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Alan Autry
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Alan Autry
23rd Mayor of Fresno, California
In office
January 5, 2001 – January 6, 2009
Preceded by
Jim Patterson
Succeeded by
Ashley Swearengin
Personal details
Born
Carlos Alan Autry Jr.
(1952-07-31) July 31, 1952 (age 65)
Shreveport, Louisiana, U.S.
Political party
Republican
Spouse(s)
Vicky Brown (1980–1986; divorced); 1 child
Kimberlee Autry (1994–present); 2 children
Residence
Fresno, California, U.S.
Occupation
NFL football player, actor, radio host, politician
Carlos Alan Autry Jr. (also known for a period of time as Carlos Brown; born July 31, 1952), is an American actor, politician, and former National Football League player. During his brief football career, he was known as Carlos Brown. He played the role of Captain Bubba Skinner on the NBC television series, In the Heat of the Night, starring Carroll O'Connor. He has also appeared in films and other television shows. In November 2000, he was elected mayor of Fresno, California, and served for two four-year terms through January 2009. In 2008, Autry was hosting a radio news talk show on KYNO AM 940 in Fresno, but left the station in 2011.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Football career
3 Acting career
4 Other
4.1 Filmography
4.1.1 Television
4.1.1.1 Starring roles
4.1.1.2 Guest starring roles
4.1.1.3 Appearances
4.1.2 Films
5 Politics
6 Electoral history
7 Dirt Road Productions
8 Music
9 References
10 External links
Early life[edit]
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Autry was born in Shreveport, Louisiana, the son of Carl and Verna (née Brown) Autry. His name was changed to Carlos Brown when he was a year old, after his parents divorced. Autry is a distant cousin of Gene Autry. He worked alongside his mother and stepfather, Joe Duty, in California's San Joaquin Valley, where they planted and harvested cotton, grapes, and other crops. They traveled around the valley living in migrant worker camps. When he was twelve, they settled in Riverdale, California.
Football career[edit]
In high school, he was a star quarterback for the Riverdale Cowboys. He received an athletic scholarship to the University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, where he was a second-string tight end in his senior year for the Tigers. In 1975, he was drafted by the Green Bay Packers, where he ended up in 1976, as the starting quarterback for three games.[1]
His football career ended quickly when he was cut from the team by then Coach Bart Starr. He then went to Hollywood to become an actor.[2] He made a football comeback attempt, playing for the B.C. Lions of the CFL in 1979 (as Carlos Brown). He was the third-string quarterback behind Joe Paopao and another ex-Green Bay Packer, Jerry Tagge.[citation needed]
Acting career[edit]
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He made his film debut in the 1978 motion picture Remember My Name. He met his father, Carl Autry Sr., for the first time in 1982, while on location in Shreveport for the motion picture Southern Comfort after he found Carl's name in the telephone book. Afterwards, he made the decision to return to his birth surname of Autry. During his acting years, he struggled with his drug and alcohol use, according to an interview he did with Pat Robertson's The 700 Club in 2007.
Other[edit]
After nine years in Hollywood, he returned home and left his career. "I realized that God had moved in my life like never before. I really realized what God and the power of Jesus Christ was," he said on The 700 Club.[3] By 1986, he was divorced and became a born-again Christian and began to devote much of his time to working with charitable causes. He is married to his second wife, Kimberlee Autry; the couple have three children.[citation needed]
Filmography[edit]
Television[edit]
Starring roles[edit]
In the Heat of the Night (1988–95) as Officer/Sergeant/Lieutenant/Captain Bubba Skinner
Grace Under Fire (1995–96) as Rick Bradshaw
Style & Substance (1998) as Earl
Sons of Thunder (1999) as Butch McMann
Guest starring roles[edit]
Cheers- "The Boys in the Bar" (1983) as Tom Kenderson
The Mississippi – "Murder at Mt. Parnassus" (1983)
The A-Team
"Labor Pains" (1983) as Gary Crenshaw
"Quarterback Sneak" (1986) as Mike "The Hammer" Horn
The Dukes of Hazzard
"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Duke" (1984) as Hurley
"10 Million Dollar Sheriff" (Parts 1&2) (1981) as Dawson [Credited as Carlos Brown]
Hunter – "High Bleacher Man" (1984) as Whitey McVee
Newhart – "Will the Real Dick Loudon Please Shut Up?" (1986) as Ed McKendrick
St. Elsewhere – "Out on a Limb" (1986) as John Corzinsky
The Facts of Life – "Peekskill Law" (1988) as Clark Darrin
Hello, Larry – "The Final Papers" (1979) as Max [Credited as Carlos Brown]
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers – "Gold Fever" (1982) as J.T. [Credited as Carlos Brown]
Best of the West – "The Funeral" (1982) [Credited as Carlos Brown]
Hart of Dixie (2015) – as Mayor Todd Gainey Sr. of rival town Fillmore, AL
Appearances[edit]
26th Annual Academy of Country Music Awards (1991) as Himself/Presenting
George & Alana – (1995) as Himself (interview)
30th Annual Victor Awards (1996) as Himself/Presenting
34th Annual Academy of Country Music Awards (1999) as Himself/Presenting
Get Away Right Away Child Safety Video -(1999) as Himself/Host
Billy Graham Central Valley Crusade – (2001) as Himself
California 911 Memorial Video – (2001) as Himself (Master of Ceremonies)
CNN'S Lou Dobbs Tonight – (6/2/05) as Himself (interview)
Hannity & Colmes – (6/10/05) as Himself (interview)
Praise the Lord
(April 6, 2006) as Himself (interview)
(January, 2003) as Himself (interview)
(March, 2003) as Himself (interview)
(March, 2004) as Himself (Guest Host)
Newshour with Jim Lehrer – (July 28, 2006) as Himself (interview)
The 700 Club – (January 9, 2006) as Himself (interview)
Films[edit]
Credited as Alan Autry
Roadhouse 66 (1984) as Hoot
O.C. and Stiggs (1985)
Eagle and the Bear (1985)
Brewster's Millions (1985) as Biff Brown
Nomads (1986) as Olds
House (1986) as Cop # 3
Blue de Ville (1986) apms Sgt. Auggie Johnson
At Close Range (1986) as Ernie
Proud Men (1987) as Brian Winoon
Destination America (1987) as Larry Leathergood
Amazing Grace and Chuck (1987) as George
World Gone Wild (1988) as Hank
Street of Dreams (1988) as Maury Fields
The Big One: The Great Los Angeles Earthquake (1990) as Matt
Intruders (1992) as Joe Wilkes
The Legend of Jake Kincaid (2002) as Jake Kincaid
Forgiven (2011) as Jake Kincaid
Victory by Submission (2016) as Hank Hendricks
Credited as Carlos Brown
Remember My Name (1978) as Rusty
North Dallas Forty (1979) as Balford
Rage! (1980) as Man #B
Southern Comfort (1981) as Cpl. Nolan (Coach) Bowden
Dangerous Company (1982) as Donald Robinette
Popeye (1980) as Slug (a bully)
Politics[edit]
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Autry was elected in 2000 to succeed Jim Patterson as the mayor of Fresno. He defeated former Mayor Dan Whitehurst. He was re-elected to a second term (2005-2009) on March 2, 2004 with more than 72 percent of the vote. He is a Republican. Because of term limits, he was ineligible to run for re-election. In November 2008, he endorsed Ashley Swearengin, who was elected to succeed him as mayor.
As mayor, Autry was a strong supporter of initiatives to ban gay marriage, and at least twice appeared at a large rally on the steps of City Hall, where he issued impassioned pleas in support of his position. In October 2008, he appeared alongside Rev. Jim Franklin of Cornerstone Church, to oppose gay marriage and support Proposition 8, the California same-sex marriage ban. Opponents of Prop 8 gathered at City Hall to protest his actions. Autry worked successfully to maintain a balanced city budget. He left the city with an $18 million reserve.
Electoral history[edit]
City of Fresno Mayoral Primary Election 2000
Candidate
Votes
Percentage
ALAN AUTRY 22,951 28.75%
DAN WHITEHURST 22,177 27.78%
CHRIS MATHYS 10,503 13.16%
GARRY BREDEFELD 10,029 12.56%
DANIEL RONQUILLO 7,929 9.93%
SAL QUINTERO 5,046 6.32%
CHRIS PETERSEN 699 .88%
BENJERMAN J. RAYA 214 .27%
MICHAEL EAGLES 203 .25%
Write-in Votes 86 .11%
Total votes 79,837 100.00%
[4]
City of Fresno Mayoral General Election 2000
Candidate
Votes
Percentage
ALAN AUTRY 66,555 61.23%
DAN WHITEHURST 41,920 38.57%
Total votes 108,689 100.00%
[5]
City of Fresno Mayoral Primary Election 2004
Candidate
Votes
Percentage
ALAN AUTRY 48,744 72.53%
SUE SAIGAL 13,904 20.69%
JOHNNY W. NELUM SR. 2,348 3.49%
BENJERMAN JUNIOR RA 1,159 1.72%
TONY FARMER 813 1.21%
BARBARA ANN HUNT WI 8 .01%
Write-in Votes 225 .33%
Total votes 67,201 100.00%
[6]
Dirt Road Productions[edit]
In 1997, Autry launched his own production company Dirt Road Productions. In 2002, he released The Legend of Jake Kincaid, a western based on a story he wrote. He was also the director of this film.[7]
Music[edit]
This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Autry and his In the Heat of the Night co-star Randall Franks joined forces under the banner of Autry-Franks Productions to produce the charity "In the Heat of the Night" CD "Christmas Time's A Comin'" featuring the cast of the show. The project raised funds for drug abuse prevention charities. With Franks producing, Autry performed his rendition of "Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer" in homage to Gene Autry.
The duo both performed on "Jingle Bells" and "Christmas Time's A Comin'". Franks and Autry were able to include many music legends, including Kitty Wells, Jimmy Dickens, and Pee Wee King, as well as many legends from the Bluegrass genre, from Jim & Jesse to The Lewis Family. The “Christmas Time’s A Comin’” CD released on Sonlite and MGM/UA was one of the most popular Christmas releases of 1991 and 1992 with Southern retailers.[citation needed]
Autry and Randall Franks formed Autry-Franks Productions. Crimson Records released "Alan Autry and Randall Franks Mississippi Moon: Country Traditions" in 2013, an Americana CD featuring both actors vocally on various classic and original songs. The project which incorporates country, bluegrass and Southern gospel includes special appearances by Bluegrass Hall of Fame members Jim and Jesse McReynolds and three-time Dove Award nominee Mark Wheeler.[8]
Louisiana portal
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References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Carlos Brown". pro-football-reference.com. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Leon, David (2005-11-18). "Actor-turned-Fresno-mayor roots against old pal Carroll". usatoday.com. Retrieved 2016-07-21.
Jump up ^ The 700 Club – Alan Autry: A New Sheriff in Town, cbn.com; accessed July 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "County of Fresno - County Clerk Registrar of Voters - March 7, 2000 Presidential Primary Election". Co.fresno.ca.us. 2000-03-07. Retrieved 2016-07-21.
Jump up ^ "Consolidated General Election". County of Fresno - County Clerk Registrar of Voters. November 7, 2000. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "County of Fresno - County Clerk Registrar of Voters - March 2, 2004 Consolidated Presidential Primary Election". fresno.ca.us. 2004-03-02. Retrieved 2016-07-21.
Jump up ^ "The Legend of Jake Kincaid (TV Movie 2002)". IMDB.
Jump up ^ "A Musical "Mississippi Moon" Shines for Two American Actors". Cybergrass.com. 2013-09-19. Retrieved 2016-07-21.
External links[edit]
Alan Autry on IMDb
Alan Autry at AllMovie
Alan Autry's The Legend of Jake Kincaid
Fresno Mayor's official city government web page
Just Sports Stats
NFL.com player page
Political offices
Preceded by
Jim Patterson 23rd Mayor of Fresno, California
January 2001 – January 6, 2009 Succeeded by
Ashley Swearengin
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 87321578
ISNI: 0000 0000 8398 8237
BNF: cb16222639x (data)
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text:
List of extinct animals of the British Isles
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
See also: List of endangered species of the British Isles
This is a list of extinct animals of the British Isles. Only a small number of these are globally extinct, most famously the Irish elk, great auk and woolly mammoth. Most of the remainder survive to some extent outside the islands. The list includes introduced species only in cases where they were able to form self-sustaining colonies for a time. Only species extinct since Great Britain was separated from mainland Europe are included. The date beside each species is the last date when a specimen was observed in the wild or, where this is not known, the approximate date of extinction. The list is complete for mammals, reptiles, freshwater fish and amphibians.
Contents
[hide]
1 Mammals[1]
2 Birds
3 Fish
4 Amphibians
5 Reptiles
6 Insects
6.1 Beetles
6.2 Bees, wasps and ants
6.3 Flies
6.4 Butterflies and moths
6.5 Dragonflies and damselflies
6.6 Caddisflies
7 Crustaceans
7.1 Molluscs
7.1.1 Land snails
8 Reintroduction and re-establishment
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
Mammals[1][edit]
Arctic lemming – c. 8000 BC
Arctic fox - c. (unknown)
†Eurasian aurochs – c. 1000 BC
Barbary macaque - c. 30,000 BC
†Cave bear – c. 15,000 BC
Coypu – 1978 (nonnative)
Elk Alces alces
Eurasian beaver – 1526 (reintroduced)
Eurasian brown bear – c. 1000 AD
Eurasian lynx – c. AD 400
Grey whale – c. 598 BC
Eurasian wolf – AD 1680 in Britain, AD 1786 in Ireland
†Irish elk – c. 6000 BC
Narrow-headed vole – c. 8000 BC
Steppe pika – c. 8000 BC
Root vole – c. 1500 BC
Saiga antelope – c. 10,000 BC
Steppe lemming – c. 8000 BC
†Tarpan – c. 7000 BC
Walrus – c. 1000 BC (Occasional Visitor) [2]
Wild Boar – c. 1400 (Reintroduced) [3]
Wisent – c. 3000 BC
Wolverine – c. 6000 BC
†Woolly mammoth – c. 10,000 BC
†Woolly rhinoceros – c. 10,000 BC
†Cave lion – c. 10,000 BC
†Scimitar cat - c. 30,000 BC[4]
†Cave hyena - c. 11,000 BC
†European jaguar - c. (unknown)
†European Ice Age leopard - c. 24,000 BC
†European gazelle - c. (unknown)
Birds[edit]
Fea's petrel – Iron Age
Dalmatian pelican – c. 1000 BC
Eurasian spoonbill – 15th century (re-established)
Little egret – late medieval period (re-established)
Osprey – 1916 (re-established)
White-tailed eagle – 1916 (reintroduced)
Western marsh harrier – late 19th century (re-established)
Northern goshawk – late 19th century (possibly reintroduced)
Western capercaillie – 1780s (reintroduced)
Great bustard – 19th century (reintroduced)
Common crane – late medieval period (now re-established)
Pied avocet – 19th century (re-established)
Kentish plover – 20th century (last breeding record 1979)[5]
†Great auk – 1844
White stork – 1416
Red-backed shrike – 1989 (as a regular breeding bird)
Wryneck (as a regular breeding bird)
Fish[edit]
†Houting
Burbot
Amphibians[edit]
Agile frog – c. 1000 AD
Moor frog – c. 1000 AD
European tree frog – 1986
Reptiles[edit]
European pond terrapin – ≤ 3000 BC
Insects[edit]
Beetles[edit]
Agonum sahlbergi (ground beetle) – 1914
Blue stag beetle – 19th century
Graphoderus bilineatus (water beetle) – 1906
Harpalus honestus (ground beetle) – 1905
Horned dung beetle – 1957
Ochthebius aeneus (water beetle) – 1913
Platydema violaceum (tenebrionid) – 1957
Rhantus aberratus (water beetle) – 1904
Scybalicus oblongiusculus (ground beetle) – 1926
Teretrius fabricii (histerid) – 1907
Bees, wasps and ants[edit]
Andrena polita (mining bee) – 1934
Bombus pomorum, apple bumblebee – 1864[6]
Bombus cullumanus, Cullum's bumblebee – 1941[6]
Eucera tuberculata (mining bee) – 1941
Halictus maculatus (mining bee) – 1930
Mellinus crabroneus (digger wasp) – c. 1950
Odynerus reniformis (mason wasp) – 1915
Odynerus simillimus (mason wasp) – 1905
Short-haired bumblebee – 1989[6]
Flies[edit]
Merodon clavipes
Butterflies and moths[edit]
General reference: Waring et al., 2009.[7]
Aporia crataegi, black-veined white – 1925
Borkhausenia minutella – 1950
Conformist (moth) –
Euclemensia woodiella (moth) – 1829
Flame brocade (moth) – 1919
Frosted yellow (moth) – 1914
Gypsy moth – 1907; reappeared 1995[8]
Isle of Wight wave (moth) – 1931
Large chequered skipper – c. 1989 (non-native, Channel Islands)
Large copper – 1865
Many-lined (moth) – 1875
Map – c. 1914 (non-native)
Mazarine blue – 1906
Orache moth – 1915
Reed tussock (moth) – 1875
Scarce black arches (moth) – 1898 (transitory resident)
Speckled beauty (moth) – 1898
Union rustic (moth) – 1919
Viper's bugloss (moth) –1969[9]
Dragonflies and damselflies[edit]
Norfolk damselfly – 1957
Orange-spotted emerald (dragonfly) – 1957
Caddisflies[edit]
Hydropsyche bulgaromanorum (caddis fly) – 1926
Hydropsyche exocellata (caddis fly) – 1901
Crustaceans[edit]
Artemia salina (brine shrimp) – after 1758[10][11]
Molluscs[edit]
Land snails[edit]
Fruticicola fruticum
Cernuella neglecta
† – Species is extinct worldwide
Reintroduction and re-establishment[edit]
Main article: Species reintroduction § United Kingdom
The white-tailed eagle has been successfully re-established on the west coast of Scotland.[12] Having clung on in parts of Wales[13], Red kites have been successfully re-established in parts of England and Scotland.[14] Ongoing projects involve both these species: the corncrake into parts of England and Scotland, and the great bustard on Salisbury Plain.
European beavers have been reintroduced to parts of Scotland, and there are plans to bring them back to other parts of Britain. A five-year trial reintroduction at Knapdale in Argyll started in 2009 and concluded in 2014.[15] A few hundred beavers live wild in the Tay river basin, as a result of escapes from a wildlife park.[16] A similar reintroduction trial is being undertaken on the River Otter in Devon, England.[17] In 2016, beavers were recognised as a British native species, and will be protected under law.[18]
In 2008, moose were released into a fenced reserve on the Alladale Estate in the Highlands of Scotland. Reindeer were re-established in 1952; approximately 150–170 reindeer live around the Cairngorms region in Scotland.
In 1998, MAFF, now known as DEFRA released a report concerning the presence of two populations of wild boar living freely in the UK[19]. These boar are thought to have escaped from wildlife parks, zoos and from farms where they are farmed for their meat, and gone on to establish breeding populations[20][21].
The northern clade pool frog was reintroduced from Swedish stock in 2005, to a single site in Norfolk, England, following detailed research to prove that it had been native prior to its extinction around 1993.
The large blue butterfly has been successfully re-established from Swedish stock at a number of sites, but few of these are open-access. There are also several successful cases of the establishment of new populations of heath fritillary.
There have been calls for the reintroduction of the lynx, brown bear and grey wolf to the UK.[22]
See also[edit]
List of mammals of the British Isles
Extinct animals from the Isle of Man
List of extinct animals of Europe
Introduced species of the British Isles
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Yalden, Derek (1999), History of British Mammals, London: T. & A.D. Poyser Ltd., ISBN 0-85661-110-7
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-21647421
Jump up ^ https://www.britishwildboar.org.uk/index.htm?britain.htm
Jump up ^ "The lost beasts that roamed Britain during the ice age". BBC. July 22, 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Bill Teale (2016-09-17). "Birdwatch: Rare appearance from Kentish plover". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bumblebee superfacts, BugLife, retrieved January 23, 2013
Jump up ^ Waring, P.; et al. (2009), Field Guide to the Moths of Great Britain and Ireland, Hook, Hampshire: British Wildlife Publishing, ISBN 0953139999 ; UK Moths, Ian Kimber https://ukmoths.org.uk/, retrieved January 23, 2013 Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Tilbury, Christine (March 2007), Gypsy Moth Advisory Note (PDF), Forest Research: Tree Health Division, retrieved 6 February 2014
Jump up ^ "Viper's Bugloss Hadena irregularis – UK Moths", UK Moths, Ian Kimber, retrieved January 23, 2013
Jump up ^ Gilbert Van Stappen (1996), "Artemia", in Patrick Lavens & Patrick Sorgeloos, Manual on the Production and Use of Live Food for Aquaculture, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, 361, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, pp. 79–106, ISBN 978-92-5-103934-2
Jump up ^ Geoffrey Fryer (2006), "The brine shrimp's tale: a topsy turvy evolutionary fable" (PDF), Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 88 (3): 377–382, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00623.x
Jump up ^ George Monbiot. "15 species that should be brought back to rewild Britain". the Guardian. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "RSPB: Redkite Conservation".
Jump up ^ "The RSPB: Red kite". The RSPB. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Commissioned Report No. 685 The Scottish Beaver Trial: Ecological monitoring of the European beaver Castor fiber and other riparian mammals 2009-2014, final report" (PDF). Retrieved 18 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tay Beavers Origin". Scottish Wild Beavers. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.devonwildlifetrust.org/river-otter-beavers
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/nov/24/beavers-native-protected-species-status-reintroduction-scotland
Jump up ^ "Feral wild boar in England Status, impact and management A report on behalf of Defra European Wildlife Division" (PDF). National Archives. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Archived from the original on 1 January 2007. Retrieved 26 October 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Feral wild boar in England Status, impact and management A report on behalf of Defra European Wildlife Division" (PDF). Archived from the original on 1 January 2007. Retrieved 26 October 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Wild Boar". The British Association for Shooting and Conservation. BASC. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Call for lynx and wolf reintroduction". BBC News. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Further reading[edit]
A Short History of the British Mammal Fauna (archived)
The History of British Birds
Buglife on bumblebees
Joint Nature Conservation Committee – Invertebrates extinct in the last 100 yearsvvnoljv;sfolzdfbionszfibkn sfn k;l
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_extinct_animals_of_the_British_Isles&oldid=832106142"
Categories:
Lists of extinct animals by region
Extinct animals of Europe
Lists of British animals
British Isles-related lists
Hidden categories:
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Cabinet of Namibia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Namibia
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Namibia
Constitution[show]
Constituent Assembly
Executive[show]
President
Hage Geingob
Vice-President
Nangolo Mbumba
Prime Minister
Saara Kuugongelwa
Cabinet
Legislature[show]
National Council
Chairman: Asser K. Kapere
National Assembly
Speaker: Peter Katjavivi
Judiciary[show]
Supreme Court
Chief Justice: Peter Shivute
Administrative divisions[show]
Regions
Constituencies
Elections[show]
Recent elections
General: 2004
2009
2014
Regional: 2004
2010
2015
Political parties
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Minister of Foreign Affairs
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v
t
e
The Cabinet of Namibia is an appointed body that was established by the Chapter 6 (Articles 35-42) of the Constitution of Namibia. It is mandated to include the following positions: the President of Namibia, the Prime Minister of Namibia and any positions that the President so appoints.[1]
All cabinet members also sit in the National Assembly. This situation has been criticised by Namibia's civil society and the opposition as creating a significant overlap between executive and legislature, undermining the separation of powers. The seniority of cabinet members generally relegate ordinary MPs to the back benches.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Lists of Cabinets of Namibia
1.1 Current Cabinet (2015–)
1.2 2010–2015
1.3 2005–2010
2 References
2.1 Notes
2.2 Literature
Lists of Cabinets of Namibia[edit]
Current Cabinet (2015–)[edit]
The current Cabinet was announced on 19 March 2015. The position of Vice-President was established for the first time, as well as five ministries with two Deputy Ministers each. While the deputies are not Cabinet members their double appointments still significantly increased the number of top positions in public administration.[3][4]
A major Cabinet reshuffle occurred in February 2018 when two ministers were fired, the vice president retired on health grounds, and several other rotations took place.[5] In the wake of the February Cabinet reshuffle the number of deputy ministers was reduced again to one per ministry, with the Office of the Vice-President the only exception. This move was announced as a cost-cutting measure.[6][7]
President: Hage Geingob
Vice President: Nickey Iyambo (until February 2018), Nangolo Mbumba
Prime Minister: Saara Kuugongelwa-Amadhila
Deputy Prime Minister and Minster of Foreign Affairs: Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah
Deputy: Peya Mushelenga (until February 2018), Christine ǁHoebes
Deputy: Maureen Hinda (until February 2018)
Attorney-General: Albert Kawana
Director General of the National Planning Commission and Minister of Economic Planning: Tom Alweendo (until February 2018), Obeth Kandjoze
Deputy: Lucia Iipumbu (until February 2018), Piet van der Walt
Minister of Agriculture, Water and Forestry: John Mutorwa (until February 2018), Alpheus ǃNaruseb
Deputy: Theo Diergaardt
Deputy: Anna Shiweda
Minister of Defence: Penda ya Ndakolo
Deputy: Billy Mwaningange
Minister of Education, Arts and Culture: Katrina Hanse-Himarwa
Deputy: Anna Nghipondoka
Minister of Environment and Tourism: Pohamba Shifeta
Deputy: Tommy Nambahu (until February 2018), Bernadette Jagger
Minister of Finance: Calle Schlettwein
Deputy: Natangwe Ithete
Minister of Fisheries and Marine Resources: Bernhard Esau
Deputy: Chief Samuel Ankama (until February 2018), Sylvia Makgone
Minister of Gender Equality and Child Welfare: Doreen Sioka
Deputy: Lucia Witbooi
Minister of Health and Social Services: Berhard Haufiku
Deputy: Juliet Kavetuna
Minister of Higher Education, Training and Innovation: Itah Murangi-Kandjii
Deputy: Becky Ndoze-Ojo
Minister of Home Affairs and Immigration: Pendukeni Iivula-Ithana (until February 2018), Frans Kapofi
Deputy: Erastus Uutoni
Minister of Industrialisation, Trade and SME Development: Immanuel Ngatjizeko (until February 2018), Tjekero Tweya
Deputy: Piet van der Walt (until February 2018), Lucia Iipumbu
Minister of Information and Communication Technology: Tjekero Tweya (until February 2018), Stanley Simataa
Deputy: Stanley Simaata (until February 2018), Engel Nawatiseb
Minister of Justice: Albert Kawana (until February 2018), Sackeus Shanghala
Deputy: Lidwina Shapwa
Minister of Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Creation: Erkki Nghimtina
Deputy: Alpheus Muheua (until February 2018), Tommy Nambahu
Minister of Land Reform: Utoni Nujoma
Deputy: Bernadus Swartbooi (until December 2016),[8] Priscilla Boois (from December 2016)[9]
Minister of Mines and Energy: Obeth Kandjoze (until February 2018), Tom Alweendo
Deputy: Kornelia Shilunga
Minister of Poverty Eradication and Social Welfare: Bishop Zephania Kameeta
Deputy: Priscilla Beukes
Deputy: Reverend Aino Kapewangolo
Minister of Presidential Affairs: Frans Kapofi (until February 2018), Immanuel Ngatjizeko
Deputy: Christine ǁHoebes (until February 2018)
Minister of Public Enterprises: Leon Jooste
Deputy: Engel Nawatiseb (until February 2018), Veikko Nekundi
Minister of Safety and Security: Charles Namoloh
Deputy: Daniel Kashikolo
Minister of Sport, Youth and National Service: Jerry Ekandjo (until February 2018), Erastus Utoni
Deputy: Agnes Tjongarero
Minister of Urban and Rural Development: Sophia Shaningwa (until February 2018), Peya Mushelenga
Deputy: Derek Klazen
Deputy: Sylvia Makgone (until February 2018), Chief Samuel Ankama
Minister of Veterans' Affairs: Nickey Iyambo
Deputy for the recognition of the disabled: Alexia Manombe-Ncube
Deputy for the recognition of marginalised people: Royal /Ui/o/oo
Deputy for the recognition of veterans of the fight for independence: Hilma Nicanor
Minister of Works and Transport: Alpheus ǃNaruseb (until February 2018), John Mutorwa
Deputy: Sankwasa James Sankwasa
Deputy: Kilus Nguvauva
2010–2015[edit]
This Cabinet was appointed in 2010. The SWAPO congress end of November 2012 resulted in "one of the biggest Cabinet reshuffles the country has seen since independence".[10]
President: Hifikepunye Pohamba
Prime Minister: Nahas Angula (2010-2012), Hage Geingob (2012-2015)[10]
Deputy Prime Minister: Marco Hausiku
Speaker of Parliament: Theo-Ben Gurirab
Deputy Speaker: Loide Kasingo
Minister of Trade and Industry: Hage Geingob (2010-2012), Calle Schlettwein (2012-2015)[10]
Deputy: Tjekero Tweya
Minister of Justice: Pendukeni Iivula-Ithana (2010-2012), Utoni Nujoma (2012-2015)[10]
Deputy: Tommy Nambahu
Minister of Safety and Security: Nangolo Mbumba (2010-2012), Immanuel Ngatjizeko (2012-2015)[10]
Deputy: Erastus Uutoni
Minister of Presidential Affairs and Attorney General: Albert Kawana
Deputy: none
Minister of Defence: Charles Namoloh (2010-2012), Nahas Angula (2012-2015)[10]
Deputy: Lempy Lucas (2010-2012), Petrus Iilonga (2012-2015)[10]
Minister of Home Affairs and Immigration: Rosalia Nghidinwa (2010-2012), Pendukeni Iivula-Ithana (2012-2015)[10]
Deputy: Elia Kaiyamo
Minister of Finance: Saara Kuugongelwa-Amadhila
Deputy: Calle Schlettwein (2010-2012), vacant as from 4 December 2012[11]
Minister of Regional and Local Government, Housing and Rural Development: Jerry Ekandjo (2010-2012), Charles Namoloh (2012-2015)[10]
Deputy: Priscilla Beukes
Minister of Foreign Affairs: Utoni Nujoma (2010-2012), Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah (2012-)[10]
Deputy: Peya Mushelenga
Minister of Health: Richard Kamwi
Deputy: Petrina Haingura
Minister of Education : Abraham Iyambo (until 2 February 2013), David Namwandi (from 21 February 2013)
Deputy: David Namwandi (until 20 February 2013), Silvia Makgone (from 21 February 2013)[12]
Minister of Lands and Resettlement: Alpheus ǃNaruseb
Deputy: Theo Diergaardt (appointed January 2011)[13]
Minister of Works and Transport: Erkki Nghimtina
Deputy: Chief Samuel Ankama (2010-2012), Chief Kilus Nguvauva (2012-2015)[10]
Minister of Agriculture, Water and Forestry: John Mutorwa
Deputy: Petrus Iilonga (2010-2012), Lempy Lucas (2012-)[10]
Minister of Environment and Tourism: Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah (2010-2012), Uahekua Herunga (2012-2015)[10]
Deputy: Uahekua Herunga (2010-2012), Pohamba Shifeta (2012-)[10]
Minister of Labour and Social Welfare: Immanuel Ngatjizeko (2010-2012), Doreen Sioka (2012-2015)[10]
Deputy: Alpheus Muheua
Minister of Veterans' Affairs: Nickey Iyambo
Deputy: Hilma Nicanor (appointed in January 2011)[13]
Minister of Gender Equality and Child Welfare: Doreen Sioka (2010-2012), Rosalia Nghidinwa (2012-2015)[10]
Deputy: Angelika Muharukua
Minister of Information and Information Technology: Joel Kaapanda
Deputy: Stanley Simataa
Minister of Fisheries and Marine Resources: Bernard Esau
Deputy: Chief Kilus Nguvauva (2010-2012), Chief Samuel Ankama (2012-2015)[10]
Minister of Mines and Energy: Isak Katali
Deputy: Willem Isaacks
Minister of Youth, National Service, Sport and Culture: Kazenambo Kazenambo (2010-2012), Jerry Ekandjo (2012-2015)[10]
Deputy: Pohamba Shifeta (2010-2012), Juliet Kavetuna (2012-2015)[10]
Auditor General: Junias Kandjeke[14]
2005–2010[edit]
Below is a list of the cabinet of the Republic of Namibia from appointment in 2005 until replacement in 2010:
President: Hifikepunye Pohamba
Prime Minister: Nahas Angula
Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs: Marco Hausiku
Minister of Defense: Major General Charles Ndaxu Namoloh
Minister of Veterans Affairs: Ngarikutuke Tjiriange
Minister of Education: Nangolo Mbumba
Deputy: Rebecca Ndjoze-Ojo
Minister of Finance: Saara Kuugongelwa-Amadhila
Minister of Safety and Security: Nickey Iyambo
Minister of Trade and Industry: Immanuel Ngatjizeko (2005-2008),[15] Hage Geingob (2008-2010)[16]
Deputy: Bernhardt Esau
Minister of Home Affairs and Immigration: Rosalia Nghidinwa
Minister of Information and Broadcasting: Joel Kaapanda
Deputy: Raphael Dinyando[17]
Minister of Justice: Pendukeni Iivula-Ithana
Minister of Mines and Energy: Erkki Nghimtina
Minister of Labour and Social Welfare: Immanuel Ngatjizeko
Deputy: Petrus Iilonga
Minister of Health and Social Service: Richard Kamwi
Minister of Agriculture, Water, and Forestry: John Mutorwa
Minister of Fisheries and Marine Resources: Abraham Iyambo
Minister of Environment and Tourism: Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah
Minister of Lands and Resettlement: Alpheus ǃNaruseb
Minister of Local and Regional Government, Housing and Rural Development: Jerry Ekandjo
Deputy: Kazenambo Kazenambo[18]
Minister of Works, Transport and Communication: Helmut Angula
Deputy: Paulus Kapia until October 2005, then Steve Mogotsi[19]
Minister of Gender Equality and Child Welfare: Marlene Mungunda
Deputy: Angelika Muharukua[20]
Minister of Youth, National Service, Sport, and Culture: Willem Konjore[21]
Deputy: Pohamba Shifeta[22]
Minister of Presidential Affairs: Albert Kawana
National Planning Commission Director: Peter Katjavivi
Namibia Central Intelligence Service Director: Lukas Hangula
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Constitution of the Republic of Namibia
Jump up ^ Sasman, Catherine (22 March 2013). "Mbumba's presence in Cabinet under spotlight". The Namibian.
Jump up ^ Immanuel, Shinovene; Mongudhi, Tileni (20 March 2015). "Costly Democracy". The Namibian. pp. 1–2.
Jump up ^ "Deputy ministers announced". New Era. 20 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Matthys, Donald (8 February 2018). "President reshuffles Cabinet—Vice President relieved of duties". Namibia Economist.
Jump up ^ Immanuel, Shinovene; Shapwanale, Ndapewoshali (19 February 2018). "Presidency keeps 3 deputies". The Namibian. pp. 1–2.
Jump up ^ Nakale, Albertina (14 February 2018). "Deputy ministers reduced". New Era.
Jump up ^ "Swartbooi resigned, not fired – Kapofi". New Era. 14 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "President appoints new deputy for lands". The Namibian. 15 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Shipanga, Selma; Immanuel, Shinovene (5 December 2012). "Transition team picked". The Namibian.
Jump up ^ Duddy, Jo-Mare (8 April 2013). "Karuaihe-Martin tipped for top finance job". The Namibian.
Jump up ^ Immanuel, Shinovene (22 February 2013). "Pohamba confirms Namwandi". The Namibian.
^ Jump up to: a b Pohamba appoints 2 deputy ministers The Namibian, 21 January 2011
Jump up ^ Namibia’s new Cabinet announced 22 March 2010; The Namibian
Jump up ^ Hopwood 2007, Entry for Immanuel Ngatjizeko.
Jump up ^ Kuvee Kangueehi, "Cabinet Shake Up", New Era (allAfrica.com), April 9, 2008.
Jump up ^ Hopwood 2007, Entry for Raphael Dinyando.
Jump up ^ Hopwood 2007, Entry for Kazenambo Kazenambo.
Jump up ^ "Stefanus Mogotsi nimmt Kapias Stelle ein" [Stefanus Mogotsi takes Kapia's position]. Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). 24 October 2005.
Jump up ^ Hopwood 2007, Entry for Angelika Muharukua.
Jump up ^ Background Note: Namibia United States Department of State, update July 2008
Jump up ^ Hopwood 2007, Entry for Pohamba Shifeta.
Literature[edit]
Hopwood, Graham (2007). Guide to Namibian Politics. Windhoek: Konrad Adenauer Foundation. ISBN 99916-797-5-8.
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The Comedy Store
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the comedy club located in the United States. For the comedy club with the same name located in London, England, see The Comedy Store, London. For the Ugandan Live and TV comedy show, see Comedy Store Uganda.
The Comedy Store
The Comedy Store in 2006
Former names
Ciro's
Address
8433 West Sunset Boulevard
Location
West Hollywood, California
Coordinates
34°05′42″N 118°22′26″W / 34.09510°N 118.37384°W / 34.09510; -118.37384Coordinates: 34°05′42″N 118°22′26″W / 34.09510°N 118.37384°W / 34.09510; -118.37384
Owner
Mitzi Shore
Type
Comedy club
Capacity
Main room: 450
Construction
Opened
April 1972 (1972-04)
Renovated
1976
Website
www.thecomedystore.com
The Comedy Store
The Comedy Store is a comedy club located in West Hollywood, California, at 8433 Sunset Boulevard on the Sunset Strip. It has a sister comedy club in La Jolla, San Diego, California.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Job action
3 Notable alumni
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The Comedy Store was opened in April 1972 by comedians Sammy Shore and Rudy DeLuca. The building was formerly the home of Ciro's, a popular Hollywood nightclub owned by William Wilkerson, and later a rock and roll venue,[2] where The Byrds were discovered in 1964.
When the venue reopened as The Comedy Store in 1972, it included a 99-seat theatre, where Johnny Carson was one of the first comics to perform.[3] As a result of a divorce settlement, Sammy Shore's ex-wife Mitzi Shore began operating the club in 1973, and she was able to buy the building in 1976. She immediately renovated and expanded the club to include a 450-seat main room.[3]
In 1974, The Comedy Store hosted the wedding reception of newlyweds Liza Minnelli (daughter of Judy Garland) and Jack Haley, Jr., (son of Jack Haley who played "the Tin Man" in the 1939 movie, "The Wizard of Oz" which starred Liza's mother). The Comedy Club signage was covered, for the evening, by signs reading "Ciro's", denoting the venue's prior identity. The event was attended by many dozens of Hollywood glitterati, including Elizabeth Taylor, Sammy Davis Jr., Cher, Bob Fosse, Johnny Carson, Goldie Hawn, Cesar Romero, Priscilla Presley and other stars, past and present. The soiree was so grand that Sunset Boulevard was temporarily blocked by police to allow Hollywood royalty to arrive in their limos unmolested by photographers and reporters.
Jennie and Terrie Frankel perform at The Comedy Store in the late 1970s
Job action[edit]
Beginning in 1979, The Comedy Store served for many years as the host location for the annual HBO Young Comedians specials.
Also in 1979, stand-up comedians formed a short-lived labor union and demanded to be paid for their appearances at The Comedy Store. For six weeks (beginning in March),[4][4] several famous comedians staged a protest in front of the club, while others crossed the picket line.[4] The comedians involved formed a union called Comedians for Compensation and fought for pay where they had received none before. They eventually picketed in front of the club when their demands were not met. Jay Leno and David Letterman were among those on the picket line while Garry Shandling and Yakov Smirnoff crossed the line.[5]
The job action was not legally a strike as the comedians were classified as "independent contractors" and were not under contract with the club.
Mitzi Shore argued that the club was and had always been a showcase and training ground for young comedians and was not about profits. She alleged that comedians came to the club and could work on their material in front of casting agents and other talent scouts who would possibly hire them as professionals if they were good enough.
The comedians at the club became unhappy when the club was expanded several times and it was perceived that Shore's profits were quite substantial. Shore also paid the rest of her staff, including waitresses and bartenders.
After the strike some comedians were no longer allowed to perform at the club, including Steve Lubetkin, who committed suicide by jumping off the roof of the Continental Hyatt House next door. His suicide note included the line: "My name is Steve Lubetkin. I used to work at The Comedy Store."[6] Lubetkin hoped that his suicide would resolve the labor dispute. He also cited Shore as the reason he no longer had a job.
The union ceased to exist in 1980, although from the time of the job action onward, comedians in Los Angeles were paid for their shows. This included The Comedy Store and The Improv.
Notable alumni[edit]
Tim Allen
Louie Anderson
Don Barris
Roseanne Barr
Joy Behar
John Belushi
Richard Belzer
Sandra Bernhard
Mike Binder
Elaine Boosler[3]
David Brenner
Bill Burr
Joe Rogan
Bryan Callen
George Carlin
Jim Carrey
Johnny Carson
John Caparulo
Dave Chappelle
Chevy Chase
Margaret Cho
Louis CK[7]
Tom Davis
Andrew Dice Clay
Jenn Colella
Dane Cook
Doug Benson
Blake Clark
Whitney Cummings
Billy Crystal
Rodney Dangerfield
Ellen DeGeneres
John Del Rico
Chris D'Elia
Joey Diaz
Andy Dick
Gaylord Dingler
Tom Dreesen
Will Durst
Redd Foxx
Al Franken
Gallagher
Janeane Garofalo
Whoopi Goldberg[3]
Kathy Griffin
Arsenio Hall
Argus Hamilton
Chelsea Handler
Kevin Hart
Tony Hinchcliffe
Bill Hicks
Joel Hodgson
Dom Irrera
Martin Lawrence
Freddy Lockhart
Andy Kaufman
Michael Keaton[3]
Sam Kinison
Steve Landesberg
Bobby Lee
Jay Leno[3]
David Letterman[3]
Richard Lewis
Jay London
Bill Maher
Howie Mandel
Marc Maron
Steve Martin
Ralphie May
Edie McClurg
Jason Mewes
Dennis Miller
George Miller
Paul Mooney
Eddie Murphy[3]
Rosie O'Donnell
Patrice O'Neal
John Pappas
Russell Peters
Dat Phan
Ollie Joe Prater
Richard Pryor[3]
Chris Rock
Paul Rodriguez[3]
Ray Romano
Chris Rush
Bob Saget
Amy Schumer
Jerry Seinfeld
Garry Shandling[3]
Iliza Shlesinger
Pauly Shore
Sarah Silverman
Sinbad
Brad Slaight
Yakov Smirnoff
Kevin Smith
Phil Snyder
Freddy Soto
Doug Stanhope
Sarah Tiana
The Unknown Comic
Jimmie Walker
Damon Wayans
Jeff Wayne
Robin Williams
Thomas F. Wilson
The history of the young comedians coming to Los Angeles in the 1970s and performing at the club is told in the book I'm Dying Up Here by William Knoedelseder.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Comedy Store, La Jolla". The Comedy Store. Retrieved 2009-05-28.
Jump up ^ Ogden, Tom (1999). "The Comedy Store". The Complete Idiot's Guide to Ghosts and Hauntings. Alpha Books. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-02-863659-7. OCLC 42714505.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Lord, Rosemary (2003). Hollywood Then and Now. San Diego, CA: Thunder Bay Press. pp. 140–141. ISBN 1-59223-104-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c Zoglin, Richard (2008-02-04). "The First Comedy Strike". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
Jump up ^ "Jokers Wild". New York Post. April 30, 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Knoedelseder, William (2009). I'm Dying Up Here: Heartbreak and High Times in Stand-up Comedy's Golden Era. New York, NY: PublicAffairs. ISBN 1586488961.
Jump up ^ http://hollywood.thecomedystore.com/comedian.cfm?id=180
External links[edit]
An Interview with Sammy Shore, Comedy Store Founder, June 2011
The Comedy Store
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Comedy_Store&oldid=837505516"
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Thorax
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the anatomy concept. For other uses, see Thorax (disambiguation).
"Chest" redirects here. For the furniture used for storage, see Chest (furniture). For other uses, see Chest (disambiguation).
Thorax
Chest
X-ray image of the chest showing the internal anatomy of the rib cage, lungs and heart as well as the inferior thoracic border–made up of the diaphragm.
Surface projections of the organs of the trunk, with the thorax or chest region seen stretching down to approximately the end of the oblique lung fissure anteriorly, but more deeply it its lower limit rather corresponds to the upper border of the liver.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
thorax
Greek
θώραξ
TA
A01.1.00.014
FMA
9576
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The thorax or chest (from the Greek θώραξ thorax "breastplate, cuirass, corslet"[1] via Latin: thorax) is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals located between the neck and the abdomen.[2][3] The thorax includes the thoracic cavity and the thoracic wall. It contains organs including the heart, lungs, and thymus gland, as well as muscles and various other internal structures. Many diseases may affect the chest, and one of the most common symptoms is chest pain.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Contents
1.2 The chest
1.3 Bones
1.4 Anatomical landmarks
2 Clinical significance
2.1 Injury
2.2 Pain
2.2.1 Non-cardiac causes of chest pain
2.3 Atelectasis
2.4 Pneumothorax
3 Other animals
3.1 In tetrapods
3.2 In arthropods
4 Additional Images
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Structure[edit]
In humans and other hominids, the thorax is the chest region of the body between the neck and the abdomen, along with its internal organs and other contents. It is mostly protected and supported by the rib cage, spine, and shoulder girdle.
Contents[edit]
An X-ray of a human chest area, with some structures labeled
The contents of the thorax include the heart and lungs and the thymus gland); the (major and minor pectoral muscles, trapezius muscles and neck muscle); internal structures such as the diaphragm, esophagus, trachea and a part of the sternum known as the xiphoid process). Arteries and veins are also contained – (aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and the pulmonary artery); bones (the shoulder socket containing the upper part of the humerus, the scapula, sternum, thoracic portion of the spine, collarbone, and the rib cage and floating ribs).
External structures are the skin and nipples.
The chest[edit]
In the human body, the region of the thorax between the neck and diaphragm in the front of the body is called the chest. The corresponding area in an animal can also be referred to as the chest.
The shape of the chest does not correspond to that part of the thoracic skeleton that encloses the heart and lungs. All the breadth of the shoulders is due to the shoulder girdle, and contains the axillae and the heads of the humeri. In the middle line the suprasternal notch is seen above, while about three fingers' breadth below it a transverse ridge can be felt, which is known as the sternal angle and this marks the junction between the manubrium and body of the sternum. Level with this line the second ribs join the sternum, and when these are found the lower ribs can often be counted. At the lower part of the sternum, where the seventh or last true ribs join it, the ensiform cartilage begins, and above this there is often a depression known as the pit of the stomach.
Bones[edit]
The bones of the thorax, called the "thoracic skeleton" is a component of the axial skeleton.
It consists of the ribs and sternum.The ribs of the thorax are numbered in ascending order from 1-12. 11 & 12 are known as floating ribs because they have no anterior attachment point in particular the cartilage attached to the sternum, as 1-7 are, and therefore are termed "floating". Whereas ribs 8-10 are termed false ribs as their costal cartilage articulates with the costal cartilage of the rib above.
Anatomical landmarks[edit]
The anatomy of the chest can also be described through the use of anatomical landmarks. The nipple in the male is situated in front of the fourth rib or a little below; vertically it lies a little external to a line drawn down from the middle of the clavicle; in the female it is not so constant. A little below it the lower limit of the great pectoral muscle is seen running upward and outward to the axilla; in the female this is obscured by the breast, which extends from the second to the sixth rib vertically and from the edge of the sternum to the mid-axillary line laterally. The female nipple is surrounded for half an inch by a more or less pigmented disc, the areola. The apex of a normal heart is in the fifth left intercostal space, three and a half inches from the mid-line.
Clinical significance[edit]
High-resolution computed tomographs of a normal thorax, taken in the axial, coronal and sagittal planes, respectively. Click here to scroll through the image stacks. This type of investigation can be used for detecting both acute and chronic changes in the lung parenchyma.
Different types of diseases or conditions that affect the chest include pleurisy, flail chest, atelectasis, and the most common condition, chest pain. These conditions can be hereditary or caused by birth defects or trauma. Any condition that lowers the ability to either breathe deeply or to cough is considered a chest disease or condition.
Injury[edit]
Injury to the chest (also referred to as chest trauma, thoracic injury, or thoracic trauma) results in up to ¼ of all deaths due to trauma in the United States.[4]
The major pathophysiologies encountered in blunt chest trauma involve derangements in the flow of air, blood, or both in combination. Sepsis due to leakage of alimentary tract contents, as in esophageal perforations, also must be considered. Blunt trauma commonly results in chest wall injuries (e.g., rib fractures). The pain associated with these injuries can make breathing difficult, and this may compromise ventilation. Direct lung injuries, such as pulmonary contusions (see the image below), are frequently associated with major chest trauma and may impair ventilation by a similar mechanism.
Pain[edit]
Chest pain can be the result of multiple issues including respiratory problems, digestive issues, musculoskeletal complications. The pain can trigger cardiac issues as well. Not all pain that is felt is associated with the heart, but it should not be taken lightly either. Symptoms can be different depending on the cause of the pain.[5] While cardiac issues cause feelings of sudden pressure in the chest or a crushing pain in the back, neck and arms, pain that is felt due to non cardiac issues gives a burning feeling along the digestive tract or pain when deep breaths are attempted. Different people feel pains differently for the same condition. Only a patient truly knows if the symptoms are mild or serious.
Chest pain may be a symptom of myocardial infarctions. If this condition is present in the body, discomfort will be felt in the chest that is similar to a heavy weight placed on the body. Sweating, shortness of breath, lightheadedness, and irregular heartbeat may also be experienced. If heart attack occurs, the bulk of damage is caused during the first six hours, so getting the proper treatment quickly as possible is important. Some people, especially those who are elderly or have diabetes, may not have typical chest pain but may have many of the other symptoms of a heart attack. It is important that these patients and their care givers have a good understanding of heart attack symptoms.
Non-cardiac causes of chest pain[edit]
Just like with a heart attack, not all chest pain is suffered because of a condition involving the heart. Chest wall pain can be experienced after an increase in activity. Persons who add exercise to their daily routine generally feel this type of pain at the beginning. It is important to monitor the pain to ensure that it is not a sign of something more serious. Pain can also be experienced in persons who have an upper respiratory infection. This virus is also accompanied by fever and cough. Shingles is another viral infection that can give symptoms of chest or rib pain before a rash develops. Injuries to the rib cage or sternum is also a common cause of chest pain. It is generally felt when deep breaths are taken or during cough.
Atelectasis[edit]
Another non cardiac cause of chest pain is atelectasis. It is a condition that suffered when a portion of the lung collapses from being airless. When bronchial tubes are blocked, this condition develops and causes patients to feel shortness of breath. The most common cause of atelectasis is when a bronchi that extends from the windpipe is blocked and traps air. The blockage may be caused by something inside the bronchus, such as a plug of mucus, a tumour, or an inhaled foreign object such as a coin, piece of food, or a toy.[6] It is possible for something outside of the bronchus to cause the blockage.
Pneumothorax[edit]
Pneumothorax is the condition where air or gas can build up in the pleural space. It can occur without a known cause or as the result of a lung disease or acute lung injury.[7] The size of the pneumothorax changes as air or gas builds up, so a medical procedure can release the pressure with a needle. If it is untreated, blood flow can be interrupted and cause a drop in blood pressure known as tension pneumothorax. It is possible for smaller cases to clear up on their own. Symptoms of this condition are often felt only on one side of the lung or as a shortness of breath.
Other animals[edit]
The trilobite body is divided into three major sections, a cephalon with eyes, mouthparts and sensory organs such as antennae, a thorax of multiple similar segments (that in some species allowed them to roll up into a ball), and a pygidium, or tail section.
In the worker ant, the abdomen consists of the propodeum fused to the thorax and the metasoma, itself divided into the narrow petiole and bulbous gaster.
In tetrapods[edit]
In mammals, the thorax is the region of the body formed by the sternum, the thoracic vertebrae, and the ribs. It extends from the neck to the diaphragm, and does not include the upper limbs. The heart and the lungs reside in the thoracic cavity, as well as many blood vessels. The inner organs are protected by the rib cage and the sternum. Thoracic vertebrae are also distinguished in birds, but not in reptiles.
In arthropods[edit]
Main article: Thorax (insect anatomy)
In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, the thorax is one of the three main divisions (or tagmata) of the creature's body, each of which is in turn composed of multiple segments. It is the area where the wings and legs attach in insects, or an area of multiple articulating plates in trilobites. In most insects, the thorax itself is composed of three segments; the prothorax, the mesothorax, and the metathorax. In extant insects, the prothorax never has wings, though legs are always present in adults; wings (when present) are restricted to at least the mesothorax, and typically also the metathorax, though the wings may be reduced or modified on either or both segments. In the Apocritan Hymenoptera, the first abdominal segment is fused to the metathorax, where it forms a structure known as the propodeum. Accordingly, in these insects, the functional thorax is composed of four segments, and is therefore typically called the mesosoma to distinguish it from the "thorax" of other insects.
Each thoracic segment in an insect is further subdivided into various parts, the most significant of which are the dorsal portion (the notum), the lateral portion (the pleuron; one on each side), and the ventral portion (the sternum). In some insects, each of these parts is composed of one to several independent exoskeletal plates with membrane between them (called sclerites), though in many cases the sclerites are fused to various degrees.
Additional Images[edit]
Volume rendering of a high resolution computed tomography of the thorax. The anterior thoracic wall, the airways and the pulmonary vessels anterior to the root of the lung have been digitally removed in order to visualize the different levels of the pulmonary circulation.
Thorax. Anterior view.
Thorax. Anterior view.
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Pectus carinatum
Pectus excavatum
Thoracic cavity
References[edit]
Jump up ^ θώραξ, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
Jump up ^ "thorax" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
Jump up ^ Thorax at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Jump up ^ Shahani, Rohit, MD. (2005). Penetrating Chest Trauma. eMedicine. Retrieved 2005-02-05.
Jump up ^ Chest Diseases Retrieved on 2010-1-26
Jump up ^ Atelectasis Lung and Airway Disorders. Retrieved on 2010-1-26
Jump up ^ Pleurisy Lung Diseases. Retrieved on 2010-1-26
External links[edit]
Look up thorax in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chests (human torso).
Sam Gon III. "A guide to the Orders of Trilobites". Retrieved August 23, 2005.
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