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Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None
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Agatha Christie:
And Then There Were None
Developer(s)
AWE Productions[1]
Publisher(s)
The Adventure Company[1]
Designer(s)
Lee Sheldon[2]
Series
Agatha Christie
Platform(s)
Windows,[3] Wii[4]
Release
Windows
EU: September 30, 2005[5]
NA: October 27, 2005[3]
Wii
EU: February 8, 2008[6]
NA: February 25, 2008[6][7]
AU: April 24, 2008[7]
Genre(s)
Adventure
Mode(s)
Single-player
Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None (also simply known as And Then There Were None) is a 2005 point-and-click adventure game developed by AWE Productions and published by The Adventure Company for Microsoft Windows. It was the first in The Adventure Company's Agatha Christie series. The game is a detective murder-mystery; it begins with nine people, including Patrick Narracott, the playable character, who meet and journey to the fictional Shipwreck Island. There, two additional onscreen characters are introduced, and the story then follows the events that unfold.
And Then There Were None retains most of the basic plot elements of Agatha Christie's novel of the same name; the major differences are the inclusion of the playable character, Patrick Narracott, and the creation of a range of possible endings. To further the connection between the game and its source material, Christie's novel was included in the North American PC release of the game. Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None was followed by two more games, Agatha Christie: Murder on the Orient Express and Agatha Christie: Evil Under the Sun. Since they were based on their respective novels, their plots were unrelated to this first game.
Reactions to the game were mixed, with many reviewers polarized in their opinions: some calling it a good adaptation of the novel; others, an extremely poor adventure game. Several reviews harshly criticized the game's character design and graphics as being archaic and outdated, whereas others praised aspects such as character dialogue and a captivating story.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
2 Synopsis
2.1 Setting and characters
2.2 Plot
3 Development
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Gameplay[edit]
And Then There Were None is a point-and-click adventure game, played from a third-person perspective.[8] Most of the interactive elements of And Then There Were None consist of asking other characters questions, and collecting and combining items.[9] The player can carry items using an inventory system, consisting of screens which can show up to twelve items. New items go into the first available slot, and these items can be combined or examined throughout the game.[8][10] The game's cursor is context-sensitive, and changes into a rotating gear when held over an item the player can interact with and use.[8] And Then There Were None features a 2.5D graphics engine, which combines pre-rendered backgrounds with 3D-modelled characters.[10]
The inventory can contain multiple items.
And Then There Were None is divided into 10 chapters. After completing a certain trigger event, the next chapter begins. The developers ensured that nothing essential to the game could be missed during the player's progression, although large sections of gameplay are optional, and the player may ignore many of the side-quests. This divided progression adds another dimension to gameplay, as not only does the player have to be in the right place to find a clue or solve a puzzle, but must be there at the right time. For example, an empty room in one act could hold a vital clue in the next.[2]
And Then There Were None features a journal system to aid in the collection and piecing together of clues.[11] The in-game journal records everything that the player needs to advance in the game, in order to prevent the player wandering aimlessly, unable to proceed.[11][10] For example, the journal records conversations the player has with other characters, so that if they forget what was said, it will still be accessible.[2] The developers also created the journal so that players did not have to use external resources, such as pen and paper.[11] The journal is separated by content into several categories,[2] such as a characters page, which lists all the characters by name and includes details about them, as well as separate pages for important items, documents and books.[2] This information can be referenced at any time by the player.[2]
Another feature of And Then There Were None is the "Suspicion Meter", which measures the player's relationship with other characters, starting from a neutral position at the start of the game. There are negative consequences if the player is caught doing things that other characters deem inappropriate, which directly affects the "Suspicion Meter": falling one point for every negative action and raising one point for each positive act. Depending on which of three positions the meter is in regarding a particular character, dialogue actions with that character are affected. The player is also able to regain approval points by solving "Suspicion Meter" puzzles; multiple inventory items and combining items and can be quite complicated.[2]
After completing the game, the player is given one final puzzle. Completing it shows the original ending of the novel.
Synopsis[edit]
Setting and characters[edit]
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And Then There Were None is set in 1939, taking place at "a beautiful mansion on the deserted Shipwreck Island." A quote by one of the characters, Emily Brent, in the first chapter sets the month as August ("This same week of August 4 years ago.") The player can explore the two-story Art Deco-style mansion, which includes a secret room behind a bookcase in the library. The exterior of Shipwreck Island, including a beach, a forest, and an apiary, may also be explored.
The player character is Patrick Narracott. Patrick is the only character not mentioned in Christie's original novel, although his brother — Fred Narracott — is the one who ferries the guests to the island in the original book. The other characters are the guests: Judge Lawrence John Wargrave; Vera Elizabeth Claythorne; Philip Lombard; General John Gordon Mackenzie; Emily Caroline Brent; Dr. Edward George Armstrong; Anthony James Marston; William Henry Blore; the butler, Thomas Rogers; and his wife, Ethel Rogers.
Plot[edit]
The events of the book, with the exception of the killer's identity and the player character, are closely retained in the game. The game begins with eight of the characters (all but the two servants) arriving at the fictional seaside town of Sticklehaven, where they are to be ferried to Shipwreck Island by Patrick Naracott (who is substituting for his brother who is "under the weather"). When they arrive on the island, the other two characters are introduced, but when Patrick returns to his boat he finds it sabotaged, forcing him to stay on the island. Later, Blore confesses to Patrick that he is the one who damaged the boat, believing Patrick to be his brother Fred, who he thought was a thief. At dinner that night, the guests discover that none of them have met, or are familiar with, "U.N. Owen", the enigmatic host who invited most of them to the party.
After dinner, a gramophone record accuses the ten non-player characters of getting away with murder. Moments later, Anthony Marston dies after drinking a poisoned cocktail. That night, Ethel Rogers dies of a drug overdose in her sleep. The deaths are initially thought to be suicides or accidents until, after the death of General MacArthur, Judge Wargrave determines that they are actually murders and that the host, U.N. Owen, is most likely the killer. Wargrave further speculated that Owen must be one of the remaining 8, and is following the pattern of the nursery rhyme over the fireplace, "Ten Little Sailor Boys". After each murder, one of the ten figurines in the dining room goes missing. Naracott is now established as the detective of the group since his presence on the island was not expected by the killer. It is also discovered that Lombard has brought a self-defense revolver to the island.
After the deaths of Thomas Rogers' by axe and Emily Brent from anaphylactic shock from a bee sting, Lombard announces that his revolver has been stolen, and a search for it is fruitless. Naracott discovers he has been poisoned with the fictional drug Solidamide, but he obtains a remedy: a bottle of the fictional "Bellman's Universal Application". During a blackout after dinner that night, Wargrave is killed by a shot to the head. In the morning, however, Wargrave's body is missing along with Armstrong, whose drowned body will later wash up on the shore. Wargrave's body also turns up later in the screening room, but looks to have been bludgeoned, rather than shot. Later that day Blore is found to have been killed by having his head caved in by a clock.
Naracott returns to the house to find that the killer is Emily Brent, who is really the famous actress Gabrielle Steele. Steele wanted Wargrave killed because he sentenced her true love to death. She would torture him first by killing those around him first, all criminals who had gotten away with their crimes, and she explains how she killed each one. She had faked her own death earlier.
There are four different endings depending on whether Vera and Phillip – one, both, or neither – are saved. If Phillip is saved, he will reveal that his name is actually Charles Morley, a friend of Lombard's who assumed his identity when the real Phillip Lombard committed suicide out of guilt for his past crime. If Vera is saved, she and Naracott return to Sticklehaven (with Morley, if he also survives), where Vera explains her innocence of the crime the gramophone accused her of. If either Vera or Morley (or both) are saved, their statements to the police will clear Naracott and his brother. If neither of them survive, the Naracott brothers make their escape from the police. If Vera survives, she and Naracott decide to get married.
Following the game's completion, the player is given one last challenge that will reward them with the original ending to the book. The original ending to the book, where Wargrave is the killer. Dying, he wants to mete out justice personally to criminals who have escaped punishment, who he has invited to the island. The alternate ending details the events of the book, And Then There Were None, wherein all the guests on the island are killed by Wargrave except for the last two, Vera and Lombard. Vera then shoots Lombard, thinking him the murderer (since Wargrave has faked his own death), and then hangs herself. Wargrave then shoots himself.
Development[edit]
And Then There Were None was announced on February 3, 2005, as the first in a series of games based on novels by Agatha Christie.[1] For the release, The Adventure Company collaborated with developer AWE Productions.[1] Lee Sheldon was named Lead Designer and writer for the game,[2] while Scott Nixon, from AWE, was appointed Managing Director.[2] The Adventure Company chose the novel And Then There Were None as the first game, instead of other Christie novels involving famous detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple, for several reasons. Among them was the popularity of the novel, which would help with marketing; and the island nature of the story which would provide a natural barrier, while allowing more freedom of movement for the players within that confined area.[11]
One major obstacle in the development of And Then There Were None was gaining the approval of aspects of the game from Chorion, the company which owns the rights to Agatha Christie's works.[11] The development team met with Mathew Prichard, Christie's grandson, and other members of Chorion.[11] While protective of Christie's license, Chorion was quite open about changes to the plot, as long as they were within the style of Christie's novels. These included a change to the identity of the killer, the addition of a player character, and changes to the figurines at the table - renaming them "sailor boys", to fit in with the boat motif of being moored on the island.[11][2][2][2] Chorion did not accept all the changes proposed by the developers, for example rejecting the idea of a one-man submarine the player could operate as not being in the style of Christie's work.[12] The survival of Vera and Lombard, and the change of the General's name from MacArthur to MacKenzie, were both used by Christie herself in a 1943 stage adaption of the novel. Patrick Narracott as the eleventh character was a major plot change, and was done to explore a semi-romance between him and Vera Claythorne, as well as the developers' desire to have players connect to a more human character, rather than a nameless one.[11]
The main concern designer Lee Sheldon had was the emphasis placed on story and dialogue,[2] he had considered the idea that the killer could change every time a player played the game; this idea of open-ended, modular gameplay was quickly discarded, as Sheldon thought it didn't pay homage to Christie's work.[2] The orders of the murders forced Sheldon down a linear path, and the numerous cut scenes, cinematics and long dialogues were needed because the novel is composed largely of dialogue.[2] Sheldon strived to make the puzzles a seamless part of the game's environment and plot, and not simply tacked on for the sake of a puzzle.[11]
The designers of And Then There Were None decided to leave the game in its original time period, the 1930s.[11] Sheldon was firmly against updating the game to a modern time period, calling this "a futile attempt to attract an audience that really doesn't care anyway."[11] One of the main attractions to the past for Sheldon was the ability to explore its culture and mores.[11] The mansion in the game was researched using architecture and Art Deco books as references.[12] Christie described the mansion in the novel as stark and modern, and this made Sheldon turn to the work of famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright, and in particular his house Fallingwater.[2]
And Then There Were None was shipped to North American stores on October 27, 2005.[3] The Adventure Company announced on March 19, 2007, that the game would be ported to the Wii console,[4] which would feature an ability to spin the Wii Remote to turn safe handles, and the ability to unearth clues by imitating a digging action.[4]
Reception[edit]
Reception
Review scores
Publication
Score
PC
Wii
Adventure Gamers [10]
Eurogamer 4/10[13]
Game Revolution D+[14]
GameSpot 6.4/10[15]
GameSpy [9]
GameZone 8/10[16] 5/10[17]
IGN 7/10[18] 4.9/10[6]
Nintendo World Report 3.5/10[19]
PC Gamer (US) 73%[20]
VideoGamer.com 6/10[21]
The Times [22]
Aggregate scores
GameRankings 65.36%[23] 54.96%[24]
Metacritic 68/100[25] 50/100[26]
And Then There Were None has received widely varying reviews since its release. Metacritic's weighted average score for the game was 68 out of 100 on the PC and 50 out of 100 on the Wii, indicating "mixed or average reviews", with individual reviews falling between 20% and 90%.[25][26] One aspect of the game which has garnered some criticism are the graphics. 2404 denounced the game's environments, commenting that "there are graphically better games that were made two years ago."[27] An aspect of the game's graphics more heavily criticized was the character models, with GameSpy decrying them, saying: "The 3D models used for Mr. Owen's guests are crude and simplistic, with silly, sausage-like fingers, hair that looks like blocks of wood, lousy animation, poor lip-synching, and bland faces with barely any facial expression."[9]
Adventure Gamers found many faults with the character designs, describing them as ugly, and no more realistic than the characters from Sierra's Gabriel Knight 3, released six years previously.[10] However, Just Adventure commented that the characters are nicely designed, with detailed facial expressions during close-ups, but could have been better by current standards.[28] Opinions on the character voice acting were generally positive: praised by Adventure Gamers for injecting life into the wooden character models,[10] and ICGames commented that the voice acting made the characters convincing.[29] However, GameSpy denounced the game for not allowing readers to skip through dialogue, instead forcing them to sit through hours of spoken words.[9] Sound in And Then There Were None received mixed reactions as well, with Game Chronicles calling the sound decent, with realistic weather and animal sounds.[8] 2404, in contrast, said that the game's music is pleasant and unannoying, but never captures the emotions and tensions in the game.[27]
The puzzle aspects also received varying reactions. Game Over Online called the few puzzles bad, complaining that often the solutions were obscure and illogical, and did not advance the plot.[30] GameSpot criticized the puzzles, saying that the player is "regularly tasked with backtracking back and forth across the island with only a vague notion of what to do in order to progress the story."[15] 2404 was more encouraging, saying that although the game was formulaic, there was a welcome lack of mazes and slider puzzles in the game, making it more accessible to a wider audience.[27]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Winegarner, Beth (February 3, 2005). "First Agatha Christie Game Dated". GameSpot. Archived from the original on November 1, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Laura MacDonald (September 27, 2005). "And Then There Were None - Lee Sheldon and Scott Nixon Interview". Adventure Gamers. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None Ships Into Retail Stores" (Press release). The Adventure Company. October 27, 2005. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Surette, Tim (March 19, 2007). "Agatha Christie clued in on Wii". GameSpot. Archived from the original on June 20, 2007. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None (PC)". GameSpy. Archived from the original on January 4, 2011. Retrieved January 5, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Matt Casamassina (February 29, 2008). "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None Review (Wii)". IGN. Archived from the original on October 7, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None Release Information for Wii". GameFAQs. Archived from the original on January 27, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d [1] Archived October 18, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Allen 'Delsyn' Rausch (December 22, 2005). "GameSpy: Agatha Christie's And Then There Were None (PC)". GameSpy. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Claire Wood (December 12, 2005). "And Then There Were None review". Adventure Gamers. Archived from the original on November 14, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Rosemary Young (February 2005). "And Then There Were None - Interview with Lee Sheldon". Quandary Land. Archived from the original on June 8, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Philip Jong (June 1, 2007). "Scott Nixon". Adventure Classic Gaming. Archived from the original on June 20, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ Oliver Clare (December 16, 2005). "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None (PC)". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on January 30, 2011. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Brian Rowe (April 10, 2008). "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None Review (Wii)". Game Revolution. Archived from the original on November 1, 2014. Retrieved September 29, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Ryan Davis (January 31, 2006). "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None Review (PC)". GameSpot. Archived from the original on November 1, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Anise Hollingshead (November 3, 2005). "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None - PC - Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on October 2, 2008. Retrieved September 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Greg Nicksarlian (March 6, 2008). "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None - WII - Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved September 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ IGN Staff (December 13, 2005). "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None (PC)". IGN. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Les Thomas (April 25, 2008). "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None". Nintendo World Report. Archived from the original on November 1, 2014. Retrieved September 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None". PC Gamer: 110. January 2006.
Jump up ^ Wesley Yin-Poole (February 14, 2008). "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None Review for Wii". VideoGamer.com. Archived from the original on November 1, 2014. Retrieved September 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Tim Wapshott (February 11, 2006). "And Then There Were None (PC)". The Times. Archived from the original on September 29, 2006. Retrieved September 29, 2014. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None for PC". GameRankings. Archived from the original on July 27, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None for Wii". GameRankings. Archived from the original on October 11, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None for PC Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved September 29, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None for Wii Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved September 29, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mark E. Hengst II (December 16, 2005). "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None Review". 2404. Archived from the original on June 16, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ Aya (November 15, 2005). "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None". Just Adventure. Archived from the original on May 4, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ Bill Hartley (March 11, 2006). "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None (PC)". IC-Games. Archived from the original on October 22, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ Carter, Steven (December 5, 2005). "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None (PC)". Game Over Online. Archived from the original on December 17, 2012. Retrieved September 29, 2014.
External links[edit]
Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None official site* at The Adventure Company
Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None at AWE Productions
Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None at MobyGames
[show]
v
t
e
Video games based on Agatha Christie works
Agatha Christie series
And Then There Were None (2005)
Murder on the Orient Express (2006)
Evil Under the Sun (2007)
The ABC Murders (2009)
The ABC Murders (2016)
Other games
The Scoop (1986)
[show]
v
t
e
Agatha Christie's And Then There Were None
Films
And Then There Were None (1945)
Ten Little Indians (1965)
Gumnaam (1965)
Nadu Iravil (1970)
And Then There Were None (1974)
Desyat Negrityat (1987)
Ten Little Indians (1989)
Miniseries
And Then There Were None (2015)
Other
And Then There Were None (play)
Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None (game)
Related
"And Then There Were Fewer"
"Private View"
Ten Little Indians
Something's Afoot
I Know What You Did Last Wednesday
A Stab in the Dark
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A parliamentary system is a system of democratic governance of a state where the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the confidence of the legislative branch, typically a parliament, and is also held accountable to that parliament. In a parliamentary system, the head of state is usually a different person from the head of government. This is in contrast to a presidential system, where the head of state often is also the head of government and, most importantly, the executive branch does not derive its democratic legitimacy from the legislature.
Countries with parliamentary democracies may be constitutional monarchies, where a monarch is the head of state while the head of government is almost always a member of parliament (such as the United Kingdom, Denmark, Sweden and Japan), or parliamentary republics, where a mostly ceremonial president is the head of state while the head of government is regularly from the legislature (such as Ireland, Germany, India and Italy). In a few parliamentary republics, such as Botswana, South Africa, and Suriname, among some others, the head of government is also head of state, but is elected by and is answerable to parliament. In bicameral parliaments, the head of government is generally, though not always, a member of the lower house.
Parliamentarism is the dominant form of government in Europe, with 32 of its 50 sovereign states being parliamentarian. It is also common in the Caribbean, being the form of government of 10 of its 13 island states, and in Oceania. Elsewhere in the world, parliamentary countries are less common, but they are distributed through all continents, most often in former British Empire colonies.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Characteristics
3 Advantages and disadvantages
4 Countries
4.1 Africa
4.2 Americas
4.3 Asia
4.4 Europe
4.5 Pacific
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Further information: History of Parliamentarism
Since ancient times, when societies were tribal, there were councils or a headman whose decisions were assessed by village elders. Eventually these councils have slowly evolved into the modern Parliamentary system.
The first parliaments date back to Europe in the Middle Ages, for example in 1188 Alfonso IX, King of Leon convened the three states in the Cortes of León.[1][2] An early example of parliamentary government developed in today's Netherlands and Belgium during the Dutch revolt (1581), when the sovereign, legislative and executive powers were taken over by the States General of the Netherlands from the then-monarch, King Philip II of Spain.[citation needed] The modern concept of parliamentary government emerged in the Kingdom of Great Britain between 1707–1800 and its contemporary, the Parliamentary System in Sweden between 1721–1772.
In England, Simon de Montfort is remembered as one of the fathers of representative government for holding two famous parliaments.[3][4] The first, in 1258, stripped the King of unlimited authority and the second, in 1265, included ordinary citizens from the towns.[5] Later, in the 17th century, the Parliament of England pioneered some of the ideas and systems of liberal democracy culminating in the Glorious Revolution and passage of the Bill of Rights 1689.[6][7]
In the Kingdom of Great Britain, the monarch, in theory, chaired cabinet and chose ministers. In practice, King George I's inability to speak English led the responsibility for chairing cabinet to go to the leading minister, literally the prime or first minister, Robert Walpole. The gradual democratisation of parliament with the broadening of the voting franchise increased parliament's role in controlling government, and in deciding who the king could ask to form a government. By the nineteenth century, the Great Reform Act of 1832 led to parliamentary dominance, with its choice invariably deciding who was prime minister and the complexion of the government.[8][9]
Other countries gradually adopted what came to be called the Westminster Model of government, with an executive answerable to parliament, but exercising powers nominally vested in the head of state, in the name of the head of state. Hence the use of phrases like Her Majesty's government or His Excellency's government. Such a system became particularly prevalent in older British dominions, many of whom had their constitutions enacted by the British parliament; examples include Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the Irish Free State and the Union of South Africa. Some of these parliaments evolved, were reformed from, or were initially developed as distinct from their original British model: the Australian Senate, for instance, has since its inception more closely reflected the US Senate than the British House of Lords; whereas since 1950 there is no upper house in New Zealand.
Democracy and parliamentarism became increasingly prevalent in Europe in the years after World War I, partially imposed by the democratic victors, Great Britain and France, on the defeated countries and their successors, notably Germany's Weimar Republic and the new Austrian Republic. Nineteenth century urbanisation, industrial revolution and, modernism had already fueled the political left's struggle for democracy and parliamentarism for a long time. In the radicalised times at the end of World War I, democratic reforms were often seen as a means to counter popular revolutionary currents.
Characteristics[edit]
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Further information: Parliamentary procedure
A parliamentary system may be either bicameral, with two chambers of parliament (or houses) or unicameral, with just one parliamentary chamber. In the case of a bicameral parliament, this is usually characterised by an elected lower house that has the power to determine the executive government and an upper house which may be appointed or elected through a different mechanism from the lower house.
Scholars of democracy such as Arend Lijphart distinguish two types of parliamentary democracies: the Westminster and Consensus systems.[10]
The Palace of Westminster in London, United Kingdom. The Westminster system originates from the British Houses of Parliament.
The Reichstag Building in Berlin, Germany. The Consensus system is used in most of Western European countries.
The Westminster system is usually found in the Commonwealth of Nations and countries which were influenced by the British political tradition.[11][12][13] These parliaments tend to have a more adversarial style of debate and the plenary session of parliament is more important than committees. Some parliaments in this model are elected using a plurality voting system (first past the post), such as the United Kingdom, Canada, and India, while others use proportional representation, such as Ireland and New Zealand. The Australian House of Representatives is elected using instant-runoff voting, while the Senate is elected using proportional representation through single transferable vote. Regardless of which system is used, the voting systems tend to allow the voter to vote for a named candidate rather than a closed list.
The Western European parliamentary model (e.g. Spain, Germany) tends to have a more consensual debating system, and usually has semi-circular debating chambers. Consensus systems have more of a tendency to use proportional representation with open party lists than the Westminster Model legislatures. The committees of these Parliaments tend to be more important than the plenary chamber. Some West European countries' parliaments (e.g. in the Netherlands and Sweden) implement the principle of dualism as a form of separation of powers. In countries using this system, Members of Parliament have to resign their place in Parliament upon being appointed (or elected) minister. Ministers in those countries usually actively participate in parliamentary debates, but are not entitled to vote.
Implementations of the parliamentary system can also differ on the manner of how the prime minister and government are appointed and as to whether the government needs the explicit approval of the parliament, rather than just the absence of its disapproval. Some countries such as India also require the prime minister to be a member of the legislature, though in other countries this only exists as a convention.
The head of state appoints a prime minister who will likely have majority support in parliament. While in practice most prime ministers under the Westminster system (including Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand and the United Kingdom) are the leaders of the largest party in parliament, technically the appointment of the prime minister is a prerogative exercised by the monarch, the governor-general, or the president. No parliamentary vote takes place on who is forming a government, but since parliament can immediately defeat the government with a motion of no confidence, the head of state is limited by convention to choosing a candidate who can command the confidence of parliament, and thus has little or no influence in the decision.[citation needed]
The head of state appoints a prime minister who must gain a vote of confidence within a set time. Examples: Italy, Thailand.
The head of state appoints the leader of the political party holding a plurality of seats in parliament as prime minister. For example, in Greece if no party has a majority, the leader of the party with a plurality of seats is given an exploratory mandate to receive the confidence of the parliament within three days. If this is not possible, then the leader of the party with the second highest seat number is given the exploratory mandate. If this fails, then the leader of the third largest party is given it and so on.
The head of state nominates a candidate for prime minister who is then submitted to parliament for approval before appointment. Example: Spain, where the King sends a nomination to parliament for approval. Also, Germany where under the German Basic Law (constitution) the Bundestag votes on a candidate nominated by the federal president. In these cases, parliament can choose another candidate who then would be appointed by the head of state.
Parliament nominates a candidate whom the head of state is constitutionally obliged to appoint as prime minister. Example: Japan, where the Emperor appoints the Prime Minister on the nomination of the Diet. Also, Ireland where the President of Ireland appoints the Taoiseach on the nomination of the Dáil.
A public officeholder (other than the head of state or their representative) nominates a candidate, who, if approved by parliament, is appointed as prime minister. Example: Under the Swedish Instrument of Government (1974), the power to appoint someone to form a government has been moved from the monarch to the Speaker of Parliament and the parliament itself. The speaker nominates a candidate, who is then elected to prime minister (statsminister) by the parliament if an absolute majority of the members of parliament does not vote no (i.e. he can be elected even if more members of parliament vote No than Yes).
Direct election by popular vote. Example: Israel, 1996–2001, where the prime minister was elected in a general election, with no regard to political affiliation, and whose procedure can also be described as of a semi-parliamentary system.[14][15]
Furthermore, there are variations as to what conditions exist (if any) for the government to have the right to dissolve the parliament:
In some countries, such as Denmark, Malaysia, Australia and New Zealand, the prime minister has the de facto power to call an election, at will. This was also the case in the United Kingdom until the passage of the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011.
In Israel, parliament may vote in order to call an election or pass a vote of no confidence against the government.
Other countries only permit an election to be called in the event of a vote of no confidence against the government, a supermajority vote in favour of an early election or prolonged deadlock in parliament. These requirements can still be circumvented. For example, in Germany in 2005, Gerhard Schröder deliberately allowed his government to lose a confidence motion, in order to call an early election.
In Sweden, the government may call a snap election at will, but the newly elected Riksdag is only elected to fill out the previous Riksdag's term. The last time this option was used was in 1958.
Norway is unique among parliamentary systems in that the Storting always serves the whole of its four-year term.
The parliamentary system can be contrasted with a presidential system which operates under a stricter separation of powers, whereby the executive does not form part of, nor is appointed by, the parliamentary or legislative body. In such a system, parliaments or congresses do not select or dismiss heads of governments, and governments cannot request an early dissolution as may be the case for parliaments. There also exists the semi-presidential system that draws on both presidential systems and parliamentary systems by combining a powerful president with an executive responsible to parliament, as for example the French Fifth Republic.
Parliamentarism may also apply to regional and local governments. An example is the city of Oslo, which has an executive council (Byråd) as a part of the parliamentary system.
A few parliamentary democratic nations such as India,[16] Pakistan, and Bangladesh, have enacted an anti-defection law, which prohibits a member of the legislature from switching to another party after being elected. With this law, elected representatives lose their seats in parliament if they vote contrary to the directions of their party.
Advantages and disadvantages[edit]
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One of the commonly attributed advantages to parliamentary systems is that it is faster and easier to pass legislation,[17] as the executive branch is formed by the direct or indirect support of the legislative branch and often includes members of the legislature. Thus the executive (as the majority party or coalition of parties in the legislature) has a majority of the votes, and can pass legislation at will. In a presidential system, the executive is often chosen independently from the legislature. If the executive and the majority of the legislature are from different political parties, then stalemate can occur. Thus the executive might not be able to implement its legislative proposals. An executive in any system (be it parliamentary, presidential or semi-presidential) is chiefly voted into office on the basis of his or her party's platform/manifesto,[citation needed] and the same is also true of the legislature.
In addition to quicker legislative action, parliamentary government has attractive features for nations that are ethnically, racially, or ideologically divided. In a presidential system, all executive power is vested in one person: the president. In a parliamentary system, with a collegial executive, power is more divided. In the 1989 Lebanese Taif Agreement, in order to give Muslims greater political power, Lebanon moved from a semi-presidential system with a strong president[dubious – discuss] to a system more structurally similar to classical parliamentary government. Iraq similarly disdained a presidential system out of fears that such a system would be tantamount to Shiite domination; Afghanistan's minorities refused to go along with a presidency as strong as the Pashtuns desired.[citation needed]
It can also be argued that power is more evenly spread out in parliamentary government.[citation needed] The prime minister is seldom as important as a ruling president.
In his 1867 book The English Constitution, Walter Bagehot praised parliamentary government for producing serious debates, for allowing change in power without an election, and for allowing elections at any time. Bagehot considered the four-year election rule of the United States to be unnatural.
Some scholars like Juan Linz, Fred Riggs, Bruce Ackerman, and Robert Dahl claim that parliamentary government is less prone to authoritarian collapse.[citation needed] These scholars point out that since World War II, two-thirds of Third World countries establishing parliamentary governments successfully made the transition to democracy.[citation needed] By contrast, no Third World presidential system successfully made the transition to democracy without experiencing coups and other constitutional breakdowns.[citation needed]
A recent World Bank study found that parliamentary systems are associated with less corruption.[18]
Some constituencies may have a popular local candidate under an unpopular leader (or the reverse), forcing a difficult choice on the electorate. Mixed-member proportional representation (where voters cast two ballots) can make this choice easier by allowing voters to cast one vote for the local candidate but also cast a second vote for another party.
Although Bagehot praised parliamentary government for allowing an election to take place at any time, the lack of a definite election calendar can be abused. Previously under some systems, such as the British, a ruling party could schedule elections when it felt that it was likely to retain power, and so avoid elections at times of unpopularity. (Election timing in the UK, however, is now partly fixed under the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011.) Thus, by wise timing of elections, in a parliamentary system a party can extend its rule for longer than is feasible in a functioning presidential system. This problem can be alleviated somewhat by setting fixed dates for parliamentary elections, as is the case in several of Australia's state parliaments. In other systems, such as the Dutch and the Belgian, the ruling party or coalition has some flexibility in determining the election date. Conversely, flexibility in the timing of parliamentary elections can avoid periods of legislative gridlock that can occur in a fixed period presidential system.
Critics of the Westminster parliamentary system[who?] point out that people with significant popular support in the community are prevented from becoming prime minister if they cannot get elected to parliament since there is no option to "run for prime minister" as one can run for president under a presidential system. Additionally, prime ministers may lose their positions if they lose their seats in parliament, even though they may still be popular nationally. Supporters of parliamentary government respond by saying that as members of parliament, prime ministers are elected first to represent their electoral constituents and if they lose their support then consequently they are no longer entitled to be prime minister.[citation needed]
Countries[edit]
Statue of President Nelson Mandela of South Africa in Parliament Square, London
Main article: List of countries by system of government § Parliamentary systems
Africa[edit]
Country
Connection between legislative and executive branch
Botswana Parliament of Botswana elects the President who appoints the Cabinet
Ethiopia Federal Parliamentary Assembly appoints the Council of Ministers
Mauritius National Assembly appoints the Cabinet of Mauritius
Somalia Federal Parliament of Somalia elects the President who appoints the Prime Minister
South Africa Parliament of South Africa elects the President who appoints the Cabinet
Americas[edit]
Parliament of Canada
Country
Connection between legislative and executive branch
Antigua and Barbuda Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the House of Representatives of Antigua and Barbuda is appointed Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda by the Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda, who then appoints the Cabinet of Antigua and Barbuda on the advice of the Prime Minister
Bahamas, The Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the House of Assembly of the Bahamas is appointed Prime Minister of the Bahamas by the Governor-General of the Bahamas, who then appoints the Cabinet of the Bahamas on the advice of the Prime Minister
Barbados Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the House of Assembly of Barbados is appointed Prime Minister of Barbados by the Governor-General of Barbados, who then appoints the Cabinet of Barbados on the advice of the Prime Minister
Belize Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the House of Representatives of Belize is appointed Prime Minister of Belize by the Governor-General of Belize, who then appoints the Cabinet of Belize on the advice of the Prime Minister
Canada Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the House of Commons of Canada is appointed Prime Minister of Canada by the Governor General of Canada, who then appoints the Cabinet of Canada on the advice of the Prime Minister
Dominica Parliament approves the Cabinet of Dominica
Grenada Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the House of Representatives of Grenada is appointed Prime Minister of Grenada by the Governor-General of Grenada, who then appoints the Cabinet of Grenada on the advice of the Prime Minister
Jamaica Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the House of Representatives of Jamaica is appointed Prime Minister of Jamaica by the Governor-General of Jamaica, who then appoints the Cabinet of Jamaica on the advice of the Prime Minister
Saint Kitts and Nevis Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the National Assembly of Saint Kitts and Nevis is appointed Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis by the Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis, who then appoints the Cabinet of Saint Kitts and Nevis on the advice of the Prime Minister
Saint Lucia Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the House of Assembly of Saint Lucia is appointed Prime Minister of Saint Lucia by the Governor-General of Saint Lucia, who then appoints the Cabinet of Saint Lucia on the advice of the Prime Minister
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the House of Assembly of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is appointed Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines by the Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, who then appoints the Cabinet of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines on the advice of the Prime Minister
Suriname National Assembly elects the President, who appoints the Cabinet of Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago approves the Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago
Asia[edit]
Sansad Bhavan, parliament building of India, India
Council of Representatives of Iraq
Knesset of Israel in Jerusalem
Parliament of Malaysia
Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban of Bangladesh
Country
Connection between legislative and executive branch
Bangladesh Jatiyo Sangshad approves the Cabinet of Bangladesh
Bhutan Parliament of Bhutan approves the Lhengye Zhungtshog
Cambodia Parliament of Cambodia approves the Council of Ministers
India President of India appoints the leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the Lok Sabha as Prime Minister of India, who then forms the Cabinet of India
Iraq Council of Representatives approves the Cabinet of Iraq
Israel Leader of the political party with the most Knesset seats in the governing coalition is appointed Prime Minister of Israel by the President of Israel. The Prime Minister then appoints the Cabinet of Israel.
Japan National Diet nominates the Prime Minister who appoints the Cabinet of Japan
Kuwait National Assembly approves the Crown Prince who appoints the Prime Minister who appoints the Cabinet of Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan Supreme Council approves the Cabinet of Kyrgyzstan
Lebanon Parliament of Lebanon approves the Cabinet of Lebanon
Malaysia Parliament of Malaysia appoints the Cabinet of Malaysia
Myanmar Assembly of the Union, by an electoral college, elects the President who forms the Cabinet of Myanmar
Nepal Parliament of Nepal elects the Prime Minister who, by turn, appoints the Cabinet of Nepal
Pakistan Parliament of Pakistan appoints the Cabinet of Pakistan
Singapore Parliament of Singapore approves the Cabinet of Singapore
Thailand The Monarch appoints the MP nominated by in the House of Representatives (usually the leader of the largest party or coalition) as Prime Minister, who forms the Cabinet of Thailand. Under the current junta, the appointee is nominated by the National Legislative Assembly.
Europe[edit]
The administrative building of the Albanian Parliament
Country
Connection between legislative and executive branch
Albania Parliament of Albania approves the Cabinet of Albania
Andorra
Austria National Council can dismiss the Cabinet of Austria through a motion of no confidence
Belgium Federal Parliament approves the Cabinet of Belgium
Bulgaria National Assembly appoints the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria
Croatia Croatian Parliament approves President of Government and the Cabinet nominated by him/her.
Czech Republic President of the Czech Republic appoints the leader of the largest party or coalition in the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament as Prime Minister, who forms the Cabinet. The Prime Minister must gain vote of confidence by the Chamber of Deputies.
Denmark The Monarch appoints, based on recommendations from the leaders of the parties in Folketinget, the cabinet leader who is most likely to successfully assemble a Cabinet which will not be disapproved by a majority in Folketinget.
Estonia Riigikogu elects the Prime Minister candidate nominated by the President of the Republic (normally this candidate is the leader of the parliamentary coalition of parties). The Government of the Republic of Estonia is later appointed by the President of the Republic under proposal of the approved Prime Minister candidate. The Riigikogu may remove the Prime Minister and any other member of the government through a motion of no confidence.
Finland Parliament of Finland appoints the Cabinet of Finland
Germany Bundestag elects the Federal Chancellor (after nomination from the President of Germany), who forms the Cabinet
Greece Hellenic Parliament approves the Cabinet of Greece
Hungary National Assembly approves the Cabinet of Hungary
Iceland The President of Iceland appoints and discharges the Cabinet of Iceland. Ministers can not even resign without being discharged by presidential decree.
Ireland Dáil Éireann nominates the Taoiseach, who is then appointed by the President of Ireland
Italy Italian Parliament grants and revokes its confidence in the Cabinet of Italy, appointed by the President of Italy
Kosovo Assembly of Kosovo appoints the Government of Kosovo
Latvia Saeima appoints the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg Chamber of Deputies appoints the Cabinet of Luxembourg
Macedonia Assembly approves the Government of Macedonia
Malta House of Representatives appoints the Cabinet of Malta
Moldova Parliament of Moldova appoints the Cabinet of Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro Parliament of Montenegro appoints the Government of Montenegro
Netherlands Second Chamber of the States-General can dismiss the Cabinet of the Netherlands through a motion of no confidence
Norway The Monarch appoints the MP leading the largest party or coalition in Stortinget as Prime Minister, who forms the Cabinet
San Marino
Serbia National Assembly appoints the Government of Serbia
Slovakia National Council approves the Government of Slovakia
Slovenia National Assembly appoints the Government of Slovenia
Spain The Congress of Deputies elects the President of the Government, who forms the Cabinet
Sweden The Riksdag elects the Prime Minister, who in turn appoints the other members of the Government
Switzerland A United Federal Assembly elects the members of the Swiss Federal Council
Turkey Grand National Assembly approves the Cabinet of Turkey
United Kingdom The Monarch appoints the MP leading the largest party or coalition in the House of Commons as Prime Minister, who forms the Cabinet
Pacific[edit]
Parliament of Australia
Parliament of New Zealand
National Parliament of Papua New Guinea
Country
Connection between legislative and executive branch
Australia Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the Australian House of Representatives is appointed Prime Minister of Australia by the Governor-General of Australia, who then appoints the Cabinet of Australia on the advice of the Prime Minister
New Zealand Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the New Zealand Parliament is appointed Prime Minister of New Zealand by the Governor-General of New Zealand, who then appoints the Cabinet of New Zealand on the advice of the Prime Minister
Papua New Guinea Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the National Parliament is appointed Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea by the Governor-General of Papua New Guinea, who then appoints the Cabinet of Papua New Guinea on the advice of the Prime Minister
Samoa Legislative Assembly appoints the Cabinet of Samoa
Vanuatu Parliament of Vanuatu appoints the Cabinet of Vanuatu
See also[edit]
Parliamentary republic
Semi-parliamentary system
Semi-presidential system
Presidential system
List of countries by system of government
List of legislatures by country
Parliament in the Making
Parliamentary leader
Rule according to higher law
Rule of law
Law reform
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Decreta of León of 1188 - The oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system". UNESCO Memory of the World. 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
Jump up ^ John Keane: The Life and Death of Democracy, London 2009, 169-176.
Jump up ^ Jobson, Adrian (2012). The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War. Bloomsbury. pp. 173–4. ISBN 978-1-84725-226-5.
Jump up ^ "Simon de Montfort: The turning point for democracy that gets overlooked". BBC. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015 ; "The January Parliament and how it defined Britain". The Telegraph. 20 January 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Norgate, Kate (1894). "Montfort, Simon of (1208?-1265)". In Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 38. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Jump up ^ Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark; Hanson, Stephen E., eds. (2014). Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order (4, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–9. ISBN 1139991388. Britain pioneered the system of liberal democracy that has now spread in one form or another to most of the world's countries
Jump up ^ "Constitutionalism: America & Beyond". Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP), U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014. The earliest, and perhaps greatest, victory for liberalism was achieved in England. The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th, and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and, eventually, of the House of Commons. What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law (although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism). This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages. What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced. Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects.... However, as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights, the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property (in the narrow sense) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth. The "rights of man" enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England, notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
Jump up ^ Dr Andrew Blick and Professor George Jones — No 10 guest historian series, Prime Ministers and No. 10 (1 January 2012). "The Institution of Prime Minister". Government of the United Kingdom: History of Government Blog. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Carter, Byrum E. (2015) [1955]. "The Historical Development of the Office of Prime Minister". Office of the Prime Minister. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400878260.
Jump up ^ Lijphart, Arend (1999). Patterns of democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Jump up ^ Julian Go (2007). "A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945-2000". In Arjomand, Saïd Amir. Constitutionalism and political reconstruction. Brill. pp. 92–94. ISBN 9004151745.
Jump up ^ "How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World". University of Cambridge. 2 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Seidle, F. Leslie; Docherty, David C. (2003). Reforming parliamentary democracy. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780773525085.
Jump up ^ Duverger, Maurice (September 1996). "Les monarchies républicaines" [The crowned republics] (PDF). Pouvoirs, revue française d’études constitutionnelles et politiques (in French). No. 78. Paris: Éditions du Seuil. pp. 107–120. ISBN 2-02-030123-7. ISSN 0152-0768. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Frosini, Justin Orlando (2008). Ferrari, Giuseppe Franco, ed. Forms of State and Forms of Government. Giuffrè Editore. pp. 54–55. ISBN 9788814143885. Retrieved 13 November 2016 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "ANTI-DEFECTION LAW: A DEATH KNELL FOR PARLIAMENTARY DISSENT?" (PDF). NUJS Law Review. Mar 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
Jump up ^ T. St. John N. Bates (1986), "Parliament, Policy and Delegated Power" (PDF), Statute Law Review, Oxford: Oxford University Press
Jump up ^ Lederman, Daniel; Loayza, Norman; Soares, Rodrigo. "Accountability and Corruption: Political Institutions Matter"
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values: نظام برلماني – Arabic

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