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List of countries by cigarette consumption per capita
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This is a list of countries by annual per capita consumption of tobacco cigarettes.
Cigarettes are smoked by over 1 billion people, which is nearly 20% of the world population in 2014. About 800 million of these smokers are men. While smoking rates have leveled off or declined in developed nations, especially among men, in developing nations tobacco consumption continues to rise. More than 80% of all smokers now live in countries with low or middle incomes, and 60% in just 10 countries, a list headed by China.[1] Smokers are over half of adult males in Indonesia (57%, but mostly kretek, a local form of cigarette) and China (53% estimated), and nearly half in Bangladesh, though for women the figure is much lower.[2]
Smoking rates in the United States have dropped by half from 1965 to 2006 falling from 42% to 20.8% of adults,[3] with further significant decline to 18% by 2012.[4] There are large regional differences in smoking rates, with Kentucky, West Virginia, Oklahoma and Mississippi topping the list, and Idaho, California and Utah at significantly lower rates.[5]
In Australia the incidence of smoking is in decline, with figures from 2014–15 showing 14.7% of the population (over 18) to be daily smokers, a decline from 22.3% in 2001.[6] Young adults are the most likely age group to smoke, with a marked decline in smoking rates with increasing age. The prevalence of smoking is strongly associated with socioeconomic disadvantage [low earners], with over double the rate in the most disadvantaged quintile of the population as compared to the least.[7] Smoking rates in rural areas tend to be higher than in city areas.[citation needed]
2016 rankings[edit]
Country
Cigarette consumption[8]
Andorra 6398.3
Luxemburg 6330.9
Belarus 2911.3
Macedonia 2784.9
Albania 2491.6
Belgium 2440.9
Czech Republic 2427.9
Jordan 2306.1
Russia 2295.0
Syria 2291.7
Slovenia 2236.5
Greece 2078.6
Hungary 2060.3
China 2043.0
Lebanon 2037.5
Armenia 1985.7
Mongolia 1982.5
Cyprus 1961.4
Austria 1927.0
Georgia 1917.7
Serbia 1898.6
Ukraine 1849.4
Kazakhstan 1800.9
Turkey 1770.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1767.2
Estonia 1759.9
Bulgaria 1757.3
Moldova 1747.2
Papua New Guinea 1689.3
Indonesia 1675.5
Korea 1667.4
Germany 1599.5
Japan 1583.2
Tunisia 1580.0
Croatia 1578.9
Malta 1527.9
Azerbaijan 1525.6
Slovakia 1500.9
Spain 1499.0
Italy 1493.3
Switzerland 1489.8
Samoa 1470.6
Netherlands 1459.9
Egypt 1449.4
Solomon Islands 1419.1
Kuwait 1412.7
Kiribati 1396.0
Poland 1363.1
Saudi Arabia 1341.0
Denmark 1298.0
Lithuania 1292.0
Israel 1280.7
Romania 1204.3
Latvia 1189.1
Iraq 1184.4
Argentina 1176.1
Portugal 1133.4
Philippines 1132.2
Bahrain 1101.5
Montenegro 1100.8
Finland 1098.8
France 1089.9
Vanuatu 1069.2
Viet Nam 1049.6
Algeria 1046.7
Canada 1021.3
Qatar 1020.3
United States of America 1016.6
DPR Korea 993.3
Tonga 986.9
Ireland 976.5
Turkmenistan 962.1
Isl. Rep. of Iran 936.5
Australia 917.0
Uruguay 899.4
Singapore 851.2
Iceland 848.1
Thailand 837.4
United Kingdom 827.7
LAO PDR 814.6
Djibouti 785.5
Chile 769.3
UAE 748.5
Bangladesh 744.1
Cambodia 726.2
Sweden 716.2
New Zealand 685.1
Trinidad and Tobago 682.5
Morocco 682.3
Comoros 585.4
Maldives 560.9
St. Lucia 553.9
Norway 552.8
Seychelles 543.6
Mauritius 542.5
Kyrgyzstan 519.6
Suriname 511.7
Nepal 511.6
S. Africa 509.6
Mozambique 501.9
Uzbekistan 495.9
Fiji 491.1
Honduras 469.8
Sierra Leone 468.6
Gabon 451.2
Lesotho 448.0
Malaysia 441.2
Bahamas 438.6
Botswana 433.5
Yemen 423.8
Costa Rica 411.4
Burkina Faso 408.1
Madagascar 404.2
Cape Verde 397.1
Venezuela 396.2
Paraguay 384.5
S. Sudan 383.7
Pakistan 363.2
Tajikistan 361.1
Senegal 359.4
Guyana 359.1
CÃ´te d'Ivoire 352.7
Colombia 351.4
Angola 340.2
Sudan 339.9
Brazil 333.5
Equatorial Guinea 328.2
Nicaragua 327.8
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 327.2
Mexico 327.1
Mali 316.9
Guinea 316.0
Jamaica 312.5
Afghanistan 311.6
Namibia 298.4
Bolivia 291.6
Chad 279.3
Barbados 277.5
Oman 271.1
Kenya 264.4
St. Vincent and the Grenadines 259.6
Sri Lanka 254.6
Gambia 249.1
Malawi 241.1
Burundi 239.4
Cuba 233.5
Myanmar 226.5
Panama 219.3
Dominican Rep. 218.9
Central African Rep. 213.2
El Salvador 206.7
Benin 204.0
Somalia 198.5
Uganda 195.7
Congo 195.2
United Republic of Tanzania 181.8
Cameroon 171.0
Belize 168.6
Nigeria 162.5
Grenada 158.2
Liberia 154.4
Dominica 147.4
Togo 147.3
Zambia 145.4
Haiti 143.0
Eritrea 132.3
Dem. Rep. of Congo 128.0
Zimbabwe 122.9
Niger 118.8
Ethiopia 115.3
Guatemala 111.8
Peru 97.7
Rwanda 94.0
Ecuador 93.5
Swaziland 91.7
India 89.3
Antigua and Barbuda 89.2
Ghana 40.5
Mauritania 30.3
Guinea-Bissau 25.3
Brunei Dar. 9.7
The worldwide average is 1083 cigarettes per year per person above age 14 according to the same source.
See also[edit]
Health and fitness portal
Prevalence of tobacco consumption
References[edit]
"WCR"= World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. Chapter 2.1. ISBN 92-832-0429-8.
ERC. (2007). World Cigarettes 1: The 2007 Report. ERC Statistics Intl PIc. Dead Link Population data is from Central Intelligence Agency. (2007). The World Factbook 2007. Washington: Government Printing Office.
Jump up ^ WCR, pp. 82–83.
Jump up ^ WCR, pp. 82–86
Jump up ^ https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5644a2.htm#fig
Jump up ^ 2012 Surgeon General's Report—Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults
Jump up ^ State-Specific Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking Among Adults and Quitting Among Persons Aged 18–35 Years — United States, 2006, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, September 28, 2007, 56(38); 993–996, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Jump up ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics [1] National Health Survey: First Results, 2014-15
Jump up ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics Smoking Profiles of Health, Australia, 2011-13, 07/06/2013
Jump up ^ "Consumption | Tobacco Atlas". Tobacco Atlas. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
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Pixar universe theory
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Pixar Animation Studios logo.
The Pixar universe or Pixar Theory is a theoretical "shared universe" in which every film that is created by Pixar takes place, sharing characteristics and an internal logic. Media discussion about a "Pixar Universe" has existed since at least 2003,[1] and has been referred to in disparate sources such as SlashFilm,[2] Washington Times,[3] Reno Gazette-Journal, and MTV News.[4]
In To Infinity and Beyond!: The Story of Pixar Animation Studios, the companion book to documentary The Pixar Story, Karen Paik states that there are many internal references between various films in The Pixar Universe.[5] In 2009, CityNews Toronto made comparisons between nine "Pixar Universe" films.[6]
In his 2013 thesis entitled "The Pixar Theory", Jon Negroni wrote that all fourteen Pixar movies released at the time took place in a single fictional universe. He acknowledges that the concepts behind his thesis were derived from an episode of the Cracked.com video series After Hours, written by Daniel O'Brien.[7] In his post, Negroni discusses all of the films and how they relate in a timeline of events. The character of Boo in Monsters, Inc. is said to create a time loop, and consequently is the same character as the Witch in Brave. As Pixar released new movies, Negroni wrote new posts to fit each new plotline in the whole theory: in June 2015, he published an article on moviepilot.com and another one on his website[8] explaining how Inside Out also fits into his theory; on December 3, 2015, he wrote another post expanding his theory to The Good Dinosaur[9] and on June 17, 2016 another article explaining how the timeline encompasses Finding Dory as well.[10] Negroni had also fit the Cars spin-off series, Planes, into the theory, even though it was not made by Pixar.[11][12][13] The blog io9 described Negroni's work as "a crazy read, one that Negroni has been annotating as readers point to corrections or flaws in his theory. But even as a tinfoil hat theory, it makes some clever connections—and, of course, contains plenty of Pizza Planet trucks."[14]
Speaking in an informal 2013 interview, Cars "franchise guardian" Jay Ward rejected the idea that the films take place in the same universe, saying: "It's almost like the 9/11 conspiracy theories... it's like, really? No, the movies were sort of made in a different order by different directors in different times, in different places. It's cool that it all worked out that way, but it probably was not intentional."[15] At the 2015 D23 Expo, during the "Pixar Secrets Revealed" panel, director Mark Andrews also rejected the theory, and Inside Out co-director Ronnie del Carmen said: "Do you know what kinds of meetings we'd have to have to make sure all our movies line up?!"[16]
Contents
[hide]
1 Negroni's fictional theorized plot
1.1 Theory Timeline
1.1.1 The Good Dinosaur (prehistory)
1.1.2 Brave (10th century)
1.1.3 The Incredibles and Incredibles 2 (1950s and 1960s)
1.1.4 Toy Story and Toy Story 2 (1995–1996)
1.1.5 Finding Nemo and Finding Dory (2003–2004)
1.1.6 Inside Out (2005)
1.1.7 Coco (2006)
1.1.8 Toy Story 3 (2007)
1.1.9 Up (2007)
1.1.10 Ratatouille (2007)
1.1.11 Cars, Cars 2, and Cars 3 (2110–2804)
1.1.12 WALL-E (2805)
1.1.13 A Bug's Life (2898)
1.1.14 Monsters University and Monsters, Inc. (3100-5201)
2 Criticism
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Negroni's fictional theorized plot[edit]
Jon Negroni proposes in his timeline that the Pixar universe is an alternative version of our universe where magic made animals intelligent and later rebellious against humans, while some humans were also born with superpowers. This prompts conflicts between these two groups, and later human-made intelligent objects, like machines and toys. Machines and humans later unite and defeat the animals. However, due to manipulation by machines, the Earth gradually becomes more and more polluted to the point of human uninhabitability. Humans begin to live in the space where they are controlled by machines for centuries. Humans eventually return to Earth, but are wiped out due to the pollution. The animals survive and, because of the effects of radioactive pollution, they evolve into mutated creatures known as monsters. Monsters form a far advanced society capable of time-travelling, but their technology depends on energy obtained from the emotions of humans from the past.[17][18]
Theory Timeline[edit]
The Good Dinosaur (prehistory)[edit]
According to Negroni, the much longer time the dinosaurs had to evolve allowed them to develop their own intelligence: in the film, they have a language and practice farming and animal husbandry. At the time the film takes place, millions of years after their non-occurring extinction, the dominant dinosaurs are obsessed with survival due to scarce food and hostile environments, while mammals (including humans) are beginning to thrive.
Even though dinosaurs still die out, this longstanding evolution causes many weird-looking creatures to emerge, like the dreaded cluckers, those seen in Thunderclap's gang, the anglerfish in Finding Nemo, and those from Paradise Falls in Up. Magic, a result of this alternative evolution, would be discovered and secretly handled by some humans in the future. This includes the witch in Brave, Charles Muntz in Up (who uses it in his inventions to live an exceedingly long and healthy life and make dogs talk), and the government experimentations to create supers in The Incredibles. Magic would also make animals gradually intelligent.
The scarcity of fossil fuels, another effect of dinosaurs existing for more time, prompts humanity to look for alternative fuels much before they would in our timeline. This is alluded to in the Cars franchise, in which an oil crisis related to "dead dinosaurs" is mentioned, and Dinoco's logo is a living dinosaur. As a result of this earlier concern about an oil crisis, humanity develops technology faster, and this would explain the advanced technology seen in The Incredibles, which takes place in the 1950-60s, and the survival of humans much after cars. The zero-point energy discovered by Syndrome would be the "human energy" so important in this universe.[9]
Brave (10th century)[edit]
Early in the Middle Ages, objects and animals are seen behaving like humans due to magic handled by a witch apparently related to mysterious blue lights known as will-o'-the-wisps, which appear in the woods. The witch experimented on various animals, which acquired intelligence and personality and interbred, eventually expanding their population. The witch is in fact Boo from Monsters, Inc., who had used magic to time travel to this time.
The Incredibles and Incredibles 2 (1950s and 1960s)[edit]
Brad Bird, the director of The Incredibles, confirmed that it takes place in an alternate version of the early 1960s, thus placing the film's prologue at the late 1940s. Both the superpowers and the zero-point energy mastered by Syndrome are results of the same magic seen in Brave. Toys would eventually absorb the zero-point energy, which can travel through wavelengths, and acquire the potential they offer. Negroni also states that one of the signs of the machine rebellion against humans in this chronology is seen when the Omnidroid v.10, a highly improved AI machine, turns back on Syndrome, its own creator, and starts attacking random people. He also suggests that the superheroes' deaths because of their capes stuck on inanimate objects, such as Stratogale who died because her cape got stuck on an airplane turbine, were not accidental. Also, we see a restaurant called Luxo's deli, probably a chain. This restaurant grows into more businesses, as seen in other movies. Mr. Incredible reads a newspaper in one scene called the Metroville Tribune, and on side, it says it was published on Monday, May 16, 1962.
Toy Story and Toy Story 2 (1995–1996)[edit]
An inanimate-object organized society is first shown, with toys living under their own code of rules, in secrecy of humans. They later find out that human love can be a source of energy, and learn that being abandoned by humans is dangerous, thus questioning their purpose of life. For example, Jessie feels resentful towards the fact that her former owner, Emily, abandoned her.
Finding Nemo and Finding Dory (2003–2004)[edit]
The first known intelligent animals are seen. Fish form a fairly advanced society, with schools and network systems, and birds are also shown to be intelligent. This would be a result of experimentation with the same mysterious energy handled by the witch, and that gave supers their powers. Dory's short-term memory loss would mean that fish are evolving very fast, with the intelligence failing to fully or properly develop in some of them. Even though they do not communicate with humans yet, fish show resentment towards humans because they pollute the environment and cage them. The dentist's aquarium fish devise elaborate plans which eventually allow them to flee their captivity. In Finding Dory, Hank is the first to show a clear despise or fear about human treatment of sea creatures, and a toy fish (an inanimate object) apparently helps Marlin and Nemo to escape a small aquarium.[10]
Inside Out (2005)[edit]
Inside Out is said to take place a year after Finding Dory due to Riley and her classmates appearing in background shots in Finding Dory. This actually does not match up with other evidence in Inside Out. (See "Criticism" section below.) It is shown that a child's joy is much more powerful and active than the other emotions, while in an adult, joy, sadness, fear, anger and disgust seem to co-operate with relatively the same level of importance. Negroni sees this as a connection to Monsters, Inc. in which laughter (joy) is said to contain much more energy than screaming (fear), thus being more effective to sustain the monster society. Also, Riley's imaginary friend in the film, Bing Bong, is described as her perception of a monster from the future, who occasionally visited her and tried to make her laugh in order to obtain her energy.[8] It is also thought that the emotions are what keeps AI like WALL-E functional, and that is why he is the only one of all the other WALL-Es still alive, due to his fascination of all things to do with humans. In Cars 2, there is an energy crisis, which is because of the long-term absence of humans.
Coco (2006)[edit]
In Coco, we learn that Lightning McQueen had a human driver, named Bobby, at that time due to an easter egg of Lightning McQueen shoes worn by Bobby. Also, the town from Coco is seen briefly on a computer screen in Cars 3. In Coco, we see that if someone is forgotten they fade. Just like Bing Bong's death in Inside Out because there were no memory orbs left of him. The deaths of the characters even looked similar. This happens in Avengers as well, where if they are forgotten they fade out.
Toy Story 3 (2007)[edit]
A postcard of Carl and Ellie in Andy's room, an easter egg in the movie, puts it chronologically before Up. Lots-o'-Huggin' Bear shows a strong animosity towards humans after his owner Daisy replaced him. Moved by hatred, he starts to lead a toy population and believe that every toy will be sooner or later discarded by the humans who own them. This provides another reason for why human-made objects are motivated to take over. In this film, we briefly see that Buzz Lightyear's batteries are produced by the mega corporation Buy n Large (BnL), which shows great importance in later films.
Up (2007)[edit]
After a judicial decision, Carl has to give up his old house to a corporation that is expanding in the city, while in WALL-E, Buy n Large is the cause for polluting the earth and wiping out life in the distant future, as a result of technology overreach. Negroni proposes that the two movies refer to the same corporation. Charles Muntz invents collars which allow dogs to express verbally. This would be another use of the old magic. Furthermore, Negroni concludes that Up may take place after Toy Story 3, because an easter egg in the latter shows a postcard from Ellie and Carl. Luxo, Inc. is seen once again near the beginning. Carl's pills come from "Luxo Drugs".
Ratatouille (2007)[edit]
Communication between humans and animals is first seen, with Remy mimicking to Linguini and controlling his movements, and later his entire rat colony working in Gusteau's kitchen. Remy has outstanding abilities in cooking, better than any human seen, perhaps even Gusteau; he also walks on two paws, cleans his hands and reads. It is shown that his colony, especially his father, sees humans as enemies, prompting a negative sentiment in animals towards humans. Negroni suggests that after the events of the movie, the main villain, Chef Skinner, spread the rumour that animals, or at least some of them, were intelligent and capable of even outperforming humans.
Cars, Cars 2, and Cars 3 (2110–2804)[edit]
In WALL-E, BnL had to send the remaining humans into space in starships in the early 22nd century. Negroni suggests that the Cars franchise takes place after these events (and before the events of WALL-E, which is set about eight centuries after the ships departed), when Earth was dominated by the machines (cars). While the Cars franchise is clearly set on Earth, no humans or animals are seen, suggesting it may take place on a different time period, possibly after they were wiped out. We can also see that there are still some animals on Earth, because some birds are seen on a telephone wire during the "Life is a Highway" montage.
In Cars 2, an oil crisis is mentioned. A corporation named Allinol pretends to sell biofuels, while its plans actually consist of preventing cars from using alternative energy sources. Allinol may have been run by BnL (or be just another name of BnL itself), which ended up inundating the entire Earth with oil. The world then becomes uninhabitable by humans, leading to the events of WALL-E. This movie is also the last known appearance of Luxo, with a "Luxo Airlines" ticket in the credits. Luxo was probably taken over by BnL.
In Cars 3, a BnL raceway appeared in one of Jackson Storm's victories.
WALL-E (2805)[edit]
Centuries thereafter, the world is highly polluted, with the only seen inhabitants being WALL-E and a cockroach he befriends, suggesting a survival of insects in the midst of this apocalyptical environment. Humans are extremely dependent on machines, which made them ignorant about their past and purpose. The Axiom's autopilot is an example of authoritarian machines fighting to maintain the current order where humans are dumb and decadent. The tree that grows at the end of the movie is described as the same tree near the ant colony in A Bug's Life. The year 2775 is referenced as the start of Captain B. McCrea's rule.
A Bug's Life (2898)[edit]
Insects, especially ants, form the most complex non-human society so far, with cities, cloth-wearing and even their own machines. This would be a result of an advanced evolution. Humans are not seen and barely mentioned, meaning they are either absent or uncommon. The same trailer from Monsters Inc. is seen, but the vegetation around is dead and in much smaller amount, suggesting the more polluted environment around. The ants are surviving descendants of today's insects, and have evolved to only have four limbs.
Monsters University and Monsters, Inc. (3100-5201)[edit]
The animals who lived on Earth gradually mutate due to the radioactive pollution. They evolve into the monsters seen in the Monsters, Inc. franchise. The monsters eventually become the most advanced society in the timeline, with human-like cities, companies and universities. But they are even more advanced than humans, since the "dimension" to where monsters travel to obtain the energy required to power up is actually the past, where humans existed, and the doors are time machines built for this purpose. By the end of Monsters, Inc., the last movie in the chronology so far, monsters find out that laughter contains far more energy than fear, thus changing their main fuel.
Negroni proposes that Boo is the same character as the witch seen in Brave. After the events of Monsters, Inc., Boo becomes upset about never seeing Sulley again. Through her life, she tries to find a way to return to the monster world and find Sulley. Remembering that wardrobe doors could lead to him, she eventually learns about their time travel properties and begins to use them. However, unable to determine to what time period she would travel, she visits several ones. Wood carvings of Sulley and the Pizza Planet truck (the latter being a recurring easter egg in the Pixar films) are seen in the witch's cottage in Brave. Those carvings would mean that the witch is connected to Sulley and knows about future technologies (cars), thus identifying her as Boo. It could have been Boo who left easter eggs throughout the Pixar films. If it was Boo, then that means that everything in here is debunked. See criticism below.
Criticism[edit]
Critics of the theory have pointed out some of the flaws that it contains and use the Pixar movies themselves to pick holes in the theory.[19][20] YouTuber Bobsheaux, in his June 2015 video “The Pixar Theory Debunked”, signals among other things that:
The theory says that animal sentience and human-like behavior comes from Merida's mother turning into a bear in Brave, yet we see the mother be turned back into human at the end of the movie and having no interaction with other animals, nor is never established that magic exists in Ratatouille or Finding Nemo universes.[21] Mark Russell on his article Deconstructing the Pixar Theory points out something similar and also mentions that the witch in Brave seems to be immortal as she also turned Prince Mordu into a bear, and that both Mordu and Queen Elinor were acting more like animals as time passes instead of the other way around.[19] Russell also mentions that no animosity between humans and animals is shown in Up, Finding Nemo or Ratatouille and that, in fact, the dogs in Up end as pets of Carl and Russell.[19]
The placement of Inside Out on the theory timeline is very sloppy. In the movie, Colette from Ratatouille is seen on a magazine cover. It wasn't until after the events of Ratatouille that Colette became famous, so Inside Out is after Ratatouille. But Riley and her San Francisco classmates are seen in the background of Finding Dory, so Inside Out has to have happened before Finding Dory. This does not match up with the theory timeline. Also, we see memories of Carl and Ellie's wedding and Carl's floating house in Riley's memories, which would put Inside Out after Up. So Inside Out has extremely sloppy placement in this theory.
The existence of intelligent rats cooking in Paris made public by Chef Skinner was what inspires Charles Muntz from Up to create the collar to understand dogs, but Muntz is lost in the South American jungle since the thirties and the events of Ratatouille happen in modern Paris.[21]
The magic use by the witch in Brave is the one that causes machines to become intelligent and compete with humans, including the giant robot used by Syndrome in The Incredibles, yet Syndrome used science and no magic to create it, and the robot is not sentient, it’s following its programming design by Syndrome.[21] The robot did not “rebel”, it was Syndrome's mistake in the programing what makes it act as it acts. Same in the case of the robots from WALL-E who are also following their programming and not, as some theorists say, revenging on humanity by keeping them inactive.[21]
The idea that machines naturally hate humans postulated by Negroni is contradicted by the fact that the toys (included as “machines” in the theory) naturally love humans.[21]
The theory states that after the great war, humans were sent to the Axiom while machines were left behind to populate and run things. But it is mentioned multiple times in WALL-E that the humans were only supposed to be on the Axiom for five years. Also, a magazine is seen that says an evacuation is ordered due to pollution. If the humans were only supposed to be gone for five years, then why did the machines make their own civilization on Earth?
Albeit it is said in the theory that the events in Cars are the period during which machines rule Earth and the remaining humans are in space seen in WALL-E, the world of Cars looks clean with blue skies and green fields, not having all the garbage seen in WALL-E, aside from the semi-organic nature of the Cars that have things like tongues.[21]
The plant that EVE recovered in WALL-E is the tree seen in A Bug's Life, but the landscape is different. And if WALL-E happens in the far future and thus A Bug's Life must happen even further, A Bug's Life have lots of contemporary references and human presence (in a time were humans are supposed to be extinct) including a poster of The Lion King musical that couldn't be still playing in the far future and a homeless bug holds the sign “Kid tore off my wings”. Also another aspect he points out is that there are toys based on the characters of A Bug's Life in Toy Story, thus proving that A Bug's Life is a movie in the Toy Story universe, unless the toy based on Flik was made by someone who somehow can see the future.[21]
The theory postulates that the monsters in Monsters, Inc. are actually mutated animals or human-animal hybrids in the far future using the doors to travel back in time, yet they use a map to measure the time zone on Earth starting by the Eastern Seaboard, to know when is nighttime in the human world, something unnecessary if they were traveling in time.[21] Russel mentions the same hole on the theory.[19] Both Russell and Bobsheaux mention that, if time travel were involved, the monster won't need to worry for the kids to get desensitized as it's shown in the movie that they destroy the doors of kids that no longer feel scare, if they are time traveling they will be able to scare the same kid over and over just traveling to the same moment in time.[19][21]
According to the theory, Boo is so obsessed with re-encountering Sully that she became a witch and starts traveling in time with the use of magic, yet at the end of Monsters, Inc. is established that Wazowski rebuilds Boo’s door and Sully kept visiting her.[21] Also as mentioned by Russel, Boo only allegedly travels as back as Medieval Scotland yet, the dinosaurs in The Good Dinosaur are also sentient prompting the theory to update this. In addition, Boo is said to have planted a lot of easter eggs in the movies. But if she planted the easter eggs in Monsters, Inc. and Monsters University, why didn't she reunite with Sulley then?[19]
A critical article in the game-based website Wizard Dojo points out:
When exactly did we get to the point that movies can’t just have these fun little details like cameos and references to a studio or filmmaker’s other works? At what point did these things become literal in people’s eyes? The Pizza Planet truck is a running gag. That's it. It’s there for people to point out and say “Oh look, it’s the Pizza Planet truck.” Nothing more.
The Pixar Theory is so full of holes, logic gaps, and baseless assumptions that the theory’s original author felt the need to justify his stance with paragraph after paragraph of excuses in between just about every thought (maybe he should just admit defeat?). The excuses aren’t any more grounded than the theory itself.[22]
Similar to the above, Mark Russell mentions that the thought that all the Pixar movies are based around a violent apocalypse is very sad because it implies, among other things, that several human characters like the Incredibles, Carl, Russell, Andy and Linguini are all killed at some point.[19] But Russell also acknowledges the virtues of the theory.
No doubt the Pixar Theory will be expanded as more films are released. It is a very adventurous theory, imaginative and thought out, but there are just one too many plotholes. The whole war/tension between humans, animals, and machines never really makes much sense until we reach WALL-E, and Boo being a time travelling witch from the 21st Century, really, really seems a bit of a stretch. Nevertheless, I will be keeping an eye on the Pixar Theory and seeing what ideas are presented to this fascinating theory in the future.[19]
See also[edit]
Mickey Mouse universe
Donald Duck universe
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Grimm, Bob (June 5, 2003). "Find the Fish". Reno News & Review. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lussier, Germain (July 17, 2013). "Theory: All Pixar Movies Exist in the Same Universe". /Film. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Szadkowski, Joseph (June 24, 2010). "Toy Story 3: The Video Game review". Washington Times. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Carroll, Larry (December 12, 2005). "Should Buzz Lightyear Really Be Hanging With Van Gogh? MOMA Thinks So". MTV News. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Paik, Karen (2007). To Infinity and Beyond!: The Story of Pixar Animation Studios. Chronicle Books. p. 73. ISBN 0811850129.
Jump up ^ Brian McKechnie and Suzanne Ellis (May 29, 2009). "His Take/Her Take: Up". CityNews. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Negroni, Jon (July 12, 2013). "The Pixar Theory: Every Character Lives in the Same Universe". Mashable. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Pixar Theory, Part 2: 'Inside Out'". 25 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Pixar Theory, Part 3: 'The Good Dinosaur'". 3 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Pixar Theory, Part 4: Finding Dory". 17 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Dunn, Gaby (July 12, 2013). ""Pixar Theory" connects all your favorite movies in 1 universe". The Daily Dot. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Whitney, Erin (July 12, 2013). "The (Mind-Blowing) Pixar Theory: Are All the Films Connected?". Moviefone. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ McFarland, Kevin (July 12, 2013). "Read This: A grand unified theory connects all Pixar films in one timeline". The A.V. Club. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Davis, Lauren (July 13, 2013). "How all Pixar films fit into a single universe". io9. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Torchinsky, Jason (July 18, 2013). "Pixar's Jay Ward Responds To The Unified Pixar Movie Theory". Jalopnik. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "10 Things We Learned from the 'Pixar Secrets Revealed' Panel". Oh My Disney. August 16, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ The Pixar Theory - Jon Negroni Accessed on October 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Pixar Theory Timeline". 15 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Russell, Mark. "Deconstructing the Pixar Theory". Creator.co. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Hernández, Patricia. "This Theory On How All The Pixar Films Are Connected Is Bonkers". Kotaku.com. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "The Pixar Theory DEBUNKED". Youtube. Bobsheaux. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Why "The Pixar Theory" is Really, Really Stupid". Wizardojo.com. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
External links[edit]
The Pixar Theory
After Hours, September 4, 2012, "Why Pixar Movies Are All Secretly About the Apocalypse"
Negroni, Jon (7 July 2013). "The Pixar Theory". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
Negroni, Jon (11 June 2015). "How Inside Out Expertly Fits Into the Pixar Theory Like It's Not Even Trying". MoviePilot.com. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
[hide]
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Pixar Animation Studios
Feature films
Released
Toy Story (1995)
A Bug's Life (1998)
Toy Story 2 (1999)
Monsters, Inc. (2001)
Finding Nemo (2003)
The Incredibles (2004)
Cars (2006)
Ratatouille (2007)
WALL-E (2008)
Up (2009)
Toy Story 3 (2010)
Cars 2 (2011)
Brave (2012)
Monsters University (2013)
Inside Out (2015)
The Good Dinosaur (2015)
Finding Dory (2016)
Cars 3 (2017)
Coco (2017)
Upcoming
Incredibles 2 (2018)
Toy Story 4 (2019)
Short films
The Adventures of André & Wally B. (1984)
Luxo Jr. (1986)
Red's Dream (1987)
Tin Toy (1988)
Knick Knack (1989)
Geri's Game (1997)
For the Birds (2000)
Mike's New Car (2002)
Boundin' (2003)
Jack-Jack Attack (2005)
Mr. Incredible and Pals (2005)
One Man Band (2005)
Mater and the Ghostlight (2006)
Lifted (2006)
Your Friend the Rat (2007)
Presto (2008)
BURN-E (2008)
Partly Cloudy (2009)
Dug's Special Mission (2009)
George & A.J. (2009)
Day & Night (2010)
La Luna (2011)
Hawaiian Vacation (2011)
Small Fry (2011)
Partysaurus Rex (2012)
The Legend of Mor'du (2012)
The Blue Umbrella (2013)
Party Central (2013)
Lava (2014)
Sanjay's Super Team (2015)
Riley's First Date? (2015)
Piper (2016)
Lou (2017)
Bao (2018)
Series
Cars Toons (2008–2014)
Toy Story Toons (2011–2012)
Compilations
Tiny Toy Stories (1996)
Pixar Short Films Collection, Volume 1 (2007)
Cars Toons: Mater's Tall Tales (2010)
Pixar Short Films Collection, Volume 2 (2012)
Other works
Beach Chair (1986)
Flags and Waves (1986)
Light & Heavy (1990)
Surprise (1991)
Television specials
Toy Story of Terror! (2013)
Toy Story That Time Forgot (2014)
Franchises
Toy Story
Monsters, Inc.
Finding Nemo
The Incredibles
Cars
Associated
productions
It's Tough to Be a Bug! (1998)
Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins (2000)
Buzz Lightyear of Star Command (2000–2001)
Exploring the Reef (2003)
Turtle Talk with Crush (2004)
John Carter (2012)
Planes (2013)
Planes: Fire & Rescue (2014)
Borrowed Time (2016)
Documentaries
The Pixar Story (2007)
Products
Pixar Image Computer
RenderMan
Marionette
People
John Lasseter
Edwin Catmull
Steve Jobs
Alvy Ray Smith
Jim Morris
See also
List of Pixar characters
Luxo Jr.
List of Pixar awards and nominations
feature films
short films
List of Pixar film references
Computer Graphics Lab
Industrial Light & Magic
Lucasfilm Animation
Circle 7 Animation
Pixar Canada
Pixar Photoscience Team
A Computer Animated Hand
The Works
The Shadow King
Kingdom Hearts III
Pixar universe theory
Walt Disney Animation Studios
The Walt Disney Studios
Book
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Peggy Wood
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the chess player, see Peggy Wood (chess).
Peggy Wood
Photograph of Peggy Wood, c. 1917
Born
Mary Margaret Wood
(1892-02-09)February 9, 1892
Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Died
March 18, 1978(1978-03-18) (aged 86)
Stamford, Connecticut, U.S.
Occupation
Actress, Singer
Years active
1910–69
Spouse(s)
John Weaver (m. 1924; d. 1938)
William Walling (m. 1946; d. 1973)
Children
1
Mary Margaret "Peggy" Wood (February 9, 1892 – March 18, 1978) was an American actress of stage, film, and television. She is best remembered for her performance as the title character in the CBS television series Mama (1949–1957), for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series; her starring role as Naomi, Ruth's mother-in-law, in The Story of Ruth (1960); and her final screen appearance as Mother Abbess in The Sound of Music (1965), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early career
2 Later career
3 Last appearances
4 Personal life
5 Death
6 Filmography
6.1 Film
6.2 Television
7 Stage (partial list of appearances)
8 References
9 External links
Early career[edit]
Peggy Wood and Charles Purcell in the original Broadway production of Maytime (1917)
Wood was born in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Eugene Wood, a journalist, and Mary Gardner, a telegraph operator. She was a direct descendant of Daniel Boone.[1]
Wood was an early member of the Actors' Equity Association, spending nearly 50 years on the stage, beginning in the chorus and becoming known as a Broadway singer and star. She made her stage debut in 1910, as part of the chorus for Naughty Marietta. In 1917, she starred in Maytime, in which she introduced the song "Will You Remember". She starred in several other musicals before playing the role of Portia in a 1928 production of The Merchant of Venice. From the late 1920s until the late 1930s, Wood had lead roles in musicals staged in London and New York.
She was a member of the Algonquin Round Table.[2]
Later career[edit]
In 1941, she starred in the New York premiere of Blithe Spirit as Ruth Condomine, whose husband is tormented by the ghost of his deceased first wife. Wood did not star in many films. Her few film appearances include roles in Jalna, A Star is Born, Call It a Day, The Housekeeper's Daughter, The Bride Wore Boots, Magnificent Doll, and Dream Girl.
From 1949 to 1957, she played matriarch Marta Hansen in the popular CBS-TV series Mama, based on the 1943 Broadway play and 1948 film I Remember Mama. When General Foods cancelled the program, there was so much protest that CBS brought it back on Sunday afternoon, this time as a filmed series. As the network did not have all the affiliate station clearances that were needed, the show was put into syndication, where it was a huge success. 26 episodes were filmed. Following "Mama", Wood was also seen in episodes of Zane Grey Theatre and The Nurses.
She co-starred with comedian Imogene Coca on Broadway in The Girls in 509. In October 1963, she and Ruth Gates appeared in a one-act play, Opening Night, which played in off-Broadway. Wood portrayed Fanny Ellis, a once famous star who prepares for a performance; the play lasted 47 performances. Ruth Gates was Aunt Jenny on the "Mama" series with Wood.
Last appearances[edit]
She returned to movies in the 1960 CinemaScope production The Story of Ruth in a co-starring role, as what she referred to in her own book as a "blonde, blue-eyed Jewess".
Her final screen appearance was as the gentle, wise Mother Abbess in The Sound of Music (1965), for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture. She was thrilled to be in the movie although she knew that she could no longer sing "Climb Ev'ry Mountain". She was dubbed (for singing) by Margery McKay. In her autobiography, Marni Nixon, who appeared in the film as Sister Sophia, said Peggy especially liked McKay's singing voice because she sounded as Peggy did in her younger days.
In 1969, Wood joined the cast of the ABC-TV soap, One Life to Live as Dr. Kate Nolan and had a recurring role until the end of the year.
Her first autobiography, How Young You Look, was published by Farrar and Rinehart in 1941. An update, Arts and Flowers, appeared in 1963. She also wrote a biography of actor John Drew, Jr., as well as a novel called The Star Wagon and was a co-author of a play called Miss Quis.
Wood received numerous awards for her theatrical work and for a while was president of the American National Theater and Academy (ANTA).
Personal life[edit]
Wood was married and widowed twice. Her first husband (poet/writer John V.A. Weaver) died at the age of 44. She gave birth to their son (David Weaver) in 1927 at the age of 32. Her second husband (in 1946 William H. Walling) was an executive in the printing business who died in 1973. They were married for 27 years.[3] She was a devout Episcopalian and a member of the Episcopal Actors Guild.[4]
Death[edit]
Wood died on March 18, 1978, in Stamford, Connecticut, following a stroke. She was 86 years old.
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1919 Almost a Husband Eva McElwyn
1929 Wonder of Women Brigitte
1934 Handy Andy Ernestine Yates
1935 The Right to Live Nurse Wayland
Jalna Meg Whiteoaks
1937 Call It a Day Ethel Francis
A Star Is Born Miss Phillips - Central Casting Clerk
1939 The Housekeeper's Daughter Olga
1946 The Bride Wore Boots Grace Apley
Magnificent Doll Mrs. Payne
1948 Dream Girl Lucy Allerton
1960 The Story of Ruth Naomi
1965 The Sound of Music Virgilia The Reverend Mother Abbess Nominated—Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1948 The Philco Television Playhouse Mrs. Oliver Jordan episode: Dinner at Eight
1949 The Philco Television Playhouse Florence McDavid episode: Dark Hammock
1951 Pulitzer Prize Playhouse Gladys episode: The Skin of Our Teeth
1949—1957 Mama Mama
Marta Hansen 10 episodes
Nominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Best Actress (1953)
Nominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Continuing Performance by an Actress in a Dramatic Series (1957)
1957 Zane Grey Theatre Sarah Jolland episode: The Bitter Land
1959 The United States Steel Hour Lillian Granet episode: Seed of Guilt
1962 Dr. Kildare Katie Harris episode: An Ancient Office
1963 The Doctors and the Nurses Marcella Higgins episode: The Saturday Evening of Time
1965 For the People Mrs. Murray episode: The Killing of One Human Being
1969 One Life to Live Dr. Kate Nolan Unknown episodes
Stage (partial list of appearances)[edit]
Peggy Wood in Buddies (1919)
The Lady of the Slipper (1912)
Love O' Mike (1917)
Maytime (1917)
Buddies (1919)
Marjolaine (1922)
The Clinging Vine (1922)
Bitter Sweet (1929)
Champagne, Sec (1934)
Old Acquaintance (1941)
Blithe Spirit (1941)
The Girls in 509 (1958)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Great Stars of the American Stage by Daniel Blum Profile #105; c.1952 (with this being the 1954 2nd edition)
Jump up ^ Members of the Algonquin Round Table
Jump up ^ Great Stars of the American Stage, A Pictorial Record by Daniel Blum c.1954 2nd Edition Profile #105, on Peggy Wood;(*there are no page numbers to Blum's book, all artists articles are listed as 'Profiles')
Jump up ^ http://littlechurch.org/#/who-we-are/episcopal-actors-guild
External links[edit]
Biography portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peggy Wood.
Peggy Wood on IMDb
Peggy Wood at the Internet Broadway Database
Peggy Wood at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
Peggy Wood at Find a Grave
Peggy Wood portrait gallery at NY Public Library Billy Rose Collection
1916 portrait with her K9 pal(Univ. of Washington, Sayre collection)
Peggy Wood with literary friends, ..bottom left to right, Blanche Oelrichs, Dorothy Parker, Woods ..top left to right: John Colton, Howard Greer, Dudley Murphy
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 22334122
LCCN: no89001354
ISNI: 0000 0001 1022 5690
GND: 134574192
BNF: cb13954645r (data)
MusicBrainz: bcb6078e-6ab6-4ebb-9435-950cea2f27f1
SNAC: w6tx3h1c
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peggy_Wood&oldid=838445725"
Categories:
1892 births
1978 deaths
Actresses from New York City
American stage actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
People from Brooklyn
Disease-related deaths in Connecticut
20th-century American actresses
American Episcopalians
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Articles with hCards
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text:
Ice cream headache
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ice cream headache
The trigeminal nerve, shown in yellow, conducts signals from dilating blood vessels in the palate to the brain, which interprets the pain as coming from the forehead.
Classification and external resources
Specialty
neurology
ICD-10
G44.8021 (ICD-10NA)
[edit on Wikidata]
An ice-cream headache, also known as brain freeze, cold-stimulus headache, trigeminal headache[1][2] or its given scientific name sphenopalatine ganglioneuralgia (meaning "pain of the sphenopalatine ganglion"), is a form of brief pain or headache commonly associated with consumption (particularly quick consumption) of cold beverages or foods such as ice cream and ice pops. It is caused by having something cold touch the roof of the mouth, and is believed to result from a nerve response causing rapid constriction and swelling of blood vessels[3] or a "referring" of pain from the roof of the mouth to the head.[4][5] The rate of intake for cold foods has been studied as a contributing factor.[6][7] Ice-cream headache is distinct from dentin hypersensitivity, a type of pain that can occur under similar circumstances.
Cats and other animals[8] have been observed experiencing a similar reaction when presented with a similar stimulus.
The term ice-cream headache has been in use since at least January 31, 1937, contained in a journal entry by Rebecca Timbres published in the 1939 book We Didn't Ask Utopia: A Quaker Family in Soviet Russia.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cause and frequency
2 Anterior cerebral artery theory
3 Relief
4 Research
5 References
6 External links
Cause and frequency[edit]
An ice cream headache is the direct result of the rapid cooling and rewarming of the capillaries in the sinuses leading to periods of vasoconstriction and vasodilation. A similar but painless blood vessel response causes the face to appear "flushed" after being outside on a cold day. In both instances, the cold temperature causes the capillaries in the sinuses to constrict and then experience extreme rebound dilation as they warm up again.[10]
In the palate, this dilation is sensed by nearby pain receptors, which then send signals back to the brain via the trigeminal nerve, one of the major nerves of the facial area. This nerve also senses facial pain, so as the neural signals are conducted the brain interprets the pain as coming from the forehead—the same "referred pain" phenomenon seen in heart attacks. Brain-freeze pain may last from a few seconds to a few minutes. Research suggests that the same vascular mechanism and nerve implicated in "brain freeze" cause the aura (sensory disturbance) and pulsatile (throbbing pain) phases of migraines.[11]
It is possible to suffer from an ice-cream headache in both hot and cold weather, because the effect relies upon the temperature of the food being consumed rather than that of the environment. Other causes that may mimic the sensation of ice-cream headache include that produced when high speed drilling is performed through the inner table of the skull in people undergoing such a procedure in an awake or sedated state.
Anterior cerebral artery theory[edit]
Another theory into the cause of ice-cream headaches is explained by increased blood flow to the brain through the anterior cerebral artery, which supplies oxygenated blood to most medial portions of the frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobes. This increase in blood volume and resulting increase in size in this artery is thought to bring on the pain associated with an ice-cream headache.
When the anterior cerebral artery constricts, reining in the response to this increased blood volume, the pain disappears. The dilation, then quick constriction, of this blood vessel may be a type of self-defense for the brain.
This inflow of blood cannot be cleared as quickly as it is coming in during the ice-cream headache, so the blood flow could raise the pressure inside the skull and induce pain that way. As the intracranial pressure and temperature in the brain rise the blood vessel contracts, and the pressure in the brain is reduced before reaching dangerous levels.[12]
Relief[edit]
To relieve pain, some doctors suggest pressing the tongue against the roof of the mouth to warm the area,[13] tilting the head back for 20 seconds, or drinking something warmer than whatever caused the headache. Some people report relief from breathing in through the mouth and out through the nose, thus passing warm air through the nasal passages.
Research[edit]
The phenomenon is common enough to have been the subject of research published in the British Medical Journal and Scientific American.[10][11] A study conducted by Maya Kaczorowski demonstrated a higher incidence of sphenopalatine ganglioneuralgia in subjects consuming the ice cream sample in less than 30 seconds vs. those who consumed slowly, with no time limit (27.3% and 12.5% respectively). However, Kaczorowski was ultimately not able to draw a clear connection between the speed of consumption and incidence of sphenopalatine ganglioneuralgia.[14]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kaczorowski, Maya; Kaczorowski, Janusz (December 21, 2002). "Ice Cream Evoked Headaches (Ice-H) Study: Randomised Trial Of Accelerated Versus Cautious Ice Cream Eating Regiem". British Medical Journal. 325 (7378): 1445–1446. PMC 139031  . PMID 12493658. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7378.1445.
Jump up ^ Jankelowitz, SK.; Zagami, AS. (Dec 2001). "Cold-stimulus headache.". Cephalalgia. 21 (10): 1002. PMID 11843876. doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.2001.00301.x.
Jump up ^ "What causes an ice cream headache?". 1 April 2000.
Jump up ^ "Ice cream headaches Causes - Mayo Clinic".
Jump up ^ "Definition of Ice cream headache".
Jump up ^ "Ice cream evoked headaches ICE-H study".
Jump up ^ "The Dairy Education eBook Series - Food Science". University of Guelph.
Jump up ^ "Do Cats Actually Get 'Brain Freeze' When They Eat Cold Treats? - petMD". www.petmd.com.
Jump up ^ Timbres, Harry; Timbres, Rebecca (1939). "We didn't ask Utopia: a Quaker family in Soviet Russia". Prentice Hall. Retrieved 2013-02-19. But your nose and fingertips get quite numb, though, and if you don't keep rubbing your forehead, you get what we used to call 'an ice cream headache.'
^ Jump up to: a b Scientific American Mind, 1555–2284, 2008, Vol. 19, Issue 1. "Brain Freeze." Andrews, Mark A., Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine.
^ Jump up to: a b Hulihan, Joseph (1997). "Ice cream headache". BMJ. 314 (7091): 1364. doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7091.1364.
Jump up ^ Welsh, Jennifer (22 April 2012). "Cause of Brain Freeze Revealed". TechMediaNetwork.com. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
Jump up ^ Salemi, Vicki (June 2009). "Body Oddities Explained". AOL Health. Retrieved June 2009. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ Gordon, Serena (February 2003). "The Scoop on Ice-Cream Headaches". Current Science. 88 (13): 12.
External links[edit]
Kaczorowski, Maya; Kaczorowski, Janusz (21 December 2002). "Ice cream evoked headaches (ICE-H) study: randomised trial of accelerated versus cautious ice cream eating regimen". The BMJ (325): 1445. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7378.1445.
[hide]
v
t
e
Headache (G43–G44, 339, 346)
Primary
ICHD 1
Migraine
Familial hemiplegic
Retinal migraine
ICHD 2
Tension
ICHD 3
Cluster
Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania
SUNCT
ICHD 4
Hemicrania continua
Thunderclap headache
Sexual headache
New daily persistent headache
Hypnic headache
Secondary
ICHD 5
Migralepsy
ICHD 7
Ictal headache
Post-dural-puncture headache
ICHD 8
Hangover
Medication overuse headache
ICHD 13
Trigeminal neuralgia
Occipital neuralgia
External compression headache
Cold-stimulus headache
Optic neuritis
Postherpetic neuralgia
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome
Other
Vascular
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