction. Jughead later chastises Archie for not telling him his plan. Eventually, Archie and Veronica tell Mr. Lodge, who accepts Archie as his future son-in-law as long as he works for Lodge Industries. Without any other jobs lined up, Archie goes along with it as his fiancee plans the biggest wedding Riverdale has ever seen.
The residents of Riverdale are overwhelmed with shock that Archie finally chose between his two favorite gals, but also concerned with Betty's well being. In the end, Veronica calls Betty and asks her to be her maid of honor. Instead of answering, Betty simply leaves the phone on her bed.
Part 2: Archie Marries Veronica: "The Wedding"[edit]
"The Wedding" is Part 2 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica/Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 601.[4] The story features the continuation of a futuristic look into the life of Riverdale teen Archie Andrews and his wedding to longtime girlfriend Veronica Lodge.
Synopsis[edit]
Archie is preparing for his upcoming nuptials with his groomsmen, Reggie Mantle, Moose Mason, Dilton Doiley, and best man Jughead Jones. Meanwhile, Veronica is treating her bridesmaids Midge Klump, Ethel Muggs, and Nancy Woods to a day at the spa. Veronica is sad that Betty Cooper is not there. However, Betty shows up at that moment and her position as Veronica's maid of honor is cemented. Betty brings along a “friend” of hers named Henry who works with her. Ethel states that he reminds her of Archie as Betty rushes him out the door. On the eve of the wedding, Archie and Veronica discuss their future.
The big day comes and everything seems to be going as planned. All of Riverdale is attending the wedding. Before the ceremony, Archie asks Betty to take a walk with him. He tells her that she was his first friend when his family moved to Riverdale and how he always enjoyed dating her, but then Veronica moved to town. Archie tells Betty that he loves her like a sister and asks her to promise to always be his friend. Betty obliges after they tell each other they love one another.
The wedding goes smoothly. Mr. and Mrs. Lodge walk Veronica down the aisle as all of Riverdale watches. Archie and Veronica become husband and wife as Betty looks on tearfully, but happily. At the reception, Archie and Veronica share their first dance to "Sugar, Sugar", speeches are made, the cake is cut, and the bouquet is tossed. Betty catches it and walks away trying to hide her tears. Veronica catches up to her to make sure she's okay. Archie and Veronica then depart on their honeymoon to a remote island in the Caribbean owned by the Lodges.
One year later, Archie is a big executive at Lodge Enterprises. Reggie shows up and asks for a job after he's been laid off and Archie gives him a job in sales. It's obvious that he's running himself ragged with work. When he comes home exhausted, Veronica reminds him of a dinner date they have with Ethel and her fiancé. Archie is simply too tired and refuses to move, until Veronica announces that she's pregnant and he promptly faints.
Part 3: Archie Marries Veronica: "It's Twins!"[edit]
"It's Twins" is Part 3 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica/Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 602.[5] The story features the continuation of a futuristic look into the life of Archie Andrews and Veronica Lodge as they raise a pair of fraternal twins.
Synopsis[edit]
Archie announces Veronica's pregnancy to his parents, Fred and Mary. At that moment, Jughead, Reggie, and Moose burst in with congratulations and mention the various ways they will add to "Little Archie" or "Little Veronica's" life. Archie then breaks the news to Mr. Lodge who immediately has his will changed to bestow his most prized possession, a sled named "Rosebuddy" to his grandchild.
Meanwhile, Veronica flies to New York City to meet with Betty at a run down diner. Betty hasn't been faring well in the city. She's recently been laid off and her relationship with Henry has ended because it's "hard to meet nice guys in the city." Veronica announces that she is pregnant and asks Betty to be the godmother, to which she agrees.
Two trimesters later, Archie and Veronica begin Lamaze class, which proves to be a slapstick disaster for Archie. One night when Veronica's ill, Jughead fills in for her replete with a pillow under his shirt and hilarity ensues. Despite all of this, Archie promises to be calm when the big day arrives. Shortly thereafter, Veronica goes into labor and he drives her to the hospital with minimal drama. Soon, Veronica delivers a redheaded boy named Archie, and a black haired girl named Veronica.
Time passes and Archie and Veronica move back to Riverdale and buy a minivan. Parenting is exhausting for both of them, but they lovingly raise their children past diapers and bottles. When the children are around three, the Andrews and the Lodges celebrate Christmas together. The children are sent to bed and Archie and Veronica discuss their happiness. Archie claims that he would be just as happy without the money. "All you need is love," he says.
Archie tucks his children to bed and reads them "The Road Not Taken" by Robert Frost in its entirety. Before wrapping up the rest of the presents, Archie insists on going for a walk during the first snow of the season. He and Veronica exchange "I Love You's" and he heads out the door, looking distraught. He walks up Memory Lane and comes to the yellow wood and begins walking down the right fork in the road.
Part 4: Archie Marries Betty: "Will You Marry Me?"[edit]
"Will You Marry Me?" is Part 4 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica/Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 603.[6] The story features a futuristic look into the life of Riverdale teen Archie Andrews and his subsequent engagement to Betty Cooper after college in an alternate reality.
Synopsis[edit]
Archie, still in his winter coat from his walk during the first snow of the season, arrives back in time right before his college graduation and meets Jughead, Reggie, and Moose. He is confused at first by the summer heat and his apparent time travel. Archie then rushes home to get ready for graduation, and the ceremony proceeds much as it did in Part 1, with Dilton giving the valedictorian address. After graduation, Archie, Reggie, and Jughead drive to Pop Tate's Choklit Shoppe for a party. Reggie comments on how unlikely marriage is after college. Jughead is relieved at this statistic, but Archie seems optimistic and announces that he has finally made his choice between Veronica and Betty, but he refuses to tell “until he talks to the girls first.”
Upon entering Pop's, Betty asks Archie for a dance, but he has Veronica on the brain and Betty points him in her direction. Veronica, surrounded by a group of handsome young men, is telling about a graduation trip around the world in 80 days. Archie asks to speak with her privately and starts to reminisce about the day she moved to Riverdale, but she keeps interrupting him. Reggie and Jughead spy from afar and are unclear if he's "proposing or letting her down easy." Before anything serious can be said, Moose demands that The Archies play a few songs. Even though the group hasn't played since high school, they entertain everyone with one of their hits, “Jingle Jangle”. Moose then starts a food fight that Jughead thoroughly enjoys.
After the gang cleans up their mess, Archie attempts to resume his conversation with Veronica, but she interrupts him again to tell him she's moving to Paris after her trip to run her father's fashion holdings. After this news, Archie has no need to continue his speech and asks Betty to share a malt with him while Veronica goes back to her bastion of beaux. Archie reminds Betty of how they first met and were always friends…sometimes more. He claims he can never fit into Veronica's high society world. Betty assumes he's going to ask her to “go steady,” but he claims that's not what he's thinking. Betty beats herself up and calls herself a jerk for assuming Archie wants to just date her. Archie laughs and calls her “the nicest, most loveable and beautiful jerk in Riverdale” and then pops the question. Betty, in shock for a moment, jumps for joy and answers yes. Archie and Betty kiss as Veronica watches in awe and disgust. Midge swoons at the romantic moment and prods her longtime boyfriend, Moose for a similar proposal, but he makes a joke instead. She slams his mortarboard over his head. Meanwhile, Reggie tries to make his move on Veronica, pretending to comfort her. She also breaks his mortarboard over his head. Veronica screams at Archie, claiming he missed his chance, but Archie defends his engagement to Betty in turn claiming that "she" was the one who missed her chance with him.
Later that evening, Archie and Betty tell both their parents about the engagement. The Andrews are very pleased with their son's choice of “marrying for love, not money.” The Coopers are also very happy. Betty then tells them that they plan to have a small, inexpensive wedding at Pop Tate's. Meanwhile, Veronica cries on her father's shoulder, but he assures her that there are plenty of men out there and “things always work out for the best.” All of Riverdale is gossiping about the upcoming nuptials, and whether Veronica's fortune should be a factor. On the night of Archie's bachelor party at Pop Tate's, his groomsmen, Jughead, Reggie, Moose, Dilton, and Chuck express concern for Veronica and her place among Betty's bridesmaids. Meanwhile, Betty goes to the Lodge estate and asks Veronica to be her maid of honor, who promptly slams the door in her face. But after seeing her so upset, Veronica agrees and tells Betty "she won Archie fair and square".
Later that night, Archie and Betty go for a walk. Archie has been sending out resumes, but is finding it difficult to find a job during the recession. He apologizes for not offering a better honeymoon than at the Blue Roof Inn in Centerville. Betty is entirely satisfied with it, however, and claims it's all part of “life with Archie.”
Part 5: Archie Marries Betty: "You May Kiss The Bride!"[edit]
"You May Kiss The Bride!" is Part 5 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica/Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 604.[7] The story features a futuristic look into the life of Archie Andrews and his wedding to Betty Cooper.
Synopsis[edit]
Archie continues to search for work with no luck. In desperation, he goes to meet with Mr. Lodge at his office. Mr. Lodge tells him that despite jilting his daughter, he thinks Archie is a bright fellow but that his company is not hiring. Archie tells Mr. Lodge that he didn't jilt Veronica, he chose Betty. Archie thanks Mr. Lodge for his time and goes back to his job search, but after applying for work everywhere from a recording studio to a coffee bar, he still has no success. In the midst of their wedding preparations, Betty reveals to Archie that she has received a job offer as a buyer for Saks 5th Avenue in New York City. She had applied before they became engaged because it was something she wanted to try, but plans to turn down the job in order to be a teacher and to be with Archie. He is shocked at first, but tells her that instead of putting everyone else first, she needs to follow her dreams for once, and decides they should move up their wedding day to the following weekend and then move to New York.
Everyone arrives to celebrate the party of the year. When Veronica arrives, escorted by Reggie, some expect trouble at first. Just as she is about to reveal the dress she bought hoping to draw attention away from the bride, the wedding cake that Betty made herself collapses and is ruined. Seeing this, Veronica decides to save the day by ordering the biggest most expensive wedding cake money can buy and changes into something she feels is more appropriate for the occasion, a waitress's uniform. Archie and Betty exchange their vows. The Bride and Groom then invite all the guests to join them in their first dance. When Betty tosses the bouquet, Miss Grundy catches it while Mr. Weatherbee looks on. The biggest surprise of the night comes when the wedding cake Veronica ordered arrives. Everyone is very proud of her, and Archie and Betty thank her for her very generous gift. Veronica asks them where they plan to go for their honeymoon, but they tell her that they can't afford one yet. She takes Archie aside and tells him that she will pay for a honeymoon for them. He thanks her for the offer but turns her down, saying that he is responsible for Betty now.
They say goodbye to their families, friends and Riverdale, and set off for New York City. Betty impresses Cassie, her new boss on her very first day on the job. Archie's efforts to find a job continue to be unsuccessful until he has a chance encounter with a club owner who is looking for someone who can play the guitar and sing. Several months pass and the Andrews attend Betty's first corporate dinner with Cassie and her boss, Mr. Hugo. When they first meet him he makes a crack about Archie's clothes and talent. Archie tries to defend himself, but Betty tries to pass it off as a joke. He tries to insult Archie again, but Betty loses it and tells him she would punch him if she wasn't as classy as her husband, and quits her job on the spot. Betty apologizes to Archie for not standing up for him sooner, and Archie calls her his hero. They decide to move back to Riverdale. The next day while packing their bags, Cassie shows up at their apartment with flowers, asking them to stay and tells Betty she still has a great future with the company. Betty thanks her and says she already has a great future with Archie back in their hometown. Cassie tells them both how lucky they are and wishes them well.
Back in Riverdale, Archie and Betty move in with Archie's parents, but Betty assures him it is temporary. She has found out from Mr. Weatherbee that a teaching position is available at Riverdale High, and lets Archie know that he wishes to speak to him about something important. Mr. Weatherbee offers him the position of the school's music teacher, and Archie accepts. That night, Archie and Betty celebrate their first anniversary with a romantic dinner and share a malt with three straws in it. Archie, confused and thinking that Veronica would be joining them, is told that the third straw isn't for her, but for someone he will love. Betty tells him she's pregnant, and Archie immediately faints.
Part 6: Archie Marries Betty: "Happily Ever After"[edit]
"Happily Ever After" is Part 6 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica/Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 605.[8] The story features a futuristic look into the life of Archie Andrews and Betty Cooper as they raise a pair of fraternal twins.
Synopsis[edit]
Archie & Betty discover many things have changed in Riverdale in the year they were in New York City. They run into Jughead & Midge and are shocked to learn that they are now married. Moose is now the custodian at Riverdale High and practises yoga and meditation and is "at peace with his inner self." When they all decide to go for dinner, Archie and Betty learn that Pop Tate is retiring and has sold the Chok'lit Shoppe to Jughead and Midge and it has been renamed "Juggie's". At the new Juggie's, the gang runs into Veronica & Reggie, and learn they have a surprise of their own; they are engaged. On their ride home, Archie & Betty argue about the news of their friends' engagement. Archie believes it is wrong, but Betty thinks that he is wishing it was him. He assures Betty that he thinks it is wrong of them to marry because he believes it will end badly, and that he only wants her money. Betty accepts his statement and they make up.
As the next few months pass, Archie & Betty become two of the most popular teachers at Riverdale High, and as Betty's pregnancy advances, they start to have less time for the rest of the old gang. Then one fall day, as Archie plans to go for a bike ride, Betty goes into labor while he goes into a panic. Instead of calling an ambulance, Archie calls the water department. Archie then drives Betty to the hospital, but they end up getting a flat tire. Luckily, Archie had his bike in the trunk, and takes her the rest of the way by bike. After a few misunderstandings at the admitting desk, Betty is rushed to the maternity ward, and soon gives birth to twins; a red haired boy named Archie and a blonde haired girl named Betty. Soon, Mr. & Mrs. Cooper and Mr. & Mrs. Andrews arrive along with all their friends and colleagues. Archie and Betty ask Jughead, Veronica and Reggie to be the twins' godparents, while Reggie & Veronica ask them to be their best man and maid of honor at their wedding. The next weekend they fly the whole gang out to Las Vegas for the star studded ceremony.
As Archie & Betty adjust to parenthood, life goes on in Riverdale. Jughead & Midge are soon expecting a child of their own. Mr. Weatherbee & Miss Grundy along with Miss Beazley & Mr. Svenson have started dating. Archie & Betty receive a postcard from Veronica & Reggie detailing all of their world travels and new ventures. Betty comments to him that could have been his life, but Archie tells her he doesn't want that life when he already has the best life with her. Betty suggests they go to bed early, but Archie says he's not tired and decides to go for a walk in the woods. He tells her not to wait up, and she says she'll be waiting no matter how long. He then decides to walk up Memory Lane, and soon finds himself back in the present... he is once again a teenager.
On his way home, he runs into Jughead who reminds him of the poetry recital in Miss Grundy's class the next day. Archie tells him he worries too much, while Jughead tells him to be prepared. As the two best friends walk home, he reads his part of the poetry reading, the last stanza of "The Road Not Taken" by Robert Frost.
Epilogue: Archie Gets Married: "Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow"[edit]
"Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow" is the epilogue that ties together Part 1 through 6 of the Archie Marries Veronica/Archie Marries Betty storyline that was originally presented in Archie #606. Archie is left in a vision of the future and struggles to explain it to his friends... and Betty and Veronica.
Synopsis[edit]
After his experiences walking up Memory Lane, Archie is left in a bewildered state. He tries talking about it to Betty and Veronica, but they are both too busy to talk to him. Needing to talk to someone about it he tells Reggie and Jughead about his strange visions. Reggie immediately thinks that he has gone nuts, but Jughead believes him.
In order to clear his mind Archie decides to go bowling with Reggie and Jughead. When Betty arrives Archie asks her if she wants to go on a date Saturday night, which she accepts. However, as he was overwhelmed with a kiss moments ago, Archie somehow mishears Betty and thinks she said "Friday". Later he goes to Lodge Mansion to ask Veronica for a date on the same night and she says yes.
When Saturday night arrives Archie realizes he asked both Betty and Veronica out on the same night. When the girls find out they respond by pouring two milkshakes on his head. The next day, Betty and Veronica are still mad at Archie, but he vows that he will make it up to both of them. When talking about the future, Archie asks Jughead if he ever thought about buying Pop's place after he retires. Jughead however denies this, because he would have to think about the future and prefers to live in the present.
Spin-offs[edit]
The success of the Archie Marries Veronica/Archie Marries Betty storyline led to the comic series, Life with Archie: The Married Life, and a similar storyline called "Archie Marries Valerie", depicting Archie marrying Valerie from Josie and the Pussycats, shown in Archie #631-634.
Life with Archie: The Married Life[edit]
Life with Archie: The Married Life was based on the Archie Marries Veronica/Archie Marries Betty storyline, but was not a direct continuation on it. The series lasted from 2010 to 2014, ending with 37 issues. Issues 1-35 contained two stories each, the first story was Archie Marries Veronica and the second one was Archie Marries Betty. The last two issues, on the other hand, were structured differently. Instead of having two stories both issues had one, but were twice as long as the others. Also, neither issue made it clear whether Archie was married to Betty or Veronica. Together both issues make up The Death of Archie storyline.
Archie Marries Valerie[edit]
The "Archie Marries Valerie" storyline was similar to the Archie Marries Veronica/Archie Marries Betty storyline, but had some major differences. For instance, Valerie was the one who walked up Memory Lane instead of Archie and she could see the future in portals rather than actually experiencing it. She sees a future in where she marries Archie, then they both quit their respective bands due to their touring schedules keeping them apart, and later have a little girl named Star who is gifted with her parents' musical talent. However, she decides to stop watching it after she sees that they cannot get a moment's peace due to Star becoming an object of attention for the media. Then she witness glimpses of other futures and in each one Archie is married to a different woman. Some of these futures had Archie being married to Cheryl Blossom, Sabrina Spellman, and even Josie. Seeing these futures Valerie runs out of Memory Lane and happily reunites with Archie.
Sources[edit]
Jump up ^ "Comic suspense: Archie Andrews pops question". CNN.com. 2009-05-28. Archived from the original on April 8, 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
Jump up ^ "This time, Archie plans to marry Betty". .canada.com. 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
Jump up ^ Issue no. 600, October 2009
Jump up ^ Issue no. 601, November 2009
Jump up ^ Issue no. 602, December 2009
Jump up ^ Issue no. 603, January 2010
Jump up ^ Issue no. 604, February 2010
Jump up ^ Issue no. 605, March 2010
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Bill (law)
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A graphic representation of the legislative procedure in the Parliament of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth Countries. (The names of Legislative Chambers vary throughout the Commonwealth.) In the circumstances of republics, Royal Assent is substituted with Presidential Assent.[citation needed]
A bill is proposed legislation under consideration by a legislature.[1] A bill does not become law until it is passed by the legislature and, in most cases, approved by the executive. Once a bill has been enacted into law, it is called an act of the legislature, or a statute.
Contents
[hide]
1 Usage
2 Preparation
3 Introduction
4 Legislative stages
5 Enactment and after
5.1 Approval
5.2 Afterwards
6 Numbering of bills
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
9.1 Hong Kong
9.2 India
9.3 Ireland
9.4 New Zealand
9.5 United Kingdom
9.6 United States
Usage[edit]
The term bill is primarily used in Anglophone nations. In the United Kingdom, the parts of a bill are known as clauses, until it has become an act of parliament, from which time the parts of the law are known as sections.[2]
In Francophone nations a proposed law may be known as a projet de loi or proposition de loi.
Preparation[edit]
The preparation of a bill may involve the production of a draft bill prior to the introduction of the bill into the legislature.[3] In the United Kingdom, draft bills are frequently considered to be confidential.[4]
Introduction[edit]
In the British/Westminster system, where the executive is drawn from the legislature and usually holds a majority in the lower house, most bills are introduced by the executive (government bill). In principle, the legislature meets to consider the demands of the executive, as set out in the Queen's Speech or Speech from the Throne.
While mechanisms exist to allow other members of the legislature to introduce bills, these are subject to strict timetables and usually fail unless a consensus is reached. In the US system, where the executive is formally separated from the legislature, all bills must originate from the legislature. Bills can be introduced using the following procedures:
Leave: A motion is brought before the chamber asking that leave be given to bring in a bill. This is used in the British system in the form of the Ten Minute Rule motion. The legislator has 10 minutes to propose a bill, which can then be considered by the House on a day appointed for the purpose. While this rule remains in place in the rules of procedure of the US Congress, it is seldom used.
Government motion: In jurisdictions where the executive can control legislative business a bill may be brought in by executive fiat.
Legislative stages[edit]
Main article: Reading (legislature)
Bills are generally considered through a number of readings. This refers to the historic practice of the clerical officers of the legislature reading the contents of a bill to the legislature. While the bill is no longer read, the motions on the bill still refer to this practice.
In the British/Westminster system, a bill is read the first time when it is introduced. This is accompanied by an order that the bill be printed and considered again. At the second reading the general merits of the bill are considered – it is out of order to criticise a bill at this stage for technical defects in drafting. After the second reading the bill is referred to a committee, which considers the bill line by line proposing amendments. The committee reports to the legislature, at which stage further amendments are proposed. Finally a third reading debate at which the bill as amended is considered in its entirety. In a bicameral legislature the process is repeated in the other house, before the Bill is submitted to the executive for approval.
Enactment and after[edit]
Where a piece of primary legislation is termed an act, the process of a bill becoming law may be termed enactment. Once a bill is passed by the legislature, it may automatically become law, or it may need further approval, in which case enactment may be effected by the approver's signature or proclamation.
Approval[edit]
Bills passed by the legislature usually require the approval of the executive such as the monarch, president, or governor to become law.[5] Exceptions are the Irish Free State from the abolition of the Governor-General in December 1936 to the creation of the office of President in December 1937, and Israel from its formation until today, during which period bills approved by the Oireachtas and Knesset respectively became/become law immediately (Though, in Israel's case, the laws are ceremonially signed after their passage by the President).
In parliamentary systems, approval is normally a formality, since the head of state is directed by an executive controlled by the legislature. In constitutional monarchies, this approval is called royal assent. In rare cases approval may be refused or "reserved" by the head of state's use of a reserve power. The legislature may have significantly less power to introduce bills on such issues and may require the approval beforehand. In Commonwealth realms the royal prerogative informs this. In the United Kingdom, for example, cases include payments to the royal family, succession to the throne, and the monarch's exercise of prerogative powers.
In presidential systems, the need to receive approval can be used as a political tool by the executive, and its refusal is known as a veto. The legislature may be able to override the veto by means of a supermajority vote.
Afterwards[edit]
A bill may come into force as soon as it becomes law, or it may specify a later date to come into force, or it may specify by whom and how it may be brought into force; for example, by ministerial order. Different parts of an act may come into force at different times.
An act is typically promulgated by being published in an official gazette. This may be required on enactment, coming into force, or both.
Numbering of bills[edit]
Legislatures give bills numbers as they progress.
In the United States, all bills originating in the House of Representatives begin with "H.R." and all bills originating from the Senate begin with an "S.". Every two years, at the start of odd-numbered years, the United States Congress recommences numbering from 1, though for bills the House has an order reserving the first 20 bill numbers and the Senate has similar measures for the first 10 bills. Joint resolutions also have the same effect as bills, and are titled as "H. J. Res." or "S. J. Res." depending on whether they originated in the House or Senate, respectively. This means that two different bills can have the same number. Each two-year span is called a congress, tracking the terms of Representatives elected in the nationwide biennial House of Representatives elections, and each congress is divided into year-long periods called sessions.[6]
In the United Kingdom, for example, the Coroners and Justice Act in 2009 started as Bill 9 in the House of Commons. Then it became Bill 72 on consideration by the Committee, after that it became House of Lords Bill 33. Then it became House of Lords Bill 77, returned to the House of Commons as Bill 160 before finally being passed as Act no. 29.[7][8] Parliament recommences numbering from one at the beginning of each session. This means that two different bills may have the same number. Sessions of parliament usually last a year. They begin with the State Opening of Parliament, and end with Prorogation.
In the Irish Oireachtas, bills are numbered sequentially from the start of each calendar year. Bills originating in the Dáil and Seanad share a common sequence. There are separate sequences for public and private bills, the latter prefixed with "P". Although acts to amend the constitution are outside the annual sequence used for other public acts, bills to amend the constitution are within the annual sequence of public bills.[9]
See also[edit]
Legislative act
List of legislatures by country (most legislature articles have information on their processes)
Resolution (law)
White paper
Bill (United States Congress) (stub created to clean up this article)
Private bill
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1] - Education 2020: Government course; topic House of Representatives (USA), definition of bill: "A proposed law presented to a legislative body for consideration."
Jump up ^ UK Parliament http://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/clause/. Retrieved 15 July 2015. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Hilaire Barnett. Constitutional and Administrative Law. Second Edition. Cavendish. 1998. Page 537.
Jump up ^ Bradley and Ewing. Constitutional and Administrative Law. Twelfth Edition. Longman. 1997. Page 718.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 March 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "GovTrack: Search Legislation in Congress". GovTrack.us. Retrieved 2009-03-30.
Jump up ^ "Coroners and Justice Bill 2008–09". Archived from the original on 13 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Coroners and Justice Act 2009" (PDF). Office of Public Sector Information. 12 November 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
Jump up ^ For example, the list of Oireachtas bills for 2002 includes numbers 31 and 32 (constitutional amendments) 45 and 47 (originating in Seanad) 46 (originating in Dáil) and P1 (private).
External links[edit]
Hong Kong[edit]
Bills Committees of the Legislative Council
India[edit]
The Indian Constitution
Government of India Laws
Ireland[edit]
How laws are made
Find bills and acts (since 1922; partial)
Bills (since 1997; complete)
New Zealand[edit]
Parliamentary Counsel Office—Terminology: What are Acts, Bills, regulations, and Supplementary Order Papers (SOPs)?
List of current bills
United Kingdom[edit]
UK Parliament Guide: Passage of a Bill
BBC Parliament Guide:
Making new law
Types of bill
Bill procedure
First reading
Second reading
Commons committee stage
Lords committee stage
Report stage
Third reading
Passage through the other House
Royal assent
Delegated legislation
United States[edit]
Bills, Resolutions at THOMAS
Government 101: How a bill becomes a law at Project Vote Smart
Federal legislation at GovTrack
How a law is made at the North Carolina General Assembly
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text:
History of time in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
1913
Map of U.S. time zones between April 2, 2006, and March 11, 2007. The current situation is different only in that six Indiana counties have since been moved from the Central time zone to the Eastern time zone.
The history of standard time in the United States began November 18, 1883, when United States and Canadian railroads instituted standard time in time zones. Before then, time of day was a local matter, and most cities and towns used some form of local solar time, maintained by some well-known clock (for example, on a church steeple or in a jeweler's window). The new standard time system was not immediately embraced by all.
Use of standard time gradually increased because of its obvious practical advantages for communication and travel. Standard time in time zones was not established in U.S. law until the Standard Time Act of 1918 of March 19, 1918, also known as the Calder Act (15 USC 260).[1][2] The act also established daylight saving time, itself a contentious idea.
Daylight saving time was repealed in 1919, but standard time in time zones remained in law, with the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) having the authority over time zone boundaries. Daylight time became a local matter. It was re-established nationally early in World War II, and was continuously observed until the end of the war.
After the war its use varied among states and localities. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 provided standardization in the dates of beginning and end of daylight time in the U.S. but allowed for local exemptions from its observance. The act also continued the authority of the ICC over time zone boundaries. In subsequent years, the United States Congress transferred the authority over time zones to the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), modified (several times) the beginning date of daylight time, and renamed the three westernmost time zones.
Time zone boundaries have changed greatly since their original introduction and changes still occasionally occur. DOT issues press releases when these changes are made. Generally, time zone boundaries have tended to shift westward. Places on the eastern edge of a time zone can effectively move sunset an hour later (by the clock) by shifting to the time zone immediately to their east.
If they do so, the boundary of that zone is locally shifted to the west; the accumulation of such changes results in the long-term westward trend. The process is not inexorable, however, since the late sunrises experienced by such places during the winter may be regarded as too undesirable. Furthermore, under the law, the principal standard for deciding on a time zone change is the "convenience of commerce". Proposed time zone changes have been both approved and rejected based on this criterion, although most such proposals have been accepted.
Contents
[hide]
1 War Time 1918 and 1942
2 Daylight Saving Time 1945 to 1966
3 DST 1966
4 DST 2007
5 Start and end dates of United States Daylight Saving Time
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
War Time 1918 and 1942[edit]
"War Time" redirects here. This usage refers to the changes of the US War Time Act, not a general period of war.
Daylight saving time was established by the Standard Time Act of 1918. The Act was intended to save electricity for seven months of the year, during World War I.[3] DST was repealed in 1919 over a Presidential veto,[4] but standard time in time zones remained in law, with the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) having the authority over time zone boundaries. Daylight time became a local matter.
During World War II, Congress enacted the War Time Act (56 Stat. 9) on January 20, 1942. Year-round DST was reinstated in the United States on February 9, 1942, again as a wartime measure to conserve energy resources.[5] This remained in effect until after the end of the war. The Amendment to the War Time Act (59 Stat. 537), enacted September 25, 1945, ended DST as of September 30, 1945. During this period, the official designation War Time was used for year-round DST. For example, Eastern War Time (EWT) would be the equivalent of Eastern Daylight Time during this period.
Daylight Saving Time 1945 to 1966[edit]
From 1945 to 1966 U.S. federal law did not address DST. States and cities were free to observe DST or not, and most places that did observe DST did so from the last Sunday in April to the last Sunday in September. In the mid-1950s many areas in the northeastern United States began extending DST to the last Sunday in October. The lack of standardization led to a patchwork where some areas observed DST while adjacent areas did not, and it was not unheard of to have to reset a clock several times during a short trip (e.g., bus drivers operating on West Virginia Route 2 between Moundsville, West Virginia, and Steubenville, Ohio had to reset their watches seven times over 35 miles).[6]
In summer 1960 April–October Daylight Time was nearly universal in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware and states east and north of there. In Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kentucky and Virginia and states north and east of there, some areas had it and some did not. Except for California and Nevada, which had April-Sept Daylight Time, 99% of the rest of the country used Standard Time year-round. (The Official Guide says "State law prohibits the observance of "Daylight Saving" time in Kentucky but Anchorage, Louisville and Shelbyville will advance their clocks one hour from Central Standard time for the period April 24 to October 29, inclusive.")
In the middle 1960s the airline and other transportation industries lobbied for uniformity of Daylight dates in the United States.
DST 1966[edit]
The U.S. federal Uniform Time Act became law on April 13, 1966 and it mandated that DST begin nationwide on the last Sunday in April and end on the last Sunday in October, effective in 1967. The act explicitly preempted all previously enacted state laws related to the beginning and ending of DST. Any state that wanted to be exempt from DST could do so by passing a state law, provided that it exempted the entire state, and Alaska, Arizona, Hawaii, Indiana, and Michigan chose to do so. However, Alaska, Indiana, and Michigan subsequently chose to observe DST. The law was amended in 1972 to permit states that straddle a time zone boundary to exempt the entire area of the state lying in one time zone. Indiana chose to exempt the portion of the state lying in the Eastern Time Zone; however, that exemption was eliminated in 2006 and the entire state of Indiana now observes DST, leaving Arizona (with the exception of the Navajo Indian Reservation) and Hawaii as the only two states not to observe DST. On July 8, 1986, President Ronald Reagan signed the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 into law that contained a daylight saving rider authored by Senator Slade Gorton (R-WA).[3] The starting date of DST was amended to the first Sunday in April effective in 1987. DST continued to end on the last Sunday in October. While the states retain the capability to exempt themselves from DST, they are forbidden by the 1966 federal law (15 USC 260a(b))[7] from increasing a state's time spent on DST, unless the United States Congress does this for the entire nation.
In response to the 1973 energy crisis, DST in the United States began earlier in both 1974 and 1975, commencing on the first Sunday in January (January 6) in the former year and the last Sunday in February (February 23) in the latter. The extension of daylight saving time was not continued due to public opposition to late sunrise times during the winter months. In 1976, the United States reverted to the schedule set in the Uniform Time Act.
DST 2007[edit]
Starting March 11, 2007, DST was extended another four to five weeks, from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November. The change was introduced by Representatives Fred Upton (R-MI) and Edward Markey (D-MA) and added to the Energy Policy Act of 2005; the House had originally approved a motion that would have extended DST even farther from the first Sunday in March to the last Sunday in November, but Senators Jeff Bingaman (D-NM) and Pete Domenici (R-NM) agreed to scale back the proposal in conference committee due to complaints from farmers and the airline industry. Proponents claimed that the extension would save "the equivalent of" 10,000 barrels (1,600 m3) of oil per day, but this figure was based on U.S. Department of Energy information from the 1970s, the accuracy and relevance of which the DoE no longer stands by. Later studies by the U.S. Department of Energy and the California Energy Commission have predicted much smaller energy benefits.[8] There is very little recent research on what the actual positive effects, if any, might be.
Since DST moves sunrise one hour later by the clock, late sunrise times become a problem when DST is observed either too far before the vernal equinox or too far after the autumnal equinox. Because of this, the extension was greeted with criticism by those concerned for the safety of children who would have been forced to travel to school before sunrise, especially in the month of March. In addition, the airline industry was especially concerned if DST were to be extended through to the last Sunday in November, as this is very often (6 out of every 7 years) the Sunday after Thanksgiving. This is one of the busiest travel days at American airports, and could have resulted in much havoc among travelers who forgot that the clocks were changing that day.
If the original proposal to extend DST through the last Sunday in November had been adopted, the entire United States, with the exception of the states that exempted themselves, would have experienced the latest sunrises of the year during the month of November, which would have approached the extremely late sunrise times when DST went into effect on January 6, 1974 due to the 1973 energy crisis creeping after 9 am in places like New Salem, North Dakota at the northwestern edges of time zones.
Start and end dates of United States Daylight Saving Time[edit]
Key to colors
future date
2nd Sunday March 1st Sunday November
1st Sunday April last Sunday October
last Sunday April last Sunday October
Year
Begins (local)
Ends (local)
Notes
2020
Sun March 8 02:00 Sun November 1 02:00
2019
Sun March 10 02:00 Sun November 3 02:00
2018
Sun March 11 02:00 Sun November 4 02:00
2017
Sun March 12 02:00 Sun November 5 02:00
2016
Sun March 13 02:00 Sun November 6 02:00
2015
Sun March 8 02:00 Sun November 1 02:00
2014
Sun March 9 02:00 Sun November 2 02:00
2013
Sun March 10 02:00 Sun November 3 02:00
2012
Sun March 11 02:00 Sun November 4 02:00
2011
Sun March 13 02:00 Sun November 6 02:00
2010
Sun March 14 02:00 Sun November 7 02:00
2009
Sun March 8 02:00 Sun November 1 02:00
2008
Sun March 9 02:00 Sun November 2 02:00
2007
Sun March 11 02:00 Sun November 4 02:00 Energy Policy Act of 2005
2006
Sun April 2 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00 All of Indiana now on DST
2005
Sun April 3 02:00 Sun October 30 02:00
2004
Sun April 4 02:00 Sun October 31 02:00
2003
Sun April 6 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00
2002
Sun April 7 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00
2001
Sun April 1 02:00 Sun October 28 02:00
2000
Sun April 2 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00
1999
Sun April 4 02:00 Sun October 31 02:00
1998
Sun April 5 02:00 Sun October 25 02:00
1997
Sun April 6 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00
1996
Sun April 7 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00
1995
Sun April 2 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00
1994
Sun April 3 02:00 Sun October 30 02:00
1993
Sun April 4 02:00 Sun October 31 02:00
1992
Sun April 5 02:00 Sun October 25 02:00
1991
Sun April 7 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00
1990
Sun April 1 02:00 Sun October 28 02:00
1989
Sun April 2 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00
1988
Sun April 3 02:00 Sun October 30 02:00
1987
Sun April 5 02:00 Sun October 25 02:00 Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986
1986
Sun April 27 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00
1985
Sun April 28 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00
1984
Sun April 29 02:00 Sun October 28 02:00
1983
Sun April 24 02:00 Sun October 30 02:00 Alaska time zones changed Sun October 30 02:00
1982
Sun April 25 02:00 Sun October 31 02:00
1981
Sun April 26 02:00 Sun October 25 02:00
1980
Sun April 27 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00
1979
Sun April 29 02:00 Sun October 28 02:00
1978
Sun April 30 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00
1977
Sun April 24 02:00 Sun October 30 02:00
1976
Sun April 25 02:00 Sun October 31 02:00
1975
Sun February 23 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00 Emergency Daylight Time Act
Michigan exempted, began DST Sun April 27 02:00
1974
Sun January 6 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00 Emergency Daylight Time Act
Southern Idaho and eastern Oregon (Mountain time zone)
began DST Sun February 3 02:00
1973
Sun April 29 02:00 Sun October 28 02:00 All of Michigan now on DST
1972
Sun April 30 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00
1971
Sun April 25 02:00 Sun October 31 02:00 Indiana (Eastern time zone) opts out
1970
Sun April 26 02:00 Sun October 25 02:00
1969
Sun April 27 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00 All of Alaska and Indiana now on DST
1968
Sun April 28 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00 Arizona and Michigan opt out
1967
Sun April 30 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00 Uniform Time Act of 1966
Alaska, Hawaii, Indiana and territories opt out
1946–66
Local decision, various dates
1945
Sun September 30 02:00 War Time ends
1944
War Time all year
Arizona War Time not observed Sat January 1 02:00–Sat April 1 02:00
Arizona War Time ends Sat September 30 02:00[9]
1943
War Time all year
1942
Mon February 9 02:00 War Time begins year round
1920–41
Local decision, various dates
1919
Sun March 30 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00 War Time ends
1918
Sun March 31 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00 War Time begins summer only
See also[edit]
Time in the United States
Time in Indiana
Daylight saving time in the United States - gives a list of future daylight saving dates
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ United States statutes at large: containing the laws and concurrent resolutions enacted during the second session of the one hundred fifth congress of the United States of America 1998 and proclamations. Government Printing Office. 1999. p. 599.
Jump up ^ History of Daylight Time in the U.S., United States Naval Observatory
^ Jump up to: a b A Time-Change Timeline, National Public Radio, March 8, 2007
Jump up ^ An Act For the repeal of the daylight-saving law, Pub.L. 66–40, 41 Stat. 280, enacted August 20, 1919
Jump up ^ 24/7: A Resource Guide to the Law of Time Standards" Archived 2006-06-18 at the Wayback Machine., June 3, 2002
Jump up ^ Daylight Saving Time: Early adoption in law
Jump up ^ 15 USC 260a
Jump up ^ Energy Concerns Push Clocks Forward this Weekend by Nell Boyce. Morning Edition, National Public Radio, 9 March 2007.
Jump up ^ Daylight Saving Time in Arizona
References[edit]
Prerau, David. Seize the Daylight: The Curious and Contentious Story of Daylight Saving Time (Thunder’s Mouth Press; ISBN 1-56025-655-9) Discusses the establishment of standard time and daylight saving time.
External links[edit]
U.S. Navy time zone page
Standard Time Zone Boundaries 49CFR71
U.S. Law 15USC260-267
History of Daylight Saving Time at WebExhibits
Congressional Research on Daylight Saving Time
History of DST in Arizona
A Resource Guide to the Law of Time Standards
1918 and 1942 Acts
Indiana Time Zone Article
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_time_in_the_United_States&oldid=810691610"
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