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Santa Clarita Diet
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Santa Clarita Diet
Genre
Horror-comedy
Created by
Victor Fresco
Starring
Drew Barrymore
Timothy Olyphant
Liv Hewson
Skyler Gisondo
Composer(s)
John Debney (season 1)
Jeff Russo (season 2)
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
2
No. of episodes
20 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Victor Fresco
Tracy Katsky
Aaron Kaplan
Drew Barrymore
Chris Miller
Ember Truesdell
Timothy Olyphant
Andy Weil
Jane Wiseman
Brittany Segal
Ruben Fleischer
Producer(s)
Leila Cohan-Miccio
Nancy Juvonen
Jimmy Simons
Cinematography
Todd McMullen (season 1)
Paul Maibaum, ASC (season 2)
Editor(s)
Shawn Paper
Andrew Doerfer
Lawrence Maddox
Steven Sprung
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
26–34 minutes
Production company(s)
Kapital Entertainment
KatCo
Flower Films
Garfield Grove
Olybomb Entertainment
Distributor
Netflix
Release
Original network
Netflix
Picture format
4K (16:9 UHDTV in high dynamic range)
Audio format
Dolby Digital 5.1
Original release
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03) – present
External links
Website
Santa Clarita Diet is an American horror-comedy web television series created by Victor Fresco for the streaming service Netflix, starring Drew Barrymore and Timothy Olyphant.[1] Fresco serves as the showrunner, and is an executive producer alongside Barrymore, Olyphant, Aaron Kaplan, Tracy Katsky, Chris Miller, Ember Truesdell and Ruben Fleischer.[2][3]
The single-camera series premiered on February 3, 2017 and consists of 10 episodes.[4] The first season has received generally positive reviews, with critics praising the cast and premise, but criticizing the number of graphic scenes. On March 29, 2017, it was announced that Netflix renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on March 23, 2018.[5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
2.3 Guest
3 Episodes
3.1 Series overview
3.2 Season 1 (2017)
3.3 Season 2 (2018)
4 Production
4.1 Development
4.2 Advertising controversy
5 Critical reception
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Joel and Sheila Hammond are everyday suburban real estate agents in Santa Clarita, California.[7] The couple face a series of obstacles when Sheila has a physical transformation into a zombie and starts craving human flesh. With Joel and the family trying to help Sheila through the trying time, they have to deal with neighbors, cultural norms and getting to the bottom of a potentially mythological mystery.[8]
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Drew Barrymore as Sheila Hammond, Joel's wife and Abby's mother
Timothy Olyphant as Joel Hammond, Sheila's husband and Abby's father
Liv Hewson as Abby Hammond, Sheila and Joel's daughter
Skyler Gisondo as Eric Bemis, the Hammonds' neighbor, Lisa's son and Dan's stepson
Recurring[edit]
Ricardo Chavira as Dan Palmer (season 1), a sheriff's deputy, Eric's stepfather and the Hammonds' neighbor. Dan is killed by Joel with a shovel and later eaten by Sheila.
Mary Elizabeth Ellis as Lisa Palmer, Dan's wife and Eric's mother
Andy Richter as Carl Coby, the Hammonds' boss
Richard T. Jones as Rick, a Santa Monica police officer, the Hammond's neighbor, and Joel's friend
Joy Osmanski as Alondra, Rick's wife
Kaylee Bryant as Sarah, a classmate of Abby and Eric
Nathan Fillion as Gary West, a realtor and the Hammonds' co-worker. He is the first person Sheila kills for food. His severed head still survives and is stored in the Hammonds' basement and later storage unit.
Natalie Morales as Anne Garcia, a sheriff's deputy, Dan's partner, and very religious. She becomes romantically involved with Lisa after Dan goes missing.
Thomas Lennon as Principal Andrei Novak, Abby's school principal
Ramona Young as Ramona, a wise Rite-Aid employee. She also turns out to be a zombie.
Grace Zabriskie as Mrs. Bakavic (season 1), Novak's Serbian grandmother
DeObia Oparei as Loki Hayes (season 1), a convicted felon. He turns into a zombie when Sheila is unsuccessful in killing him.
Portia de Rossi as Dr. Cora Wolf (season 1), a scientist focused on the undead
Zachary Knighton as Paul (season 2), Marsha's husband and a descendant of the Knights of Serbia, who has been tasked with ending the zombie outbreak[9]
Jaee Young Han as Marsha (season 2), Paul's wife who's helping him with the mission to end the zombie outbreak
Matt Shively as Christian (season 2), a student at Abby and Eric's school who is also Chris and Christa's son
Guest[edit]
Patton Oswalt as Dr. Hasmedi, a virologist
Ryan Hansen as Bob Jonas, Lisa Palmer's lover
Derek Waters as Anton, a conspiracy theorist
Ravi Patel as Ryan, a convention goer
Joel McHale as Chris, a realtor who is married to Christa[9]
Maggie Lawson as Christa, a realtor who is married to Chris[9]
Gerald McRaney as Ed Thune, a retired army colonel[9]
Leo Howard as Sven, a student who asked Abby out in Season 2 after the tray incident, hurting Eric's soul
Episodes[edit]
Series overview[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally released
1 10 February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)
2 10 March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)
Season 1 (2017)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
1
1 "So Then a Bat or a Monkey" Ruben Fleischer Victor Fresco February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)
Joel and Sheila Hammond are realtors leading a normal suburban life with their daughter Abby. They are trying hard to sell a house but while showing it Sheila violently throw ups copious amounts of yellow liquid, including what might be an organ. Joel takes Sheila to the emergency department but since it is slow they go home. Sheila is acting oddly, including an increased libido; her blood is thick and she has no heartbeat. Their neighbor's son Eric explains to them that Sheila is dead and undead and driven by her Id, which Sheila is okay with. Eric tells them Sheila must always be fed, and if she degrades she may have to die. Sheila and Abby sneak out and buy a car, and later Sheila parties with her neighbors. Gary, Sheila's co-worker, entices Sheila to dance with him when Joel finds them. They leave and Sheila thinks her new behavior might be who she really is. At Sheila's home, Gary tries to force himself on her, threatening to tell others she was unfaithful if she refuses. Sheila licks his fingers, suddenly biting two of them off before devouring Gary in the backyard. Joel comes home to find Sheila eating Gary; as he looks on in horror, Sheila tells him she wants to make this work.
2
2 "We Can't Kill People!" Ruben Fleischer Victor Fresco February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)
They bury Gary’s remains in the desert. Abby and Eric follow them discovering Sheila killed Gary. While covering up the murder Dan sees Joel spraying his grass in the middle of the night and gets suspicious. Joel consults a virologist but he thinks Joel is crazy. Dan comes to inspect the grass and Joel tells him they have ants. Abby ditches school with Eric. Joel tries to get Sheila to eat meat but she says since she ate Gary she does not want anything but humans. Joel suggests that maybe it is the freshness that matters. Sheila continues to act impulsively including killing a rooster. After they make the sale on the listing Sheila tells Joel she couldn’t eat the rooster. Joel reiterates that they cannot kill people. Joel and Sheila try to find an alternate food source at the morgue but Sheila can’t stand the cadaver flesh. Sheila’s hunger is growing so Joel tells her they are going to kill people so she can eat. They have been together since high school and he is not going to leave her now. Abby comes and sleeps in their bed because she is worried about the changes.
3
3 "We Can Kill People" Marc Buckland Clay Graham February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)
Joel and Sheila discuss balancing killing people and being parents. Abby is grumpy with them for being overbearing. They make a plan to find a bad person to kill. Dan talks to them about never having a sloppy kill referring to the ants. They get supplies for killing people. Joel smokes pot in the bathroom to calm down. Eric and Abby have lunch while ditching school where Abby’s friend leaves with her 26-year-old drug dealer boyfriend, but he breaks up with her. Joel and Sheila talk to Rick, their other neighbor who is a cop, looking for where to find people to kill. He says that a pedophile lives in the area and the couple consider killing him. Sheila and Joel overhear the teenagers talking about how bad the ex-boyfriend was and decide to kill him. Once Joel talked to him he decides to let him go much to Sheila’s annoyance. The teenagers go to the ex-boyfriend's house; one of them teargasses it and retrieves her friend's sweater. On the way home, Sheila and Joel have a road rage incident then Sheila kills the driver of the other car. They put him in the freezer in their storage unit hoping he will not be missed. They go to family dinner and all three of them tell the others how wonderful everything is.
4
4 "The Farting Sex Tourist" Ken Kwapis Michael A. Ross February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)
Sheila makes a smoothie from the body in storage then goes walking with her neighbors. She suggests the women should live life to the fullest. She tells them her new attitude is due to her new high protein diet. Joel goes to paranormal stores researching zombies. He finds two prints from Serbia that show someone vomiting up a red ball and then eating someone. Rick talks to the couple about their new car and then Dan interrupts bringing them more ant spray. Abby’s school calls them in and Principal Novak tells them Abby is missing school. They insist everything is normal. Sheila gets upset with Novak and she wants to eat him when he threatens to suspend Abby. Sheila tells Abby she should drop out causing Joel to confront Sheila about her behavior concluding he is not sure their family can survive it. Sheila talks to Eric who tells her the undead have no impulse control and she cannot change. Meanwhile Joel talks to Abby and they steal Rick’s motorcycle before they bond over freaking out about Sheila. Joel realizes Novak is Serbian. Dan sprays Joel’s yard for ants and finds Gary's finger.
5
5 "Man Eat Man" Marc Buckland Chadd Gindin February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)
Abby goes to the storage unit and finds the dead man in the freezer. Joel talks to Novak’s Grandmother for help translating the prints. She tells him it is an old story about zombies from a book that might have a cure. Sheila is reluctant about a cure at first as she likes the side effects of being a zombie but finally agrees she wants a cure. Joel finds a possible source for the book, Anton. Abby tells Eric about the dead guy she found. Eric tells Abby he found out his mom is having an affair. Joel asks Rick to run a check for Anton. Dan blackmails Joel into killing a guy named Loki. Joel tells Sheila that Dan knows about Gary. Sheila wants to kill Loki for food and is willing to go alone. Abby complains to Eric about her parent’s lying and he tries to kiss her. Sheila and Joel try to kill Loki and fail. Sheila is worried she bit Loki. Abby notices blood on Sheila’s briefcase but does not confront her mom about it. Loki is on the floor of a hotel room surrounded by vomit like Sheila was before.
6
6 "Attention to Detail" Craig Zisk Leila Cohan-Miccio February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)
Joel and Sheila stake out Loki and debate the possibility that he was turned into a zombie. With no resolution they go to a party at Dan’s house and Joel has to lie to Dan about Loki. Sheila realizes she left a pen with her contact information at Loki’s house. Abby and Eric have a hard time recovering from the kiss. Dan wants Joel to kill another guy who he claims is a bad guy but when Sheila goes to kill him it turns out to be the guy Lisa is having an affair with and she does not kill him. Abby and Eric plant a flash bang in Dan’s rose garden to freak him out. In the process they find a stash of money concluding Dan is a dirty cop. Joel runs into Loki’s friends and is held hostage. They knock him out but he is OK and he finds the pen. Joel and Sheila decide they are going to do everything together moving forward. Joel confronts Dan telling him he will not be killing people for him anymore. They get into a fight and Joel kills him with a shovel.
7
7 "Strange or Just Inconsiderate?" Lynn Shelton Ben Smith February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)
Joel and Sheila bring Dan’s body to their house and they make a plan to dispose of him. Sheila begins to worry about Joel, who is obsessed with retaining the family's "normality." Rick finds Anton for Joel. Abby finds Dan’s body in the tub and confronts her parents about lying to her. Abby tells Eric that Dan is dead and he is fine with it. Abby and Eric have a plan to help cover up Dan’s murder by revealing he is a dirty cop to the other cops. With the sheriff's department all over the neighborhood following Dan's disappearance, Sheila undertakes to eat him completely to hide the evidence but fails. Joel decides to take the remaining body parts out of the house in a cooler. The cops find Dan’s stash and with it Gary’s finger. Rick tells Joel that Gary’s disappearance is being blamed on Dan. While Sheila is taking a bath her little toe falls off.
8
8 "How Much Vomit?" Steve Pink Aaron Brownstein & Simon Ganz February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)
Sheila keeps the fact that her toe has fallen off from Joel. As the police discover more about Dan's corrupt activities, Joel and Sheila hear that Loki is still alive and appears to have turned undead as well. They find him doing an acoustic performance at a local club, and he becomes obsessed with Sheila, forcing them to kill him when he tries to murder Joel. As Joel is coming to terms with Sheila's toe having fallen off, they are both shocked to notice that her right eye is now hanging out of her head.
9
9 "The Book!" Tamra Davis Sarah Walker February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)
Joel and Eric head to a paranormal convention to meet Anton, a popular and mysterious figure in the paranormal community, who claims to have an ancient book containing the cure for Sheila's condition. Anton accuses Joel of being a government agent, and when confronted later, admits he is a fraud and does not have the book—however Joel is approached by another attendee, who puts him in touch with the book's real owner, Dr. Cora Wolf. Meanwhile, Sheila tries to bond with Abby, as the two try to get her money back from the brother of the deceased chop shop owner.
10
10 "Baka, Bile and Baseball Bats" Dean Parisot Clay Graham February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)
Dr. Cora Wolf moves in with the Hammonds to work on a cure for the virus, which has previously only been tested on rats. Wolf tells Sheila that as her condition progresses, she will become uncontrollably violent and could harm her family and others. With Eric's assistance, Wolf synthesizes the cure, only requiring the final ingredient: the bile of a pure-born Serbian. Joel and Sheila visit Principal Novak's "baka" and attempt to get her to vomit by getting her drunk, however Novak calls the police and Joel is arrested and committed to a mental institution. Sheila gets Abby to chain her up in the basement, to prevent her harming anyone. She takes a call from a real estate client, telling them that she hopes either she or her husband will be free next week.
Season 2 (2018)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
11
1 "No Family is Perfect" Ken Kwapis Victor Fresco March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)
Joel is under a 72-hour hold at the mental institution and confides in his roommate Ron, who suffers from apparent delusions. Sheila is chained up in the basement as Abby and Eric search the internet for a pure Serbian who will sell their bile. They get a hit and Abby goes to collect. Joel is released from the institution and buys bile from the morgue. Sheila gets Eric to unchain her. Goran, the bile seller, is extremely forward with Abby and even follows her home. Sheila attacks and consumes him. Eric uses the man's bile to render a cure for Sheila's deterioration. Joel comes home horrified, but Eric assures the Hammonds that Sheila won’t get any worse. Joel proposes that Sheila stay in the basement until she can control herself. Eric goes to buy cleaning supplies, where he meets deadpan store employee Ramona. Joel and Abby decide to stay the night with Sheila in the basement. Later on, Ramona calls Eric and asks if Abby is his girlfriend, adding that she is recently single. While eating a man's finger from her fridge, she asks Eric if he’d like to hang out sometime.
12
2 "Coyote in Yoga Pants" Marc Buckland Michael A. Ross March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)
Sheila begins chasing animals to curb her antsy behavior. Joel and Sheila run into their neighbor Lisa, who has no news on her "missing" husband Dan and has since started seeing his partner, Deputy Anne Garcia. Abby and Eric realize that their emails to Goran could trace his disappearance back to them. Sheila and Joel convince their boss Carl to give them one of Gary's old assignments. Abby and Eric break into Goran's apartment to delete the evidence. Abby tells Eric how scared she was when Goran followed her home, but Eric's phone keeps blowing up with texts from Ramona. Another couple enters the apartment, also claiming to be Goran's friends. Abby and Eric leave, but the other couple knows about the bile. Sheila and Joel compete with their high school rivals, Chris and Christa, for a listing and prevail when Sheila is able to run down the owner's fleeing dog. Abby reluctantly encourages Eric to ask Ramona out. Sheila and Joel discover that the spot where they buried her first kill, Gary, is planned for development. They go to the desert to dig him up, but discover that Gary's severed head has reanimated.
13
3 "Moral Gray Area" Ken Kwapis Clay Graham March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)
Sheila and Joel decide they need to kill the zombified Gary. Gary agrees, but asks them to bring the deed to his Michigan lake house to his niece Kayla. Sheila and Joel decide to honor Gary's last request. Eric finds a corpse in Ramona's bathtub and calls Abby, who sets out to rescue him. Sheila and Joel bring the deed to Kayla, but she still needs her car, which is with her ex-boyfriend, Boone. Sheila volunteers herself and Joel to retrieve the car. Abby bursts into Ramona's apartment but realizes that Eric and Ramona actually had sex. Ramona discloses that she is also deteriorating and Eric offers to help her. At Boone's house, Sheila and Joel discover that he is the "young, single Hitler" type that Sheila can eat guilt-free. While debating whether they should kill again impulsively, Boone's friend AJ shows up and offers them a raffle book for the Nazi softball team. Sheila buys one as a future kill reference. After Eric gives Ramona the serum to halt her deterioration, she admits that she was just using him for his ties to Abby's mother and they break up. Abby discovers Gary in the basement.
14
4 "The Queen of England" Adam Arkin Chadd Gindin March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)
Gary decides he doesn’t want to die, leaving the Hammonds in a bind. Abby tells her parents that Ramona is undead. Sheila and Joel go to her and realize that becoming undead makes people who they always wanted to be. Remembering reports of murdered joggers, Sheila tells Ramona that without "a Joel" to help her, she needs to be more careful. Ramona shows them that the ball she threw up during transformation has sprouted legs. Abby stands up for a classmate by hitting another student, Christian, with a lunch tray. Ramona threatens Eric into being her Joel. Joel feels uneasy about his new life, but Gary offers some perspective. Ramona and Eric go to the Hammonds' dinner party and a fight ensues to free him. Abby chokes Ramona, who then confesses that she doesn’t want to do the undead thing alone anymore. Lisa walks in and the Hammonds reschedule dinner. Ramona decides to move to Seattle and Sheila and Joel go to her apartment for the ball creature. While there, Joel discovers a receipt showing that Ramona went to the restaurant Japopo's on the same day and ordered the same clam dish Sheila did before their transformations.
15
5 "Going Pre-med" Marc Buckland Ben Smith March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)
Sheila stakes out Boone's house while Joel goes undercover at Japopo's but Joel is recognized for writing a negative Yelp review. The proprietor agrees to give Joel their receipts if he writes a positive review. Sheila accidentally convinces Anne to investigate the recent murders herself and Joel encourages Sheila to end their friendship. Sheila and Joel voice concern for Abby before renting a second storage unit; one for Gary and the ball creature, and the other for a kill room. Ron finds Joel and Sheila at work and Joel persuades him to keep their secret. Principal Novak nearly gives Abby a month's detention but with Eric's intervention, she instead joins the Environmental Club. Abby meets a new boy, Sven. Sheila and Joel lure Boone to their storage unit. She kills him as well as his fellow Nazi friend. Abby ditches the Environmental Club for something more extreme, with Eric's support. Joel vents to Gary and writes a new review for Japopo's. At the restaurant, Ron meets with the couple from Goran's apartment, Marsha and Paul. They are looking for Serbian bile and information on the Hammonds. The man sports a ball creature tattoo on his arm.
16
6 "Pasión" Steve Pink Aaron Brownstein & Simon Ganz March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)
Abby and Joel find another person from the Japopo's receipts who ordered the clam dish. Joel goes to stake out Colonel Ed Thune's house while Sheila attends a work meeting. To be consistent with a previous lie, Joel agrees to give Anne dance lessons. Abby tells Eric she has a date with Sven. Sheila's eye pops out at the meeting with Carl due to the frustration of not killing him. Joel goes to Ed's house undercover to confirm that Japopo's clams are the cause of the undead epidemic. Eric helps Sheila with her eye. Abby goes on a date with Sven but they don’t connect. Joel questions Ed and searches his things. Sheila and Carl attend a meeting with an investor, who hates Carl's idea, prompting Sheila to offer her own. Carl berates Sheila, who accidentally bites off her own finger. The skin of Ed's hand slides off during a handshake, proving that he is undead. Joel kills Ed, who had already gone feral, as well as his ball creature. Abby tells Eric about her extreme plan to stop local fracking. Joel comes home to find Anne, but gets her to leave. Sheila shows Joel her mangled finger.
17
7 "A Change of Heart" Jaffar Mahmood Melissa Hunter March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)
Eric helps Sheila reattach her finger and lets it slip about the tray incident. Sheila and Joel confront Abby, but she feels no remorse. Eric goes undercover at Japopo's but the owner won’t disclose his clam distributor. Out of concern, Sheila and Joel force Abby to apologize to Christian only to discover that his parents are Chris and Christa, who try to blackmail the Hammonds with threats of Abby's expulsion. Eric breaks into Japopo's back office. The Hammonds go to Principal Novak's house where Sheila and Joel tell Abby how difficult it’s been juggling all their problems and ask Abby to help them out. Abby apologizes to Novak but gets expelled anyway. He accidentally slams Sheila's finger in his door and she pretends to be hurt, forcing Novak to un-expel Abby. Eric calls Joel to shows him that Japopo's used a different clam distributor, Ruby's Clams, the day that the Hammonds ate there before Sheila's transformation. Sheila pulls into the parking lot for an investor meeting but Carl shows up unexpectedly. She closes her eyes and wakes up 12 hours later at home with blood on her face and a heart in her hand.
18
8 "Easels and War Paint" Steve Pink Caitlin Meares March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)
Sheila can’t recall anything since the parking lot and is missing a boot. She and Joel suspect she killed Carl until Carl shows up to work and fires Sheila for missing the meeting. Lisa stops by the Hammonds' house to thank Sheila for convincing her to get baptized for Anne. During her blackout, Sheila also convinced Anne to focus on painting rather than the murder investigations. Abby finds AJ, the Nazi who sold Sheila the raffle book, dead in their freezer. Sheila and Joel go to AJ's work to retrieve her missing boot. Abby and Eric make plans to vandalize a fracking site. Abby asks Lisa for Dan's night vision goggles and Lisa agrees to lend them to her if Abby agrees to a makeover before her "date" with Eric. Sheila and Joel delete the security videos and retrieve Sheila's boot. Abby tells Eric she wants to use Dan's explosives, but Eric backs out of the plan. Joel quits his job and he and Sheila decide to establish their own real estate company. Anne's "Suspicious Objects" series includes paintings of Gary's finger, the Nazi raffle book, Dan's missing persons poster, and Joel.
19
9 "Suspicious Objects" Jamie Babbit Romi Barta March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)
Joel goes undercover to scout Ruby's Clams and meets the proprietor. Anne shows Sheila her paintings. Abby is upset with Eric for bailing on their plans. Ruby shows Joel her clam farm, which has grown from 4 clams found in a deep aquatic cave in Serbia to 5,000 in matter of months. She informs Joel that the clams are to be shipped out to restaurants the next day. As Sheila alerts Joel about the paintings, Marsha and Paul arrive at Ruby's. Anne explains to Sheila and Joel that she was simply painting suspicious objects, including a tumbler containing Goran's bile. She has pieced together parts of the case, but her boss did not buy her theories. Eric attempts to kill a red clam that Joel stole from Ruby's, but nothing works. The clam extends a tentacle to a regular clam and consumes it. Abby and Eric get Sven to give them access to a kiln so they can incinerate the clams. Ruby catches Sheila and Joel stealing her clams before Marsha and Paul blow up the building. Anne makes the connection of Boone having dated Gary's niece and her boss becomes interested in the case.
20
10 "Halibut!" Marc Buckland Victor Fresco March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)
Sheila and Joel plan to destroy Anne's case. Eric helps Abby construct an explosive for the fracking site. After numerous takes, Gary finally records a message to a burner phone that’ll lead the police to believe that he and Dan are on the run. Gary then confirms that he’s ready to die. Abby and Eric plant the burner phone containing the message in Dan's closet for Anne to find, where they also discover C-4 to use it at the fracking site. At Lisa's baptism, Anne informs Sheila and Joel that she has a guy looking into possible deleted messages. Not knowing that deleted messages could be salvaged, the Hammonds plan their escape. Abby goes to say goodbye to Eric and they kiss. Anne confirms that nothing could be recovered from the burner phone but eventually recognizes a sound on the voicemail to be Sheila's bracelets. Anne catches Sheila and Joel in the middle of Gary's funeral and they tell her the truth. Anne shoots Sheila, who is unharmed, and Joel shows her Gary. Reading Eric and Abby's explosion as a sign, Anne accepts Sheila as an instrument of God.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Fresco came up with the premise from wanting to make "a family show with an interesting approach that we haven’t seen before". The zombie angle also allowed Fresco to explore the concept of Narcissism stating that "the undead are the ultimate narcissists. They want what they want when they want it and will do anything to just have what they want and don’t care about other people’s needs" [10]
For the setting Fresco drew from his own experience growing up in San Fernando Valley. Santa Clarita was chosen because of its middle class inhabitants.[10] The Hammonds' profession of realtors was chosen because "It gets them out into the world" as well as the "forced friendliness" inherent to the profession.[10]
Advertising controversy[edit]
In February 2017, advertising for the show sparked criticism in Germany, where Netflix promoted the show with posters depicting a human finger sliced up like a currywurst, a popular German fast food dish. After receiving more than 50 complaints that the advertising was glorifying violence and inducing fear, especially in children, the German Advertising Council, a self-regulatory institution, forwarded the complaints to the company. Netflix then decided to end the campaign and remove all posters.[11]
Critical reception[edit]
The first season of Santa Clarita Diet received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 75% based on 64 reviews, with an average rating of 7.18/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Santa Clarita Diet serves up an excellent cast, frequent laughs, and an engaging premise – but the level of gore might not be to everyone's taste."[12] Metacritic reports that the first season received "generally favorable reviews" with a score of 67 out of 100, based on 30 critics.[13]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva. "Drew Barrymore & Timothy Olyphant To Star In 'Santa Clarita Diet' Netflix Series". Deadline.
Jump up ^ Lesley Goldberg. "Drew Barrymore, Timothy Olyphant to Star in Netflix Comedy Series 'Santa Clarita Diet'". Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (November 28, 2016). "Netflix sets premiere for Drew Barrymore comedy Santa Clarita Diet — exclusive". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister. "Drew Barrymore & Timothy Olyphant to Star in Netflix Comedy Series 'Santa Clarita Diet'". Variety.
Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva. "Drew Barrymore Comedy 'Santa Clarita Diet' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix". Deadline.
Jump up ^ "Get back on the Santa Clarita Diet next month on Netflix". EW.com. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
Jump up ^ Respers, Lisa (February 2, 2017). "'Santa Clarita Diet' brings attention to city". CNN Entertainment.
Jump up ^ Harnick, Chris (January 17, 2017). "Drew Barrymore Is TV's Newest Zombie (But, Don't Call Her a Zombie)". E! Online. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Petski, Denise (February 16, 2018). "'Santa Clarita Diet': Joel McHale, Maggie Lawson, Gerald McRaney & Zachary Knighton To Guest Star In Season 2". Deadline. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bacle, Ariana. "Santa Clarita Diet creator calls new zombie comedy 'a romantic piece'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Plaga, Corinne (20 February 2017). ""Angstauslösend" Netflix muss Werbeplakate für TV-Serie "Santa Clarita Diet" abhängen" (in German). Mitteldeutsche Zeitung. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Santa Clarita Diet: Season 1 (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Santa Clarita Diet: season 1 reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
Santa Clarita Diet on IMDb
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Term limits in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Term limits in the United States apply to many offices at both the federal and state level, and date back to the American Revolution.
Term limits, also referred to as rotation in office, restrict the number of terms of office an officeholder may hold.
This article is part of a series on the
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Contents
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1 Historical background
1.1 The Constitution
1.2 Term limits in the Constitution
1.3 19th century
1.4 Era of incumbency
1.5 Term limits movement
2 Federal term limits
2.1 President
2.2 Congress
2.3 Supreme Court
3 State term limits
3.1 Gubernatorial term limits
3.2 State legislatures with term limits
3.3 Overturned or repealed state legislative term limits
4 Municipal term limits
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Historical background[edit]
The Constitution[edit]
Term limits date back to the American Revolution, and prior to that to the democracies and republics of antiquity. The council of 500 in ancient Athens rotated its entire membership annually, as did the ephorate in ancient Sparta. The ancient Roman Republic featured a system of elected magistrates—tribunes of the plebs, aediles, quaestors, praetors, and consuls —who served a single term of one year, with re-election to the same magistracy forbidden for ten years (see cursus honorum).[1] According to historian Garrett Fagan, office holding in the Roman Republic was based on "limited tenure of office" which ensured that "authority circulated frequently", helping to prevent corruption.[1] An additional benefit of the cursus honorum or Run of Offices was to bring the "most experienced" politicians to the upper echelons of power-holding in the ancient republic.[1] Many of the founders of the United States were educated in the classics, and quite familiar with rotation in office during antiquity. The debates of that day reveal a desire to study and profit from the object lessons offered by ancient democracy.
Prior to independence, several colonies had already experimented with term limits. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut of 1639, for example, prohibited the colonial governor from serving consecutive terms, setting terms at one year's length, and holding "that no person be chosen Governor above once in two years."[2] Shortly after independence, the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 set maximum service in the Pennsylvania General Assembly at "four years in seven".[3] Benjamin Franklin's influence is seen not only in that he chaired the constitutional convention which drafted the Pennsylvania constitution, but also because it included, virtually unchanged, Franklin's earlier proposals on executive rotation. Pennsylvania's plural executive was composed of twelve citizens elected for the term of three years, followed by a mandatory vacation of four years.[4]
The Articles of Confederation, adopted in 1781, established term limits for the delegates to the Continental Congress, mandating in Article V that "no person shall be capable of being a delegate for more than three years in any term of six years."[5]
On October 2, 1789, the Continental Congress appointed a committee of thirteen to examine forms of government for the impending union of the states. Among the proposals was that from the State of Virginia, written by Thomas Jefferson, urging a limitation of tenure, "to prevent every danger which might arise to American freedom by continuing too long in office the members of the Continental Congress".[6] The committee made recommendations, which as regards congressional term limits were incorporated unchanged into the Articles of Confederation (1781–89). The fifth Article stated that "no person shall be capable of being a delegate [to the continental congress] for more than three years in any term of six years".[7]
Term limits in the Constitution[edit]
In contrast to the Articles of Confederation, the federal constitution convention at Philadelphia omitted mandatory term limits from the second national frame of government, i.e. the U.S. Constitution of 1789 to the present. However, George Washington set the informal precedent for a two-term limit for the Presidency—a tradition that prevailed until Franklin Roosevelt's presidency, after which the 22nd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1951 formally establishing in law the two-term limit.
However, when the states ratified the Constitution (1787–88), several leading statesmen regarded the lack of mandatory limits to tenure as a dangerous defect, especially, they thought, as regards the presidency and the Senate. Richard Henry Lee viewed the absence of legal limits to tenure, together with certain other features of the Constitution, as "most highly and dangerously oligarchic".[8] Both Jefferson[9] and George Mason[10] advised limits on reelection to the Senate and to the Presidency, because said Mason, "nothing is so essential to the preservation of a Republican government as a periodic rotation". The historian Mercy Otis Warren, warned that "there is no provision for a rotation, nor anything to prevent the perpetuity of office in the same hands for life; which by a little well-timed bribery, will probably be done".[11]
19th century[edit]
The fact that "perpetuity in office" was not approached until the 20th century is due in part to the influence of rotation in office as a popular 19th-century concept. "Ideas are, in truth, forces", and rotation in office enjoyed such normative support, especially at the local level, that it altered political reality.[12] For a detailed study of the 19th-century concepts of rotation, consult Political Science Quarterly, vol. 94, "House Turnover and the Principle of Rotation", by Robert Struble, Jr. See also his Treatise on Twelve Lights,[13] chapter six, "Rotation in History". Consult also, James Young's The Washington Community, 1800–1828.
According to Young, the tendency to look with mistrust upon political power was so ingrained into American culture that even the officeholders themselves perceived their occupations in a disparaging light.[14] James Fenimore Cooper described the common view that "contact with the affairs of state is one of the most corrupting of the influences to which men are exposed".[15] An article in the Richmond Enquirer (1822) noted that the "long cherished" principle of rotation in office had been impressed on the republican mind "by a kind of intuitive impulse, unassailable to argument or authority".[16]
Beginning about the 1830s, Jacksonian democracy introduced a less idealistic twist to the practice of limiting terms. Rotation in office came to mean taking turns in the distribution of political prizes.[17] Rotation of nominations to the U.S. House of Representatives—the prizes—became a key element of payoffs to the party faithful. The leading lights in the local party machinery came to regard a nomination for the House as "salary" for political services rendered. A new code of political ethics evolved, based on the proposition that "turnabout is fair play".[18] In short, rotation of nominations was intertwined with the spoils system.
In district nominating conventions local leaders could negotiate and enforce agreements to pass the nominations around among themselves. Abraham Lincoln was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846 under such a bargain, and he returned home to Springfield after a single congressional term because, he wrote, "to enter myself as a competitor of another, or to authorize anyone so to enter me, is what my word and honor forbid".[19]
During the Civil War, the Confederate States Constitution limited its president to a single six-year term.
Era of incumbency[edit]
The practice of nomination rotation for the House of Representatives began to decline after the Civil War. It took a generation or so before the direct primary system, civil service reforms, and the ethic of professionalism worked to eliminate rotation in office as a common political practice. By the turn of the 20th century the era of incumbency was coming into full swing.
A total of 8 presidents served two full terms and declined a third and three presidents served one full term and refused a second. After World War II, however, an officeholder class had developed to the point that congressional tenure rivaled that of the U.S. Supreme Court, where tenure is for life.
Term limits movement[edit]
"Homesteading," or securing a lifelong career in Congress, was made possible by reelection rates that approached 100% by the end of the 20th century. The concept of homesteading brought about a popular movement known as the "term-limits movement". The elections of 1990–94 saw the adoption of term limits for state legislatures in almost every state where citizens had the power of the initiative. In addition, 23 states limited service in their delegation to Congress. As they pertain to Congress, these laws are no longer enforceable, however, as in 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned congressional term limits in U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, ruling that state governments cannot limit the terms of members of the national government.[20]
Where rotation in the legislative branch has withstood court challenges, term limits continue to garner popular support. As of 2002, the advocacy group "U.S. Term Limits" found that in the 17 states where state legislators served in rotation, public support for term limits ranged from 60 to 78 percent.[21]
Federal term limits[edit]
Office
Term limits
President Limited to being elected to a total of 2 four-year terms. A President by succession who completes more than two years of a former President's unfinished term may be elected in his or her own right only once, and 2 more four-year terms are permitted if they complete two years or less. Becoming a President by succession may happen to someone an unlimited number of times, for example, if he or she is Vice President and the President dies, resigns or is removed from office via impeachment conviction.[22][23]
Vice President Unlimited four-year terms
House of Representatives Unlimited two-year terms
Senate Unlimited six-year terms
Supreme Court No term limits, appointed to serve "during good behavior"[24] (but can be impeached and removed from office for "high Crimes and Misdemeanors"); in practice a Justice serves until death or stepping down (by retirement or resignation)
As of 2013, term limits at the federal level are restricted to the executive branch and some agencies. Judicial appointments at the federal level are made for life, and are not subject to election or to term limits. The U.S. Congress remains (since the Thornton decision of 1995) without electoral limits. During one of Trump's speeches from October 2016, he is quoted as having planned to impose term limits on Congress within his first hundred days in office.[25]
President[edit]
A political cartoon about Theodore Roosevelt's third term
The first U.S. president, George Washington, started the tradition of informal presidential term limits by refusing to run for a third term (originally he claimed he did not want to run in the first place, much less for a second term). The short-lived Confederate States of America adopted a six-year term for their president and vice-president and barred the president from seeking re-election. That innovation was endorsed by many American politicians after the American Civil War, most notably by Rutherford B. Hayes in his inaugural address.
Franklin D. Roosevelt (president, 1933–1945) was the first and only U.S. president to break Washington's tradition successfully. He died in office a few months after starting his fourth term. This gave rise to a successful move in Congress to formalize the traditional two-term limit by amending the U.S. Constitution. As ratified in 1951, the Twenty-Second Amendment provides that "no person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice".
Congress[edit]
Letter from Senator Orrin Hatch, first elected in 1976, expressing reservations regarding term limits (dated February 10, 2011)
Reformers during the early 1990s used the initiative and referendum to put congressional term limits on the ballot in 24 states. Voters in eight of these states approved the congressional term limits by an average electoral margin of two to one.[26] It was an open question whether states had the constitutional authority to enact these limits. In May 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5–4 in U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, 514 U.S. 779 (1995), that states cannot impose term limits upon their federal Representatives or Senators.
In the 1994 elections, part of the Republican platform included legislation for term limits in Congress. After winning the majority, a Republican congressman brought a constitutional amendment to the House floor that proposed limiting members of the Senate to two six-year terms and members of the House to six two-year terms.[27] However, this rate of rotation was so slow (the life-tenured Supreme Court averages in the vicinity of twelve years) that the congressional version of term-limits garnered little support among the populist backers of term limits, including U.S. Term Limits, the largest private organization pushing for congressional term limits.[28][citation needed] The bill got only a bare majority (227–204), falling short of the two-thirds majority (290) needed for constitutional amendments.[29] Three other term limit amendment bills failed to get more than 200 votes.[30]
Defeated in Congress and overridden by the Supreme Court, the federal term limit uprising was brought to a halt. The term limits intended simultaneously to reform state legislatures (as distinguished from the federal congressional delegations) remain in force, however, in fifteen states.[31][32]
In 2007 Larry J. Sabato revived the debate over term limits by arguing in A More Perfect Constitution that the success and popularity of term limits at the state level suggests that they should be adopted at the federal level as well. He specifically put forth the idea of congressional term limits and suggested a national constitutional convention be used to accomplish the amendment, since the Congress would be unlikely to propose and adopt any amendment that limits its own power.
Some state legislators have also expressed their opinions on term limits. It is confirmed that in the following five states—and there may be others—state lawmakers approved resolutions asking Congress to propose a federal constitutional amendment to limit the number of terms which members of Congress may serve:
This section has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting, or external linking. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
South Dakota Legislature (designated as POM-42 in the U.S. Senate) approved in 1989, South Dakota House Joint Resolution No. 1001 (see Congressional Record of April 4, 1989, at pages 5395 and 5396, with verbatim text provided);
Hawaii Senate (designated as Memorial 400 in the U.S. House of Representatives) approved in 1990, Hawaii Senate Resolution No. 41—unicameral only (see Congressional Record of September 28, 1998, at page 22655) it took 8 years for this resolution to find its way into the Congressional Record and to be correctly referred to the Committee on the Judiciary—and even then, its text was not provided in the Congressional Record); back in 1990, Hawaii's S.R. No. 41 was indeed received by the U.S. House of Representatives, and was designated as Memorial 416, (Congressional Record of June 6, 1990, at pages 13262 and 13263) but the resolution was erroneously referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce—and its text is NOT provided in the Congressional Record;
Utah Legislature (designated as POM-644 in the U.S. Senate) approved in 1990, Utah Senate Joint Resolution No. 24 (see Congressional Record of September 27, 1994, at page 26033, with verbatim text provided) it took four years for this resolution to find its way into the U.S. Senate's portion of the Congressional Record;
Idaho Legislature (designated as Memorial 401 in the U.S. House of Representatives) approved in 1992, Idaho Senate Joint Memorial No. 116 (see Congressional Record of April 29, 1992, at page 9804—text NOT provided in the Congressional Record); and
Florida Legislature (designated as POM-122 in the U.S. Senate) approved in 2012, Florida House Memorial No. 83 (see Congressional Record of July 25, 2012, at page S5378, with verbatim text provided). Taking matters a bit further, on February 10, 2016, Florida lawmakers approved House Memorial No. 417 calling upon Congress, pursuant to Article V of the Federal Constitution, to assemble a Convention to prepare a constitutional amendment that would establish term limits upon members of Congress.
Supreme Court[edit]
Legal scholars have discussed whether or not to impose term limits on the Supreme Court of the United States. Currently, Supreme Court Justices are appointed for life "during good behavior". A sentiment has developed, among certain scholars, that the Supreme Court may not be accountable in a way that is most in line with the spirit of checks and balances.[33] Equally, scholars have argued that life tenure has taken on a new meaning in a modern context.[34] Changes in medical care have markedly raised life expectancy and therefore has allowed Justices to serve for longer than ever before.[33][34] Steven G. Calebresi and James Lindgren, professors of law at Northwestern University, argued that, because vacancies in the court are occurring with less frequency and justices served on average, between 1971 and 2006, for 26.1 years, the "efficacy of the democratic check that the appointment process provides on the Court's membership" is reduced.[33] There have been several similar proposals to implement term limits for the nation's highest court, including Professor of Law at Duke University, Paul Carrington's 2005 "The Supreme Court Renewal Act of 2005".[35]
Many of the proposals center around a term limit for Justices that would be 18 years (Larry Sabato, Professor of Political Science at University of Virginia, suggested between 15 and 18 years).[33][34][35][36] The proposed staggered term limits of 18 years would, according to Calebresi, Lindgren (2006), and Carrington (2005), allow for a new appointment to the Court every two years, which in effect would allow every president at least two appointments.[34][35] Professor Carrington has argued that such a measure would not require a constitutional amendment as the "Constitution doesn’t even mention life tenure; it merely requires that justices serve during ‘good behaviour’ ".[34] The idea was not without support among Judges, as John Roberts supported term limits before he was appointed to the Supreme Court as Chief Justice. Calebresi, Lingren, and Carrington have also proposed that when justices have served out their proposed 18-year term they should be able to sit on other Federal Courts until retirement, death, or removal.[33][34]
Fairleigh Dickinson University's PublicMind Poll measured American voters’ attitudes towards various proposed Supreme Court reforms, including implementing term limits. The 2010 poll found that a majority of Americans were largely unaware of a proposal to impose a term limit of 18 years, as 82% reported they had heard little or nothing at all.[37] Notwithstanding a lack of awareness, 52% of Americans approved of limiting terms to 18 years, while 35% disapproved.[37] When asked how old is too old for a Supreme Court judge to serve if he or she seems healthy, 48% said "no limit as long as he or she is healthy", while 31% agreed that anyone over the age of 70 is too old.[37]
Some state lawmakers have officially expressed to Congress a desire for a federal constitutional amendment to limit terms of Supreme Court justices as well as of judges of federal courts below the Supreme Court level. While there might be others, below are three known examples:
In 1957, the Alabama Legislature adopted Senate Joint Resolution No. 47 on the subject (appearing in the U.S. Senate's portion of the Congressional Record on July 3, 1957, at page 10863, with full text provided);
In 1978, the Tennessee General Assembly adopted House Joint Resolution No. 21 on the subject (designated as POM-612 by the U.S. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of April 25, 1978, at page 11437); and
In 1998, the Louisiana House of Representatives adopted House Resolution No. 120 on the subject (designated as POM-511 by the U.S. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of July 17, 1998, at page 16076).
State term limits[edit]
See also: Comparison of State Governments
Term limits for state officials have existed since colonial times. The Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties of 1682, and the colonial frame of government of the same year, both authored by William Penn, provided for triennial rotation of the provincial council—the upper house of the colonial legislature.[38] The Delaware Constitution of 1776 limited the governor to a single three-year term; currently, the governor of Delaware can serve two four-year terms.
At present, 36 states have term limits of various types for their governors. To circumvent the term limit in Alabama incumbent governor George Wallace pushed through the nomination of his wife Lurleen, in the 1966 Democratic primary, which was, in those days, the real contest in Alabama. It was generally understood that Mrs. Wallace would only be a titular governor while her husband continued to hold the real power. She won the election, but only served 16 months before dying in 1968.
As indicated above, in fifteen state legislatures the members serve in rotation, i.e., under term limits enacted during the reforms of the early 1990s. In another six states, however, state legislatures have either overturned their own limits or state supreme courts have ruled such limits unconstitutional. In 2002 the Idaho Legislature became the first legislature of its kind to repeal its own term limits, enacted by a public vote in 1994, ostensibly because it applied to local officials along with the legislature.
Gubernatorial term limits[edit]
U.S. gubernatorial term limits as of 2014
No limit
No limit, two-year terms
One; re-eligible after 4 years
Two; re-eligible after 4 years
Two; eligible 8 out of 12 years
Two; eligible 8 out of 16 years
Two, absolute
Governors of 36 states and four territories are subject to various term limits, while the governors of 14 states, Puerto Rico, and the Mayor of Washington, D.C., may serve an unlimited number of times. Each state's gubernatorial term limits are prescribed by its state constitution, with the exception of Wyoming, whose limits are found in its statutes. Territorial term limits are prescribed by its constitution in the Northern Mariana Islands, the Organic Acts in Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and by statute in American Samoa.
Unique in its restriction, Virginia prohibits its governors from succeeding themselves, although former governors are re-eligible after four years out of office.[39] Many other states formerly had this prohibition, but all had eliminated it by 2000.
The governors of the following states and territories are limited to two consecutive terms, but are re-eligible after four years out of office: Alabama,[40] Alaska,[41] Arizona,[42] Colorado,[43] Florida,[44] Georgia,[45] Hawaii,[46] Kansas,[47] Kentucky,[48] Louisiana,[49] Maine,[50] Maryland,[51] Nebraska,[52] New Jersey,[53] New Mexico,[54] North Carolina,[55] Ohio,[56] Pennsylvania,[57] Rhode Island,[58] South Carolina,[59] South Dakota,[60] Tennessee,[61] West Virginia,[62] American Samoa,[63] Guam,[64] and the U.S. Virgin Islands.[65] Equivalently, the Governors of Indiana[66] and Oregon[67] are limited to serving 8 out of any 12 years. Conversely, the Governors of Montana[68] and Wyoming[69] are restricted to two terms, limited to serving 8 out of any 16 years. Finally, the governors of the following states and territory are absolutely limited (for life) to two terms: Arkansas,[70] California,[71] Delaware,[72] Michigan,[73] Mississippi,[74] Missouri,[75] Nevada,[76] the Northern Mariana Islands,[77] and Oklahoma.[78] The current Governor of California (Jerry Brown) is, however, serving a fourth term because his first two terms were before limits were passed in California, and the limits did not apply to individuals' prior terms.
The governors of New Hampshire and Vermont may serve unlimited two-year terms. The governors in the following states, district, and territory may serve unlimited four-year terms: Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York, North Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The Governor of Utah was formerly limited to serving three terms, but all term limit laws have since been repealed by the legislature.
State legislatures with term limits[edit]
The following 15 legislatures have term limits:
Arizona Legislature: four consecutive two-year terms for both houses (eight years). No limit on total number of terms.
Arkansas General Assembly: sixteen years total in either the House or the Senate. (Prior to the 2014 election, the previous limits of three two-year terms for House members (six years) and two four-year terms for Senate members (eight years) applied).
California State Legislature: twelve years total in either Assembly or Senate. (For legislators first elected on or before June 5, 2012, the previous limits (enacted in 1990) of either three two-year terms for Assembly members (six years) and two four-year terms for Senate members (eight years) apply).
Colorado General Assembly: four consecutive two-year terms in the House (eight years) and two consecutive four-year terms in the Senate (eight years).
Florida Legislature: may serve no more than eight consecutive years in either house. No limit on total number of terms.
Louisiana State Legislature: three consecutive four-year terms for both houses (twelve years). Members may run for the opposite body without having to sit out an election.
Maine Legislature: four two-year terms for both houses (eight years). No limit on total number of terms
Michigan Legislature: three two-year terms for House members (six years) and two four-year terms for Senate members (eight years).
Missouri General Assembly: four consecutive two-year terms for House members (eight years) and two four-year consecutive terms for Senate members (eight years). Members may be elected again to the other house, but not serve more than 16 years.
Montana State Legislature: four two-year terms for House members (eight years) in any sixteen-year period and two four-year terms for Senate members (eight years) in any sixteen-year period.
Nebraska Legislature: unicameral legislature; members limited to two consecutive four-year terms (eight years), after which they must wait four years before running again.[79]
Nevada Legislature: six two-year terms for Assembly members (twelve years) and three four-year terms for Senate members (twelve years).
Ohio General Assembly: four consecutive two-year terms for House members (eight years) and two consecutive four-year terms for Senate members (eight years).
Oklahoma Legislature: six two-year terms for House members (twelve years) and three four-year terms for Senate members (twelve years). Once term-limited in one house, a legislator cannot be elected to the other.
South Dakota Legislature: four consecutive two-year terms for both houses (eight years).
Overturned or repealed state legislative term limits[edit]
The following six legislatures have had their term limits nullified:
Idaho Legislature: the Legislature repealed its own term limits in 2002.
Massachusetts General Court: the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court overturned term limits in 1997.
Oregon Legislative Assembly: the Oregon Supreme Court ruled term limits unconstitutional in 2002. See term limits in Oregon.
Utah State Legislature: the Legislature repealed its own term limits in 2003.
Washington State Legislature: the Washington Supreme Court voided term limits in 1998.
Wyoming Legislature: the Wyoming Supreme Court ruled term limits unconstitutional in 2004. See term limits in Wyoming.
Municipal term limits[edit]
Some local governments have term limits. In Philadelphia, the mayor cannot be elected three consecutive times, but there is no limit on how long any individual can serve as mayor. Frank Rizzo was elected mayor in 1971 and 1975; he attempted to repeal the term limit, but failed and could not run in 1979. He ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for mayor in 1983 but he lost to Wilson Goode. In 1986, he switched to the Republican Party, and ran as a Republican in the mayoral elections of 1987 and 1991.
Limits vary from city to city even within the same state. For example, Houston, Texas, has a limit of 2 four-year terms (prior to November 3, 2015, 3 two-year terms dating back to 1991), while San Antonio, Texas, has a limit of 4 two-year terms. Both Houston and San Antonio's term limits are absolute; elected officeholders are ineligible to run for the same position where seeking higher office is common.
A two-term limit was imposed on New York City Council members and citywide elected officials (except for district attorneys) in New York City after a 1993 referendum (see the Charter of the City of New York, § 1138). On November 3, 2008, however, when Michael Bloomberg was in his second term of mayor, the City Council approved the extension of the two-term limit to a three-term limit; one year later, he was elected to a third term. The two-term limit was reinstated after a referendum in 2010.[80][81]
In Los Angeles the mayor serves two four-year terms since 1993, while the City Council serve three four-year terms.
In Cincinnati, Ohio, the term limit for mayor is two successive four-year terms. Council members are limited to two successive four-year terms. There is no limit to total terms that may be served, just a limit on successive terms.
In New Orleans, City Council members are limited to two four-year terms. However, a council member representing one of the five council districts may run for one of the two at-large seats on the council once they reach the two-term limit, and vice versa. There is no limit on the number of terms a council member may serve in a lifetime. Since 1954, the mayor of New Orleans has been limited to two consecutive four-year elected terms, but he or she may be elected again after sitting out one four-year term. When the new city plan of government was adopted, the mayor at the time, DeLesseps Story Morrison, was exempt from term limits due to a grandfather clause.
Under the original Metropolitan Charter adopted in 1962, the mayor of Nashville was limited to three consecutive four-year terms, which was subsequently reduced to two consecutive four-year terms in 1991. Councilors were likewise limited to two consecutive four-year terms, but subsequent court rulings have determined the offices of district councilor and at-large councilor to be separate offices even though all councilors serve together in one unicameral body, which has meant that at large councilors have continued in office as district members, and (more frequently) district councilors have been elected to subsequent terms as at large councilors.
See also[edit]
List of political term limits
Political class
Second Constitutional Convention of the United States
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Professor Garrett G. Fagan, Penn State University (1999). "The History of Ancient Rome". The Teaching Company. ...Office-holding at Rome was based on two important concepts: collegiality and limited tenure of office... (see page 19 of the Guidebook, Part 2)
Jump up ^ "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut". The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy. Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776, section 8.
Jump up ^ Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776, section 19. On Franklin's plan of 1775 see, Benjamin Franklin, The Writings of Benjamin Franklin, ed., Albert Henry Smyth, 10 vols. (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1907), 6:423, article 9.
Jump up ^ "Articles of Confederation: March 1, 1781". The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy. Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library. Retrieved 17 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian F. Boyd, et al., (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1950–), 1:411.
Jump up ^ Also, article IX, paragraph 5, of the Articles of Confederation provided that, "no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more than one year in any term of four years."
Jump up ^ R.H. Lee, Letter to Edmund Randolph dated 16 October 1787, in Richard Henry Lee, The Letters of Richard Henry Lee, ed. James C. Ballagh, 2 vols. (New York: Macmillan Co., 1911), 2:450, 455. See also 1:191, letter to Edmund Pendleton dated 12 May 1776, and Letters from the Federal Farmer to the Republican, ed. Walter H. Bennett (University, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press, 1978), pp. 72–75, 86.
Jump up ^ Jefferson, Papers, Boyd, ed., 12:440, 13:490. See also 15:25 for Jefferson's definition of rotation in office.
Jump up ^ Mason in Jonathan Eliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions on Adoption of the Federal Constitution, 5 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1836), 3:485.
Jump up ^ Mercy Otis Warren, Observations on the new Constitution, and on the Federal and State Conventions 9, in Herbert J. Staring, ed., The Complete Anti-Federalist, 6 vols. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981) 4:270, 278.
Jump up ^ Robert Struble, Jr., "House Turnover and the Principle of Rotation," Political Science Quarterly 94 (Winter 1979–80): p. 650, and fn. 6. in the question, The quotation is from Henry James, the biographer.
Jump up ^ Robert Struble, Jr., Treatise on Twelve Lights, chapter six, Rotation in Office, and other democratic reforms..."
Jump up ^ James S. Young, The Washington Community, 1800–1828 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966), pp. 51–52, 55–57, 59–61, 64, 145.
Jump up ^ James Fenimore Cooper, The American Democrat (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1931), p. 52.
Jump up ^ Richmond Enquirer, 8 November 1822, p. 3; Struble, supra., p. 653.
Jump up ^ One can still detect the idealism of the Revolutionary period echoed by President Andrew Jackson in his address to Congress, December 8, 1829: "There are, perhaps, few men who can for any great length of time enjoy office and power without being more or less under the influence of feelings unfavorable to the faithful discharge of their public duties. Their integrity may be proof against improper considerations immediately addressed to themselves, but they are apt to acquire a habit of looking with indifference upon the public interests and of tolerating conduct from which an unpracticed man would revolt. Office is considered as a species of property, and government rather as a means of promoting individual interests than as an instrument created solely for the service of the people. Corruption in some and in others a perversion of correct feelings and principles divert government from its legitimate ends and make it an engine for the support of the few at the expense of the many."... [James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 10 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1896–99), 2:448–49].
Jump up ^ Struble, supra, pp. 661–62.
Jump up ^ Struble, ibid, pp. 659–60; Lincoln's letter to William Herndon, 8 January 1848, in Abraham Lincoln, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler, 10 vols. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 1:430–31.
Jump up ^ U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton. The decision was 5–4.
Jump up ^ Stacie Rumenap, "Career Politicians Never Did Like Term Limits," No Uncertain Terms, August 2002, vol. 10, #7, pp. 2–3.
Jump up ^ Michael C. Dorf (2 August 2000). "Why the Constitution permits a Gore-Clinton ticket". CNN Interactive.
Jump up ^ Scott E. Gant; Bruce G. Peabody (2006-06-13). "How to bring back Bill". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2008-06-12.
Jump up ^ "Transcript of the Constitution of the United States – Official Text". Archives.gov. Retrieved 2012-08-12.
Jump up ^ Amita Kelly and Barbara Sprunt, November 9, 2016, NPR, Here Is What Donald Trump Wants To Do In His First 100 Days, Retrieved November 10, 2016
Jump up ^ Dana Priest; William Claiborne (November 9, 1994). "Voters in Several States, D.C. Adopt Limits For Legislators". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ H.J.Res. 73, 104th Congress
Jump up ^ U.S. Term Limits wanted House members to be limited to three two-year terms.
Jump up ^ "H.J.Res. 73 (104th): Contract with America bill (On Passage of the Bill), House Vote #277". GovTrack.us. March 29, 1995. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ The four constitutional amendments on term limits which the House rejected 29 March 1995 were sponsored by: Democrat John Dingell [12/12 retroactive], rejected 135–297; Republican Bob Inglis [6/12, not retroactive], rejected 114–316; Republican Van Hilleary [12/12, unretroactive, but defers to more stringent state imposed limits], rejected 164–265; Republican Bill McCollum [12/12 not retroactive and would override more stringent state limits]; approved by less than the requisite 2/3, 227–204; on February 12, 1997 Congress did likewise by a margin of 217–211 [50.7%].
Jump up ^ "State Legislative Term Limits". US Term Limits. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Neil Pinney, George Serra, and Dalene Sprick, "The costs of reform: consequences of limiting legislative terms of service," Party Politics, 10:69–84
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Steven G. Calebresi & James Lindgren, "Term Limits for the Supreme Court: Life Tenure Reconsidered," Harvard Journal of Public Policy, Vol 29 no. 3 (2006) "Social Science Research Network.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Richard Brust, "Supreme Court 2.0, ABA Connection, (October 1, 2008). Article provides an overview of proposed reforms to the Supreme Court of the United States.
^ Jump up to: a b c Julie Geng, "Law Prof Proposes Supreme Court Term Limits", Cornell Sun Online (February 11, 2005).
Jump up ^ Larry J. Sabato, "Reforming the Least Democratic Branch" (April 15, 1010).
^ Jump up to: a b c Fairleigh Dickinson University's PublicMind Poll, "Public Says Televising Court is Good for Democracy" press release (March 2010).
Jump up ^ Francis N. Thorpe, ed., The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and other Organic Laws..., 7 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1909) 5:3048, 3055–56, 3065.
Jump up ^ "Constitution of Virginia". Virginia Constitution. pp. Article V, § 1. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "AMENDMENT 282 RATIFIED". Alabama Constitution. pp. Amendment 282. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Article 3 – The Executive". Alaska Constitution. pp. Article 3, § 5. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "1. Term limits on executive department and state officers; term lengths; election; residence and office at seat of government; duties". Arizona Constitution. pp. Article 5, § 1 Version 2, clause A. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Section 1. Officers – terms of office". Colorado Constitution. pp. Article IV, § 1. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Florida Constitution". Florida Constitution. pp. Article IV, § 5, clause b. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Constitution of the State of Georgia" (PDF). Georgia Constitution. pp. Article V, § I, Paragraph I. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "ARTICLE V". Hawaii Constitution. pp. Article V, § 1. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Article 1. – EXECUTIVE". Kansas Constitution. pp. Article 1, § 1. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Section 71". Kentucky Constitution. pp. § 71. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "ARTICLE IV. EXECUTIVE BRANCH". Louisiana Constitution. pp. Article IV, § 3, Clause B. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Maine Constitution Article V. – Part First. Executive Power". Maine Constitution. pp. Article V, part 1, § 2. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "ARTICLE II – EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT". Maryland Constitution. pp. Article II, § 1. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Article IV-1". Nebraska Constitution. pp. Article IV, § 1. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "NEW JERSEY STATE CONSTITUTION 1947". New Jersey Constitution. pp. Article V, § I, paragraph 5. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Section 1. [Composition of department; terms of office of members; residing and maintaining records at seat of government.]". New Mexico Constitution. pp. Article V, § 1. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "ARTICLE III EXECUTIVE". North Carolina Constitution. pp. Article III, § 2, clause 2. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "§ 3.02 Term of office". Ohio Constitution. pp. Article III, § 2. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "CONSTITUTION OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA". Pennsylvania Constitution. pp. Article IV, § 3. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "ARTICLE IV OF ELECTIONS AND CAMPAIGN FINANCE". Rhode Island Constitution. pp. Article IV, § 1. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "ARTICLE IV. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT". South Carolina Constitution. pp. Article IV, § 3. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "§ 2". South Dakota Constitution. pp. Article IV, § 2. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Tennessee constitution – article iii. executive department". Tennessee Constitution. pp. Article III, § 4. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Constitution of West Virginia". West Virginia Constitution. pp. Article VII, § 4. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Title 4 EXECUTIVE". American Samoa Code. pp. § 4.0107. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "§ 1422. Governor and Lieutenant Governor; term of office; qualifications; powers and duties; annual report to Congress". United States Code. pp. Title 48, § 1422. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "§ 1591. Governor and Lieutenant Governor; election; eligibility; official residence; powers and duties; report". United States Code. pp. Title 48, § 1591. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "ARTICLE 5". Indiana Constitution. pp. Article V, § 1. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Constitution of Oregon". Oregon Constitution. pp. Article V, § 1. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Montana Constitution". Montana Constitution. pp. Article IV, § 8. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "CHAPTER 5 – NOMINATIONS". Wyoming Statutes. pp. § 22–5–103. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Amend. 73. Arkansas Term Limitation Amendment" (PDF). Arkansas Constitution. p. 134. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "CALIFORNIA CONSTITUTION ARTICLE 5 EXECUTIVE". California Constitution. pp. Article 5, § 2. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "ARTICLE. III EXECUTIVE". Delaware Constitution. pp. Article III, § 5. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Michigan Constitution" (PDF). Michigan Constitution. pp. Article V, § 30. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI". Mississippi Constitution. pp. Article 5, § 116. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Article IV EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT Section 17". Missouri Constitution. pp. Article IV, § 17. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF NEVADA". Nevada Constitution. pp. Article 5, § 3. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "ARTICLE III: EXECUTIVE BRANCH". Northern Mariana Islands Constitution. pp. Article III, § 4. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "SECTION VI-4 Terms of office – Succession" (RTF). Oklahoma Constitution. pp. Article VI, § 4. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions About Senators". Nebraska Legislature. Retrieved 27 May 2015. Archived 2 April 2015 at Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Term limits will land on city ballot in Nov". New York Post. 12 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Hernandez, Javier C. (3 November 2010). "Term Limits in New York City Are Approved Again". The New York Times.
Further reading[edit]
O'Keefe, Eric (2008). "Term Limits". In Hamowy, Ronald. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 504–06. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n308. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.
External links[edit]
National Conference of State Legislatures term limits summary
U.S. Term Limits homepage
Discussion on Term Limits
Citizen Legislator
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