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Peter Rabbit (film)
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Peter Rabbit
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Will Gluck
Produced by
Will Gluck
Zareh Nalbandian
Screenplay by
Rob Lieber
Will Gluck
Based on
Peter Rabbit
by Beatrix Potter
Starring
Rose Byrne
Domhnall Gleeson
Sam Neill
Daisy Ridley
Elizabeth Debicki
Margot Robbie
James Corden
Music by
Dominic Lewis[1]
Cinematography
Peter Menzies Jr.
Edited by
Christian Gazal
Production
company
Columbia Pictures[2]
Sony Pictures Animation[2]
Olive Bridge Entertainment[2]
Animal Logic[2]
2.0 Entertainment[2]
Screen Australia[2]
Screen NSW[2]
Distributed by
Sony Pictures Releasing
Release date
February 3, 2018 (2018-02-03) (The Grove)
February 9, 2018 (2018-02-09) (United States)
March 22, 2018 (2018-03-22) (Australia)
Running time
95 minutes[3]
Country
United States[4]
Australia[5]
Language
English
Budget
$50 million[6]
Box office
$310.6 million[7]
Peter Rabbit is a 2018 live-action/computer-animated comedy film directed by Will Gluck from a screenplay by Rob Lieber and Gluck, based on the stories of Peter Rabbit created by Beatrix Potter. The film stars Rose Byrne, Domhnall Gleeson, Sam Neill, Daisy Ridley, Elizabeth Debicki, Margot Robbie, and James Corden. The film was released on February 9, 2018, received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed over $310 million worldwide, making it the seventh highest-grossing film of 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Voice cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
4 Release
4.1 Trailer criticism
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
5.3 "Allergy bullying" controversy
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
In England's Lake District Peter Rabbit, his cousin Benjamin, and his triplet sisters (who can be distinguished by the colour of jackets they each wear) Flopsy (red), Mopsy (yellow), and Cottontail (teal), spend most of their days picking on Mr. Joe McGregor and stealing vegetables from his garden. They are friends with a local woman named Bea who spends her time painting pictures of the rabbits as well as the surrounding nature. Bea takes on a mother-like relationship with the rabbits due to the death of their mother and father. One day Peter accidentally leaves his jacket in McGregor's garden and goes back to retrieve it. McGregor spots and catches him, but suddenly dies of a heart attack. Enthralled, Peter invites all of the woodland critters, and then takes over McGregor's old house.
Meanwhile in London, McGregor's nephew Thomas works at Harrods department store where he waits for a promotion. He coldly accepts the news about his uncle's death, but is infuriated over not getting the promotion and is fired for losing his temper, which proves to be as short as his uncle's. When he learns that his uncle's house is valuable, he decides to refurbish it so he can sell it and start his own toy store to rival Harrods. He kicks out Peter and his friends and begins to secretly wall up the garden, despite Bea's objections. When Peter and Benjamin sneak back into the garden, Thomas catches the latter and attempts to drown Benjamin. Peter and the triplets rescue him and Thomas accidentally tosses the binoculars that Bea had given him earlier.
Thomas and Peter start a war with each other by setting up traps and other offensive nuisances. Thomas and Bea end up falling in love with each other, which causes Peter to become jealous and wanting to separate them more. Thomas framed Peter for ruining Bea's paintings and she sent Peter outside along with the other rabbits. Soon, Bea turns on Thomas when his violent tendencies begin to show. This all culminates when Thomas throws dynamite at Peter's burrow, and uses it to attack Peter in the garden, before telling him that his antics caused him to become aggressive. When Peter detonates the dynamite to prove to Bea that Thomas was using it, he ends up knocking down the tree on top of the burrow, which crushes Bea's art studio. Thinking that Thomas was responsible for the detonation, Bea breaks up with him, and he goes back to London to work at Harrods again.
Peter feels bad for what he has done, and upon learning that Bea intends to leave the neighborhood, he and Benjamin head to London to find Thomas at Harrods. They make up and rush back to the country where Peter reveals that he had activated the detonator, and he and Thomas apologize to Bea for their fighting. Thomas discovers that he cannot go home because a snobbish couple, whom Thomas had an ugly encounter with prior, had just bought the house. Peter and his friends use their tricks to force the couple out of the house, allowing Thomas and Bea to move back in.
In a mid-credits scene, Thomas sets up his own toy shop in the village, and Bea begins to write and illustrate books based on Peter and his friends.
Cast[edit]
Domhnall Gleeson as Thomas McGregor
Rose Byrne as Bea
Sam Neill as Mr. Joe McGregor
Marianne Jean-Baptiste as Harrods General Manager
Felix Williamson as Derek
Voice cast[edit]
James Corden as Peter Rabbit
Daisy Ridley as Cottontail Rabbit
Margot Robbie as Flopsy Rabbit and the Narrator
Elizabeth Debicki as Mopsy Rabbit
Colin Moody as Benjamin Bunny
Domhnall Gleeson as Mr. Jeremy Fisher
Sam Neill as Tommy Brock
Sia as Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle
Fayssal Bazzi as Mr. Tod
Ewen Leslie as Pigling Bland
Rose Byrne as Jemima Puddle-Duck
Christian Gazal as Felix D’eer
Rachel Ward as Josephine Rabbit
Bryan Brown as Mr. Rabbit
David Wenham as Johnny Town-Mouse
Alexandra Gluck and Taryn Gluck as London Street Rats
Will Reichelt as JW Rooster II
Jensen Karp as Rap Bird
The Singing Sparrows were voiced by Jessica Freedman, Shana Halligan, Katharine Hoye, Chris Mann, Chad Reisser, and Fletcher Sheridan
Production[edit]
The film was first revealed in April 2015 through email leaks as a result of the Sony Pictures hack.[8] The official announcement of the film came that December.[9]
On August 4, 2016, it was reported that Will Gluck would be directing the live-action/computer-animated film from a script by Gluck and Rob Lieber, with James Corden cast to voice Peter Rabbit and Rose Byrne to play one of the live-action roles.[10] The report also said Gluck would produce the film along with Zareh Nalbandian of Animal Logic, which will be providing the visual effects and animation for the film.[10]
On September 26, 2016, Daisy Ridley and Elizabeth Debicki had joined the cast, with the live action production scheduled to commence in Sydney, Australia in January 2017.[11][12][13] On October 18, Domhnall Gleeson was cast as Thomas McGregor, the descendent of the original Mr. McGregor, and on October 24, Margot Robbie joined the cast, expected to voice a bunny.[14][15] On November 7, Sia was cast to join the film as Mrs Tiggy-Winkle.[16]
Filming[edit]
On December 18, 2016, a first image of the title character, along with the movie's logo, had been revealed.[17] Production began in December 2016.[18][19] Live action scenes were filmed at Centennial Park in Sydney.[20] In March 2017, filming took place at Central railway station, Sydney, which was depicted as London Paddington station.[21]
In April 2017, a film crew were seen in Ambleside and Windermere in the Lake District. A local toy shop on Compston Road, Ambleside, was adapted to be Mr McGregor's.[citation needed]
Release[edit]
Peter Rabbit was originally scheduled to be released on March 23, 2018,[9] but it was moved up to February 9, 2018.[22]
Trailer criticism[edit]
The first trailer received negative feedback from critics and fans of the character, many of whom labelled the film as being too modern and insulting to Beatrix Potter's works. Collider slammed the trailer as "garbage" and a "low brow 'comedy' cringe fest."[23]
Stuart Heritage from The Guardian stated that "the Peter Rabbit film looks like the result of some blisteringly inept manhandling [...] there's something genuinely harrowing about the sight of Peter Rabbit – gentle, Edwardian Peter Rabbit – thoughtlessly injuring some birds, or grabbing a pile of lettuce leaves and making it rain like a banker in a strip club, or literally twerking" and argued "there is no way on Earth that [Beatrix Potter would] have ever given the green light to a slow motion car crash like this."[24]
Metro writer James Baldock found that the trailer was "so gut wrenchingly bad" and that "if the movie lives up to its two minute preview – [it] is set to be the greatest abomination to grace the big screen since The Emoji Movie." He finished by writing "Listen carefully, and you can just about hear the sound of Beatrix Potter, turning furiously in her grave."[25] On November 7, a new trailer for the United Kingdom was released.[26]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
As of April 24, 2018[update], Peter Rabbit has grossed $114.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $196.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $310.6 million, against a production budget of $50 million.[7]
In the United States and Canada, the film was released alongside Fifty Shades Freed and The 15:17 to Paris, and was projected to gross around $16 million from 3,725 theaters in its opening weekend, with some estimates as high as $25 million.[27] It ended up making $25 million over the weekend, finishing second at the box office behind Fifty Shades ($38.8 million).[28]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 62% based on 124 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Peter Rabbit updates Beatrix Potter's classic characters with colorfully agreeable results that should entertain younger viewers while admittedly risking the wrath of purists."[29] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[30] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[28]
"Allergy bullying" controversy[edit]
In the first week after the film's release, groups in multiple countries criticized it for "allergy bullying" and called for an apology from Sony. The accusations focused on a scene where Thomas McGregor — whose character has a known severe allergy to blackberries — is pelted with the berries until one enters his mouth, causing him to enter anaphylactic shock and grab for his Epipen.[31][32][33] In response, Sony published a statement saying "We sincerely regret not being more aware and sensitive to this issue, and we truly apologise".[34]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ filmmusicreporter (September 5, 2017). "Dominic Lewis to Score 'Peter Rabbit'". Film Music Reporter. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Film Releases". Variety Insight. Variety Media. Archived from the original on February 5, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "PETER RABBIT (PG)". BBFC. February 6, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit (2018)". AllMovie. RhythmOne. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ CENtRAL (November 23, 2016). "Peter Rabbit film set takes shape in Sydney". The Daily Telegraph. News Corp Australia. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pressburg, Matt (July 17, 2017). "Why Sony, LStar Movie Finance Deal Fell Apart: Flops, 'Ghostbusters' and Feet on Desk (Exclusive)". TheWrap. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Peter Rabbit (2018)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Tweedie, Steven (April 17, 2015). "Leaked Sony emails reveal 'Peter Rabbit' feature film is in the works". Business Insider. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Perry, Spencer (December 22, 2015). "Emoji Movie, Animated Spider-Man and Peter Rabbit Get Release Dates". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline Media. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Kit, Borys; Siegel, Tatiana (August 4, 2016). "James Corden, Rose Byrne in Talks to Star in Sony's 'Peter Rabbit'". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (September 26, 2016). "Daisy Ridley, Elizabeth Debicki Join 'Peter Rabbit' Live-Action/Animated Pic (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gaul, Lou (October 14, 2016). "'Wish' list: Bruce Willis to fill Charles Bronson's shoes". Burlington County Times. GateHouse Media. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Evry, Max (September 26, 2016). "Peter Rabbit Movie Coming from Columbia Pictures". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline Media. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Galuppo, Mia (October 18, 2016). "Domhnall Gleeson to Play Mr McGregor in Live-Action 'Peter Rabbit'". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys; Ford, Rebecca (October 24, 2016). "Margot Robbie in Talks to Join 'Peter Rabbit' Film (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sia [@Sia] (November 7, 2017). "The new UK trailer for #PeterRabbitMovie has arrived! Catch Sia as Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle in 2018 - Team Siapic.twitter.com/2fNIdnJwX5" (Tweet). Retrieved April 6, 2018 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Chipman, Bob (December 18, 2016). "Peter Rabbit Images Offers First Look at New Beatrix Potter Adaptation". Screen Rant. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "PETER RABBIT". Movie Insider. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Anderton, Ethan (December 17, 2016). "Peter Rabbit First Look Photo Shows Off The Bunny Voice by James Corden". /Film. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rose Byrne, look alike body double, Domhnall Gleeson begin filming for Peter Rabbit in Centennial Park". The Daily Telegraph. News Corp Australia. January 10, 2017. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Crofts, Cassie (March 8, 2017). "These new signs at Central station are freaking Sydneysiders out". Smoothfm. NOVA Entertainment. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline Media. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Trumbore, Dave (September 21, 2017). "First 'Peter Rabbit' Trailer Gives Us Another Reason to Be Mad at James Corden". Collider. Complex Media. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Heritage, Stuart (September 25, 2017). "James Corden's Peter Rabbit: another kids' classic wrecked forever". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Baldock, James (September 25, 2017). "Here's the trailer for the new Peter Rabbit movie – and it's a total disaster". Metro. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cowdrey, Katherine (November 7, 2017). "Sony launches trailer for upcoming Peter Rabbit film". The Bookseller. Bookseller Media. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (February 7, 2018). "'Fifty Shades Freed' Worldwide Opening Weekend Will Steam Franchise Past $1 Billion – B.O. Preview". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b D'Alessandro, Anthony (February 11, 2018). "'Fifty Shades Freed' Builds E.L. James Trilogy To $1 Billion Climax; 'Peter Rabbit' Bounces To $25M Opening". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Guardian staff (February 11, 2018). "Peter Rabbit film criticised for depicting allergy bullying". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Seselja, Edwina; Dawes, Samantha (February 11, 2018). "Peter Rabbit: Calls for Sony Pictures to apologise after food allergy bullying scene in new movie". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ward, Victoria (February 11, 2018). "Peter Rabbit film accused of food bullying as rabbits pelt allergic man with blackberries". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit film producers apologise over allergy scene". BBC News. BBC. February 12, 2018. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peter Rabbit movie set, Centennial Park.
Official website
Peter Rabbit on IMDb
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Halo effect
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The halo effect is a type of immediate judgement discrepancy, or cognitive bias, where a person making an initial assessment of another person, place, or thing will assume ambiguous information based upon concrete information.[1][2][3] A simplified example of the halo effect is when an individual noticing that the person in the photograph is attractive, well groomed, and properly attired, assumes, using a mental heuristic, that the person in the photograph is a good person based upon the rules of that individual’s social concept.[4][5][6] This constant error in judgment is reflective of the individual’s preferences, prejudices, ideology, aspirations, and social perception.[3][6][7][8][9] The halo effect is an evaluation by an individual and can affect the perception of a decision, action, idea, business, person, group, entity, or other whenever concrete data is generalized or influences ambiguous information.[10][11][12][13]
The halo effect can also be explained as the behavior (usually unconscious) of using evaluations based on things unrelated, to make judgments about something or someone. The halo effect specifically refers to when this behavior has a positive correlation, such as viewing someone who is attractive is more likely to be seen as successful and more popular. When this judgement has a negative connotation, such as someone unattractive being charged more firmly for a crime than someone attractive, it is referred to as the horn effect.[14]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Supporting evidence
2 Cognitive bias
3 Role of attractiveness
3.1 On personality
3.2 Academics and intelligence
3.3 Political effects
3.4 The judicial context
3.5 Gender differences
3.6 Possible cause
4 The reverse halo effect
5 The horn effect
6 Education
6.1 Observations
7 Branding
8 Other Use
8.1 Non-psychology/business use
9 The Halo Effect on the Dead
10 Further research findings
11 See also
12 References
13 Bibliography
14 Further reading
History[edit]
The halo effect was named by psychologist Edward Thorndike in reference to a person being perceived as having a halo. He gave the phenomenon its name in his 1920 article, “A Constant Error in Psychological Ratings”.[15] In “Constant Error”, Thorndike set out to replicate the study in hopes of pinning down the bias that he thought was present in these ratings. Subsequent researchers have studied it in relation to attractiveness and its bearing on the judicial and educational systems.[14] Thorndike originally coined the term referring only to people; however, its use has been greatly expanded especially in the area of brand marketing.[15]
Supporting evidence[edit]
In "A Constant Error in Psychological Ratings", Thorndike asked two commanding officers to evaluate their soldiers in terms of physical qualities (neatness, voice, physique, bearing, and energy), intellect, leadership skills, and personal qualities (including dependability, loyalty, responsibility, selflessness, and cooperation).[15] His goal was to see how the ratings of one characteristic affected other characteristics.
Thorndike's study showed how there was too great a correlation in the commanding officers' responses. In his review he stated: "The correlations are too high and too even. For example, for the three raters next studied[,] the average correlation for physique with intelligence is .31; for physique with leadership, .39; and for physique with character, .28".[16] The ratings of one of the special qualities of an officer often started a trend in the rating results. If an officer had a particular "negative" attribute given off to the commanding officer, it would correlate in the rest of that soldier's results.
Cognitive bias[edit]
The term "halo" is used in analogy with the religious concept: a glowing circle crowning the heads of saints in countless medieval and Renaissance paintings, bathing the saint's face in heavenly light. The observer may be subject to overestimating the worth of the observed by the presence of a quality that adds light on the whole like a halo. In other words, observers tend to bend their judgement according to one patent characteristic of the person (the "halo"), generalizing towards a judgement of that person's character (e.g., in the literal hagiologic case, "entirely good and worthy").
The effect works in both positive and negative directions (and is hence sometimes called the horns and halo effect). If the observer likes one aspect of something, they will have a positive predisposition toward everything about it. If the observer dislikes one aspect of something, they will have a negative predisposition toward everything about it.[17]
Role of attractiveness[edit]
A person’s attractiveness has also been found to produce a halo effect. Attractiveness provides a valuable aspect of the halo effect to consider because of its multifaceted nature; attractiveness may be influenced by several specific traits.[18] These perceptions of attractiveness may affect judgments tied to personality traits. Physical attributes contribute to perceptions of attractiveness (e.g., weight, hair, eye color). For example, someone who is perceived as attractive, due in part to physical traits, may be more likely to be perceived as kind or intelligent. The role of attractiveness in producing the halo effect has been illustrated through a number of studies. Recent research, for example, has revealed that attractiveness may affect perceptions tied to life success and personality.[19] In this study, attractiveness was correlated with weight, indicating that attractiveness itself may be influenced by various specific traits. Included in the personality variables were trustworthiness and friendliness.[18] People perceived as being more attractive were more likely to be perceived as trustworthy and friendly. What this suggests is that perceptions of attractiveness may influence a variety of other traits, which supports the concept of the halo effect.
On personality[edit]
Dion, Berscheid & Walster (1972) conducted a study on the relationship between attractiveness and the halo effect. Sixty students, thirty male and thirty female) from the University of Minnesota took part in the experiment. Each subject was given three different photos to examine: one of an attractive individual, one of an individual of average attractiveness, and one of an unattractive individual.[20]
The participants judged the photos’ subjects along 27 different personality traits (including altruism, conventionality, self-assertiveness, stability, emotionality, trustworthiness, extraversion, kindness, and sexual promiscuity). Participants were then asked to predict the overall happiness the photos' subjects would feel for the rest of their lives, including marital happiness (least likely to get divorced), parental happiness (most likely to be a good parent), social and professional happiness (most likely to experience life fulfillment), and overall happiness. Finally, participants were asked if the subjects would hold a job of high status, medium status, or low status.[20]
Results showed that most of the participants overwhelmingly believed more attractive subjects have more socially desirable personality traits than either averagely attractive or unattractive subjects. Participants also believed that attractive individuals would lead happier lives in general, have happier marriages, and have more career success than the others. Also, results showed that attractive people were believed to be more likely to hold secure, prestigious jobs compared to unattractive individuals. Participants however believed that attractive individuals would be worse parents than both average attractive and unattractive individuals.
Academics and intelligence[edit]
A study by Landy & Sigall (1974) demonstrated the halo effect on judgments of intelligence and competence on academic tasks. Sixty male undergraduate students rated the quality of essays which included both well and poorly written samples. One third were presented with a photo of an attractive female as author, another third with that of an unattractive female as author, and the last third were shown neither. In average most of the Participants gave significantly better writing evaluations for the more attractive author. On a scale of 1 to 9, the well-written essay by the attractive author received an average of 6.7 while the unattractive author received a 5.9 (with a 6.6 as a control). The gap was larger on the poor essay: the attractive author received an average of 5.2, the control a 4.7, and the unattractive a 2.7, suggesting readers are generally more willing to give physically attractive people the benefit of the doubt when performance is below standard than others.
Research conducted by Moore, Filippou, & Perrett (2011),[21] sought residual cues to intelligence in female and male faces while attempting to control for the attractiveness halo effect. Over 300 photographs of Caucasian British college students were rated for perceived intelligence. The photographs that were scored lowest in low perceived intelligence were used to create a low-intelligence composite face and those photographs that were scored highest for high perceived intelligence were used to create high-intelligence composite face. Both female and male, of high- and low- perceived intelligence were created resulting in four groups of composite faces. Participants for the study were recruited online; 164 female and 92 male heterosexual residents of the UK rated each of the composite faces for intelligence and attractiveness. Of the female composites, attractiveness seemed to be controlled as both the high- and low- perceived intelligence groups were rated as equally attractive. However, of the male face composites, the high-perceived intelligence group was rated as significantly more attractive than the low-perceived intelligence group, suggesting that either the authors could not adequately control for the attractiveness halo effect for the male composite photographs or that intelligence is an integral factor of attractiveness in high intelligent male faces. The second part of the study found that the composites in the high-perceived intelligence group were rated highest in the factors of friendly and funny as markers of intelligence in both the female and male group. While intelligence does not seem to be a factor that contributes to attractiveness in women, with regards to men, attractive faces are perceived to be more intelligent, friendly, and funny by women and men.
Political effects[edit]
A study by Verhulst, Lodge & Lavine (2010) found that attractiveness and familiarity are strong predictors of decisions regarding who is put in a position of leadership. Judgments made following one-second exposures to side-by-side photos of two US congressional candidates were reasonably predictive of election outcomes. Attractiveness and familiarity were correlated with competence in this study. Candidates who appeared more attractive and familiar were also seen as more competent and were found more likely to be elected. Similar studies (Palmer & Peterson 2012) found that even when taking factual knowledge into account, candidates who were rated as more attractive were still perceived as more knowledgeable. These results suggest that the halo effect greatly impacts how individuals perceive political knowledge and it demonstrates the powerful influence of the halo effect in politics.
The judicial context[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2014)
Study results showing the influence of the halo effect in the judicial context exist:
Efran (1974) found subjects were more lenient when sentencing attractive individuals than unattractive ones, even though exactly the same crime was committed. The researchers attributed the result to a societal perception that people with a high level of attractiveness are seen as more likely to have successful futures due to corresponding socially desirable traits.
Monahan (1941) studied social workers who were accustomed to interacting with a diverse range of people and found that the majority experienced difficulty when asked to consider that a beautiful person was guilty of a crime.
A study presented two hypothetical crimes: a burglary and a swindle. The burglary involved a woman illegally obtaining a key and stealing $2,200; the swindle involved a woman manipulating a man to invest $2,200 in a nonexistent corporation. The results showed that when the offense was not related to attractiveness (as in the burglary) the unattractive defendant was punished more severely than the attractive one. However, when the offense was related to attractiveness (the swindle), the attractive defendant was punished more severely than the unattractive one. The study imputes that the usual leniency given to the attractive woman (as a result of the halo effect) was negated or reversed when the nature of the crime involved her looks.[22]
Gender differences[edit]
A study by Kaplan (1978) yielded much of the same results as are seen in other studies focusing on the halo effect—attractive individuals were rated more highly in qualities such as creativity, intelligence, and sensitivity than unattractive individuals. However, in addition to these results Kaplan found that some women were influenced by the halo effect on attractiveness only when presented with members of the opposite sex. When presented with an attractive member of the same sex, the effect was attenuated for some women. Dermer & Thiel (1975) continue this line of research, going on to demonstrate that jealousy of an attractive individual has slight effect in evaluation of that person. Their work shows this to be more prevalent among females than males, with some females being less influenced by the halo effect. Later research by Moore, Filippou, & Perrett (2011)[21] was able to control for attractiveness in composite photographs of females who were perceived to be of high or low intelligence, while showing that the attractiveness halo effect was seen in high intelligent male composite faces by heterosexual residents of the UK. Either the halo effect is negated by feelings of jealousy in women[23] or the halo effect is lessened when women are looking at same sex individuals[24] or the attractiveness halo effect can be controlled for in women[21] it appears that there is a difference in affect produced by the attractiveness halo effect at least between binary genders.
Possible cause[edit]
Kanazawa & Kovarb (2004) have reasoned that if the following four assumptions were true, beautiful people are indeed likely to be more intelligent and provided empirical evidence for these assumptions.
More intelligent men are more likely to attain higher status.
Higher-status men are more likely to mate with more beautiful women.
Intelligence is heritable.
Beauty is heritable.
The reverse halo effect[edit]
The reverse halo effect occurs when positive evaluations of an individual cause negative consequences. Dermer and Thiel (1975) had female undergraduates rate pictures of highly attractive, moderately attractive, and unattractive females and evaluate them on a number of dimensions.[23] Their hypothesis that jealousy would moderate attractiveness ratings was partially supported. Unattractive raters did not rate attractive females as highly, and thought that they would be less competent parents and more likely to cheat. A follow up study with both men and women participants supported this, as well as showing that attractive women were expected to be conceited and have a higher socioeconomic status. Eagly et al. (1991) also commented on this phenomenon, showing that more attractive individuals of all sexes were expected to be higher in vanity and possibly egotistic.[25] Applied instances of the reverse halo effect include negative evaluations of criminals who use their attractiveness to their advantage (Sigall & Ostrove, 1975) and rating a philosophical essay lower when written by a young female than an old male.[26][27]
The horn effect[edit]
The horn effect, is when people allow an undesirable trait to influence their evaluation of other traits.[28] The Guardian wrote of the devil effect in relation to Hugo Chavez: "Some leaders can become so demonized that it's impossible to assess their achievements and failures in a balanced way."[29] When someone is seen in a negative light, anything they do that is negative is exemplified, while the positive things they do are not seen, or are doubted.[14]
Education[edit]
Abikoff et al. (1993) found the halo effect is also present in the classroom. In this study, both regular and special education elementary school teachers watched videotapes of what they believed to be children in regular 4th-grade classrooms. In reality, the children were actors, depicting behaviors present in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), or standard behavior. The teachers were asked to rate the frequency of hyperactive behaviors observed in the children. Teachers rated hyperactive behaviors accurately for children with ADHD; however, the ratings of hyperactivity were much higher for the children with ODD-like behaviors, showing a halo effect for children with ODD.
Foster & Ysseldyke (1976) also found the halo effect present in teachers’ evaluations of children. Regular and special education elementary school teachers watched videos of a normal child whom they were told was either emotionally disturbed, possessing a learning disorder, mentally retarded, or "normal". The teachers then completed referral forms based on the child's behavior. The results showed that teachers held negative expectancies toward emotionally disturbed children, maintaining these expectancies even when presented with normal behavior. In addition, the mentally retarded label showed a greater degree of negative bias than the emotionally disturbed or learning disabled.
Observations[edit]
"In the classroom, teachers are subject to the halo effect rating error when evaluating their students. For example, a teacher who sees a well-behaved student might tend to assume this student is also bright, diligent, and engaged before that teacher has objectively evaluated the student's capacity in these areas. When these types of halo effects occur, they can affect students' approval ratings in certain areas of functioning and can even affect students' grades." (Rasmussen, Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology, Volume 1, 2008)
"In the work setting, the halo effect is most likely to show up in a supervisor's appraisal of a subordinate's job performance. In fact, the halo effect is probably the most common bias in performance appraisal. Think about what happens when a supervisor evaluates the performance of a subordinate. The supervisor may give prominence to a single characteristic of the employee, such as enthusiasm, and allow the entire evaluation to be colored by how he or she judges the employee on that one characteristic. Even though the employee may lack the requisite knowledge or ability to perform the job successfully, if the employee's work shows enthusiasm, the supervisor may very well give him or her a higher performance rating than is justified by knowledge or ability." (Schneider, F.W., Gruman, J. A., & Coutts, L. M., Applied Social Psychology, 2012)
Branding[edit]
The term halo effect is used in marketing to explain customer bias toward certain products because of favorable experience with other products made by the same company.[30]
The halo effect is also present in the field of brand marketing. One common halo effect is when the perceived positive features of a particular item extend to a broader brand. A notable example is the manner in which the popularity of Apple’s iPod generated enthusiasm for the corporation's other products.[31]
A halo effect with regard to health, dubbed a "health halo", is used in food marketing to increase sales of a product; it can result in increased consumption of the product in the halo which may be unhealthy.[32][33]
The term "halo effect" has also been applied to human rights organizations that have used their status to move away from their stated goals. Political scientist Gerald Steinberg has claimed that non-governmental organizations (NGOs) take advantage of the halo effect and are "given the status of impartial moral watchdogs" by governments and the news media.[34][35]
The Ronald McDonald House, a widely known NGO, openly celebrates the positive outcomes it receives from the halo effect. The web page for the Ronald McDonald House in Durham, North Carolina, states that 95% of survey participants were aware of Ronald McDonald House Charities. This awareness is attributed to the halo effect, as employees, customers, and stakeholders are more likely to be involved in a charity that they recognize and trust, with a name and logo that are familiar.[36]
A brand's halo effect can protect its reputation in the event of a crisis. An event that is detrimental to a brand that is viewed favorably would not be as threatening or damaging to a brand that consumers view unfavorably.[37][38]
Other Use[edit]
Non-psychology/business use[edit]
Non-psychology/business use of the term "halo effect" can refer to the monetary value of expenditures either in subsequent time periods [39]
A published 2012 study[40] included this additional usage as "Lastly, there are halo effects; for instance, spend on TV was found to be influencing response in other channels." [41]
The Halo Effect on the Dead[edit]
The difference between how one is looked at during their life and how they are viewed after their death, vary drastically. Often when people who are viewed as bad die, we tend to replace it with the great things they did or accomplished in their life. An example of this is what took place after Michael Jackson passed away in 2009. Before Michael Jackson's death in 2009, he was only a few years removed from accusations of sexual molestation of minors. The public deemed him as a "child molester" and "sex offender." However, since his death discussion of sexual misconduct has subsided and public perception mainly focuses on his success and status as the King of Pop. [42]
Another person whose view has been changed since their death is the legendary Penn State football coach, Joe Paterno. Before his untimely death, Joe Paterno was in the center of controversy after he was involved in a sexual abuse allegation at Penn State. The controversy eventually led to a bad public perception of the head coach and many of his accomplishments and achievements were taken away from his resume. His statue was removed from the Penn State's Beaver Stadium after the allegations and many then questioned the legitimacy of his coaching style and technique. However, after his death in 2012, many people gathered where his statue once was and celebrated his life and achievements. Ever since his death, the perception of him has changed and he is now regarded as one of the best college football coaches in history. [43]
Further research findings[edit]
Murphy, Jako & Anhalt (1993) argue: "Since 1980, there have been a large number of studies dealing directly or indirectly with halo error in rating. Taken together, these studies suggest that all seven of the characteristics that have defined halo error for much of its history are problematic and that the assumptions that underlie some of them are demonstrably wrong." Their work claims that the assumption that the halo effect is always detrimental is incorrect, with some halo effects resulting in an increase in the accuracy of the rating, in their opinion. Additionally, they discuss the idea of "true halo"—the actual correlation between, for example, attractiveness and performance as an instructor—and "illusory halo" that refers to cognitive distortions, errors in observation and judgement, and the rating tendencies of the individual rater. They claim that any true differentiation between true and illusory halos is impossible in a real-world setting, because the different ratings are strongly influenced by the specific behaviors of the person observed by the raters.
A study by Forgas (2011) states that one's mood can affect the degree of the halo effect's influence. When someone is in a favorable mood, the halo effect is more likely to be influential—this was demonstrated by study participants choosing between pictures of an elderly man with a beard and a young woman, and deciding which subject possessed more philosophical attributes. Additionally, when asked to list the happy times in their life, the halo effect was more evident in the perceptions of the participants. Forgas's study suggests that when one is gauging the extent of the halo effect in a situation, one must consider the emotional state of the person making the judgment.
See also[edit]
Psychology portal
Affect heuristic
Association fallacy
Attribute substitution
Dunning–Kruger effect
Illusory superiority
List of cognitive biases
Lookism
References[edit]
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Bibliography[edit]
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Efran, M. G. (1974), "The Effect of Physical Appearance on the Judgment of Guilt, Interpersonal Attraction, and Severity of Recommended Punishment in Simulated Jury Task", Journal of Research in Personality, 8: 45–54, doi:10.1016/0092-6566(74)90044-0 .
Forgas, Joseph P. (2011), "She just doesn't look like a philosopher…? Affective influences on the halo effect in impression formation", European Journal of Social Psychology, 41 (7): 812–817, doi:10.1002/ejsp.842 .
Foster, Glen; Ysseldyke, James (1976), "Expectancy and Halo Effects as a Result of Artificially Induced Teacher Bias", Contemporary Educational Psychology, 1 (1): 37–45, doi:10.1016/0361-476X(76)90005-9 .
Kaplan, Robert M. (1978), "Is Beauty Talent? Sex Interaction in the Attractiveness Halo Effect", Sex Roles, 4 (2): 195–204, doi:10.1007/BF00287500 .
Landy, D; Sigall, H (1974), "Task Evaluation as a Function of the Performers' Physical Attractiveness", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29 (3): 299–304, doi:10.1037/h0036018 .
Monahan, F. (1941), Women in Crime, New York: Washburn .
Moore, FR; Filippou, D; Perrett, D (2011), "Intelligence and Attractiveness in the Face: Beyond the Attractiveness Halo Effect", Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 9 (3): 205–17, doi:10.1556/JEP.9.2011.3.2 .
Murphy, Kevin R; Jako, Robert A; Anhalt, Rebecca L (1993), "Nature and consequences of halo error: A critical analysis", Journal of Applied Psychology, 78 (2): 218–25, doi:10.1037/0021-9010.78.2.218 .
Palmer, CL; Peterson, RD (2012), "Beauty and the Pollster: The Impact of Halo Effects on Perceptions of Political Knowledge and Sophistication" (PDF), Midwest Political Science Association, Archived from the original on 2014-03-09 CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) .
Thorndike, EL (1920), "A constant error in psychological ratings", Journal of Applied Psychology, 4 (1): 25–29, doi:10.1037/h0071663 .
Verhulst, Brad; Lodge, M; Lavine, H (2010), "The Attractiveness Halo: Why Some Candidates are Perceived More Favorably than Others", Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 34 (2): 1–2, doi:10.1007/s10919-009-0084-z .
Kanazawa, S; Kovarb, J (May 2004), "Why beautiful people are more intelligent", Intelligence, 32 (3): 227–243, doi:10.1016/j.intell.2004.03.003 .
Further reading[edit]
Chandra, Ramesh (2004). Social development in India. Delhi, IN: Isha. ISBN 81-8205-024-3.
Dean, Jeremy (2007). "The Halo Effect: When Your Own Mind is a Mystery". PsyBlog.
Rosenzweig, Phil (2007). The halo effect: ...and the eight other business delusions that deceive managers (1st Free Press trade pbk ed.). New York, NY: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-7432-9125-5.
Steinberg, Gerald M (30 December 2009). "Human Rights NGOs Need a Monitor". The Jewish Daily Forward.
Sutherland, Stuart (2007). Irrationality (reprint ed.). London: Pinter & Martin. ISBN 978-1-905177-07-3.
"Halo and horns effects in rating errors". Right Attitudes. 2010.
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text:
Soak Up the Sun
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Soak Up the Sun"
Single by Sheryl Crow
from the album C'mon, C'mon
B-side
"Chances Are", "You're Not the One"
Released
25 March 2002
Format
CD single
Genre
Pop
R&B
Length
4:52 (album version)
3:17 (radio edit)
Label
A&M
Songwriter(s)
Sheryl Crow
Jeff Trott
Producer(s)
Sheryl Crow
Sheryl Crow singles chronology
"Sweet Child o' Mine"
(1999) "Soak Up the Sun"
(2002) "Steve McQueen"
(2002)
"Sweet Child o' Mine"
(1999) "Soak Up the Sun"
(2002) "Steve McQueen"
(2002)
Music video
"Soak Up The Sun" at CMT.com
"Soak Up the Sun" is the title of a song recorded by American artist Sheryl Crow. It was released in March 2002 as the lead single from her album C'mon C'mon. The song, which features backing vocals by Liz Phair, peaked at number-one on the Billboard Adult Top 40 chart and hit number 5 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart and #17 on the Hot 100 chart. In addition, "Soak Up the Sun" (remixed by noted DJ Victor Calderone) spent one week at #1 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in June 2002; to date, this is Crow's only song to top this chart. It reached #16 on the UK Singles Chart. It was covered by the Kidz Bop Kids in 2003. The song was also included on the album "Nolee Mix" which was released to promote the My Scene dolls. The song was a staple of radio airplay during the summer of 2002.
Contents
[hide]
1 Music video
2 Track listing
2.1 European CD single (Cat No.: 497 688-2)
2.2 UK CD single #1 (Cat No.: 497 704-2)
2.3 UK CD single #2 (Cat. No.: 497 705-2)
2.4 CD remixes single (Cat. No.: 497 721-2)
3 Chart performance
3.1 Year-end charts
4 References
5 External links
Music video[edit]
The video directed by Wayne Isham and shot on the North Shore of Oahu, Hawaii features Crow performing on the beach, as well as various vacationers surfing in the ocean and jumping off a waterfall.
Track listing[edit]
European CD single (Cat No.: 497 688-2)[edit]
"Soak Up the Sun" (radio edit)
"Chances Are"
"You're Not the One"
"Soak Up the Sun" (album version)
UK CD single #1 (Cat No.: 497 704-2)[edit]
"Soak Up the Sun" (radio edit)
"Chances Are" (non LP track)
"You're Not the One" (non LP track)
"Soak Up the Sun" (video)
UK CD single #2 (Cat. No.: 497 705-2)[edit]
"Soak Up the Sun" (album version)
"My Favorite Mistake" (live version)
"A Change Would Do You Good" (live version)
CD-ROM Segment, including preview of new album
CD remixes single (Cat. No.: 497 721-2)[edit]
"Soak Up the Sun" - album version
"Soak Up the Sun" - Sunsweep radio mix
"Soak Up the Sun" - Sunsweep club mix
"Soak Up the Sun" - Sunsweep dub
"Soak Up the Sun" - Sunsweep Ultimix
"Soak Up the Sun" - Ultimix
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (2002)
Peak
position
Austrian Singles Chart 15[citation needed]
Brazilian Singles Chart (ABPD)[1] 18
Canada (Nielsen SoundScan) 24[citation needed]
France (SNEP) 51[citation needed]
Netherlands (Mega Top 100) 76[citation needed]
New Zealand (RIANZ) 19[citation needed]
Poland (ZPAV)[2] 41
Romania (Romanian Top 100)[3] 39
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 15[citation needed]
United Kingdom (The Official Charts Company) 16[citation needed]
US Billboard Hot 100[4] 17
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[5] 5
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[6] 1
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[7]
Victor Calderone & Mac Quayle Mixes 1
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[8] 15
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2002)
Position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 35[citation needed]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Brazil" (PDF). ABPD. October 6, 2001. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ http://lp3.polskieradio.pl/utwor/artykul444,187_soak_up_the_sun.aspx
Jump up ^ "Romanian peak". Web.archive.org. 2004-12-25. Archived from the original on December 25, 2004. Retrieved 2012-03-03. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ "Sheryl Crow Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Sheryl Crow Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Sheryl Crow Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Sheryl Crow Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Sheryl Crow Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"They Say Vision" by Res Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one single
June 1, 2002 Succeeded by
"Days Go By" by Dirty Vegas
[hide]
v
t
e
Sheryl Crow
Studio albums
Tuesday Night Music Club
Sheryl Crow
The Globe Sessions
C'mon, C'mon
Wildflower
Detours
Home for Christmas
100 Miles from Memphis
Feels Like Home
Be Myself
Compilation albums
The Very Best of Sheryl Crow
iTunes Originals
Hits & Rarities
Live albums
Sheryl Crow and Friends: Live from Central Park
Singles
"Leaving Las Vegas"
"All I Wanna Do"
"Strong Enough"
"Can't Cry Anymore"
"Run Baby Run"
"What I Can Do for You"
"If It Makes You Happy"
"Everyday Is a Winding Road"
"Hard to Make a Stand"
"A Change Would Do You Good"
"Home"
"Tomorrow Never Dies"
"My Favorite Mistake"
"There Goes the Neighborhood"
"Anything but Down"
"Sweet Child o' Mine"
"Soak Up the Sun"
"Steve McQueen"
"The First Cut Is the Deepest"
"Light in Your Eyes"
"Good Is Good"
"Perfect Lie"
"Always on Your Side"
"Real Gone"
"Not Fade Away"
"Shine over Babylon"
"Love Is Free"
"Now That You're Gone"
"Motivation"
"Summer Day"
"Sign Your Name"
"Easy"
"Callin' Me When I'm Lonely"
"Shotgun"
Guest singles
"Picture" (with Kid Rock)
"Building Bridges" (with Brooks & Dunn and Vince Gill)
"Just Stand Up!"
"Coal Miner's Daughter" (with Miranda Lambert and Loretta Lynn)
Related articles
Discography
Awards and nominations
Ghost Brothers of Darkland County
Book
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soak_Up_the_Sun&oldid=833024077"
Categories:
2002 singles
Billboard Dance Club Songs number-one singles
Sheryl Crow songs
Songs written by Sheryl Crow
Billboard Adult Top 40 number-one singles
Music videos directed by Wayne Isham
Songs written by Jeff Trott
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Unfit url
Articles with hAudio microformats
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017
Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100
Singlechart called without song
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Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs
Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay
Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs
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