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Chow Chow
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This article is about the breed of dog. For the pickled relish, see Chow-chow (food).
Chow Chow
Other names
Chow, Chowdren, 鬆獅犬
Origin
China
[hide]Traits
Weight
Male 55–70 lb (25–32 kg)[1]
Female 45–60 lb (20–27 kg)[1]
Height
17 to 20 inches (43 to 51 cm)[1]:4–5
Coat
Thick and coarse
Color
Red (light gold to deep red-brown)
Cinnamon (light tan to brown)
Black
Cream
Blue
Litter size
4–7
Life span
11–13 years[2]
[hide]Classification / standards
FCI
Group 5, Section 5 Asian Spitz and related breeds #205 standard
AKC
Non-Sporting standard
ANKC
Group 7
Non-Sporting standard
CKC
Group 6
Non-Sporting standard
KC (UK)
Utility standard
NZKC
Non-Sporting standard
UKC
Northern Breed standard
Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)
The Chow Chow (sometimes simply Chow[1]:7–8) is a dog breed originally from northern China,[3] where it is referred to as Songshi Quan (Pinyin: sōngshī quǎn 鬆獅犬), which means "puffy-lion dog". The breed has also been called the Tang Quan, "Dog of the Tang Empire." It is believed [4][5] that the Chow Chow is one of the native dogs used as the model for the Foo dog, the traditional stone guardians found in front of Buddhist temples and palaces. It is one of the few ancient dog breeds still in existence in the world today.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Appearance
3 Temperament
4 Health
5 Famous Chow Chow owners
6 Grooming
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
A Chow Chow in 1901
A Chow Chow in 1915.
Phylogenetic tree of ancient dog breeds
One writer has proposed that the Chow Chow originated in China 2,000 years ago or originated in Arctic Asia 3,000 years ago and then migrated to Mongolia, Siberia and then to China.[1]:11 DNA analysis indicates that the Chow Chow is one of the ancient dog breeds.[7]
The Chow Chow probably originated in the high steppe regions of Siberia or Mongolia, and much later used as temple guards in China, Mongolia and Tibet.[citation needed] A bas-relief from 150 BC (during the Han Dynasty) includes a hunting dog similar in appearance to the Chow.[citation needed] Later Chow Chows were bred as a general-purpose working dog for herding, hunting, pulling and guarding. From what records survive, some historians believe that the Chow was the dog described as accompanying the Mongolian armies as they invaded southward into China as well as west into Europe and southwest into the Middle East in the 13th century AD.[citation needed]
One Chinese legend mentions large war dogs from Central Asia that resembled black-tongued lions. One Chinese ruler was said to own 5,000 Chows. The Chinese also used Chows to pull dog sleds, and this was remarked upon by Marco Polo.[1]:11 The Chow Chow was also bred for human consumption.[8]
A legend says that the original teddy bears were modeled after Queen Victoria's Chow Chow puppy. It's said that she carried the dog everywhere she went. Her friends disapproved, claiming that it did not befit a Queen to be seen everywhere with a dog, so they paid a dressmaker to make a stuffed version of the animal for her.[1]:7–8
Today, the AKC registers approximately 10,000 Chow Chows a year. The Canadian Kennel Club registers approximately 350.[1]:4–5
Appearance[edit]
A close-up of the Chow Chow's characteristic blue-black tongue
The Chow Chow is a sturdily built dog, square in profile, with a broad skull and small, triangular, erect ears with rounded tips. The breed is known for a very dense double coat that is either smooth or rough.[1]:4–5 The fur is particularly thick in the neck area, giving it a distinctive ruff or mane appearance. The coat may be shaded/self-red, black, blue, cinnamon/fawn, or cream.[1]:4–5[9] Not all these color varieties are recognized as valid in all countries. Individuals with patchy or multicolored coats are considered to be outside the breed standard. Chow Chow eyes are typically deep set and almond shaped. The breed is distinguished by its unusual blue-black/purple tongue and very straight hind legs, resulting in a rather stilted gait.[1]:4–5 The bluish color extends to the Chow Chow's lips; this is the only dog breed with this distinctive bluish color in its lips and oral cavity (other dogs have black or a piebald pattern skin in their mouths).[1]:4–5 One other distinctive feature is the curly tail.[1]:4–5 It has thick hair and lies curled on its back. The nose should be black, but blue-coated Chow Chow can have a solid blue or slate-colored nose. According to the American Kennel Club breed standards, any other tone is not acceptable for contests.[10] FCI countries, however, do allow a self-colored nose in the cream.[11]
The blue-black/purple tongue gene appears to be dominant, as most mixed breed dogs that come from a Chow Chow retain that tongue colour. However, the blue-black/purple tongue can also be found on the Shar Pei. This is not to say that every mixed breed dog with spots of purple on the tongue is descended from Chow Chow, as purple spots on the tongue can be found on other purebred dogs.[12]
The distinctive Chow Chow features
Straight hind legs
Dense double coat
Purple-black tongue
Bluish lips and oral cavity
Puppy playing
Sturdy build, square in profile
A Chow Chow puppy
Temperament[edit]
Chow Chows of different coat colors.
Most commonly kept as pets, Chow Chows tend to display discernment of strangers and can become fiercely protective of their owners and property. The American Kennel Club standards, however, consider an all-too aggressive or all-too timid Chow Chow to be unacceptable.[10] For that reason, some owners have attributed a cat-like personality to the Chow Chow.[13][14]
Chow Chow are not excessively active, meaning that they can be housed in an apartment. However, a Chow Chow living in an apartment will need daily exercise to prevent restlessness and boredom. Upon realizing that exercise is a daily occurrence, Chow Chow will tend to be more assertive with owners in anticipation of such activities.
This breed of dog has many strong loyal bonds with friends and family, but the Chow Chow dog is usually overly protective of one or two main family member.[15] It is in the breed’s nature to be quiet and well behaved, but it is also resistant to training. Chow Chows become very stubborn and attach to certain individuals as they age. This is why training them when they are puppies is so crucial because they gain respect for those who care for them.
In order to avoid aggressive and over-protectiveness as an adult, continuous socialization as early as possible could allow the dog to adjust. When Chow Chows have reached adolescence they reject authority from any other owner who failed to earn its admiration. Aggression can be one distinctive behavioural characteristic in this breed, though while some are of an aggressive nature, many are known to be easy-going in nature - sometimes adopting an aloof disposition to individuals other than their owners. Aggression when it does appear is often towards other dogs of the same sex, especially Chows. Due to their strong hunting instincts, it is recommended that these dogs stay fenced, leashed, and away from cats and small dogs. This is why it is crucial that they are socialized early and consistently in order to act appropriately with strangers. At first, chow chows are very hesitant in interacting with strangers. However, this problem can be avoided if the owners train the chow chow at a young age.
Owning a Chow Chow can raise the cost of homeowners insurance because some companies consider them high-risk dogs.[16] In a study in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Chow Chow were responsible for 8 out of 238 fatalities related to dog bites from 1979 to 1998.[17]
The different Chow Chow colours
Cream
Fawn
Red
Blue
Dark brown
Health[edit]
The Chow Chow can suffer from entropion,[18][19] glaucoma,[20][21] juvenile cataracts,[22] lymphoma,[23] hip dysplasia,[24] diabetes mellitus,[25] canine pemphigus,[26] and gastric cancer.[27] Chow Chows are a high risk breed for autoimmune disease [28] and are at a predisposition for skin melanoma.[29]
Due to the Chow Chow's thick coat, fleas can be a problem.[30]
Famous Chow Chow owners[edit]
A Chow Chow competing in Dog Agility
Konrad Lorenz an Austrian zoologist, ethologist, and ornithologist, winner of the 1973 Nobel Prize[31] who is often regarded as one of the founders of modern ethology, had a Chow Chow mix named Stasi.[32] He wrote about his dogs in his book King Solomon's Ring.
Sigmund Freud had a Chow Chow named Jo-Fi who attended all of his therapy sessions because he felt that dogs had a special sense that allows them to judge a person's character accurately, and admitted he depended on Jo-Fi for an assessment of a patient's mental state.[33]
U.S. Navy admiral George Dewey acquired a Chow Chow in Hong Kong in 1898 and named it Bob. Bob rarely left the admiral's side and had the run of the cruiser USS Olympia. Bob died in 1899 due to eating chocolates given to Dewey by well-wishers upon Olympia's arrival in New York City.
Martha Stewart owns several chows, which are frequently seen on Martha's shows [1]. One of them is named Genghis Khan.[34]
President Calvin Coolidge and his wife owned a black Chow named Timmy.[35] Chow Chows were also popular in the 1930s and 1980s.
Elvis Presley and his ex-girlfriend Linda Thompson had a Chow Chow named Getlow.[36]
Vanna Bonta[37][38] has a cream Chow Chow named Sky in a line of her breed of choice, a blue Chow Chow she had named Seraph, and a red Chow Chow named Beowulf who was immortalized as a fictional dog in the book Flight.
Janet Jackson had a Chow Chow named Buckwheat.[39]
Italian footballer Mario Balotelli bought his girlfriend two Chow Chow puppies in the UK.[40]
Grooming[edit]
A Chow Chow with reddish coat.
The Chow Chow's fur is particularly thick in the neck area, giving it a distinctive ruff or mane appearance.
Chow breed will heavily shed their fur in the seasons of spring and fall, which requires more grooming attention than other seasons. It is important that owners use the correct tool in order to avoid harming the skin and facilitate grooming. Three kinds of brushes that owners can use on their Chow Chow are a medium-coarse brush for the larger parts of the body, a slick brush for smaller areas, and a pin brush to maintain the longer strands of hair.[41] Chow Chows are known to have either short and smooth coat, or a rougher and longer coat. Both create a thick woolly layer, as it gets closer to the skin. They should be brushed four times a week; however shedding seasons may require daily grooming. Also, a spray conditioner can help avoiding breakage and tearing to the thick coat of hair. Lastly, a monthly bath is required to avoid fleas and keep a clean coat of fur.[42]
See also[edit]
Eurasier, a dog breed created crossing Chow Chow and the Keeshond
Chinese guardian lions
Foo Dog
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wilcox, Charlotte (April 1, 1999). The Chow Chow. Capstone. ISBN 978-0-7368-0159-1.
Jump up ^ "Chow Chow Health & Care Information". AKC. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Case, Linda P. (2005). The Dog: Its Behavior, Nutrition, and Health (2nd ed.), p. 23. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-8138-1254-2.
Jump up ^ Sacred Dog of Sinkiang
Jump up ^ Foo Dogs are Ancient Guardians
Jump up ^ Parker, Heidi G.; Kim, Lisa V.; Sutter, Nathan B.; Carlson, Scott; Lorentzen, Travis D.; Malek, Tiffany B.; Johnson, Gary S.; DeFrance, Hawkins B.; Ostrander, Elaine A.; Kruglyak, Leonid (2004-05-21). "Genetic Structure of the Purebred Domestic Dog" (PDF). Science. 304 (5674): 1160. doi:10.1126/science.1097406. PMID 15155949.
Jump up ^ Collie or Pug? Study Finds the Genetic Code. New York Times Online. May 21, 2004. Accessed December 25, 2006.
Jump up ^ Schwabe, Calwin W.: Unmentionable Cuisine, page 168. University of Virginia Press, 1979
Jump up ^ "Colours and coat types". Chow Chow Club. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b American Kennel Club (1 January 2006). "AKC MEET THE BREEDS®: Chow Chow". American Kennel Club. American Kennel Club® (AKC). Retrieved 10 July 2012.
Jump up ^ CHOWCHOW.at (9 June 1999). "The FCI Breed Standard". CHOWCHOW.at. CHOWCHOW.at Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Kathy Welsh; Anna Wallace; Vicki DeGruy (2001–2010). "The Truth About Those Black Tongues". Chow Chow Information and Adoption Center. WisconsinChow Chow Rescue. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
Jump up ^ The Chow Chow Club, Inc.'s Welfare Committee (1997). "Chow Chow Temperament Evaluation, Handling & Placement Tips for Animal Shelters". Chow Chow Information and Adoption Center. Wisconsin Chow Chow Rescue. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
Jump up ^ dogtime. "Chow Chow". dogtime. DogTime Media Network. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Breed. (n.d.). "Chow Chow. Petsource.org" Retrieved 3 April 2013[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ InsuranceAgents.com. "Will Your Canine Affect Your Homeowners Insurance Policy?". InsuranceAgents.com. AgentInsider.com. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
Jump up ^ J. Sacks, Jeffrey; Sinclair, Leslie; Gilchrist, Julie (15 September 2000). "Vet Med Today: Special Report – "Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998"" (PDF). JAVMA. 217 (6). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-11.
Jump up ^ "Chow Welfare – Entropion".
Jump up ^ "Vet Info – Entropion".
Jump up ^ "Animal Eye Care".
Jump up ^ "VetInfo – Breed Specific Problems".
Jump up ^ "VetInfo – Juvenile Cataracts in Dogs".
Jump up ^ "Vet Info – Dog Lymphoma Symptoms".
Jump up ^ "Canine Hip Dysplasia".
Jump up ^ "Diabetes Mellitus".
Jump up ^ "Vet Info – Pemphigus".
Jump up ^ "Positional Cloning of the Gene(s) for Gastric Cancer in the Chow Chow".
Jump up ^ "Establishment of a Genetic Database for Disease Association Studies in the Major Histocompatibility complex for Purebred Dogs".
Jump up ^ "Canine Skin Melanoma".
Jump up ^ Atkinson, James (1988). Chow Chows. Haupaugge, NY: Barron's Educational Series, Inc. p. 76. ISBN 0-8120-3952-1.
Jump up ^ "Konrad Lorenz - Biographical, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1973s". Nobel prize, The Official Web Site of The Nobel Prize. 1973. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Konrad Lorenz (1961) King Solomon's Ring Translated by Marjorie Kerr Wilson. Methuen, London. 202 pages. ISBN 0-416-53860-6
Jump up ^ Coren, Stanley (1997). What Do Dogs Know?. Free Press. p. 128.
Jump up ^ The Paddock Play Continues - The Daily Wag - Pets - MarthaStewart.com. Dailywag.marthastewart.com (2013-09-20). Retrieved on 2013-10-23.
Jump up ^ Atkinson, James (1988). Chow Chows, p. 5. Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 0812039521.
Jump up ^ http://chowtales.com/elvis-presley-chow-getlow/
Jump up ^ "Vanna Bonta is into Genes!".
Jump up ^ "Vanna Bonta Gets Her Dog a Lion Fur-Do".
Jump up ^ "Canine Aristocracy".
Jump up ^ Smart, Gordon. "Mario Balotelli loves his chow". The Sun. London.
Jump up ^ Chow Chow Dog Breed | Information on Chow Chows. (n.d.). Pet Information | Online Resource for Pet Owners | PetWave. Retrieved April 3, 2013, from http://www.petwave.com/Dogs/Dog-Breed-Center/Non-Sporting-Group/Chow-Chow.aspx[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Chow Chow Dog Breed Information, Pictures, Characteristics & Facts. (n.d.). "DogTime is the place for dog breeds, pet adoption, pet insurance and expert pet advice" Retrieved 3 April 2013
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chow Chow.
Chow Chow at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
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Stratum basale
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Histologic image showing a section of epidermis. Stratum basale labeled near bottom.
The stratum basale (basal layer, sometimes referred to as stratum germinativum) is the deepest layer of the five layers of the epidermis, the outer covering of skin in mammals.
The stratum basale is a continuous layer of cells. It is often described as one cell thick, though it may in fact be two to three cells thick in glabrous skin (hairless), and hyperproliferative epidermis (from a skin disease).[1]
The stratum basale is primarily made up of basal keratinocyte stem cells, which can be considered the stem cells of the epidermis. They divide to form the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum, which migrate superficially.[2] Other types of cells found within the stratum basale are melanocytes (pigment-producing cells), Langerhans cells (immune cells), and Merkel cells (touch receptors).
Additional images[edit]
Epidermis and dermis of human skin
Section of epidermis
See also[edit]
List of keratins expressed in the human integumentary system
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McGrath, J.A.; Eady, R.A.; Pope, F.M. (2004). Rook's Textbook of Dermatology (Seventh Edition). Blackwell Publishing. Pages 3.7. ISBN 978-0-632-06429-8.
Jump up ^ Habif, Thomas P. (2010). Clinical Dermatology, 5th ed. Mosby. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7234-3541-9.
[hide]
v
t
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Skin and related structures
Skin
Epidermis
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
Basement membrane
Basal keratinocyte
Lamina lucida
Lamina densa
Dermis
Papillary
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Reticular
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Panniculus/Pannus (Panniculus adiposus
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Loose connective tissue
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Adnexa
Skin glands
Sweat glands: Apocrine sweat gland
Eccrine sweat gland
Sebaceous
Hair
Root sheath
Outer root sheath
Inner root sheath
Henle's layer
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Hair shaft
Cuticle
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Medulla
Bulb with matrix cells
Hair follicle
Muscle
Arrector pili muscle
Pilosebaceous unit
Hair sebaceous gland
Nail
Nail matrix
Nail plate
Lunula
Eponychium
Paronychium
Hyponychium
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratum_basale&oldid=788494999"
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Kick-off (association football)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Kick-off at the final of the 2005 Confederations Cup
A kick-off is the method of starting and, in some cases, restarting play in a game of association football. The rules concerning the kick-off are part of Law 8 of the Laws of the Game.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Award
2 Procedure
3 Infringements
4 References
Award[edit]
A kick-off is used to start each half of play, and each period of extra time where applicable. The kick-off to start a game is awarded to the team that lost the pre-game coin toss (the team that won the coin-toss chooses which direction they wish to play). The kick-off begins when the referee blows the whistle. The kick-off to start the second half is taken by the other team. If extra time is played another coin-toss is used at the beginning of this period.
A kick-off is also used to restart play after a goal is scored, and is taken by the team that conceded the goal.
Procedure[edit]
Luis Suárez and Andy Carroll preparing to kick-off.
The kick-off is taken from the centre spot. All players must be in their own half of the field of play, and all opposing players must remain at least 10 yards (9.16m) from the ball (a distance marked on the pitch by the centre circle), until the ball is in play.
The ball is initially stationary until it is put into play by being kicked. The player who has first kicked the ball may not touch it again until it has been touched by another player.
A stipulation that this kick must be towards the opponents' goal existed in the rules from 1883[2] until 2016.[3] This resulted in kick-offs typically involving two persons (as pictured), with one tapping the ball forward and the other passing it back to the rest of the team.
A goal may be scored directly from a kick-off against the opponent.[4]
Infringements[edit]
If a player moves from their required position as detailed above the kick is retaken. Failure to maintain position may constitute misconduct and be punished by a caution (yellow card).
It is an offence for the kicker to touch the ball a second time until it has been touched by another player; this is punishable by an indirect free kick to the defending team from where the offence occurred, unless the second touch was also a more serious handling offence, in which case it is punishable by a direct free kick.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "LAW 8 - THE START AND RESTART OF PLAY - FIFA.com". Retrieved 2014-02-04. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
Jump up ^ Laws of the Game (1883). The Football Association. Wikisource. 1883.
Jump up ^ Football: IFAB Confirm Series of Changes to Football Rules Ahead of Next Season Yahoo! Sport, 16 April 2016
Jump up ^ http://www.theifab.com/#!/laws/the-start-and-restart-of-play/chapters/kick-off The IFAB Laws of the Game, Law 8
FIFA Laws of the Game (PDF)
[hide]
v
t
e
Laws of the Game (rules of association football)
Terms
Law 1: The Field of Play
Law 2: The Ball
Law 3: The Number of Players
Law 4: The Players' Equipment
Law 5: The Referee
Law 6: The Other Match Officials
Law 7: The Duration of the Match
Law 8: The Start and Restart of Play
Law 9: The Ball In and Out of Play
Law 10: The Method of Scoring
Law 11: Offside
Law 12: Fouls and Misconduct
Law 13: Free kicks (direct and indirect)
Law 14: The Penalty Kick
Law 15: The Throw-In
Law 16: The Goal Kick
Law 17: The Corner Kick
Comparisons
Rugby union
Futsal
International Football
Association Board (IFAB)
The Football Association
Scottish Football Association
Football Association of Wales
Irish Football Association
FIFA
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kick-off_(association_football)&oldid=809482705"
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