text:
Casabianca (poem)
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"Casabianca" is a poem by the English poet Felicia Dorothea Hemans, first published in the New Monthly Magazine for August 1826.
The poem starts:
The boy stood on the burning deck
Whence all but he had fled;
The flame that lit the battle's wreck
Shone round him o'er the dead.
It is written in ballad meter, rhyming abab.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Narrative
3 Cultural impact
4 Parody
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The poem commemorates an actual incident that occurred in 1798 during the Battle of the Nile aboard the French ship Orient. The young son Giocante (his age is variously given as ten, twelve and thirteen) of commander Louis de Casabianca remained at his post and perished when the flames caused the magazine to explode.
Narrative[edit]
In Hemans' and other tellings of the story, young Casabianca refuses to desert his post without orders from his father. (It is sometimes said, rather improbably, that he heroically set fire to the magazine to prevent the ship's capture by the British.) It's said that he was seen by British sailors on ships attacking from both sides but how any other details of the incident are known beyond the bare fact of the boy's death, is not clear. Hemans, not purporting to offer a history, but rather a poem inspired by the facts, writes:
Yet beautiful and bright he stood,
As born to rule the storm;
A creature of heroic blood,
A proud though childlike form.
The flames rolled on;he would not go
Without his Father's word;
That father, faint in death below,
His voice no longer heard.
Hemans has him repeatedly, and heart-rendingly, calling to his father for instructions: "'Say, Father, say/If yet my task is done;'" "'Speak, father!' once again he cried/'If I may yet be gone!;'" and "shouted but once more aloud/'My father! must I stay?'" Alas, there is, of course, no response.
She concludes by commending the performances of both ship and boy:
With shroud, and mast, and pennon fair,
That well had born their part—
But the noblest thing which perished there
Was that young, faithful heart.
Cultural impact[edit]
This poem was a staple of elementary school readers in the United Kingdom and the United States over a period of about a century spanning, roughly the 1850s through the 1950s. It is today remembered mostly as a tag line and as a topic of parodies.[1] Perhaps to justify its embedding in English-speaking culture, modern editors[2][3] often claim French poets also celebrated the event - notably André Chenier and Ecouchard Lebrun - apparently without noticing that the former was executed four years before the Battle of the Nile, so could not have written about these events. These claims for literary pedigree appear spurious.
McGuffey's New Fourth Eclectic Reader (1866) takes this poem as the topic of Lesson LV. After urging the reader to "Utter distinctly each consonant: terrible, thunders, brave, distant, progress, trust, mangled, burning, bright," it introduces and presents the poem, following it with a set of questions: "What is this story about? Who was Casabianca? By whose side did he stand in the midst of battle? What happened to his father? What took fire? What did the sailors begin to do? What did the little boy do? Why did he stand there amid so much danger? What became of him?"
In the 1961 British sci-fi/ black comedy "The Day the Earth Caught Fire", Peter Stenning (Edward Judd) recites the famous opening line as he reports to work on what could well turn out to be doomsday.
A character in Samuel Butler's The Way of All Flesh draws an unorthodox moral from the poem:
Then he thought of Casabianca. He had been examined in that poem by his father not long before. 'When only would he leave his position? To whom did he call? Did he get an answer? Why? How many times did he call upon his father? What happened to him? What was the noblest life that perished there? Do you think so? Why do you think so?' And all the rest of it. Of course he thought Casabianca's was the noblest life that perished there; there could be no two opinions about that; it never occurred to him that the moral of the poem was that young people cannot begin too soon to exercise discretion in the obedience they pay to their papa and mamma.
A version of the poem by American poet Elizabeth Bishop refers to elements of Hemans's original work as an allegory for love.[4]
In History of the Voice: The Development of Nation Language in Anglophone Caribbean Poetry (1984), Kamau Brathwaite alludes to the poem as an example of imperial education and hopes those who have had to recite its lines will be able to express themselves in 'nation language' (Caribbean patois) instead of 'imposed' language and poetry.
The first line of the poem serves as the title and the inspiration for the short story "The Boy Stood on the Burning Deck" by C. S. Forester. In this version the hero, Ed Jones, remains at his station aboard the fictitious USS Boon during the Battle of Midway. A fire started in the bilge beneath his station in the engine room, but Jones remained at his station slowly roasting while the battle rages. At the conclusion of the battle he is relieved by a damage control party. Burned, he nonetheless survives the war.[5]
The story is referenced in Bram Stoker's Dracula. In chapter VII, in a newspaper account of the great storm, the dead pilot of the ship Demeter is compared to "the young Casabianca." (Stoker, Bram. Dracula. 1897).
The poem is referenced in Ian Fleming's Moonraker. When Commander James Bond intends to set the moonraker on fire in a suicide action, he tells his accomplice, Gala, with a cynical tone, "The boy stood on the burning deck. I've wanted to copy him since I was five."
The poem is recited in Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, by character Peter Guillam, after the "safe-house" used by the mole is discovered and inspected. Guillam seems to do this in order for others to test the planted microphone, although this isn't explicitly stated.
The opening line is quoted by the character Sergeant Major Jonas Blane, as he prepares his team member for a difficult task ahead of them, "The boy stood on the burning deck...that'd be us!" in the TV drama The Unit (Season 4, Episode 16, "Hill 60").
In the sitcom Gilligan's Island Season 2, Episode 15, "Erika Tiffany Smith to the Rescue," as the Skipper (Alan Hale, Jr.) prepares to express his affection for Erika Tiffany Smith (Zsa Zsa Gabor) with poetry, he parodies the opening line, "The boy stood on the burning deck, his feet were filled with blisters!"
In the BBC Radio 4 sitcom Cabin Pressure Series 1, Episode 6, "Fitton," Douglas (Roger Allam) makes fun of Martin (Benedict Cumberbatch) by parodying the opening line of the poem, "The boy stood on the burning deck, whence all but he had fled!", which is immediately followed up by "His heart was in his mouth but, lo! His cap was on his head!" from Carolyn (Stephanie Cole).
Parody[edit]
Generations of disrespectful schoolchildren, perhaps in accord with Butler's way of thinking, have created parodies. One, recalled by Martin Gardner, editor of Best Remembered Poems, went:
The boy stood on the burning deck,
The flames 'round him did roar;
He found a bar of Ivory Soap
And washed himself ashore.
Spike Milligan also parodied the opening of the poem:[6]
The boy stood on the burning deck
Whence all but he had fled -
Twit!
Eric Morecambe created another parody:
The boy stood on the burning deck
His lips were all a-quiver
He gave a cough, his leg fell off
And floated down the river.

The boy stood on the burning deck
His feet were full of blisters
He climbed aloft, his pants fell off
And now he wears his sister's.
-WT Byrd
The boy stood on the burning deck,
Picking his nose like mad.
He was rolling it up in little balls,
and throwing them at his dad.
(Anon)
The boy stood on the burning deck
Playing a game of cricket
The ball rolled up his trouser leg
And hit his middle wicket.
(Anon)
The boy stood on the burning deck
He quivered like a jelly
A flame came through a crack in the deck
And burnt up all his belly.
(North-east variation)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Why We Should Memorize". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
Jump up ^ ""Victorian Literature: an Anthology" (ed. Shea & Whitla)". Retrieved 2015-11-04.
Jump up ^ ""Victorian Parlour Poetry" Michael Turner". Retrieved 2015-11-04.
Jump up ^ "Elizabeth Bishop | "Casabianca" | poetry archive". plagiarist.com. 2002-03-02. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
Jump up ^ C. S. Forester, "The Boy Stood on the Burning Deck", from The Man in the Yellow Raft. Short Stories (1969), reprinted in The Oxford Book of Sea Stories, ed. Tony Tanner (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
Jump up ^ "Simply Spike — Michael Palin remembers Spike Milligan". The Guardian. London. 2002-02-28. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
External links[edit]
Full text of the poem at UPenn's Celebration of Women Writers
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Hot cross bun
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the food. For the nursery rhyme, see Hot Cross Buns.
Hot cross bun
Homemade hot cross buns
Type
Spiced bun
Place of origin
United Kingdom
Main ingredients
currants or raisins
Cookbook: Hot cross bun Media: Hot cross bun
A hot cross bun is a spiced sweet bun made with currants or raisins, marked with a cross on the top, and traditionally eaten on Good Friday in the British Isles, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa and some parts of the Americas. The cake marks the end of Lent and different parts of the hot cross bun have a certain meaning, including the cross representing the crucifixion of Jesus, and the spices inside signifying the spices used to embalm him at his burial.[1][2] They are now available all year round in some places.[3] Hot cross buns may go on sale in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand as early as New Year's Day[4] or after Christmas.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Traditions
3 Other versions
4 The cross
5 See also
6 References
History[edit]
In many historically Christian countries, plain buns made without dairy products (forbidden in Lent until Palm Sunday) are traditionally eaten hot or toasted during Lent, beginning with the evening of Shrove Tuesday (the evening before Ash Wednesday) to midday Good Friday.
The ancient Greeks may have marked cakes with a cross.[6]
One theory is that the Hot Cross Bun originates from St Albans, where Brother Thomas Rocliffe, a 14th Century monk at St Albans Abbey, developed a similar recipe called an 'Alban Bun' and distributed the bun to the local poor on Good Friday, starting in 1361.[7]
In the time of Elizabeth I of England (1592), the London Clerk of Markets issued a decree forbidding the sale of hot cross buns and other spiced breads, except at burials, on Good Friday, or at Christmas. The punishment for transgressing the decree was forfeiture of all the forbidden product to the poor. As a result of this decree, hot cross buns at the time were primarily made in home kitchens. Further attempts to suppress the sale of these items took place during the reign of James I of England/James VI of Scotland (1603–1625).[8] The first definite record of hot cross buns comes from a London street cry: "Good Friday comes this month, the old woman runs. With one or two a penny hot cross buns", which appeared in Poor Robin's Almanack for 1733.[9] Food historian Ivan Day states, "The buns were made in London during the 18th century. But when you start looking for records or recipes earlier than that, you hit nothing."[3]
Traditions[edit]
An 1884 advertisement announcing the sale of hot cross buns for Good Friday in a Hawaiian newspaper.
English folklore includes many superstitions surrounding hot cross buns. One of them says that buns baked and served on Good Friday will not spoil or grow mouldy during the subsequent year. Another encourages keeping such a bun for medicinal purposes. A piece of it given to someone ill is said to help them recover.[10] If taken on a sea voyage, hot cross buns are said to protect against shipwreck. If hung in the kitchen, they are said to protect against fires and ensure that all breads turn out perfectly. The hanging bun is replaced each year.[10]
Other versions[edit]
In the United Kingdom, the major supermarkets produce variations on the traditional recipe such as toffee, orange-cranberry, and apple-cinnamon.[3]
In Australia and New Zealand, a chocolate version of the bun has become popular; coffee-flavoured buns are also sold in some Australian bakeries.[11] They generally contain the same mixture of spices, but chocolate chips are used instead of currants. There are also sticky date and caramel versions, as well as mini versions of the chocolate and traditional bun.[12]
The not cross bun is a variation on the hot cross bun. It uses the same ingredients but instead of having a "cross" on top, it has a smiley face in reference to it being "not cross" in the sense of not angry. The not cross bun was first sold commercially in 2014 by an Australian bakery, Ferguson Plarre Bakehouses, in response to supermarkets selling hot cross buns as early as Boxing Day (26 December).[13]
In the Czech Republic, mazanec is a similar cake or sweet bread eaten at Easter. It often has a cross marked on top.[14]
In the Bremen area in northern Germany, a "Hedwig" (lower Saxon: heet week) was an ancient Shrove Tuesday meal. On Shrove Tuesday, the top of a Hedwig was cut off and the Hedwig was filled with a tablespoon of hot butter and cinnamon-powder. The top was put back again and the Hedwig was served in a soup plate filled with hot milk or cream. Lastly, a tablespoon of cinnamon-sugar was mulled over the Hedwig, then eaten with a tablespoon. Today, a Hedwig is the sweet part of a Sunday breakfast in northern Germany.
In Frisia, the northern part of the Netherlands, there are "Hite wigge". They are very close to the original hot cross bun and Bremen's Hedwig. The Netherlands also has "krentenbollen", which are similar but do not have the cross on top.
The cross[edit]
Hot cross buns with the cross made with cuts
The traditional method for making the cross on top of the bun is to use shortcrust pastry;[15][16] however, more recently recipes have recommended a paste consisting of flour and water.[17]
See also[edit]
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Cookbook:Hot Cross Bun
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hot cross buns.
Bath bun
Fruit bun
Sally Lunn bun
List of British breads
List of buns
List of foods with religious symbolism
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Turner, Ina; Taylor, Ina (1999). Christianity. Nelson Thornes. p. 50. ISBN 9780748740871. To mark the end of the Lent fast Christians eat hot cross buns. These have a special meaning. The cross in the middle shows how Jesus died. Spices inside remind Christians of the spices put on the body of Jesus. Sweet fruits in the bun show that Christians no longer have to eat plain foods.
Jump up ^ Fakes, Dennis R. (1 January 1994). Exploring Our Lutheran Liturgy. CSS Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 9781556735967. Since people often gave up meat during Lent, bread became one of the staples of Lent. Bakers even began making dough pretzels--a knotted length of dough that referente a a tutto a Christian praying, with arms crossed and hands placed on opposite shoulders. Hot cross buns are popular during Lent. The cross of course reminds the eater of Christ's cross.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rohrer, Finlo (1 April 2010). "BBC - How did hot cross buns become two a penny?". BBC News. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hot Cross Buns on sale already". au.tv.yahoo.com. 4 January 2012. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Dodd, Kate (3 January 2014). "Easter's come early: hot cross buns already on shelves". The Toowoomba Chronicle. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Who Were The First To Cry "Hot Cross Buns?"". The New York Times. 31 March 1912. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "The City of St Albans Claims the Original Hot Cross Bun". St Albans Cathedral.
Jump up ^ David, Elizabeth (1980). "Yeast Buns and Small Tea Cakes". English Bread and Yeast Cookery. New York: The Viking Press. pp. 473–474. ISBN 0670296538.
Jump up ^ Charles Hindley (2011). "A History of the Cries of London: Ancient and Modern". p. 218. Cambridge University Press,
^ Jump up to: a b "Hot Cross Buns". Practically Edible: The Web's Biggest Food Encyclopedia. Practically Edible. Archived from the original on 3 April 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Easter Baking: Hot Cross Buns". jeanniebayb.livejournal.com. 24 March 2008. Archived from the original on 5 April 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "Yummy Hot Cross Buns". Woolworths (Australia). Retrieved 30 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Baker launches war on supermarkets' early hot cross bun sales". Good Food. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Easter in Czech Republic". iloveindia.com. Retrieved 7 December 2007.
Jump up ^ Berry, Mary (1996). Mary Berry's Complete Cookbook (First edition (2nd reprint) ed.). Godalming, Surrey: Dorling Kindersley. p. 386. ISBN 1858335671.
Jump up ^ Smith, Delia (1986). Delia Smith's Cookery Course (First edition (8th reprint) ed.). London: British Broadcasting Corporation. p. 62. ISBN 0563162619.
Jump up ^ "The Great British Bake-off: Paul Holywood's Hot Cross Bun", Easy Cook (magazine) (60), p. 38, April 2013
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