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2017 California wildfires
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2017 California wildfires
Smoke from the Alamo and Whittier fires during the 2017 California fire season, on July 8, 2017.
Statistics[1]
Total fires
9,133
Total area
1,381,405 acres (5,590.35 km2)
Cost
>$13.028 billion (2017 USD)[2][3][4]
Fatalities
1 firefighter, 45 civilians
Non-fatal injuries
12 firefighters, 199 civilians
Season
← 2016
2018 →
The 2017 California wildfire season was the most destructive one on record,[2] which saw multiple wildfires burning across California. A total of 9,133 fires burned 1,381,405 acres (5,590.35 km2), according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, including five of the 20 most destructive wildland-urban interface fires in the state's history.[1]
Throughout the early months of 2017, there was significant rainfall over most of California, which triggered widespread flooding, thus temporarily mitigating the state's severe drought conditions. However, according to a report published by the National Interagency Fire Center, the potential for large fires was "expected to remain near normal through the spring, but once fine fuels dry out, there will likely be a spike in grass fire activity.”[5]
In October 2017, 250 wildfires ignited across Northern California, burning over 245,000 acres (990 km2), and causing more than $9.4 billion (2017) in insured property losses, becoming the costliest group of wildfires on record.[6][2][7] It will take at least several months, and likely years to fully recover from the devastating wildfires that ripped through Northern California in October, which destroyed at least 8,900 structures and killed 44 people, according to Sonoma County officials.[8] In addition, the Northern California fires hospitalized or injured at least 192 other people.[9][10]
In December 2017, strong Santa Ana winds triggered a new round of wildfires, including the massive Thomas Fire in Ventura County.[11][12] The December 2017 fires forced over 230,000 people to evacuate, with the 6 largest fires burning over 307,900 acres (1,246 km2) and more than 1,300 structures.[13][14]
During the year, 5 of the 20 most destructive wildfires in the state's history burned between October and December: #1 Tubbs, #6 Nuns, #7 Thomas, #11 Atlas, and #17 Redwood Valley Complex.[15] On December 8, AccuWeather predicted that the total economic toll of the 2017 California wildfire season will reach at least $180 billion (2017 USD).[4]
In 2014, a study found a human fingerprint in growing California wildfire risks.[16] The paper is titled “Extreme fire season in California: A glimpse into the future?” It was published as the second chapter of “Explaining Extreme Events of 2014”, by the American Meteorological Society.[17] The authors also projected into the future, and the predicted results showed increases in the drought index, the area under extreme threat of fires, and the days of fire danger, stating that, "The increase in extreme fire risk is expected within the coming decade to exceed that of natural variability and this serves as an indication that anthropogenic climate warming will likely play a significant role in influence California’s fire season."[17]
Contents
[hide]
1 Wildfire maps
2 Wildfires
3 October Northern California wildfires
4 December Southern California wildfires
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Wildfire maps[edit]
Map of the 2017 California wildfires. The symbology of this map shows each satellite heat detection as a dot. The dots may not reflect the actual perimeter of the fires.
The 2017 Northern California wildfires, from January 1 to October 11
This section contains a map of the locations and burn areas of the fires that occurred during the largest outbreaks of the season. The burn areas of some major fires are included in some of the maps.
[Full screen]
Location of the California wildfires in October 2017
[Full screen]
Location of the California wildfires in December 2017
Wildfires[edit]
Name
County
Acres
Start Date
Containment Date
Status
Notes
Ref
Jayne Fresno 5,738 April 20, 2017 April 21, 2017 Contained [18]
Opera Riverside 1,350 April 30, 2017 May 2, 2017 Contained [19]
Elm Fresno 10,345 May 18, 2017 May 21, 2017 Contained [20]
Gate San Diego 2,056 May 20, 2017 May 23, 2017 Contained [21]
Oakwood Madera 1,431 June 10, 2017 June 13, 2017 Contained [22]
Highway Kern 1,522 June 18, 2017 June 28, 2017 Contained [23]
Holcomb San Bernardino 1,503 June 19, 2017 June 29, 2017 Contained [24]
Schaeffer Tulare 16,031 June 24, 2017 August 10, 2017 Contained [25]
Salmon August Complex Siskiyou 65,888 June 25, 2017 December 8, 2017 Contained [26][27]
Manzanita Riverside 6,309 June 26, 2017 June 30, 2017 Contained [28]
Hill San Luis Obispo 1,598 June 26, 2017 June 30, 2017 Contained 50 homes destroyed [29]
Winters Yolo 2,269 July 6, 2017 July 12, 2017 Contained [30]
Alamo San Luis Obispo 28,687 July 6, 2017 July 19, 2017 Contained 1 home destroyed, 1 damaged [31]
Wall Butte 6,033 July 7, 2017 July 17, 2017 Contained 41 homes, 48 outbuildings destroyed, 10 damaged [32]
Whittier Santa Barbara 18,430 July 8, 2017 October 5, 2017 Contained 16 homes, 30 outbuildings destroyed, 7 damaged [33]
Parkfield Monterey 1,816 July 8, 2017 July 11, 2017 Contained [34]
Garza Fresno 48,889 July 9, 2017 July 21, 2017 Contained 1 structure destroyed [35]
Long Valley Lassen 83,733 July 11, 2017 July 21, 2017 Contained [36]
Detwiler Mariposa 81,826 July 16, 2017 August 24, 2017 Contained 63 homes, 68 structures destroyed (131 total), 21 damaged [37]
Modoc July Complex Modoc 83,120 July 24, 2017 August 16, 2017 Contained [38]
Orleans Complex Siskiyou 27,276 July 25, 2017 September 26, 2017 Contained [39]
Empire Mariposa 6,370 August 1, 2017 November 27, 2017 Contained [40]
Parker 2 Modoc 7,697 August 3, 2017 August 29, 2017 Contained [41]
Young Siskiyou 2,500 August 7, 2017 August 28, 2017 Merged into the Eclipse Complex's Oak fire [42]
South Fork Mariposa 7,000 August 13, 2017 November 27, 2017 Contained [43]
Blaine Riverside 1,044 August 13, 2017 August 16, 2017 Contained [44]
Eclipse Complex Siskiyou 78,698 August 15, 2017 November 29, 2017 Contained [45]
Pier Tulare 36,556 August 29, 2017 November 29, 2017 Contained [46]
Railroad Madera 12,407 August 29, 2017 October 24, 2017 Contained 5 homes, 9 structures destroyed [47]
Ponderosa Butte 4,016 August 29, 2017 September 9, 2017 Contained 32 homes, 22 outbuildings, 15 damaged [48]
Mud Lassen 6,042 August 29, 2017 September 1, 2017 Contained [49]
Slinkard Mono 8,925 August 29, 2017 September 12, 2017 Contained [50]
Helena Trinity 21,846 August 30, 2017 November 15, 2017 Contained 133 structures destroyed [51]
La Tuna Los Angeles 7,194 September 1, 2017 September 9, 2017 Contained 5 homes, 5 structures destroyed [52]
Palmer Riverside 3,874 September 2, 2017 September 6, 2017 Contained [53]
Mission Madera 1,035 September 3, 2017 September 13, 2017 Contained 4 structures destroyed [54]
Buck Trinity 13,417 September 12, 2017 November 20, 2017 Contained [55]
Lion Tulare 18,900 September 24, 2017 December 2, 2017 Contained [56]
Canyon Riverside 2,662 September 25, 2017 October 4, 2017 Contained 6 structures damaged [57]
Cherokee Butte 8,417 October 8, 2017 October 16, 2017 Contained [58]
Atlas Napa/Solano 51,624 October 8, 2017 October 31, 2017 Contained 6 fatalities, 785 structures destroyed, 40 damaged [59]
Tubbs Napa/Sonoma 36,807 October 8, 2017 October 31, 2017 Contained 22 fatalities, 1 injured, 5,643 structures destroyed [60]
Nuns Sonoma 56,556 October 8, 2017 October 30, 2017 Contained Merged with the Norrbom, Adobe, Partrick, Pressley, and Oakmont Fires. 3 fatalities, 1,200 structures destroyed [61]
Redwood Valley Complex Mendocino 36,523 October 8, 2017 October 28, 2017 Contained 9 fatalities, 43 injured, 545 structures destroyed [62][63]
La Porte Butte 6,151 October 9, 2017 October 18, 2017 Contained [64]
Cascade Yuba 9,989 October 9, 2017 October 18, 2017 Contained 4 fatalities, 143 residential, 123 outbuildings destroyed [65]
Sulphur Lake 2,207 October 9, 2017 October 26, 2017 Contained 150 structures destroyed [66]
Canyon 2 Orange 9,217 October 9, 2017 October 18, 2017 Contained 25 structures destroyed, 55 structures damaged [67]
37 Sonoma 1,660 October 9, 2017 October 13, 2017 Contained [6]
Pocket Sonoma 17,357 October 9, 2017 October 31, 2017 Contained [68]
Lobo Nevada 821 October 9, 2017 October 18, 2017 Contained At least 30 structures destroyed [69]
Bear Santa Cruz 391 October 16, 2017 October 27, 2017 Contained 7 injuries, 4 structures destroyed [10]
Buffalo San Diego 1,088 October 17, 2017 November 14, 2017 Contained [70]
Tank Kern 50 October 25, 2017 October 27, 2017 Contained [71]
Wildomar Riverside 866 October 27, 2017 October 29, 2017 Contained [72]
Thomas Ventura 281,893 December 4, 2017 January 12, 2018 Contained 1,063 structures destroyed, 280 structures damaged, 2 firefighters injured, 1 firefighter and 1 civilian killed [11][73][74][75][76]
Creek Los Angeles 15,619 December 5, 2017 January 9, 2018 Contained 123 buildings destroyed, 81 buildings damaged, 3 firefighters injured [77][78][79]
Rye Los Angeles 6,049 December 5, 2017 December 12, 2017 Contained 6 buildings destroyed, 3 structures damaged, 1 firefighter injured [80][11][81]
Little Mountain San Bernardino 260 December 5, 2017 December 7, 2017 Contained 3 injuries [82][83][84][85]
Skirball Los Angeles 422 December 6, 2017 December 15, 2017 Contained 6 structures destroyed, 12 structures damaged, 3 firefighters injured [86][87][88]
Lilac San Diego 4,100 December 7, 2017 December 16, 2017 Contained 157 structures destroyed, 64 structures damaged, 3 firefighters and 4 civilians injured [89][90]
Liberty Riverside 300 December 7, 2017 December 9, 2017 Contained 7 structures destroyed [91][92]
Range 219 San Diego 100 December 15, 2017 December 15, 2017 Contained [93]
October Northern California wildfires[edit]
Main article: October 2017 Northern California wildfires
During the month of October, a series of wildfires broke out throughout Napa, Lake, Sonoma, Mendocino, and Butte counties during severe fire weather conditions, effectively leading to a major red flag warning from much of the northern California area. In the extreme conditions, shortly after the fires ignited, they rapidly grew to become massive conflagrations spanning from 1,000 to well over 20,000 acres apart within a single day.[94] In addition, the fires have destroyed an estimated 8,900+ structures, and killed at least 44 people.[8] The fires burned over 245,000 acres (99,148 ha) of land,[6] and forced over 20,000 people to evacuate.[95][96]
December Southern California wildfires[edit]
Main article: December 2017 Southern California wildfires
Multiple wildfires ignited in December across Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Ventura, San Diego, Riverside, Santa Barbara Counties. The fires were exacerbated by unusually powerful and long-lasting Santa Ana winds,[97] as well as large amounts of dry vegetation grown, due to large amounts of precipitation earlier in the year. The fires burned over 307,900 acres (1,246 km2), and caused traffic disruptions, school closures, hazardous air conditions, and massive power outages. California Governor Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency in Ventura and Los Angeles Counties,[98] and Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti declared a state of emergency for the city.[99] The largest fire was the Thomas Fire, which grew to 281,893 acres, becoming California's largest modern wildfire.[100][101][102][103][104]
See also[edit]
List of California wildfires
May 2014 San Diego County wildfires
2008 California wildfires
October 2007 California wildfires
2017 California floods
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "2017 Fire Statistics". CAL FIRE. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dale Kasler (December 8, 2017). "Wine country wildfire costs now top $9 billion, costliest in California history". The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ David Downey (December 8, 2017). "California keeps going over budget as costs of fighting wildfires continue to increase". Redlands Daily Facts. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "AccuWeather predicts 2017 California wildfire season cost to rise to $180 billion". AccuWeather. December 8, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Saunders, Doug (April 7, 2016). "How will rainy winter affect fire season? More summer grass fires, officials predict". The Press-Enterprise. The Press-Enterprise. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "California Statewide Fire Summary". CAL FIRE. State of California. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jonathan J. Cooper (December 7, 2017). "October's Wine Country Fires Were the Costliest Ever". TIME Money. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Emslie, Alex (29 November 2017). "October Fires' 44th Victim: A Creative, Globetrotting Engineer With 'the Kindest Heart'". KQED News. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hospitals say at least 185 treated for injuries". Wilx10 News. October 10, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bear Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Madison Park and Cheri Mossberg (December 5, 2017). "'Fire is still out of control' as massive blaze forces thousands to evacuate". CNN. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Susan Abram (December 6, 2017). "Wildfires raging in Southern California cap most destructive season in state history. Here's why it's so bad". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Morgan Winsor; Mark Osborne (December 9, 2017). "Firefighters taming Southern California wildfires as Gov. Brown warns of state's 'new reality'". ABCNews. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Southern California wildfires still burning as Donald Trump issues federal emergency declaration". ABC News. December 9, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 20 Most Destructive California Wildfires" (PDF). CalFire. December 21, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New research finds that global warming is intensifying wildfires". December 3, 2015. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Yoon, J., B. Kravitz, P.J. Rasch, S. Simon Wang, R.R. Gillies, and L. Hipps, 2015: Extreme Fire Season in California: A Glimpse Into the Future?. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96, S5–S9, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00114.1
Jump up ^ "Jayne Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Opera Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Elm Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Gate Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Oakwood Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Highway Fire". InciWeb. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Holcomb Fire". InciWeb. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Schaeffer Fire". InciWeb. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Salmon August Complex Fire". InciWeb. December 8, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Salmon-August Complex". CalFire. October 6, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Manzanita Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved June 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hill Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved June 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Winters Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Alamo Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Wall Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Whittier Fire". InciWeb. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Parkfield Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Garza Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Long Valley Fire". InciWeb. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Detwiler Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Modoc July Complex Fire". InciWeb. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Orleans Complex Fire". InciWeb. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Empire Fire". InciWeb. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Parker 2 Fire". InciWeb. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Young Fire". InciWeb. August 28, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "South Fork Fire". InciWeb. November 27, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Blaine Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Eclipse Complex Fire". InciWeb. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pier Fire". InciWeb. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Railroad Fire". InciWeb. October 24, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pier Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mud Fire". InciWeb. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Slinkard Fire". InciWeb. September 12, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Helena Fire". InciWeb. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "La Tuna fire 100 percent contained, LAFD says". September 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Palmer Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mission Fire". InciWeb. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Buck Fire". InciWeb. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lion Fire". InciWeb. December 2, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Canyon Fire". InciWeb. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cherokee Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Atlas Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tubbs Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nuns Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Redwood Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Peter Fimrite & Kurtis Alexander, 17-year-old dies of burns, becomes 43rd victim of California wildfires, San Francisco Chronicle (October 30, 2017).
Jump up ^ "La Porte Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cascade Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sulphur Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Canyon 2 Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pocket Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lobo Fire". InciWeb. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Buffalo Fire". CAL FIRE. November 14, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tank Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Wildomar Fire". CAL FIRE. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Deadly Thomas Fire in Ventura County explodes to 31,000 acres overnight, 150 structures burned". Fox5News. December 5, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Thomas Fire". CalFire. December 27, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Incident Summary: Thomas Fire". Ready Ventura County. December 26, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Eliott C. McLaughlin; Nicole Chavez; Paul Vercammen; Steve Aimasy (December 8, 2017). "California fires: Two people burned in new blaze". CNN. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Shelby Grad (December 5, 2017). "Fast-moving Creek fire threatens homes in Sylmar area, burns 1,000 acres". Retrieved December 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "1,000-acre brush fire burning in Kagel Canyon near Sylmar". ABC7.com. December 5, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Creek Fire". CalFire. December 21, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "UPDATE: Rye Fire now at 1,000 acres and moving west #RyeFire". The Signal. December 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rye Fire". CalFire. December 12, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Valenzuela, Beatriz E. (2017-12-06). "Little Mountain fire in San Bernardino is 50 percent contained; firefighters fear tonight's winds". San Bernardino Sun. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ Serna, Joseph; Reyes-Velarde, Alejandra (2017-12-05). "3 burned in wind-driven fire that's growing in San Bernardino County, officials say". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ Hagen, Ryan; Whitehead, Brian (2017-12-05). "Little Mountain fire in San Bernardino forces evacuations, freeway closures". The Press-Enterprise. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ "Little Mountain Fire". CalFire. December 7, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Etehad, Melissa; Nelson, Laura J.; Kohli, Sonali (2017-12-06). "Several homes burning in Bel-Air as fire closes the 405 Freeway and forces evacuations". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ Margaret Stewart (December 9, 2017). "Skirball Fire Update". Los Angeles Fire Department. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Skirball fire in LA 100 percent contained". Los Angeles Daily News. December 15, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lyndsay Winkely (December 7, 2017). "Lilac fire off Interstate 15 chars at least 100 acres, destroys 2 structures". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lilac Fire". CalFire. December 16, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ April Newman (December 7, 2017). "Liberty Fire Incident Information Fact Sheet". Riverside County Fire Department. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Liberty Fire Alert". Murrieta.gov. December 9, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kristina Houck (December 15, 2017). "Brush Fire Burns 100 Acres On Camp Pendleton". San Diego Patch. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ellis, Ralph; Sterling, Joe; Murphy, Paul; McLaughlin, Elliot (October 9, 2017). "Fast-moving wildfires kill 10, spur evacuations in Northern California". CNN. CNN. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Allen, Karma (2017-10-11). "At least 21 dead in horrific California wildfires, hundreds missing". ABC News. Retrieved 2017-10-11.
Jump up ^ Kohli, Sonali; Sahagun, Louis; John, Paige St; Agrawal, Nina; Megerian, Chris (2017-10-12). "Death toll climbs to 29 as crews begin grim search among ashes of wine country fires". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2017-10-12.
Jump up ^ Nelson, Laura J.; Hamilton, Matt; Tchekmedyian, Alene (2017-12-06). "Santa Ana winds roar through Southern California, whipping fires on destructive path". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ Yee, Christopher (2017-12-06). "State of emergency declared for Los Angeles County as Creek, Rye fires continue to burn". The Mercury News. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ "L.A. Declares Emergency as 200K Evacuate SoCal Wildfires". The Daily Beast. 2017-12-06. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ Berman, Mark; Rosenberg, Eli (2017-12-06). "Ferocious wildfires rage across Southern California as new fire breaks out in Los Angeles". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ Berke, Jeremy; Logan, Bryan (2017-12-06). "Schools and freeways closed, thousands of people forced to flee as multiple wildfires tear through Southern California". Business Insider. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ Jones, Judson; Criss, Doug (2017-12-06). "A look at the California wildfires' jaw-dropping numbers". CNN. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ Fuller, Thomas (2017-12-06). "California Today: Outlier Fires Are Becoming the Norm". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
Jump up ^ Woodyard, Chris (2017-12-06). "New brush fire sets homes ablaze in Los Angeles' toniest neighborhoods". USA Today. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2017 wildfires in California.
2017 Statewide Fire Map, Google
2017 California fires information - CalFire
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Agoura-Malibu firestorm (1978)
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2008
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October 2017 wildfires
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Three-Fifths Compromise
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The Three-Fifths Compromise was a compromise reached among state delegates during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention. Whether, and if so, how, slaves would be counted when determining a state's total population for legislative representation and taxing purposes was important, as this population number would then be used to determine the number of seats that the state would have in the United States House of Representatives for the next ten years. The compromise solution was to count 3 out of every 5 slaves as a person for this purpose. Its effect was to give the southern states a third more seats in Congress and a third more electoral votes than if slaves had been ignored, but fewer than if slaves and free persons had been counted equally, thus allowing the slaveholder interests to largely dominate the government of the United States until 1861.[1] The compromise was proposed by delegates James Wilson and Roger Sherman.
Contents
[hide]
1 Enactment
2 Impact before the Civil War
3 After the Civil War
4 See also
5 References
6 Bibliography
Enactment[edit]
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The Convention had unanimously accepted the principle that representation in the House of Representatives would be in proportion to the relative state populations. However, since slaves could not vote, leaders in slave states would thus have the benefit of increased representation in the House and the Electoral College. Delegates opposed to slavery proposed that only free inhabitants of each state be counted for apportionment purposes, while delegates supportive of slavery, on the other hand, opposed the proposal, wanting slaves to count in their actual numbers. The compromise that was finally agreed upon—of counting "all other persons" as only three-fifths of their actual numbers—reduced the representation of the slave states relative to the original proposals, but improved it over the Northern position.[2] An inducement for slave states to accept the Compromise was its tie to taxation in the same ratio, so that the burden of taxation on the slave states was also reduced.
The Three-Fifths Compromise is found in Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution, which reads:
Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons.
The three-fifths ratio originated with a 1783 amendment proposed to the Articles of Confederation. The amendment was to have changed the basis for determining the wealth of each state, and hence its tax obligations, from real estate to population, as a measure of ability to produce wealth. The proposal by a committee of the Congress had suggested that taxes "shall be supplied by the several colonies in proportion to the number of inhabitants of every age, sex, and quality, except Indians not paying taxes".[3][4] The South immediately objected to this formula since it would include slaves, who were viewed primarily as property, in calculating the amount of taxes to be paid. As Thomas Jefferson wrote in his notes on the debates, the southern states would be taxed "according to their numbers and their wealth conjunctly, while the northern would be taxed on numbers only".[5]
After proposed compromises of one-half by Benjamin Harrison of Virginia and three-fourths by several New Englanders failed to gain sufficient support, Congress finally settled on the three-fifths ratio proposed by James Madison.[6] But this amendment ultimately failed, falling two states short of the unanimous approval required for amending the Articles of Confederation (only New Hampshire and New York were opposed).
A contentious issue at the 1787 Constitutional Convention was whether slaves would be counted as part of the population in determining representation of the states in the Congress or would instead be considered property and, as such, not be considered for purposes of representation. Delegates from states with a large population of slaves argued that slaves should be considered persons in determining representation, but as property if the new government were to levy taxes on the states on the basis of population. Delegates from states where slavery had become rare argued that slaves should be included in taxation, but not in determining representation.
The proposed ratio was, however, a ready solution to the impasse that arose during the Constitutional Convention. In that situation, the alignment of the contending forces was the reverse of what had obtained under the Articles of Confederation. In amending the Articles, the North wanted slaves to count for more than the South did because the objective was to determine taxes paid by the states to the federal government. In the Constitutional Convention, the more important issue was representation in Congress, so the South wanted slaves to count for more than the North did.[citation needed]
Much has been said of the impropriety of representing men who have no will of their own.... They are men, though degraded to the condition of slavery. They are persons known to the municipal laws of the states which they inhabit, as well as to the laws of nature. But representation and taxation go together.... Would it be just to impose a singular burden, without conferring some adequate advantage?
—  Alexander Hamilton[7]
Impact before the Civil War[edit]
The Three-Fifths Compromise gave a disproportionate representation of slave states in the House of Representatives relative to the voters in free states until the American Civil War. In 1793, for example, Southern slave states had 47 of the 105 members but would have had 33, had seats been assigned based on free populations. In 1812, slave states had 76 out of 143 instead of the 59 they would have had; in 1833, 98 out of 240 instead of 73. As a result, Southern states had disproportionate influence on the presidency, the speakership of the House, and the Supreme Court in the period prior to the Civil War.[8] Along with this must be considered the number of slave and free states, which remained mostly equal until 1850, safeguarding the Southern bloc in the Senate as well as Electoral College votes.
Historian Garry Wills has postulated that without the additional slave state votes, Jefferson would have lost the presidential election of 1800. Also, "slavery would have been excluded from Missouri ... Jackson's Indian removal policy would have failed ... the Wilmot Proviso would have banned slavery in territories won from Mexico ... the Kansas-Nebraska bill would have failed."[8] While the Three-Fifths Compromise could be seen to favor Southern states because of their large slave populations, for example, the Connecticut Compromise tended to favor the Northern states (which were generally smaller). Support for the new Constitution rested on the balance of these sectional interests.[9]
After the Civil War[edit]
Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment (1868) later superseded Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3 and explicitly repealed the compromise. It provides that "representatives shall be apportioned ... counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed." A later provision of the same clause reduced the Congressional representation of states who denied the right to vote to adult male citizens, but this provision was never effectively enforced.[10] (The Thirteenth Amendment, passed in 1865, had already eliminated almost all persons from the original clause's jurisdiction by banning slavery; the only remaining persons subject to it were those sentenced for a crime to penal servitude, which the amendment excluded from the ban.)
After the Reconstruction Era came to an end in 1877, however, the former slave states subverted the objective of these changes by using various strategies to disenfranchise their black citizens, while obtaining the benefit of apportionment of representatives on the basis of the total populations. These measures effectively gave white Southerners even greater voting power than they had in the antebellum era, inflating the number of Southern Democrats in the House of Representatives as well as the number of votes they could exercise in the Electoral College in the election of the president.
The disenfranchisement of black citizens eventually attracted the attention of Congress, and in 1900 some members proposed stripping the South of seats, related to the number of people who were barred from voting.[11] In the end, Congress did not act to change apportionment, largely because of the power of the Southern bloc. The Southern bloc comprised Southern Democrats voted into office by white voters and constituted a powerful voting bloc in Congress until the 1960s. Their representatives, re-elected repeatedly by one-party states, controlled numerous chairmanships of important committees in both houses on the basis of seniority, giving them control over rules, budgets and important patronage projects, among other issues. Their power allowed them to defeat federal legislation against racial violence and abuses in the South.[12][not in citation given]
See also[edit]
United States portal
Section 127 of the Australian Constitution, excluding Aboriginal people from the census for purposes of determining allocation of seats in Parliament; repealed in 1967.
Slave Trade Acts
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "We Hold These Truths to be Self-evident;" An Interdisciplinary Analysis of the Roots of Racism & slavery in America Kenneth N. Addison; Introduction p. xxii
Jump up ^ Paul Finkelman, "How The Proslavery Constitution Led To The Civil War", Rutgers Law Journal Volume 43 Fall/Winter 2013 Number 3, p405
Jump up ^ Wills pg. 51
Jump up ^ Hannis Taylor (1911). The Origin and Growth of the American Constitution: An Historical Treatise. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 131.
Jump up ^ Wills pp. 51–52
Jump up ^ Wills pg 53.
Jump up ^ Jonathan Elliot, ed. (1866). The Debates In The Several State Conventions On The Adoption Of The Federal Constitution, As Recommended By The General Convention At Philadelphia, In 1787. J.B. Lippincott & Co. Washington: Taylor & Maury. p. 237.
^ Jump up to: a b Wills pp. 5–6.
Jump up ^ Banning, Lance (August 31, 2004). "Three-Fifths Historian". The Claremont Institute. Retrieved 2008-01-21.
Jump up ^ Friedman, Walter (January 1, 2006). "Fourteenth Amendment". Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History. – via HighBeam Research (subscription required). Retrieved June 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Committee At Odds on Reapportionment, The New York Times, December 20, 1900, accessed March 10, 2008
Jump up ^ Richard H. Pildes, "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon", Constitutional Commentary, Vol. 17, 2000, p. 10, accessed 10 Mar 2008
Bibliography[edit]
Wills, Garry (2003). "Negro President": Jefferson and the Slave Power. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-34398-9.
Walton, Hanes, Jr.; Smith, Robert C. (2006). American Politics and the African American Quest for Universal Freedom (3rd ed.). New York: Pearson Longman. ISBN 0-321-29237-5.
Wiencek, Henry (2004). An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-52951-5.
Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice
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Steam
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about water as a gas. For the video game digital distribution platform, see Steam (software). For other uses, see Steam (disambiguation).
Liquid phase eruption of Castle Geyser in Yellowstone Park
A temperature-versus-entropy diagram for steam
A Mollier enthalpy-versus-entropy diagram for steam
Steam is water in the gas phase, which is formed when water boils. Steam is invisible; however, "steam" often refers to wet steam, the visible mist or aerosol of water droplets formed as this water vapour condenses. At lower pressures, such as in the upper atmosphere or at the top of high mountains, water boils at a lower temperature than the nominal 100 °C (212 °F) at standard pressure. If heated further it becomes superheated steam.
The enthalpy of vaporization is the energy required to turn water into the gaseous form when it increases in volume by 1,700 times at standard temperature and pressure; this change in volume can be converted into mechanical work by steam engines such as reciprocating piston type engines and steam turbines, which are a sub-group of steam engines. Piston type steam engines played a central role to the Industrial Revolution and modern steam turbines are used to generate more than 80% of the world's electricity. If liquid water comes in contact with a very hot surface or depressurizes quickly below its vapor pressure, it can create a steam explosion.
Contents
[hide]
1 Types of steam and conversions
2 Uses
2.1 Agricultural
2.2 Domestic
2.3 Electricity generation (and cogeneration)
2.4 Energy storage
2.5 Lifting gas
2.6 Mechanical effort
2.7 Sterilization
2.8 Steam in piping
2.9 Wood treatment
2.10 Concrete treatment
2.11 Cleaning
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Types of steam and conversions[edit]
Steam is traditionally created by heating a boiler via burning coal and other fuels, but it is also possible to create steam with solar energy.[1][2][3] Water vapor that includes water droplets is described as wet steam. As wet steam is heated further, the droplets evaporate, and at a high enough temperature (which depends on the pressure) all of the water evaporates and the system is in vapor–liquid equilibrium.[4]
Superheated steam is steam at a temperature higher than its boiling point for the pressure, which only occurs where all liquid water has evaporated or has been removed from the system.[5]
Steam tables [6] contain thermodynamic data for water/steam and are often used by engineers and scientists in design and operation of equipment where thermodynamic cycles involving steam are used. Additionally, thermodynamic phase diagrams for water/steam, such as a temperature-entropy diagram or a Mollier diagram shown in this article, may be useful. Steam charts are also used for analysing thermodynamic cycles.
enthalpy-entropy (h-s) diagram for steam pressure-enthalpy (p-h) diagram for steam temperature-entropy (T-s) diagram for steam
Uses[edit]
Agricultural[edit]
In agriculture, steam is used for soil sterilization to avoid the use of harmful chemical agents and increase soil health.
Domestic[edit]
Steam's capacity to transfer heat is also used in the home: for cooking vegetables, steam cleaning of fabric, carpets and flooring, and for heating buildings. In each case, water is heated in a boiler, and the steam carries the energy to a target object. Steam is also used in ironing clothes to add enough humidity with the heat to take wrinkles out and put intentional creases into the clothing.
Electricity generation (and cogeneration)[edit]
About 90% of all electricity is generated using steam as the working fluid, nearly all by steam turbines.[7]
In electric generation, steam is typically condensed at the end of its expansion cycle, and returned to the boiler for re-use. However, in cogeneration, steam is piped into buildings through a district heating system to provide heat energy after its use in the electric generation cycle. The world's biggest steam generation system is the New York City steam system, which pumps steam into 100,000 buildings in Manhattan from seven cogeneration plants.[8]
Energy storage[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Fireless steam locomotive
Despite the resemblance to a boiler, note the lack of a chimney and also how the cylinders are at the cab end, not the chimney end.
In other industrial applications steam is used for energy storage, which is introduced and extracted by heat transfer, usually through pipes. Steam is a capacious reservoir for thermal energy because of water's high heat of vaporization.
Fireless steam locomotives were steam locomotives that operated from a supply of steam stored on board in a large tank resembling a conventional locomotive's boiler. This tank was filled by process steam, as is available in many sorts of large factory, such as paper mills. The locomotive's propulsion used pistons and connecting rods, as for a typical steam locomotive. These locomotives were mostly used in places where there was a risk of fire from a boiler's firebox, but were also used in factories that simply had a plentiful supply of steam to spare.
Lifting gas[edit]
Owing to its low molecular mass, steam is an effective lifting gas, providing approximately 60% as much lift as helium and twice as much as hot air. It is not flammable, unlike hydrogen, and is cheap and abundant, unlike helium. The required heat, however, leads to condensation problems and requires an insulated envelope. These factors have limited its use thus far to mostly demonstration projects.[9]
Mechanical effort[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Steam engines and steam turbines use the expansion of steam to drive a piston or turbine to perform mechanical work. The ability to return condensed steam as water-liquid to the boiler at high pressure with relatively little expenditure of pumping power is important. Condensation of steam to water often occurs at the low-pressure end of a steam turbine, since this maximizes the energy efficiency, but such wet-steam conditions must be limited to avoid excessive turbine blade erosion. Engineers use an idealised thermodynamic cycle, the Rankine cycle, to model the behavior of steam engines. Steam turbines are often used in the production of electricity.
Sterilization[edit]
An autoclave, which uses steam under pressure, is used in microbiology laboratories and similar environments for sterilization.
Steam, especially dry (highly superheated) steam, may be used for antimicrobial cleaning even to the levels of sterilization. Steam is a non-toxic antimicrobial agent.[10] [11]
Steam in piping[edit]
Steam is used in piping for utility lines. It is also used in jacketing and tracing of piping to maintain the uniform temperature in pipelines and vessels.[citation needed]
Wood treatment[edit]
Steam is used in the process of wood bending, killing insects and increasing plasticity.[citation needed]
Concrete treatment[edit]
Steam is used to accentuate drying especially in prefabricates.[citation needed] Care should be taken since concrete produces heat during hydration and additional heat from the steam could be detrimental to hardening reaction processes of the concrete.[citation needed]
Cleaning[edit]
Used in cleaning of fibers and other materials, sometimes in preparation for painting. Steam is also useful in melting hardened grease and oil residues, so it is useful in cleaning kitchen floors and equipment and internal combustion engines and parts. Among the advantages of using steam versus a hot water spray are the facts that steam can operate at higher temperatures and it uses substantially less water per minute.[12]
See also[edit]
Electrification
Food steamer or steam cooker
Geyser—geothermally-generated steam
IAPWS—an association that maintains international-standard correlations for the thermodynamic properties of steam, including IAPWS-IF97 (for use in industrial simulation and modelling) and IAPWS-95 (a general purpose and scientific correlation).
Industrial Revolution
Live steam
Mass production
Nuclear power—and power plants use steam to generate electricity
Oxyhydrogen
Psychrometrics—moist air/vapor mixtures, humidity and air conditioning
Steam locomotive
Steamed
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Taylor, Robert A.; Phelan, Patrick E.; Adrian, Ronald J.; Gunawan, Andrey; Otanicar, Todd P. (2012). "Characterization of light-induced, volumetric steam generation in nanofluids". International Journal of Thermal Sciences. 56: 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2012.01.012.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Robert A.; Phelan, Patrick E.; Otanicar, Todd P.; Walker, Chad A.; Nguyen, Monica; Trimble, Steven; Prasher, Ravi (2011). "Applicability of nanofluids in high flux solar collectors". Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy. 3 (2): 023104. doi:10.1063/1.3571565.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Robert A.; Phelan, Patrick E.; Otanicar, Todd; Adrian, Ronald J.; Prasher, Ravi S. (2009). "Vapor generation in a nanoparticle liquid suspension using a focused, continuous laser". Applied Physics Letters. 95 (16): 161907. Bibcode:2009ApPhL..95p1907T. doi:10.1063/1.3250174.
Jump up ^ Singh, R Paul (2001). Introduction to Food Engineering. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-646384-2. [page needed]
Jump up ^ "Superheated Steam". Spirax-Sarco Engineering.
Jump up ^ Malhotra, Ashok (2012). Steam Property Tables: Thermodynamic and Transport Properties. ISBN 978-1-479-23026-6. [page needed]
Jump up ^ Wiser, Wendell H. (2000). "Energy Source Contributions to Electric Power Generation". Energy resources: occurrence, production, conversion, use. Birkhäuser. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-387-98744-6.
Jump up ^ Bevelhymer, Carl (November 10, 2003). "Steam". Gotham Gazette.
Jump up ^ "Steam Balloon JBFA Article". [self-published source?]
Jump up ^ EP Patent Publication 2,091,572
Jump up ^ Song, Liyan; Wu, Jianfeng; Xi, Chuanwu (2012). "Biofilms on environmental surfaces: Evaluation of the disinfection efficacy of a novel steam vapor system". American Journal of Infection Control. 40 (10): 926–30. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2011.11.013. PMID 22418602.
Jump up ^ "Why Steam?". Sioux Corporation Website. Sioux Corporation. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Steam.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Water vapor.
Look up steam in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Steam.
Steam Tables & Charts by National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST
Wikiversity has steam tables with figures and Matlab code
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Tippecanoe and Tyler Too
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A score of the song as published by G. E. Blake of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too", originally published as "Tip and Ty", was a popular and influential campaign song of the Whig Party's colorful Log Cabin Campaign in the 1840 United States presidential election. Its lyrics sang the praises of Whig candidates William Henry Harrison (the "hero of Tippecanoe") and John Tyler, while denigrating incumbent Democrat Martin Van Buren.
Folk music critic Irwin Silber wrote that the song "firmly established the power of singing as a campaign device" in the United States, and that this and the other songs of 1840 represent a "Great Divide" in the development of American campaign music.[1] The North American Review at the time even remarked that the song was, "in the political canvas of 1840 what the 'Marseillaise' was to the French Revolution. It sang Harrison into the presidency."[2]
Today, however, the slogan Tippecanoe and Tyler Too is better remembered than the song itself.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 Lyrics
3 Modern recordings
4 References
5 External links
Origin[edit]
A campaign banner with the "Tip and Ty" slogan, derived from the song.
The song was written by Alexander Coffman Ross, a jeweler of Zanesville, Ohio, in 1840, to the music of the minstrelsy song, "Little Pigs". He first performed it at a Whig meeting in Zanesville, and it came to national attention when, traveling on a business trip, he introduced it to a Whig rally in New York. Ross apparently never copyrighted the song.[1]
"Little Pigs" itself is not well documented, but the available evidence suggests that there was a substantial adaptation of the score for "Tip and Ty".[3]
A historical society in Madison, Wisconsin, claimed that a local, the young nephew of future U.S. Supreme Court justice Levi Woodbury, wrote the first verses of the song and that its premiere performance at a Whig rally came at the suggestion of Woodbury himself.[4][5] Woodbury was, however, by all accounts a Democrat, not a Whig, and was in fact serving as Secretary of the Treasury under Martin Van Buren at the time.
There were many variations on the song published at the time, especially ones with new verses. It has been called a "satirical, expandable text that permitted, nay urged, singers to add their own lines".[3]
Lyrics[edit]
Tip and Ty
What's the cause of this commotion, motion, motion,
Our country through?
It is the ball a-rolling on

For Tippecanoe and Tyler too.
For Tippecanoe and Tyler too.
And with them we'll beat little Van, Van, Van,
Van is a used up man.
And with them we'll beat little Van.
First verse and chorus
Ross's version has twelve verses and a rousing chorus. There is repeated reference to rolling balls and constant motion, and rolling "great canvas balls"[6] became a physical prop in the campaign pageantry, alongside the better-known log cabins and hard cider barrels.
The song's appeal has been compared to that of a great pop novelty song, as against the relative seriousness of most campaign songs.[3]
Martin Van Buren is derided as "Little Van" and "Little Matty" and his supporters as "Vanjacks". These are contrasted with the rustic virtues of Harrison and the inevitability of his victory throughout the states.
The refrain For Tippecanoe and Tyler too is highly euphonious: it exhibits a triple alliteration, an internal rhyme, and nearly forms an iambic tetrameter.
Modern recordings[edit]
Abbreviated version
First verse and chorus.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Full version
All twelve verses.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The song was part of the 1968 Off-Broadway musical How to Steal an Election and its cast album, with music and lyrics adapted by folk singer Oscar Brand.
The song has been recorded in a traditional form multiple times: in 1960 by Broadway veteran Howard Da Silva on the album "Politics and Poker - Songs to Get Elected By" released by Monitor Records (New York), in 1978 by Peter Janovsky on the album Winners and Losers: Campaign Songs from the Critical Elections in American History, Vol. 1 for Folkways Records, and in 1999 by Oscar Brand on the album Presidential Campaign Songs: 1789 – 1996 for Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, the successor label to Folkways Records.
The band They Might Be Giants recorded an alternative rock version of the song for the 2004 compilation album Future Soundtrack for America, using a three verse lyric as adapted by Oscar Brand (from the first, eighth and second verses in Ross's original). Appropriately enough, the compilation was a benefit album for political causes relating to that year's election. John Flansburgh of They Might be Giants has remarked on the song's historical success as "the 'Rock Around the Clock' of campaign songs"[7] and "the 'I Want to Hold Your Hand' of campaign songs."[8]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Silber, Irwin (1971). Songs America Voted By. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books.
Jump up ^ As cited in Silber.
^ Jump up to: a b c Schrader, Arthur (2001). "Singing SHEAR History: A Commentary and Music Sampler". Journal of the Early Republic.
Jump up ^ Historic Madison Inc. (Feb. 19, 2007) "Historic Madison: Tippecanoe and Tyler, Too". The Capital Times.
Jump up ^ Forest Hill Cemetery: A Biographical Guide to the Ordinary and the Famous Who Shaped Madison and the World, 2002 (reference to book content)
Jump up ^ White, Andrew Dickson (1911). The Autobiography of Andrew Dickson White, Vol. 1, online
Jump up ^ Braiker, Brian (14 July 2004). "They Might Be Onto Something". Newsweek. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jeckell, Barry A. "Billboard News". Billboard. Archived from the original on August 14, 2006. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
External links[edit]
Works related to Tippecanoe and Tyler too at Wikisource
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