text:
Geopolitical zones of Nigeria
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The six geopolitical zones of Nigeria is a major division in modern Nigeria, created during the regime of president General Sani Abacha . Nigerian economic, political and educational resources are often shared across the zones.[1][2][3][4] [5]:98
Contents
[hide]
1 Reason for the Zones
2 Agitations for Constitutional Recognition
3 Zones
4 Map of Nigerian Geopolitical Zones
5 References
Reason for the Zones[edit]
The six zones have not been entirely carved out based on geopolitical location, but rather states with similar cultures, ethnic groups, and common history were classified in the same zone. [6]:98 Nigeria is made up of approximately 400 ethnic groups and 450 languages. There was a need for the government to merge similar groups for effective allocation of resources.
Agitations for Constitutional Recognition[edit]
Many groups and individuals in Nigeria including the Afenifere Renewal Movement through its National Publicity Secretary, Mr. Yinka Odumakin, Ohaneze Ndigbo through its late Secretary General, Chief Ralph Uwechue and Ijaw National Congress through its National President, Mr. Joshua Benameisigha have canvassed that the current six zonal divisions be recognized in Nigeria's constitution and be strengthened to function as federating units in the new structure for Nigeria.[7]
According to Chief Nengi James, a Niger Delta activist, "for all sections of the country to become one entity, the geopolitical zones must be recognized in the constitution." These groups are pushing for devolution of powers so that the geopolitical zones become autonomous and manage the resources within their territories in a Federal Nigeria.[7]
Zones[edit]
Middle Belt (loosely known as North Central):
Benue
Kogi
Kwara
Nasarawa
Niger
Plateau
Federal Capital Territory
North East:
Adamawa
Bauchi
Borno
Gombe
Taraba
Yobe
North West:
Jigawa
Kaduna
Kano
Katsina
Kebbi
Sokoto
Zamfara
South East:
Abia
Anambra
Ebonyi
Enugu
Imo
South South:
Akwa Ibom
Cross River
Bayelsa
Rivers
Delta
Edo
South West:
Ekiti
Lagos
Ogun
Ondo
Osun
Oyo
Map of Nigerian Geopolitical Zones[edit]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-12-27. Retrieved 2015-07-27.
Jump up ^ http://saharareporters.com/2014/07/17/niger-delta-region-%E2%80%98epicentre-electoral-fraud%E2%80%99-nigeria-africa-check
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-01-11. Retrieved 2014-08-29.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-09-03. Retrieved 2014-08-29.
Jump up ^ "Nigeria MDG Acceleration Framework: A commitment to Improved Maternal Health" (PDF). Federal Republic of Nigeria and UNDP. www.undp.org. August 2013.
Jump up ^ Eze, Titus Chinweuba.,1* Okpala, Cyril Sunday,2 Ogbodo, Joseph Charles; et al. (2014). "Patterns of Inequality in Human Development Across Nigeria's Six Geopolitical Zones". Department of Economics, Caritas University, Amorji-Nike, Emene, Enugu State. Nigeria; Department of Economics, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Department of Economics, Enugu State University of science & Technology, Enugu, Nigeria. iiste.org. 4 (8). ISSN 2225-0565. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b "Constitution: Six geopolitical zones divide North, South". punchng.com. Archived from the original on 2014-12-27.
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Agriculture in New Zealand
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2017)
A bullock wagon team taking wool from a farm station. The number of sheep in New Zealand peaked in the 1980s and is now reducing due to lower profits.
In New Zealand, agriculture is the largest sector of the tradable economy, contributing about two-thirds of exported goods in 2006-7.[1] For the year ended March 2002, agricultural exports were valued at over $14.8 billion. New Zealand is unique in being the only developed country to be totally exposed to the international markets since subsidies, tax concessions and price supports for the agricultural sector were removed in the 1980s.[2] However, as of 2017, the New Zealand Government still provides state investment in infrastructure which supports agriculture.[3]
Pastoral farming is the major land use but there are increases in land area devoted to horticulture.
New Zealand is a member of the Cairns Group, which is seeking to have free trade in agricultural goods.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Sectors
2.1 Pastoral farming
2.2 Forestry
2.3 Horticulture
2.4 Aquaculture
2.5 Beekeeping
3 Organic farming
4 Environmental impacts
5 Agricultural pests
5.1 Animal pests
5.2 Plant pests
6 Biosecurity
7 Tenure review
8 Agricultural organisations
9 Future of New Zealand agriculture
10 Impact on New Zealand culture
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
History[edit]
Early label from a tin of mutton from New Zealand
The government offered a number of subsidies during the 1970s to assist farmers after the United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community[5] and by the early 1980s government support provided some farmers with 40 percent of their income.[6] In 1984 the Labour government ended all farm subsidies under Rogernomics,[7] and by 1990 the agricultural industry became the most deregulated sector in New Zealand.[8] To stay competitive in the heavily subsidised European and US markets New Zealand farmers had to increase the efficiency of their operations.[9][10] Animal farming is pasture based; cows and sheep are rarely housed or fed large quantities of grain, with most farmers using grass based supplements such as hay and silage during feed shortages. Pigs are usually kept indoors, either in gestation crates, farrowing crates, fattening pens, or group housing.[11]
Sectors[edit]
Pastoral farming[edit]
Beef and dairy cattle are important components of New Zealand agriculture
See also: Dairy farming in New Zealand
In Northland, the major form of pastoral farming is beef cattle. In the Waikato and Taranaki areas, dairy cattle predominate. Through the rest of New Zealand, sheep farming is the major rural activity, with beef cattle farming in the hills and high country, and dairying increasing in Canterbury, Otago and Southland.[12]
New Zealand is the world's eighth largest milk producer, with about 2.2% of world production.[13] Total production was 1.3 billion kg of milk solids, and NZD 8.38 billion of dairy products were exported in the year ending 30 September 2007.[14][15] There are approximately 4.2 million dairy milking cows in New Zealand, and 5.26 million dairy cattle in total at 30 June 2007, an increase from 3 million in 1982.[12] In mid-2005, there were 12,786 dairy farms, with a total area of 2.1 million hectares.[14] Traditional dairy production areas are the wetter areas of the country: Waikato, Taranaki, Southland, Northland, Horowhenua, Manawatu and Westland. Fonterra is the major processor of milk in New Zealand. It processes 94.8 percent of all milk solids from dairy farms.[14] Other large dairy companies are Tatua Co-operative Dairy Company, Westland Milk Products and Synlait.
Rural landscape with sheep
Livestock is predominantly grass-fed, but hay and silage is used in the winter months to make up for slower pasture growth.[12] There were 38.5 million sheep and 4.39 million beef cattle in New Zealand in June 2007. The number of sheep saw a substantial fall from the 70.3 million in 1982, while beef cattle numbers declined by about ten percent over the same period.[12] In June 2006. 573,000 tonnes of sheep meat was produced in 2006-7, and 164,000 tonnes of clean wool. NZD 2.08 billion of lamb, NZD 283 million of mutton, and NZD 938 million of raw wool and wool products was exported in the year ending 30 September 2007. Production of beef and veal in 2006-7 was 623,000 tonnes, with NZD 1.64 billion in exports. There were 13,254 beef farms, 13,905 sheep farms and 1,614 mixed beef/sheep farms in 2005, with areas of 1.5 million hectares, 8.1 million hectares, and 655,000 hectares respectively.[14][15][16]
Deer farming has increased dramatically from a herd of 150,000 in 1982 to 1.59 million in 2006, with 1,617 deer farms occupying 218,000 hectares of land in 2005.[14] NZD 252 million of venison was exported in the year ending 30 September 2007. New Zealand is the largest exporter of farmed venison in the world.[15] In the 1970s and 80s there was a huge industry carrying out live deer recovery from forested areas of New Zealand. The deer are a pest animal that has a negative impact on the biodiversity of New Zealand. The deer-farm stock was bred from the recovered wild animals.[citation needed]
In 2005, there were 264 pig farms with a total area of 12,831 hectares. There were also 855 mixed livestock farms and 633 other livestock farms, with areas of 178 and 18,000 hectares, respectively.[14] The 50,000 tonnes of pork produced in 2007 was supplemented by 40,000 tonnes of imported pork products to meet domestic demand.[17] 14.7 million chickens were raised for meat in 2007,[18] with 145 tonnes of chicken meat produced. No other poultry is raised in significant numbers in New Zealand. Approximately 3.1 million laying hens are kept, producing 900 million eggs in 2006.[17] Goats are also farmed for meat, milk, and mohair, and to control weeds.[15]
Forestry[edit]
Logging tracks in Marlborough
Main article: Forestry in New Zealand
Milling of New Zealand's extensive native forests was one of the earliest industries in the settlement of the country. The long, straight hardwood from the kauri was ideal for ship masts and spars. As the new colony was established, timber was the most common building material, and vast areas of native forest were cleared. Rimu, tōtara, matai, and miro were the favoured timbers. The Monterrey Pine, Pinus radiata was introduced to New Zealand in the 1850s.[19] It thrived in the conditions, reaching maturity in 28 years, much faster than in its native California. It was found to grow well in the infertile acidic soil of the volcanic plateau, where attempts at agriculture had failed. The Government initiated planting of exotic forests in 1899 at Whakarewarewa, near Rotorua. This was to address growing timber shortages as slow-growing native forests were exhausted.[20] In the 1930s, vast areas of land were planted in Pinus radiata by relief workers. The largest tract was the 188,000-hectare Kāingaroa forest, the largest plantation forest in the world. As the major forests matured, processing industries such as the Kinleith Mill at Tokoroa and the Tasman Mill at Kawerau were established.
Plantation forests of various sizes can now be found in all regions of New Zealand except Central Otago and Fiordland. In 2006 their total area was 1.8 million hectares, with 89% in Pinus radiata and 5% in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)[21] Log harvesting in 2006 was 18.8 million m3, down from 22.5 million m3 in 2003. This is projected to rise as high as 30 million m3 as newer forests mature. The value of all forestry exports (logs, chips, sawn timber, panels and paper products) for the year ended 31 March 2006 was $NZ 3.62 billion. This is projected to rise to $4.65 billion by 2011. Australia accounts for just over 25% of export value, mostly paper products, followed by Japan, South Korea, China and the United States.[21] Within the New Zealand economy, forestry accounts for approximately 4% of national GDP. On the global stage, the New Zealand forestry industry is a relatively small contributor in terms of production, accounting for 1% of global wood supply for industrial purposes.[22]
Horticulture[edit]
Vineyard in Marlborough
There are about 400 growers of stone fruit who utilise 3000 hectares of land, mostly in the Hawke's Bay and Otago regions. Three quarters of the fruit produced is consumed domestically. Peaches, nectarines and plums are produced for domestic consumption, and apricots and cherries, almost all from Otago, are exported.[23] About 30 varieties of apples and pears are exported, with over 16 million tray carton equivalents (18 kg) of apples and 300,000 tce's of pears exported in 2007. Most pipfruit is grown in the Hawke's Bay and Tasman regions, with about 10,000 hectares planted.[24]
Kiwifruit is grown in many regions of the North Island and in the north of the South Island, but is most concentrated in the Bay of Plenty. There are 2,700 kiwifruit growers, with over 13,000 hectares planted. Over 80 million trays of kiwifruit were exported in 2006, about one-quarter of the world's production. Kiwifruit is New Zealand's largest horticultural export by value.[24]
In 2007 there were over 29,0000 hectares planted in grapes (mostly in Marlborough, Hawke's Bay and Gisborne), 205,000 tonnes of grapes were produced, and there were 543 wineries.[24] Citrus fruit is grown in Gisborne, Northland and Auckland. Blackcurrants and other berry fruits are grown in Tasman, Waikato, Canterbury and Auckland.
Avocados and other subtropical fruits are grown in Northland and the Bay of Plenty.[24] Total exports of fresh fruit were worth NZD 1,200 million in 2007, and NZD 105 million of processed fruit was also exported. 76 million litres of wine, worth NZD 698 million, was exported.[23][25]
Hay bales in Otago
Almost all hay and silage is consumed on the same farm as it is produced. Most supplementary feed crops are grown in the South Island, where the colder climate forces additional feeding of stock during winter. Wheat is mostly grown in the Canterbury region and is used for domestic consumption in bread and biscuits. By-products are bran and pollard, which are used for stock feed. Barley is used for stock feed and for malt. Some barley is exported, depending on international price fluctuations. Maize is grown in the Waikato and Manawatu-Wanganui regions as feed for chickens, pigs and cattle. Oats are grown in Canterbury and Southland for animal feed, and for rolled oats and oatmeal.[23]
Vegetable growing occupies more than 50,000 hectares of land and employs 25,000 people. More than 50 different vegetables are grown in New Zealand. Approximately 1,450 growers produce fresh vegetables with a value of over NZD 400 million in 2007. NZD 260 million of fresh vegetables, mainly onions and squash, were exported in 2007. 750 growers produce vegetables worth over NZD 100 million for processing, and NZD 297 million of processed and frozen vegetables, mostly potatoes, sweetcorn and peas, were exported in 2007.[23] NZD 63 million worth of seeds and bulbs, and NZD 43 million of cut flowers and foliage, were exported in 2007.[23]
Aquaculture[edit]
Mussel long line in Pelorus Sound
Main article: Aquaculture in New Zealand
Aquaculture started in New Zealand in the late 1960s and is dominated by mussels, oysters and salmon. In 2007, aquaculture generated about NZ$360 million in sales on an area of 7,700 hectares with a total of $240 million earned in exports. In 2006, the aquaculture industry in New Zealand developed a strategy aimed at achieving a sustainable annual billion NZ dollar business by 2025. In 2007, the government reacted by offering more support to the growing industry.
Beekeeping[edit]
Main article: Beekeeping in New Zealand
New Zealand had 2,602 beekeepers at the end of 2007, who owned 313,399 hives. Total honey production was 9700 tonnes. Pollen, beeswax, and propolis are also produced. Beekeepers provide pollination services to horticulturalists, which generates more income than the products of bee culture. Approximately 20–25,000 queen bees, and 20 tonnes of packaged bees (which include worker bees and a queen) are exported live each year.[26]
Organic farming[edit]
Main article: Organic farming in New Zealand
Organic farming practices began on a commercial scale in the 1980s and is now an increasing segment of the market with some of the larger companies such as Wattie's becoming involved.
Environmental impacts[edit]
See also: Environmental issues with agriculture, Environmental impact of meat production, and Water pollution in New Zealand
Both the original Māori people and the European colonists made huge changes to New Zealand over a relatively short time. Māori burned forest to flush out game and to encourage the growth of bracken fern, which was used as a food source, and practised agriculture using plants they brought from tropical Polynesia. The Europeans logged and burned off a third of the forest cover to convert land to pastoral farming.
In 1993, the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research summarised available data on the quality of water in rivers. They concluded that "lowland river reaches in agriculturally developed catchments are in poor condition" reflecting "agriculturally derived diffuse and point source waste inputs in isolation or in addition to urban or industrial waste inputs". The key contaminants identified in lowland rivers were dissolved inorganic nitrogen, dissolved reactive phosphorus and faecal contamination. Small streams in dairy farming areas were identified as being in very poor condition.[27] New Zealand's rivers and lakes are becoming increasingly nutrient enriched and degraded by nitrogen, animal faecal matter, and eroded sediment.[28] Many waterways are now unsafe for swimming. Fish and Game New Zealand launched a "dirty dairying" campaign to highlight the effect of intensive agriculture on waterways. Fonterra, the largest dairy company in New Zealand, in conjunction with government agencies responded with the Dairying and Clean Streams Accord. In 2009, the Crafar Farms group of dairy farms in the North Island became known as the 'poster boys for dirty dairying' after a string of prosecutions in the Environment Court for unlawful discharges of dairy effluent.[29][30]
In 2004 the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment released a report on the environmental effects of farming in New Zealand.[31] It noted that the trend was towards an increasing pressure on New Zealand's natural capital. Between 1994 and 2002 the number of dairy cows increased by 34% and the land area used grew by just 12% resulting in a more intensive land use. In the same period synthetic fertiliser use across all sectors grew by 21% and urea use grew by 160%.[citation needed]
Almost half of the greenhouse gas emissions in New Zealand are due to the agricultural sector. A portion of this is due to methane from belching ruminants. An agricultural emissions research levy was proposed, quickly becoming known as the "Fart Tax".[32] The proposed levy encountered opposition from the farming sector and the National Party, resulting in plans for the levy being abandoned. The Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium was formed as an alternative to imposing the levy on farmers.
Agricultural pests[edit]
See also: Invasive species in New Zealand
A number of plant and animal introductions into New Zealand has reduced the income from farming. Tight border controls to improve biosecurity have been put into place to ensure any new and unwanted pests and diseases do not enter the country. Monitoring is done around sea and airports to check for any incursions.
Animal pests[edit]
The Common Brushtail Possum was introduced from Australia to establish a fur trade. It soon became one of New Zealand's most problematic invasive species because of the huge effect on the biodiversity of New Zealand as well affecting agricultural production since it is a vector for Bovine tuberculosis. The disease now endemic in possums across approximately 38 per cent of New Zealand (known as ‘vector risk areas’). In these areas, nearly 70 per cent of new herd infections can be traced back to possums or ferrets. The Biosecurity Act 1993, which established a National Pest Management Strategy, is the legislation behind control of the disease in New Zealand. The Animal Health Board (AHB) operates a nationwide programme of cattle testing and possum control with the goal of eradicating M. bovis from wild vector species across 2.5 million hectares – or one quarter – of New Zealand’s at-risk areas by 2026 and, eventually, eradicating the disease entirely.[33]
Possums are controlled through a combination of trapping, ground-baiting and, where other methods are impractical, aerial treament with 1080 poison.[34]
From 1979–1984, possum control was stopped due to lack of funding. In spite of regular and frequent TB testing of cattle herds, the number of infected herds snowballed and continued to increase until 1994.[35] The area of New Zealand where there were TB wild animals expanded from about 10 to 40 per cent.
That possums are such effective transmitters of TB appears to be facilitated by their behaviour once they succumb to the disease. Terminally ill TB possums will show increasingly erratic behaviour, such as venturing out during the daytime to get enough food to eat, and seeking out buildings in which to keep warm. As a consequence they may wander onto paddocks, where they naturally attract the attention of inquisitive cattle and deer. This behaviour has been captured on video.[36]
The introduced Canada Geese became prolific and began to adversely affect pastures and crops. In 2011 restrictions on hunting them were dropped to allow them to be culled.
Plant pests[edit]
Gorse was introduced as a hedgerow plant but has become the most expensive agricultural plant pest costing millions of dollars in efforts to control its spread over farmland.
Other serious pasture and crop land plant pest are nodding thistle (Carduus nutans), Californian thistle (Cirsium arvense), ragwort (Senecio jacobaea), broom (Cytisus scoparius), giant buttercup (Ranunculus acris), fat-hen (Chenopodium album), willow weed (Polygonum persicaria), and hawkweed (Hieracium species).[37]
Biosecurity[edit]
Main article: Biosecurity in New Zealand
Because of its geographical isolation New Zealand is free of some pest and diseases that are problematic for agricultural production in other countries. With a high level of international trade and large numbers of inbound tourists biosecurity is of great importance since new any pest or diseases brought into the country could potentially have a huge effect on the economy of New Zealand.
There have been no outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in New Zealand. If an outbreak did occur there is potential for severe economic losses given that agricultural exports are a large segment of exports.[38] New Zealand has strict biosecurity [39] measures in place to prevent the introduction of unwanted pests and diseases.
Tenure review[edit]
Main article: Tenure review
Many areas of the high country of the South Island were set up as large sheep and cattle stations in the late 19th century. Much of this land was leased from The Crown but after the passing of the Crown Pastoral Land Act 1998 the leases were reviewed. Environmentalists and academics raised concerns about the process saying that farmers were gaining an advantage and that conservation issues were not being resolved.
Agricultural organisations[edit]
A fixture in many rural towns is the annual Agricultural and Pastoral (A&P) shows[40] where competitions are held for the best livestock and farm produce. Carnivals, sideshows, equestrian events and craft competitions are also held as part of the A&P shows.
The Ministry for Primary Industries is the government agency responsible for the agricultural sector. It has both policy and operational arms.
Federated Farmers is a large and influential lobby group that represents farmers interests. It has a voluntary membership which stands at over 26,000.
The Soil & Health Association of New Zealand, established in 1941, promotes organic food and farming.
The New Zealand Young Farmers is a national organisation formed in 1927 with regional clubs throughout the country. It runs the annual Young Farmer Contest.
Irrigation New Zealand is the national body representing farmers who use irrigation and the irrigation industry. It opposes Water conservation orders.[41]
Future of New Zealand agriculture[edit]
There are two main views on the immediate future of New Zealand agriculture. One is that, due to fast-rising consumer demand in India and China, the world is entering a golden age for commodities, and New Zealand is well placed to take advantage of this. The other view is that New Zealand will only gain limited rewards from this boom because of increasing production competition from developing countries. For New Zealand to remain competitive, farmers will either have to intensify production to remain commodity producers (increasing stock and fertiliser per hectare) or, instead, become producers of higher value, more customised products.[28]
AgResearch Ltd (New Zealand's largest Crown Research Institute) believes that new technologies will allow New Zealand farmers to double their output by 2020, while simultaneously reducing greenhouse-gas emissions and other detrimental environmental impacts associated with farming practices.[28]
Impact on New Zealand culture[edit]
Rural New Zealand has affected the culture of New Zealand.
Country Calendar is a factual television programme about farming methods and country life, and is watched by both rural and urban New Zealanders. The show first premièred on 6 March 1966, and is the country's longest-running locally-made television series.
The gumboot, a waterproof boot commonly used by farmers and others, is a cultural icon with Taihape hosting an annual Gumboot Day. Fred Dagg, a comedy character created by John Clarke, was a stereotypical farmer wearing a black singlet, shorts and gumboots.
Number 8 wire is used for fencing and has become part of the cultural lexicon. It is used for all manner of tasks and it describes the do it yourself mentality of New Zealanders.
See also[edit]
Animal welfare in New Zealand
Fishing industry in New Zealand
Flax in New Zealand
Kiwifruit industry in New Zealand
Genetic engineering in New Zealand
Pesticides in New Zealand
Hump and hollow, a pasture improvement technique
National Animal Identification and Tracing
Station (New Zealand agriculture)
Crafar Farms
Animal Health Board
Regulation of animal research in New Zealand
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sarah Brazil, ed. (2008). New Zealand Official Yearbook. Statistics New Zealand. p. 357. ISBN 978-1-86953-717-3. The export figure includes agriculture, horticulture and forestry.
Jump up ^ Brendan Hutching, ed. (2006). New Zealand Official Yearbook. Statistics New Zealand. p. 359. ISBN 978-1-86953-638-1.
Jump up ^ "Background". Crown Irrigation Investments. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Agricultural trade negotiations". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Nightingale, Tony (March 2009). "Government and agriculture – Subsidies and changing markets, 1946–1983". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Pickford, John (October 2004). "New Zealand's hardy farm spirit". BBC news.
Jump up ^ Edwards, Chris; DeHaven, Tad (March 2002). "Save the Farms – End the Subsidies". Washington Post. Cato Institute.
Jump up ^ Nightingale, Tony (June 2010). "Government and agriculture – Deregulation and environmental regulations, 1984 onwards". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Arnold, Wayne (August 2007). "Surviving Without Subsidies". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ St Clair, Tony (July 2002). "Farming without subsidies – a better way: Why New Zealand agriculture is a world leader". European Voice. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Animal Welfare". NZ Pork Board. June 2010. Archived from the original on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d New Zealand Official Yearbook, 2008, p 359
Jump up ^ "Situation and outlook for New Zealand agriculture and forestry (August 2007)". Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. August 2008. Archived from the original on 23 November 2008. Retrieved 2 April 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f New Zealand Official Yearbook, 2008, p 358
^ Jump up to: a b c d New Zealand Official Yearbook, 2008, pp 360–61
Jump up ^ New Zealand Official Yearbook, 2008, p 365
^ Jump up to: a b New Zealand Official Yearbook, 2008, pp 368–9
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-09.
Jump up ^ New Zealand Official yearbook, 1990
Jump up ^ McKinnon, Malcolm (20 December 2010). "Volcanic Plateau region". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Situation and outlook for New Zealand agriculture and forestry". NZ Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. August 2007. Archived from the original on 23 November 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Forestry Industry in New Zealand". Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e New Zealand Official Yearbook, 2008, pp 370–71
^ Jump up to: a b c d New Zealand Official Yearbook, 2008, pp 372–73
Jump up ^ New Zealand Official Yearbook, 2008, p 374
Jump up ^ New Zealand Official Yearbook, 2008, p 370
Jump up ^ Smith, CM; Vant, WN; Smith, DG; Cooper, AB; Wilcock, RL (April 1993). "Freshwater quality in New Zealand and the influence of agriculture". Consultancy Report No. MAF056. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research.
^ Jump up to: a b c Oram, R. (2007). The RMA now and in the future, paper presented at the Beyond the RMA conference, Environmental Defence Society, Auckland, NZ, 30–31 May
Jump up ^ Leaman, Aaron; Neems, Jeff (29 August 2009). "Acting 'too late' costs farmers $90k". Waikato Times. Fairfax Media Ltd. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Kissun, Sudesh (25 September 2009). "Things could have been done better: Crafar". Rural News. Rural News Group Limited. Retrieved 28 May 2010. The Reporoa farmer, used by environmental groups as a poster boy for dirty dairying, is unhappy with some things happening on his farms
Jump up ^ PCE (October 2004). Growing for good: Intensive farming, sustainability and New Zealand's environment. Wellington: Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Images: Farmers Fart Tax Protest At Parliament". scoop.co.nz. 4 September 2003. Retrieved 1 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "TBfree New Zealand programme".
Jump up ^ "The use of 1080 for pest control – 3.1 Possums as reservoirs of bovine tuberculosis". 2011.
Jump up ^ "Future freedom from bovine TB, Graham Nugent (Landcare Research)". 2011.
Jump up ^ "Dr Paul Livingstone letter to the editor". Gisborne Herald. 26 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Rowan (1997). Ian Smith, ed. The State of New Zealand's Environment 1997. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment. ISBN 0-478-09000-5.
Jump up ^ Biosecurity New Zealand Foot and mouth disease
Jump up ^ http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/enter
Jump up ^ Royal Agricultural Society
Jump up ^ "Water Conservation Orders Have No Role In Sustainable Future" (Press release). Irrigation NZ. 13 August 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
Further reading[edit]
A lasting Legacy – A 125 year history of New Zealand Farming since the first Frozen Meat Shipment, Ed. Colin Williscroft PMP, NZ Rural Press Limited, Auckland, 2007
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agriculture in New Zealand.
Ministry for Primary Industires
Statistics New Zealand – Primary production page
MPI Biosecurity New Zealand
Organics Aotearoa New Zealand
Soil & Health Association of New Zealand
Country-Wide magazine – In-depth information helping farmers make more money (based in New Zealand)
The Deer Farmer – The Deer Farmer Business Independent: The world's premier deer farming journal (based in New Zealand)
The Farmer in New Zealand (1941 Centennial publication)
The TBfree New Zealand programme
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Lilium longiflorum
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Lilium longiflorum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae
Genus: Lilium
Species: L. longiflorum
Binomial name
Lilium longiflorum
Thunb.
Lilium longiflorum (Japanese: テッポウユリ, Teppōyuri), often called the Easter lily, is a plant endemic to both Taiwan and Ryukyu Islands (Japan). Lilium formosana, a closely related species from Taiwan, has been treated as a variety of Easter lily in the past. It is a stem rooting lily, growing up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) high. It bears a number of trumpet shaped, white, fragrant, and outward facing flowers.
Contents
[hide]
1 Features
2 Cultivation
3 Use in Eastertide
4 History
5 Chemistry
6 Toxicity
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Features[edit]
Plants tend to grow from about 50 cm (20 in) to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) tall. They have long oval leaves and the vein enters the horizontal direction. From April to June, the plant's flowering season, it produces pure white flowers on top of the stem. The stem has a cylindrical shape, with a diameter of about 5 cm (2.0 in).
Cultivation[edit]
A variety of it, L. longiflorum var. eximium, native to the Ryukyu Islands, is taller and more vigorous. It is extensively cultivated for cut flowers. It has irregular blooming periods in nature, and this is exploited in cultivation, allowing it to be forced for flowering at particular periods, such as Easter. However, it can be induced to flower over a much wider period. This variety is sometimes called the Bermuda lily because it has been much cultivated in Bermuda.
Lilium longiflorum 'Pink-Heaven'
Use in Eastertide[edit]
Lilium longiflorum is known as the Easter lily because in Christianity, it is a symbol of the resurrection of Christ, which is celebrated during Eastertide.[1][2] The "lily has always been highly regarded in the Church", as Jesus Himself referenced the flower, saying "Consider the lilies how they grow: they toil not, they spin not; and yet I say unto you, that Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these" (Luke 12:27).[3] Moreover, according to pious legend, "after Jesus' death and resurrection, some of these beautiful flowers were found growing in the Garden of Gethsemane, where Jesus went to pray the night before His crucifixion. Legend has it that these flowers sprung up where drops of Jesus' sweat fell as he prayed".[4][5] In many Christian churches, the chancel is adorned with Easter lilies throughout the Paschal season.[6][7] A poem of the early 1900s titled Easter Lilies by S.R. Allen, delineates this custom:
Somewhere while the Easter lilies
Swing their perfumed censers white,
Softened rays of sunlight falling
In lines aslant, and warm, and bright,
Shall gild the altar, nave and chancel;
Rest with tender roseate ray
On the font, enwreathed with lilies
For baptismal rites today.
Another pilgrim on the journey
From the cradle to the tomb,
Shall receive a name and blessing
While the Easter lilies bloom.
—  Mrs. S.R. Allen[8]
History[edit]
From the 1890s to the early 1920s, there was a thriving export trade of bulbs from Bermuda to New York. A disease affected the Bermuda lilies: this was identified by Lawrence Ogilvie. In 1903, USDA Agricultural Research Services (ARS) started to distribute disease free plant materials and seeds. The agency also started a breeding program, and released one of the first dwarf cultivars for potted-plant production in 1929.[9] Prior to USDA's effort, lily bulbs were mostly imported from Japan before the 1940s. The supply of bulbs was suddenly cut off after the attack on Pearl Harbor and Easter lilies became extremely valuable in the United States.
Currently, nearly all Easter lily bulbs used in North America are grown on coastal bottom lands in northwestern California and southwestern Oregon, particularly in the town of Smith River, California, according to the trade association Easter Lily Research Association, as cited in an article on takepart.com [10]
Chemistry[edit]
The Easter lily is a rich source of steroidal glycosides.[11] It also contains bitter principles such as 3,6′-diferuloylsucrose.[12]
Toxicity[edit]
Some Lilium species are toxic to cats. This is known to be so especially for L. longiflorum, though other Lilium and the unrelated Hemerocallis can also cause the same symptoms.[13][14][15] The true mechanism of toxicity is undetermined, but it involves damage to the renal tubular epithelium (composing the substance of the kidney and secreting, collecting, and conducting urine), which can cause acute renal failure. Veterinary help should be sought, as a matter of urgency, for any cat that is suspected of eating any part of a lily – including licking pollen that may have brushed onto its coat.[16]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Collins, Cynthia (19 April 2014). "Easter Lily Tradition and History". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 April 2014. The Easter Lily is symbolic of the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Churches of all denominations, large and small, are filled with floral arrangements of these white flowers with their trumpet-like shape on Easter morning.
Jump up ^ Schell, Stanley (1916). Easter Celebrations. Werner & Company. p. 84. We associate the lily with Easter, as pre-eminently the symbol of the Resurrection.
Jump up ^ Soares, Theodore Gerald (1907). The Week of Our Lord's Passion. Hope Publishing Company. p. 210. Retrieved 20 April 2014. The lily has always been highly regarding in the Church. Jesus said "Consider the lilies." The white lily is the symbol of purity. There is a peculiar fitness in the choice of this flower as an Easter emblem. Its bulb is hidden in the earth, and waits the coming of the Easter season to spring forth and blossom. Beautiful in itself it is still more beautiful in its sacred significance.
Jump up ^ Hafer, Todd (2006). Easter A to Z. Hallmark Cards, Incorporated. p. 17. ISBN 9781595301079. Retrieved 20 April 2014. Easter lilies are, perhaps, the most famous holiday flowers of all time. Sometime after Jesus' death and resurrection, some of these beautiful flowers were found growing in the Garden of Gethsemane, where Jesus went to pray the night before His crucifixion. Legend has it that these flowers sprung up where drops of Jesus' sweat fell as he prayed and became very sad about what was happening to Him.
Jump up ^ Swenson, Allan A. (2002). Flowers of the Bible: And How to Grow Them. Kensington Publishing Corporation. p. 182. ISBN 9780806523149. Retrieved 20 April 2014. Christian tradition also says that lilies were found growing in the Garden of Gethsemane after Christ's agony.
Jump up ^ Luther League Review: 1936-1937. Luther League of America. 1936. There were Easter lilies everywhere, on the platform in Sunday School, and the church was full of them, around the organ, along the chancel rail, inside the chancel, the whole front of the church seemed full of them.
Jump up ^ Franklin, Estelle Eva (1906). Home Science Magazine. Lore of the Lily: Beautiful Traditions That are Associated With the Easter Flower-Its Universality. Home Science Publishing Company. p. 550. The Easter lily, the emblem of the Christian church for centuries, is probably more largely used for decoration of altar and shrine throughout the civilized world, in the festival of the Resurrection, than all other flowers combined.
Jump up ^ Ludwig, O. C.; S.R. Allen (1906). Pictures and Poems of Arkansas. Easter Lilies. Sketch Book Publishing Co. p. 103. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "A Brief History of Easter Lilies and the Role of the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center" (PDF). USDA-ARS.
Jump up ^ "Are Your Easter Lilies Poisoning This California Town?". Participant Media.
Jump up ^ Munafo, JP; Gianfagna, TJ (2011). "Quantitative analysis of steroidal glycosides in different organs of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) by LC-MS/MS". J Agric Food Chem. 59 (3): 995–1004. doi:10.1021/jf1036454. PMID 21235207.
Jump up ^ Shoyama, Yukihiro; Hatano, Koji; Nishioka, Itsuo; Yamagishi, Takashi (1987). "Phenolic glycosides from Lilium longiflorum". Phytochemistry. 26 (11): 2965. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84572-0.
Jump up ^ Langston CE (January 2002). "Acute renal failure caused by lily ingestion in six cats". J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 220 (1): 49–52, 36. doi:10.2460/javma.2002.220.49. PMID 12680447.
Jump up ^ Hall J (1992). "Nephrotoxicity of Easter Lily (Lilium longiflorum) when ingested by the cat". Proc Annu Meet Am Vet Int Med. 6: 121.
Jump up ^ Volmer P (April 1999). "Easter lily toxicosis in cats" (PDF). Vet Med: 331. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Lily poisoning in cats – Vet Help Direct Blog".
Further reading[edit]
Vidali, Luis; Hepler, Peter K. (1997). "Characterization and localization of profilin in pollen grains and tubes ofLilium longiflorum". Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton. 36 (4): 323–338. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0169(1997)36:4<323::AID-CM3>3.0.CO;2-6. ISSN 0886-1544. PMID 9096955.
Holm, Preben Bach (1977). "Three-dimensional reconstruction of chromosome pairing during the zygotene stage of meiosis in Lilium longiflorum (thunb.)". Carlsberg Research Communications. 42 (2): 103–151. doi:10.1007/BF02906489. ISSN 0105-1938.
Reiss, Hans-Dieter; Herth, Werner (1979). "Calcium ionophore A 23187 affects localized wall secretion infqu hoeegion of pollen tubes of Lilium longiflorum". Planta. 145 (3): 225–232. doi:10.1007/BF00454445. ISSN 0032-0935. PMID 24317727.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lilium longiflorum.
www.the-genus-lilium: Lilium longiflorum
Lilium longiflorum in Flora of China
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q311206
EoL: 1002644
EPPO: LILLO
GBIF: 2753336
GRIN: 22176
iNaturalist: 223669
IPNI: 537642-1
ITIS: 503456
NCBI: 4690
NZOR: a78d1906-6061-4de0-9255-d7a090aa0cac
Plant List: kew-280023
PLANTS: LILO3
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:537642-1
Tropicos: 18400675
WCSP: 280023
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lilium_longiflorum&oldid=837030455"
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Greg Evigan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Greg Evigan
Greg Evigan at the premiere of Step Up 2: The Streets
Born
Gregory Ralph Evigan
(1953-10-14) October 14, 1953 (age 64)
South Amboy, New Jersey, U.S.
Occupation
Actor, composer, producer
Years active
1976–present
Spouse(s)
Pamela C. Serpe (1979-present; 3 children)
Website
http://www.evigan.com/
Gregory Ralph Evigan (born October 14, 1953) is an American actor known for the television series B. J. and the Bear, My Two Dads, P.S. I Luv U and TekWar.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early years
2 Family
3 Career
4 Filmography
4.1 TV filmography
4.2 Filmography
4.3 Video filmography
5 References
6 External links
Early years[edit]
Evigan was born in South Amboy, New Jersey, the son of Ralph Milan Evigan, an electrician, and his wife, Barbara Elizabeth Evigan, a homemaker.[1] He grew up in Sayreville, New Jersey, and attended Sayreville War Memorial High School, graduating in 1971.[citation needed]
In 2007 he was inducted into the school's Alumni Hall of Fame for his contributions to the arts.[2][3]
Family[edit]
Evigan is married to dancer Pamela C. Serpe and has three children. Their youngest daughter Briana is the lead actress in Step Up 2: The Streets and Step Up: All In. Briana and Greg appeared together in the 2015 Hallmark Channel holiday movie Once Upon a Holiday. Another daughter is actress Vanessa Lee Evigan, who appeared in Holiday in Handcuffs. Evigan's son Jason is the front man of an LA-based band called After Midnight Project.
Career[edit]
Evigan auditioned for and landed a role in the Broadway show "Jesus Christ Superstar." He also played the lead as part of a touring companies production of Grease.[citation needed]
He is best known for his work in three hit television series:
1979–1981 B. J. and the Bear, where he starred as Billie Joe "B.J." McKay, a truck driver whose best friend was a chimpanzee named Bear;
1987–1990 My Two Dads in which a teenage girl is raised by two past boyfriends of her deceased mother together when it cannot be determined which is the father;
mid-1990s TekWar, a science fiction series based on a series of books by Star Trek actor William Shatner (who also co-starred). TekWar originated as a series of two-hour television movies in 1994, and then became a series of hour-long episodes that ran in 1995-96.
Evigan was played by actor Mark Gatiss in several When Insects Attack segments in 1998 and When Things Get Knocked Over segments in 1999 episodes of the British television sketch show This Morning with Richard Not Judy.[citation needed]
Filmography[edit]
TV filmography[edit]
A Year at the Top (1977)
B. J. and the Bear (1978) as Billie Joe 'B.J.' McKay
Dallas (1978) (Episode "Runaway") as Willie Guest
One Day at a Time (1978) (Episodes "Jealousy Pt.1" and "Jealousy Pt. 2") as Doug
Pink Lady and Jeff (1980)
Masquerade (1983) as Danny Doyle
The Yellow Rose (1984) as Trey Champion
Northstar (1986) as Jack North
Murder, She Wrote (1986) as Brad Kaneally
Matlock (1987) as Josh Sinclair
My Two Dads (1987) as Joey Harris
P.S. I Luv U (1991) as Cody Powell/Joey Paciorek
Columbo: A Bird in the Hand (1992) as Harold McCain
Melrose Place (1992) as Dr. Dan Hathaway
TekWar (1994) as Jake Cardigan
Deadly Family Secrets (1995) as Eddie
Burke's Law (1995)
Pacific Palisades (1997) as Robert Russo
Earthquake in New York (TV movie) 1998 as John Rykker
Family Rules (1999) as Nate Harrison
Touched by an Angel (1999) as Bo Beumont
Big Sound (2000) as Bill Sutton
Reba (2001) as Bill
Spirit (2001) as Jesse
JAG (2003) (Episode Empty Quiver) as Master Chief Shattuck
Straight From the Heart (2003) as Edward
CSI: Miami (2005) (episode "Money Plane") as Sean Walsh
Our House (2006) as Todd Preston
Desperate Housewives (2007) as Dr. Charles McLain
Poison Ivy: The Secret Society (2008) as Professor Andrew Graves
Mail Order Bride (TV movie) (2008) as Tom Rourke
Cold Case (Episode "One Small Step") (2008) as Chuck Pierce
Heat Wave
My Dog's Christmas Miracle (2011) as Kevin
Metal Tornado(2011) as Jonathan Kane
The Glades (2012) (Episode "Fountain of Youth") as Bruce Phillips
The Finder (episode "Bullets") (2012) as Bronski
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (episode "Merchants of Menace") (2015) as Bruce Waters
Once Upon a Holiday (2015) as Georgg
Bones (2017) as Rick Tobine
General Hospital (2018) as Jim Harvey
Filmography[edit]
Scorchy (1976) as Alan
Stripped to Kill (1987) as Detective Heineman
Private Road - No Trespassing (1987)
Echoes in Crimson (1988)
DeepStar Six (1989) as Kevin McBride
Lies Before Kisses (1991)
Spectre (1996) as Will South
The Pawn (1998) as Ray
Mel (1998) as Peter
Pets to the Rescue (1999)
Survivor (1999)
Everyone Loves Mel (1999)
Die! Die! Die! (2000)
He Sees You When You're Sleeping (2002)
Found (2004)
Arizona Summer (2003)
Cerberus (2005)
Hoboken Hollow (2006)
100 Million BC (2008)
Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008)
Phantom Racer (2009)
Megaconda (2009)
6 Guns (2010) as Sheriff
Metal Tornado (2011) as Jonathan Kane
Invasion Roswell (2013)
Shadow on the Mesa (2013)
Terror Birds (2016)
Video filmography[edit]
Private Road: No Trespassing (1987) (V) as Brad Carlton
Cinnamon (2011)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Greg Evigan profile, filmreference.com; accessed August 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Greg Evigan Biography on IMDB
Jump up ^ Four alumni inducted into h.s. Hall of Fame (The Suburban) Archived 2008-07-19 at the Wayback Machine.
External links[edit]
Greg Evigan on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 74061590
LCCN: no97039490
ISNI: 0000 0001 1770 4301
GND: 1060924110
BNF: cb141758400 (data)
MusicBrainz: 267ff64c-bfd2-459b-9a73-0cc6bd225d09
SNAC: w6wh5cdw
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greg_Evigan&oldid=833516277"
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