text:
Sierra Nevada Brewing Company
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Sierra Nevada Brewing Co.
Type
Private
Location
Chico, California,
United States
Opened
1980
Annual production volume
1,250,000 US beer barrels (1,470,000 hl)
Owned by
Ken Grossman
Employees
1050
Website
sierranevada.com
Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. was established in 1979 by homebrewers Ken Grossman and Paul Camusi in Chico, California, United States.[1] Sierra Nevada Brewing is one of the top breweries operating in the United States. As of 2016, it is the seventh-largest brewing company in the United States.[2] The brewery produced 786,000 US bbl (922,000 hl) in 2010.[3]
The brewery was named "Green Business of the Year" by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in 2010 for its practices in sustainability.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Influence
3 Environmental record
4 Beers
4.1 Sierra Nevada Classics
4.2 Seasonals
4.3 Special release
4.4 Awards
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Headquarters in Chico, CA
Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. was founded in 1979, with founders Ken Grossman and Paul Camusi expanding their homebrewing hobby into a brewery in Chico, California. Along with the brewery's location, Grossman claims the company's name comes from his love of hiking in the mountains of the Sierra Nevada.[5] With $50,000 in loans from friends and family, Grossman and Camusi rented a 3,000 sq ft (280 m2) warehouse and pieced together discarded dairy equipment and scrapyard metal to create their brewing equipment.[6][7] They later were able to acquire second-hand copper brewing kettles from Germany before moving to their larger, current brewing facility in 1989.[8]
The first batch brewed on premises was its Pale Ale,[9] in November 1980.[5] The following year, the brewery introduced Celebration, an IPA, which it continues to release as a winter seasonal. The company sold 950 US beer barrels (1,110 hl) of beer in its first year, and double that amount in the second.[6]
The company's first employee was Steve Harrison, who was put in charge of marketing and sales.[10] The head brewer is Steve Dresler, who has been with the brewery since 1983, when its output was 25 to 30 barrels per week.
The company distributed the beer itself in the early 1980s, struggling with financial and marketing problems. A 1982 article in the San Francisco Chronicle highlighting the brewery, as well as having its beer sold in prominent restaurants such as Berkeley's Chez Panisse, helped establish a market for Sierra Nevada's beer.[11]
By 1987, the brewery was distributing to seven states and production had reached 12,000 US beer barrels (14,000 hl) per year, causing the company to pursue building a new brewery.[10] In 1988, the brewery moved into a 100-barrel brewhouse, with four open fermenters, and eleven 200 US bbl (230 hl) secondary fermenters. A year later, Grossman and Camusi added the Sierra Nevada Taproom and Restaurant, which serves lunch and dinner and includes a giftshop. In 2000, the brewery opened "The Big Room", a live-music venue located inside the brewery's facilities, featuring a variety of acts including country, bluegrass, folk, rock, blues, and other musical genres.[10]
Camusi retired in 1998 and sold his share in the company to Grossman.[10]
In 2010, Sierra Nevada Brewing partnered with the Abbey of New Clairvaux, with the monastery beginning production of Trappist-style beers in 2011. The Abbey has not yet been sanctioned by the International Trappist Association, and therefore the monastery will not be brewing official Trappist beer.[12]
The brewery employed about 450 people in 2011.[13]
Entrance to Mills River brewery
In January 2012, Sierra Nevada announced it would build a second brewing facility with an attached restaurant in Mills River, North Carolina.[14] The LEED-Platinum-certified building opened in early 2014 on a forested tract adjacent to Asheville Regional Airport, re-using the cut-down trees as lumber both in the building and for the rainwater cisterns that flush the toilets.
In 2013, the company opened the "Torpedo Room" in Berkeley, their first tasting room outside of Chico.[15]
In January 2017, Sierra Nevada issued a voluntary recall of certain 12-ounce bottles of different beers in 36 states due to a manufacturing defect that had possibly introduced chipped pieces of glass into the bottle.[16]
Influence[edit]
Along with Anchor Brewing Company in San Francisco and the now-defunct New Albion Brewing Company in Sonoma, whose owners offered Grossman and Camusi early guidance in their venture, Sierra Nevada is considered one of the earliest and most influential breweries which spawned the craft beer movement of the 1980s-90s.[6][9] Grossman has been dubbed a "pioneer" by fellow craft brewers in the United States.[11]
Whereas many of the newly spawned microbreweries of the 1980s went out of business, Sierra Nevada Brewing endured to become one of the largest independent brewers in the country, whose beers were noted for their "character and complexity".[6][7] Grossman believed many microbrewers of the early 1980s had put out an inferior product due to lack of preparation for the financial and mechanical realities of commercial brewing, which were a "much different process" from homebrewing.[6]
For its 30th anniversary in 2010, the company released a series of collaborative beers with the assistance of those Grossman considered an early influence on his brewing: Charlie Papazian, Fred Eckhardt, Fritz Maytag (Anchor) and Jack McAuliffe (New Albion).[11]
In November 2010, Stansbury Publishing released Hops and Dreams: The Story of Sierra Nevada Brewing Co, written by California State University, Chico professor Rob Burton who researched the company for three years.[17]
The company has claimed to be neutral on political issues, and reiterated this stance in 2010 when it was erroneously linked by a beer industry group to opposing the California Proposition 19 of that year, which would have legalized marijuana in the state.[18]
Environmental record[edit]
Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. won the US Environmental Protection Agency's "Green Business of the Year" award for 2010.[19]
The brewery is powered by solar energy, having 10,000 photovoltaic modules covering its rooftops and parking lot.[20] In all, the brewery uses 2.6 megawatts of solar electricity on premises.[21] It also has built a charging station for electric vehicles on its premises.[1]
The company uses a small-scale BioPro™[22] biodiesel processor to convert the used cooking oil from its restaurant for biodiesel use in its delivery trucks. In 2009, it reached an agreement with a local ethanol company to produce high-grade ethanol fuel from its discarded yeast.[23] Spent grain is sold to local cattle ranchers for livestock feed; spent water is sent to the brewery's own water treatment plant, where it is reused, mainly as drip irrigation for its fields.[24] Over 99.5% of the brewery plant's solid waste is diverted from landfill.[24]
The company owns one mile of railway for use in intermodal freight transport, which aids in reducing the brewery's carbon footprint. Each rail car can hold the equivalent of four semi-trailers of grain;[25] rail transport is more fuel efficient than road transport.
Sierra Nevada is the largest buyer of organic hops in the United States.[19] It also farms its own organic hops and barley for use in its annual Chico Estate Harvest Ale release.[26]
Beers[edit]
Sierra Nevada Classics[edit]
Sierra Nevada Pale Ale
Sierra Nevada Torpedo Ale label, from a bottle purchased in Chico, California.
The brewery's year-round offerings include its Pale Ale, Porter, Stout, Torpedo 'Extra' IPA, Kellerweis Hefeweizen, Nooner Pilsner, and Hop Hunter IPA.
Sierra's flagship Pale Ale has been described as "a balance between aggressive hops and hearty malt flavor", with its Cascade hops offering a grapefruit aroma and fruity palate.[27] Like several other Sierra Nevada offerings, it is bottle-conditioned.[28] It is the best-selling pale ale in the United States as of 2012.[8][29][30]
Sierra Nevada's Porter, along with its heavier Stout version, have been described by writer Michael Jackson as "gently coffeish" and "beautifully roasty" examples of their respective styles.[31] The two offerings have been brewed since the company's first year of operation.[11]
Torpedo is an American India Pale Ale and Kellerweis is a traditional Bavarian hefeweizen. Both were introduced as nationwide offerings in 2009.[32][33]
Seasonals[edit]
The brewery's current lineup of seasonals include Beer Camp Hoppy Lager, Summerfest Lager, Oktoberfest, and Celebration Ale.
Sierra Nevada's Celebration Ale has been brewed as a winter seasonal since 1981. While it has won medals under the IPA category,[34] it has also been described as a hoppy, malty amber ale,[35] as well as a "bigger version" of the company's pale ale.[36]
Previous Autumn seasonal Tumbler Brown Ale has been described as a full-bodied, malt-heavy brown ale[37] and is sold for the autumn months.
Previous Spring seasonal Ruthless Rye IPA is an IPA brewed with rye and whole-cone hops for the spring, while Summerfest is a pilsner brewed in the Czech tradition.[38]
Special release[edit]
Bigfoot, 2006 Edition
Annual "Special Release" beers produced by Sierra Nevada include Bigfoot Barleywine Style Ale, Hemisphere Harvest Ales and Chico Harvest Estate Ale.
Bigfoot is brewed with two types of malt and three differing hops, and tops out at 9.6%ABV. It is a barleywine, but due to alcohol laws in the U.S. it must be marketed as a "barleywine style ale". Only alcohols derived from fruits, not grains, can be marketed as wine.[39] It first won medals at the Great American Beer Festival in 1987.[40] It is generally released January–February of each year.
The brewery releases both a Northern and Southern Hemisphere Harvest "wet hop" ale. Introduced in 1996 as Harvest Ale, Northern Hemisphere utilizes wet (undried) hops from eastern Washington for its "fresh harvest" ale. It was the first fresh-hop ale brewed in the United States.[41] The brewery later introduced Southern Hemisphere which features wet hops from New Zealand.
The Chico Estate Harvest Ale is brewed with organic wet hops and barley grown in land on the brewery's premises.[24]
Old Chico Crystal Wheat, a wheat beer, is named in memory of the Chico Brewery which operated in the town during the 19th century.[17] Old Chico brand beers are only distributed in the northern California area around Chico.
Awards[edit]
Name
Style
Awards
Barrel-Aged Narwhal Wood-Aged Strong Stout 2013 Great American Beer Festival Silver
Bigfoot Barley Wine 2012 World Beer Cup Silver, 2005 Great American Beer Festival Gold, 1997 Great American Beer Festival Silver, 1995 Great American Beer Festival Gold, 1992 Great American Beer Festival Gold, 1988 Great American Beer Festival Gold, 1987 Great American Beer Festival Gold
Celebration India Pale Ale 1994 Great American Beer Festival Silver, 1990 Great American Beer Festival Bronze
Estate Homegrown Ale Fresh Hop Ale 2012 Great American Beer Festival Gold, 2010 Great American Beer Festival Silver
Imperial Stout Imperial Stout 2012 Great American Beer Festival Silver
IPA India Pale Ale 2005 Great American Beer Festival Gold
Kellerweis Hefeweizen 2012 World Beer Cup Silver
Kolsch Kölsch 2009 Great American Beer Festival Gold, 2008 Great American Beer Festival Silver
Ovila Dubbel Dubbel 2012 World Beer Cup Bronze
Pilsner Pilsner 2010 World Beer Cup Gold
Porter Porter 2009 U.S. Open Beer Championship Bronze, 2000 Great American Beer Festival Bronze, 1983 Great American Beer Festival Silver
Ruthless Rye PA Rye Ale 2012 World Beer Cup Gold
Sierra 30 Jack and Ken's Ale Barley Wine 2010 Great American Beer Festival Gold
Pale Ale Pale Ale 1995 Great American Beer Festival Gold, 1993 Great American Beer Festival Gold, 1992 Great American Beer Festival Gold, 1990 Great American Beer Festival Gold, 1989 Great American Beer Festival Gold, 1987 Great American Beer Festival Bronze, 1983 Great American Beer Festival Gold
Stout Stout 2004 World Beer Cup Bronze, 1989 Great American Beer Festival Silver, 1988 Great American Beer Festival Silver, 1987 Great American Beer Festival Bronze
Summerfest Lager 2004 Great American Beer Festival Bronze, 1991 Great American Beer Festival Silver
Weizenbock Wheat Ale 2011 Great American Beer Festival Silver
Wheat Wheat Ale 1998 Great American Beer Festival Bronze
See also[edit]
Beer portal
California portal
Drink portal
California breweries
Craft beer
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Schwartz, Ariel (27 Apr 2009). "Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. Gets Electric Vehicle Charging Stations". Fastcompany.com. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Brewers Association Releases Top 50 Breweries of 2016". Brewers Association. March 15, 2017. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Orr, Patrick (February 4, 2011). "Sierra Nevada Brewing is a true innovator". Idaho Statesman. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Sierra Nevada Brewing named EPA Green Business of the Year". Beer News. December 28, 2010. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Irving, Alexandra (February 22, 2011). "Sierra Nevada founder talks beer with students". State Press (Arizona). Retrieved 21 March 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ogle, Maureen (2006). Ambitious Brew: the story of American beer. Orlando: Harcourt. pp. 300–306. ISBN 0-15-101012-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Jackson, Michael (2000). Michael Jackson's great beer guide. New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 428. ISBN 0-7894-5156-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Jackson, Michael (1993). Michael Jackson's Beer Companion. Philadelphia: Running Press. p. 88. ISBN 1-56138-288-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Kolesar, Bryan. (November 15, 2010). "Sierra Nevada turns 30". The Washington Times. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Sierra Nevada Brewing Company". Reference for Business. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Calagione, Sam (March–April 2010). "Sierra Nevada Turns 30: An Interview with Ken Grossman". Brewers Association. Retrieved 2011-04-16.
Jump up ^ Brooks, Jay R. (October 6, 2010). "Sierra Nevada Partners With The Abbey of New Clairvaux". Ale Street News. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
Jump up ^ Grossman, Brian (May 29, 2010). "Growing Up With the Family Brewery". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
Jump up ^ "Sierra Nevada beer plans eastward expansion with N.C. brewery". San Jose Mercury News (Associated Press). January 25, 2012. Retrieved 2012-01-26.
Jump up ^ "Sierra Nevada's Torpedo Room opens in Berkeley". Inside Scoop. 26 November 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sierra Nevada Brewery Issues 36-State Recall of Select Beers". NBC News. 22 Jan 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Wills, Joe (Fall 2010). "Chico's Brew Turns 30". Chico Statements. CSU Chico. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sierra Nevada's Stance on Proposition 19 (CA Marijuana Law)". The Full Pint. September 20, 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Arcuate, Francisco (December 2, 2010). "EPA Turns 40, Honors Environmental Heroes". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Hops and Dreams: The Story of Sierra Nevada Brewing Co". Rocklin & Roseville Today. Rocklin, California. November 5, 2010. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Demont-Heinrich, Christof (March 6, 2011). "Solar brews beer, charges EVs at Sierra Nevada". Solar Charged Driving. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
Jump up ^ http://www.springboardbiodiesel.com/BioPro-Success-Stories
Jump up ^ "Sierra Nevada to turn beer yeast into fuel". The Full Pint. February 4, 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Underwood, Kristin (August 6, 2009). "It's Harvest Time at the Sierra Nevada Brewery". Treehugger. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Feder, Mandy (26 February 2009). "On the right track". 2016 CHICO COMMUNITY PUBLISHING, INC. Chico News & Review. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Foyston, John (October 2, 2009). "Sierra Nevada Chico Estate Harvest Ale on tap at the Basement Pub". The Oregonian. Oregon Live. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Harper, Timothy; Oliver, Garrett (1997). The Good Beer Book. New York: Berkley. p. 128. ISBN 0-425-15614-1.
Jump up ^ Rhodes, Christine P. (1995). The Encyclopedia of Beer. New York: Henry Holt & Co. p. 214. ISBN 0-8050-3799-3.
Jump up ^ Cizmar, Martin (September 25, 2012). "President of Beers: #18 Sierra Nevada Pale Ale". Willamette Week. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 craft beers". Gayot. FoxNews.com. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Michael (1993). Michael Jackson's Beer Companion. Philadelphia: Running Press. pp. 174, 183. ISBN 1-56138-288-4.
Jump up ^ "Sierra Nevada Introduces Kellerweis as Newest Year-Round Beer" (Press release). Sierra Nevada. 6 March 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sierra Nevada Introduces Year-Round Extra IPA" (Press release). Sierra Nevada. January 5, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sierra Nevada Celebration Ale". Sierra Nevada. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Fabricant, Florence (December 18, 1991). "Brews From Near and Far". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Sawyer, Christopher (January 16, 2003). "Ales with extra kick for winter". San Francisco Chronicle. p. 3. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Goble, Steve. (October 13, 2010). "Brewologist: Sierra Nevada Tumbler brown ale". Mansfield News Journal. Mansfield, Ohio. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sierra Nevada Summerfest". Beer Advocate.
Jump up ^ "Barleywine Style".
Jump up ^ "Sierra Nevada Bigfoot". Sierra Nevada.
Jump up ^ Brooks, Jay R. (November 2, 2007). "Fresh hop brews now on tap". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
External links[edit]
Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. official website
Mutineer Magazine Issue #4
Hops and Dreams: The Story of Sierra Nevada Brewing Co.
Springboard Biodiesel, LLC. BioPro™ Biodiesel Processor Manufacture
Coordinates: 39°43′29.7″N 121°48′46.9″W / 39.724917°N 121.813028°W / 39.724917; -121.813028
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text:
Why Don't You Get a Job?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Why Don't You Get a Job?"
Single by The Offspring
from the album Americana
B-side
"Beheaded (1999)"
Released
March 30, 1999
Format
CD single, Cassette, 12"[1]
Recorded
1998
Genre
Pop punk, ska punk
Length
2:49
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Dexter Holland
Producer(s)
Dave Jerden[2]
The Offspring singles chronology
"Pretty Fly (for a White Guy)"
(1998) "Why Don't You Get a Job?"
(1999) "The Kids Aren't Alright"
(1999)
"Pretty Fly (for a White Guy)"
(1998) "Why Don't You Get a Job?"
(1999) "The Kids Aren't Alright"
(1999)
"Why Don't You Get a Job?" is a song by The Offspring. The song is the 11th track on The Offspring's fifth studio album Americana (1998) and was released as the second single from the album. The song also appears as the eighth track on the band's Greatest Hits album (2005). The single peaked within the top ten of the charts in many countries, including number two in the United Kingdom, Australia and Sweden.
The song drew attention for its close similarity to the song "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da", as multiple music writers pointed out that the melody sounded exactly like The Beatles' 1968 release from the White Album.[3][4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Music video
2 Track listings
2.1 Australia CD Maxi
2.2 Part 2
2.3 Later version
2.4 Promo CD
3 Charts
4 Certifications
5 Cover versions
6 References
7 External links
Music video[edit]
The music video, directed by McG, was shot on the backlot of Universal Studios Hollywood. Several TV and movie set locations can be seen throughout the video, including Colonial Street (which was used as Wisteria Lane in Desperate Housewives) and Courthouse Square from the Back to the Future trilogy. The video features the four members of the band walking through these locations while a steadily growing crowd follows them.
Dexter Holland opens the video by flying into a serene suburban setting on a hang glider. A male fast food worker (played by Dor Ashur) has a milkshake dumped on his face by a group of buxom female customers and then throws himself through a window, and a BMX biker falls off a roof shortly thereafter. Toward the end, Holland triggers an explosion that scatters his followers so that only his fellow band members remain.
Bob Eubanks, the host of the Newlywed Game, makes a cameo appearance. Towards the end of the video, Guy Cohen, who played the main character in the "Pretty Fly (for a White Guy)" video, makes a short appearance. Chris "X-13" Higgins appears in the video as a lazy boyfriend. Pussycat Dolls member Carmit Bachar plays his girlfriend.
The video appears on the Complete Music Video Collection DVD, released in 2005.
Track listings[edit]
Australia CD Maxi[edit]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Why Don't You Get a Job?" 2:49
2. "Pretty Fly (for a White Guy)" (Lowriders Remix) 3:01
3. "Beheaded (1999)" 2:38
4. ""Pretty Fly (for a White Guy)"" (Music Video in the CD-ROM) 3:07
Part 2[edit]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Why Don't You Get a Job?" 2:49
2. "Why Don't You Get a Job?" (The Baka Boyz Remix) 4:22
3. "Beheaded (1999)" 2:38
4. "I Wanna Be Sedated" (Ramones Cover) 2:19
Later version[edit]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Why Don't You Get a Job?" 2:49
2. "Beheaded (1999)" 2:38
3. "I Wanna Be Sedated" (Ramones Cover) 2:19
Promo CD[edit]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Why Don't You Get a Job?" (Album version) 2:52
2. "Callout Hook #1" 0:10
3. "Callout Hook #2" 0:05
Charts[edit]
Chart (1999)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[6] 2
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[7] 16
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[8] 17
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[9] 25
Canadian RPM Top Singles 19
Canadian RPM Rock Chart 4
France (SNEP)[10] 29
Germany (Official German Charts)[11] 16
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[12] 6
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[13] 4
Norway (VG-lista)[14] 6
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[15] 2
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[16] 24
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[17] 2
US Billboard Hot 100[18] 74
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[19] 21
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[20] 10
US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[21] 4
Chart (2017)
Peak
position
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100) [22] 96
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Australia (ARIA)[23]
2× Platinum
Sweden (GLF)[24]
Gold
Cover versions[edit]
South African singer Snotkop translated the song into Afrikaans as "Kry Jou Ass By Die Werk".[25]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Offspring, The – Why Don't You Get A Job?". Discogs. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Offspring – Why Don't You Get a Job? [US]". Allmusic. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Geoff Boucher (1999-04-24). "Is the Song an Offspring?". LA Times. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
Jump up ^ Teri vanHorn (1999-05-06). "Offspring Song Has A Familiar Ring, Beatles Fans Say". MTV.com. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
Jump up ^ Richard Harrington (1999-01-13). "Punk With Spunk". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 1999-01-13. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – The Offspring – Why Don't You Get a Job?". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – The Offspring – Why Don't You Get a Job?" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – The Offspring – Why Don't You Get a Job?" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – The Offspring – Why Don't You Get a Job?" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – The Offspring – Why Don't You Get a Job?" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – The Offspring – Why Don't You Get a Job?". GfK Entertainment Charts.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – The Offspring – Why Don't You Get a Job?" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – The Offspring – Why Don't You Get a Job?". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – The Offspring – Why Don't You Get a Job?". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – The Offspring – Why Don't You Get a Job?". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – The Offspring – Why Don't You Get a Job?". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Offspring: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "The Offspring Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "The Offspring Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "The Offspring Chart History (Mainstream Rock)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "The Offspring Chart History (Alternative Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1999 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association.
Jump up ^ "Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 1999" (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden.
Jump up ^ http://www.channel24.co.za/Music/FeaturesInterviews/Interview-Snotkop-20090715 Retrieved 7 January 2014
External links[edit]
"Why Don't You Get a Job?" Official music video on YouTube
[hide]
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Carol Ann Susi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Carol Ann Susi
Born
(1952-02-02)February 2, 1952
Brooklyn, New York, U.S.[1]
Died
November 11, 2014(2014-11-11) (aged 62)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.[2]
Cause of death
Cancer
Nationality
American
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1974–2014
Carol Ann Susi (February 2, 1952 – November 11, 2014) was an American actress. She was known for providing the voice of recurring unseen character Mrs. Wolowitz, mother of Howard Wolowitz, on the television series The Big Bang Theory.[3][4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
2 Personal life
3 References
4 External links
Career[edit]
Susi made her first screen appearance in Kolchak: The Night Stalker. Other television and film credits included: McMillan & Wife, Coyote Ugly, Just Go with It, The Big Bang Theory, Becker, Grey's Anatomy, That '70s Show, Out of Practice, Cats & Dogs, Just Shoot Me, Married... with Children, Night Court, The King of Queens, Death Becomes Her, Seinfeld, The Secret of My Success, My Blue Heaven, and Sabrina, the Teenage Witch.[6] She also had extensive experience in live theatre[7][8] and voiced a character on the video game installment of CSI: NY.
Personal life[edit]
Carol Ann Susi was born in Brooklyn,[1] of Italian descent.[9] She studied acting at HB Studio in New York City before moving to Los Angeles in the 1970s.[1]
Susi died of cancer on November 11, 2014, in Los Angeles, California, at age 62.[2][10]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Hughes, Jason (November 11, 2014). "Carol Ann Susi, 'Big Bang Theory's' Mrs. Wolowitz, Dead at 62". The Wrap. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Big Bang Theory actress dies at 62". The Globe and Mail. November 12, 2014. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Morris, Joan (March 14, 2009). "Who's the Voice of 'Big Bang' Mother?". Contra Costa Times. p. 2A. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Salem, Rob (January 24, 2009). "Nerd herd doing a bang-up job". Toronto Star. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Owen, Rob (March 16, 2012). "TV Q&A with Rob Owen". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Johnny (September 27, 1974). "Radio and TV plus Video Versions". Lewiston Evening Journal. p. 21. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Drake, Sylvie (September 16, 1988). "'Ladies' Room' Lives Up to Expectations of Racy Domain". Los Angeles Times. p. C6. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Collins, Scott (December 19, 1995). "Ollstein's 'Pot Roast' Is Rich in Flavor". Los Angeles Times. p. F8. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (November 11, 2014). "Carol Ann Susi, 'Big Bang Theory's Mrs. Wolowitz, Dead". Deadline. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (November 11, 2014). "Carol Ann Susi, Voice Behind Big Bang Theory's Mrs. Wolowitz, Dead at 62". TV Line. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
External links[edit]
Carol Ann Susi on IMDb
Authority control
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Altered Carbon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the 2002 novel. For the 2018 Netflix series, see Altered Carbon (TV series).
Altered Carbon
Author
Richard K. Morgan
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Series
Takeshi Kovacs
Genre
Science fiction, mystery
Publisher
Victor Gollancz Ltd
Publication date
28 February 2002
Media type
Print (hardback & paperback)
Pages
416 pp (Hardback),
375 (Paperback)
ISBN
0-575-07321-7
OCLC
48236269
Followed by
Broken Angels
Altered Carbon is a 2002 science fiction novel by British writer Richard K. Morgan. Set in a future in which interstellar travel is facilitated by transferring consciousnesses between bodies ("sleeves"), it follows the attempt of Takeshi Kovacs, a former U.N. elite soldier turned private investigator, to investigate a rich man's death. It is followed by the sequels Broken Angels and Woken Furies.
The book was adapted as a Netflix television series, also titled Altered Carbon, in 2018.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Reception
3 Television adaptation
4 References
Plot[edit]
This plot summary may be a hook or written as if for a listings magazine. Please help improve it by ensuring it covers the whole story, however briefly, and in an encyclopedic style. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In the novel's futuristic world, human personalities can be stored digitally and downloaded into new bodies, called "sleeves". Most people have cortical stacks in their spinal columns that store their consciousness. If their body dies, their stack can be stored indefinitely. Catholics are not resleeved, as they believe that the soul goes to Heaven when they die, and so would not pass on to the new sleeve. This makes Catholics easy targets for murder, since killers know their victim may not be resleeved to testify. A UN resolution to alter this legal position forms one strand of the novel's plot, to allow the authorities to sleeve a deceased Catholic woman temporarily to testify in a murder trial.
While most people can afford to get resleeved at the end of their lives, they are unable to update their bodies and most go through the full aging process each time, which discourages most from resleeving more than once or twice. So while normal people can live indefinitely in theory, most choose not to. Only the wealthy are able to acquire replacement bodies on a continual basis. The long-lived are called Meths, a reference to the Biblical figure Methuselah. The very rich are also able to keep copies of their minds in remote storage, which they update regularly. This ensures that even if their stack is destroyed, they can be resleeved.
A Meth named Laurens Bancroft has, apparently, committed suicide. When he is resleeved and his destroyed stack restored, its 48-hour back-up schedule means he has no memories of the previous two days. Convinced he was murdered, Bancroft hires Takeshi Kovacs to investigate.
Kovacs is an ex-Envoy, a military unit formed to cope with the challenge of interstellar warfare. Faster-than-light travel is only possible by subspace transmission, called needlecasting, of a digitally stored consciousness to "download centers"[2] where resleeving into physical bodies can be carried out. Transmitting normal soldiers in this way would severely inhibit their effectiveness, since they would have to cope with a new body and an unknown environment while fighting. To combat this, Envoy training emphasises mental techniques necessary to survive in different bodies over physical strength, and the sleeve they are transmitted into has special neuro-chemical sensors that amplify the power of the five senses, intuition and physical capabilities to superhuman degrees. The effectiveness of the Envoy Corps' training is such that Envoys are banned from holding government positions on most worlds. Kovacs is persistently wracked by his memories of the action taken by the Envoy Corps in a battle on the planet Sharya and especially by the military debacle on Innenin, in which the Corps suffered extensive casualties after their stacks were infected and driven into self-destructive insanity with Rawling 4851, a virus that corrupts digital information.
Kovacs, killed in the novel's prologue and stored in digital form, is downloaded into a sleeve formerly inhabited by Bay City (formerly San Francisco) policeman Elias Ryker. The plot unfolds through Kovacs' narrative. Kovacs eventually solves the mystery, but only after a great deal of violence, including torture in virtual reality, which he is able to bear only because of his Envoy training.
Reception[edit]
Describing the book, Kirkus Reviews said that "The body count is high, the gadgetry pure genius, the sex scenes deliriously overwrought, and the worn cynicism thoroughly distasteful: a welcome return to cyberpunk's badass roots."[3]
The book won the Philip K. Dick Award for Best Novel in 2003.
Television adaptation[edit]
Main article: Altered Carbon (TV series)
A television adaptation was announced in 2016. An initial 10-episode season had been ordered by Netflix.[4] The first season premiered on Netflix on February 2, 2018.[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/01/arts/television/altered-carbon-review-netflix-blade-runner.html
Jump up ^ Altered Carbon, Chapters 1-2.
Jump up ^ "Altered Carbon by Richard K. Morgan". Kirkus Reviews. December 1, 2002.
Jump up ^ "Netflix Orders 'Altered Carbon' Sci-Fi Series From Laeta Kalogridis & Skydance". Deadline. January 20, 2016. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (December 4, 2017). "Altered Carbon: First teaser trailer for stunning Netflix sci-fi series". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
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text:
Sugarloaf Mountain
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the mountain in Rio de Janeiro. For other mountains with the same name, see Sugarloaf (mountain).
"Pão de Açúcar" redirects here. For the city, see Pão de Açúcar, Alagoas. For the retailer, see Grupo Pão de Açúcar.
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You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary (using German): Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Exact name of German article]]; see its history for attribution.
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Sugarloaf Mountain
Highest point
Elevation
396 m (1,299 ft)
Coordinates
22°56′55″S 43°09′26″W / 22.94861°S 43.15722°W / -22.94861; -43.15722Coordinates: 22°56′55″S 43°09′26″W / 22.94861°S 43.15722°W / -22.94861; -43.15722
Geography
Sugarloaf Mountain
Location in Rio de Janeiro
Location
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Sugarloaf (background right) and Botafogo beach
Play media
Sugarloaf view from Botafogo beach
Sunrise in Rio de Janeiro with Sugarloaf Mountain, as seen from Tijuca Forest
Sugarloaf Mountain (Portuguese: Pão de Açúcar pronounced [ˈpɐ̃w̃ d͡ʒi aˈsukaʁ]) is a peak situated in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, at the mouth of Guanabara Bay on a peninsula that juts out into the Atlantic Ocean. Rising 396 m (1,299 ft) above the harbor, its name is said to refer to its resemblance to the traditional shape of concentrated refined loaf sugar. It is known worldwide for its cableway and panoramic views of the city.
The mountain is one of several monolithic granite and quartz mountains that rise straight from the water's edge around Rio de Janeiro.
The mountain is protected by the Sugarloaf Mountain and Urca Hill Natural Monument, created in 2006. This became part of a World Heritage Site declared by UNESCO in 2012.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins of the name
2 Cable car
2.1 Reaching the summit
2.2 Timeline
3 Rock climbing
4 Appearances in media
5 Gallery
6 References
7 External links
Origins of the name[edit]
The name "Sugarloaf" was coined in the 16th century by the Portuguese during the heyday of sugar cane trade in Brazil. According to historian Vieira Fazenda, blocks of sugar were placed in conical molds made of clay to be transported on ships. The shape given by these molds was similar to the peak, hence the name.

Cable car[edit]
A glass-walled cable car (bondinho or, more formally, teleférico), capable of holding 65 people, runs along a 1,400 m (4,600 ft) route between the peaks of Sugarloaf and Morro da Urca every 20 minutes. The original cable car line was built in 1912 and rebuilt around 1972–73 and in 2008. The cable car goes from a ground station, at the base of Morro da Babilônia, to Morro da Urca and thence to Sugarloaf's summit.

Reaching the summit[edit]
To reach the summit, passengers take two cable cars. The first ascends to the shorter Morro da Urca, 220 m (722 ft) high. The second car ascends to Pão de Açúcar.[2] The Swiss-made bubble-shaped cars offer passengers 360-degree views of the surrounding city. The ascent takes three minutes from start to finish.

Timeline[edit]
1907 – The Brazilian engineer Augusto Ferreira Ramos had the idea of linking the hills through a path in the air.
1910 – The same engineer founded the Society of Sugar Loaf and the same year the works were started. The project was commissioned in Germany and built by Brazilian workers. All parts were taken by climbing mountains or lift by steel cables.
1912 – Opening of the tram. First lift of Brazil. The first cable cars were made of coated wood and were used for 60 years.
1972 – The current model of cars was put into operation. This increased the carrying capacity by almost ten times.
2009 – Inauguration of the next generation of cable cars that had already been purchased and are on display at the base of Red beach.
Panoramic view of Rio de Janeiro and Niterói (right) from Sugarloaf
Rock climbing[edit]
Visitors can watch rock climbers on Sugarloaf and the other two mountains in the area, Morro da Babilônia and Morro da Urca. Together, they form one of the largest urban climbing areas in the world, with more than 270 routes, between 1 and 10 pitches long.
Appearances in media[edit]
Flying Down to Rio (1933) Starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. The beachside Hotel Atlântico has views across the bay looking toward Sugarloaf Mountain.
Now, Voyager (1942) starring Bette Davis.
In the 1979 James Bond film, Moonraker, the villainous henchman Jaws (played by Richard Kiel) attempts to kill 007 (Roger Moore) and the agent's ally, Dr. Holly Goodhead (Lois Chiles), on a cable car. However, Bond and Goodhead escape and Jaws collides with the building at the bottom of the cable car route, demolishing the building, but escaping unscathed.
Herb Alpert recorded a song titled "Sugarloaf" for his 1982 album Fandango.
In The Simpsons episode "Blame It on Lisa", Homer's kidnappers meet with the rest of the family for the exchange between two cable cars.
In the Hey Arnold! episode "The Journal", Arnold's parents Miles and Stella are traveling on the cablecar up to the mountain's peak when one of the cables snaps. The couple works together to help save the lives of fellow tourists.
In Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, this mountain can be seen on the "Favela" map.
In the Nintendo Wii version of Need for Speed: Nitro, a drag race takes place near this mountain.
In the film Rio, the mountain can be seen several times throughout the film.
Mechanic: Resurrection (2016), starring Jason Statham. At the beginning of the film Arthur Bishop (Statham) is attacked at a restaurant on Morro da Urca and escapes on the roof of a cable car.
Gallery[edit]
View of Sugarloaf from the terrace of the Convento de Santo Antônio (Convent of St. Anthony), c. 1816. Painting by Nicolas-Antoine Taunay.
View of Sugarloaf from the Silvestre road, c. 1823. Painting by Charles Landseer.
Sugarloaf as seen from Glória neighborhood, c. 1846. Painting by Eduard Hildebrandt.
Sugarloaf in 1914
Higher aerial view, 1967
View of the Sugarloaf from Christ the Redeemer on Corcovado.
Cable cars from Sugarloaf Mountain.
View of Sugarloaf Mountain from seaward side; Christ the Redeemer as seen in the background.
View of Rio de Janeiro from the Sugarloaf.
Sugarloaf as seen from the Praia Vermelha (Red beach).
Botafogo Bay and Sugarloaf
Botafogo Bay and beach with Sugarloaf in the background
Aerial view
Sugarloaf with Downtown Rio in the foreground
View from the city of Niterói
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Monumento Natural dos Morros do Pão de Açúcar e da Urca (in Portuguese), SMAC: Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente, retrieved 2017-01-15
Jump up ^ Lonely Planet: Rio de Janeiro, page 76, Ricardo Gomes, John Maier Jr et al., 2006, Lonely Planet Publications, ISBN 1-74059-910-1
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sugarloaf Mountain.
Official website — (in Portuguese) (in English) (in Spanish)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugarloaf_Mountain&oldid=829667127"
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text:
Plus-minus sign
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see plus-minus (disambiguation).
±
The plus-minus sign (±) is a mathematical symbol with multiple meanings.
In mathematics, it generally indicates a choice of exactly two possible values, one of which is the negation of the other.
In experimental sciences, the sign commonly indicates the confidence interval or error in a measurement, often the standard deviation or standard error.[1] The sign may also represent an inclusive range of values that a reading might have.
In engineering the sign indicates the tolerance, which is the range of values that are considered to be acceptable, safe, or which comply with some standard, or with a contract.[2]
In botany it is used in morphological descriptions to notate "more or less".
In chemistry the sign is used to indicate a racemic mixture.
In chess, the sign indicates a clear advantage for the white player; the complementary sign ∓ indicates the same advantage for the black player.[3]
The sign is normally pronounced "plus or minus".
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Usage
2.1 In mathematics
2.2 In statistics
2.3 In chess
3 Minus-plus sign
4 Encodings
4.1 Typing
5 Similar characters
6 See also
7 References
History[edit]
A version of the sign, including also the French word ou ("or") was used in its mathematical meaning by Albert Girard in 1626, and the sign in its modern form was used as early as William Oughtred's Clavis Mathematicae (1631).[4]
Usage[edit]
In mathematics[edit]
In mathematical formulas, the ± symbol may be used to indicate a symbol that may be replaced by either the + or − symbols, allowing the formula to represent two values or two equations.
For example, given the equation x2 = 1, one may give the solution as x = ±1. This indicates that the equation has two solutions, each of which may be obtained by replacing this equation by one of the two equations x = +1 or x = −1. Only one of these two replaced equations is true for any valid solution. A common use of this notation is found in the quadratic formula
x = − b ± b 2 − 4 a c 2 a . {\displaystyle x={\frac {-b\pm {\sqrt {b^{2}-4ac}}}{2a}}.}
describing the two solutions to the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Similarly, the trigonometric identity
sin  ( A ± B ) = sin  ( A ) cos  ( B ) ± cos  ( A ) sin  ( B ) . {\displaystyle \sin(A\pm B)=\sin(A)\cos(B)\pm \cos(A)\sin(B).}
can be interpreted as a shorthand for two equations: one with "+" on both sides of the equation, and one with "−" on both sides. The two copies of the ± sign in this identity must both be replaced in the same way: it is not valid to replace one of them with "+" and the other of them with "−". In contrast to the quadratic formula example, both of the equations described by this identity are simultaneously valid.
A third related usage is found in this presentation of the formula for the Taylor series of the sine function:
sin  ( x ) = x − x 3 3 ! + x 5 5 ! − x 7 7 ! + ⋯ ± 1 ( 2 n + 1 ) ! x 2 n + 1 + ⋯ . {\displaystyle \sin \left(x\right)=x-{\frac {x^{3}}{3!}}+{\frac {x^{5}}{5!}}-{\frac {x^{7}}{7!}}+\cdots \pm {\frac {1}{(2n+1)!}}x^{2n+1}+\cdots .}
Here, the plus-or-minus sign indicates that the signs of the terms alternate, where (starting the count at 0) the terms with an even index n are added while those with an odd index are subtracted. A more rigorous presentation of the same formula would multiply each term by a factor of (−1)n, which gives +1 when n is even and −1 when n is odd.
In statistics[edit]
The use of ⟨±⟩ for an approximation is most commonly encountered in presenting the numerical value of a quantity together with its tolerance or its statistical margin of error.[1] For example, "7000570000000000000♠5.7±0.2" may be anywhere in the range from 5.5 to 5.9 inclusive. In scientific usage it sometimes refers to a probability of being within the stated interval, usually corresponding to either 1 or 2 standard deviations (a probability of 68.3% or 95.4% in a normal distribution).
A percentage may also be used to indicate the error margin. For example, 230 ± 10% V refers to a voltage within 10% of either side of 230 V (from 207 V to 253 V inclusive). Separate values for the upper and lower bounds may also be used. For example, to indicate that a value is most likely 5.7 but may be as high as 5.9 or as low as 5.6, one may write 7000570000000000000♠5.7+0.2
−0.1.
In chess[edit]
The symbols ± and ∓ are used in chess notation to denote an advantage for white and black respectively. However, the more common chess notation would be only + and –. [3] If a difference is made, the symbols + and − denote a larger advantage than ± and ∓.
Minus-plus sign[edit]
The minus-plus sign (∓) is generally used in conjunction with the "±" sign, in such expressions as "x ± y ∓ z", which can be interpreted as meaning "x + y − z" and/or "x − y + z", but not "x + y + z" or "x − y − z". The upper "−" in "∓" is considered to be associated to the "+" of "±" (and similarly for the two lower symbols) even though there is no visual indication of the dependency. (However, the "±" sign is generally preferred over the "∓" sign, so if they both appear in an equation it is safe to assume that they are linked. On the other hand, if there are two instances of the "±" sign in an expression, it is impossible to tell from notation alone whether the intended interpretation is as two or four distinct expressions.) The original expression can be rewritten as "x ± (y − z)" to avoid confusion, but cases such as the trigonometric identity
cos  ( A ± B ) = cos  ( A ) cos  ( B ) ∓ sin  ( A ) sin  ( B ) {\displaystyle \cos(A\pm B)=\cos(A)\cos(B)\mp \sin(A)\sin(B)}
are most neatly written using the "∓" sign. The trigonometric equation above thus represents the two equations:
cos  ( A + B ) = cos  ( A ) cos  ( B ) − sin  ( A ) sin  ( B ) cos  ( A − B ) = cos  ( A ) cos  ( B ) + sin  ( A ) sin  ( B ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\cos(A+B)&=\cos(A)\cos(B)-\sin(A)\sin(B)\\\cos(A-B)&=\cos(A)\cos(B)+\sin(A)\sin(B)\end{aligned}}}
but not
cos  ( A + B ) = cos  ( A ) cos  ( B ) + sin  ( A ) sin  ( B ) cos  ( A − B ) = cos  ( A ) cos  ( B ) − sin  ( A ) sin  ( B ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\cos(A+B)&=\cos(A)\cos(B)+\sin(A)\sin(B)\\\cos(A-B)&=\cos(A)\cos(B)-\sin(A)\sin(B)\end{aligned}}}
because the signs are exclusively alternating.
Another example is
x 3 ± 1 = ( x ± 1 ) ( x 2 ∓ x + 1 ) {\displaystyle x^{3}\pm 1=(x\pm 1)\left(x^{2}\mp x+1\right)}
which represents two equations.
Encodings[edit]
In Unicode: U+00B1 ± PLUS-MINUS SIGN (HTML ± · ±)
In ISO 8859-1, -7, -8, -9, -13, -15, and -16, the plus-minus symbol is given by the code 0xB1hex Since the first 256 code points of Unicode are identical to the contents of ISO-8859-1 this symbol is also at Unicode code point U+00B1.
The symbol also has a HTML entity representation of ±.
The rarer minus-plus sign (∓) is not generally found in legacy encodings and does not have a named HTML entity but is available in Unicode with codepoint U+2213 and so can be used in HTML using ∓ or ∓.
In TeX 'plus-or-minus' and 'minus-or-plus' symbols are denoted \pm and \mp, respectively.
These characters may also be produced as an underlined or overlined + symbol ( + or + ), but beware of the formatting being stripped at a later date, changing the meaning.
Typing[edit]
On Windows systems, it may be entered by means of Alt codes, by holding the ALT key while typing the numbers 0177 or 241 on the numeric keypad.
On Unix-like systems, it can be entered by typing the sequence compose + -.
On Macintosh systems, it may be entered by pressing option shift = (on the non-numeric keypad).
Similar characters[edit]
The plus-minus sign resembles the Chinese characters 士 and 土, whereas the minus-plus sign resembles 干.
See also[edit]
Plus and minus signs
Table of mathematical symbols
≈ (approximately equal to)
Engineering tolerance
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Brown, George W. (1982), "Standard Deviation, Standard Error: Which 'Standard' Should We Use?", American Journal of Diseases of Children, 136 (10): 937–941, doi:10.1001/archpedi.1982.03970460067015 .
Jump up ^ Engineering tolerance
^ Jump up to: a b Eade, James (2005), Chess For Dummies (2nd ed.), John Wiley & Sons, p. 272, ISBN 9780471774334 .
Jump up ^ Cajori, Florian (1928), A History of Mathematical Notations, Volumes 1-2, Dover, p. 245, ISBN 9780486677668 .
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