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Ice Age (franchise)
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Ice Age
Created by
Michael J. Wilson[1]
Owner
Blue Sky Studios
Films and television
Film(s)
Ice Age
Ice Age: The Meltdown
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs
Ice Age: Continental Drift
Ice Age: Collision Course
Short film(s)
Gone Nutty
No Time for Nuts
Surviving Sid
Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe
Scrat: Spaced Out
Television special(s)
Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas
Ice Age: The Great Egg-Scapade
Theatrical presentations
Play(s)
Ice Age Live! A Mammoth Adventure
Games
Video game(s)
Ice Age (2002)
Ice Age 2: The Meltdown (2006)
Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009)
Ice Age 3 - Boulder Drop (2009)
Ice Age 3 - Dino Dinner (2009)
Ice Age 3 - Slippery Slope (2009)
Ice Age Village (2012)
Ice Age: Continental Drift – Arctic Games (2012)
Ice Age Online (2012)
Ice Age - Clueless Ice Sloth (2012)
Ice Age Adventures (2014)
Ice Age Avalanche (2016)
Ice Age Hailstorm (2016)
Ice Age Mission Control (2016)
Ice Age: Arctic Blast (2016)
Ice Age - Manic Meteor Run! (2016)
Ice Age - Geode Jam! (2016)
Ice Age - Coloring Book (2016)
Ice Age - Matching Cards (2016)
Audio
Soundtrack(s)
Ice Age
Ice Age: The Meltdown
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs
Ice Age: Continental Drift
Ice Age: Collision Course
Ice Age is an American media franchise centering on a group of mammals surviving the Paleolithic ice age. It is produced by Blue Sky Studios, a division of 20th Century Fox, and featuring the voices of Ray Romano, John Leguizamo, Denis Leary, and Chris Wedge. Five films have been released in the series thus far with Ice Age in 2002, Ice Age: The Meltdown in 2006, Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs in 2009, Ice Age: Continental Drift in 2012, and Ice Age: Collision Course in 2016. It has received some criticism for making no attempt to be scientifically accurate.[2][3][4] As of April 2016, the franchise had generated $6 billion in revenue,[5] making it one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time.
Contents
[hide]
1 Films
1.1 Ice Age (2002)
1.2 Ice Age: The Meltdown (2006)
1.3 Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009)
1.4 Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012)
1.5 Ice Age: Collision Course (2016)
1.6 Future
2 Short films
2.1 Gone Nutty
2.2 No Time for Nuts
2.3 Surviving Sid
2.4 Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe
2.5 Scrat: Spaced Out
3 Television specials
3.1 Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas
3.2 Ice Age: The Great Egg-Scapade
4 Cast
4.1 Feature films
4.2 Short films
4.3 Television specials
5 Crew
6 Reception
6.1 Box office performance
6.2 Critical and public response
7 Video games
8 Live show
9 Themed land
10 References
11 External links
Films
Ice Age (2002)
Main article: Ice Age (2002 film)
Sid, a talkative sloth, is left behind by his family and the herds of mammals journeying to the south. He meets Manny, a mammoth who travels to the north, and decides to follow him. When a humans' camp is attacked by tigers, a woman takes her baby and jumps into a river and falls over a waterfall. Before she disappears, the baby is rescued by Manny and Sid. The two animals decide to search for the father and return the baby to him. Diego, one of the tigers that attacked the humans, comes also claiming the baby, and the trio form an uneasy alliance during their journey to the humans.
Ice Age: The Meltdown (2006)
Main article: Ice Age: The Meltdown
Manny, Sid, and Diego are currently living in a large valley surrounded by an enormously high ice wall on all sides. However, the trio discovers that the ice wall is actually a wall that is barely holding a massive body of water that could flood the valley to nearly a mile underwater. A vulture tells them that there is a boat at the other end of the valley that may save them all, but they only have three days to reach it or die. Manny is also having trouble fearing the fact that he may be the last mammoth left. Along the way, they meet Ellie, a mammoth who thinks she is a possum, and her possum brothers Crash and Eddie. As they begin to travel together, Manny learns, with help from Diego and Sid, that he must move on from his past. During their journey, Scrat the sabre-toothed squirrel has his own adventure.
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009)
Main article: Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs
Manny and Ellie are expecting their first child, meanwhile Scrat falls in love with fellow squirrel Scratte. Meanwhile, Diego is anxious about settling down for a domestic life with Manny's new family. Sid begins to wish for a family of his own, and steals some dinosaur eggs which leads to Sid ending up in a strange underground world where his herd must rescue him. The herd also meets an insane one-eyed weasel known as Buck who aids them on their quest.
Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012)
Main article: Ice Age: Continental Drift
Taking place several years after the events of the third film, with Peaches now a teenager, Scrat's pursuit of acorns has world-changing consequences, separating Manny, Sid and Diego from the rest of their group. As they try to return home, they come into conflict with a pirate gang led by Captain Gutt.
Ice Age: Collision Course (2016)
Main article: Ice Age: Collision Course
Set after the events of Continental Drift, Scrat's pursuit of his elusive acorn catapults him outside of Earth aboard a UFO, where he accidentally sets off a series of cosmic events that transform and threaten the planet. To save themselves from peril, Manny, Sid, Diego, and the rest of the herd leave their home and reunite with Buck, who leads them on a journey to find a way to save the planet.
Future
On the possibility of a potential sequel to Ice Age: Collision Course, in June 2016, Galen T. Chu, co-director of the film, stated that there were some ideas for the next installment.[6] In July 2016, Bustle noted that the potential of Ice Age 6 actually being produced was relatively high even though it could largely depend on the box office performance of the fifth film.[7] PopWrapped later commented in February 2017, on the fifth film's poor reception and how the franchise was moving further into absurdity and further away from leaving any lasting emotional impact on the audience, and stated that the sixth film could have potential to redeem the franchise by going back to its roots and reintroducing the humans from the original film, particularly the little baby named Roshan, and thereby bring the audience to remember why they loved Ice Age so much in the first place, and perhaps end the series on a high note.[8]
Short films
Gone Nutty
Main article: Gone Nutty
Gone Nutty is a 2002 animated short film, directed by Carlos Saldanha, and originally released on the Ice Age DVD.[9] The short features the character Scrat, who is yet again having troubles with collecting his beloved acorns. The film was nominated for the 2003 Academy Award for Animated Short Film.[10]
No Time for Nuts
Main article: No Time for Nuts
No Time for Nuts is a 2006 animated short film, directed by Chris Renaud and Mike Thurmeier, and it was originally released on the Ice Age: The Meltdown DVD.[11] The short follows Scrat on a chase after his nut, which has been accidentally sent back in time by a frozen time machine. No Time for Nuts was nominated for the 2007 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film.[12]
Surviving Sid
Main article: Surviving Sid
Surviving Sid is a 2008 animated short film, directed by Galen Tan Chu and Karen Disher. It was originally released on the Horton Hears a Who! DVD and Blu-ray.[13] Unlike the first two Ice Age short films, Surviving Sid focuses on Sid, who incompetently "leads" a small group of camping children.
Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe
Main article: Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe
Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe is a 2015 animated short film. The short once again follows Scrat, who discovers a flying saucer frozen in a block of ice and accidentally powers it on and ends up creating the Solar System through a series of mishaps.
Scrat: Spaced Out
Main article: Scrat: Spaced Out
Scrat: Spaced Out is a 2016 animated short film. The short once again follows Scrat, trying to get back to Earth after the events in Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe.
Television specials
Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas
Main article: Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas
In the middle of decorating for the holiday season, Sid accidentally destroys Manny's favourite decorations. Sid, convinced by Manny that he is now on Santa's naughty list, takes off with Crash, Eddie and Peaches for the North Pole to get back on the Santa's good side. When on the North Pole, Sid and his crew accidentally destroy Santa's Workshop. When Manny, Ellie and Diego, worried over Peaches's safety, arrive at the North Pole, they must come together and save Christmas.[14]
Ice Age: The Great Egg-Scapade
Main article: Ice Age: The Great Egg-Scapade
The special centers on a harried prehistoric bird mom who entrusts her precious, soon-to-hatch egg to Sid. When she recommends him to her neighbors—a condor mother, Cholly Bear and Gladys Glypto—business booms at his new egg-sitting service.
However, dastardly pirate bunny Squint, who is seeking revenge on the herd, steals, camouflages and hides all the eggs. Once again, with Squint’s twin brother, Clint, assisting, Manny, Diego and the rest of the gang come to the rescue and take off on a daring mission that turns into the world’s first Easter egg hunt.
Cast
Further information: List of Ice Age characters
Feature films
Characters
Ice Age
Ice Age:
The Meltdown
Ice Age:
Dawn of the Dinosaurs
Ice Age:
Continental Drift
Ice Age:
Collision Course
2002
2006
2009
2012
2016
Principal characters
Manny
Ray Romano
Sid
John Leguizamo
Diego
Denis Leary
Scrat
Chris Wedge
Ellie
Queen Latifah
Crash
Seann William Scott
Eddie
Josh Peck
Buck
Simon Pegg Simon Pegg
(archive recording) Simon Pegg
Peaches
Character is mute Keke Palmer
Granny
Wanda Sykes
Shira
Jennifer Lopez
Julian
Adam DeVine
Supporting characters
Roshan
Tara Strong
Soto
Goran Višnjić
Zeke
Jack Black
Oscar
Diedrich Bader
Lenny
Alan Tudyk
Carl
Cedric the Entertainer
Frank
Stephen Root
Fast Tony
Jay Leno
The Lone Gunslinger
Will Arnett
Cretaceous
Character is mute
Maelstrom
Character is mute
Scratte
Karen Disher
Rudy
Character is mute
Momma
Character is mute
Egbert, Yoko and Shelly
Carlos Saldanha
Louis
Josh Gad Silent cameo
Captain Gutt
Peter Dinklage
Squint
Aziz Ansari
Flynn
Nick Frost
Raz
Rebel Wilson
Gupta
Kunal Nayyar
Silas
Alain Chabat
Ariscratle
Patrick Stewart
Milton
Alan Tudyk
Eunice
Joy Behar
Marshall
Ben Gleib
Uncle Fungus
Eddie "Piolín" Sotelo
Ethan
Drake
Steffie
Nicki Minaj
Katie
Heather Morris
Meghan
Alexandra Romano
Roger
Max Greenfield
Gavin
Nick Offerman
Gertie
Stephanie Beatriz
Shangri Llama
Jesse Tyler Ferguson
Brooke
Jessie J
Teddy
Michael Strahan
Francine
Melissa Rauch
Short films
Characters
Gone Nutty
No Time for Nuts
Surviving Sid
Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe
Scrat: Spaced Out
2002
2006
2008
2015
2016
Scrat
Chris Wedge
Sid
Silent cameo John Leguizamo
Claire
Emily Osment
Cindy
Maria Lark
Manny
Silent cameo Ray Romano
Diego
Denis Leary
Scratazons
Karen Disher
Television specials
Characters
Ice Age:
A Mammoth Christmas
Ice Age:
The Great Egg-Scapade
2011
2016
Manny
Ray Romano
Sid
John Leguizamo
Diego
Denis Leary
Scrat
Chris Wedge
Ellie
Queen Latifah
Crash
Seann William Scott
Eddie
Josh Peck
Peaches
Ciara Bravo Keke Palmer
Santa Claus
Billy Gardell
Prancer
T.J. Miller
Ethel
Taraji P. Henson
Squint
Seth Green
Clint
Blake Anderson
Crew
Film
Director(s)
Producer(s)
Executive producer(s)
Writer(s)
Composer
Editor(s)
Ice Age Chris Wedge
co-directed by: Carlos Saldanha Lori Forte Chris Meledandri screenplay: Michael Berg, Michael J. Wilson and Peter Ackerman
story: Michael J. Wilson David Newman John Carnochan
Ice Age: The Meltdown Carlos Saldanha Chris Meledandri & Chris Wedge screenplay: Peter Gaulke, Gerry Swallow and Jim Hecht
story: Peter Gaulke & Gerry Swallow John Powell Harry Hitner
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs Carlos Saldanha
co-directed by: Mike Thurmeier Lori Forte & John C. Donkin Chris Wedge screenplay: Michael Berg, Peter Ackerman, Mike Reiss and Yoni Brenner
story: Jason Carter Eaton
Ice Age: Continental Drift Steve Martino & Mike Thurmeier Chris Wedge[15] & Carlos Saldanha screenplay: Michael Berg & Jason Fuchs
story: Michael Berg & Lori Forte James M. Palumbo & David Ian Salter
Ice Age: Collision Course Mike Thurmeier
co-directed by: Galen T. Chu Lori Forte screenplay: Michael J. Wilson, Michael Berg and Yoni Brenner
story: Aubrey Solomon John Debney James M. Palumbo
Reception
Box office performance
All five films, produced on a total budget of $429 million, have grossed over $3.2 billion worldwide, making Ice Age the 15th highest-grossing franchise of all time, and the second highest-grossing animated franchise worldwide behind Shrek.[16] The first four films were the highest-grossing animated films in each year they were released, and among the eight highest-grossing films in their respective release years.[17][18][19][20]
Film
Release date
Box office gross
Box office ranking
Budget
Ref(s)
North America
Other territories
Worldwide
All time
North America
All time
worldwide
Ice Age March 15, 2002 $176,387,405 $206,869,731 $383,257,136 #189 #193 $59 million [21]
Ice Age: The Meltdown March 31, 2006 $195,330,621 $465,610,159 $660,940,780 #148 #70 $80 million [22]
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs July 1, 2009 $196,573,705 $690,113,112 $886,686,817 #147 #30 $90 million [23]
Ice Age: Continental Drift July 13, 2012 $161,321,843 $715,922,939 $877,244,782 #225 #32 $95 million [24]
Ice Age: Collision Course July 22, 2016 $64,063,008 $342,989,731 $407,052,739 #1,161 #228 $105 million [25]
Total
$793,676,582
$2,421,505,672
$3,215,182,254
#22
#17
$429 million
[26][27]
Critical and public response
Film
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic
CinemaScore
Ice Age 77% (165 reviews)[28] 60 (31 reviews)[29] A[30]
Ice Age: The Meltdown 57% (143 reviews)[31] 58 (29 reviews)[32] A[30]
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs 45% (159 reviews)[33] 50 (25 reviews)[34] A-[30]
Ice Age: Continental Drift 37% (131 reviews)[35] 49 (29 reviews)[36] A-[30]
Ice Age: Collision Course 15% (106 reviews)[37] 34 (27 reviews)[38] B+[30]
Video games
Ice Age was released in 2002 by Ubisoft for Game Boy Advance.
Ice Age 2: The Meltdown was released in 2006 by Sierra Entertainment for Wii, PlayStation 2, GameCube, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, Xbox, and PC.
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs was released by Activision on June 30, 2009, for PC, Wii, DS, PS2, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360.
Ice Age 3 - Boulder Drop is an online game released in 2009.
Ice Age 3 - Dino Dinner is an online game released in 2009.
Ice Age 3 - Slippery Slope is an online game released in 2009.
Ice Age Village, a mobile video game, was released by Gameloft on April 5, 2012, to iPhone, iPad, and various Android devices,[39] and on April 24, 2013, to Windows Phone.[40] The game allows players to build a village while characters from the films set them goals. Player's can also visit their friend's villages, play mini games and watch videos.
Ice Age: Continental Drift – Arctic Games was released by Activision on July 10, 2012, to Wii, Nintendo 3DS, Nintendo DS, and Xbox 360.[41]
Ice Age Online was a free-to-play browser-based adventure platform game produced by Bigpoint Games for its gaming portal.[42] Beta version of the game was launched on July 10, 2012, which put players in the role of Sid, who has to rescue lost members of his herd, separated by a volcanic eruption.[42]
Ice Age - Clueless Ice Sloth is an online game released in 2012.
Ice Age Adventures, a free-to-play game was released by Gameloft on August 7, 2014 for iPhone, iPad, iPod touch, Android, Windows Phone and Windows 8.[43]
Ice Age: Arctic Blast, a mobile match-3 puzzle game, developed by Zynga and Eat Sleep Play, and featuring content from all five films, was released in June 2016 for iOS and Android devices.[44]
Ice Age Avalanche is an online game released in 2016.
Ice Age Hailstorm is an online game released in 2016.
Ice Age Mission Control is an online game released in 2016.
Ice Age - Manic Meteor Run! is an online game released in 2016.
Ice Age - Geode Jam! is an online game released in 2016.
Ice Age - Coloring Book is an online game released in 2016.
Ice Age - Matching Cards is an online game released in 2016.
Live show
Ice Age Live! A Mammoth Adventure is a live arena ice show that combines ice skating, aerial arts, puppetry and film, and tells a new story based on the first three Ice Age films.[45] The plot begins with baby mammoth Peaches being kidnapped by an evil hawk-like creature called Shadow. Her father Manny sets off to rescue Peaches, accompanied by Sid and Diego. Their mission is successful, but on the way home they encounter avalanches and rockfalls, diverting them into a fantasy underground kingdom.[46]
It is being produced by Stage Entertainment Touring Productions, and directed by Guy Caron and Michael Curry.[47] The music and lyrics were written by Ella Louise Allaire and Martin Lord Ferguson.[47] With the preview shows from October 19 to 21, 2012, in Cardiff, and from October 25 to 28, 2012, in Nottingham, A Mammoth Adventure officially premiered on November 2, 2012,[47] during its three-day tour from November 1 to 3 at Wembley Arena in London.[48] It continued in Germany in November 2012,[49] with a plan to visit more than 30 countries in its five-year worldwide tour.[45] In August 2016, Ice Age Live! A Mammoth Adventure concluded its world tour and was replaced in North America by Ice Age On Ice.[50]
Themed land
Ice Age inspired rides and attractions will be featured at the first 20th Century Fox theme park, called 20th Century Fox World,[51] to open in 2017 as part of Malaysia-based Resorts World Genting.[52]
References
Jump up ^ "20th Century Fox Press Kit - Ice Age".
Jump up ^ Sheppard, Tony (July 13, 2012). "Avoid "Ice Age: Continental Drift" and seek out the Japanese film festival". Sacramento Press. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hartlaub, Peter (July 1, 2009). "Ice Age: Dawn of the Scientific Inaccuracies?". SF Gate. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kohn, Eric (July 14, 2016). "Comment on Tyson's appearance". Twitter. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wilonsky, Robert; Engel, Clint (April 25, 2016). "Clint Engel Ashley iKidz retailers get promotion for latest 'Ice Age' movie". Furniture Today. Sandow Media. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cassam Looch (June 27, 2016). "ICE AGE: COLLISION COURSE INTERVIEW WITH CO-DIRECTOR GALEN T. CHU". Flickreel. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Johnny Brayson (July 21, 2016). "Will There Be Another Ice Age Movie? This Franchise Is Staying Strong". Bustle. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Landon Abernathy (February 18, 2017). "Why There Should Be An 'Ice Age 6' And How To Make It Great". PopWrapped. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Fretts, Bruce (November 29, 2002). "Ice Age DVD review". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The 76th Academy Awards (2004) Nominees and Winners". The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. February 29, 2004. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "No Time for Nuts". Blue Sky Studios. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The 79th Academy Awards (2007) Nominees and Winners". The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "HORTON HEARS A WHO Special Edition DVD Review". Collider. December 14, 2008. Retrieved August 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ice Age - Mammoth Christmas (TBA): DVD". DVD Warehouse. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Truitt, Brian (October 22, 2015). "Exclusive: 'Ice Age' squirrel to make Macy's debut". USA Today. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Movie Franchises". The Numbers. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "2002 Worldwide Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "2006 Worldwide Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "2009 Worldwide Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "2012 Worldwide Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ice Age". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ice Age: The Meltdown". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ice Age: Continental Drift". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ice Age: Collision Course". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ice Age". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Franchise Index". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ice Age (2002)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ice Age". Metacritic. CNET Networks, Inc. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ice Age 2: The Meltdown (2006)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ice Age: The Meltdown". Metacritic. CNET Networks, Inc. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (Ice Age 3) (2009)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs". Metacritic. CNET Networks, Inc. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ice Age: Continental Drift 3D (2012)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ice Age: Continental Drift". Metacritic. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ice Age: Collision Course (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ice Age: Collision Course reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ice Age Movie (April 5, 2012). "The official Ice Age app is here!". Facebook. Retrieved April 11, 2012. The official Ice Age app is here! Help your favorite characters in this heroic challenge, and get ready for fun and surprises along the way!
Jump up ^ Stroh, Michael (April 24, 2013). "Now in the Store: Ice Age Village for Windows Phone 8". Windows Phone Blog. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Activision Publishing And Twentieth Century Fox Consumer Products Announce All New Ice Age Video Game". PR Newswire. April 25, 2012. Retrieved April 28, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Bigpoint GmbH (July 10, 2012). "Bigpoint and Fox Consumer Products Get Cool with Worldwide Open Beta Launch of Ice Age Online" (Press release). PR Newswire. Retrieved February 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Gameloft and Fox Digital Entertainment Announce the Release of Ice Age Adventures for Smartphones and Tablets" (Press release). PR Newswire. August 7, 2014. Retrieved August 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Spangler, Todd (June 23, 2016). "'Ice Age: Collision Course' Mobile Game to Sell Movie Tickets for Regal Theaters". Variety. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ice Age Live! A Mammoth Adventure is Coming in 2012". Twentieth Century Fox Consumer Products via Comingsoon.net. December 1, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Dalton, Stephen (November 3, 2012). "Ice Age Live! A Mammoth Adventure: Theater Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Langsworthy, Billy (October 18, 2012). "BLE 2012: Five-year Ice Age Live tour unveiled". Licensing.biz. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ice Age Live London". View. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tour Schedule International". Ice Age Live! A Mammoth Adventure. Retrieved June 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ "ICE AGE LIVE! A Mammoth Adventure". Ice Age Live. June 2, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (December 17, 2013). "Fox Breaks Ground On Malaysia Theme Park; 20th Century Fox World To Open 2016". Deadline. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ Han, Angie (July 26, 2013). "Fox to Build Theme Park Featuring 'Life of Pi', 'Alien', 'Ice Age' Attractions". /Film. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ice Age (movie franchise).
Official website
[show]
v
t
e
Ice Age
Feature films
Ice Age
Ice Age: The Meltdown
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs
Ice Age: Continental Drift
Ice Age: Collision Course
Short films
Gone Nutty
No Time for Nuts
Surviving Sid
Video games
Ice Age
Ice Age 2: The Meltdown
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs
Other
Characters
Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas
Ice Age: The Great Egg-Scapade
[show]
v
t
e
Blue Sky Studios
Feature films
Released
Ice Age (2002)
Robots (2005)
Ice Age: The Meltdown (2006)
Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who! (2008)
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009)
Rio (2011)
Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012)
Epic (2013)
Rio 2 (2014)
The Peanuts Movie (2015)
Ice Age: Collision Course (2016)
Ferdinand (2017)
Upcoming
Spies in Disguise (2019)
Nimona (2020)
Foster (2021)
Short films
Bunny (1998)
Gone Nutty (2002)
Aunt Fanny's Tour of Booty (2005)
No Time for Nuts (2006)
Surviving Sid (2008)
Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe (2015)
Scrat: Spaced Out (2016)
Television specials
Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas (2011)
Ice Age: The Great Egg-Scapade (2016)
Franchises
Ice Age (2002–present)
Rio (2011–present)
People
Chris Wedge
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Deepwater Horizon explosion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the explosion of the drilling rig Deepwater Horizon. For the subsequent oil spill, see Deepwater Horizon oil spill. For other related articles, see Deepwater Horizon (disambiguation).
Deepwater Horizon explosion
Anchor handling tugs and platform supply vessels combat the fire on the Deepwater Horizon while the U.S. Coast Guard searches for missing crew.
Date
April 20, 2010 (2010-04-20)
Time
22:00 UTC-6
Location
Gulf of Mexico, Louisiana, United States 28°44′12.01″N 88°23′13.78″W / 28.7366694°N 88.3871611°W / 28.7366694; -88.3871611Coordinates: 28°44′12.01″N 88°23′13.78″W / 28.7366694°N 88.3871611°W / 28.7366694; -88.3871611[1]
Deaths
11
Non-fatal injuries
17
Crew
126
This article is part of a series about the
Deepwater Horizon oil spill
BP
Deepwater Horizon
Explosion
Oil spill
Timeline
Volume and extent
Closure
Response
Environmental impact
Health consequences
Economic effects
Reactions
Investigation
Litigation
Compensation
v
t
e
The Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion was the April 20, 2010, explosion and subsequent fire on the Deepwater Horizon semi-submersible Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU), which was owned and operated by Transocean and drilling for BP in the Macondo Prospect oil field about 40 miles (60 km) southeast off the Louisiana coast. The explosion and subsequent fire resulted in the sinking of the Deepwater Horizon and the deaths of 11 workers; 17 others were injured. The same blowout that caused the explosion also caused a massive offshore oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, considered the largest accidental marine oil spill in the world, and the largest environmental disaster in U.S. history.[2][3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Deepwater Horizon
1.1.1 Transocean safety record
1.2 Pre-explosion risks and precautions
1.3 Pre-explosion problems and warnings
2 Blowout
3 Casualties and rescue efforts
3.1 Survivors
3.2 Casualties
4 Discovery of oil spill
5 Investigation into explosion
6 Lawsuits
7 In popular culture
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Background[edit]
Deepwater Horizon[edit]
Main article: Deepwater Horizon
Deepwater Horizon
Location of the Deepwater Horizon on April 20, 2010
The $560 million platform was built by Hyundai Heavy Industries in South Korea and completed in 2001.[6] It was owned by Transocean, operated under the Marshalese flag of convenience, and was under lease to BP until September 2013.[7] At the time of the explosion, the Deepwater Horizon was on Mississippi Canyon Block 252, referred to as the Macondo Prospect, in the United States sector of the Gulf of Mexico, about 41 miles (66 km) off the Louisiana coast.[8][9][10] In March 2008, the mineral rights to drill for oil on the Macondo Prospect were purchased by BP at the Minerals Management Service's lease sale.[11] The platform commenced drilling in February 2010 at a water depth of approximately 5,000 feet (1,500 m).[12] At the time of the explosion the rig was drilling an exploratory well.[13] The planned well was to be drilled to 18,360 feet (5,600 m) below sea level, and was to be plugged and suspended for subsequent completion as a subsea producer.[12] Production casing was being run and cemented at the time of the accident. Once the cementing was complete, it was due to be tested for integrity and a cement plug set to temporarily abandon the well.[14]
Transocean safety record[edit]
The rig owner, Transocean, had a "strong overall" safety record with no major incidents for 7 years.[15] However an analysts' review "painted a more equivocal picture" with Transocean rigs being disproportionately responsible for safety related incidents in the Gulf and industry surveys reporting concerns over falling quality and performance. In the 3 years 2005 to 2007, Transocean was the owner of 30% of oil rigs active in the Gulf, and 33% of incidents that triggered a Minerals Management Service (MMS) investigation were on Transocean rigs. However, in the 3 years from 2008 to February 15, 2010, it owned 42% of rigs but was the owner for 73% of incidents. Industry surveys saw this as an effect of its November 2007 merger with rival GlobalSantaFe. Transocean "has had problems" previously with both cement seals (2005) and blowout preventers (2006), which are the suspected cause of the Deepwater Horizon loss, although Transocean states that cementing is a third party task and that it has "a strong maintenance program to keep blowout preventers working".[15] According to the Wall Street Journal online:
"In 2008 and 2009, the surveys ranked Transocean last among deep-water drillers for "job quality" and second to last in 'overall satisfaction'. For three years before the merger, Transocean was the leader or near the top in both measures. Transocean ranked first in 2008 and 2009 in a category that gauges its in-house safety and environmental policies. There were few indications of any trouble with the Deepwater Horizon before the explosion. The rig won an award from the MMS for its 2008 safety record, and on the day of the disaster, BP and Transocean managers were on board to celebrate seven years without a lost-time accident. A BP spokesman said rigs hired by BP have had better safety records than the industry average for six years running, according to MMS statistics that measure the number of citations per inspection. BP has been a finalist for a national safety award from the MMS for the past two years. Mr. Odone wouldn't comment on BP's relationship with Transocean after the Gulf disaster but said BP continues to use Transocean rigs."[15]
Pre-explosion risks and precautions[edit]
Deepwater Horizon drilling rig prior to the incident.
In February 2009, BP filed a 52-page exploration and environmental impact plan for the Macondo well with the Minerals Management Service (MMS), an arm of the United States Department of the Interior that oversees offshore drilling. The plan stated that it was "unlikely that an accidental surface or subsurface oil spill would occur from the proposed activities".[16] In the event an accident did take place the plan stated that due to the well being 48 miles (77 km) from shore and the response capabilities that would be implemented, no significant adverse impacts would be expected.[16] The Department of the Interior exempted BP's Gulf of Mexico drilling operation from a detailed environmental impact study after concluding that a massive oil spill was unlikely.[17][18] In addition, following a loosening of regulations in 2008, BP was not required to file a detailed blowout plan.[19]
The BP wellhead had been fitted with a blowout preventer (BOP), but it was not fitted with remote-control or acoustically activated triggers for use in case of an emergency requiring a platform to be evacuated. It did have a dead man's switch designed to automatically cut the pipe and seal the well if communication from the platform is lost, but it was unknown whether the switch was activated.[20] Documents discussed during congressional hearings June 17, 2010 indicated that Transocean previously made modifications to the BOP for the Macondo site which increased the risk of BOP failure, in spite of warnings from their contractor to that effect. Regulators in both Norway and Brazil generally require acoustically activated triggers on all offshore platforms, but when the Minerals Management Service considered requiring the remote device, a report commissioned by the agency as well as drilling companies questioned its cost and effectiveness.[20] In 2003, the agency determined that the device would not be required because drilling rigs had other back-up systems to cut off a well.[20][21]
Pre-explosion problems and warnings[edit]
The US Coast Guard had issued pollution citations for Deepwater Horizon 18 times between 2000 and 2010, and had investigated 16 fires and other incidents. These incidents were considered typical for a Gulf platform and were not connected to the April 2010 explosion and spill.[22] The Deepwater Horizon had other serious incidents, including one in 2008 in which 77 people were evacuated from the platform when it tilted and began to sink after a section of pipe was incorrectly removed from the platform's ballast system.[23]
The American Bureau of Shipping last inspected the rig's failed blowout preventer in 2005.[24]
Internal BP documents show that BP engineers had concerns as early as 2009 that the metal casing that BP wanted to use might collapse under high pressure.[25] According to a number of rig workers, it was understood that workers could get fired for raising safety concerns that might delay drilling.[26]
In March 2010, the rig experienced problems that included drilling mud falling into the undersea oil formation, sudden gas releases, a pipe falling into the well and at least three occasions of the blowout preventer leaking fluid.[25] The rig's mechanic stated that the well had problems for months and that the drill repeatedly kicked due to resistance from high gas pressure.[26] On March 10, a BP executive e-mailed the Minerals Management Service about a stuck pipe and well control situation at the drilling site, and stated that BP would have to plugback the well.[27] A confidential survey commissioned by Transocean weeks before the explosion stated that workers were concerned about safety practices and feared reprisals if they reported mistakes or other problems.[28] The survey raised concerns "about poor equipment reliability, which they believed was a result of drilling priorities taking precedence over maintenance." The survey found that "many workers entered fake data to try to circumvent the system. As a result, the company's perception of safety on the rig was distorted".[29]
The blowout preventer was damaged in a previously unreported accident in late March.[30][31] According to Transocean, workers had been performing standard routines and had no indication of any problems prior to the explosion.[32]
By April 20, the operation was running five weeks late.[26]
An April draft of a BP memo warned that the cementing of the casing was unlikely to be successful.[25] Halliburton has said that it had finished cementing 20 hours before the blowout, but had not yet set the final cement plug.[22][33] A nitrogen-foamed cement was used which is more difficult to handle than standard cement.[34]
BP Vice President of drilling, Patrick O'Bryan, was on the platform two hours prior to the explosion[35] to celebrate seven years without a "lost-time incident" with the rig's crew.[36] A BP official on board the rig directed the crew to replace the drilling mud with lighter seawater even though the rig's chief driller protested.[26]
Preliminary findings from BP's internal investigation indicated several serious warning signs in the hours prior to the blowout.[37][38] Equipment readings indicated gas bubbling into the well, which could signal an impending blowout.[25] The heavy drilling mud in the pipes initially held down the gas.[34] A House Energy and Commerce Committee statement in June 2010 noted that in a number of cases leading up to the explosion, BP appears to have chosen riskier procedures to save time or money, sometimes against the advice of its staff or contractors.[39]
Blowout[edit]
Play media
Supply boats continued to battle the fire, viewed from a Coast Guard helicopter
The fire aboard the Deepwater Horizon reportedly started at 9:56 p.m. CDT on April 20.[26] At the time, 126 crew were on board: 7 employees of BP, 79 of Transocean, and employees of other companies, including Anadarko, Halliburton and M-I Swaco.[40]
Transocean employees on the vessel stated that the electric lights flickered, followed by two strong vibrations. Jim Ingram stated that "on the second [thud], we knew something was wrong."[41] After the explosion, Adrian Rose stated that abnormal pressure had accumulated inside the marine riser and as it came up it "expanded rapidly and ignited."[14] According to BP's internal investigation, a bubble of methane gas escaped from the well and shot up the drill column, expanding quickly as it burst through several seals and barriers before exploding.[42] Rose said the event was basically a blowout.[14] Survivors described the incident as a sudden explosion that gave them less than five minutes to escape as the alarm went off.[43]
The explosion was followed by a fire that engulfed the platform. After burning for more than a day, Deepwater Horizon sank on April 22.[44] The Coast Guard stated on April 22 that they received word of the sinking at approximately 10:21 am.[45]
On September 8, BP published a report that suggested that the ignition source was the released gas entering the air intakes of the diesel generators, and engulfing the deck area where the exhaust outlets for the main generators were emitting hot exhaust gas.[46]
Casualties and rescue efforts[edit]
A helicopter crew medevac survivors from Deepwater Horizon after the explosion.
Survivors[edit]
According to officials, 126 people were on board, of whom 79 were Transocean employees, seven were from BP, and 40 were contracted; several of the BP and Transocean executives were on board for a tour of the rig, maintenance planning, annual goals review, a "Drops" safety campaign, and to congratulate the senior staff of the rig for 7 years of operations without a lost time incident.[32][47]
A total of 115 people were evacuated.[48][49] Lifeboats took 94 workers to the Tidewater-owned supply boat Damon Bankston, with no major injuries, four were transported to another vessel, and 17 were evacuated by helicopter to trauma centers in Mobile, Alabama and Marrero, Louisiana.[32] Most were soon released.[32][50][51]
The Coast Guard interviewed the uninjured workers on the Damon Bankston for several hours and then transferred them to another rig; the workers arrived in Port Fourchon, Louisiana, more than 24 hours later. The workers were transported to a hotel in Kenner, Louisiana, where they were provided with food, medical attention, and rooms with showers, and asked to fill out incident response forms. An attorney for a worker who brought suit against Transocean claimed that once the workers got to shore, "they were zipped into private buses, there was security there, there was no press, no lawyers allowed, nothing, no family members" and were coerced into signing the forms before being released.[52][53] Transocean responded, in part, as follows:
"Upon arrival at Port Fourchon, crew members were given an opportunity to leave, however, were encouraged to accept transportation to the Crowne Plaza Hotel in Kenner, Louisiana.
Crew members were offered medical care, rooms and opportunity to go home upon arrival at hotel... . Upon arriving at the hotel, crew members were offered the opportunity to meet with qualified medical professionals, to retire to private rooms where they could eat, shower and sleep, or go home. Only then did Transocean and its representatives present crew members with a standard one-page document that asked them to describe where they were at the time of the incident, what they were doing, and to affirm, if true, that they were not a witness and/or that they were not injured. They were free to complete the form at their leisure, or not at all. Some crew members even took the forms home and returned them more than seven days after the incident." [54]
Casualties[edit]
Initial reports indicated that between 12 and 15 workers were missing;[55] reports soon narrowed the number of missing to nine crew members on the platform floor and two engineers.[42] The United States Coast Guard immediately launched a massive rescue operation involving two Coast Guard cutters, four helicopters, and a rescue plane.[56][57] Two of the cutters continued searching through the night. By the morning of April 22, the Coast Guard had surveyed nearly 1,940 square miles (5,000 km2).[48] On April 23, the Coast Guard called off the search for the 11 missing persons, concluding that "reasonable expectations of survival" had passed.[51][58] Officials concluded that the missing workers may have been near the blast and unable to escape the sudden explosion.[59]
The following eleven individuals died:[60]
Jason C. Anderson, age 35
Aaron Dale Burkeen, 37
Donald Clark, 49
Stephen Ray Curtis, 39
Gordon L. Jones, 28
Roy Wyatt Kemp, 27
Karl D. Kleppinger, Jr., 38
Keith Blair Manuel, 56
Dewey A. Revette, 48
Shane M. Roshto, 22
Adam Weise, 24
Discovery of oil spill[edit]
Main article: Deepwater Horizon oil spill
A remotely operated underwater vehicle attempting to turn on the Deepwater Horizon blowout preventer
On the morning of April 22, Coast Guard Petty Officer Ashley Butler stated that "oil was leaking from the rig at the rate of about 8,000 barrels (340,000 US gallons; 1,300,000 litres) of crude per day."[61] That afternoon Coast Guard Senior Chief Petty Officer Michael O'Berry used the same figure. Two remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) were unsuccessfully sent down to attempt to cap the well.[45] Butler warned of a leak of up to 700,000 US gallons (17,000 bbl) of diesel fuel, and BP Vice President David Rainey termed the incident as being a potential "major spill."[45] On April 23 a ROV reportedly found no oil leaking from the sunken rig and no oil flowing from the well.[62] Coast Guard Rear Admiral Mary Landry expressed cautious optimism of zero environmental impact, stating that no oil was emanating from either the wellhead or the broken pipes and that oil spilled from the explosion and sinking was being contained.[63][64][65][66] On April 24 Landry announced that a damaged wellhead was indeed leaking oil into the Gulf and described it as "a very serious spill".[67]
Investigation into explosion[edit]
In June, the House Committee on Energy and Commerce said BP should have tested cement at the well, which would have cost $128,000 and taken 8–12 hours.
On September 8, 2010, BP released a 193-page report on its web site. The report says BP employees and those of Transocean did not correctly interpret a pressure test, and both companies neglected ominous signs such as a riser pipe losing fluid. It also says that while BP did not listen to recommendations by Halliburton for more centralizers (devices to keep the casing from contacting the bore hole[68]), the lack of centralizers probably did not affect the cement. BP also said the crew should have redirected the flow of flammable gases. The blowout preventer, removed on September 4, had not reached a NASA facility in time for it to be part of the report. Transocean, responding to the report, blamed "BP's fatally flawed well design."[69]
On November 8, 2010, the inquiry by the Oil Spill Commission revealed its findings that BP had not sacrificed safety in attempts to make money, but that some decisions had increased risks on the rig.[70] However, the panel said a day later that there had been "a rush to completion" on the well, criticizing poor management decisions. "There was not a culture of safety on that rig," co-chair Bill Reilly said.[71] One of the decisions that met with tough questions was that BP refuted the findings of advanced modelling software that had ascertained over three times as many centralizers were needed on the rig. It also decided not to rerun the software when it stuck with only six centralizers, and ignored or misread warnings from other key tests, the panel revealed.[72]
A slide briefly appeared on the Oil Spill Commission’s website which enumerated eight “risky” and “unnecessary” steps that BP was deemed to have taken. The New York Times newspaper has published a screenshot of the slide here.[73][74]
A review of seven reports[which?] on the causes of the blowout indicates that six operations, tests, or equipment functions went wrong in the final 32 hours:
1. Small diameter hole obstructed dirt circulation. The 18,300-foot, 400-ton casing string had a 5,800-foot lower portion with a 7-inch diameter. Most of the hole over this portion of casing had a 9.875 inch diameter. However, the lowest 180 feet of 7-inch casing with 4 equally spaced centralizers were squeezed into an 8.5-inch hole with only 56 feet of rathole clearance (space between the lower end of the casing string and the bottom of the drilled hole). Compressed sediment and granular infill in the 0.75-inch wide annulus (Halliburton’s best practices document recommends 1.5 to 2-inch annular gap tolerance) most probably explains the need for a much-higher-than-normal pressure of 3142 psi to liquefy it (on the ninth attempt) and allow mud to circulate. The unexpectedly high pressure and subsequent lower-than-specified mud flow led to problems 2 and 3.
2. Valves to prevent cement backflow did not close. Weatherford’s Auto-Fill float collar, which includes two flapper-type check valves, was installed at Macondo 180 ft above the reamer shoe at casing bottom. The valves are held open by a 2-inch diameter auto-fill tube to allow the casing to fill with mud while it is lowered down the well. BP’s casing installation procedure stated: "slowly increase (mud) pump rates greater than 8 bpm to convert the float equipment (~ 500 – 700 psi) per Weatherford recommendation".[75] As the flow rate drag force during circulation and cementing was only around 30% of that required, the auto-fill tube was almost certainly not ejected and the flapper valves never closed. Some evidence suggests that personnel on the Deepwater Horizon mistakenly believed that the high pressure needed to establish mud circulation had converted the float collar.
3. Cementing inadequate. Cementing proceeded a) without flushing the annulus around the shoe track at sufficiently high rate and duration to ensure full circumferential removal of compressed sediment and good distribution of cement, and b) without converting the float collar to activate its two check valves to prevent cement backflow. Cement quality and strength may have been reduced by contamination on its way down the casing, or by mixing with lower density mud in the rathole. There was no cementing evaluation log at Macondo, which may have shown it to be inadequate.
4. Pressure test wrongly interpreted. Drill pipe was run to 8,367 ft ready for mud displacement. During the "negative pressure test", for which there was no detailed procedure, no flow from the kill line was accepted and 1,400 psi on the drill pipe was ignored.
5. Rising oil and gas not monitored. While displacing the mud with seawater, reservoir fluids rising up the casing should have been detected by water inflow and mud outflow monitoring before arrival of hydrocarbons at the rig floor, but no reasonably accurate outflow versus inflow observations were made.
6. Fail-safe on seabed wellhead was unable to close. After uncontrolled arrival of oil and gas at the rig floor, the blind-shear rams in the BOP stack failed to close due to the presence of off-center drill pipe.
Lawsuits[edit]
On April 21, 2011, BP filed $40 billion worth of lawsuits against rig owner Transocean, cementer Halliburton and blowout-preventer manufacturer Cameron. The oil firm alleged that failed safety systems and irresponsible behaviour of contractors had led to the explosion, including claims that Halliburton "negligently" failed to use cement-modelling software OptiCem properly to analyze safe well requirements. Part of the modelling concern was about the number of stabilising devices, known as centralisers, the well required: 21 called for v. 6 used.[76]
In May 2011, MOEX Offshore, which owned a 10% stake in the well through a subsidiary and which in turn itself was majority-owned by Mitsui & Co., agreed to pay US$1.07 billion to settle BP claims against it over the accident. Some analysts had thought BP would realize a larger settlement from MOEX but there was also relief to have a first step toward resolving the multiple claims. BP’s most recent estimate at the time was that the spill would cost $41.3 billion. Anadarko Petroleum held a 25% stake in the Macondo well and was an immediate focus of attention with MOEX's agreement. Also the Department of Justice was still at the time investigating whether BP was "grossly negligent" in the spill. Such a determination could lead to a "much larger liability under the Clean Water Act,” a financial analyst said. With MOEX agreeing to share in the financial burden—though "the agreement isn’t an admission of liability by either party"—the possibility of such a ruling by the Department of Justice seemed to some to be perhaps lessened.[77]
In June 2011, supplier Weatherford International settled with BP for $75 million.[78]
In October 2011, Anadarko Petroleum Corporation agreed to pay BP $4 billion and the two companies settled all claims between them.[79] Anadarko yielded its 25% stake in Mississippi Canyon Block 252 (Macondo) to BP in the agreement and BP will indemnify Anadarko for damage claims arising under the U.S. Oil Pollution Act, among other costs.[80]
In December 2011, Cameron International agreed to pay a $250 million settlement to BP PLC to settle all claims related to the Deepwater Horizon with neither party admitting responsibility. "BP still has not reached a settlement with Transocean ... nor Halliburton.... A trial date over lawsuits related to the accident awaits BP in February (2013)", the update continued.[81]
In September 2014, Halliburton agreed to settle a large percentage of legal claims against it over the Deepwater spill by paying $1.1 billion into a trust by way of three installments over two years.[82]
On September 4, 2014, U.S. District Judge Carl Barbier ruled BP was guilty of gross negligence and willful misconduct under the Clean Water Act (CWA). He described BP's actions as "reckless," while he said Transocean's and Halliburton's actions were "negligent." He apportioned 67% of the blame for the spill to BP, 30% to Transocean, and 3% to Halliburton. Fines would be apportioned commensurate with the degree of negligence of the parties, measured against the number of barrels of oil spilled. Under the Clean Water Act fines can be based on a cost per barrel of up to $4,300, at the discretion of the judge. The number of barrels was in dispute at the conclusion of the trial with BP arguing 2.5 million barrels were spilled over the 87 days the spill lasted, while the court found that 4.2 million barrels were spilled. BP issued a statement disagreeing with the finding, and saying the court's decision would be appealed.[83]
In July 2015 BP reached an $18.7bn settlement with the US government, the states of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas, as well as 400 local authorities. To date BP’s cost for the clean-up, environmental and economic damages and penalties has reached $54bn.[84]
In popular culture[edit]
Deepwater Horizon is a 2016 film based on the explosion directed by Peter Berg and starring Mark Wahlberg.[85] The event was also featured on the 24 June 2012 pilot episode of the HBO television series The Newsroom.
See also[edit]
Ixtoc I oil spill
Offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico (United States)
Timeline of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill
References[edit]
Jump up ^ United States Environmental Protection Agency. Deepwater Horizon Response April 2010. Download KML Geographic Data.
Jump up ^ Goldenberg, Suzanne; MacAlister, Terry (November 28, 2012). "BP suspended from new US federal contracts over Deepwater disaster". The Guardian. London.
Jump up ^ Zeller, Jr., Tom (May 28, 2010). "Estimates Suggest Spill Is Biggest in U.S. History". The New York Times.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d "At least 11 missing after blast on oil rig in Gulf". CNN. April 21, 2010. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
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^ Jump up to: a b Gillis, Justin; Broder, John (May 10, 2010). "Nitrogen-Cement Mix Is Focus of Gulf Inquiry". The New York Times.
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Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/deepwater-horizon-review-mark-wahlberg-1201859869/
External links[edit]
Find more aboutDeepwater Horizon explosionat Wikipedia's sister projects
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Texts from Wikisource
Deepwater Horizon Response from the Deepwater Horizon Unified Command (U.S. Government/BP/Transocean)
Deepwater Horizon Incident, Gulf of Mexico from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Environmental Response Management Application (ERMA) Gomex site (NOAA) Public web mapping information about the spill
Washburn, Mark (May 14, 2010). "A huff and boom ended Deepwater Horizon's good luck". The McClatchy Company. Retrieved June 18, 2010. – detailed media description of the events of the day of the Deepwater Horizon explosion (Yahoo News mirror)
The Role of BP in the Deepwater Horizon Explosion and Oil Spill: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session, June 17, 2010
"Deepwater Horizon Joint Investigation Team Report". Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement. 9 September 2011.
U.S. Chemical Safety Board
Final report: Executive summary (Archive) and Volumes 1 (Archive), 2 (Archive), 3 (Archive) and 4 (Archive)
The U.S. Chemical Safety Board’s Investigation into the Macondo Disaster Finds Offshore Risk Management and Regulatory Oversight still Inadequate in Gulf of Mexico
The Deepwater Horizon Accident: What Happened and Why? Prof Roland Horne of Stanford University video
Deepwater Horizon oil spill caused lasting damage, report says
BP Oil Spill, NPR
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values: Експлозия на нефтената платформа „Deepwater Horizon“ – Bulgarian

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values: A Deepwater Horizon olajfúrótorony katasztrófája – Hungarian

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