text:
List of circuses and circus owners
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
There have been many famous modern circuses since the first modern circus was staged by Philip Astley in London on January 9, 1768. Many are best known by the name of their principal owner. The following is a list of both circuses and their country of origin. For more information on circuses in general see Circus, or for information regarding the ancient Roman circus, see Circus Maximus.
List[edit]
Name
Country
Abuhadba Circo Internacional[1]
Bolivia
Adam Forepaugh
U.S.
Aerialize[2]
Australia
Al G. Barnes Circus
U.S.
Albert & Friends Instant Circus[3][4]
UK
Aloft Circus Arts [5]
U.S.
Antonio Franconi
Italy
Archaos
France
Artcirq[6]
Canada
Batty's Hippodrome
U.S.
Bertram Mills Circus
UK
Big Apple Circus
U.S.
Billy Smart[7]
UK
Bindlestiff Family Cirkus
U.S.
Blackpool Tower Circus
UK
Bobby Roberts Super Circus[8]
UK
Capital Circus of Budapest
Hungary
Carson & Barnes Circus[9]
U.S.
Chaplin's Circus[10]
UK
Chinese State Circus
UK
Chipperfield's Circus
UK
Circa[11][12]
Australia
Circo Atayde Hermanos[13]
Mexico
Circo de los Horrores [14]
Spain
Circo de Teresa Rabal[15]
Spain
Circo Orfei [16]
Italy
Circo Osorio[17]
U.S.
Circuba
Cuba
Circus Aotearoa[18]
N.Z.
Circus Amok
U.S.
Circus Avalon[19]
Australia
Circus Bassie & Adriaan
Netherlands
Circus Carl Busch[20]
Germany
Circus Contraption
U.S.
Circus Dire Dawa [21]
Ethiopia
Circus Flora
U.S.
Circus Gatti[22][23]
U.S.
Circus Hargeisa[24]
Somaliland
Circus Herman Renz
Netherlands
Circus Joseph Ashton
Australia
Circus Juventas
U.S.
Circus Knie
Switzerland
Circus Krone
Germany
Circus Mondao[25][26]
UK
Circus Mundus Absurdus[27]
Finland
The Circus of Horrors[28]
UK
Circus of Tiny Invisibility[29]
U.S.
Circus Olympia[30][31]
Australia
Circus Oz
Australia
Circus of Pepin and Breschard
U.S.
Circus Renz
Germany
Circus Roncalli
Germany
Circus Royale
Australia
Circus Smirkus
U.S.
Circus Sarasota[32]
U.S.
Circus Sunrise[33]
Australia
Circus Tyanna[34]
UK
Circus Vargas
U.S.
Circus Vegas[35]
Ireland
Cirkus Agora
Norway
Cirkus CirkÃ¶r
Sweden
Cirque Amar[36]
Algeria
Cirque Berzerk[37]
U.S.
Cirque de FlambÃ©[38]
U.S.
Cirque du Soleil
Canada
Cirque Éloize
Canada
Cirque Fernando
France
Cirque Medrano
France
Cirque Plume
France
Circus Redickuless
U.S.
Continental Circus Berlin
UK
Darix Togni[39][40]
Italy
De La Guarda[41]
Argentina
Dorato Circus[42]
Israel
Dream Science Circus[43]
U.S.
El Circo[44]
U.S.
End of the World Cirkus[45]
U.S.
Eroni's Circus
Australia
Flying Fruit Fly Circus
Australia
Fossett's Circus[46][47]
Ireland
Foolhardy Circus Arts[48]
UK
Dragone
Belgium
FSU Flying High Circus
U.S.
Gerry Cottle[49][50][51]
UK
The Great Pakistani Circus[52]
Pakistan
The Great American Royal Circus[53]
U.S.
The Bite-sized Circus - The Littlest Show on Earth[54]
Australia
Great British Circus
UK
Gasaui [55]
Bolivia
Great Bombay Circus[56][57]
India
Great Royal Circus[58]
India
Hamid Circus[59]
U.S.
Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus
U.S.
Hippodrome Circus[60]
UK
Hungarian National Circus
Hungary
Humboldt Circus
U.S.
ISU Gamma Phi Circus[61]
U.S.
Janbaz Circus[62]
Pakistan
Jordan World Circus[63][64]
U.S.
Jumbo Circus[65][66]
India
Jim Rose Circus
U.S.
Kelly Miller Circus[67]
U.S.
Lennon Bros Circus
Australia
Lewis and Clark circus
U.S
Long Shadow Stilt Theatre[68]
AU
Loomis Bros. Circus [69]
U.S.
Lucent Dossier Experience
U.S.
Lucky Irani Circus[70]
Pakistan
Midnight Circus [71]
U.S.
Moscow Circus
Russia
New Pickle Circus[72]
U.S.
Nofit State Circus
Wales
P. T. Barnum
U.S.
Pablo Fanque
UK
Perry Bros Circus[73][74]
Australia
Pickle Family Circus
U.S.
Ringling Brothers Circus
U.S.
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus
U.S.
Royal Hanneford Circus
U.S.
The Royal London Circus
Malaysia
Sarrasani
Germany
Shrine Circus
U.S.
Silvers Circus
Australia
Sole Brothers' Circus
Australia
Stardust Circus
Australia
Stilt Circus[75]
U.S.
Steel City Clown Brigade
U.S.
Taylor Circus Stars[76]
U.S.
Tbilisi Circus
Georgia
Teatro ZinZanni
U.S.
Tirana Circus
Albania
Turkmen State Circus
Turkmenistan
Tom Arnold
UK
Tom Duffy's Circus[77]
Ireland
Travelling Light Circus[78]
UK
Two Bit Circus [79]
U.S.
UniverSoul Circus
U.S.
Vau De Vire Society[80]
U.S.
Wanderlust Circus
U.S.
Webers Circus
Australia
Circus Gerbola[81]
Ireland
Will-o'-the-Wisp Fire Circus[82]
AU
Zippos Circus[83]
UK
Zirka Circus[84]
N.Z.
Zoppé Family Circus[85]
U.S
Name
Country

References[edit]
Jump up ^ Abuhadba Circo Internacional
Jump up ^ Aerialize - Sydney Aerial Theatre
Jump up ^ Albert & Friends Instant Circus
Jump up ^ Barbara Rosen. "A Short Course in the Circus". New York Times. March 6, 1998.
Jump up ^ http://www.aloftaerialdance.com/Aloft_Aerial_Dance/Welcome.html
Jump up ^ Linda Matchan. "Bringing circus â€“ and new hope â€“ to a remote Arctic village". The Christian Science Monitor. December 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ Billy Smart - Circopedia
Jump up ^ Laurence Cawley (23 November 2012). "What next for the Bobby Roberts Super Circus?". BBC News. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Ryan Boldrey (9 May 2012). "Controversy under the Big Top". Our Colorado News. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Chaplins Circus
Jump up ^ Circa
Jump up ^ Sarah Frater. "Circa shows more wizards from Oz". London Evening Standard.
Jump up ^ Circo Atayde Hermanos
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Reuters (12 December 2012). "El circo de Teresa Rabal consigue levantar el telÃ³n". Diario Vasco. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.moiraorfei.it
Jump up ^ Jeff Pope. "Circus a way of life for family: American Crown Circus and Circo Osorio perform in Summerlin". Las Vegas Sun. March 7, 2009.
Jump up ^ Circus Aotearoa
Jump up ^ Circus Avalon
Jump up ^ Circus Carl Busch
Jump up ^ http://www.lefourneau.com/artistes/circus/ethiopie/cirques/circushargeisa/hargeisaddexch.htm
Jump up ^ Circus Gatti
Jump up ^ Carl Kieke. "Circus Gatti Performance Entertains, Enthralls Youngsters of All Ages". Abilene Reporter-News Mobile. February 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ Circus Hargeisa - Somaliland
Jump up ^ Circus Mondao
Jump up ^ Douglas McPherson. "Reviews: Circus Mondao". The Stage. 23 March 2009.
Jump up ^ Circus Mundus Absurdus
Jump up ^ The Circus of Horrors
Jump up ^ The Circus of Tiny Invisibility
Jump up ^ Circus Olympia
Jump up ^ "Circus back in town". The Advocate. 5 May 2009.
Jump up ^ Sarasota, Florida: Home of the American Circus
Jump up ^ "Work and family balancing act". The Age. 9 January 2009. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Circus Tyanna
Jump up ^ Yvonne Gordon. "Behind the scenes at the big top". The Irish Times. 12 February 2003.
Jump up ^ "Les 85 ans du cirque Amar". La DÃ©pÃªche du midi (in French). Retrieved November 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Cirque Berzerk
Jump up ^ Cirque de FlambÃ©
Jump up ^ Raffaele De Ritis. "Darix Togni". Circopedia. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Circo Darix Togni
Jump up ^ Robert Dominguez (16 August 1998). "Flying Circus Our Reporter Soars To New Heights At Off-broadway's 'Villa Villa'". NY Daily News. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Dorato Circus
Jump up ^ Dream Science Circus
Jump up ^ El Circo
Jump up ^ J. Dee Hill (2004). Freaks & Fire: The Underground Reinvention Of Circus. Soft Skull Press. pp. 162â€“165. ISBN 9781932360523. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Fossett's Circus
Jump up ^ Anthony Garvey. "Fossettâ€™s Circus show honours Irish arts minister Oâ€™Donoghue". The Stage. 23 May 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Foolhardy Circus
Jump up ^ Stroud, Clover. "Big top, bigger life". Telegraph. September 17, 2006. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Cottle leaves big top behind". BBC. October 4, 2003. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Gerry Cottle and Gerry Cottle Jr". Interview in The Sunday Times. May 1, 2005. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ The Great American Royal Circus
Jump up ^ The Bite-sized Circus
Jump up ^ http://www.circogasaui.com
Jump up ^ Great Bombay Circus
Jump up ^ Kannadasan, Akila. "The circus comes to town". The Hindu. July 18, 2010. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Great Royal Circus begins soon". The Times of India. March 24, 2004. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Hamid Circus
Jump up ^ Hippodrome Circus
Jump up ^ ISU Gamma Phi Circus
Jump up ^ Fawad Ali Shah. "Female artists perform at Janbaz Circus in Peshawar after 5 years". Daily Times. June 04, 2008. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
Jump up ^ LeRae Haynes. "Elephant protest grows in Williams Lake". Welcome to Williams Lake. 4 August 2009. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
Jump up ^ Jordan World Circus
Jump up ^ "Jumbo Circus hits Bangalore after six years". Thaindian News. January 10, 2008. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
Jump up ^ Bindu Shajan Perappadan. "Good old Jumbo Circus is back to enthral Delhiites". The Hindu. September 30, 2004. Retrieved September 3, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Kelly Miller Circus is coming to town today". South Coast Today. June 26, 2008. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ Long Shadow Stilt Theatre
Jump up ^ Loomis Bros. Circus
Jump up ^ Lucky Irani Circus
Jump up ^ http://www.midnightcircus.net/
Jump up ^ Karina Ioffee (21 January 1999). "Big-Top Pickle". Metro Santa Cruz. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Claudette Vaughan. Robert Perry Interviewed: "Perry's Circus Is In Town".
Jump up ^ Perry Bros Circus
Jump up ^ Stilt Circus: Media/Press
Jump up ^ Kimberly Kapilovic (17 October 2012). "The Taylor family is a real family circus in Arizona". abc15.com. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Tom Duffy's Circus
Jump up ^ Travelling Light Circus
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ "Interview with Vau de Vire Society's Mike Gaines". CultureFlux. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Circus Gerbola
Jump up ^ Will-o'-the-Wisp Circus and Fire Performances
Jump up ^ Zippos Circus
Jump up ^ Zirka Circus
Jump up ^ [4]
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text:
New York City water supply system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
New York City's water supply system is one of the most extensive municipal water systems in the world. This complex system relies on a combination of aqueducts, reservoirs, and tunnels to meet the daily needs of New York City's more than eight million residents and its many visitors.
Thanks to well-protected wilderness watersheds, New York's water treatment process is simpler than in other American cities. One advantage of the system is that 95% of the total water supply is supplied by gravity. The other 5% needs to be pumped to maintain pressure, but this is sometimes increased in times of drought when the reservoirs are at lower than normal levels.[1]
The city has sought to restrict development throughout its watershed. One of its largest watershed protection programs is the Land Acquisition Program, under which the New York City Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) has purchased or protected, through conservation easement, over 130,000 acres (53,000 ha) since 1997.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Responsible agencies
1.1 New York City Department of Environmental Protection
1.2 New York City Municipal Water Finance Authority
1.3 New York City Water Board
2 Infrastructure
2.1 Reservoirs and aqueducts
2.2 Brooklyn Reservoirs
2.3 Tunnels and distribution system
3 Ongoing repairs and upgrades
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Responsible agencies[edit]
Responsibility for the city water supply is shared among three institutions: the New York City Department of Environmental Protection ("DEP"), which operates and maintains the system and is responsible for investment planning; the New York City Municipal Water Finance Authority ("NYW"), which raises debt financing in the market to underwrite the system's costs; and the Water Board, which sets rates and collects user payments.
New York City Department of Environmental Protection[edit]
Main article: New York City Department of Environmental Protection § Wastewater treatment
The DEP has a workforce of over 6,000 employees. It includes three bureaus in charge of, respectively, the upstate water supply system, New York City's water and sewer operations, and wastewater treatment:
The Bureau of Water Supply manages, operates and protects New York City's upstate water supply system to ensure the delivery of a sufficient quantity of high quality drinking water. The Bureau is also responsible for the overall management and implementation of the provisions of the city's $1.5 billion Watershed Protection Program.
In addition to operating and maintaining the water supply and sewerage system, the Bureau of Water and Sewer Operations is also responsible for the operation of the Staten Island Bluebelt, an ecologically sound, cost-effective natural alternative to storm sewers, which occupies approximately 15 square miles (39 km2) of land in the South Richmond area of Staten Island. This project preserves streams, ponds and other wetland ("bluebelt") areas, allowing them to perform their natural function of conveying, storing and filtering storm water.
The Bureau of Wastewater Treatment operates 14 water pollution control plants treating an average of 1.5 billion US gallons (5,700,000 m3) of wastewater a day; 95 wastewater pump stations; eight dewatering facilities; 490 sewer regulators; and 7,000 miles (11,000 km) of intercepting sewers.[3]
New York City Municipal Water Finance Authority[edit]
The NYW finances the capital needs of the water and sewer system of the city through the issuance of bonds, commercial paper, and other debt instruments. It is a public-benefit corporation created in 1985 pursuant to the New York City Municipal Water Finance Authority Act. The Authority is administered by a seven-member Board of Directors. Four of the members are ex officio members: the Commissioner of Environmental Protection of the City, the Director of Management and Budget of the City, the Commissioner of Finance of the City, and the Commissioner of Environmental Conservation of the State. The remaining three members are public appointments: two by the Mayor, and one by the Governor.[4]
New York City Water Board[edit]
The New York City Water Board sets water and sewer rates for New York City sufficient to pay the costs of operating and financing the system, and collects user payments from customers for services provided by the water and wastewater utility systems of the City of New York. The five Board members are appointed to two-year terms by the Mayor.[5]
Infrastructure[edit]
New York City's water system consists of aqueducts, distribution pipes, reservoirs, and water tunnels that channel drinking water to residents and visitors. A comprehensive raised-relief map of the system is on display at the Queens Museum of Art. Until the early 21st century, some places in southeastern Queens received their water from local wells of the former Jamaica Water Supply Company.[6]
Reservoirs and aqueducts[edit]
The water system has a storage capacity of 550 billion US gallons (2.1×109 m3) and provides over 1.2 billion US gallons (4,500,000 m3) per day of drinking water to more than eight million city residents, another one million users in four upstate counties bordering on the water supply system, and visitors to the region. Three separate sub-systems, each consisting of aqueducts and reservoirs, bring water from Upstate New York to New York City:
The New Croton Aqueduct, completed in 1890, brings water from the New Croton Reservoir in Westchester and Putnam counties.
The Catskill Aqueduct, completed in 1916, is significantly larger than New Croton and brings water from two reservoirs in the eastern Catskill Mountains.
The Delaware Aqueduct, completed in 1945, taps tributaries of the Delaware River in the western Catskill Mountains and provides approximately half of New York City's water supply.[7]
The latter two aqueducts provide 90% of New York City's drinking water. Water from both aqueducts is stored first in the large Kensico Reservoir and subsequently in the much smaller Hillview Reservoir closer to the city.
Brooklyn Reservoirs[edit]
Brooklyn has had many water reservoirs; they can be seen on an 1864 map of Brooklyn Waterworks.[8] They are listed below, from east to west:
Hempstead Reservoir
Smith's Pond
Rockville Reservoir
Valley Stream Pond
Watts Pond
Clear Stream Reservoir
Brookfield Reservoir
Conselyea Pond
P. Cornells Pond
Springfield Pond
One Mile Pond
Jamaica Reservoir
Ridgewood Reservoir
Mount Prospect Reservoir
Tunnels and distribution system[edit]
From the Hillview reservoir water flows by gravity through three tunnels under New York City, where water rises again to the surface under natural pressure, through a number of shafts. The three tunnels are:
New York City Water Tunnel No.1, completed in 1917. It runs from the Hillview Reservoir under the central Bronx, Harlem River, West Side, Midtown, and Lower East Side of Manhattan, and under the East River to Brooklyn where it connects to Tunnel 2. It is expected to undergo extensive repairs upon completion of Tunnel No. 3, in 2020.
New York City Water Tunnel No. 2, completed in 1935. It runs from the Hillview Reservoir under the central Bronx, East River, and western Queens to Brooklyn, where it connects to Tunnel 1 and the Richmond Tunnel to Staten Island. When completed, it was the longest large diameter water tunnel in the world.[9]
The uncompleted New York City Water Tunnel No. 3, the largest capital construction project in New York City's history (see below).[10]
The distribution system is made up of an extensive grid of water mains stretching approximately 6,500 miles (10,500 km).
Ongoing repairs and upgrades[edit]
In order to comply with federal and state laws regarding the filtration and disinfection of drinking water, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the New York State Department of Health called on the city to create a treatment plan to serve the Croton System. The underground filtration plant is under construction in Van Cortlandt Park. While the Bloomberg administration originally budgeted the project at $992 million in 2003, an audit by the city's comptroller placed the actual costs at $2.1 billion in August 2009.[11]
The New York City water supply system leaks at a rate of up to 36 million US gallons (140,000 m3) per day.[12] A complex five-year project with an estimated $240 million construction cost was initiated in November 2008, to correct some of this leakage.
The construction of Water tunnel No. 3 is intended to provide the city with a critical third connection to its Upstate New York water supply system, allowing the city to close tunnels No. 1 and No. 2 for repair for the first time of their history. The tunnel will eventually be more than 60 miles (97 km) long. Construction on the tunnel began in 1970, and its first and second phases are completed. The latter opened with a ceremony under Central Park, in 2013. Completion of all phases is not expected until at least 2020.[13]
In 2018, New York City announced a US$1 billion investment to protect the integrity of its municipal water system and to maintain the purity of its unfiltered water supply.[14]
See also[edit]
Environmental issues in New York City
High Bridge, New York City - part of the old Croton Aqueduct system
Integrated urban water management
Water supply and sanitation in the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "History of New York City's Water Supply System". New York City Department of Environmental Protection. Retrieved 2009-12-08.
Jump up ^ DePalma, Anthony (July 20, 2006). "New York's Water Supply May Need Filtering". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
Jump up ^ "Bureaus and Offices". New York City Department of Environmental Protection. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
Jump up ^ "About NYW". New York City Municipal Water Finance Authority. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to the NYC Water Board Web Site". New York City Water Board. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Groundwater Supply System". www.nyc.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-19.
Jump up ^ "New York City's Water Supply System Map". New York City Department of Environmental Protection. Retrieved 2009-09-03.
Jump up ^ "Map showing line of the Brooklyn Water Works"; 1864; Flat Maps B A-1864.Fl; Brooklyn Historical Society.
Jump up ^ "World's Longest Water Tunnel". Popular Science: 35. December 1932. Retrieved 2011-09-27.
Jump up ^ Chan, Sewel. "Tunnelers Hit Something Big: A Milestone". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Robbins, Tom (September 1, 2009). "Water, Water, Everywhere in Mayoral Race". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on February 13, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
Jump up ^ Belson, Ken (November 22, 2008). "Plumber's Job on a Giant's Scale: Fixing New York's Drinking Straw". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-06-17.
Jump up ^ Royte, Elizabeth (2008). Bottlemania: How Water Went on Sale and Why We Bought It. New York: Bloomsbury USA. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-59691-371-4.
Jump up ^ Winnie Hu (January 18, 2018). "A Billion-Dollar Investment in New York's Water". The New York Times. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
Further reading[edit]
Galusha, Diane (1999). Liquid Assets: A History of New York City's Water System. Fleischmanns, NY: Purple Mountain Press. ISBN 0-916346-73-0.
Koeppel, Gerard T. (2000). Water for Gotham: A History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01139-7.
External links[edit]
New York City Municipal Water Finance Authority in the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations
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