text:
John Doe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see John Doe (disambiguation).
"Jane Doe" redirects here. For other uses, see Jane Doe (disambiguation).
Headstones marking the final resting place of four unknown people indicated by the names John Doe and Jane Doe, Pima County Cemetery, Tucson, Arizona.
"John Doe" , "John Roe" or "Richard Roe" (for men), "Jane Doe" or "Jane Roe" (for women), and "Baby Doe", "Janie Doe" or "Johnny Doe" (for children), or just "Doe" or "Roe" are multiple-use names that have two distinct usages. Firstly, and especially in the United States, Canada and Ireland, they may refer to an unidentified person, or a party in a legal action whose identity is being withheld officially.[1][2] In the context of law enforcement in the United States, such names are often used to refer to a corpse whose identity is unknown or unconfirmed. Secondly, such names are also often used to refer to a hypothetical "everyman" in other contexts, in a manner similar to "John Q. Public" or "Joe Public".
In other English-speaking countries, unique placeholder names, numbers and/or codenames have become more often used in the context of police investigations. This has included the United Kingdom, where usage of "John Doe" originated during the Middle Ages. However, the legal term John Doe injunction (or John Doe Order),[3] has survived in English law and other legal systems influenced by it. Other names used informally such as "Joe Bloggs" or "John Smith" have sometimes been informally used as placeholders for an everyman in the UK, Australia and New Zealand, such names are seldom used in legal or police circles in the same sense as John Doe.
Well-known legal cases named after placeholders include:
the landmark 1973 US Supreme Court decision regarding abortion: Roe v. Wade (1973) and;
the civil cases Doe dem. John Hurrell Luscombe v Yates, Hawker, and Mudge (1822) 5 B. & Ald. 544 (England; 1822),[4] McKeogh v. John Doe (Ireland; 2012)[2] and Uber Technologies, Inc. v. Doe I (California; 2015).[5]
Use of "John Doe" in the sense of an everyman, includes:
the 1941 film Meet John Doe and;
the 2002 US television series John Doe.
Use of "Jane Doe" in the sense of an unidentified corpse, includes:
the 2016 film The Autopsy of Jane Doe.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Other variants
3 Famous court cases
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Under the legal terminology of Ancient Rome, the names "Numerius Negidius" and "Aulus Agerius" were used in relation to hypothetical defendants and plaintiffs.[citation needed]
The name "John Doe" (or "John Doo"), "Richard Roe," along with "John Roe", were regularly invoked in English legal instruments to satisfy technical requirements governing standing and jurisdiction, beginning perhaps as early as the reign of England's King Edward III (1327–1377).[6] Other fictitious names for a person involved in litigation in medieval English law were "John Noakes" (or "Nokes") and "John-a-Stiles" (or "John Stiles").[7]
The Oxford English Dictionary states that John Doe is "the name given to the fictitious lessee of the plaintiff, in the (now obsolete in the UK) mixed action of ejectment, the fictitious defendant being called Richard Roe".[citation needed]
This usage is mocked in the 1834 English song "John Doe and Richard Roe":
Two giants live in Britain's land,
John Doe and Richard Roe,
Who always travel hand in hand,
John Doe and Richard Roe.
Their fee-faw-fum's an ancient plan
To smell the purse of an Englishman,
And, 'ecod, they'll suck it all they can,
John Doe and Richard Roe ...[8]
This particular use became obsolete in the UK in 1852:
As is well known, the device of involving real people as notional lessees and ejectors was used to enable freeholders to sue the real ejectors. These were then replaced by the fictional characters John Doe and Richard Roe. Eventually the medieval remedies were (mostly) abolished by the Real Property Limitation Act of 1833; the fictional characters of John Doe and Richard Roe by the Common Law Procedure Act 1852; and the forms of action themselves by the Judicature Acts 1873–75."
Secretary of State for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (Respondent) v Meier and another(FC) (Appellant) and others and another (FC)(Appellant) and another (2009).[9]
In the UK, usage of "John Doe" survives mainly in the form of John Doe Injunction or John Doe Order (see above).
8.02 If an unknown person has possession of the confidential personal information and is threatening to disclose it, a 'John Doe' injunction may be sought against that person. The first time this form of injunction was used since 1852 in the United Kingdom was in 2005 when lawyers acting for JK Rowling and her publishers obtained an interim order against an unidentified person who had offered to sell chapters of a stolen copy of an unpublished Harry Potter novel to the media.[10]
Unlike the United States, the name "John Doe" does not actually appear in the formal name of the case, for example: X & Y v Persons Unknown [2007] HRLR 4.[11]
Well-known cases of unidentified corpses include "Cali Doe" (1979) and "Princess Doe" (1982). The baby victim in a 2001 murder case in Kansas City, Missouri, was referred to as Precious Doe.[12]
In 2009, the New York Times reported the difficulties and unwanted attention experienced by a man actually named John Doe, who had often been suspected of using a pseudonym. He had been questioned repeatedly by airport security staff and suspected of being an incognito celebrity.[13]
Other variants[edit]
In cases where a large number of unidentified individuals are mentioned, numbers may be appended, such as "Doe #2" or "Doe II". Operation Delego (2009), which targeted an international child sexual abuse ring, cited 21 numbered "John Does", as well as other people known by the surnames "Doe", "Roe", and "Poe".
"John Stiles", "Richard Miles" have been used for the third and fourth participants in an action. "Mary Major" has been used in some federal cases in the US.[14] "James Doe" and "Judy Doe" are among other common variants.
Less often, other surnames ending in -oe have been used when more than two unknown or unidentified persons are named in U.S. court proceedings, e.g., Poe v. Snyder, 834 F.Supp.2d 721 (W. D. Mich. 2011),[15] whose full style is
Jane Poe, John Doe, Richard Roe, Robert Roe, Mark Moe, Larry Loe, Degage Ministries, and Mel Trotter Ministries, Plaintiffs, v. Rick Snyder, Governor of the State of Michigan, Bill Schuette, Attorney General of the State of Michigan, Kriste Etue, Director of the Michigan State Police, William Forsyth, Kent County Prosecutor, in their official capacities, Defendants and;
Friedman v. Ferguson, No. 87-3758, unpublished disposition, 850 F.2d 689 (4th Cir., 29 June 1988),[16] whose full style is
Wilbur H. Friedman, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Thomas B. FERGUSON, Director, Department of Animal Control, a State Actor, In His Official and Individual Capacities; Brett Boe; Carla Coe; Donna Doe; Frank Foe; Grace Goe; Harry Hoe; State Actors, Advisors To Defendant Ferguson, In Their Official and Individual Capacities (identities currently unknown); Marta Moe; Norma Noe; Paula Poe; Ralph Roe; Sammy Soe; Tommy Toe; Private Individuals Who Conspired With the Foregoing State Actors (identities currently unknown); Roger W. Galvin, Chairman, Animal Matters Hearing Board; Vince Voe; William Woe; Xerxes Xoe; Members of the Animal Matters Hearing Board, State Actors, In Their Official and Individual Capacities (identities currently unknown), Defendants-Appellees.[17]
In Massachusetts, "Mary Moe" is used to refer to pregnant women under the age of 18 petitioning the Superior Court for a judicial bypass exception to the parental consent requirement for abortion.[18] "Mary Moe" is also used to refer to such cases generally, i.e. "Mary Moe cases." Sometimes "Mary Doe" may be used for the individuals.
Parallels in other countries include:
"Ashok Kumar" has been used in court cases in India;[19]
the abbreviation N.N., which is commonly used in European legal systems, as an abbreviation for Latin terms such as
nomen nescio ("I do not know the name") in Belgium, Germany, Italy and Serbia and;
nomen nominandum ("the name must be mentioned") in the Netherlands.
Since 1903 a hypothetical "ordinary and reasonable person" has often been known, in the legal parlance of the UK and other Commonwealth countries as "the man on the Clapham omnibus".[20][21]
Famous court cases[edit]
The landmark 1973 abortion cases Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton get their names from anonymous plaintiffs later revealed to be, respectively, Norma McCorvey and Sandra Cano.
A Toronto woman, publicly known only as Jane Doe, waged an 11-year court battle against the Toronto Police Service after being raped in 1986, alleging that the police had used her as bait to catch the Balcony Rapist. She won the case in 1998, and was named Chatelaine's Woman of the Year that year.[22] She published a book about her experience, The Story of Jane Doe: A Book about Rape, in 2003.
A Doe subpoena is an investigatory tool that a plaintiff may use to seek the identity of an unknown defendant. Doe subpoenas are often served on online service providers and ISPs to obtain the identity of the author of an anonymous post.[23]
Serial killer Richard Laurence Marquette confessed to the murder of an unknown woman identified only as Jane Doe.
File sharing websites were blocked in India on 21 July 2011 on some ISPs including Bharti Airtel, BSNL, and Reliance Communications, because Reliance BIG Pictures got a "John Doe" order from Delhi High Court allowing them to serve cease and desist notices on people illegally redistributing the film Singham.[24] This allegedly brought down copyright infringement of the film by 30%.
On 29 August 2011 Reliance Entertainment procured a 'John Doe' order from the Delhi High Court to prevent the illegal broadcast or streaming of its upcoming film Bodyguard. This order gives protection to the intellectual property owner, Reliance Entertainment, from copyright violation by prospective anonymous offenders.[25]
The use and selection of pseudonyms is not standardized in U.S. courts and the practice itself is opposed on legal grounds by some and was rare prior to 1969.
"Currently there are no court rules about pseudonym use. The rules of civil procedure,...are silent on the matter..." "Rule of Civil Procedure 10(a) reads, '...In the complaint, the title of the action shall include the names of all the parties . . . .' The rule contains no guidance as to what parties should do to keep their names confidential."[26]
"Prior to... 1969, only one Supreme Court case, three court of appeals' decisions, and one district court decision in the previous quarter-century featured an anonymous individual as the sole or lead plaintiff. Between 1969 and January 22, 1973, the date when the Supreme Court decided Roe and Doe, there were twenty-one district court and two court of appeals decisions featuring anonymous plaintiffs."[27]
On March 10, 2015, HTG Capital Partners LLC filed a federal lawsuit against unnamed “spoofers,” which the suit referred to as John Doe(s), in the hopes of getting a judge to force the Chicago Mercantile Exchange to reveal the names of the firms. HTG said it had found evidence of thousands of such manipulations over 2013 and 2014."[28]
In November 2016, a woman only identified as "Jane Doe" abandoned plans to go public about allegedly being raped by Donald Trump.[29]
In October 2017, an unidentified minor Jane Doe detained by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement sued to enjoin the government from obstructing her access to abortion in Garza v. Hargan.
See also[edit]
Israel Israeli
Average Joe
Rudolf Lingens
Joe Shmoe
Tom, Dick and Harry
Mr. X
Blackacre
Multiple-use name
Nomen nescio
Foo
List of placeholder names by language
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Twitched Indictment" (PDF). Justice.gov. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b McKeogh v. John Doe
Jump up ^ "Obtaining a John Doe order". PressGazette. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Doe dem. John Hurrell Luscombe v Yates, Hawker, and Mudge (1822) 5 B. & Ald. 544
Jump up ^ "Uber Technologies, Inc. v. Doe I". Justia Dockets & Filings.
Jump up ^ What's In A Name. Merriam-Webster. 1996. ISBN 978-0-87779-613-8. [page needed]
Jump up ^ "World Wide Words – John DoeZ". Worldwidewords.org. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
Jump up ^ The Universal Songster: Or, Museum of Mirth: Forming the Most Complete, Extensive, and Valuable Collection of Ancient and Modern Songs in the English Language, with a Copious and Classified Index, Volume 1. London: Jones and Company. 1827. p. 378. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Supreme Court Decided Cases (pdf)" (PDF). Supremecourt.gov.uk. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "THE LAW OF PROFESSIONAL-CLIENT CONFIDENTIALITY: Regulating the Disclosure of Confidential Personal Information, Update". Uea.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 7 July 2003.
Jump up ^ "Uncorrected Evidence 75". Publications.parliament.uk. 18 February 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Goldblatt, Jeff (8 August 2002). "Slain Mystery Girl Brings Community Together". FOX News Network. Retrieved 30 June 2006.
Jump up ^ Alison Leigh Cowan (29 July 2009). "Meet John Doe. No, really!". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Quinion M (15 March 2003). "John Doe". World Wide Words. Retrieved 26 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Poe v. Snyder". www.leagle.com.
Jump up ^ "Friedman v. Ferguson". Law.justia.com.
Jump up ^ Note that the plaintiff-appellant Friedman represented himself, so his use of fictitious names may not reflect legal custom.
Jump up ^ "Superior Court Standing Order 5-81: Uniform Procedures Regarding Petitions for Abortion Authorization under G.L. c. 112, § 12". Massachusetts Superior Court. 1 Oct 1988. Retrieved 18 Dec 2017.
Jump up ^ R Balaji (29 March 2012). "'Kolaveri' against piracy". The Hindu Business Line.
Jump up ^ McQuire v Western Morning News [1903] 2 K.B. 100 at 109 per Collins MR.
Jump up ^ Room, Richard, ed. (1996), Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (15th ed.), Cassell, p. 761, ISBN 0062701339
Jump up ^ "Who is JANE DOE?". Walnet.org. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
Jump up ^ See, for example, Dendrite International, Inc. v. Doe, "775 A.2d 756". (N.J. App. Div. 2001); Krinsky v. Doe 6, "159 Cal. App. 4th 1154 (pdf)" (PDF). [permanent dead link] (2008).
Jump up ^ Nikhil Pahwa. "Update: Files Sharing Sites Blocked In India Because Reliance BIG Pictures Got A Court Order". MediaNama. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "'John Doe Order' for BODYGUARD to curb its piracy". Bollywoodtrade.com. 29 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Donald P. Balla. "John Doe Is Alive and Well: Designing Pseudonym Use in American Courts" (PDF). Arkansas Law Review. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Milani, Adam A. "DOE V. ROE: AN ARGUMENT FOR DEFENDANT ANONYMITY WHEN A PSEUDONYMOUS PLAINTIFF ALLEGES A STIGMATIZING INTENTIONAL TORT". Lexisnexis.com. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Bradely Hope. "Was 'John Doe' Manipulating Treasury Futures? New Lawsuit Says Yes".
Jump up ^ Carroll, Rory (3 November 2016). "Woman accusing Trump of raping her at 13 cancels her plan to go public". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to FBI Victims Identification Project.
PDF Operation Delego indictment featuring twenty John Does. Accessed 8 January 2014.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Doe&oldid=838091974"
Categories:
Placeholder names
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2014
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from April 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Use dmy dates from March 2011
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017
Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
বাংলা
Brezhoneg
Deutsch
Français
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Magyar
Nederlands
Norsk
Polski
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
15 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 April 2018, at 21:37.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/John_Doe_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
John Doe (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values:
/wiki/Jane_Doe_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Jane Doe (disambiguation)

value: p

value: img

attrs: class style

value: b

values:
/wiki/English-speaking_countries
mw-redirect
English-speaking countries

values: John Doe injunction (page does not exist)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Precious_Doe
mw-redirect
Precious Doe

values:
/wiki/Judicial_bypass
mw-redirect
Judicial bypass

values:
/wiki/Landmark_decision
mw-redirect
Landmark decision

values:
/wiki/Reliance_BIG_Pictures
mw-redirect
Reliance BIG Pictures

values: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

values:
/wiki/Mister_X_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Mister X (disambiguation)

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values: This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2014)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.uea.ac.uk/law

values:
nofollow
external text
http://pub.bna.com/eclr/277400t3.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://on.wsj.com/1HKj7CK

values: commons:Category:FBI Victims Identification Project

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2014

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017

values: Category:Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/John_Doe
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=John_Doe&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: جون دو – Arabic

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: פלוני – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Джон Доу – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: Џон Доу – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: จอห์น โด – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doe
John Doe – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-John_Doe rootpage-John_Doe skin-vector action-view


text:
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Hunchback of Notre Dame
Theatrical poster
Directed by
William Dieterle
Produced by
Pandro S. Berman
Screenplay by
Sonya Levien
Bruno Frank (adaptation)
Based on
The Hunchback of Notre-Dame by Victor Hugo
Starring
Charles Laughton
Sir Cedric Hardwicke
Thomas Mitchell
Maureen O'Hara
Edmond O'Brien
Alan Marshal
Walter Hampden
Music by
Alfred Newman
(musical adaptation and original composition)
Cinematography
Joseph H. August A.S.C.
Edited by
William Hamilton
Robert Wise
Distributed by
RKO Radio Pictures, Inc.
Release date
December 29, 1939 (1939-12-29)[1]
Running time
116 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$1,826,000[2]
Box office
$3,155,000[2]
The Hunchback of Notre Dame is a 1939 American film starring Charles Laughton and Maureen O'Hara.[3][4] Directed by William Dieterle and produced by Pandro S. Berman, the film is based on Victor Hugo's 1831 novel of the same name.
For this production RKO Radio Pictures built on their movie ranch a massive medieval city of Paris and Notre Dame Cathedral, one of the largest and most extravagant sets ever constructed.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
1.1 Prologue
1.2 Synopsis
2 Cast
3 Difference from the novel
4 Award nominations
5 Reception
6 Home video
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Prologue[edit]
"With the end of the 15th century, the Middle Ages came to a close. Europe began to see great changes. France, ravaged by a hundred years of War, at last found peace. The people under Louis XI felt free to hope again ~ to dream of progress. But superstition and prejudice often stood in the way, seeking to crush the adventurous spirit of man."
Synopsis[edit]
The film opens with Louis XI, the King of France, and Frollo, the King's Chief Justice of Paris, visiting a printing shop. Frollo is determined to do everything in his power to rid Paris of anything he sees as evil, including the printing press and gypsies, who at the time are persecuted and prohibited from entering Paris. That day is Paris' annual celebration, the Feast of Fools. Esmeralda, a young gypsy girl, is seen dancing in front of an audience of people. Quasimodo, the hunchback and bell ringer of Notre Dame Cathedral, is crowned the King of Fools until Frollo catches up to him and takes him back to the church.
Esmeralda is caught by guards for entering Paris without a permit and is being chased after until she seeks safety in Notre Dame, in which the Archbishop of Paris, Frollo's brother, protects her. She prays to the Virgin Mary to help her fellow gypsies only to be confronted by Frollo, who accuses her of being a heathen. Afterwards, she asks King Louis to help her people, to which he agrees. Frollo then takes her up to the bell tower where they encounter Quasimodo, of whom she is frightened. She tries to run away from the hunchback until he catches up to her and physically carries her away. Pierre Gringoire, a poor street poet, witnesses all this, and calls out to Captain Phoebus and his guards, who capture Quasimodo just in time. Esmeralda is then saved and starts falling in love with Phoebus. Gringoire later trespasses the Court of Miracles but is saved by Esmeralda from hanging by marrying him.
The next day, Quasimodo is sentenced to be lashed in the square and publicly humiliated afterwards. Frollo, seeing this, realizes that he can't stop the sentence because it already happened, and abandons him instead. However, Esmeralda arrives and gives him water, and this awakens Quasimodo's love for her.
Later that night, Esmeralda is invited by the nobles to their party. Frollo shows up to the party, where he confesses to Esmeralda his lust for her. Afterwards, she dances in front of the nobles and moves away from the crowd with Phoebus to a garden where they share a moment between each other. Frollo then kills Phoebus out of jealousy, and Esmeralda is wrongly accused of his death. Afterwards, Gringoire visits Esmeralda in her prison cell to console her. Frollo confesses the crime to his brother, and, knowing that the Archbishop refuses to help him because he is the murderer, intends to sentence Esmeralda to death for it (which he does), saying that she has "bewitched" him. When Esmeralda is taken in front of Notre Dame to do public penance, the Archbishop claims her innocence and does not allow her to do penance. However, Frollo still orders Esmeralda to be hanged in the gallows, but just as this is about to happen, Quasimodo saves her by taking her to the cathedral.
When Gringoire and Clopin realize that the nobles are planning to revoke Notre Dame's right of sanctuary, they both try different methods in order to save Esmeralda from hanging. Gringoire writes a pamphlet that will prevent this from happening, and Clopin leads the beggars to storm the cathedral. At the Palace of Justice, Frollo reads the pamphlet to King Louis. After seeing a crowd protesting against the removal of Notre Dame's sanctuary law, the King realizes that the pamphlet is creating public opinion, which can influence kings to make decisions. However, Frollo warns him that public opinion is dangerous. After the Archbishop arrives to inform the King of Notre Dame's attack and that Esmeralda is innocent, Frollo confesses his crime to the King, for which Louis orders Olivier to arrest him. Afterwards, the King talks to Gringoire after reading his pamphlet. Meanwhile, Quasimodo and the guards of Paris fight off Clopin and the beggars. Afterwards, he sees Frollo in the bell tower seeking to harm Esmeralda, and throws him off the cathedral top. Later that morning, Esmeralda is pardoned by the King and freed from hanging, and her Gypsy people are also finally freed. Then, she leaves with Gringoire and a huge crowd out of the public square. The film makes it clear that in the end Esmeralda truly loves Gringoire. Quasimodo sees all this from high on the cathedral and says sadly to a gargoyle, "Why was I not made of stone, like thee?", and the film ends.
Cast[edit]
Maureen O'Hara as Esmeralda
Charles Laughton as Quasimodo[5]
Cedric Hardwicke as Frollo[5]
Thomas Mitchell as Clopin[5]
Maureen O'Hara as Esmeralda[5]
Edmond O'Brien as Gringoire[5]
Alan Marshal as Phoebus[5]
Walter Hampden as Archbishop[5]
Harry Davenport as King Louis XI[5]
Katharine Alexander as Fleur's mother[5]
George Zucco as Procurator[5]
Fritz Leiber as Old nobleman
Etienne Girardot as Doctor[5]
Helene Whitney as Fleur[5]
Mina Gombell as Queen of beggars[5]
Arthur Hohl as Olivier[5]
Curt Bois as Student[5]
George Tobias as Beggar[5]
Rod La Rocque as Phillipo[5]
Spencer Charters as Court clerk[5]
Kathryn Adams as Fleur's companion[5]
Dianne Hunter as Fleur's companion[5]
Siegfried Arno as Tailor[5]
Difference from the novel[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The characters of Claude Frollo and Jehan Frollo are changed from the novel, as was done in the 1923 film. In the novel, Claude is depicted as a villainous archdeacon; in the film he is good. His younger brother Jehan, who in the novel is a young, drunken student, is in the film an elderly villain who is a judge and a close advisor to the king.
Award nominations[edit]
The film was nominated for two Academy Awards:[6]
Academy Award for Best Original Music Score (Alfred Newman)
Academy Award for Best Sound (John Aalberg)
Reception[edit]
Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times wrote a mostly negative review of the film, finding it "little more" than "a freak show". Though he acknowledged it was "handsome enough of production and its cast is expert," he called it "almost unrelievedly brutal and without the saving grace of unreality which makes Frankenstein's horrors a little comic."[7] Variety called the film a "super thriller-chiller" but found that the elaborate sets tended to overwhelm the story, particularly in the first half.[8] Harrison's Reports wrote, "Very good! Audiences should be thrilled anew by this lavish remake of Victor Hugo's famous novel."[9] Film Daily called it "compelling, dynamic entertainment."[10] John Mosher of The New Yorker wrote that Laughton "achieves something like a tour de force. The lines themselves (such modernisms as 'to buy protection'), along with a perfunctory plot arrangement, are among the weak features of the film, which otherwise is a vivid pictorial drama of fifteenth-century Paris."[11] E. H. Harvey of The Harvard Crimson said that the film "in all is more than entertaining." He said that "the mediocre effects offer a forceful contrast to the great moments" in the film.[12]
The movie was very popular but because of its cost only made a profit of $100,000.[2]
Home video[edit]
The Hunchback of Notre Dame was released on September 21, 2001 on DVD by Image Entertainment. It was issued on Blu-ray disc by Warner Brothers on June 9, 2015.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hanson, Patricia King, ed. (1993). The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States: Feature Films, 1931-1940. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 976. ISBN 0-520-07908-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c Richard Jewel, 'RKO Film Grosses: 1931-1951', Historical Journal of Film Radio and Television, Vol 14 No 1, 1994 p56
Jump up ^ Variety film review; December 20, 1939, page 14.
Jump up ^ Harrison's Reports film review; December 23, 1939, page 202.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "The Hunchback of Notre Dame". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. American Film Institute. Retrieved 2017-10-24.
Jump up ^ "The 12th Academy Awards (1940) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 2011-08-12.
Jump up ^ Nugent, Frank S. (January 1, 1940). "Movie Review - The Hunchback of Notre Dame". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Film Reviews". Variety. New York: Variety, Inc. December 20, 1939. p. 14.
Jump up ^ "The Hunchback of Notre Dame". Harrison's Reports. New York: Harrison's Reports, Inc.: 202 December 23, 1939.
Jump up ^ "Reviews of the New Films". Film Daily. New York: Wid's Films & Film Folk, Inc.: 4 December 15, 1939.
Jump up ^ Mosher, John (December 30, 1939). "The Current Cinema". The New Yorker. New York: F-R Publishing Corp. p. 51.
Jump up ^ Harvey, E. H. "The Hunchback of Notre Dame." The Harvard Crimson. Wednesday December 16, 1953. Retrieved on February 20, 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939 film)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame on IMDb
The Hunchback of Notre Dame at AllMovie
The Hunchback of Notre Dame at the TCM Movie Database
The Hunchback of Notre Dame at the American Film Institute Catalog
[show]
v
t
e
The films of William Dieterle
Man by the Wayside (1923)
Behind the Altar (1927)
The Saint and Her Fool (1928)
Sex in Chains (1928)
Rustle of Spring (1929)
Ludwig II, King of Bavaria (1929)
Triumph of Love (1929)
The Brandenburg Arch (1929)
Silence in the Forest (1929)
The Dance Goes On (1930)
Kismet (1931)
The Mask Falls (1931)
Demon of the Sea (1931)
One Hour of Happiness (1931)
The Sacred Flame (1931)
The Last Flight (1931)
Her Majesty, Love (1931)
Man Wanted (1932)
Jewel Robbery (1932)
The Crash (1932)
Six Hours to Live (1932)
Scarlet Dawn (1932)
Lawyer Man (1933)
Adorable (1933)
The Devil's in Love (1933)
Grand Slam (1933)
Female (1933)
From Headquarters (1933)
Fog Over Frisco (1934)
Fashions of 1934 (1934)
Madame Du Barry (1934)
Dr. Monica (1934)
The Firebird (1934)
The Secret Bride (1934)
A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935)
Dr. Socrates (1935)
The Story of Louis Pasteur (1935)
The White Angel (1936)
Satan Met a Lady (1936)
The Great O'Malley (1937)
The Prince and the Pauper (1937)
Another Dawn (1937)
The Life of Emile Zola (1937)
Blockade (1938)
Juarez (1939)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939)
Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet (1940)
A Dispatch from Reuter's (1940)
The Devil and Daniel Webster (1941)
Syncopation (1942)
Tennessee Johnson (1943)
Kismet (1944)
I'll Be Seeing You (1944)
Love Letters (1945)
This Love of Ours (1945)
The Searching Wind (1946)
Duel in the Sun (1946)
Portrait of Jennie (1948)
The Accused (1949)
Rope of Sand (1949)
Paid in Full (1950)
Vulcano (1950)
September Affair (1950)
Dark City (1950)
Peking Express (1951)
Red Mountain (1951)
Boots Malone (1952)
The Turning Point (1952)
Salome (1953)
Elephant Walk (1954)
Magic Fire (1955)
Omar Khayyam (1957)
Dubrowsky (1959)
Mistress of the World (1960)
Carnival Confession (1960)
Quick, Let's Get Married (1964)
[show]
v
t
e
The Hunchback of Notre-Dame by Victor Hugo
Characters
Quasimodo
Esmeralda
Claude Frollo
Captain Phoebus
Clopin Trouillefou
Pierre Gringoire
Films
Esmeralda (1905)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1911)
The Darling of Paris (1917)
Esmeralda (1922)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1956)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1966)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1977)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1982)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1986)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
The Hunchback (1997)
Quasimodo d'El Paris (1999)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame II (2002)
Opera
La Esmeralda (1836)
Esmeralda (1883)
Ballet
La Esmeralda (1844)
Notre Dame de Paris (1967)
Musicals
Notre-Dame de Paris (1998)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1999)
Klokkeren fra Notre Dame (2002)
Music
"The Bells of Notre Dame"
"Out There"
"Topsy Turvy"
"God Help the Outcasts"
"Heaven's Light"
"Hellfire"
"A Guy Like You"
"The Court of Miracles"
"Someday"
"Made of Stone"
Video games
Hunchback (1983)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame: Topsy Turvy Games (1996)
Disney's Animated Storybook: The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
Related
Disney franchise
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1939_film)&oldid=821479536"
Categories:
1939 films
English-language films
1930s drama films
1930s historical films
American films
American drama films
American historical films
American black-and-white films
Films based on The Hunchback of Notre-Dame
American film remakes
Sound film remakes of silent films
Films set in the 1480s
RKO Pictures films
Films directed by William Dieterle
Films produced by Pandro S. Berman
Screenplays by Sonya Levien
Films scored by Alfred Newman
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from December 2017
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
Català
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
فارسی
Français
Italiano
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 January 2018, at 19:01.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

attrs: scope style

attrs: href title

values:
/wiki/Sir_Cedric_Hardwicke
mw-redirect
Sir Cedric Hardwicke

values:
/wiki/Joseph_H._August
mw-redirect
Joseph H. August

values:
/wiki/RKO_Radio_Pictures,_Inc.
mw-redirect
RKO Radio Pictures, Inc.

values:
/wiki/Notre_Dame_Cathedral
mw-redirect
Notre Dame Cathedral

values:
/wiki/100_Years_War
mw-redirect
100 Years War

values:
/wiki/Paris,_France
mw-redirect
Paris, France

values:
/wiki/Printing_shop
mw-redirect
Printing shop

values:
/wiki/Virgin_Mary
mw-redirect
Virgin Mary

values:
/wiki/Pierre_Gringoire
mw-redirect
Pierre Gringoire

values:
/wiki/Mina_Gombell
mw-redirect
Mina Gombell

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values:
/wiki/Jehan_Frollo
mw-redirect
Jehan Frollo

values:
/wiki/Academy_Award
mw-redirect
Academy Award

values:
/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Sound
mw-redirect
Academy Award for Best Sound

values:
/wiki/John_Aalberg
mw-redirect
John Aalberg

values:
/wiki/Blu-ray_disc
mw-redirect
Blu-ray disc

values:
/wiki/Warner_Brothers
mw-redirect
Warner Brothers

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: q:Special:Search/The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939 film)

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0031455/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v23861

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:The Hunchback of Notre Dame

values: The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1966 TV series)

values: The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1977 TV series)

values: The Hunchback of Notre Dame (soundtrack)

values: Category:Films based on The Hunchback of Notre-Dame

values: Category:Sound film remakes of silent films

values: Category:Films directed by William Dieterle

values: Category:Films produced by Pandro S. Berman

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: El geperut de Notre-Dame (pel·lícula de 1939) – Catalan

values: Der Glöckner von Notre Dame (1939) – German

values: Η Παναγία των Παρισίων (ταινία, 1939) – Greek

values: گوژپشت نتردام (فیلم ۱۹۳۹) – Persian

values: A Notre-Dame-i toronyőr (film, 1939) – Hungarian

values: The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939) – Dutch

values: ノートルダムの傴僂男 (1939年の映画) – Japanese

values: Ringeren i Notre Dame (1939) – Norwegian

values: Dzwonnik z Notre Dame (film 1939) – Polish

values: The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939) – Portuguese

values: Горбун из Нотр-Дама (фильм, 1939) – Russian

values: The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939 movie) – Simple English

values: Notre Damen kellonsoittaja (vuoden 1939 elokuva) – Finnish

values: Ringaren i Notre Dame (film, 1939) – Swedish

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_1939_film rootpage-The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_1939_film skin-vector action-view


text:
Death Row Records
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Death Row Records
Parent company
Time Warner, Interscope (former)
Founded
1991; 26 years ago (1991)
Founder
Dr. Dre
The D.O.C.
Suge Knight
Michael “Harry-O” Harris
Status
Inactive
Genre
Hip hop, R&B, gangsta rap
Country of origin
United States
Location
Los Angeles, California
Death Row Records (formerly Tha Row Records) was an American record company founded in 1991 by Dr. Dre, Suge Knight, The D.O.C., and Michael “Harry-O” Harris. Many West Coast artists were on the label, such as: Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg, Tupac Shakur, The Outlawz, MC Hammer, Young Soldierz, Sam Sneed, Michel'le, Jewell, RBX, The Lady of Rage, Danny Boy, DJ Quik, O.F.T.B., LBC Crew, and the rap group Tha Dogg Pound consisting of Kurupt, Daz Dillinger, Nate Dogg, Soopafly, and many others. Death Row Records was making $100,000,000 a year, but by 1996; most of the aforementioned artists departed from the label after the death of 2Pac. The company filed for bankruptcy in 2006 and on January 15, 2009, was auctioned to entertainment development company WIDEawake Entertainment Group, Inc. for $18,000,000[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 The Chronic and Ruthless Records feud
1.2 Doggystyle
1.3 Signing Tupac and Suge Knight's rise
1.4 Bad Boy feud and Dr. Dre's departure
1.5 M.C. Hammer's involvement and departure
1.6 Tupac Shakur's murder and Suge Knight's incarceration
1.7 2nd generation exodus
1.8 Chapter 11 Bankruptcy
1.9 From WIDEawake acquisition to E1
2 Former Artists
3 Releases
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
History[edit]
Main article: Ruthless Records
In the late-1980s, producer Dr. Dre was a member of N.W.A, signed to friend Eazy E's Ruthless Records. As head of production at the label, Dre produced a large number of Ruthless projects, many of them successful; feeling the pressures of having to produce so many acts and feeling he was underpaid, Dr. Dre became frustrated with Ruthless Records.[3] After the departure of Ice Cube in 1989 over financial disagreements with N.W.A. manager Jerry Heller,[4] Suge Knight and fellow Ruthless artist, The D.O.C. went over the books with a lawyer. Convinced that Heller was dishonest, they approached Dr. Dre about forming a label with them, away from Heller and Eazy-E.[5] Allegedly using strong-arm tactics, Knight was able to procure contracts from Eazy-E for The D.O.C., Dr. Dre and Ruthless singer, Michel'le.[6]
Knight approached Vanilla Ice, using management connections with Mario "Chocolate" Johnson, claiming Johnson had produced the song "Ice Ice Baby", and had not received royalties for it.[7] After consulting with Alex Roberts, who sources suggest was Suge Knight's connection to the underworld, Knight and two bodyguards arrived at The Palm in West Hollywood, where Van Winkle was eating. After shoving Van Winkle's bodyguards aside, Knight sat down in front of Van Winkle, staring at him before asking "How you doin'?"[7] Similar incidents were repeated on several occasions, including alleged attempts to lure Vanilla Ice into a van filled with Bloods and Crips, before Knight showed up at Vanilla Ice's hotel suite on the fifteenth floor of the Bel Age Hotel, accompanied by Johnson and a member of the Oakland Raiders. According to Vanilla Ice, Knight took him out on the balcony by himself, and implied he would throw Vanilla Ice off unless he signed the rights to the song over to Knight; Van Winkle's money helped fund Death Row.[7] At one time, Death Row was located at the intersection of Wilshire Blvd. and San Vicente Blvd.[8] Knight was seen on several occasions leaving Alex Roberts' home in Malibu. Knight approached Michael "Harry-O" Harris, a businessman imprisoned on drug and attempted murder charges. Through David Kenner, an attorney handling Harris's appeal, Harry-O set up Godfather, a parent company for the newly christened Death Row.[9]
The Chronic and Ruthless Records feud[edit]
Main article: The Chronic
With the help of Kenner, Knight began signing young, inner-city California-based artists and arranged for Death Row Records to handle the soundtrack for the 1992 film, Deep Cover. The single, "Deep Cover", established Dr. Dre as a solo artist and a young Snoop "Doggy" Dogg as his protégé. Work soon began on The Chronic, Dr. Dre's debut solo album, which heavily featured Snoop and the rest of the label's core roster.
The album went on to sell 5,700,000 records in the US,[10] establishing the West Coast in the hip-hop industry and popularizing the distinctive style of G-Funk.[11]
Doggystyle[edit]
Main article: Doggystyle (album)
After finding solo success, Dr. Dre began crafting Snoop Dogg's debut album Doggystyle; the process took two years. Snoop's debut was released in 1993 due to public demand and high pressure from retailers. Though unfinished,[12] it outperformed The Chronic at Quadruple Platinum,[13] and garnered similarly glowing reviews.[14] Soon after the release of the album, Snoop Dogg was charged with murder,[15] fueling the debate that politicians C. Delores Tucker and then-Vice Presidential candidate Dan Quayle sparked by denouncing gangsta rap as against American values, encouraging violence towards police officers, and degrading to Black women.
Signing Tupac and Suge Knight's rise[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
By 1995, the label began to flood with Suge Knight's cronies—friends and gang members fresh out of jail, as well as off-duty LAPD officers later implicated in the Rampart scandal working as security. Emboldened, Knight began taking more control of the label and further sought the spotlight, while Dr. Dre receded into the background, shying away from the violent atmosphere and Suge Knight's newfound volatility. Tucker's pressure to conform extended to a joint proposal by herself and a Warner executive to set up a record label with Knight to put out content-controlled hip-hop music, which Knight billed as a breach of contract,[9] resulting in a switch in distribution from Time Warner to Interscope. At The Source Awards in 1995, the Death Row roster's performance garnered a poor reception from the mainly East Coast audience; Knight also made comments pertaining to Bad Boy CEO Puff Daddy, sparking friction between the two labels (and, soon after, the two entire coasts). Knight soon signed 2Pac,and Lord Autopz of Ruthless Criminalz while 2Pac was incarcerated on a sexual abuse conviction, after agreeing to post 2Pac's bail. At the same time, a rift between Michael and Lydia Harris and Suge and David Kenner began to grow, with the latter pair denying Harris'.involvement in the company and refusing to take his phone calls.
Bad Boy feud and Dr. Dre's departure[edit]
2Pac began work on his Death Row album, kicking off his tenure by insulting The Notorious B.I.G., Junior M.A.F.I.A. and Puff Daddy (the founder of Bad Boy Records), whom he accused of setting him up to be robbed and shot earlier that year, as well as Busta Rhymes, Mobb Deep, Jay-Z, A Tribe Called Quest, De La Soul, The Fugees and Nas. Tha Dogg Pound's debut album, Dogg Food, continued the label's streak of commercial successes; its members – rappers Kurupt and Daz Dillinger – then joined Snoop in ridiculing New York rappers with their single "New York, New York", featuring Snoop Dogg. The video, set in New York City, New York, was also heightened when the set was fired upon in a drive-by. After the shooting, Snoop Dogg and Tha Dogg Pound filmed scenes kicking down a building in New York. The single provoked a response called '"L.A., L.A." by East Coast rappers Capone-N-Noreaga, Tragedy Khadafi, and Mobb Deep.
Another report was that Sam Sneed was beaten in one of the label's meetings by a group of Death Row affiliates, led by Suge Knight and 2Pac. According to Daz Dillinger, the reason this happened was that Sam Sneed had too many East Coast rappers in his Lady Heroin music video.[16] Disillusioned with the direction of Death Row, artists RBX and The D.O.C. chose to leave, after which Suge Knight exercised tighter control over the rest of the roster.[9] Dogg Food was not produced by Dr. Dre but was mixed by Dr. Dre, a further testament to Dre's dwindling involvement with his own record label. Dr. Dre also grew tired of Knight's violence within the label, although he contributed toward two tracks on 2Pac's All Eyez on Me. The rest of the tracks on the album, however, were mostly produced by Daz Dillinger and Johnny J, despite Dr. Dre being nominally titled as Executive Producer. Shakur's behavior reportedly became erratic as he continued his verbal wars with The Notorious B.I.G., Bad Boy Records, Puff Daddy, Mobb Deep, and Prodigy, including many violent confrontations with many of those rappers at some points. In 1996, due to the infighting, Dr. Dre left Death Row Records to found Aftermath; which provoked 2Pac to turn against Dr. Dre.
M.C. Hammer's involvement and departure[edit]
Suge Knight's relationship with MC Hammer dates back to 1988. With the success of Hammer's 1994 album, The Funky Headhunter (featuring Tha Dogg Pound), Hammer signed with Death Row in 1995, along with Snoop Dogg and his close friend, 2Pac.[17] The label did not release the album of M.C. Hammer's music (titled Too Tight), although he did release versions of some tracks on his next album.[18][19] However, Hammer did record tracks with Shakur and others, most notably the song "Too Late Playa" (along with Big Daddy Kane and Danny Boy).[20][21] After the death of 2Pac in 1996, MC Hammer left Death Row Records.[22][23]
Tupac Shakur's murder and Suge Knight's incarceration[edit]
Main article: Murder of Tupac Shakur
Formerly a united front of artists, Death Row's roster fractured into separate camps. Daz, now head producer, worked on Snoop Dogg's second album Tha Doggfather, which featured Bad Azz and Techniec of his LBC Crew, Warren G and Nate Dogg of his group 213 and Tha Dogg Pound. 2Pac shut himself into the studio with Hurt-M-Badd and Big "D", crafting The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory - unlike All Eyez on Me, it was devoid of high-profile Death Row guest appearances, instead showcasing The Outlawz and Bad Azz. Suge Knight was now barely reachable by his staff, and employees were assaulted as punishment for not following orders.[12]
During a trip to Las Vegas, Nevada for a Mike Tyson boxing match, 2Pac was interviewed on the possibility of Death Row East, an East Coast branch of Death Row. It was also during this time, that Alex Roberts and David Kenner had been seen at Suge Knight's Vegas Club 662 in discussion about the possibility of having Roberts' New York underworld connections help pave the way for Death Row East. Though names from Big Daddy Kane and The Wu-Tang Clan to Eric B. and K-Solo were mentioned, the label would never be formed; On September 7, 1996, Suge Knight and 2Pac were caught on surveillance camera at the MGM Grand Hotel in Las Vegas attacking gang member Orlando Anderson who was a Southside Compton, California Crip. Later that night, 2Pac was shot four times in a drive-by shooting in the back seat of Suge Knight's BMW 750iL waiting at a red traffic light at crossroads; en route to Knight's Las Vegas Club 662;[24][25] despite living six days in critical condition, 2Pac died September 13, 1996.
Shakur's "The Don Killuminati: 7 Day Theory" was released in November 1996, just one week before Snoop Dogg's "Tha Doggfather". Both albums achieved Platinum sales. Suge Knight was convicted of parole violation and sentenced to nine years in prison, causing Interscope to drop their distribution deal with the label.[26] Suge Knight's control over the label diminished, as Nate Dogg was able to leave, followed by Snoop Dogg and Kurupt. After the release of her solo album The Lady of Rage left. Daz Dillinger departed in 1999 but produced for Big C-Style, he later formed Dogg Pound Records. Kurupt returned to the label in 2002 upon Suge Knight's release from prison.[27]
2nd generation exodus[edit]
Maintaining artistic control from behind bars, Suge Knight launched smear campaigns against his former artists, most notably Snoop Dogg.[citation needed] The label supported itself with releases pulled from vaults—most successfully various posthumous 2Pac albums, along with Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg re-releases and then-unreleased compilation records such as Suge Knight Represents: Chronic 2000 and Snoop Dogg: Dead Man Walkin. He signed new talent, including Crooked I who had been lighting up the Californian underground with his rhyming ability, particularly the Wake Up Show with Sway & King Tech. Suge Knight also signed Left Eye. He also appointed Cold 187um head producer, to oversee the 2Pac album Until the End of Time and Tha Dogg Pound 's 2002.
Despite bad blood, Kurupt would again sign with Suge Knight in exchange for the position of Vice President, which sparked a feud between himself and Daz Dillinger and Snoop Dogg. He began work on Against tha Grain; his verbal feud with his former partners continued from 2002 to 2005.[28] Left Eye signed with Death Row after finishing her solo deal with Arista who released her 1st album Supernova in 2001. Lopez joined to record a 2nd solo album under the pseudonym N.I.N.A. (New Identity Not Applicable) she was also working on TLC's new album 3D. N.I.N.A. was cancelled after her death in April 2002. The album was leaked online in 2011.
After promoting his new talent from prison, directing a campaign against his former artists and exacerbating the conflict between Daz Dillinger and Kurupt,[29] Suge had still yet to release any albums by his new artists. After Kurupt's 2nd departure, Against tha Grain was released; soon after, citing dissatisfaction with serving 5 years on the label and seeing no release,[30] Rapper Crooked I left Death Row, eventually filing a gag order on Knight to prevent him from interfering with him finding a new deal.[31] Petey Pablo, who had signed in 2005 and started the never-released album Same Eyez on Me,[32] left along with rapper Tha Realest[33] in 2006.
Chapter 11 Bankruptcy[edit]
On April 4, 2006 both Death Row Records and Suge Knight simultaneously filed for Chapter 11 Bank protection following the appointment of a Receiver to acquire and auction off assets of both Death Row Records and Suge Knight in the civil case filed by Lydia Harris against Suge Knight. Among those listed as unsecured creditors to Death Row include the Harris', the Internal Revenue Service ($6,900,000), Koch Records ($3,400,000), Interscope Records ($2,500,000) and a number of artists previously signed to the label. Suge Knight would eventually lose control of Death Row Records and his personal assets when Chapter 11 Trustees took over both cases.
From WIDEawake acquisition to E1[edit]
On January 15, 2009, Death Row was successfully auctioned to entertainment development company WIDEawake for $18 million USD. On January 25, 2009, an auction was held for everything found in the Death Row office after it filed for bankruptcy. Of note was the Death Row electric chair which went for $2500 USD.[34]
Since the acquisition, the company has continued to release material from its vast archives of materials acquired in the sale. Noteworthy releases include previously unreleased material from such artists as Snoop Dogg, Kurupt, Danny Boy, Crooked I, Sam Sneed, LBC Crew and O.F.T.B. Since the acquisition of the material, Money Mafia-Death Row, under the management of WIDEawake, has made many positive steps towards improving the image of Death Row by making good on its promise to make royalty payments to many of the artists, producers, and songwriters with commercially released material under the label. On "Record Store Day" April 18, 2012, the label has issued a free Death Row "Record Store Day" CD sampler which included music from Lord Autopz, Petey Pablo and Danny Boy
"The Chronic Re-Lit" was released on September 1, 2009. The album contained the original The Chronic album re-mastered and 7 bonus songs from the vault by Snoop Doggy Dogg, CPO, Kurupt, Jewell, and more; plus a DVD containing music videos, a rare Dr. Dre interview, a Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg mini movie, and rare 1992 television commercials for the original The Chronic release.[35][36]
"Snoop Doggy Dogg – Death Row The Lost Sessions Vol 1"[37] was released October 13, 2009 and contains 15 previously unreleased tracks with 4 being produced by Dr. Dre.
"Death Row The Ultimate Collection"[38] was released on November 24 and was a special box set containing 3 audio CDs (1 greatest hits disc and 2 discs of unreleased content), 1 DVD of music videos which includes the unreleased Dr. Dre music video "Puffin' On Blunts" and a limited edition Death Row T-shirt. The set boasts over 20 unreleased tracks from the likes of: Snoop Doggy Dogg, Tha Dogg Pound, The Lady of Rage,Lord Autopz and Petey Pablo. During this period, there was a specific distribution venture between E1 and Wideawake Death Row LLC.
On 10 December 2012, New Solutions Financial Corp., the Canadian company that owned WIDEawake Death Row, had gone bankrupt and sold both the label and catalog to a publicly held company[39] In 2013, E1 purchased the rights to the Death Row catalog. The Group invested £175 million in content rights and television programmes in the year (2012: £135.8 million) and £4.2 million (6 million $) to purchase the music library assets of Death Row.[40]
Former Artists[edit]
Dr. Dre (1991-1996)
The D.O.C (1991-1994)
Michel'le (1991-1999); (2002-2003)
Snoop Dogg (1991-1997)
Tha Dogg Pound (1991-1997)
Lady of Rage (1991-1997)
2Pac (1995-1996)
Outlawz (1995-1999)
213 (group) (1991-1997)
RBX (1991-1994)
Nate Dogg (1991-1997)
MC Hammer (1995-1996)
Kurupt (1991-1997) (2002-2005)
Daz Dillinger (1991-1999)
Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes (2002)
Crooked I (1999-2004)
SKG (2001)
Tha Realest (1996-2001)
YGD Tha Top Dogg (1997-2000)
Danny Boy (1994-1999); (2002-2003)
Sam Sneed (1993-1997)
Yaki Kadafi of The Outlawz (1995-1996)
Jewell (1992-1999)
O.F.T.B. (1994-1998)
J-Flexx (1994-1997)
Petey Pablo (2005-2006)
Sunny red (2003-2006

Soopafly (1994-1997)
2nd II None (1994-1998)
Prince Ital Joe (1995-1998)
LBC Crew (1995-1997)
O.G. Big Tray Dee (1994-1997)
Bad Azz (1995-1997)
Lil' C-Style (1994-1998)
Techniec (1994-1997)
Young Swoop G (1994-2001)
Nanci Fletcher (1993-1996)
DJ Quik (1994-1996)
C.P.O. Boss Hogg (1991-1998)
Above the Law (1999-2001)
Young Soldierz (1994-1998)
Big Pimpin' Delemond (1994-1999)
Butch Cassidy (1996-1998)
V.K. (1999)
Dobbie (1998-1999)
Eastwood (2002-2005)
Big C-Style (1998-2001)
6 Feet Deep
B.G.O.T.I.
Chocolate (1991-1993)
Chocolate Bandit (1996-1999)
Mr. 2-3 (1991-1993)
Sean 'Barney' Thomas
Slip Capone (1993-1998)
Lil' Malik a.k.a. Lil' Hershey Loc
Fatal-n-Felony (1995-1996)
The Gang (1996-1997)
Twang
GP The Beast
Scarlo
El Dorado (1998-1999)
The Ralatives (1998-2000)
Hurt-M-Badd
Spider Loc (2002- 2004)
Gangxsta Ridd
Dresta
Mac Shawn
LA Nash
Scrilla
Warlord
Capricorn
O.Y.G Redrum781
Gangsta Girl
Dorasel
Gail Gotti
Releases[edit]
Main article: Death Row Records discography
Year
Album information
1992 Dr. Dre – The Chronic
Released: December 15, 1992
Chart positions: No.3 Billboard
RIAA certification: 3x Platinum[41]
Singles: "Fuck Wit Dre Day", "Let Me Ride", "Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang"
1993 Snoop Doggy Dogg – Doggystyle
Released: November 23, 1993
Chart positions: No.1 Billboard
RIAA certification: 4x Platinum
Singles: "Who Am I (What's My Name)", "Gin and Juice", "Doggy Dogg World"
1994 Above the Rim
Released: March 22, 1994
Chart positions: No.2 Billboard
RIAA certification: 2x Platinum
Singles: "Regulate", "Anything", "Afro Puffs", "Part-Time Lover"
Murder Was The Case
Released: October 15, 1994
Chart positions: No.1 Billboard
RIAA certification: 2x Platinum
Singles: "Woman To Woman", "Natural Born Killaz", "U Better Recognize", "Murder Was The Case", What Would You Do?"
1995 Tha Dogg Pound – Dogg Food
Released: October 31, 1995
Chart positions: No.1 Billboard
RIAA certification: 2x Platinum
Singles: "Respect", "Let's Play House", "New York, New York"
1996 2Pac – All Eyez On Me
Released: February 13, 1996
Chart positions: No.1 Billboard
RIAA certification: Diamond
Singles: "California Love", "2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted", "How Do You Want It", "All Bout U", "Life Goes On", "I Ain't Mad at Cha"
Makaveli (2Pac) – The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory
Released: November 5, 1996
Chart positions: No.1 Billboard
RIAA certification: 4x Platinum
Singles: "Toss It Up", "To Live & Die in LA", "Hail Mary"
Snoop Doggy Dogg – Tha Doggfather
Released: November 12, 1996
Chart positions: No.1 Billboard
RIAA certification: 2x Platinum
Singles: "Doggfather", "Snoop's Upside Ya Head", "Vapors"
Death Row Greatest Hits
Released: November 26, 1996
Chart positions: No.36 Billboard
Christmas on Death Row
Released: December 5, 1996
Chart positions: No.155 Billboard
Singles: "Santa Clause Goes Straight to the Ghetto"
1997 Gridlock'd
Released: January 28, 1997
Chart positions: No.1 Billboard
RIAA certification: Platinum
Singles: "Wanted Dead or Alive", "Lady Heroin", "It's Over Now"
Lady of Rage – Necessary Roughness
Released: June 4, 1997
Chart positions: No.32
Singles: "Sho Shot", "Get Wit' Da Wickedness"
Gang Related
Released: October 7, 1997
Chart positions: No.2 Billboard
RIAA certification: 2x platinum
Singles: "Made Niggaz"
1998 Daz Dillinger – Retaliation, Revenge and Get Back
Released: March 31, 1998
Chart positions: No.8 Billboard
RIAA certification: Gold
Singles: "In California", "It Might Sound Crazy"
Michel'le – Hung Jury
Released: August 24, 1998
Chart positions: No.56 Billboard
Singles: "Hang Tyme", "Can I Get A Witness?"
2Pac – Greatest Hits
Released: November 24, 1998
Chart positions: No.3 Billboard
RIAA certification: Diamond (10x Platinum)
Singles: "Changes", "Unconditional Love"
1999 Suge Knight Represents: Chronic 2000
Released: April 27, 1999
Chart positions: No.11 Billboard
RIAA certifications: Gold
Singles: "Who Do U Believe In?", "Like It or Not"
2000 Too Gangsta for Radio
Released: September 26, 2000
Chart positions: No.171 Billboard
Singles: "Thug Nature"
Snoop Doggy Dogg – Dead Man Walkin'
Released: October 31, 2000
Chart positions: No.24 Billboard
Singles: "Head Doctor"
2001 Tha Dogg Pound – 2002
Released: July 31, 2001
Chart positions: No.36 Billboard
Singles: "Just Doggin'"
Snoop Doggy Dogg – Death Row: Snoop Doggy Dogg at His Best
Released: October 23, 2001
Chart positions: No.28 Billboard
Singles:
2Pac – Until the End of Time
Released: March 27, 2001
Chart positions: No.1 Billboard
RIAA certification: 3x Platinum
Singles: "Until the End of Time", "Letter 2 My Unborn"
2002 2Pac – Better Dayz
Released: November 26, 2002
Chart positions: No.5 Billboard
RIAA certification: 2x Platinum
Singles: "Still Ballin'", "Thugz Mansion", "Who Do U Believe In?"
2003 Dysfunktional Family
Released: March 11, 2003
Chart positions: No.95 Billboard
Singles: "Dysfunktional Family"
2Pac – Nu-Mixx Klazzics
Released: October 7, 2003
Chart positions: No.15 Billboard
2005 The Very Best of Death Row
Released: February 22, 2005
Kurupt – Against the Grain
Released: August 23, 2005
Chart positions: No.60 Billboard
2007 2Pac – Nu-Mixx Klazzics Vol. 2
Released: August 14, 2007
Chart positions: No.45 Billboard
2009 Dr. Dre – The Chronic Re-Lit
Released: September 1, 2009
Snoop Doggy Dogg – Death Row: The Lost Sessions Vol. 1
Released: October 13, 2009
Chart positions:No.129 Billboard
Death Row The Ultimate Collection
Released: November 24, 2009
2010 Kurupt – Down & Dirty
Released: April 9, 2010
Danny Boy – It's About Time
Released: April 20, 2010
Crooked I – Hood Star
Released: June 16, 2010
2011 Sam Sneed – Street Scholars
Released: January 25, 2011
LBC Crew – Haven't You Heard...
Released: February 8, 2011
O.F.T.B. – Damn Near Dead
Released: July 12, 2011
Jewell – Black Diamond
Released: TBC, November 2011
2012 20 To Life: Volume 1
Released: May 10, 2012
Tha Dogg Pound - Doggy Bag
Released: July 3, 2012
20 To Life: Volume 2
Released: September 25, 2012
See also[edit]
Death Row Records artists
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Tha Row Records - Company Profile, Information, Business Description, History, Background Information on Tha Row Records". referenceforbusiness.com.
Jump up ^ HipHopDX (February 6, 2008). "Warner To Acquire Death Row Records?". HipHopDX.
Jump up ^ Ruthless (Heller/Reavill, 2007) ISBN 1-4169-1794-2
Jump up ^ Ice Cube: Attitude (McIver, 2002) ISBN 1-86074-428-1
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Erotic D Interview- Part 1 (June 2008)". Retrieved 7 August 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sullivan, Randall (2003). LAbyrinth: A Detective Investigates the Murders of Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G., the Implication of Death Row Records' Suge Knight, and the Origins of the Los Angeles Police Scandal. Grove Press. p. 56. ISBN 0-8021-3971-X.
Jump up ^ Fischer, Blair R. (March 12, 1998). "To The Extreme and Back". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c scottgrib (September 25, 2001). "Welcome to Death Row (Video 2001)". IMDb.
Jump up ^ Recording Industry Association of America Archived October 17, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.. RIAA. Retrieved on July 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ Jon Pareles (November 14, 1999). Music; Still Tough, Still Authentic. Still Relevant?. The New York Times. Retrieved March 18, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Rollin' With Dre: The Unauthorized Account: An Insider's Tale of the Rise, Fall, and Rebirth of West Coast Hip Hop (Williams/Alexander, 2008) ISBN 0-345-49822-4
Jump up ^ Recording Industry Association of America. RIAA. Retrieved on July 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ https://www.allmusic.com/album/r185654
Jump up ^ Snoop Doggy Dogg Trial: 1995–96 – A Rising Rap Star, Murder Was The Charge, Jury Frees Snoop Dogg, Suggestions For Further Reading. Law.jrank.org. Retrieved on July 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Rap Research Archive". rapresearcharchive.blogspot.com.
Jump up ^ "MC Hammer Interview - part 1". daveyd.com. June 1997. Retrieved March 20, 2009.
Jump up ^ "MC Hammer". MTV.
Jump up ^ "MC Hammer". MTV.
Jump up ^ "2pac Too Late Playa Feat Mc Hammer, Big Daddy Kane, Nutt-so Danny Boy". Wn.com. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
Jump up ^ Burgess, Omar (2009-03-18). "Death Row Records: The Pardon | Rappers Talk Hip Hop Beef & Old School Hip Hop". HipHop DX. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
Jump up ^ "MC Hammer Interview - part 2". daveyd.com. June 1997. Retrieved March 20, 2009.
Jump up ^ "What had happened was MC Hammer". vibe.com. March 2009. Archived from the original on January 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ Philips, Chuck (September 6, 2002). "Who Killed Tupac Shakur?". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
Jump up ^ Philips, Chuck (September 7, 2002). "How Vegas police probe floundered in Tupac Shakur case". LA Times. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Interscope Music Group – Company History. In 1996, Alex Roberts was arrested at his home in Malibu and released on a $1,000,000 bond pending further investigation under a grand jury indictment involving organized crime ties including money laundering, extortion and racketeering charges. Fighting his case for 4 1/2 years out on bail he was finally taken into custody November 19th, 2001 in Los Angeles, California Superior Court and sentenced to state and federal charges amounting to five years of prison time. His refusal to cooperate with federal authorities also lead to any reduced sentence including his deportation to Europe even though he had been raised in the USA since birth, holding dual citizenship. Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved on July 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ Scott, Cathy. Las Vegas Sun, "The death of Tupac Shakur one year later", September 6, 1997
Jump up ^ [2] Archived June 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Suge Knight Interview. Ukmusic.com. Retrieved on July 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ Life After Death Row: Crooked-I, Russel Simmons, Master P, Loon, Bun-B, WC, Jay Cee: Movies & TV. Amazon.com. Retrieved on July 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ Walker, Verbal. (February 21, 2005) Crooked I’s Restraining Order | Get The Latest Hip Hop News, Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales. HipHop DX. Retrieved on July 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ Moss, Corey. (July 25, 2005) Petey Pablo Eyez Tupac, Teams With Timbaland, Lil Jon – Music, Celebrity, Artist News. MTV. Retrieved on July 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ Daily News – : Tha Realest Leaves Tha Row, Preparing Debut Album. Allhiphop.com (March 31, 2005). Retrieved on July 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Electric chair is hot item at Death Row Records auction". The Orange County Register. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ Discogs tracklist
Jump up ^ Dr. Dre's Chronic Get Expanded Re-Release. MTV.com. Retrieved on August 19, 2009
Jump up ^ mr said that he had been in the morning to you but I'm still waiting on the phone with the best thing about being able too see my friends and relatives Snoop Dogg – Death Row: The Lost Sessions Volume 1 | Read Hip Hop Reviews, Rap Reviews & Hip Hop Album Reviews. HipHop DX (October 13, 2009). Retrieved on July 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ Death Row Records To Release Box Set Including Work From Tupac, Snoop Dogg & Dr. Dre Archived November 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.. Keepittrill.com. Retrieved on July 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ HipHopDX (December 5, 2012). "WIDEawake Death Row Records Reportedly Being Sold In Wake Of Parent Company's Bankruptcy". HipHopDX.
Jump up ^ "Results Announcement". ft.com.
Jump up ^ "Dr. Dre: The Chronic". RIAA.
Further reading[edit]
Have Gun Will Travel: The Spectacular Rise and Violent Fall of Death Row Records, Ronin Ro, Doubleday, 1998, 384 pages, ISBN 0-385-49134-4
Labyrinth: A Detective Investigates the Murders of Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G., the Implications of Death Row Records' Suge by Randall Sullivan, Atlantic Monthly Press, April 2, 2002, 384 pages, ISBN 0-87113-838-7
The Killing of Tupac Shakur, by Cathy Scott, Huntington Press, 2002 (2nd ed), 235 pages, ISBN 0-929712-20-X
Welcome to Death Row, Director: S. Leigh Savidge & Jeff Scheftel, (Video) 2001
External links[edit]
Official Death Row Records website
Death Row Records – Official Myspace
Death Row Records – Official Twitter
Death Row Records – Official YouTube
Interview with new owner of Death Row Records
interview of MJ[1] Sales Inc
[3]
Suge Knight
[hide]
v
t
e
Rampart scandal
Notable accused officers
Nino Durden
Kevin Gaines
Brian Liddy
David Mack
Rafael Pérez
Victims
Frank Lyga
Javier Ovando
The Notorious B.I.G.
Coverup and investigation
Brian S. Bentley
Bernard Parks
Russell Poole
Gang involvement
18th Street gang
Bloods
Death Row Records
Suge Knight
Other
Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums
Los Angeles Police Department
LAPD Rampart Division
Jump up ^ Cite error: The named reference imdb.com was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_Row_Records&oldid=806810326"
Categories:
Rampart scandal
American independent record labels
Gangsta rap record labels
Hip hop record labels
Record labels based in California
Vanity record labels
Record labels established in 1991
Record labels disestablished in 2008
1991 establishments in California
2008 disestablishments in California
Defunct companies based in the Greater Los Angeles Area
Dr. Dre
Tupac Shakur
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Use mdy dates from July 2011
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Articles needing additional references from May 2015
All articles needing additional references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017
Pages with reference errors
Pages with broken reference names
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Français
한국어
Hrvatski
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 October 2017, at 08:40.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: small

value: span

values:
/wiki/Record_company
mw-redirect
Record company

values:
/wiki/West_Coast_hip-hop
mw-redirect
West Coast hip-hop

values:
/wiki/The_Outlawz
mw-redirect
The Outlawz

values: Edit section: The Chronic and Ruthless Records feud

values:
/wiki/United_States_of_America
mw-redirect
United States of America

values:
/wiki/Doggystyle_(album)
mw-redirect
Doggystyle (album)

values:
/wiki/RIAA_certification
mw-redirect
RIAA certification

values: Edit section: Signing Tupac and Suge Knight's rise

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values:
/wiki/East_Coast_hip-hop
mw-redirect
East Coast hip-hop

values:
/wiki/Bad_Boy_Entertainment
mw-redirect
Bad Boy Entertainment

values: Edit section: Bad Boy feud and Dr. Dre's departure

values: New York, New York (Tha Dogg Pound song)

values: Edit section: M.C. Hammer's involvement and departure

values: Edit section: Tupac Shakur's murder and Suge Knight's incarceration

values:
/wiki/Death_Row_East
mw-redirect
Death Row East

values:
/wiki/The_Wu-Tang_Clan
mw-redirect
The Wu-Tang Clan

values:
/wiki/Crossroads_(junction)
mw-redirect
Crossroads (junction)

values:
/wiki/The_Don_Killuminati:_7_Day_Theory
mw-redirect
The Don Killuminati: 7 Day Theory

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Until the End of Time (Tupac Shakur album)

values:
/wiki/Against_tha_Grain
mw-redirect
Against tha Grain

values: Edit section: From WIDEawake acquisition to E1

values:
/wiki/Lady_of_Rage
mw-redirect
Lady of Rage

values:
/wiki/Lisa_%22Left_Eye%22_Lopes
mw-redirect
Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes

values:
/wiki/Lil%27_C-Style
mw-redirect
Lil' C-Style

values:
/wiki/Big_C_Style
mw-redirect
Big C Style

values:
/wiki/Fuck_Wit_Dre_Day
mw-redirect
Fuck Wit Dre Day

values:
/wiki/Who_Am_I_(What%27s_My_Name)
mw-redirect
Who Am I (What's My Name)

values:
/wiki/Murder_Was_The_Case
mw-redirect
Murder Was The Case

values:
/wiki/All_Eyez_On_Me
mw-redirect
All Eyez On Me

values:
/wiki/How_Do_You_Want_It
mw-redirect
How Do You Want It

values:
/wiki/Life_Goes_On_(Tupac_Shakur_song)
mw-redirect
Life Goes On (Tupac Shakur song)

values: Wanted Dead or Alive (Tupac Shakur song)

values:
/wiki/Gang_Related_(soundtrack)
mw-redirect
Gang Related (soundtrack)

values:
/wiki/Who_Do_U_Believe_In%3F
mw-redirect
Who Do U Believe In?

values: Until the End of Time (Tupac Shakur song)

values:
/wiki/Street_Scholars
mw-redirect
Street Scholars

values:
/wiki/Haven%27t_You_Heard...
mw-redirect
Haven't You Heard...

values:
/wiki/Death_Row_Records_artists
mw-redirect
Death Row Records artists

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0275066/
external text

values:
nofollow
external free
https://www.allmusic.com/album/r185654

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.daveyd.com/hammer.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.daveyd.com/hammerpt2.html

values:
/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times
mw-redirect
The Los Angeles Times

values:
/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California
mw-redirect
Los Angeles, California

values:
/wiki/Dual_citizenship
mw-redirect
Dual citizenship

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000G1R344

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.deathrowmusic.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.myspace.com/deathrowrecords

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.twitter.com/deathrowmusic

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.youtube.com/deathrowchannel

values:
nofollow
external text
https://wwwcrooks187.com

values:
nofollow
external autonumber
http://www.deathrowrecordsnorth.com

values: Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text

values: Category:American independent record labels

values: Category:Record labels based in California

values: Category:Record labels established in 1991

values: Category:Record labels disestablished in 2008

values: Category:1991 establishments in California

values: Category:2008 disestablishments in California

values: Category:Defunct companies based in the Greater Los Angeles Area

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2015

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017

values: Category:Pages with broken reference names

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Death_Row_Records
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: 데스 로 레코드 – Korean

values: דת' רואו רקורדס – Hebrew

values: デス・ロウ・レコード – Japanese

values: Дет роу рекордс – Serbian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Death_Row_Records rootpage-Death_Row_Records vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view