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Outline of medicine
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The Rod of Asclepius, a symbol commonly associated with medicine
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to medicine:
Medicine – science of healing. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness.
Contents
[hide]
1 Goals
2 Branches of medicine
3 History of medicine
4 Medical biology
4.1 Fields of medical biology
4.2 Illness (diseases and disorders)
5 Medical practice
6 Drugs
7 Medical equipment
8 Medical facilities
9 Medical education
10 Medical research
11 Medical jargon
11.1 Medical abbreviations and acronyms
11.2 Medical glossaries
12 Medical organizations
12.1 Government agencies
13 Medical publications
14 Persons influential in medicine
14.1 Medical scholars
14.2 Pioneers in medicine
15 General concepts in medicine
16 See also
17 External links
Goals[edit]
Cure
Health
Homeostasis
Medical ethics
Prevention of illness
Palliation
Branches of medicine[edit]
Anesthesiology – practice of medicine dedicated to the relief of pain and total care of the surgical patient before, during and after surgery.
Cardiology – branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the heart and the blood vessels.
Critical care medicine – focuses on life support and the intensive care of the seriously ill.
Dentistry – branch of medicine that deals with treatment of diseases in the oral cavity
Dermatology – branch of medicine that deals with the skin, hair, and nails.
Emergency medicine – focuses on care provided in the emergency department
Endocrinology – branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the endocrine system.
Epidemiology – study of cause and prevalence of diseases and programs to contain them
First aid – assistance given to any person suffering a sudden illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, and/or promote recovery. It includes initial intervention in a serious condition prior to professional medical help being available, such as performing CPR while awaiting an ambulance, as well as the complete treatment of minor conditions, such as applying a plaster to a cut.
Gastroenterology – branch of medicine that deals with the study and care of the digestive system.
General practice (often called family medicine) is a branch of medicine that specializes in primary care.
Geriatrics – branch of medicine that deals with the general health and well-being of the elderly.
Gynaecology – diagnosis and treatment of the female reproductive system
Hematology – branch of medicine that deals with the blood and the circulatory system.
Hepatology – branch of medicine that deals with the liver, gallbladder and the biliary system.
Infectious disease – branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and management of infectious disease, especially for complex cases and immunocompromised patients.
Internal medicine – involved with adult diseases
Neurology – branch of medicine that deals with the brain and the nervous system.
Nephrology – branch of medicine which deals with the kidneys.
Obstetrics – care of women during and after pregnancy
Oncology – branch of medicine that studies the types of cancer.
Ophthalmology – branch of medicine that deals with the eyes.
Optometry – branch of medicine that involves examining the eyes and applicable visual systems for defects or abnormalities as well as the medical diagnosis and management of eye disease.
Orthopaedics – branch of medicine that deals with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system.
Otorhinolaryngology – branch of medicine that deals with the ears, nose and throat.
Pathology – study of causes and pathogenesis of diseases.
Pediatrics – branch of medicine that deals with the general health and well-being of children and in some countries like the U.S. young adults.
Preventive medicine – measures taken for disease prevention, as opposed to disease treatment.
Psychiatry – branch of medicine that deals with the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders.
Pulmonology – branch of medicine that deals with the respiratory system.
Radiology – branch of medicine that employs medical imaging to diagnose and treat disease.
Sports medicine – branch of medicine that deals with physical fitness and the treatment and prevention of injuries related to sports and exercise.
Rheumatology – branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic diseases.
Surgery – branch of medicine that uses operative techniques to investigate or treat both disease and injury, or to help improve bodily function or appearance.
Urology – branch of medicine that deals with the urinary system of both sexes and the male reproductive system.
History of medicine[edit]
History of medicine
Prehistoric medicine
Homeopathy
Herbalism
Siddha medicine
Ayurveda
Ancient Egyptian medicine
Babylonian medicine
Ancient Iranian medicine
Traditional Chinese medicine
Jewish medicine
Greco-Roman medicine
Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
Medieval medicine of Western Europe
Medical biology[edit]
Medical biology
Fields of medical biology[edit]
Anatomy – study of the physical structure of organisms. In contrast to macroscopic or gross anatomy, cytology and histology are concerned with microscopic structures.
List of anatomical topics
List of bones of the human skeleton
List of homologues of the human reproductive system
List of human anatomical features
List of human anatomical parts named after people
List of human blood components
List of human hormones
List of human nerves
List of muscles of the human body
List of protective human features
List of regions in the human brain
Biochemistry – study of the chemistry taking place in living organisms, especially the structure and function of their chemical components.
Bioinformatics
Biological engineering
Biophysics
Biostatistics – application of statistics to biological fields in the broadest sense. A knowledge of biostatistics is essential in the planning, evaluation, and interpretation of medical research. It is also fundamental to epidemiology and evidence-based medicine.
Biotechnology
Nanobiotechnology
Cell biology – microscopic study of individual cells.
Embryology – study of the early development of organisms.
Gene therapy
Genetics – study of genes, and their role in biological inheritance.
Cytogenetics
Histology – study of the structures of biological tissues by light microscopy, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry.
Immunology – study of the immune system, which includes the innate and adaptive immune system in humans, for example.
Laboratory medical biology
Microbiology – study of microorganisms, including protozoa, bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
Molecular biology
Neuroscience (outline) – includes those disciplines of science that are related to the study of the nervous system. A main focus of neuroscience is the biology and physiology of the human brain and spinal cord.
Parasitology
Pathology – study of disease, including the causes, course, progression and resolution thereof.
Physiology – study of the normal functioning of the body and the underlying regulatory mechanisms.
Systems biology
Virology
Toxicology – study of hazardous effects of drugs and poisons.
and many others (typically, life sciences that pertain to medicine)
Illness (diseases and disorders)[edit]
Main articles: Lists of diseases and List of disorders
List of cancer types
List of childhood diseases
List of diseases caused by insects
List of eponymous diseases
List of fictional diseases
List of food-borne illness outbreaks in the United States
List of genetic disorders
List of human parasitic diseases
List of illnesses related to poor nutrition
List of infectious diseases
List of infectious diseases causing flu-like syndrome
List of latent human viral infections
List of mental illnesses
List of neurological disorders
List of notifiable diseases
List of parasites (human)
List of skin-related conditions
List of systemic diseases with ocular manifestations
Medical practice[edit]
Practice of medicine
Physical examination
Diagnosis
Surgery
Medication
Drugs[edit]
Drugs
List of anaesthetic drugs
List of antiviral drugs
List of bestselling drugs
List of drugs affected by grapefruit
List of drugs banned from the Olympics
List of controlled drugs in the United Kingdom
List of fictional medicines and drugs
List of comic book drugs
List of medical inhalants
List of monoclonal antibodies
List of psychedelic drugs
List of psychiatric medications
List of psychiatric medications by condition treated
List of schedules of controlled substances (USA)
List of Schedule I drugs
List of Schedule II drugs
List of Schedule III drugs
List of Schedule IV drugs
List of Schedule V drugs
List of withdrawn drugs
Medical equipment[edit]
Medical equipment
Medical facilities[edit]
Clinic
Hospice
List of hospice programs
Hospital
List of hospitals in the United States
List of burn centers in the United States
List of Veterans Affairs medical facilities
Medical education[edit]
Medical education – education related to the practice of being a medical practitioner; either the initial training to become a physician, additional training thereafter, and fellowship.
Medical school
List of medical schools
Internship
Residency
Fellowship
Medical research[edit]
Medical research
Clinical research (outline)
Medical jargon[edit]
Medical terminology
List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes
Medical abbreviations and acronyms[edit]
Acronyms in healthcare
List of medical abbreviations: Overview
List of medical abbreviations: Latin abbreviations
List of abbreviations for diseases and disorders
List of abbreviations for medical organisations and personnel
List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions
List of abbreviations used in health informatics
List of optometric abbreviations
Medical glossaries[edit]
Glossary of alternative medicine
Glossary of anatomical terminology, definitions and abbreviations
Glossary of clinical research
Glossary of communication disorders
Glossary of diabetes
Glossary of medical terms related to communications disorders
Glossary of medicine
Glossary of psychiatry
Medical organizations[edit]
List of medical organisations
List of LGBT medical organizations
List of pharmacy associations
Government agencies[edit]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Food and Drug Administration (US)
National Academy of Medicine (US)
National Institutes of Health (US)
Medical publications[edit]
List of important publications in medicine
List of important publications in psychology
List of medical journals
List of defunct medical journals
List of medical and health informatics journals
Persons influential in medicine[edit]
List of physicians
Medical scholars[edit]
An Arabic manuscript, dated 1200 CE, titled Anatomy of the Eye, authored by al-Mutadibih.
The earliest known physician, Hesyre.
The first recorded female physician, Peseshet.
Borsippa, a Babylonian who wrote the Diagnostic Handbook.
The Iranian chemist, Rhazes.
Avicenna, the philosopher and physician.
Greco-Roman medical scholars:
Hippocrates, commonly considered the father of modern medicine.
Galen, known for his ambitious surgeries.
Andreas Vesalius
Oribasius, a Byzantine who compiled medical knowledge.
Abu al-Qasim, an Islamic physician known as the father of modern surgery.
Medieval European medical scholars:
Theodoric Borgognoni, one of the most significant surgeons of the medieval period, responsible for introducing and promoting important surgical advances including basic antiseptic practice and the use of anaesthetics.
Guy de Chauliac, considered to be one of the earliest fathers of modern surgery, after the great Islamic surgeon, Abu al-Qasim.
Realdo Colombo, anatomist and surgeon who contributed to understanding of lesser circulation.
Michael Servetus, considered to be the first European to discover the pulmonary circulation of the blood.
Ambroise Paré suggested using ligatures instead of cauterisation and tested the bezoar stone.
William Harvey describes blood circulation.
John Hunter, surgeon.
Amato Lusitano described venous valves and guessed their function.
Garcia de Orta first to describe Cholera and other tropical diseases and herbal treatments
Percivall Pott, surgeon.
Sir Thomas Browne physician and medical neologist.
Thomas Sydenham physician and so-called "English Hippocrates."
Kuan Huang, who studied abroad and brought his techniques back to homeland china.
Ignaz Semmelweis, who studied and decreased the incidence of childbed fever.
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch founded bacteriology.
Alexander Fleming, whose accidental discovery of penicillin advanced the field of antibiotics.
Pioneers in medicine[edit]
Wilhelm Röntgen discovered x-rays, earning the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901, "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays (or x-rays)," and invented radiography.
Christiaan Barnard performed the first heart transplant
Ian Donald pioneered the use of the ultrasound scan, which led to its use as a diagnostic tool.
Sir Godfrey Hounsfield invented the computed tomography (CT) scanner, sharing the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Allan M. Cormack, "for the development of computer assisted tomography."
Sir Peter Mansfield invented the MRI scanner, sharing the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Paul Lauterbur for their "discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging."
Robert Jarvik, inventor of the artificial heart.
Anthony Atala, creator of the first lab-grown organ, an artificial urinary bladder.
General concepts in medicine[edit]
Epidemiology – study of the demographics of disease processes, and includes, but is not limited to, the study of epidemics.
Nutrition – study of the relationship of food and drink to health and disease, especially in determining an optimal diet. Medical nutrition therapy is done by dietitians and is prescribed for diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, weight and eating disorders, allergies, malnutrition, and neoplastic diseases.
Pharmacology – study of drugs and their actions.
Psychology – an academic and applied discipline that involves the scientific study of mental functions and behaviors.
Outline of nutrition
List of macronutrients
List of micronutrients
Outline of emergency medicine
List of emergency medicine courses
List of surgical procedures
List of eye surgical procedures
List of disabilities
List of disability-related terms with negative connotations
List of medical emergencies
List of eponymous fractures
List of AIDS-related topics
List of clinically important bacteria
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
List of eponymous medical signs
List of life extension-related topics
List of medical inhalants
List of medical symptoms
List of oncology-related terms
List of oral health and dental topics
List of pharmaceutical companies
List of psychotherapies
List of vaccine topics
Outline of autism
Outline of exercise
Outline of obstetrics (pregnancy and childbirth)
Outline of psychology
Pharmacology, for list of medicinal substances
See also[edit]
Medicine portal
Health
Outline of health
Outline of health sciences
External links[edit]
Find more aboutMedicineat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from Wikiversity
NLM (US National Library of Medicine, contains resources for patients and health care professionals)
U.S. National Library of Medicine
MedicineNet.com
Science-Based Medicine – exploring issues and controversies in science and medicine.
WebMD Health topics A-Z
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text:
June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Coordinates: 37°49′36″N 122°25′24″W / 37.82667°N 122.42333°W / 37.82667; -122.42333
June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt
Alcatraz, with Angel Island (the fugitives' intended destination) in background
Date
June 11, 1962 (1962-06-11)
Time
Approximately 10:00 PM (UTC-7)[1]
Location
Alcatraz Island
San Francisco, California, United States
The June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt is the only successful escape from Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary in its history. Late on the night of June 11 or early morning of June 12, inmates Clarence Anglin, John Anglin, and Frank Morris tucked heads made out of soap wax resembling their own likenesses into their beds, broke out of the main prison building via an unused utility corridor, and departed Alcatraz Island aboard an improvised inflatable raft to an uncertain fate.
Hundreds of leads have been pursued by the FBI and local law enforcement officials in the ensuing years, but no conclusive evidence has ever surfaced favoring the success or failure of the attempt. Numerous theories of widely varying plausibility have been proposed by authorities, reporters, family members, and amateur enthusiasts. In 1979 the FBI officially concluded, on the basis of circumstantial evidence and a preponderance of expert opinion, that the men drowned in the frigid waters of San Francisco Bay before reaching the mainland.[2] The U.S. Marshals Service case file remains open and active, however, and Morris and the Anglin brothers remain on its wanted list.
Recent experimental and computer-simulated evidence has suggested that the ultimate outcome of the attempt may have depended on the exact time of the men's departure aboard the raft. A 2015 documentary presented circumstantial evidence in support of a longstanding rumor that two of the men – the Anglin brothers – had survived and fled to Brazil; but a government expert concluded that the one piece of physical evidence, a 1975 photograph, did not support that conclusion.
Contents
[hide]
1 Previous attempts
2 Inmates
2.1 Frank Morris
2.2 John and Clarence Anglin
2.3 Allen West
3 Escape
4 Investigation
5 Aftermath
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Bibliography
Previous attempts[edit]
Main article: List of Alcatraz escape attempts
Of the 36 inmates who staged 14 escape attempts over the 29 years that Alcatraz served as a federal penitentiary,[3] 23 were recaptured, six were shot and killed, two drowned, and five (including Morris and the Anglins) are listed as missing and presumed drowned.
One inmate, John Paul Scott, successfully swam from the island to Fort Point, at the southern end of the Golden Gate Bridge, on December 16, 1962. Kids who were on the beach at the time found him and called the police because they thought he was dead. When the police saw him he was immediately identified as the escapee that they had been looking for. He was recaptured the same day and sent back to the rock[4], exhausted and hypothermic.[5] Today, multitudes of athletes swim the same Alcatraz–Fort Point route as part of one of two annual triathlon events.[6][7]
Inmates[edit]
Frank Morris[edit]
Frank Morris
Frank Lee Morris (September 1, 1926 – disappeared June 11, 1962) was born in Washington, D.C.. He was orphaned at age 11, and spent most of his formative years in foster homes. He was convicted of his first crime at age 13, and by his late teens had been arrested for crimes ranging from narcotics possession to armed robbery.[8][9] Morris reportedly ranked in the top 2% of the general population in intelligence, as measured by IQ testing. He served time in Florida and Georgia, then escaped from the Louisiana State Penitentiary while serving 10 years for bank robbery. He was recaptured a year later while committing a burglary, and sent to Alcatraz in 1960 as inmate number AZ1441.[10]
John and Clarence Anglin[edit]
John Anglin
Clarence Anglin
The Anglin brothers, John William (May 2, 1930 – disappeared June 11, 1962) and Clarence (May 11, 1931 – disappeared June 11, 1962) were born into a family of thirteen children in Donalsonville, Georgia. Their parents, George Robert Anglin and Rachael Van Miller Anglin, were seasonal farm workers; in the early 1940s, they moved the family to Ruskin, Florida, 20 miles south of Tampa, where the truck farms and tomato fields provided a more reliable source of income. Each June they would migrate north as far as Michigan to pick cherries. Clarence and John were reportedly inseparable as youngsters; they became skilled swimmers, and amazed their siblings by swimming in the frigid waters of Lake Michigan as ice still floated on its surface.[11]
They began robbing banks and other establishments as a team in the early 1950s, usually targets that were closed, to ensure that no one got injured. They claimed that they used a weapon only once, during a bank heist – a toy gun.[12] They were arrested in 1956. Both received 15- to 20-year sentences, which they served at Florida State Prison, Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary, and then Atlanta Penitentiary.
After repeated failed attempts to escape from the Atlanta facility, the brothers were transferred to Alcatraz.[13] John arrived on October 21, 1960, as inmate AZ1476, and Clarence on January 10, 1961, as inmate AZ1485.
Allen West[edit]
Allen Clayton West (March 25, 1929 – December 21, 1978)[14] was imprisoned for car theft in 1955, first at Atlanta Penitentiary, then at Florida State Prison. After an unsuccessful escape attempt from the Florida facility, he was transferred to Alcatraz in 1957 and became inmate AZ1335.
West was the only conspirator who did not participate in the actual escape; he was left behind when a stuck ventilator grill prevented him from leaving his cell. He cooperated fully with the escape investigation and was not charged for his role in the attempt.[15][16]
West was transferred to McNeil Island, Washington when Alcatraz was deactivated in 1963, and later, back to Atlanta Penitentiary. After serving his sentence, followed by two additional sentences in Georgia and Florida, he was released in 1967, only to be arrested again in Florida the following year on charges of grand larceny. At Florida State Prison he fatally stabbed another prisoner in October 1972, in what may have been a racially motivated incident. He was serving multiple sentences, including life imprisonment on the murder conviction, when he died of acute peritonitis in 1978.[14]
Escape[edit]
Escapee's prison cell, with widened vent opening beneath the sink
The four inmates began formulating an escape strategy, under the leadership of Morris, the most intelligent of the four,[10] after they were assigned adjacent cells in December 1961.[3] (The men may have known one another previously, at the federal penitentiary in Atlanta as well.[10]) Working at night over the subsequent six months, they gradually widened ventilation duct openings in their cells' walls, using saw blades they found discarded on the prison grounds, spoons stolen from the commissary, and a drill improvised from the motor of a broken vacuum cleaner. They concealed the holes with cardboard and paint, and their work noise with Morris’s accordion playing.[10][3]
The widened holes opened into an unguarded utility corridor behind the cell tier. From the corridor they climbed to the roof of their cell block, inside the building, where they set up a small workshop. There, they assembled a variety of stolen and donated materials, including more than 50 raincoats that they turned into makeshift life preservers and a 6-by-14-foot (1.8 by 4.3 m) rubber raft, the seams carefully stitched together and sealed with heat from nearby steam pipes. They stole a small accordion-like concertina from another inmate to serve as a bellows to inflate the raft, and built makeshift paddles from scrap wood. Finally, they climbed a ventilation shaft leading to a large fan and grille on the roof and cut away the rivets holding both in place.[10][3]
Dummy head found in Morris' cell
The men concealed their absences while working outside their cells—and after the escape itself—by sculpting dummy heads from a home-made papier-mâché-like mixture of soap and toilet paper, and giving them a realistic appearance with paint from the maintenance shop and hair from the barbershop floor. With towels and clothing piled under the blankets in their bunks and the dummy heads positioned on the pillows, they appeared to be sleeping peacefully.[17]
On the night of June 11, 1962, with all preparations completed, the men initiated their escape.[3] West had used cement to shore up crumbling concrete around his vent opening, and it had hardened, narrowing the hole and fixing the grill in place. By the time he was able to remove the grill and re-widen the hole sufficiently, the others had left without him; he returned to his cell and went to sleep.[18] West later cooperated fully with investigators, giving them a detailed description of the escape plan, and as a result was not punished for his role in it.[10]
Unguarded utility corridor behind the escapees' cells
From the service corridor, Morris and the Anglins climbed the ventilation shaft to the roof. Guards heard a loud crash as they broke out of the shaft, but since nothing further was heard, the source of the noise was not investigated. Hauling their gear with them, they descended 50 feet (15 m) to the ground by sliding down a kitchen vent pipe, then climbed two 12-foot (3.7 m) barbed-wire perimeter fences. At the northeast shoreline, near the power plant—a blind spot in the prison's network of searchlights and gun towers—they inflated their raft with the concertina. At some time after 10 o’clock, investigators estimated, they departed in the dense fog toward their objective, Angel Island, two miles to the north.[10][3]
Investigation[edit]
FBI wanted poster of John Anglin
The escape was not discovered until the morning of June 12 due to the successful dummy head ruse.[19] An extensive air, sea, and land search involving multiple military and law enforcement agencies was conducted over the next 10 days. On June 14, a Coast Guard cutter picked up a paddle floating about 200 yards off the southern shore of Angel Island. On the same day in the same general location, workers on another boat found a wallet wrapped in plastic containing names, addresses, and photos of the Anglins' friends and relatives. On June 21, shreds of raincoat material, believed to be remnants of the raft, were found on an Angel Island beach. The following day, a prison boat picked up a deflated life jacket made from the same material 50 yards off of Alcatraz Island. No human remains or any other physical evidence of the men's fate were ever found.[11][10]
FBI investigators concluded that while it was theoretically possible for one or more of the inmates to have reached Angel Island, the frigid water temperature and strong currents within the bay made it unlikely.[3] According to West, the men had planned to steal clothes and a car once they reached land, but according to the final FBI report, no auto or clothing thefts were reported in that area following the escape, despite the high-profile nature of the case.[3][10] The FBI closed its file on December 31, 1979, after a 17-year investigation. Their official finding was that the prisoners most likely drowned in the cold waters of the bay while attempting to reach Angel Island.[3]
The U.S. Marshals Service investigation remains open, however. As Deputy U.S. Marshal Michael Dyke told NPR in 2009, "There's an active warrant, and the Marshals Service doesn't give up looking for people." He said that he still received leads on a regular basis.[20]
Aftermath[edit]
In 1993 a former Alcatraz inmate named Thomas Kent told the television program America's Most Wanted that he had helped plan the escape, and claimed to have provided "significant new leads" to investigators.[21] He said that Clarence Anglin’s girlfriend had agreed to meet the men on shore and drive them to Mexico. He declined to participate in the actual escape, he said, because he could not swim. Officials were skeptical of Kent's account, because he had been paid $2,000 for the interview.[10]
A 2003 MythBusters episode[22] on the Discovery Channel tested the feasibility of an escape from the island aboard a raft constructed with the same materials and tools available to the inmates, and determined that it was possible.[10] A 2011 program on the National Geographic Channel asserted that footprints were found on the Angel Island beach where the raft wreckage was recovered, and that contrary to the official FBI report, a car had been stolen in the vicinity on the night of the escape.[10]
In 2011, an 89-year-old man named Bud Morris, who said he was a cousin of Frank Morris, claimed that on "eight or nine" occasions prior to the escape he delivered envelopes of money to Alcatraz guards, presumably as bribes. He further claimed to have met his cousin face to face in a San Diego park shortly after the escape. His daughter, who was "eight or nine" years old at the time, said she was present at the meeting with "Dad's friend, Frank", but "had no idea [about the escape]".[23]
In 2012, the 50th anniversary of the escape attempt, the Anglins' two sisters and two of their nephews made public their belief that Clarence and John—who would both be well into their eighties—were still alive. Marie Anglin Winder claimed that shortly after the escape in 1962, she received a phone call from San Francisco; the caller said, "This is John Anglin." The family also produced a Christmas card, purportedly received in the family mailbox in 1962, saying, "To Mother, from John. Merry Christmas."[24] Michael Dyke, the Deputy U.S. Marshal, conceded that there is a "possibility that they survived", but noted that a Norwegian freighter reported seeing a body floating in the ocean 15 miles from the Golden Gate Bridge, about one month after the escape. "He had on prison clothes—a navy pea coat and a light pair of trousers—similar to what [Alcatraz] prisoners wore. There were no other missing people during that time period."[25]
In 2014 researchers at Delft University, using a computer model, concluded that if the men set off approximately at midnight, when the currents might have worked in their favor, they could have made landfall; but if they left during the hours before or after, the currents would have been too strong to overcome and they very likely died.[26]
A 2015 History Channel documentary presented further circumstantial evidence gathered over the years by the Anglin family. Christmas cards containing the Anglins' handwriting, and allegedly received by family members for three years after the escape, were displayed. While the handwriting was verified as the Anglins', none of the envelopes contained a postmarked stamp, so experts could not determine when they had been delivered.[27] The family cited a story from family friend Fred Brizzi, who grew up with the brothers and claimed to have recognized them in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1975. They produced photographs taken, they said, by Brizzi (who died in 1993), including one showing two men resembling John and Clarence Anglin and the farm near Rio where they were purportedly living.[28] Forensic experts hired by the History Channel confirmed that the photos were taken in 1975, and asserted that the two men were "more than likely" the Anglins.[29][30] Other evidence included the deathbed confession of another of the Anglins' 11 siblings, Robert, who told family members in 2010 that he had been in contact with John and Clarence from 1963 until approximately 1987.[31] The film also presented an alternate escape theory, involving the use of an electrical cord—which had been reported missing from the prison's dock on the night of the escape—as a tow line, attached to a passenger ferry that departed the island shortly after midnight.[32]
Art Roderick, a retired Deputy U.S. Marshal working with the Anglin family, called Brizzi's photograph of the two men "absolutely the best actionable lead we've had," but added, "it could still all be a nice story which isn't true"; or the photograph could be a misdirection, aimed at steering the investigation away from the Anglins' actual whereabouts.[31] Michael Dyke, the Deputy Marshal assigned to the case, said Brizzi was "a drug smuggler and a conman", and was suspicious of his account. An expert working for the U.S. Marshals Service reported that measurements of the photo subjects' physical features, compared to those of the Anglin brothers, indicated that they are not the men in the photo; although the age and condition of the photo, and the fact that both men were wearing sunglasses, hindered efforts to make a definitive determination.[33]
Surviving family members, who said they have heard nothing since Robert lost contact with the brothers in 1987, announced plans to travel to Brazil to conduct a personal search; but Roderick cautioned that they could be arrested by Brazilian authorities, because the Alcatraz escape remains an open Interpol case.[27] According to information obtained by a British newspaper, the FBI was aware of rumors that the Anglins were in Brazil as early as 1965. Agents dispatched to Rio at that time reportedly found no credible evidence that the fugitives were there.[31]
In popular culture[edit]
Main articles: Escape from Alcatraz (book) and Escape from Alcatraz (film)
J. Campbell Bruce's 1963 book Escape from Alcatraz documents the 1962 escape, along with other escape attempts over the 29 years that Alcatraz Island served as a prison.[34]
The 1979 film Escape from Alcatraz stars Clint Eastwood, Fred Ward, and Jack Thibeau as Morris, John Anglin, and Clarence Anglin respectively. West (fictionalized as a character named Charley Butts) was played by Larry Hankin.[35] The film implied that the escape had been successful.[10]
See also[edit]
John Paul Scott
Theodore Cole and Ralph Roe
List of missing people
References[edit]
Jump up ^ FBI Investigation File 76-26295, pp. 32
Jump up ^ "Alcatraz Escape". FBI Records: The Vault. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "A Byte out of History: Escape from Alcatraz". Federal Bureau of Investigation. June 8, 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-07-09. Retrieved 2008-11-30.
Jump up ^ Company, Ocean View Publishing. "Alcatraz Prison Escapes - Page 1". www.alcatrazhistory.com. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
Jump up ^ "Alcatraz Escape Attempts". Alcatrazhistory.com. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
Jump up ^ Escape From Alcatraz Triathlon, retrieved November 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ San Francisco Triathlon at Alcatraz, retrieved November 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://ghostsofdc.org/2012/09/10/frank-morris-alcatraz-escape/
Jump up ^ "The Great Escape From Alcatraz". Alcatrazhistory.com. Ocean View Publishing Company. p. 1. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m McFadden, Robert D. (June 9, 2012), "Tale of 3 Inmates Who Vanished From Alcatraz Maintains Intrigue 50 Years Later", The New York Times, New York, NY, retrieved June 9, 2012
^ Jump up to: a b Kerr, J. (October 17, 1993). Flight from Alcatraz. SunSentinel.com, retrieved June 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-05-29. Retrieved 2013-05-29.
Jump up ^ "Alcatraz Escape – June 11, 1962". Alcatraz History. 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-31.
^ Jump up to: a b Babyak, J (2001). Breaking the Rock: The Great Escape from Alcatraz. ISBN 0-9618752-3-2.
Jump up ^ "Alcatraz: Living Hell". video.nationalgeographic.co.in. National Geographic Channel. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
Jump up ^ http://The Archived 2013-07-11 at the Wayback Machine. Great Escape from Alcatraz. [www.alcatrazhistory.com/alcesc2.htm AlcatrazHistory.com].
Jump up ^ "Valued exposure: Escape". BBC News. June 15, 2009. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ Full text of Alcatraz Escape FBI Files. Archive.org, retrieved November 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Marzilli, Alan (2003). Famous Crimes of the 20th Century. Philadelphia: Chelsea House. pp. 73–75. ISBN 9780791067888.
Jump up ^ "Escape From Alcatraz And A 47-Year Manhunt". National Public Radio. 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-21.
Jump up ^ Higbee, A. (November 13, 1993). American Topics : Alcatraz Escapees May Still Be Alive. New York Times archive, retrieved December 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ MythBusters, season 1, episode 11
Jump up ^ "Rome man claims he had role in escape from Alcatraz (2011)". WXIA-TV Atlanta. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
Jump up ^ Nolte, C. (March 18, 2013). Alcatraz escapees' family convinced brothers alive. sfgate.com.
Jump up ^ Leithead, A. (June 12, 2012). Alcatraz escape still surprises, 50 years on. BBC.com.
Jump up ^ Morelle, R. (December 15, 2014). Alcatraz 1962 escapees had small chance of success. BBC.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Notorious Alcatraz escapees may still be on the lam (October 19, 2015). CBC.ca, retrieved November 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-RbxjEmLN4
Jump up ^ Graff, A. (October 12, 2015). "New claim: Alcatraz escapees might have survived. could still be alive". SF Gate. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "50 years later, new evidence suggests 3 Alcatraz escapees may still be alive". WPIX-11. October 12, 2015. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Boyle, L. (October 15, 2015). Alcatraz escapees 'had wives and children in Brazil', their family claims - and they want their sentences commuted so they can 'come home' after 53 years. The Daily Mail, retrieved November 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Staff Writer (October 12, 2015). "The picture that 'proves' two inmates DID escape from Alcatraz: Notorious escapees didn't drown, body-surfed behind a passenger ferry to freedom and started a farm in Brazil, claims family". Detroit Newstime. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Noyes, D. (May 15, 2016). New leads in manhunt for Alcatraz escapees. ABCnews.com, retrieved June 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bruce, Campbell J. (1963). Escape from Alcatraz. ISBN 1-58008-678-0.
Jump up ^ McGilligan, Patrick (1999). Clint: The Life and Legend. Harper Collins (2002), p. 307. ISBN 0-00-638354-8.
Bibliography[edit]
"FBI Investigation File 76-26295{dead link}". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
Zimmerman, Keith; Zimmerman, Kent; Hyneman, Jamie; Savage, Adam; Rees, Peter (2005). Mythbusters: The Explosive Truth Behind 30 of the Most Perplexing Urban Legends of All Time. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4169-0929-3.
'Escape from Alcatraz' in Fascinating Footnotes from History. by Giles Milton (published as When Hitler Took Cocaine and Lenin Lost His Brain. in US)
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Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Logo for the campaign Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF
Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF is a fund-raising program for children sponsored by the U.S. Fund for UNICEF. Started on Halloween 1950[1] as a local event in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, the program historically involves the distribution of small orange boxes by schools to trick-or-treaters, in which they can solicit small change donations from the houses they visit.[2][3][4] Millions of children in the United States, Canada, Ireland, Mexico, and Hong Kong participate in Halloween-related fund-raising events for Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF, and the program has raised over US $188 million worldwide.[5]
History[edit]
Trick-or-Treat in UNICEF was invented by Mary Emma Allison, the wife of Presbyterian minister Clyde Allison.[6] In 1949, the Allisons were living in Bridesburg, a neighborhood in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.[7] When Mrs. Allison saw a UNICEF booth collecting funds to send powdered milk to undernourished children around the world, she thought of getting children to collect donations for UNICEF instead of candy. Reverend Clyde Allison introduced the concept to local Presbyterian churches. On Halloween 1950, the Allisons recruited their own children and their community's to go door-to-door collecting nickels and dimes in decorated milk cartons to aid children in post-World War II Europe.[5][6][8] They collected a total of $17 and donated all of it to UNICEF.
In 1953, the United States Committee for UNICEF, now called the U.S. Fund for UNICEF, started actively promoting the program.[7] By the 1960s, the concept had expanded throughout the United States, with small orange collection boxes distributed to millions of trick-or-treaters.[9] When UNICEF won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson said in his congratulatory letter: "Your UNICEF Trick or Treat Day has helped turn a holiday too often marred by youthful vandalism into a program of basic training in world citizenship."[10] In 1967, Johnson declared Halloween, October 31, to be 'UNICEF Day' in the United States; by 1969, 3.5 million American children were trick-or-treating for donations.[9] Children (and adults) in the U.S. have collected more than US $175 million for Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF.[5][11] Donations to Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF support UNICEF's global programing, but in 2005, half of the proceeds were targeted to a domestic cause, aiding victims of Hurricane Katrina.[12] In 2008, the U.S. Fund for UNICEF introduced mobile phone text message donations as well as a MySpace and Facebook page.[13] In 2014, the U.S. Fund for UNICEF partnered with Crowdrise to expand the campaign's online presence, allowing participants to create personal fundraising web pages in addition to traditional door-to-door trick-or-treating.[14]
Trick-Or-Treat for UNICEF has also partnered with Coinstar to allow customers to submit their donations through Coinstar machines.
The program has also expanded outside of the United States. UNICEF in Canada began Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF in 1955. The campaign was rebranded after the Government of Canada declared October 31 of each year “National UNICEF Day” in 2000. In 2006, UNICEF Canada discontinued the collection box part of their program, focusing instead on in-classroom fundraising and community engagement. In 2015, UNICEF Canada celebrated 60 years of the National UNICEF Day program and has currently raised more than CAN $100 million. [15]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The history of trick-or-treat for UNICEF". Retrieved 31 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Byroads, Marjorie (1970-10-20). "A little child shall lead them (trick or treat for UNICEF)". The Bryan Times. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ Winerip, Michael (1993-10-31). "At Halloween, Unicef Faces Declining Collections in U.S.". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "UNICEF to end Halloween 'orange box' program". CTV (Canada). 2006-05-31. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Support UNICEF". UNICEF. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
^ Jump up to: a b Smylie, James H. (2001-01-01). "Presbyterians initiated UNICEF's 'Trick-or-Treat' program 50 years ago". The Presbyterian Outlook. Retrieved 2009-10-23.
^ Jump up to: a b UNICEF (March 1997). "AMERICA’S PARTNERSHIP WITH UNICEF: A report to the United States on the impact of its contribution to UNICEF from 1985 to 1995" (PDF). UNICEF. Retrieved 2009-10-23.
Jump up ^ Li, Kun (2006-10-25). "Goodwill Ambassador Sarah Jessica Parker helps launch ‘Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF’". UNICEF. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
^ Jump up to: a b Rusk, Howard A. (1969-10-2). ""19th Year for UNICEF; 3.5 Million Children 'Trick or Treat' On Friday to Aid Young of World"". The New York Times. Check date values in: |date= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Kastenmeier, Robert (1966-03-07). "UNICEF and the 1965 Nobel Peace Prize" (PDF). United States of America Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 89th Congress, Second Session. Records and Archives Management staff of UNICEF's Information Management Unit. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
Jump up ^ "Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF". unicefusa.org. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Conwell, Vikki (October 26, 2005). "Good Works". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Maul, Kimberly (2008-10-16). "Trick-or-Treat hits Internet". PRWeek. Retrieved 2009-10-23.
Jump up ^ "Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF". crowdrise.com. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "UNICEF Canada : No Child too Far". UNICEF Canada : No Child too Far. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
External links[edit]
Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF profile
Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF United States
Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF 2015
Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF Canada
UNICEF Hong Kong
National UNICEF Day in Canada
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The New Colossus
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This article is about the Emma Lazarus sonnet. For the 2017 video game, see Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus.
The New Colossus
Emma Lazarus's manuscript
Created
1883
Location
Statue of Liberty, Liberty Island, New York City, New York, U.S.[1]
Author(s)
Emma Lazarus
Purpose
Sonnet was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the monument in 1903
"The New Colossus" is a sonnet that American poet Emma Lazarus (1849–1887) wrote in 1883 to raise money for the construction of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.[2] In 1903, the poem was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal's lower level.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of the poem
2 Contents
3 Influence
4 References
5 External links
History of the poem[edit]
The Statue of Liberty in New York City
This poem was written as a donation to an auction of art and literary works[3] conducted by the "Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty" to raise money for the pedestal's construction.[4] Lazarus's contribution was solicited by fundraiser William Maxwell Evarts. Initially she refused but writer Constance Cary Harrison convinced her that the statue would be of great significance to immigrants sailing into the harbor.[5]
"The New Colossus" was the first entry read at the exhibit's opening on November 2, 1883, and remained associated with the exhibit through a published catalog until the exhibit closed after the pedestal was fully funded in August 1885,[6][7] but was forgotten and played no role at the opening of the statue in 1886. It was, however, published in Joseph Pulitzer's New York World as well as The New York Times during this time period.[8] In 1901, Lazarus's friend Georgina Schuyler began an effort to memorialize Lazarus and her poem, which succeeded in 1903 when a plaque bearing the text of the poem was put on the inner wall of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.[4]
The line "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" is missing a comma, and reads "Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" on the plaque hanging inside the Statue of Liberty[9] since its unveiling in 1903.
The original manuscript is held by the American Jewish Historical Society.[10]
Contents[edit]
The Colossus of Rhodes, as depicted in an artist's impression of 1880
Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,
With conquering limbs astride from land to land;
Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand
A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame
Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name
MOTHER OF EXILES. From her beacon-hand
Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command
The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.

"Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she
With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,
I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"
The poem is a Petrarchan sonnet.
The title of the poem and the first two lines refer to the Colossus of Rhodes, which was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, sometimes described as standing astride the harbor.
The "sea-washed, sunset gates" are the mouths of the Hudson and East Rivers, to the west of Brooklyn. The "imprisoned lightning" refers to the electric light in the torch, then a novelty.
The "air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame" refers to New York Harbor between New York City and Brooklyn, which were consolidated into one unit in 1898, 15 years after the poem was written.
The "huddled masses" are the many immigrants coming to the United States (many of them through Ellis Island at the port of New York).
Influence[edit]
Bronze plaque inside the Statue of Liberty
Paul Auster wrote that "Bartholdi's gigantic effigy was originally intended as a monument to the principles of international republicanism, but 'The New Colossus' reinvented the statue's purpose, turning Liberty into a welcoming mother, a symbol of hope to the outcasts and downtrodden of the world."[11]
John T. Cunningham wrote that "The Statue of Liberty was not conceived and sculpted as a symbol of immigration, but it quickly became so as immigrant ships passed under the torch and the shining face, heading toward Ellis Island. However, it was [Lazarus's poem] that permanently stamped on Miss Liberty the role of unofficial greeter of incoming immigrants."[12]
The poem has entered the political realm. It was quoted in John F. Kennedy's book A Nation of Immigrants (1958)[13] as well as a 2010 political speech by President Obama advocating immigration policy reform.[14] On August 2nd, 2017, the poem and its importance to the Statue of Liberty's symbolism and thus the effect on American immigration policy, was debated in a White House briefing.[citation needed]
Classical composer David Ludwig set the poem to music, which was performed at the worship service of President Obama's 2013 inauguration ceremony.[15]
Author and scholar Julia Gordon-Bramer theorizes that Sylvia Plath's poem, "Lady Lazarus," is about the Statue of Liberty and Lazarus in her book, Fixed Stars Govern a Life: Decoding Sylvia Plath, volume one (2014, Stephen F. Austin State University Press).
Parts of the poem also appear in popular culture. The Broadway musical Miss Liberty, with music and lyrics by Irving Berlin, an immigrant himself, used the final stanza beginning "Give me your tired, your poor" as the basis for a song.[16][13] It was also read in the 1941 film Hold Back the Dawn as well as being recited by the heroine in Alfred Hitchcock's wartime film Saboteur.[13] Harpist and singer Joanna Newsom indirectly references the poem in her 2015 song "Sapokanikan," in contrast to the forbidding colossus of Percy Bysshe Shelley's Ozymandias.[17] The poem is read aloud in the eponymous episode,"New Colossus", in the 2016 Netflix web series The OA.[18]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Statue of Liberty National Monument". US: National Park Service. 2007-12-31. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
Jump up ^ Lazarus, Emma, The New Colossus, Liberty State Park
Jump up ^ Sutherland, Cara A (2003), The Statue of Liberty: The Museum of the City of New York, Barnes & Noble, p. 77, ISBN 0-7607-3890-4, auction of art and literary work ; Mark Twain also contributed.
^ Jump up to: a b Young, Bette Roth (1997), Emma Lazarus in Her World: Life and Letters, The Jewish Publication Society, p. 3, ISBN 0-8276-0618-4, …fell into obscurity. At the unveiling of the statue […] both Emma and her sonnet were absent […] Georgina Schuyler set in motion a successful attempt to memorialize her friend by placing the poem, inscribed on a bronze tablet, inside the pedestal… .
Jump up ^ Felder, Deborah G; Rosen, Diana L (2003), Fifty Jewish Women Who Changed the World, Citadel, p. 45, ISBN 0-8065-2443-X, …William Maxwell Evert [sic; presumably a misspelling of "William Maxwell Evarts] asked […] Lazarus[…] to compose original works […] who […] refused […] until […] Constance Cary Harrison[…] suggested that she consider what the statue would mean to the thousand of immigrants who would see it as they sailed into New York… .
Jump up ^ "Image-Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty Catalogue".
Jump up ^ "The Statue of Liberty - Engineering, Construction, and Crossing the Atlantic".
Jump up ^ "National Park Service-Statue of Liberty-Emma Lazarus".
Jump up ^ Shapiro, Gary (2006-12-08). "Misprint is spied in Lazarus poem at Liberty island". The New York Sun. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Sam (2011), "How a Sonnet Made a Statue the 'Mother of Exiles'", New York Times, retrieved 2013-11-21
Jump up ^ Auster, Paul (2005), "NYC = USA", Collected Prose: Autobiographical Writings, True Stories, Critical Essays, Prefaces, and Collaborations with Artists, Picador, p. 508, ISBN 0-312-42468-X .
Jump up ^ Cunningham, John T (2003), Ellis Island: Immigration's Shining Center, Arcadia Publishing, pp. 46–48, ISBN 0-7385-2428-X .
^ Jump up to: a b c McGill, Meredith L. (2008). The Traffic in Poems: Nineteenth-century Poetry and Transatlantic Exchange. Rutgers University Press. p. 118.
Jump up ^ Jackson, David (July 1, 2010). "Obama edits Emma Lazarus poem on Statue of Liberty". The Oval. USA Today. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Curtis Part of Inauguration Day Ceremonies". Retrieved March 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Esther Schor, Emma Lazarus, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group - 2008, page 255
Jump up ^ Hicks, Michael (2015-11-08). ""'The text will not yield': Fleeting Tesserae in Joanna Newsom's Sapokanikan"". Medium. Retrieved 2016-06-09.
Jump up ^ "The OA Recap: Yearning to Breathe Free". Vulture. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The New Colossus
Lazarus, Emma, "The new Colossus", A Century of Immigration, 1820–1924 (handwritten) (sonnet), Library of Congress . The latter page says "Courtesy of the American Jewish Historical Society, New York and Newton Centre, Massachusetts". The poem itself, having been published in 1883 or at the very latest 1903 is in the public domain
———, Schor, Esther, ed., The New Colossus (interactive ed.), Nextbook Press .
Manuscript notebook from the Emma Lazarus collection at the American Jewish Historical Society. Includes an undated manuscript version of "The New Colossus."
Cavitch, Max (2008). "Emma Lazarus and the Golem of Liberty." In The Traffic in Poems: Nineteenth-Century Poetry and Transatlantic Exchange. Ed. Meredith L. McGill. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. 97-122.
Marom, Daniel (2000). "Who is the 'Mother of Exiles'? An Inquiry into Jewish Aspects of Emma Lazarus's 'The New Colossus'". Prooftexts. 20 (3): 231–61. doi:10.1353/ptx.2000.0020.
[hide]
v
t
e
Statue of Liberty
Liberty Enlightening the World
Creators
Édouard René de Laboulaye, originator
Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, sculptor
Gustave Eiffel, builder
Eiffel company
Eugène Secrétan, donated copper
Location
Statue of Liberty National Monument
Liberty Island
Musée des Arts et Métiers, original statue
Former
locations
Right arm and torch
Centennial Exposition, 1876
Madison Square Park, 1876-1882
Head
Paris World's Fair, 1878
Replicas
Île aux Cygnes
Flame of Liberty
Boy Scout replicas
Strengthen the Arm of Liberty
Fayetteville, Arkansas
Pine Bluff, Arkansas
Overview Park, Kansas
Legacy
In popular culture
"The New Colossus" (1883 sonnet)
Working on the Statue of Liberty (1946 painting)
Miss Liberty (1949 musical)
The Statue of Liberty (1985 documentary)
Statue of Liberty play (American football)
Liberty Weekend, 1986
Liberty Fanfare
Medal of Liberty
Statue of Liberty Forever stamp
American Platinum Eagle coin
Presidential $1 Coin Program
Related
Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty
Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia
Libertas
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This page was last edited on 9 January 2018, at 16:35.
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