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Wake Me Up When September Ends
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"Wake Me Up When September Ends"
Single by Green Day
from the album American Idiot
Released
June 13, 2005
Format
7"
CD
VHS
digital download
Recorded
September 2003
Genre
Alternative rock
Length
4:45
Label
Reprise
Warner Bros.
Songwriter(s)
Billie Joe Armstrong
Mike Dirnt
Tré Cool
Producer(s)
Rob Cavallo
Green Day singles chronology
"Holiday"
(2005) "Wake Me Up When September Ends"
(2005) "Jesus of Suburbia"
(2005)
"Holiday"
(2005) "Wake Me Up When September Ends"
(2005) "Jesus of Suburbia"
(2005)
"Wake Me Up When September Ends" is a song by American rock band Green Day, released on June 13, 2005, as the fourth single from the group's seventh studio album, American Idiot (2004). The song was written by frontman Billie Joe Armstrong regarding the death of his father.
The song became a hit single, peaking at number six on the Billboard Hot 100. It was also a top ten single in the United Kingdom, Belgium, New Zealand, and was a number one single in the Czech Republic. In the United States, the song became symbolic after Hurricane Katrina, where it was dedicated to victims of the disaster and also regarded as a dedication to the victims of the September 11 attacks that occurred in 2001. The song became certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.
The song's music video depicts a couple broken apart by the Iraq War, which was intended to convey the song's central theme of loss.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Commercial performance
3 Reception
4 Music video
5 Legacy
6 Track listing
7 Charts
7.1 Weekly charts
8 Certifications
9 References
10 External links
Background[edit]
"Wake Me Up When September Ends" was written by Green Day frontman Billie Joe Armstrong about his father, who died of cancer in September 1982 when Billie Joe was ten.[1][2] Armstrong, at one point, dubbed the song the most autobiographical he had written to that point, considering it "therapeutic" but also difficult to perform.[3]
The song is largely unrelated to the storyline that is central to American Idiot.[3]
Commercial performance[edit]
The single peaked at number six in the United States, becoming Green Day's second top 10 single. It also peaked at number 8 in Canada and the UK, while making number 13 in Australia. "Wake Me Up When September Ends" had sold 1,652,000 copies as of May 2010.[4] The song ended the streak of Green Day's three consecutive number one hits on the Modern Rock Tracks chart ("American Idiot", "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" and "Holiday"), but it hit number 2 on the chart, kept from number one by Gorillaz "Feel Good Inc.". The song also hit number 2 on the Adult Top 40 and on the Mainstream Top 40. This was the band's most successful song to the adult contemporary market, hitting number 3 on its own chart and their only song to chart other than "Boulevard of Broken Dreams". The song was certified Gold in the United Kingdom for sales of 400,000.[5]
Reception[edit]
Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone deemed the song a sequel to the group's 1997 single "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)".[6]
Music video[edit]
The song's music video was directed by Samuel Bayer, best known for his work with Nirvana and Metallica.[7] Bayer wrote the treatment for the video, which he envisioned as a mini-movie.[3] Bayer brought the idea of an Iraq War-themed video to the trio after interviewing soldiers who had signed up to fight after being persuaded by a television advertisement. The song's music video thus attempts to "turn the machine on itself" by acting as a commercial for "free thought or peace."[8] Although it was far from the song's literal meaning, Armstrong felt it appropriate considering the song's theme of loss.[9] Bayer noted that he felt bored with predictable music videos, and wanted to produce a video that felt like a film. Consequently, he and a crew spent a month casting actors for the roles and conducted rehearsals, uncommon for music videos.[7] The clip was filmed in Los Angeles in late March 2004.[3]
The video focuses on a couple in love (played by Jamie Bell and Evan Rachel Wood).[7] The boyfriend promises never to leave his girlfriend but they later argue when the boyfriend enlists in the United States Marine Corps. The boyfriend interprets his actions as a way to show her that he loves her so much that he would put his life on the line to keep her safe. However, the girlfriend is heartbroken, as he broke his vow to never leave her. The video then shows the boyfriend in battle in Iraq being ambushed by insurgents. This scene is intercut with scenes of the girlfriend tearfully mourning in a quiet field. The video ends on this juxtaposition, emphasizing the pain and heartache of losing loved ones due to the war.
The clip prompted criticism from conservative media pundits.[10] On the subject of the clip being seen as exploitive of the war for entertainment purposes, Dirnt rejected this notion: "Rock & roll should be dangerous. […] It should be striking and stir questions, and I think that that video, at the end of the day, comes down to that core emotion of loss."[8] Bayer considered it his best production to that point, remarking, "’September’ is hands down the greatest thing I’ve ever done."[7]
The video reached number one on Total Request Live,[9] and came in second for best video of the year in a 2005 Reader's Poll by Rolling Stone.[11]
Legacy[edit]
"Wake Me Up When September Ends" became closely associated with Hurricane Katrina, which struck the Gulf Coast of the United States on August 29, 2005. "Wake Me Up When September Ends" became symbolic in the aftermath; one online blogger paired the song with television coverage of the disaster, creating a viral video.[12] Green Day performed the song days after the disaster on ReAct Now: Music & Relief, a benefit concert broadcast on MTV and its associated properties.[13]
A live version of the song, recorded on September 3, 2005 at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, was released soon after and dedicated to the hurricane's victims.
The song was performed live with U2 guitarist The Edge in the pregame show of the Monday Night Football game between the New Orleans Saints and the Atlanta Falcons; it was the first game played in the Superdome in New Orleans after the hurricane.[14]
Track listing[edit]
CD 1
No.
Title
Length
1. "Wake Me Up When September Ends" 4:45
2. "Give Me Novacaine" (live at VH1 Storytellers, Culver City, California on February 15, 2005) 3:38
CD 2
No.
Title
Length
1. "Wake Me Up When September Ends" 4:45
2. "Homecoming" (live at VH1 Storytellers, Culver City, California on February 15, 2005) 9:24
3. "Hitchin' a Ride" 2:52
Australian CD
No.
Title
Length
1. "Wake Me Up When September Ends" 4:45
2. "Give Me Novacaine" (live at VH1 Storytellers, Culver City, California on February 15, 2005) 3:38
3. "Homecoming" (live at VH1 Storytellers, Culver City, California on February 15, 2005) 9:24
Live (iTunes exclusive)
No.
Title
Length
1. "Wake Me Up When September Ends" (live at Foxboro, Massachusetts on September 3, 2005) 5:41
7" picture disc
Side A
No.
Title
Length
1. "Wake Me Up When September Ends" 4:45
Side B
No.
Title
Length
1. "Give Me Novacaine" (live at VH1 Storytellers, Culver City, California on February 15, 2005) 3:38
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2005–06)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[15]
13
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[16]
15
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[17]
3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[18]
2
Brazil (ABPD)[19]
3
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
8
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[20]
1
Germany (Official German Charts)[21]
22
Ireland (IRMA)[22]
13
Italy (FIMI)[23]
33
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[24]
44
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[25]
10
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[26]
21
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[27]
8
US Billboard Hot 100[28]
6
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[29]
2
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[30]
3
US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[31]
2
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[32]
2
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[33]
12
Chart (2011)
Peak
position
UK Rock (Official Charts Company)[34] 28
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[35]
Platinum 80,000^
Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[36]
Platinum 8,000^
Italy (FIMI)[37]
Gold 10,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[38]
Gold 400,000
United States (RIAA)[39]
Platinum 1,000,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Matt Hendrickson (February 24, 2005). "Green Day and the Palace of Wisdom". Rolling Stone. New York City: Wenner Media LLC (968). ISSN 0035-791X. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wake Me Up When September Ends". Song Facts.
^ Jump up to: a b c d James Montgomery (April 19, 2005). "It's A Dark Day For Green Day In Somber 'September' Video". MTV News. MTV Networks. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chart Watch". Retrieved July 31, 2010. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Certified Awards". Retrieved 2017-08-06.
Jump up ^ Rob Sheffield (September 30, 2004). "Green Day: American Idiot". Rolling Stone. New York City: Wenner Media LLC (958). ISSN 0035-791X. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d James Montgomery (August 9, 2005). "'Teen Spirit' Director Calls Green Day Clip His Career Highlight". MTV News. MTV Networks. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b John Colapinto (November 17, 2005). "Green Day: Working Class Heroes". Rolling Stone. New York City: Wenner Media LLC (987): 50–56. ISSN 0035-791X. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Corey Moss (August 31, 2005). "Think Green Day's 'September' Clip Is Epic? Just Wait For 'Jesus Of Suburbia'". MTV News. MTV Networks. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ James Montgomery (April 22, 2009). "Green Day's Greatest Video Moments". MTV News. MTV Networks. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Andy Greene (January 11, 2006). "The 2005 Readers' Poll". Rolling Stone. New York City: Wenner Media LLC. ISSN 0035-791X. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sarah Boxer (September 24, 2005). "Art of the Internet: A Protest Song, Reloaded". The New York Times. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ Corey Moss (September 10, 2005). "Reznor, Kanye, Green Day Reflect On Disaster, Inspire Relief For MTV Special". MTV News. MTV Networks. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Uptin Saiidi (September 30, 2005). "'Wake Me Up When September Ends': 10 Fun Ways To Commemorate Green Day's Hit". MTV News. MTV Networks. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Brazil" (PDF). ABPD. October 6, 2001. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 200539 into search. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Green Day Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 24, 2005". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends". Top Digital Download. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Green Day" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends". Singles Top 100. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Green Day Chart History (Mainstream Rock)". Billboard. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2011-03-19 Top 40 Rock & Metal Singles Archive". Official Charts. 2011-03-19. Archived from the original on 2012-09-12. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends". Music Canada. Retrieved January 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Guld og platin november/december/januar" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark. Archived from the original on January 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved January 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved August 6, 2017. Enter Wake Me Up When September Ends in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved January 10, 2015. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
"Wake Me Up When September Ends" music video on YouTube
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Plant cell structure
Animal cell structure
A vacuole (/ˈvækjuːoʊl/) is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal[1] and bacterial cells.[2] Vacuoles are essentially enclosed compartments which are filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including enzymes in solution, though in certain cases they may contain solids which have been engulfed. Vacuoles are formed by the fusion of multiple membrane vesicles and are effectively just larger forms of these.[3] The organelle has no basic shape or size; its structure varies according to the needs of the cell.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Discovery
3 Bacteria
4 Plants
5 Fungi
6 Animals
7 References
Overview
The function and significance of vacuoles varies greatly according to the type of cell in which they are present, having much greater prominence in the cells of plants, fungi and certain protists than those of animals and bacteria. In general, the functions of the vacuole include:
Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell
Containing waste products
Containing water in plant cells
Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor within the cell
Maintaining an acidic internal pH
Containing small molecules
Exporting unwanted substances from the cell
Allows plants to support structures such as leaves and flowers due to the pressure of the central vacuole
By increasing in size, allows the germinating plant or its organs (such as leaves) to grow very quickly and using up mostly just water.[4]
In seeds, stored proteins needed for germination are kept in 'protein bodies', which are modified vacuoles.[5]
Vacuoles also play a major role in autophagy, maintaining a balance between biogenesis (production) and degradation (or turnover), of many substances and cell structures in certain organisms. They also aid in the lysis and recycling of misfolded proteins that have begun to build up within the cell. Thomas Boller[6] and others proposed that the vacuole participates in the destruction of invading bacteria and Robert B. Mellor proposed organ-specific forms have a role in 'housing' symbiotic bacteria. In protists,[7] vacuoles have the additional function of storing food which has been absorbed by the organism and assisting in the digestive and waste management process for the cell.[8]
The vacuole probably evolved several times independently, even within the Viridiplantae.[9]
Discovery
Contractile vacuoles ("stars") were first observed by Spallanzani (1776) in protozoa, although mistaken for respiratory organs. Dujardin (1841) named these "stars" as vacuoles. In 1842, Schleiden applied the term for plant cells, to distinguish the structure with cell sap from the rest of the protoplasm.[10][11][12][13]
In 1885, de Vries named the vacuoule membrane as tonoplast.[14]
Bacteria
Large vacuoles are found in three genera of filamentous sulfur bacteria, the Thioploca, Beggiatoa and Thiomargarita. The cytosol is extremely reduced in these genera and the vacuole can occupy between 40–98% of the cell.[15] The vacuole contains high concentrations of nitrate ions and is therefore thought to be a storage organelle.[2]
Gas vacuoles, which are freely permeable to gas,[16] are present in some species of Cyanobacteria. They allow the bacteria to control their buoyancy.
Plants
The anthocyanin-storing vacuoles of Rhoeo spathacea, a spiderwort, in cells that have plasmolyzed
Most mature plant cells have one large vacuole that typically occupies more than 30% of the cell's volume, and that can occupy as much as 80% of the volume for certain cell types and conditions.[17] Strands of cytoplasm often run through the vacuole.
A vacuole is surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast (word origin: Gk tón(os) + -o-, meaning “stretching”, “tension”, “tone” + comb. form repr. Gk plastós formed, molded) and filled with cell sap. Also called the vacuolar membrane, the tonoplast is the cytoplasmic membrane surrounding a vacuole, separating the vacuolar contents from the cell's cytoplasm. As a membrane, it is mainly involved in regulating the movements of ions around the cell, and isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell.[18]
Transport of protons from the cytosol to the vacuole stabilizes cytoplasmic pH, while making the vacuolar interior more acidic creating a proton motive force which the cell can use to transport nutrients into or out of the vacuole. The low pH of the vacuole also allows degradative enzymes to act. Although single large vacuoles are most common, the size and number of vacuoles may vary in different tissues and stages of development. For example, developing cells in the meristems contain small provacuoles and cells of the vascular cambium have many small vacuoles in the winter and one large one in the summer.
Aside from storage, the main role of the central vacuole is to maintain turgor pressure against the cell wall. Proteins found in the tonoplast (aquaporins) control the flow of water into and out of the vacuole through active transport, pumping potassium (K+) ions into and out of the vacuolar interior. Due to osmosis, water will diffuse into the vacuole, placing pressure on the cell wall. If water loss leads to a significant decline in turgor pressure, the cell will plasmolyze. Turgor pressure exerted by vacuoles is also required for cellular elongation: as the cell wall is partially degraded by the action of expansins, the less rigid wall is expanded by the pressure coming from within the vacuole. Turgor pressure exerted by the vacuole is also essential in supporting plants in an upright position. Another function of a central vacuole is that it pushes all contents of the cell's cytoplasm against the cellular membrane, and thus keeps the chloroplasts closer to light.[19] Most plants store chemicals in the vacuole that react with chemicals in the cytosol. If the cell is broken, for example by a herbivore, then the two chemicals can react forming toxic chemicals. In garlic, alliin and the enzyme alliinase are normally separated but form allicin if the vacuole is broken. A similar reaction is responsible for the production of syn-propanethial-S-oxide when onions are cut.[citation needed]
Fungi
Vacuoles in fungal cells perform similar functions to those in plants and there can be more than one vacuole per cell. In yeast cells the vacuole is a dynamic structure that can rapidly modify its morphology. They are involved in many processes including the homeostasis of cell pH and the concentration of ions, osmoregulation, storing amino acids and polyphosphate and degradative processes. Toxic ions, such as strontium (Sr2+
), cobalt(II) (Co2+
), and lead(II) (Pb2+
) are transported into the vacuole to isolate them from the rest of the cell.[20]
Animals
In animal cells, vacuoles perform mostly subordinate roles, assisting in larger processes of exocytosis and endocytosis.
Animal vacuoles are smaller than their plant counterparts but also usually greater in number.[9] There are also animal cells that do not have any vacuoles.[21]
Exocytosis is the extrusion process of proteins and lipids from the cell. These materials are absorbed into secretory granules within the Golgi apparatus before being transported to the cell membrane and secreted into the extracellular environment. In this capacity, vacuoles are simply storage vesicles which allow for the containment, transport and disposal of selected proteins and lipids to the extracellular environment of the cell.
Endocytosis is the reverse of exocytosis and can occur in a variety of forms. Phagocytosis ("cell eating") is the process by which bacteria, dead tissue, or other bits of material visible under the microscope are engulfed by cells. The material makes contact with the cell membrane, which then invaginates. The invagination is pinched off, leaving the engulfed material in the membrane-enclosed vacuole and the cell membrane intact. Pinocytosis ("cell drinking") is essentially the same process, the difference being that the substances ingested are in solution and not visible under the microscope.[22] Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are both undertaken in association with lysosomes which complete the breakdown of the material which has been engulfed.[23]
Salmonella is able to survive and reproduce in the vacuoles of several mammal species after being engulfed.[24]
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vacuole.
Jump up ^ Venes, Donald (2001). Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary (Twentieth Edition), (F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia), p. 2287 ISBN 0-9762548-3-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Heide N. Schulz-Vogt (2006). Vacuoles. Microbiology Monographs. 1. doi:10.1007/3-540-33774-1_10. ISBN 3-540-26205-9.
Jump up ^ Brooker, Robert J, et al. (2007). Biology (First Edition), (McGraw-Hill, New York), p. 79 ISBN 0-07-326807-0.
Jump up ^ http://pcp.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/1/151.full.pdf
Jump up ^ Matile, Phillipe (1993) Chapter 18: Vacuoles, discovery of lysosomal origin in Discoveries in Plant Biology: v. 1 (World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd)
Jump up ^ Thomas Boller. Plantbiology.unibas.ch. Retrieved on 2011-09-02.
Jump up ^ For example the food vacuole in Plasmodium.
Jump up ^ Jezbera Jan; Karel Hornak; Karel Simek (2005). "Food selection by bacterivorous protists: insight from the analysis of the food vacuole by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 52 (3): 351–363. doi:10.1016/j.femsec.2004.12.001. PMID 16329920.
^ Jump up to: a b Becker B (2007). "Function and evolution of the vacuolar compartment in green algae and land plants (Viridiplantae)" (PDF). International Review of Cytology. International Review of Cytology. 264: 1–24. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(07)64001-7. ISBN 9780123742636. PMID 17964920.
Jump up ^ Spallanzani, L. [1776]. 1920. Observations et expériences faites sur les Animalicules des Infusions. L’ École Polytechnique, Paris
Jump up ^ Dujardin, F. 1841. Histoire naturelle des zoophytes: Infusoires. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris.
Jump up ^ Schleiden, M. J. 1842. Grundzüge der wissenschaftlichen Botanik. W. Engelmann, Leipzig
Jump up ^ Wayne, R. 2009. Plant Cell Biology: From Astronomy to Zoology. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press, p. 101.
Jump up ^ de Vries, H. 1885. Plasmolytische Studien über die Wand der Vakuolen. Jahrb. wiss. Bot. 16, 465–598
Jump up ^ Kalanetra KM, Huston SL, Nelson DC (December 2004). "Novel, attached, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria at shallow hydrothermal vents possess vacuoles not involved in respiratory nitrate accumulation". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70 (12): 7487–96. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.12.7487-7496.2004. PMC 535177  . PMID 15574952.
Jump up ^ Walsby AE (1969). "The Permeability of Blue-Green Algal Gas-Vacuole Membranes to Gas". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 173 (1031): 235–255. Bibcode:1969RSPSB.173..235W. doi:10.1098/rspb.1969.0049. ISSN 0080-4649. OCLC 479422015.
Jump up ^ Alberts, Bruce, Johnson, Alexander, Lewis, Julian, Raff, Martin, Roberts, Keith, and Walter, Peter (2008). Molecular Biology of the Cell (Fifth Edition), (Garland Science, New York), p. 781 ISBN 978-0-8153-4111-6.
Jump up ^ Li, WING-YEN; FUK-LING WONG; SAU-NA TSAI; TSUI-HUNG PHANG; GUIHUA SHAO; HON-MING LAM (June 2006). "Tonoplast-located GmCLC1 and GmNHX1 from soybean enhance NaCl tolerance in transgenic bright yellow (BY)-2 cells". Plant, Cell and Environment. 29 (6): 1122–1137. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01487.x. PMID 17080938. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Zeiger Plant Physiology 3rd Edition SINAUER 2002 p.13 and 14 ISBN 0-87893-856-7
Jump up ^ D J Klionsky; P K Herman & S D Emr (1990). "The fungal vacuole: composition, function, and biogenesis". Microbiol. Rev. 54 (3): 266–292. PMC 372777  . PMID 2215422.
Jump up ^ Plant cells vs. Animal cells. Biology-Online.org
Jump up ^ William F. Ganong, MD (2003). Review of medical physiology (21st ed.).
Jump up ^ Reggiori F (2006). "Membrane Origin for Autophagy". Current Topics in Developmental Biology. Current Topics in Developmental Biology. 74: 1–30. doi:10.1016/S0070-2153(06)74001-7. ISBN 9780121531744. PMID 16860663.
Jump up ^ Leigh A. Knodler; Olivia Steele-Mortimer (2003). "Taking Possession: Biogenesis of the Salmonella-Containing Vacuole". Traffic. 4 (9): 587–599. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0854.2003.00118.x. PMID 12911813.
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text:
Peanut butter and jelly sandwich
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Peanut Butter Jelly" redirects here. For the Galantis song, see Peanut Butter Jelly (song).
Peanut butter and jelly sandwich
A peanut butter and jelly sandwich on white bread
Alternative names
PB&J
Course
Lunch or snack
Place of origin
United States
Serving temperature
Room temperature
Variations
Peanut butter and jam, other nut butters, with butter or marshmallow fluff
Food energy
(per serving)
403 kcal (1687 kJ)
Cookbook: Peanut butter and jelly sandwich Media: Peanut butter and jelly sandwich
A peanut butter and jelly (or jam) sandwich, or PB&J, includes one or more layers of peanut butter and one or more layers of either jelly or jam on bread. Sometimes the sandwich is eaten open-faced or with one slice of bread folded over (effectively a "half sandwich"). The sandwich is quite common and popular in North America, especially for children; a 2002 survey showed the average American will have eaten 1,500 of these sandwiches before high school graduation.[1]
There are several variations on the sandwich. For example, honey or sliced fruit can be substituted for the jelly component. On the flip side, the popularity of almond butter has inspired some aficionados to transition to "almond butter and jelly" (AB&J) sandwiches. Other nut butters are less common. Marshmallow fluff can also be substituted for the jelly, or simply added for extra flavor; this sandwich is called a "fluffernutter". Cream cheese, substituted for the peanut butter, makes a cream cheese and jelly sandwich. Nutella is another possible substitute for one of the spreads.
White bread may have been common in the past, but whole wheat bread can be used as a healthier option. Creamy peanut butter with jelly yields a very smooth sandwich, while chunky peanut butter and jam offers up a lot of texture. The sandwich may be served whole or cut. If the sandwich is left to sit, or prepared in the morning for lunchtime, then the jelly or jam may soak into the bread and create a soggy slice. The solution invented by sandwich-makers is to utilize the "barrier strategy", whereby a layer of peanut butter on each slice protects the bread from becoming soggy (see photo for "sandwich preparation").
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Nutrition
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Peanut butter and strawberry jam can create a very appealing red/orange contrast.
Peanut butter was originally paired with a diverse set of foods, such as pimento, cheese, celery, watercress, and toasted crackers.[2] In a Good Housekeeping article published in May 1896, a recipe "urged homemakers to use a meat grinder to make peanut butter and spread the result on bread." The following month, the culinary magazine Table Talk published a "peanut butter sandwich recipe.[3][4] In the early 1900s, this sandwich was adopted down the class structure as the price of peanut butter dropped. It became popular with children by the 1920s as manufacturers began adding sugar to the peanut butter.[5] Since World War II, both peanut butter and jelly were found on US soldiers' military ration list.[6]
Nutrition[edit]
A peanut butter and jelly sandwich made with white bread, two tablespoons each of peanut butter and strawberry jelly, provides 403 kcal, 18 g fat, 58 g carbs and 12 g protein which is 27% of the Recommended Daily Intake of fat and 22% of calories.[7]
While roughly 50% of the calories are from fat, most of them come from monounsaturated fat and polyunsaturated fats, which have been linked positively with heart health.[8]
Sandwich preparation
Close-up view of a cut peanut butter and jelly sandwich
See also[edit]
Food portal
Fluffernutter
Fool's Gold Loaf
Jam sandwich
Peanut butter, banana and bacon sandwich
List of sandwiches
List of peanut dishes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "PB&J is A-OK". Prepared Foods 171.10. Prepared Foods. October 2002. p. 32. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Peanuts: The Illustrious History of the Goober Pea. University of Illinois Press. p. 35.
Jump up ^ Mark McWilliams. The Story Behind the Dish: Classic American Foods. ABC-CLIO. p. 166.
Jump up ^ Lau, Maya (June 7, 2013). "Who Made That?". New York Times Magazine.
Jump up ^ "Food Timeline". Lynne Olver.
Jump up ^ Why Do Donuts Have Holes?. Citadel Press. p. 127.
Jump up ^ Jegtvig, about.com, undated, "How Nutritious is a PB&J?", archived from the original, January 13, 2006. Accessed December 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Corleone, Jill. "Are Peanut Butter & Jelly Sandwiches Healthy?". Retrieved 31 March 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peanut butter and jelly sandwiches.
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
Peanut Butter and Jelly Sandwich
Fun peanut facts
Keep your peanut-butter-and-jelly sandwich from getting soggy
Grilled Peanut Butter and Jelly Sandwich
History of Peanut Butter & Jelly Sandwich
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values: شطيرة زبدة فول سوداني بالمربى – Arabic

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values: 땅콩버터 젤리 샌드위치 – Korean

values: Roti lapis selai kacang dan jelly – Indonesian

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