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Toll-free telephone number
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A toll-free telephone number or freephone number is a telephone number that is billed for all arriving calls instead of incurring charges to the originating telephone subscriber. For the calling party, a call to a toll-free number from a landline is free of charge.
A toll-free, Freecall, Freephone, 800, 0800 or 1-800 number is identified by a dialing prefix similar to a geographic area code, such as 800.[clarification needed] The specific service access numbers vary by country.
Contents
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1 History
1.1 Manual toll-free systems
1.2 Initial direct-dial systems
1.3 Modern direct-dial systems
2 Vanity numbering
2.1 Shared use
3 Around the world
3.1 United States
3.2 Canada
3.3 China
3.3.1 800-toll-free numbers
3.3.2 400-toll-free numbers
3.4 Australia
3.4.1 Toll-Free
3.4.2 Local Rate numbers
3.4.3 Mobile phones
3.5 Netherlands
3.6 United Kingdom
4 Universal International Freephone Service
5 See also
6 References
History[edit]
The features of toll-free services have evolved as telephone networks have moved from electro-mechanical call switching to fully computerized stored program controlled networks.[1]
Originally, a call billed to the called party had to be placed through a telephone company operator as a collect call. The operator had to secure acceptance of the charges at the remote number before manually completing the call.
A few large businesses and government offices received large numbers of collect calls, which proved time consuming for operators.
Manual toll-free systems[edit]
Prior to the development of automated toll-free service many telephone companies provided a manual version of caller free service.
Examples of operator-assisted toll-free calling include the Zenith number introduced in the 1950s in the U.S. and Canada, as well as the original manual 'Freephone' service introduced by the British Post Office in 1960.[2][3]
Both systems were similar in concept. The calling party would ring the operator (now '100' in the UK, '0' in Canada/U.S.) and ask for a specific free number. In the U.S., the caller would ask for a number like "Zenith 1-2345" (some areas used "Enterprise" or "WX" instead of "Zenith", but in the same pattern of a free service name and a five-digit number). In the UK, the caller would ask the operator to ring "Freephone" and a name or number (such as "Freephone Crimebusters" to pass on tips about a crime to the constabulary).[4]
In either case, the operator would look up the corresponding geographic number from a list and place the call with charges reversed.
A Zenith number was typically available from a predefined area, anything from a few nearby cities to a province or state, and was listed in local directories in each community from which the subscriber was willing to accept the charges for inbound calls.
Until the introduction of InWATS toll-free service by the Bell System on May 2, 1967 and the Linkline (later "Freefone") 0800 services by British Telecom on 12 November 1985, manually ringing the operator was the standard means to place a toll-free call. More than a few established manual "Freephone" or "Zenith" numbers remained in use for many years after competing automated systems (0800 in UK, 1-800 in U.S.) were deployed in parallel for new toll-free numbers.[5]
Initial direct-dial systems[edit]
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An automated toll-free service was introduced by AT&T in 1966 (US intrastate) and 1967 (US interstate) as an alternative to operator-assisted collect calling and manual "Zenith" or "Enterprise" numbers. This Inward Wide Area Telephone Service (InWATS) allowed calls to be made directly from anywhere in a predefined area by dialling the prefix 1-800- and a seven-digit number.
The system was primitive by modern standards. It initially provided no support for Automatic Number Identification and no itemised record of calls, instead requiring subscribers to obtain expensive fixed-rate lines which included some number of hours of inbound calling from a "band" of one or several U.S. states or Canadian provinces. Early InWATS 800 calling lacked the complex routing features offered with modern toll-free service. After competitive carriers were allowed to compete with AT&T in establishing toll-free service, the three digit exchange following the 800 prefix was linked to a specific destination carrier and area code; the number itself corresponded to specific telephone switching offices and trunk groups. All calls went to one central destination; there was no means to place a toll-free call to another country.
Despite its limitations (and the relatively high cost of long distance in that era), the system was adequate for the needs of large volume users such as hotel chains, airlines and hire car firms which used it to build a truly national presence.
For small regional businesses who received few long-distance calls, the original InWATS was prohibitively expensive. As a fixed-rate bulk service requiring special trunks, it was suited only to large volume users.
Modern direct-dial systems[edit]
Modern toll-free service became possible when telephone companies replaced their electro-mechanical switching systems with computerized switching systems. This allowed toll-free calls to be routed based on instructions located in central databases.
In the United States, AT&T engineer Roy P. Weber from Bridgewater, New Jersey patented a 'Data Base Communication Call Processing Method' which was deployed by AT&T in 1982. The called number was an index into a database, allowing a 'Toll-Free Call' or '800 Call' to be directed anywhere.[6] This feature and other advances that made it possible were what led to AT&T marketing analyst Dodge Cepeda from Bedminster, New Jersey to propose the introduction of providing 800 Toll-Free Service to small and medium size business customers on a nationwide basis. Once this service was implemented, it became possible for the very smallest of business operations to have potential customers contact them free of charge at a time when long distance calling was expensive. Until this time, 800 Service was only available to major Fortune 500 companies.
In the United Kingdom, BT introduced "Linkline" on 12 November 1985. No more need to manually ring the operator, two new prefixes 0800 (an automated toll-free service which became "Freefone") and 0345 (a shared-cost service marketed as "Lo-Call" because initially its rates resembled those of local calls) could be reached by direct dial.[7] Cable and Wireless used 0500 and 0645, in much the same way, just a few years later.
Vanity numbering[edit]
A toll-free vanity number, custom toll-free number, or mnemonic is easy to remember; it spells and means something or it contains an easily recognized numeric pattern. An easily remembered number is valued as a branding and direct response tool in business advertising.
In the United States, Federal Communications Commission regulations mandate that numbers be allocated on a first come, first served basis; this gives vanity number operators who register as RespOrgs a strong advantage in obtaining the most valuable phonewords, as they have first access to newly disconnected numbers and to newly introduced toll-free area codes. In Australia, premium numbers, such as the 13-series or the vanity phone words, are distributed by auction separately from the administrative procedure to assign random, generic numbers from the available pool.
Shared use[edit]
In toll-free telephony, a shared-use number is a vanity number (usually a valuable generic phone word), which is rented to multiple local companies in the same line of business in different cities. These appear in Australia (1300 and 1800) and North America (1-800- and its overlays); in the U.S., the RespOrg infrastructure is used to direct calls for the same number to different vendors based on the area code of the calling number.
As one example, a taxi company could rent shared use of 1-800-TAXICAB in one city. The number belongs to a company in Van Nuys, California,[8] but is redirected to local cab companies on a city-by-city basis[9] and promoted by being printed on everything from individual taxi cab hub caps[10] to campaigns against drunk driving.[11] Another example is Mark Russell's 1-800-GREATRATE, a shared-use number rented to lenders in various cities nationwide for a monthly fee.[12]
One former Mercedes dealer obtained 1-800-MERCEDES, charging other dealers to receive calls to that number from their local areas. The automaker unsuccessfully sued MBZ Communications of Owatonna, Minnesota, operated by former Mercedes dealer Donald Bloom, alleging deception and trademark infringement.[12][13] Mercedes was ultimately forced to obtain a different number, 1-800-FOR-MERCEDES.[14]
A company renting 1-800-RED-CROSS at a premium price to individual local Red Cross chapters as "shared use" was less fortunate; the Federal Communications Commission reassigned that number to the Red Cross as an emergency response to Hurricane Katrina in 2005.[15]
Shared use can be used as a means to circumvent restrictions on warehousing, hoarding and brokering toll-free numbers as technically the number is not being sold, only rented one city or region at a time. The practice is nonetheless potentially problematic as it leaves local businesses advertising numbers which they do not own and for which they therefore have no number portability. The cost per minute and per month is typically far higher for a shared-use number than for a standard toll-free vanity number which a local business controls outright, and there is little protection if the shared use company fails to meet its obligations or ceases operation.
There are also technical limitations; voice over IP users in particular are difficult to geolocate as their calls may be gated to the public switched telephone network at a point hundreds or thousands of miles away from their actual location. A roaming mobile or Internet telephone user is effectively (like the user of a foreign exchange line) attached to a distant rate centre far from their physical address.
If a program like Crime Stoppers is inherently regional or local, but its national 1-800-222-TIPS number is shared between multiple exchanges, the exchange accepting the call must determine whether the call belongs to some other region.
Around the world[edit]
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Countries around the world use various dialing prefixes to denote toll-free services in their telephone networks.
In Argentina, the prefix for toll-free numbers is "0800", followed by seven digits (the first three of them are fixed for each operator, so the user may know which carrier is serving the party they are calling). These numbers are called "0-800" (cero ochocientos) or "líneas gratuitas" (free lines). There is also a local-rate service named "0-810" (cero ochocientos diez) where the calling party pays the fee for a local call and the called party pays for the long distance fees.
In Armenia, the toll-free prefix is "800" followed by a five-digit number.
In Australia, the toll-free prefix is "1800", "1300", "13" followed by 4 to 10 digits. Customers can call the number for free or the cost of a local call from any fixed landline in Australia, although calls from mobiles are subject to carrier charges.
In Austria, the prefix for toll-free numbers is also "0800", but only followed by six digits. They are commonly referred to as "Null-achthunderter Nummern" (Zero-eighthundred numbers).
In Azerbaijan, the prefix for toll -free numbers is 088, followed with seven digits. Toll Free calls are available both from mobile and landline phone operators.
In Belgium, the prefix "0800" is used for toll-free numbers, followed by 5 digits. They are commonly referred to as "Groen nummer" (Dutch) and "Numéros verts" (French) or "Null-achthunderter Nummern" (Zero-eighthundred numbers) in the German speaking area.
In Brazil, The prefix is "0800" - although phone numbers are 8 digits - it is followed by 7 digits - 6 digits are being phased out. Toll-free numbers in Brazil can be accessed from any telephone (by default) in Brazil, with many exceptions. They can be accessed from outside Brazil only with a calling service (such as voice-over-Internet services or MCI Worldcom calling service) that accesses numbers from within the called country. Many toll-free numbers are not available from cell phones (usually blocked by the cell phone provider rather than the provider of the toll-free number in an effort to prevent low-price competition from calling card providers). Some toll-free numbers are not available from phones listed by the owner of the number, including many payphones. For example, the MCI Worldphone calling service blocks usage from the pay phones in international airports (Rio and São Paulo) and many downtown pay phones due to "excessive fraud" from those phones (July 2003). In addition, Brazil has a system of regular and international pay phones (designated with the symbol "DDD"). Toll-free numbers to international calling plans can be reliably used from non-DDD pay phones, as of 2005.
In Bulgaria, the toll-free prefix is "0800" followed by a five-digit number (up to now, only 1XXXX and 20ххх numbers have been allocated). These numbers are called "Зелен номер" (Green Number) by BTC and "Зелена линия" (Green Line) by M-tel.
In Canada, toll-free numbers are drawn from the US SMS/800 database. A seven-digit number 310-xxxx (not a true toll-free, but may be called from anywhere in its home area code at local rates from certain, but not all, carriers) is available in Bell Canada and Telus territories. From a landline, these are free. From cell phones, airtime is not covered, but there are no long distance charges.
In Chile, the toll-free prefix is "800" followed by a six-digit number. These numbers are called "número 800" (800 number). These numbers can not be accessed from abroad.
In Colombia, toll-free numbers start with 018000
In Croatia, the prefix for toll-free numbers is "0800"
In the Czech Republic, the toll-free prefix is "800".[16]
In Denmark telephone-numbers have eight digits. The toll-free numbers all begin with "80" followed by six further digits.
The Dominican Republic is assigned specific 1-800 exchanges in the North American Numbering Plan; the 1-809-200-xxxx exchange is also free for domestic callers in that country.
In Egypt, it starts with 0800 followed by a seven-digit number. Unavailable via cellphones.
In Ecuador, it starts with 1800 followed by a 6-digit number. Some numbers have either regional or nationwide access. Calls from cellphones are only allowed by the operator Alegro which charges a few cents for these calls. PORTA and movistar does not allow the service.
In France the "0800" or "0805" prefix is used for toll-free numbers. They are also known as numéros verts (green numbers).
In Finland, the toll-free prefix is "0800".
In Germany, the toll-free prefix is "'0800" followed by a seven-digit number. The "0801" prefix is already reserved for future use. The prefix used to be "0130". Deutsche Telekom calls these numbers "freecall 0800", most Germans refer to it simply as "Null-achthunderter Nummern" (Zero-eighthundred numbers).
In Greece, the toll-free prefix is "800" followed by a seven-digit number or "807" followed by a four-digit number, used for phonecard services only.
In Hong Kong, toll-free numbers have "800" prefix[17]
In Hungary, toll-free numbers have "80" prefix.
In Iceland, the toll-free prefix is "800" followed by a four-digit number.
In India, the toll-free prefix is "1800" followed by a six or seven digit number. Free if calling from a mobile phone or a land line. Prefix of "1860" followed by a seven digit are local rate numbers. Calling party pays the local rate and the called party pays long distance call charges (if any).
In Indonesia, the toll-free prefix is "0800" followed by a seven-digit number.
In Ireland, 1800-xxxxxx numbers are freephone, with the 1800 71xxxx reserved for services that expect unusually high volumes of calls e.g. radio station phone-in lines.[18]
In Israel, toll-free numbers are prefixed with "1800" followed by 6 digits (for local businesses), "180" or "189" followed by 7 digits (usually refers to a free call to an overseas operated calling center). The called party pays the charges for the call. As of 2012 calls from local cellular phone service providers to these prefixes are also free. Numbers prefixed with "1700" followed by 6 digits are local rate number for the first 3–4 minutes after which the charges for the remaining length of the call are transferred to the receiving party (on a "shared cost" basis).
In Italy, toll-free numbers are dialed with the "800" or "803" prefix and are commonly referred to as "Numero Verde" (green number) or "Linea Verde" (green line). The "Numeri Verdi" used to begin with "1678" and later with "167".
Japanese symbol for free dial, often used in print advertising.
In Japan, the prefixes "0120" and "0800" are officially assigned for toll-free numbers and are often referred to as "free dial" (フリーダイヤル) or "free call" (フリーコール) telephone numbers. Several telephone carriers also provide toll-free services under their own company prefixes such as "0077" (these prefixes are also used for other tolled services; the prefix "0570" is officially assigned for Navi Dial, a special tolled service).
In South Korea, toll-free numbers are prefixed with "080" (not to be confused with "060" or "070", which are used for pay-per-call/pay-per-minute information services or digital home phone services). Not all numbers with the "080" prefix are toll-free when called from a mobile phone.
In Latvia the prefix 8000-xx-xx is used for toll-free services. They are toll-free only when dialed from landlines, and charged the same as a land line when dialed from cell phones.
In Malaysia the prefix is 1800-xxxxxx. Free if calling from a land-line and VoIP only. Calling from mobile phone will be considered a local call, with varying charges depending on the mobile network providers.
In Mexico the prefix is 01-800.
In Nepal the prefix is 1660-01-XXXXX.
In New Zealand, both "0800" or "0508" prefixes are referred to variously and interchangeably as "free phone" or "toll-free". Originally these "Oh-eight-hundred" numbers were provided by Telecom NZ and "0508" by rival company Clear (now Vodafone New Zealand), although now both numbers can be provided by either company. Some older toll bar services designed to restrict toll calls (including long distance or calls to mobile phones) will also block calls to these free phone numbers, although this has become less common since the mid-1990s. A limited number of companies utilizing toll-free numbers will not accept calls from mobile phones. Some other free phone services exist, such as "*555" ("star five five five"), which can be dialled from cellular phones to report traffic conditions and incidents of dangerous driving.
In the Netherlands, the prefix "0800" is used for toll-free numbers. Calling 0800 numbers from fixed- and mobile phones is free by law. UIFN's "00800" are generally free from fixed lines and charged for the air-time from mobile phones. Access of UIFN is not enforced by law, causing certain phone providers to not honor the standard.
In Norway most telephone-numbers have eight digits (some exceptions). The toll-free numbers all begin with "800" followed by five further digits.
In Pakistan, toll-free numbers have the following format "0800-xxxxx".
In Paraguay, the prefix "0800" is used for toll-free numbers, followed by 6 digits.
In the Philippines, the prefix for toll-free numbers is "1800" followed by either one, two, or four digits (examples include 8, 10, and 1888) followed by either a four- or seven-digit phone number. However, there are restrictions. Toll-free numbers are only limited to the telephone network where the toll-free number is being handled. So subscribers of a different telephone network company will not be able to call the toll-free number handled by a different telephone network. International toll-free numbers can only be accessed if the calling party is a subscriber of PLDT.
In Poland, toll-free numbers have the following format "800 xxx xxx". There are also Split-Charge numbers "801 uxx xxx" (caller's cost depends on the digit u) and Universal Numbers "804 uxx xxx", where the caller is automatically connected to the nearest office (are toll-free if u=3).
In Portugal, the prefix is "800" so the 9-digit number is "800 xxx xxx". It is referred as "Chamada Gratuita" (Free Call) or as "Número Verde" (Green Number).
In Qatar, toll-free numbers have the following format "800' xxxx".[19]
In Romania, toll-free numbers have the following format "0800 xxx xxx". The service is referred to as "Număr Verde".
In Russia, the prefix is "8" "800", followed by 7 digits (8-800-XXX-XX-XX).
In Serbia, the prefix "0-800" followed by a 6 or 7 digit number is used
In Singapore, the prefix "1800" followed by a 7 digit number is used. Calling from a mobile phone network will be considered as a local call and charges varies among service providers.
In Slovakia, the toll-free prefix is "0800", followed by six digits. The local rate prefix is "0850".
In Slovenia, the prefix "080" is used for toll-free numbers, followed by four more digits.
In South Africa, the prefix "0800", followed by 6 digits is used. It is referred to as a "toll-free" or "0800" number (Afrikaans: tol-vrye).
In Spain, the "900XXXXXX" or "800XXXXXX" numbers are always toll-free (800 numbers are not usually used), "909XXXXXX" is used for dial-up Internet service and toll-free dialup Internet service (under subscription). Also "1002", "1004", "14XX", "15XX" and "16XX" are free and are used for the telecommunication providers call centers.
In Sweden, the prefix is "020" or "0200" for toll-free numbers. (Additionally, 0800 is reserved for future use.) These numbers are unreachable from other countries.
In Switzerland, the toll-free prefix is 0800; it used to be 155. These numbers are called « grüne Nummer/numéro vert/numero verde » (green number).
In Taiwan, the toll-free prefix is 0800-xxx-xxx or 0809-xxx-xxx, but not all Taiwanese mobile number can call the toll free numbers. A toll-free subscriber can decide to restrict a number due to high per minute mobile rates. This is cumbersome for the caller, who is told to dial another land line number, usually at the highest toll rate within the country as a mobile to landline call. Some small VOIP operators also cannot call toll free numbers. (0701-xxx-xxx cannot call toll free numbers directly, but can call through a live operator by dialling "123" and have them redirect the call).
In Thailand, Call Free, Free Call, Toll-Free, or Free Phone, the prefix used is "1800"xxxxxx. Calls are free for all fixed line calls. Mobile carriers AIS and CAT (60+%o f Thailand's subscribers) offer 1-800 service for cell phones. DTAC and True mobile providers currently do not, however, it is expected they will offer the 1-800 service for subscribers by late 2009.[needs update]
In Turkey, the prefix for toll-free numbers is "0800".
In the UK, modern freephone numbers start with 0800 or 0808, followed by a further 7 digits. Some older 0800 numbers still in use have a shorter number length. An older range of 0500 freephone numbers is due for withdrawal in 2017.
In Ukraine, toll-free numbers have "0" "800" and 2 digits after as a carrier code and than 4 digits as a client number, i.e., 0 800 YYХХХХ. Before October 2009 "8" "800" prefix was used. The list of actual carrier codes allocated by NCCIR is available here.
In Vietnam, the prefix "1800" followed by a series of numbers, usually from 4 to 9 digits. All "1800" numbers are free of charge, but some of them cannot be dialled from all telephones.
United States[edit]
Main article: Toll-free telephone numbers in the United States
Toll-free numbers in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) are commonly called "800 numbers" after the original area code which was used to dial them. They include the area code 800 (since January 1, 1966), 888 (since March 1, 1996), 877 (since April 4, 1998), 866 (since July 29, 2000), 855 (since October 9, 2010), and 844 (since December 7, 2013).[20] Area code 833 was implemented on April 22, 2017. Area codes reserved for future expansion include 822, 880 through 887, and 889.[21]
The original Wide Area Telephone Service is obsolete. North American toll-free numbers are controlled by an intelligent network database (SMS/800) in which any toll-free number may be directed to a local or long-distance geographic telephone number, a T-carrier or primary rate interface line under the control of any of various RespOrgs.[22] Direct inward dialing and toll-free number portability are supported; various providers offer gateways which receive free phone calls on PRI lines and deliver them to voice over IP or pager users.
Toll free numbers usually capture the telephone number of the caller for billing purposes through automatic number identification, which is independent of caller ID data and functions even if caller ID is blocked.[23]
Canada[edit]
In addition to NANP toll-free numbers, carriers Bell Canada and Telus offer 310- numbers that can be accessed at local-call prices as shared-cost service (free from landlines, incurs local airtime charge from mobiles and local price from payphones). There are a few special mobile-only numbers (like *CAA to call the Canadian Automobile Association) which are free from cell phones.
China[edit]
Calling an 800 number is free of charge. Calling a 400 number incurs a local access charge.
800 numbers are accessible only to land-line subscribers, while 400 numbers are accessible to all land-line and mobile users.
800-toll-free numbers[edit]
800 toll-free numbers are commonly called "800 免费电话". The official name is "被叫集中付费业务" (called party collect paid service), which means the cost of the call is borne not by the caller but by the party receiving the call.
800-toll-free numbers in China are ten-digit numbers beginning with "800". There is no prefix before "800".
800-toll-free numbers are not accessible to mobile network subscribers and some land-line subscribers. For instance China Tietong Telecom land-line users cannot access 800 numbers.
400-toll-free numbers[edit]
400-service is called "主被叫分摊付费业务" (calling party and called party split-paid service), which means the calling party pays for the local access fee and the called party pays the toll (long distance) fee.
400-toll-free numbers in China are ten-digit numbers beginning with "400".
400-toll-free numbers can be accessed by all fixed-line and mobile phones.
Callers have to bear local access charges from their service providers.
400-toll-free numbers with prefix "4001" are international toll-free numbers which can be routed to destination numbers inside or outside China. 400 toll-free numbers with prefix "4000", "4006", "4007" or "4008" are national toll-free numbers which can be routed to China destination numbers only.
Australia[edit]
Toll-Free[edit]
Toll-Free numbers in Australia are ten-digit numbers beginning with the prefix "1800".[24]
1800 numbers can also be found in Phonewords via an online auction.[25]
For all types, the recipient business pays for incoming toll charges.
In some cases, 1800 numbers can be accessed from international lines.
Callers to an 1800 number are not charged a connection fee from a domestic fixed line. Calls from a mobile phone may incur charges depending on the provider.
The original prefix was 008. Such numbers were nine digits long. For example, the Crime Stoppers toll-free hotline was 008 333 000, however some would write (008) 33 3000. Such numbers were dialable outside Australia, for example +61 08 333 000.
Local Rate numbers[edit]
A system similar to 1800 numbering exists where 6 or 10 digit numbers prefixed with 13 (one-three), 1300 or 1301 (colloquially one-three-hundred) can be called at local call rates regardless of location.
Callers to a 13 number are charged a "connection fee" by their telephone provider.
13 and 1300 numbers are often "smart routed" to the local outlet of chain stores or fast food premises. They may also be used by different companies in different regions.
13 numbers, 1300 numbers and 1800 numbers are relocatable across Australia, and can be transferred between different telecommunications suppliers.
13 numbers are a premium number scheme, subject to charges from the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA)[26] of approximately $10,000 per annum collected by the supplying carrier.
Premium numbers, such as those that spell a word using keypad letters, are regularly auctioned by the ACMA[27]
Mobile phones[edit]
Mobile callers are charged to phone a 1300 number or 1800 number, usually at their normal per minute rate, but sometimes at predatory rates. These expensive numbers can be decoded to ordinary landline and organisations usually offer a landline number on their websites, though it may be hard to find.
Smart routed 1800 or 13(00) numbers often do not work on mobile telephones due to issues with owners of the numbers barring incoming calls from mobile devices due to higher call charges associated with such calls.
Netherlands[edit]
The introduction of 0800/0900 numbers in the Netherlands in 1986 has led to significant growth of call centres and an increase in outsourcing.[28]
Originally, free telephone numbers in the Netherlands started with either the 06-0, 06-4 or 06-3000 prefix. This was changed to 0800 in the 1990s to comply with European standards. Most 0800-numbers cannot be called from abroad, and only few can be called from the Caribbean Netherlands (by dialing 0031800). 088-numbers are shared-cost; from landlines, the caller pays only the costs for a local call, whereas the receiver pays the rest.
United Kingdom[edit]
In the United Kingdom, toll-free telephone numbers are generally known as "freephone" numbers (British Telecom numbers are officially Freefone) and begin with the prefixes 0800, 0808 or the Cable & Wireless Freecall prefix 0500. The most commonly used prefix is 0800, first used in November 1985.[29] Additionally, numbers in the range 0808 80x xxxx are reserved for not-for-profit helplines.
Since 1 July 2015, all 0800 and 0808 numbers have been free to call from landlines and mobile phones alike.[30][31] Most mobile phone operators had charged for such calls previously, with Orange being the final major network to introduce such charges during December 2005. Certain helplines, such as those in the 0808 80x xxxx series had remained free from most networks on a voluntary basis and some niche operators, such as Giffgaff always offered freephone calls at no charge.[32]
The UK mobile operators offer an alternative product to organisations who wish to provide toll-free services - 5-digit voice short codes which are sold through mobile aggregators.
0500 numbers, introduced by Mercury Communications in 1982 (and later Cable and Wireless, now Vodafone), will be withdrawn by Ofcom on 3 June 2017. A three-year transition will[needs update] allow existing subscribers to migrate to 080 85 numbers with the same final 6 digits.[33] While the numbers are portable, 0500 has been closed to new allocations since 1997/98.[34]
Universal International Freephone Service[edit]
"UIFN" redirects here. For the 2011 Carnifex album, see Until I Feel Nothing.
Universal International Freephone Service is an international service, assigned the country code 800 by the International Telecommunication Union. The intention is that any customer in the world can dial the same number to reach a business subscribing to a number, and at no charge to the calling party. However, only a limited number of countries yet participate. In order to participate, countries must agree on the amount of revenue they will retain (to cover their costs of network transport) while still forwarding sufficient revenue to cover the recipient's costs of subscribing.
A Universal International Freephone Number (UIFN) is a worldwide toll-free "800 number" issued by the ITU. Like the 800 area code issued for the NANP in the U.S. and Canada and 0800 numbers in many other countries, the call is free for the caller, and the receiver pays the charges. UIFN uses ITU country code 800, so that no matter where the caller is, only the international access code (IAC), the UIFN country code (800) and the 8-digit UIFN need to be dialed. A few carriers in about 65 countries participate in the UIFN program;[35] free access to the numbers (as international calls) from mobile and coin telephones is not universal. Registration of a +800 number incurs a 200 Swiss franc ITU fee (as of 2013) in addition to any charges levied by the individual carrier. The number must be activated for inbound calls from at least two telephone country codes within 180 days.[36]
UIFS is analogous to intra-national toll free numbers such as 800 service in Canada and the United States, and Freephone services in most other countries. The +800 UIFN service is one of three ITU-administered non-geographic codes with a similar numbering scheme. The +808 Universal International Shared Cost Number (UISCN), billed at the price of a domestic call, shares the same eight-digit format; the +979 Universal International Premium Rate Number (UIPRN), billed at a high premium cost, carries one extra digit to indicate price range.
See also[edit]
SMS/800 and RespOrg
900 number
Collect call
Freepost
Mobile dial code
Wide Area Telephone Service
Zenith number
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dept, AT & T. Bell Laboratories Technical Publication; Rey, R. F. (1983-01-01). Engineering and operations in the Bell System. AT&T Bell Laboratories. ISBN 9780932764041.
Jump up ^ BT Plc. "Events in Telecommunications History (1960)". BT Archives. BT Group. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
Jump up ^ Smith, David R. (2012-12-06). Digital Transmission Systems. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781441989338.
Jump up ^ Blackburn Police Station, Westlothian UK, "dial 100 and ask for Freephone Crimebusters" to report tips about crime
Jump up ^ Olga, Gorvachev (27 May 2016). "What is the history of 0800 Freephone numbers?". Flower Telecom. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
Jump up ^ Weber, Roy P. "Data base communication call processing method". US patent 4191860. Filed Jul 13, 1978. Issued Mar 4, 1980
Jump up ^ BT Plc. "Events in Telecommunications History: 1985". BT Archives. BT Group. Retrieved 2011-08-23.
Jump up ^ Robinson-Jacobs, Karen (Nov 28, 2000). "Nationwide Taxi Service Calls Valley Home". Los Angeles Times. p. B1.
Jump up ^ "Logix to Route Callers for 1-800-Taxicab". Direct Marketing News. 2000-11-22. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
Jump up ^ Andrew Zipern (2001-05-14). "MediaTalk; In Los Angeles, the Hubcap as Billboard". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
Jump up ^ "Businesses, Sheriff's Office pitch in tonight to get drunks home". Nashville Business Journal. 2009-12-31. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
^ Jump up to: a b "1 800 Mercedes | 1-800-catchy-number- makes-a-lot-of-money". The Baltimore Sun. 2004-03-09. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
Jump up ^ "Mercedes says Owatonna firm is dealing on its name". Star Tribune. Minneapolis-St. Paul). February 22, 2000.
Jump up ^ The United States Patents Quarterly, Page 1361, Associated Industry Publications, 2003
Jump up ^ Kevin Poulsen (September 7, 2005). "Red Cross Gets Squatter's Number". Wired. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Toll-free lines - Green Line - 800". O2 Czech Republic. Retrieved 2011-07-21.
Jump up ^ "The Numbering Plan for Telecommunications Services in Hong Kong (SAR), China" (PDF). OFCA, Hong Kong. 2014.
Jump up ^ "Numbering plan for Ireland" (PDF). ComReg Ireland.
Jump up ^ "National Toll Free 800 Service". QTel Qatar.
Jump up ^ "Implementation of the 844 NPA for Toll-Free Services" (PDF). NANPA. 5 August 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Number Resources - NPA (Area) Codes". NANPA. Retrieved 2013-11-04.
Jump up ^ "Toll Free Calls and Telecommunications Tariffs". Phone Services. 11 September 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Fallon, Sean (2009-02-17). "TrapCall Displays Blocked Numbers on Your Caller ID". Gizmodo. Retrieved 2012-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Special numbers: Charges for calls to 13, 1300 & 1800 numbers". Australian Communications and Media Authority. 2013-10-11. Retrieved 2013-12-30.
Jump up ^ "smartnumbers". The Australian Communications and Media Authority. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
Jump up ^ "Annual numbering charges". ACMA.
Jump up ^ "Auctioned". ACMA.
Jump up ^ Some Sectoral and Locational Factors in the Development of Call Centres in the U.S. and the Netherlands, Peter Bain, University of Strathclyde, 2001
Jump up ^ "1984onwards". www.btplc.com.
Jump up ^ "0800 numbers and 0808 numbers - Area-codes.org.uk". www.area-codes.org.uk.
Jump up ^ Murray-West, Rosie (2013-04-13). "'Freephone' numbers to be free from all phones". Telegraph (UK). Archived from the original on 2013-04-15.
Jump up ^ O2. "Free numbers". Telefónica UK Limited.
Jump up ^ "The 0500 Number Range". Ofcom.
Jump up ^ Ofcom (3 June 2014). "The 0500 Number Range - Decision to withdraw 0500 telephone numbers" (PDF). Retrieved 10 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "UIFN". International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
Jump up ^ "UIFN". International Telecommunications Union. Retrieved 2013-11-04.

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Kabaddi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the circle style kabaddi, see Punjabi kabaddi.
Kabaddi
Kabaddi played in Pro Kabaddi
Highest governing body
International Kabaddi Federation
Nicknames
pakaada (சடுகுடு), Hadudu, Bhavatik, saadukuda, Hu-Tu-Tu, Himoshika, Chedugudu
Characteristics
Contact
Permitted
Team members
7
per side
Mixed gender
Yes, separate competitions
Type
Team sport, Contact sport
Equipment
None
Venue
Kabaddi court
Presence
Country or region
worldwide (most prominent in South Asia)
Olympic
Demonstration sport : 1936 Olympics
Kabaddi is a contact team sport. It is popular in South Asia and is the state game of the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab and Telangana[1] and is the national sport of Bangladesh.[2]
Kabaddi is played between two teams of seven players; the object of the game is for a single player on offence, referred to as a "raider", to run into the opposing team's half of a court, tag out as many of their defenders as possible, and return to their own half of the court, all without being tackled by the defenders. Points are scored for each player tagged by the raider, while the opposing team earns a point for stopping the raider. Players are taken out of the game if they are tagged or tackled, but can be "revived" for each point scored by their team from a tag or tackle.
The game is known by its regional names in different parts of the subcontinent, such as kabaddi or chedugudu in Andhra Pradesh, kabaddi in Karnataka, Kerala and Telangana, hadudu in Bangladesh, bhavatik in Maldives, kauddi or kabaddi in the Punjab region, hu-tu-tu in Western India and hu-do-do in Eastern India and chadakudu in South India.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Variation
2.1 Standard style
2.2 Circle Style
3 International competitions
3.1 Kabaddi World Cup
3.2 Asian Games
3.3 Pro Kabaddi League
3.4 Women’s Kabaddi Challenge
4 Popularity
5 In popular culture
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Kabaddi, originated in ancient Tamil region, which is predominantly present day Tamil Nadu and parts of other South Indian states[3][4]. Tamil empire spread this game to South East Asia during their sea trade. The word kabaddi was derived from the Tamil word “kai-pidi” (கைபிடி) meaning “to hold hands”. Kabaddi received international exposure during the 1936 Berlin Olympics, demonstrated by India. The game was introduced in the Indian National Games at Calcutta in 1938. In 1950 the All India Kabaddi Federation (AIKF) came into existence and framed the rules. Kabaddi was introduced to and popularised in Japan in 1979 by Sundar Ram of India, who toured Japan on behalf of Asian Amateur Kabaddi Federation for two months to introduce the game. In 1979, matches between Bangladesh and India were held across India. The first Asian Kabaddi Championship was held in 1980 and India emerged as champion, beating Bangladesh in the final. The other teams in the tournament were Nepal, Malaysia, and Japan. The game was included for the first time in the Asian Games in Beijing in 1990 where seven teams took part. it is now played nationally or internationally throughout the world.
Variation[edit]
Standard style[edit]
The kabaddi court
In the international team version of kabaddi, two teams of seven members each occupy opposite halves of a field of 10 by 13 metres (33 ft × 43 ft) in case of men and 8 by 12 metres (26 ft × 39 ft) in case of women. Each has three supplementary players held in reserve. The game is played with 20 minute halves, with a 5 minute halftime break during which the teams exchange sides. During each play, known as a "raid", a player from the attacking side—known as the "raider"—runs into the opposing team's side of the field and attempts to tag as many of the seven defending players as possible. For a raid to be eligible for points, the raider must cross the baulk line in the defending team's territory, and return to their half of the field without being tackled. Whilst doing so, the raider must also loudly chant the word "kabaddi", confirming to referees that their raid is done on a single breath without inhaling. A 30-second shot clock is also enforced on each raid.
A point is scored for each defender tagged. If the raider steps beyond the bonus line marked in enemy territory, they earn an additional point. If the raider is successfully stopped, the opposing team earns a point instead. All players tagged are taken out of the game, but one is "revived" for each point a team scores from a subsequent tag or tackle (bonus points do not revive players). Players who step out of bounds are also out. A raid where no points are scored by the raider is referred to as an "empty raid". By contrast, a play where the raider scores three or more points is referred to as a "super raid". If a team gets all seven players on the opposing team out at once, an "All Out" is scored for two bonus points, and they are automatically revived.
Additional rules are used in the Pro Kabaddi League; if a team has two empty raids in a row, the next raider must score a point on their next raid or else they will be out ("do-or-die raid"). Additionally, when a defending team has less than four players left on the field, tackles are worth 2 points ("super tackle").[5] [6][7][8]
Circle Style[edit]
Circle Kabaddi
There are four major forms of kabaddi played in India which are recognised by the amateur federation. In Sanjeevani kabaddi, one player is revived against one player of the opposite team who is out – one out. The game is played over 40 min with a 5 min break between halves. There are seven players on each side and the team that outs all the players on the opponent’s side scores four extra points. In Gaminee style, seven players play on either side and a player put out has to remain out until all his team members are out. The team that is successful in ousting all the players of the opponent’s side secures a point. The game continues until five or seven such points are secured and has no fixed time duration. Amar style resembles the Sanjeevani form in the time frame rule. But, a player who is declared out doesn’t leave the court, but instead stays inside, and the play goes along. For every player of the opposition touched “out”, a team earns a point.[9] Punjabi kabaddi is a variation that is played on a circular pitch of a diameter of 22 metres (72 ft).[10]
International competitions[edit]
The following competitions are played in standard format, for that of circle style kabaddi, see Punjabi kabaddi
Kabaddi World Cup[edit]
Main article: Kabaddi World Cup (Standard style)
The standard style Kabaddi World Cup, is an outdoor international kabaddi competition conducted by the International Kabaddi Federation (IKF), contested by men’s and women’s national teams. The competition has been previously contested in 2004, 2007 and 2016. All the tournaments have been won by India. India defeated Iran by 38-29 in the final of championship game to clinch the title of 2016
Asian Games[edit]
Pictogram of kabaddi
Play media
(video) Kabaddi being played in Japan, 2015
Main article: Kabaddi at the Asian Games
Kabaddi has been played at the Asian Games since 1990. The Indian team has won all seven Gold medals, with Bangladesh being second most successful at the game.
Pro Kabaddi League[edit]
Main article: Pro Kabaddi League
The Pro Kabaddi League was established in 2014 ; the league modeled its business upon that of the Indian Premier League of Twenty20 cricket, with a large focus on marketing, the backing of local broadcaster Star Sports, and changes to the sport’s rules and its presentation to make it more suitable for a television audience.[11] The PKL quickly became a ratings success on Indian television; the 2014 season was watched by at least 435 million viewers over the course of the season, and the inaugural championship match was seen by 86.4 million viewers.[12][13]
Women’s Kabaddi Challenge[edit]
Main article: Women's Kabaddi Challenge
Women’s Kabaddi Challenge is a Kabaddi league in India started like Pro Kabaddi League for women’s. Three teams took part in inaugural season in 2016 and the league was played across seven cities in India. The first season was played in 2016, from 28 June to 31 July and was broadcast by Star Sports in India. The final was scheduled along with men’s version on 31 July. Final was conducted between Storm Queen and Fire Birds. Storm Queens produced a last second turnaround to defeat Fire Birds 24-23 in the final.
A Kabaddi match at 2006 Asian Games.
Popularity[edit]
Kabaddi is a popular sport in South Asia. The Kabaddi Federation of India (KFI) was founded in 1950, and it compiled a standard set of rules. The governing body for kabaddi in Pakistan is Pakistan Kabaddi Federation. In Bangladesh, a variation of kabaddi called ha-du-du is popular. Ha-du-du has no definite rules and is played with different rules in different areas. Kabaddi is the National Game of Bangladesh and the Amateur Kabaddi Federation of Bangladesh was formed in 1973. In Iran, the Community of Kabaddi was formed in 1996, in the same year they joined the Asian Kabaddi Federation and in 2001 they joined the International Kabaddi Federation. The Iran Amateur Kabaddi Federation was formed in 2004.
Kabaddi is one of the national sports of Nepal. Kabaddi is played and taught at a very early age in most primary schools beginning in the third grade or so in most Nepali schools. Kabaddi was also played by the British Army for fun, to keep fit and as an enticement to recruit soldiers from the British Asian community. Kabaddi was brought to the United Kingdom by Indian and Pakistani immigrants. The governing body for kabaddi in the United Kingdom is the England Kabaddi Federation UK.
In popular culture[edit]
Films depicting kabaddi
Kudumba Thalaivan (1962)
Little Buddha (1993)
Pardes (1997)
Hu Tu Tu (1999)
Kabaddi Kabaddi (2003)
Okkadu (2003)
Ghilli (2004)
Ajay (2006)
Kabaddi (2009)
Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu (2009)
Bheemli Kabadi Jattu (2010)
Chal Dhar Pakad (2010)
Kabaddi Ik Mohabbat (2010)
Kabaddi Once Again (2012)
Badlapur Boys (2014)
Tevar (2015)
Thoppil Joppan (2016)
Georgettan's Pooram (2017)
"bathhi kabaddi league "(2017)
Anime and manga depicting kabaddi
Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu (2003)
Gintama (2006)
Teekyu (2013)
Durarara!!×2 Shō (2015)
Chio's School Road (2016)
Dramas depicting kabaddi
Bitter Sweet (2015)
Azhagiya Tamil Magal (2017)
"Varanasi kabbadi league "(2017)
Super Kabaddi League Pakistan (2017)
See also[edit]
Punjabi Kabaddi
Kabaddi in India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "A tale of kabaddi, Bangladesh's national sport". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Faroqi, Gofran (2012). "Kabadi". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Ha-du-du was given the name kabadi and the status of National Game in 1972.
Jump up ^ "BRIEF HISTORY OF INDIAN TRADITIONAL SPORTS (KABADDI)". Retrieved 13 Sep 2017.
Jump up ^ "Definition of 'kabaddi'". Retrieved 13 Sep 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rules of Kabaddi". International Kabaddi Federation (IKF). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Kabaddi World Cup 2016: A handy guide to the format, rules and how the sport works". Firstpost. 2016-10-05. Retrieved 2017-10-29.
Jump up ^ "Kabaddi 101: Raid, defend, revive, repeat". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2017-10-29.
Jump up ^ "Everything you need to know about Kabaddi". The Indian Express. 2016-01-30. Retrieved 2017-10-29.
Jump up ^ "Kabaddi In India: Origins, success and current pitiable state". Sportskeeda.com. 7 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Kissa 2 Kabaddi da. Sarwan Singh Sangam Publications. ISBN 93-83654-65-1.
Jump up ^ "Kabaddi gets the IPL treatment". BBC News. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pro Kabaddi league viewership second only to IPL". The Hindu. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Simple, visceral, fun: why the ancient sport of kabaddi is enjoying a resurgence". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kabaddi.
- World
Kabaddi Videos
International Kabaddi Federation official website
Asian Amateur Kabaddi Federation official website
Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India (AKFI) official website
A Game Called Kabbadi – slideshow by The New York Times
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[show]
v
t
e
National symbols of Bangladesh
Main symbols
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Kabaddi (national game)
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Authority control
NDL: 00577468
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kabaddi&oldid=838387411"
Categories:
Kabaddi
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Traditional sports of Pakistan
Sports originating in South Asia
National symbols of Bangladesh
Traditional sports of Bangladesh
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Pro Kabaddi League

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Punjabi Kabaddi

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India national kabaddi team

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Pakistani immigrant

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Bheemli Kabadi Jattu

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http://www.indiankabaddi.org

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Kabaddi at the 2018 Asian Games

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Composite rules shinty-hurling

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Ice sledge hockey

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Synchronized swimming

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values: كابادي – Arabic

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https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaddi
Kabaddi – Azerbaijani
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https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabadi
Kabadi – Czech
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https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaddi
Kabaddi – Danish
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https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaddi
Kabaddi – German
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https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaddi
Kabaddi – Spanish
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Kabaddi – French
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https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaddi
Kabaddi – Scottish Gaelic
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Kabaddi – Goan Konkani
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https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaddi
Kabaddi – Indonesian
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https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaddi
Kabaddi – Italian
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Kabaddi – Malay
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Kabaddi – Dutch
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Kabaddi – Norwegian
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Kabaddi – Norwegian Nynorsk
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Kabaddi – Polish
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https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaddi
Kabaddi – Portuguese
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Kabaddi – Scots
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Kabaddi – Slovak
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https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaddi
Kabaddi – Finnish
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Kabaddi – Swedish
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