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France in the American Revolutionary War
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The British (center) surrender to French (left) and American (right) troops, at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781.
French (left) and British ships (right) at the battle of the Chesapeake off Yorktown in 1781; the outnumbered British fleet departed, leaving the British army no choice but to surrender.
French involvement in the American Revolutionary War began in 1775, when France, a rival of the British Empire, secretly shipped supplies to the Continental Army. A Treaty of Alliance in 1778 soon followed, which led to shipments of money and matériel to the United States. Subsequently, the Spanish Empire and the Dutch Republic also began to send assistance, leaving the British Empire with no allies.
France's help is considered a vital and decisive contribution to the United States' victory against the British. As a cost of participation in the war, France accumulated over 1 billion livres in debt.
Contents
[hide]
1 American origins of the conflict
2 French involvement
2.1 Debate over quiet aid or declaring open war
2.2 Entry into the war
2.3 North American operations
2.4 Other theaters
3 Peace and consequences
4 Financial aspects
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Notes
7 Bibliography
7.1 English
7.2 Primary sources
7.3 French
American origins of the conflict[edit]
Main article: American Revolution
After its defeat in the Seven Years' War in 1763, France lost its vast holdings in North America. Meanwhile, the American colonists and the British government began to fight over whether Parliament in London or the colonial assemblies had primary responsibility for taxation. As part of that conflict, the colonists organized the Boston Tea Party in response to a tax on tea. The British government responded by passing the Intolerable Acts, which included the closing of Boston Harbor and the revocation of Massachusetts's colonial charter.[1] This conflict exacerbated tensions further. The ideological conflict escalated into open warfare in 1775, at which point the American patriots revolted against British rule. France, who had been rebuilding her Navy and other forces, saw this as an opportunity to seriously weaken her perennial enemy. [2]
French involvement[edit]
Choiseul actively reorganized the French army and navy for a future war of revenge against Britain.
France bitterly resented its loss in the Seven Years' War and sought revenge. It also wanted to strategically weaken Britain. Following the Declaration of Independence, the American Revolution was well received by both the general population and the aristocracy in France. The Revolution was perceived as the incarnation of the Enlightenment Spirit against the "English tyranny." Benjamin Franklin traveled to France in December 1776 in order to rally the nation's support, and he was welcomed with great enthusiasm. At first, French support was covert: French agents sent the Patriots military aid (predominantly gunpowder) through a company called Rodrigue Hortalez et Compagnie, beginning in the spring of 1776. Estimates place the percentage of French supplied arms to the Americans in the Saratoga campaign at up to 90%.[3] By 1777, over five million livres of aid had been sent to the American rebels.
Motivated by the prospect of glory in battle or animated by the sincere ideals of liberty and republicanism, volunteers like Pierre Charles L'Enfant joined the American army. The most famous was Lafayette, a charming young aristocrat who defied the king's order and enlisted in 1777 at age 20. He became an aide to George Washington and a combat general. More importantly, he solidified a favorable American view of France. Kramer argues that Lafayette provided a legitimacy for the war and confidence that there was serious European support for independence. Lafayette's personal style was highly attractive; the young man learned quickly, adapted to the Patriot style, avoided politics, and became a fast friend of General Washington. Fifty years later, after a major career in French politics, he returned as a beloved hero of the war.[4]
Debate over quiet aid or declaring open war[edit]
Before open war between France and Britain, Pierre Beaumarchais was at the center of an arms traffic to support American Insurgents.
Up against the British power, the young nation lacked arms and allies, and so it turned towards France. France was not directly interested in the conflict, but saw it as an opportunity to contest British power by supporting a new British opponent. Through negotiations conducted first by Silas Deane and then by Benjamin Franklin, France began covert support of the American cause.
Secretly approached by Louis XVI and France's foreign minister, the comte de Vergennes, Pierre Beaumarchais was authorized to sell gunpowder and ammunition to the Americans for close to a million pounds under the veil of the French company Rodrigue Hortalez et Compagnie. The aid given by France, much of which passed through the neutral Dutch West Indies port of Sint Eustatius, contributed to George Washington's survival against the British onslaught in 1776 and 1777. The aid was also a major factor in the defeat of General Burgoyne's expedition in the Champlain corridor that ended in a British disaster at Saratoga. French ports accommodated American ships, including privateers and Continental Navy warships, that acted against British merchant ships. France provided significant economic aid, either as donations or loans, and also offered technical assistance, granting some of its military strategists "vacations" so they could assist American troops.
Silas Deane, appointed by the Americans and helped by French animosity towards Britain, obtained unofficial aid, starting in early 1776. However, the goal was the total involvement of France in the war. A new delegation composed of Franklin, Deane, and Arthur Lee, was appointed to lobby for the involvement of European nations. Franklin, age 70 and already well known in French intellectual circles for his scientific discoveries, served as the chief diplomat with the title of "minister" (the term "ambassador" was not used). He dressed in rough frontier clothes rather than formal court dress, and met with many leading diplomats, aristocrats, intellectuals, scientists and financiers. Franklin's image and writings caught the French imagination – there were many images of him sold on the market – and he became the image of the archetypal new American and a hero for aspirations for a new order inside France. When the international climate at the end of 1777 had become tenser, Habsburg Austria requested the support of France in the War of the Bavarian Succession against the Prussia in line with the Franco-Austrian Alliance. France refused, causing the relationship with Austria to turn sour. Under these conditions, asking Austria to assist France in a war against the British was impossible. Attempts to rally Spain also failed: Spain did not immediately recognize potential gains, and the American revolutionary spirit was seen as threatening the legitimacy of the Spanish Crown in its own American colonies.
Public opinion in France was in favor of open war, but King Louis and his advisors were reluctant due to the possible risks and heavy expenses involved. The king's economic and military advisors, in particular, remained reluctant. The French Navy was being rapidly rebuilt, but there were doubts as to how ready it was for serious conflict. Financiers Turgot and Necker warned war would be very expensive for France's wobbly system of taxation and finance.
The Americans argued that an alliance of the United States, France, and Spain would assure a rapid defeat of the British, but Vergennes, waiting until his navy was ready, hesitated. On July 23, 1777, Vergennes decided that it was time to decide either total assistance, with war, or abandonment of the new nation. The choice, ratified by the king, was war.[5]
Entry into the war[edit]
Main article: Franco-American alliance
Surrender of General Burgoyne at the Battle of Saratoga, by John Trumbull, 1822
The British had taken Philadelphia in 1777, but American victory at the Battle of Saratoga brought back hope to the Patriots and enthusiasm in France. The army of Burgoyne surrendered to American forces after Saratoga and France realized that the United States could be victorious. The king directed Vergennes to negotiate an alliance with the Americans.[6]
France formally recognized the United States on February 6, 1778, with the signing of the Treaty of Alliance. Hostilities soon followed after Britain declared war on France on March 17, 1778. The British naval force, then the largest fleet afloat, and French fleet confronted each other from the beginning. The British avoided intercepting a French fleet that left Toulon under the comte d'Estaing in April for North America, fearing the French fleet at Brest might then be used to launch an invasion of Britain. France had kept the Brest fleet to protect commercial shipping in European waters, and it sailed out only after a British fleet was confirmed to have left in pursuit of d'Estaing, thus weakening the British Channel fleet. In spite of this reduction, the British fleet still outnumbered the French fleet at Brest, and Admiral d'Orvilliers was instructed to avoid combat when he sailed in July. D'Orvilliers met the fleet of Admiral Augustus Keppel in the indecisive Battle of Ushant on July 27, after which both fleets returned to port for repairs.
France did consider the landing of 40,000 men in the nearby British Isles but abandoned the idea because of logistical issues. On the continent, France was protected through its alliance with Austria which, even if it did not take part in the American Revolutionary War, affirmed its diplomatic support of France.
Other nations in Europe at first refused to openly join the war but both Spain and the Dutch Republic gave unofficial support to the American cause. Vergennes was able to convince the Spanish to formally enter the war in 1779 and, in 1780, Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic over claims of Dutch violations of neutrality.
North American operations[edit]
Franco-American routes during the Yorktown campaign.
French participation in North America was initially maritime in nature and marked by some indecision on the part of its military leaders. In 1778, American and French planners organized an attempt to capture Newport, Rhode Island, then under British occupation. The attempt failed, in part because Admiral d'Estaing did not land French troops prior to sailing out of Narragansett Bay to meet the British fleet. He then sailed to Boston after his fleet was damaged in a storm. In 1779, d'Estaing again led his fleet to North America for joint operations, this time against British-held Savannah, Georgia. About 3,000 French joined with 2,000 Americans in the Siege of Savannah, in which a naval bombardment was unsuccessful. An attempted assault of the entrenched British position was repulsed with heavy losses.
Support became more notable when, in 1780, 6,000 soldiers led by Rochambeau landed at Newport, itself abandoned in 1779 by the British, and then established a naval base there. These forces were largely inactive since the fleet was closely watched by the British fleet from its bases in New York and eastern Long Island. By early 1781, with the war dragging on, French military planners were finally convinced that more significant operations would be required in North America to bring a decisive end to the war. That year's West Indies fleet was commanded by the comte de Grasse, and specific arrangements were made to coordinate operations with him. De Grasse asked to be supplied with North American pilots and to be informed of possible operations in North America to which he might contribute. Rochambeau and Washington met in Wethersfield, Connecticut in May 1781 to discuss their options. Washington wanted to drive the British from both New York City and Virginia (the latter led first by Benedict Arnold, then by Brigadier William Phillips and eventually by Charles Cornwallis). Virginia was also seen as a potent threat that could be fought with naval assistance. These two options were dispatched to the Caribbean along with the requested pilots. Rochambeau, in a separate letter, urged de Grasse to come to the Chesapeake Bay for operations in Virginia. Following the Wethersfield conference, Rochambeau moved his army to White Plains, New York and placed his command under Washington.
De Grasse received these letters in July at roughly the same time Cornwallis was preparing to occupy Yorktown, Virginia. De Grasse concurred with Rochambeau and subsequently sent a dispatch indicating that he would reach the Chesapeake at the end of August but that agreements with the Spanish meant he could only stay until mid-October. The arrival of his dispatches prompted the Franco-American army to begin a march for Virginia. De Grasse reached the Chesapeake as planned and his troops were sent to assist Lafayette's army in the blockade of Cornwallis's army. A British fleet sent to confront de Grasse's control of the Chesapeake was defeated by the French on September 5 at the Battle of the Chesapeake and the Newport fleet delivered the French siege train to complete the allied military arrival. The Siege of Yorktown and following surrender by Cornwallis on October 19 were decisive in ending major hostilities in North America.[7]
Other theaters[edit]
The capture of the island of Grenada by the troops of D'Estaing.
Other important battles between the French and the British were spaced out around the world, from the West Indies to India. France's navy at first dominated in the West Indies, capturing Dominica, Grenada, Saint Vincent, Montserrat, Tobago, and St. Kitts, but losing St. Lucia at the beginning of the war. A planned Franco-Spanish invasion of Jamaica was aborted after the decisive Battle of the Saintes in 1782. At the end of the war. the French captured the Turks and Caicos Islands. In European waters, France and Spain joined forces with the entry of Spain into the war in 1779. An attempted invasion of Britain failed due to a variety of factors. French and Spanish forces besieged Gibraltar from 1779 to 1783, but were unsuccessful in either storming the site, or preventing repeated British relief of its garrison. They were more successful in capturing Minorca in Europe and Demerara and Essequibo in South America in February 1782.
In India, British troops gained control of French outposts in 1778 and 1779, sparking the Kingdom of Mysore, a longtime French ally, to begin the Second Anglo-Mysore War. Allied with the French, the Mysoreans for a time threatened British positions on the east coast, but that war ended status quo ante bellum in 1784. A French fleet commanded by the Bailli de Suffren fought a series of largely inconclusive battles with a British fleet under Sir Edward Hughes, and the only major military land action, the 1783 Siege of Cuddalore, was cut short by news that a preliminary peace had been signed.
Because of decisive battles on American soil, the French were in a strong position during the peace negotiations in Paris.
Peace and consequences[edit]
Starting with the Siege of Yorktown, Benjamin Franklin never informed France of the secret negotiations that took place directly between Britain and the United States. Britain acknowledged that the United States owned all the land south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River, except for Florida (which went to Spain). However, since France was not included in the American-British peace discussions, the alliance between France and the U.S. was weakened. Thus the influence of France and Spain in future negotiations was limited.[8]
Ratification of the Treaty of Paris, 1783. The British delegation refused to pose for the picture
The war formally ended in September 1783 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. France gained (or regained) territories in the Americas, Africa, and India. Losses in the 1763 Treaty of Paris and in the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) were in part regained: Tobago, Saint Lucia, the Senegal River area, as well as increased fishing rights in Terra Nova. Spain regained Florida and Minorca, but Gibraltar remained in the hands of the British.
Because the French involvement in the war was distant and naval in nature, over a billion livres tournois were spent by the French government to support the war effort, raising its overall debt to about 3.315 billion. The finances of the French state were in disastrous shape and were made worse by Jacques Necker, who, rather than increase taxes, used loans to pay off debts. State secretary of Finances Charles Alexandre de Calonne attempted to fix the deficit problem by asking for the taxation of the property of nobles and clergy but was dismissed and exiled for his ideas. The French instability further weakened the reforms that were essential in the re-establishment of stable French finances. Trade also severely declined during the war, but was revived by 1783.
The war was especially important for the prestige and pride of France, who was reinstated in the role of European arbiter. However, Great Britain, not France, became the leading trading partner of the United States.[9] The French took pride in their cultural influence on the young country through the Enlightenment, as attested by Franklin and Jefferson, and as embodied in the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the United States Constitution in 1787. In turn, the Revolution influenced France.[10] Liberal elites were satisfied by the victory but there were also some major consequences. European conservative Royalists and nobility had become nervous, and began to take measures in order to secure their positions. On May 22, 1781, the Decree of Ségur closed the military post offices of the upper rank to the common persons, reserving those ranks exclusively for the nobility.
Financial aspects[edit]
In all the French spent 1.3 billion livres to support the Americans directly, in addition to the money it spent fighting Britain on land and sea outside the U.S.[11][12][13]
France's status as a great modern power was re-affirmed by the war, but it was detrimental to the country's finances. Even though France's European territories were not affected, victory in a war against Great Britain with battles like the decisive siege of Yorktown in 1781 had a large financial cost which severely degraded fragile finances and increased the national debt. France gained little except that it weakened its main strategic enemy and gained a new, fast-growing ally that could become a welcome trading partner. However, the trade never materialized, and in 1793 the United States proclaimed its neutrality in the war between Great Britain and the French Republic.[14]
Some historians argue that France primarily sought revenge against Great Britain for the loss of territory in North America and India from the previous conflict. But Jonathan R. Dull states that France intervened because of dispassionate calculation, not because of Anglophobia or a desire to avenge the loss of Canada.[15]
See also[edit]
Franco-American alliance
List of French units in the American Revolutionary War
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "1774: Parliament passes the Boston Port Act". History Channel. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Ronald, and Peter J. Albert, eds. Diplomacy and Revolution: The Franco-American Alliance of 1778 (United States Capitol Historical Society, 1981)
Jump up ^ "Journal of the American Revolution, The Gunpowder shortage (September 9, 2013).[1]
Jump up ^ Lloyd S. Kramer, "America's Lafayette and Lafayette's America: A European and the American Revolution," William & Mary Quarterly (1981) 38#2 pp 228-241.in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Georges Édouard Lemaître (2005). Beaumarchais. Kessinger Publishing. p. 229.
Jump up ^ Thomas G. Paterson; et al. (2009). American Foreign Relations, Volume 1: A History to 1920. Cengage Learning. pp. 13–15.
Jump up ^ Henry Lumpkin (2000). From Savannah to Yorktown: The American Revolution in the South. iUniverse. p. 235.
Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris, The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence (1975)
Jump up ^ Peter S. Onuf (1991). Establishing the New Regime: The Washington Administration. Taylor & Francis. pp. 30–31.
Jump up ^ Library of Congress (2002). The Impact of the American Revolution Abroad. The Minerva Group, Inc. pp. 21–23.
Jump up ^ Stacy Schiff (2006). A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America. Macmillan. p. 5.
Jump up ^ Christopher Hodson and Brett Rushforth, "Bridging the Continental Divide: Colonial America's 'French Quarter.'" OAH Magazine of History 25.1 (2011): 19-24.
Jump up ^ Peter McPhee (2015). The French Revolution. Melbourne U. p. 34.
Jump up ^ Peter P. Hill (1988). French Perceptions of the Early American Republic, 1783-1793. American Philosophical Society. p. 172.
Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull, The French Navy and American Independence: A Study of Arms and Diplomacy, 1774-1787 (1975)
Bibliography[edit]
English[edit]
Bemis, Samuel Flagg. The Diplomacy of the American Revolution (1935)
Brown, John L. "Revolution and the Muse: the American War of Independence in Contemporary French Poetry." William and Mary Quarterly 1984 41(4): 592–614. Issn: 0043-5597 Fulltext in : Jstor
Brecher, Frank W. Securing American Independence: John Jay and the French Alliance. Praeger Publishers, 2003. Pp. xiv, 327 online
Chartrand, René, and Back, Francis. The French Army in the American War of Independence Osprey; 1991.
Corwin, Edward S. French Policy and the American Alliance of 1778 Archon Books; 1962.
Dull, Jonathan R. A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution; Yale U. Press, 1985.
Dull, Jonathan R. The French Navy and American Independence: A Study of Arms and Diplomacy 1774–1787 (1975)
Kaplan, Lawrence S. "The Diplomacy of the American Revolution: the Perspective from France." Reviews in American History 1976 4(3): 385–390. review of Dull (1975) in JSTOR
Gottschalk, Louis. Lafayette Comes to America 1935 online; Lafayette Joins the American Army (1937)
Hoffman, Ronald and Albert, Peter J., ed. Peace and the Peacemakers: The Treaty of 1783. U. Press of Virginia, 1986. 263 pp.
Hoffman, Ronald and Albert, Peter J., ed. Diplomacy and Revolution: The Franco-American Alliance of 1778. U. Press of Virginia, 1981. 200 pp.
Hudson, Ruth Strong. The Minister from France: Conrad-Alexandre Gérard, 1729–1790. Lutz, 1994. 279 pp.
Hutson, James H. John Adams and the Diplomacy of the American Revolution (1980)
Kennett, Lee. The French Forces in America, 1780–1783.Greenwood, 1977. 188 pp.
Kramer, Lloyd. Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. (1996). 355 pp.
Morris, Richard B. "The Great Peace of 1783," Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings (1983) Vol. 95, pp 29–51.
Morris, Richard B. The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence (1975)
Perkins, James Breck. France in the American Revolution 1911 online
Popofsky, Linda S. and Sheldon, Marianne B. "French and American Women in the Age of Democratic Revolution, 1770–1815: a Comparative Perspective." History of European Ideas1987 8(4–5): 597–609. Issn: 0191-6599
Pritchard, James. "French Strategy and the American Revolution: a Reappraisal." Naval War College Review 1994 47(4): 83–108. Issn: 0028-1484
Schaeper, Thomas J. France and America in the Revolutionary Era: The Life of Jacques-Donatien Leray de Chaumont, 1725–1803. Berghahn Books, 1995. 384 pp. He provided military supplies.
Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette Wiley, 2002 online
Van Tyne, C. H. "Influences which Determined the French Government to Make the Treaty with America, 1778," American Historical Review (1916) 21#3 pp. 528–541 in JSTOR
Primary sources[edit]
Lafayette, Marquis de. Lafayette in the Age of the American Revolution: Selected Letters and Papers, 1776–1790. Vol. 2: April 10, 1778–March 20, 1780. Cornell U. Press, 1979. 518 pp.
French[edit]
Susan Mary Alsop, Les Américains à la cour de Louis XVI, 1982. Traduction française : Jean-Claude Lattès (1983).
Henri Haeau, Complot pour l'Amérique 1775–1779, Paris, Éditions Robert Laffont, 1990, ISBN 2-221-05364-8
J.-M. Bizière et J. Sole, Dictionnaire des Biographies, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1993.
Olivier Chaline, La France au XVIIIe siècle (1715–1787), Paris, Éditions Belin, 1996.
Joël Cornette, Absolutisme et Lumière 1652–1783, collection Carré Histoire, Paris, Éditions Hachette, 2000. ISBN 2-01-145422-0
Jean Egret, Necker, ministre de Louis XVI, 1776–1790, Honoré Champion; Paris, 1975.
André Zysberg, La Monarchie des Lumières (1775–1786), Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 2002.
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Hélio Castroneves
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This name uses Portuguese naming customs. The first or maternal family name is Castro and the second or paternal family name is Neves.
Hélio Castroneves
Castroneves at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway for Carb Day for the 2009 Indianapolis 500.
Nationality
Brazilian
Born
Hélio Castro Neves
(1975-05-10) 10 May 1975 (age 42)
Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
IndyCar Series career
252 races run over 17 years
Team(s)
No. 3 (Team Penske)
2017 position
4th
Best finish
2nd (2002, 2008, 2013, 2014)
First race
2001 Pennzoil Copper World Indy 200 (Phoenix)
Last race
2017 GoPro Grand Prix of Sonoma (Sonoma)
First win
2001 Indianapolis 500 (Indianapolis)
Last win
2017 Iowa Corn 300 (Iowa)
Wins
Podiums
Poles
24 81 50
Champ Car career
79 races run over 4 years
Years active
1998–2001
Team(s)
Bettenhausen Racing
Hogan Racing
Team Penske
Best finish
4th (2001)
First race
1998 Marlboro Grand Prix of Miami (Homestead)
Last race
2001 Marlboro 500 (Fontana)
First win
2000 Tenneco Automotive Grand Prix of Detroit (Detroit)
Last win
2001 Miller Lite 200 (Mid-Ohio)
Wins
Podiums
Poles
6 10 7
Previous series
1993–1994
1995
1996–1997
Formula 3 Sudamericana
British Formula Three Championship
Indy Lights
Championship titles
2001-2002, 2009
2001
Indianapolis 500 Winner

Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year
Hélio Castro-Neves (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈɛlju ˈkastɾu ˈnɛvis]; born 10 May 1975), better known as Hélio Castroneves, is a Brazilian auto racing driver competing in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship. Prior to IMSA, Castroneves competed in the IndyCar Series, gaining 23 wins and 38 poles, and placed second in the season standings four times, third three times, and fourth five times. Castroneves also competed in the CART championship, with a highest championship points finish of fourth; he recorded six wins and seven pole positions in the series.
Castroneves won the Indianapolis 500 in 2001, 2002, and 2009, making him one of only nine drivers, and the only active driver, to have won at least three times. He also finished second at Indy in 2003, 2014, and 2017. Castroneves has won four pole positions for the Indy 500, including back-to-back poles in 2009 and 2010, the first driver to do so since Scott Brayton in 1996. He is also one of only five drivers – along with Wilbur Shaw, Mauri Rose, Bill Vukovich, and Al Unser being the other four – and the only active driver to win the Indy 500 in back-to-back races.
Contents
[hide]
1 Racing career
1.1 Records
2 Other appearances
3 Personal life
4 Legal issues
5 Motorsports career results
5.1 American open–wheel racing results
5.1.1 Indy Lights
5.1.2 CART results
5.1.3 IndyCar Series
5.1.4 Indianapolis 500
5.2 Touring/Sports Cars
5.2.1 Complete American Le Mans Series results
5.2.2 V8 Supercar results
5.2.3 Complete Stock Car Brasil results
5.3 WeatherTech SportsCar Championship
6 References
7 External links
Racing career[edit]
Born in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, South America, Castroneves started his career in karting, and later raced for the Paul Stewart Racing team, and finished third in the 1995 British Formula 3 Championship.[1]
Castroneves driving for Paul Stewart Racing at Silverstone during the 1995 British Formula 3 season.
Castroneves during a practice session at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway
After being occasionally misidentified by US media as "Hélio Neves" he at first changed the spelling to Hélio Castro-Neves and then to Hélio Castroneves. He has one sister, Katiucia. Castroneves was first recognised while driving for Steve Horne's Tasman Racing team in Indy Lights, interestingly as teammate to fellow Brazilian and future IndyCar champion Tony Kanaan.
After showing potential but lacking reliability while with the Bettenhausen and Hogan teams, Castroneves was signed by Penske Racing in CART in 2000 following the deaths of Greg Moore and Gonzalo Rodríguez during the last races of the 1999 season. Moore had signed on with Penske but never had the opportunity to race with the team. Castroneves immediately became a regular front-runner winning the Indianapolis 500 in 2001, the first of three wins where he again performed the crowd pleasing act of climbing the fence at the start finish line in celebration, something he would continue to do after winning races. He switched with the team to the rival IRL for 2002, and remained with Penske, teamed with Gil de Ferran, Sam Hornish Jr., and Ryan Briscoe during his tenure through the 2008 season. During the 2002 season, Castroneves tested with Formula One team Toyota Racing at Circuit Paul Ricard.[2] In January 2009, Team Penske temporarily replaced him with Will Power, citing the difficulties of remaining competitive while Castroneves prepared for trial on federal tax evasion charges.[3] Castroneves missed the first race of the 2009 season while the trial was ongoing, but returned to racing at the Long Beach Grand Prix.
Racing fans have given Castroneves the nickname "Spider-Man" because of his victory celebration, in which he climbs the trackside debris fence.
On 24 May 2009, Castroneves became Indy's 9th (and first foreign-born) three-time winner, by taking the checkered flag for the 93rd running of the Indianapolis 500.[4][5]
Records[edit]
Castroneves currently holds IRL IndyCar Series records for most top-ten finishes (167); Poles (38); and most consecutive seasons with a race win (10; 2001–2010). In 2009 he reset the all-time record for most wins (22) and starts (209) by a driver who has not won the National Championship, taking these records from Bill Holland at Indianapolis and compatriot Raul Boesel at Richmond respectively.[6] His 23rd career win, at Barber Motorsports Park in 2010, broke a tie with his former manager Emerson Fittipaldi for most IndyCar wins by a Brazilian driver.
Other appearances[edit]
Aside from success in racing, Castroneves won the fifth season of the American reality TV show Dancing with the Stars with partner Julianne Hough. He has also appeared on truTV's The Smoking Gun Presents: World's Dumbest... as a frequent commentator—mainly on episodes that feature the "World's Dumbest Drivers". He currently lives in Ft. Lauderdale.[7] Castroneves returned to Dancing with the Stars for its 15th season for a chance to win another mirrorball trophy.[8] This time he was partnered with Chelsie Hightower.[9] They were voted off in the third week of the competition during a double elimination.
Personal life[edit]
Castroneves has one daughter with his wife, Adriana Henao. The girl was born on 28 December 2009, and is named Mikaella.[10] Castroneves lives in Fort Lauderdale.[11]
Legal issues[edit]
Castroneves in May 2010.
On 2 October 2008, Castroneves was charged with conspiracy and six counts of tax evasion by a grand jury for purportedly failing to report to the IRS about $5.5 million in income between 1999 and 2004, according to court documents. Each count carried a maximum five-year prison sentence. His business manager and sister Kati, and his lawyer Alan Miller were charged with assisting Castroneves in the supposed scheme. All three defendants surrendered to authorities in Florida on Friday, 3 October 2008. Castroneves pleaded not guilty to these charges on 3 October, and was ordered released on $10 million bail.[12][13] Castroneves was replaced by Will Power during the duration of his tax evasion court case.[14] The IRS claimed that Castroneves owed $2.3 million in taxes.[15] A guilty verdict would have likely ended Castroneves' racing career.
This issue was related to the initial contract signed by Castroneves with Penske Racing in the fall of 1999. Greg Moore had already signed on to join Penske Racing for 2000, but was killed during the Marlboro 500 at California Speedway on 31 October 1999. During the trial, it was revealed that Castroneves' first contract with Penske (2000–2004) was signed with Moore's existing contract - with Moore's name simply scratched out and Castroneves' name handwritten in ink. The deal was signed by Moore's agent, Alan Miller, who signed Castroneves' deal just days after Moore's funeral as pressure from Penske sponsors forced a quick resolution to filling the vacated seat.
Central to the case was the ownership of a Panamanian company called Seven Promotions. Prosecutors called it a shell corporation set up primarily so Castroneves could dodge U.S. income taxes. Hélio Castroneves Sr., Hélio's father, however, testified that he created Seven to boost his son's image in Brazil. Furthermore, Hélio Sr. said his son never owned it. Prosecutors called that a lie, showing jurors numerous documents in which Castroneves claimed Seven as his own. If it was, an IRS agent testified that Castroneves owed U.S. taxes on the full $5 million from Penske even though he had never actually received the money. Instead, the Penske payments were eventually invested in a deferred compensation deal with the Dutch firm Fintage Licensing B.V. Castroneves' attorney Roy Black told jurors in closing arguments that such deals are common – and perfectly legal – for athletes who have relatively short careers and face injury or worse at any moment.[16]
The trial ended on 10 April 2009, with closing arguments and the jury deliberated until 17 April, when it acquitted Castroneves of all six counts of tax evasion but hung on a count of conspiracy. About a month later on 22 May, prosecutors dropped the remaining conspiracy charge.[17]
Motorsports career results[edit]
American open–wheel racing results[edit]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
Indy Lights[edit]
Year
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Rank
Points
1996
Tasman Motorsports
MIA
DNS LBH
4 NAZ
17 MIS
5 MIL
11 DET
17 POR
8 CLE
3 TOR
23 TRO
1 VAN
10 LS
2 7th 84
1997
Tasman Motorsports
MIA
14 LBH
1 NAZ
4 SAV
1 STL
3 MIL
12 DET
2 POR
2 TOR
1 TRO
20 VAN
19 LS
3 FON
5 2nd 152
CART results[edit]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
Year
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Rank
Points
1998
Bettenhausen Racing
MIA
24 MOT
11 LBH
9 NAZ
23 RIO
23 GAT
7 MIL
2 DET
12 POR
13 CLE
27 TOR
10 MCH
12 MDO
17 ROA
26 VAN
24 LAG
23 HOU
24 SRF
21 FON
10 17th 36
1999
Hogan Racing
MIA
17 MOT
9 LBH
19 NAZ
21 RIO
25 GAT
2 MIL
26 POR
26 CLE
26 ROA
16 TOR
27 MCH
25 DET
7 MDO
7 CHI
5 VAN
8 LAG
26 HOU
26 SRF
21 FON
20 15th 48
2000
Team Penske
MIA
25 LBH
2 RIO
24 MOT
13 NAZ
16 MIL
16 DET
1 POR
7 CLE
21 TOR
16 MCH
5 CHI
21 MDO
1 ROA
9 VAN
20 LAG
1 GAT
9 HOU
5 SRF
6 FON
9 7th 129
2001
Team Penske
MTY
8 LBH
1 NAZ
11 MOT
2 MIL
26 DET
1 POR
17 CLE
12 TOR
19 MCH
8 CHI
7 MDO
1 ROA
7 VAN
18 LAU
12 ROC
4 HOU
5 LAG
6 SRF
20 FON
22 4th 141
IndyCar Series[edit]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
Year
Team
Chassis
Engine
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Rank
Points
2001
Marlboro Team Penske
Dallara
Oldsmobile
PHX
18 HMS ATL INDY
1 TXS PPIR RIR KAN NSH KTY GTW CHI TXS
24th
64
2002
Chevrolet
HMS
3 PHX
1 FON
5 NAZ
5 INDY
1 TXS
4 PPIR
2 RIR
17 KAN
3 NSH
9 MIS
6 KTY
5 GTW
2 CHI
4 TXS
2
2nd
511
2003
Toyota
HMS
3 PHX
2 MOT
22 INDY
2 TXS
7 PPIR
12 RIR
2 KAN
2 NSH
3 MIS
17 GTW
1 KTY
5 NAZ
1 CHI
20 FON
6 TXS
13
3rd
484
2004
HMS
2 PHX
6 MOT
3 INDY
9 TXS
12 RIR
3 KAN
7 NSH
3 MIL
12 MIS
10 KTY
12 PPIR
6 NAZ
5 CHI
10 FON
7 TXS
1
4th
446
2005
HMS
5 PHX
2 STP
20 MOT
11 INDY
9 TXS
5 RIR
1 KAN
8 NSH
5 MIL
16 MIS
21 KTY
5 PPIR
4 SNM
21 CHI
2 WGL
12 FON
9
6th
440
2006
Honda
HMS
2 STP
1 MOT
1 INDY
25 WGL
7 TXS
1 RIR
10 KAN
6 NSH
5 MIL
14 MIS
1 KTY
3 SNM
5 CHI
4
3rd
473
2007
Team Penske
HMS
9 STP
1 MOT
7 KAN
3 INDY
3 MIL
16 TXS
16 IOW
8 RIR
11 WGL
18 NSH
6 MDO
3 MIS
17 KTY
9 SNM
2 DET
14 CHI
4
6th
446
2008
HMS
4 STP
2 MOT1
2 LBH1 KAN
4 INDY
4 MIL
5 TXS
2 IOW
14 RIR
2 WGL
16 NSH
3 MDO
2 EDM
2 KTY
2 SNM
1 DET
2 CHI
1 SRF2
7
2nd
629
2009
Penske Racing
STP LBH
7 KAN
2 INDY
1 MIL
11 TXS
1 IOW
7 RIR
17 WGL
4 TOR
18 EDM
2 KTY
4 MDO
12 SNM
18 CHI
20 MOT
10 HMS
5
4th
433
2010
Team Penske
SAO
9 STP
4 ALA
1 LBH
7 KAN
4 INDY
9 TXS
20 IOW
2 WGL
9 TOR
24 EDM
10 MDO
3 SNM
5 CHI
6 KTY
1 MOT
1 HMS
5
4th
531
2011
STP
20 ALA
7 LBH
12 SAO
21 INDY
17 TXS
10 TXS
4 MIL
9 IOW
7 TOR
17 EDM
2 MDO
19 NHM
17 SNM
2 BAL
17 MOT
22 KTY
29 LVS3
C
11th
312
2012
Dallara DW12
Chevrolet
STP
1 ALA
3 LBH
13 SAO
4 INDY
10 DET
17 TXS
7 MIL
6 IOW
6 TOR
6 EDM
1 MDO
16 SNM
6 BAL
10 FON
5
4th
431
2013
STP
2 ALA
3 LBH
10 SAO
13 INDY
6 DET
5 DET
8 TXS
1 MIL
2 IOW
8 POC
8 TOR
6 TOR
2 MDO
6 SNM
7 BAL
9 HOU
18 HOU
23 FON
6
2nd
550
2014
STP
3 LBH
11 ALA
19 IMS
3 INDY
2 DET
5 DET
1 TXS
8 HOU
9 HOU
21 POC
2 IOW
8 TOR
2 TOR
12 MDO
19 MIL
11 SNM
18 FON
14
2nd
609
2015
STP
4 NLA
2 LBH
2 ALA
15 IMS
6 INDY
7 DET
6 DET
19 TXS
3 TOR
3 FON
23 MIL
2 IOW
11 MDO
15 POC
16 SNM
15
5th
453
2016
STP
4 PHX
11 LBH
3 ALA
7 IMS
2 INDY
11 DET
5 DET
14 ROA
5 IOW
13 TOR
2 MDO
15 POC
19 TXS
5 WGL
3 SNM
7
3rd
504
2017
STP
6 LBH
9 ALA
4 PHX
4 IMS
5 INDY
2 DET
7 DET
9 TXS
20 ROA
3 IOW
1 TOR
8 MDO
7 POC
7 GTW
4 WGL
4 SNM
5
4th
598
2018
STP PHX LBH ALA IMS
. INDY
DET DET TXS ROA IOW TOR MDO POC GTW POR SNM
-
0
1 Run on same day
2 Non-points paying, exhibition race
3 The Las Vegas Indy 300 was abandoned after Dan Wheldon died from injuries sustained in a 15-car crash on lap 11.
Years
Teams
Races
Poles
Wins
Top 5s
Top 10s
Indianapolis 500
Wins
Championships
16 1 234 39 23 111 169 3 (2001, 2002, 2009) 0
Indianapolis 500[edit]
Practicing for the 2007 Indianapolis 500.
Year
Chassis
Engine
Start
Finish
Team
2001 Dallara Oldsmobile 11 1 Team Penske
2002 Dallara Chevrolet 13 1 Team Penske
2003 Dallara Toyota 1 2 Team Penske
2004 Dallara Toyota 8 9 Team Penske
2005 Dallara Toyota 5 9 Team Penske
2006 Dallara Honda 2 25 Team Penske
2007 Dallara Honda 1 3 Team Penske
2008 Dallara Honda 4 4 Team Penske
2009 Dallara Honda 1 1 Team Penske
2010 Dallara Honda 1 9 Team Penske
2011 Dallara Honda 16 17 Team Penske
2012 Dallara Chevrolet 6 10 Team Penske
2013 Dallara Chevrolet 8 6 Team Penske
2014 Dallara Chevrolet 4 2 Team Penske
2015 Dallara Chevrolet 5 7 Team Penske
2016 Dallara Chevrolet 9 11 Team Penske
2017 Dallara Chevrolet 19 2 Team Penske
Castroneves' finishes for 2001 to 2003 is currently the best 3 race finishing streak in Indianapolis history. It is equal to the streak posted by Al Unser from 1970 through 1972.
Touring/Sports Cars[edit]
Complete American Le Mans Series results[edit]
Year
Entrant
Class
Chassis
Engine
Tyres
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Rank
Points
2007
DHL Team Penske
LMP2 Porsche RS Spyder Evo Porsche MR6 3.4L V8 M SEB
5/3 STP LNB TEX UTA LIM MID AME MOS DET PET MON
23rd
19
2008
DHL Team Penske
LMP2 Porsche RS Spyder Evo Porsche MR6 3.4L V8 M SEB STP LNB UTA LIM MID AME MOS DET PET
4/1 MON
6/4
19th
45
V8 Supercar results[edit]
Year
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Final Pos
Points
2010
James Rosenberg Racing
YMC
R1 YMC
R2 BHR
R3 BHR
R4 ADE
R5 ADE
R6 HAM
R7 HAM
R8 QLD
R9 QLD
R10 WIN
R11 WIN
R12 HDV
R13 HDV
R14 TOW
R15 TOW
R16 PHI
R17 BAT
R18 SUR
R19
18 SUR
R20
19 SYM
R21 SYM
R22 SAN
R23 SAN
R24 SYD
R25 SYD
R26
NC
0 +
2011
James Rosenberg Racing
YMC
R1 YMC
R2 ADE
R3 ADE
R4 HAM
R5 HAM
R6 PER
R7 PER
R8 PER
R9 WIN
R10 WIN
R11 HDV
R12 HDV
R13 TOW
R14 TOW
R15 QLD
R16 QLD
R17 QLD
R18 PHI
R19 BAT
R20 SUR
R21
12 SUR
R22
10 SYM
R23 SYM
R24 SAN
R25 SAN
R26 SYD
R27 SYD
R28
63rd
147
+ Not Eligible for points
Complete Stock Car Brasil results[edit]
Year
Team
Chassis
Engine
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Rank
Points
2012
Shell Racing
Peugeot 408
Peugeot 5.7 L V8
INT CTB VEL RBP LON RIO SAL CAS TAR CTB BSB INT
14
NC†
0†
2013
Shell Racing
Peugeot 408
Peugeot 5.7 L V8
INT CUR TAR SAL BRA CAS RBP
DNS BRA VEL CUR GOI INT
NC†
0†
† Ineligible for championship points.
WeatherTech SportsCar Championship[edit]
Year
Entrant
Class
Chassis
Engine
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Rank
Points
2017
Team Penske
P
Oreca 07
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
DAY SEB LBH COA DET WGL MOS ELK LGA PET
3
30th
30
2018
Acura Team Penske
P
Acura ARX-05
Acura AR35TT 3.5 L Turbo V6
DAY
9 SEB
15 LBH
6 MDO DET WGL MOS ELK LGA PET
10th*
63*
* Season still in progress.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cart's European refugees". BBC News. 20 September 2001.
Jump up ^ "Castroneves impresses in F1 test". BBC Sport. 21 September 2002. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Power replaced Castroneves at Penske during tax evasion case USAToday.com, 13 January 2009
Jump up ^ Graves, Gary (25 May 2009). "Castroneves ascends to new heights at Indy". USA Today. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
Jump up ^ "Castroneves claims third Indy 500". BBC Sport. 24 May 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
Jump up ^ Helio Castroneves – champcarstats.com
Jump up ^ "Official Web Page". Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Dancing with the Stars All-Star Cast Revealed
Jump up ^ Dancing with the Stars: Pairs Revealed for All-Stars Season
Jump up ^ Ritti, Missy (29 December 2009). Dancing Star Helio Castroneves Welcomes a Daughter. People, 29 December 2009. Retrieved from http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20333469,00.html.
Jump up ^ "PICTURE GALLERY: At Home with Helio Castroneves". Hartford Courant. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Castroneves indicted on tax evasion – Yahoo News Story".
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Power replaced Castroneves at Penske during tax evasion case. Retrieved on 13 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Castroneves owes .3 million in taxes Retrieved on 27 March 2009.
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ [3]
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hélio Castroneves.
Official website
Hélio Castroneves driver statistics at Racing-Reference
IndyCar Driver Page
[show]
v
t
e
Team Penske
Personnel
Roger Penske
Tim Cindric
Walter Czarnecki
Travis Geisler
Michael Kranefuss
IndyCar Series
Drivers
(1) Simon Pagenaud
(2) Josef Newgarden
(3) Hélio Castroneves
(12) Will Power
(22) Juan Pablo Montoya
Race engineers
(3) Ron Ruzewski
(12) David Faustino
Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series
Drivers
(2) Brad Keselowski
(12) Ryan Blaney
(22) Joey Logano
Crew chiefs
(2) Paul Wolfe
(12) Jeremy Bullins
(22) Todd Gordon
NASCAR Xfinity Series
Drivers
(12) Austin Cindric
(22) Brad Keselowski / Joey Logano / Ryan Blaney / Paul Menard / Austin Cindric
Crew chiefs
(12) Matt Swiderski
(22) Brian Wilson
Supercars (DJR Team Penske)
Drivers
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(17) Scott McLaughlin
Personnel
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Ludo Lacroix
Former drivers
Formula One
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IndyCar
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Alex Barron
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Mark Donohue
Gil de Ferran
Emerson Fittipaldi
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Danny Sullivan
Paul Tracy
Al Unser Sr.
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Bobby Unser
NASCAR
Justin Allgaier
Bobby Allison
A. J. Allmendinger
Kurt Busch
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Brendan Gaughan
Sam Hornish Jr.
Travis Kvapil
Dave Marcis
Jeremy Mayfield
Michael McDowell
Ryan Newman
David Stremme
Alex Tagliani
Rusty Wallace
Sports cars
Timo Bernhard
Mark Donohue
Romain Dumas
Patrick Long
Lucas Luhr
Sascha Maassen
Hélio Castroneves
Ryan Briscoe
Supercars
Marcos Ambrose
Scott Pye
Indianapolis 500 wins
1972 (Donohue)
1979 (Mears)
1981 (B. Unser)
1984 (Mears)
1985 (Sullivan)
1987 (A. Unser)
1988 (Mears)
1991 (Mears)
1993 (Fittipaldi)
1994 (Unser Jr.)
2001 (Castroneves)
2002 (Castroneves)
2003 (de Ferran)
2006 (Hornish)
2009 (Castroneves)
2015 (Montoya)
National Championships (IndyCar)
1977 (Sneva)
1978 (Sneva)
1979 (Mears)
1981 (Mears)
1982 (Mears)
1983 (A. Unser)
1985 (A. Unser)
1988 (Sullivan)
1994 (Unser Jr.)
2000 (de Ferran)
2001 (de Ferran)
2006 (Hornish)
2014 (Power)
2016 (Pagenaud)
2017 (Newgarden)
National Championships (NASCAR)
2012 (Keselowski)
Daytona 500 wins
2008 (Newman)
2015 (Logano)
Partnerships and affiliations
Brad Keselowski Racing
DJR Team Penske
Roush-Yates Engines
Wood Brothers Racing
[show]
v
t
e
2018 IndyCar Series
Teams
Andretti Autosport Penske Carlin Carpenter Coyne
26 Veach
27 Rossi 28 Hunter-Reay
98 Andretti 1 Newgarden
12 Power 22 Pagenaud 23 Kimball
59 Chilton 20 Carpenter / King
21 Pigot 18 Bourdais
19 DeMelo / Fittipaldi
Foyt Ganassi RLL Schmidt Peterson Harding Juncos Meyer Shank
4 Leist
14 Kanaan 9 Dixon
10 Jones 15 Rahal
30 Sato 5 Hinchcliffe
6 Wickens 88 Chaves 32 Binder / Kaiser (part-time) 60 Harvey (part-time)
Other drivers
Castroneves (Penske), Daly (Coyne), Davison (Foyt), Hildebrand (D&R), Howard (Schmidt Peterson), Karam (D&R), Lazier (Lazier), Mann (Coyne), Muñoz (Andretti Autosport), Patrick (Carpenter), Wilson (Andretti Autosport)
Races
St. Petersburg
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Long Beach
Barber
Indianapolis Road Course
Indianapolis 500
Detroit
Texas
Road America
Iowa
Toronto
Mid-Ohio
Pocono
Gateway
Portland
Sonoma
Road to Indy
Indy Lights
Pro Mazda
U.S. F2000
[show]
Hélio Castroneves sporting positions and awards
Sporting positions
Preceded by
Juan Pablo Montoya
Scott Dixon Indianapolis 500 Winner
2001, 2002
2009 Succeeded by
Gil de Ferran
Dario Franchitti
Awards and achievements
Preceded by
Juan Pablo Montoya Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year
2001 Succeeded by
Alex Barron
Tomas Scheckter
Preceded by
Buddy Lazier Scott Brayton Award
2004 Succeeded by
Kenny Bräck
[show]
v
t
e
Indianapolis 500 winners
Drivers
Four-time
A. J. Foyt
Rick Mears
Al Unser, Sr.
Three-time
Hélio Castroneves
Dario Franchitti
Louis Meyer
Mauri Rose
Johnny Rutherford
Wilbur Shaw
Bobby Unser
Two-time
Emerson Fittipaldi
Gordon Johncock
Arie Luyendyk
Tommy Milton
Juan Pablo Montoya
Al Unser, Jr.
Bill Vukovich
Rodger Ward
Dan Wheldon
One-time
Mario Andretti
Billy Arnold
Joe Boyer
Kenny Bräck
Jimmy Bryan
Eddie Cheever
Gaston Chevrolet
Jim Clark
Lora L. Corum
Bill Cummings
Floyd Davis
Joe Dawson
Gil de Ferran
Pat Flaherty
Fred Frame
Ralph DePalma
Pete DePaolo
Scott Dixon
Mark Donohue
Jules Goux
Sam Hanks
Ray Harroun
Graham Hill
Bill Holland
Sam Hornish, Jr.
Ryan Hunter-Reay
Parnelli Jones
Tony Kanaan
Ray Keech
Buddy Lazier
Frank Lockhart
Jimmy Murphy
Johnnie Parsons
Kelly Petillo
Bobby Rahal
Jim Rathmann
Dario Resta
Buddy Rice
Floyd Roberts
George Robson
Alexander Rossi
Troy Ruttman
Takuma Sato
Louis Schneider
Tom Sneva
George Souders
Danny Sullivan
Bob Sweikert
René Thomas
Jacques Villeneuve
Lee Wallard
Howdy Wilcox
Owners
J. C. Agajanian
Michael Andretti
Eddie Cheever
Louis Chevrolet
A. J. Foyt
Chip Ganassi
Kim Green
Andy Granatelli
Dan Gurney
Jim Hall
Ron Hemelgarn
Bryan Herta
Parnelli Jones
Kevin Kalkhoven
Howard Keck
Frank Kurtis
David Letterman
Louis Meyer
Lou Moore
Jimmy Murphy
Pat Patrick
Roger Penske
Kelly Petillo
Bobby Rahal
Wilbur Shaw
Doug Shierson
Fred Treadway
Jim Trueman
Jimmy Vasser
Teams
A. J. Foyt Enterprises
All American Racers
Andretti-Green Racing/Andretti Autosport
Bryan Herta Autosport
Chaparral Cars
Cheever Racing
Chip Ganassi Racing
Doug Shierson Racing
Galles/KRACO Racing
Hemelgarn Racing
KV Racing Technology
McLaren Racing Limited
Mecom Racing Team
Patrick Racing
Penske Racing
Rahal Letterman Racing
Team Green
Team Lotus
Treadway Racing
Truesports
Vel's Parnelli Jones Racing
[show]
Hélio Castroneves in entertainment
[show]
v
t
e
Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series)
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Participants
List of competitors
Winners
Celebrity
Kelly Monaco
Drew Lachey
Emmitt Smith
Apolo Anton Ohno
Hélio Castroneves
Kristi Yamaguchi
Brooke Burke
Shawn Johnson
Donny Osmond
Nicole Scherzinger
Jennifer Grey
Hines Ward
J.R. Martinez
Donald Driver
Melissa Rycroft
Kellie Pickler
Amber Riley
Meryl Davis
Alfonso Ribeiro
Rumer Willis
Bindi Irwin
Nyle DiMarco
Laurie Hernandez
Rashad Jennings
Jordan Fisher
Professional
Alec Mazo
Cheryl Burke
Julianne Hough
Mark Ballas
Derek Hough
Kym Johnson
Karina Smirnoff
Peta Murgatroyd
Tony Dovolani
Maksim Chmerkovskiy
Witney Carson
Valentin Chmerkovskiy
Emma Slater
Lindsay Arnold
Games
Dancing with the Stars
We Dance!
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 107936072
LCCN: n2010013885
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hélio_Castroneves&oldid=838302943"
Categories:
1975 births
American Le Mans Series drivers
Brazilian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Brazilian expatriates in the United States
British Formula Three Championship drivers
Brazilian racing drivers
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Turducken
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30 lb. roasted turducken
Sausage-stuffed turducken cut into quarters to show the internal layers
Turducken is a dish consisting of a deboned chicken stuffed into a deboned duck, further stuffed into a deboned turkey. Outside of the United States and Canada, it is known as a three bird roast. Gooducken is a traditional English variant,[1] replacing turkey with goose.
The word turducken is a portmanteau of turkey, duck, and chicken. The dish is a form of engastration, which is a recipe method in which one animal is stuffed inside the gastric passage of another.[2]
The thoracic cavity of the chicken/game hen and the rest of the gaps are stuffed, sometimes with a highly seasoned breadcrumb mixture or sausage meat, although some versions have a different stuffing for each bird. The result is a fairly solid layered poultry dish, suitable for cooking by braising, roasting, grilling, or barbecuing.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Variations
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Variations[edit]
Credit for the creation of the turducken is uncertain, though it is generally agreed to have been popularized by Cajun chef Paul Prudhomme. The most common claimant is Hebert's Specialty Meats in Maurice, Louisiana, whose owners Junior and Sammy Hebert say they created it in 1985 "when a local man brought his own birds to their shop and asked the brothers to create the medley".[4]
A New Orleans surgeon, Dr. Gerald R. LaNasa, was locally known for his use of a scalpel in deboning his three birds of choice, sometimes adding pork or veal roasts in the final hen's cavity, thus preserving the turducken tradition as a regional holiday favorite of the southern United States. Andouille sausage and Foie Gras were always key ingredients of the LaNasa creations. The results of Dr. LaNasa's work can be found in the modern day mass-produced turducken or turduckhen (another variation adding or substituting a cornish game hen). His turkey, duck, and chicken ballotine is now widely commercially available under multiple trademark names. Dr. LaNasa's innovation and success with ballotine, Three Bird Roast and turducken began mid century, expanding in the 1960s and seventies long before many of the popular commercial Cajun/Creole chefs of today took the stage.[citation needed]
In the United Kingdom, a turducken is a type of ballotine called a "three-bird roast" or a "royal roast".[citation needed] The Pure Meat Company offered a five-bird roast (a goose, a turkey, a chicken, a pheasant, and a pigeon, stuffed with sausage), described as a modern revival of the traditional Yorkshire Christmas pie, in 1989;[5][6] and a three-bird roast (a duck stuffed with chicken stuffed with a pigeon, with sage and apple stuffing) in 1990.[5][6] Multi-bird roasts are widely available.[dubious – discuss]
In his 1807 Almanach des Gourmands, gastronomist Grimod de La Reynière presents his rôti sans pareil ("roast without equal")—a bustard stuffed with a turkey, a goose, a pheasant, a chicken, a duck, a guinea fowl, a teal, a woodcock, a partridge, a plover, a lapwing, a quail, a thrush, a lark, an ortolan bunting and a garden warbler—although he states that, since similar roasts were produced by ancient Romans, the rôti sans pareil was not entirely novel.[6][7][8] The final bird is very small but large enough to just hold an olive; it also suggests that, unlike modern multi-bird roasts, there was no stuffing or other packing placed in between the birds.
Gooducken is a goose stuffed with a duck, which is in turn stuffed with a chicken.[7]
An early form of the recipe was Pandora's cushion, a goose stuffed with a chicken stuffed with a quail.[8]
Another version of the dish is credited to French diplomat and gourmand Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord. The 1891 newspaper article French Legends Of The Table offers Quail a la Talleyrand:[9]
The following for instance, is Talleyrand's fanciful and somewhat roundabout way of roasting a quail. On a day of "inspiration gourmande" at his hotel in the Rue Saint-Florentin, he composed the following recipe: Take a plump quail, seasoned with truffles, and made tender by having been put into champagne. You put it carefully inside a young Bresse chicken; then sew up the opening, and put dabs of butter all over the chicken. Again, you put the chicken inside a fine Berri turkey, and roast the turkey very carefully before a bright fire. What will be the result? All the juice of the turkey is absorbed by the fowl, and all the juice of the fowl in its turn by the quail. After two hours roasting the fowl, which in reality it composed of three fowls, is ready, and you place the steaming trinity upon a dish of fine porcelain or chiseled silver. Then you pull the chicken out of the turkey, and the quail out of the chicken. The quail? Is it correct to talk of the quail, when this delicious, perfumed dish is indeed too good for any name? You take the quail as you would some sacred relic, and serve it hot, steaming, with its aroma of truffles, after having roasted it to a golden yellow by basting it diligently with the best Gournay butter.
The book Passion India: The Story of the Spanish Princess of Kapurthula[10] (p. 295) features a section that recounts a similar dish in India in the late 1800s: "Invited by Maharajah Ganga Singh to the most extraordinary of dinners, in the palace at Bikaner, when Anita asks her host for the recipe of such a succulent dish, he answers her seriously, "Prepare a whole camel, skinned and cleaned, put a goat inside it, and inside the goat a turkey and inside the turkey a chicken. Stuff the chicken with a grouse and inside that put a quail and finally inside that a sparrow. Then season it all well, place the camel in a hole in the ground and roast it."
See also[edit]
List of duck dishes
List of meat dishes
Whole stuffed camel
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article92743.ece
Jump up ^ "Engastration". Retrieved 2012-12-26.
Jump up ^ "Turkey Finds Its Inner Duck (and Chicken)", The New York Times, November 20, 2002. Accessed November 21, 2007
Jump up ^ Trillin, Calvin (November 2005). "Turducken Town". National Geographic. Washington. Retrieved May 3, 2010. . Retrieved on October 13, 2016
^ Jump up to: a b Walker, Harlan (ed.). Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery, 1990: feasting and fasting : proceedings. p. 35.
^ Jump up to: a b c Williams, Anne. "Send a friend a meal on wheels", The Sunday Times (London), December 2, 1990.
^ Jump up to: a b Iredale, Will (November 21, 2004). "TimesOnline.co.uk Three-in-one bird is big this Christmas". The Times. London. Retrieved May 3, 2010. TimesOnline.co.uk. Retrieved on June 2, 2008
^ Jump up to: a b "Pandoras Cushion". Retrieved 2012-12-26.
Jump up ^ "French Legends Of The Table". The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848–1957). Melbourne, Vic.: National Library of Australia. 5 November 1891. p. 6. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Moro, Javier (2006). Passion India: The Story of the Spanish Princess of Kapurthala. Translated by Peter J. Hearn, , First Circle Publishing, New Delhi, ISBN 8176211788
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Turducken.
Food portal
"Farm creates £665 multibird roast". BBC News. December 30, 2007
Turducken at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
"John Madden Arrested For Possession Of Turhumanheaducken". The Onion. November 24, 2005
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