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2018 Winter Olympics
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"PyeongChang 2018" redirects here. For the Winter Paralympics, see 2018 Winter Paralympics.
XXIII Olympic Winter Games
Host city
Pyeongchang County, South Korea
Motto
Passion. Connected.
Korean: 하나된 열정.(Hanadoen Yeoljeong)
Nations participating
92
Athletes participating
2,922 (1,680 men and 1,242 women)
Events
102 in 15 sports
Opening ceremony
9 February
Closing ceremony
25 February
Officially opened by
President Moon Jae-in
Athlete's Oath
Mo Tae-bum[1]
Olympic Torch
Kim Yun-a[2]
Stadium
Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium
Winter
< Sochi 2014
Beijing 2022 >
Summer
< Rio 2016
Tokyo 2020 >
Pyeongchang Winter Olympics
Hangul
평창 동계 올림픽 대회
Hanja
平昌冬季올림픽大會
Revised Romanization
Pyeongchang Donggye Ollimpik Daehoe
McCune–Reischauer
P'yŏngch'ang Tonggye Ollimp'ik Taehoe
XXIII Olympic Winter Games
Hangul
제23회 동계 올림픽 대회
Hanja
第二十三回冬季올림픽大會
Revised Romanization
Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik Daehoe
McCune–Reischauer
Cheisipsamhoe Tonggye Ollimp'ik Taehoe
Part of a series on the
2018 Winter Olympics
Bid process (bid details)
Venues
Torch relay
Mascots
Broadcasters
Opening ceremony (flag bearers)
Chronological summary
Medal table (medalists)
World and Olympic records
Controversies (ban on Russian athletes)
Closing ceremony (flag bearers)
Paralympics
IOC
KOC
POCOG
v
t
e
The 2018 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games (Korean: 제23회 동계 올림픽, translit. Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018, was an international winter multi-sport event that was held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County, Gangwon Province, South Korea, with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018, the eve of the opening ceremony.
Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011, during the 123rd IOC Session in Durban, South Africa. This was the first time that South Korea had hosted the Winter Olympics and the second Olympics held in the country overall, after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. It was the third time that an East Asian country had hosted the Winter Games, after Sapporo (1972) and Nagano (1998), both in Japan. It was also the first of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia, the other two being the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing.
The Games featured 102 events in fifteen sports, with the addition of "big air" snowboarding, mass start speed skating, mixed doubles curling, and mixed team alpine skiing to the Winter Olympic programme. 2,914 athletes from 92 NOCs competed, including the debuts of Ecuador, Eritrea, Kosovo, Malaysia, Nigeria and Singapore. After a state-sponsored doping program was exposed following the 2014 Winter Olympics, the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended, and selected athletes were allowed to compete neutrally under the IOC designation of "Olympic Athletes from Russia". Despite tense relations, North Korea agreed to participate in the Games, enter with South Korea during the opening ceremony as a unified Korea, and field a unified team in women's ice hockey.
Norway led the total medal tally with 39, followed by Germany's 31 and Canada's 29.[3] Germany and Norway were tied for the most gold medals won; both won fourteen golds. Host nation South Korea won seventeen medals, their highest medal haul at a Winter Olympics, five of which were gold.
Contents
[hide]
1 Bidding and election
2 Development and preparation
2.1 Medals
2.2 Torch relay
2.3 Venues
2.3.1 Pyeongchang (mountain cluster)
2.3.2 Gangneung (coastal cluster)
2.4 Ticketing
3 The Games
3.1 Opening ceremony
3.2 Sports
3.3 Participating National Olympic Committees
3.3.1 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee
3.4 Event scheduling
3.5 Calendar
3.6 Medal table
3.7 Podium sweeps
3.8 Records
3.9 Closing ceremony
4 Broadcasting
5 Marketing
5.1 Branding
5.2 Mascots
5.3 Video games
5.4 Sponsors
6 Concerns and controversies
6.1 North Korean relations
6.2 Russian doping
6.3 National Hockey League
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Bidding and election[edit]
Main article: Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics
Pyeongchang bid to host both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics, but lost in the final rounds of voting to Vancouver and Sochi respectively.[4]
Munich also launched a bid to host these Games. Prior to Beijing's successful 2022 Winter Olympics bid, Munich would have become the first city to host both the Winter and the Summer Games, having previously hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics, but received only 25 votes. Annecy (in southeastern France) launched their own bid, which failed to secure public support from the local citizens. Their bid ended up receiving seven votes.[5]
Pyeongchang was elected as the host city at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban in 2011, earning the necessary majority of at least 48 votes in just one round of voting, more votes than its competitors combined. With this, Pyeongchang became the third Asian city to host the Winter Games; the first two were in Japan, at Sapporo (1972) and Nagano (1998).[6][7]
2018 Winter Olympics bidding results
City
Nation
Votes
Pyeongchang South Korea 63
Munich Germany 25
Annecy France 7
Development and preparation[edit]
Pyeongchang
Location in South Korea
On 5 August 2011, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced the formation of the Pyeongchang 2018 Coordination Commission.[8][9] On 4 October 2011, it was announced that the Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics would be headed by Kim Jin-sun. The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games (POCOG) was launched at its inaugural assembly on 19 October 2011. The first tasks of the organizing committee were putting together a master plan for the Games as well as forming a design for the venues.[10] The IOC Coordination Commission for the 2018 Winter Olympics made their first visit to Pyeongchang in March 2012. By then, construction was already underway on the Olympic Village.[11][12] In June 2012, construction began on a high-speed rail line that would connect Pyeongchang to Seoul.[13]
The International Paralympic Committee met for an orientation with the Pyeongchang 2018 organizing committee in July 2012.[14] Then-IOC President Jacques Rogge visited Pyeongchang for the first time in February 2013.[15]
The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games created Pyeongchang WINNERS in 2014 by recruiting university students living in South Korea to spread awareness of the Olympic Games through social networking services and news articles.[16]
2018 Olympics gold medal
2018 Winter Olympics torch
Medals[edit]
The Games' medal designs were unveiled on 21 September 2017. Designed by Lee Suk-woo, they feature a pattern of diagonal ridges on both sides, with the front including the Olympic rings, and the obverse featuring the Games' emblem, the event name and the discipline. The edge of the medals features extrusions of hangul alphabets, while the ribbons are made from a traditional South Korean textile.[17]
Torch relay[edit]
Main article: 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay
The torch relay started on 24 October 2017 in Greece and ended at the start of the Olympics on 9 February 2018. On 1 November 2017 the relay entered Korea. The relay lasted 101 days. There were 7,500 torch bearers to represent the Korean population of 75 million people. There were also 2,018 support runners to guard the torch and act as messengers.
The torch and its bearers traveled by a diverse means of transportation, including by turtle ship in Hansando Island, sailboat on the Baengmagang River in Buyeo, marine cable car in Yeosu, zip-wire over Bamseom Island, steam train in the Gokseong Train Village, marine rail bike along the east coast in Samcheok, and by yacht in Busan Metropolitan City.
There were also robot torch relays in Jeju and Daejeon.[18]
Venues[edit]
Olympic venues 2018
Main article: Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics
Dragon Valley (Alpensia) Ski Resort
Most of the outdoor snow events were held in the county of Pyeongchang, while the downhill, combined and super-G events in the Alpine skiing were held in the neighboring county of Jeongseon. The indoor ice events were held in Pyeongchang's neighboring city of Gangneung.
Pyeongchang (mountain cluster)[edit]
The Alpensia Sports Park in Daegwallyeong-myeon, Pyeongchang, was the focus of the 2018 Winter Olympics.[19][20] It was home to the Olympic Stadium,[21] the Olympic Village and most of the outdoor sports venues.
Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre – ski jumping, Nordic combined, snowboarding (big air)
Alpensia Biathlon Centre – biathlon
Alpensia Cross-Country Skiing Centre – cross-country skiing, Nordic combined
Alpensia Sliding Centre – luge, bobsleigh, skeleton
Yongpyong Alpine Centre – alpine skiing (slalom, giant slalom)
Additionally, a stand-alone outdoor sports venue was located in Bongpyeong-myeon, Pyeongchang:
Phoenix Snow Park – freestyle skiing, snowboarding
Another stand-alone outdoor sports venue was located in Pyeongchang's neighboring county of Jeongseon:
Jeongseon Alpine Centre – alpine skiing (downhill, super-G, combined)
Gangneung (coastal cluster)[edit]
The Gangneung Olympic Park in the city of Gangneung includes four indoor sports venues, all in close proximity to one another.
Gangneung Hockey Centre – ice hockey (men's competition)
Gangneung Curling Centre – curling
Gangneung Oval[21] – long track speed skating
Gangneung Ice Arena – short track speed skating, figure skating
Additionally, a stand-alone indoor sports venue was located in the grounds of Catholic Kwandong University.
Kwandong Hockey Centre – ice hockey (women's competition)
Ticketing[edit]
Ticket prices for the 2018 Winter Olympics were announced in April 2016 and tickets went on sale in October 2016. Event tickets ranged in price from ₩20,000 (approx. US$17) to ₩900,000 (~US$776) while tickets for the opening and closing ceremonies ranged from ₩220,000 (~US$190) to ₩1.5 million (~US$1293). The exact prices were determined through market research; around 50% of the tickets were expected to cost about ₩80,000 (~US$69) or less, and tickets in sports that are relatively unknown in the region, such as biathlon and luge, were made cheaper in order to encourage attendance. By contrast, figure skating and the men's ice hockey gold-medal game carried the most expensive tickets of the Games.[22]
As of 11 October 2017, domestic ticket sales for the Games were reported to be slow. Of the 750,000 seats allocated to South Koreans, only 20.7% had been sold. International sales were more favorable, with 59.7% of the 320,000 allocated tickets sold.[23][24] However, as of 31 January 2018, 77% of all tickets had been sold.[25]
The Games[edit]
Parade of Nations at 2018 Olympic Opening Ceremony
Opening ceremony[edit]
Main article: 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony
The opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 9 February 2018; the US$100 million facility was only intended to be used for the opening and closing ceremonies of these Olympics and the subsequent Paralympics, and is scheduled to be demolished following their conclusion.[26]
Sports[edit]
The 2018 Winter Olympics featured 102 events in 15 sports,[27] making it the first Winter Olympics to surpass 100 medal events. Six new events in existing sports were introduced to the Winter Olympic program in Pyeongchang, including men's and ladies' big air snowboarding, mixed doubles curling, men's and ladies' mass start speed skating, and mixed team alpine skiing.[28][27]
Alpine skiing (11) (details)
Biathlon (11) (details)
Bobsleigh (3) (details)
Cross-country skiing (12) (details)
Curling (3) (details)
Figure skating (5) (details)
Freestyle skiing (10) (details)
Ice hockey (2) (details)
Luge (4) (details)
Nordic combined (3) (details)
Short track speed skating (8) (details)
Skeleton (2) (details)
Ski jumping (4) (details)
Snowboarding (10) (details)
Speed skating (14) (details)
Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sport.
Participating National Olympic Committees[edit]
A total of 92 teams qualified at least one athlete to compete in the Games. The number of athletes who qualified per country is listed in the table below (number of athletes shown in parentheses). Six nations made their Winter Olympics debut: Ecuador, Eritrea, Kosovo, Malaysia, Nigeria and Singapore.[29][30] Athletes from three further countries – the Cayman Islands, Dominica and Peru – qualified to compete, but all three National Olympic Committees returned the quota spots back to the International Ski Federation (FIS).[31]
Under an historic agreement facilitated by the IOC, qualified athletes from North Korea were allowed to cross the Korean Demilitarized Zone into South Korea to compete in the Games.[32][33][34] The two nations marched together under the Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony.[35][36] A unified Korean team, consisting of 12 players from North Korea and 23 from South Korea, competed in the women's ice hockey tournament under a special IOC country code designation (COR) following talks in Panmunjom on 17 January 2018.[37] The two nations also participated separately: the South Korea team competed in every sport and the North Korea team competed in alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, figure skating and short track speed skating.[38] See North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics for further details.
On 5 December 2017, the IOC announced that the Russian Olympic Committee had been suspended due to the Russian doping controversy and the investigation into the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. Individual Russian athletes, who qualified and could demonstrate they had complied with the IOC's doping regulations, were given the option to compete at the 2018 Games as "Olympic Athletes from Russia" (OAR) under the Olympic flag and with the Olympic anthem played at any ceremony.[39]
The participating countries at the Winter Olympics 2018
Debuting countries at the Winter Olympics
[hide]Participating National Olympic Committees[40][41][42][43][44][45]
Albania (2)
Andorra (5)
Argentina (7)
Armenia (3)
Australia (50)
Austria (105)
Azerbaijan (1)
Belarus (33)
Belgium (22)
Bermuda (1)
Bolivia (2)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (4)
Brazil (9)
Bulgaria (21)
Canada (225)
Chile (7)
China (80)
Chinese Taipei (4)
Colombia (4)
Croatia (19)
Cyprus (1)
Czech Republic (93)
Denmark (17)
East Timor (1)
Ecuador (1)
Eritrea (1)
Estonia (22)
Finland (100)
France (106)
Georgia (4)
Germany (153)
Ghana (1)
Great Britain (58)
Greece (4)
Hong Kong (1)
Hungary (19)
Iceland (5)
India (2)
Iran (4)
Ireland (5)
Israel (10)
Italy (120)
Jamaica (3)
Japan (124)
Kazakhstan (46)
Kenya (1)
Korea (35)[a]
Kosovo (1)
Kyrgyzstan (2)
Latvia (34)
Lebanon (3)
Liechtenstein (3)
Lithuania (9)
Luxembourg (1)
Macedonia (3)
Madagascar (1)
Malaysia (2)
Malta (1)
Mexico (4)
Moldova (2)
Monaco (4)
Mongolia (2)
Montenegro (3)
Morocco (2)
Netherlands (33)
New Zealand (21)
Nigeria (3)
North Korea (10)[a]
Norway (109)
Olympic Athletes from Russia (168)[b]
Pakistan (2)
Philippines (2)
Poland (62)
Portugal (2)
Puerto Rico (1)
Romania (27)
San Marino (1)
Serbia (4)
Singapore (1)
Slovakia (56)
Slovenia (71)
South Africa (1)
South Korea (122)[a] (host nation)
Spain (13)
Sweden (116)
Switzerland (166)
Thailand (4)
Togo (1)
Tonga (1)
Turkey (8)
Ukraine (33)
United States (241)
Uzbekistan (2)
NOCs that participated in 2014, but not in 2018.
NOCs that participated in 2018, but not in 2014.
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Dominica
Nepal
Paraguay
Peru
Russia[b]
Tajikistan
Venezuela
Virgin Islands
Zimbabwe
Bolivia
Colombia
Ecuador
Eritrea
Ghana
Kenya
Korea[a]
Kosovo
Madagascar
Malaysia
Nigeria
North Korea[a]
Olympic Athletes from Russia[b]
Puerto Rico
Singapore
South Africa
Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee[edit]
[show]IOC Code
Country
Athletes
USA United States 242
CAN Canada 225
SUI Switzerland 169
OAR Olympic Athletes from Russia[b] 168
GER Germany 156
JPN Japan 124
KOR South Korea[a] 122
ITA Italy 122
SWE Sweden 116
NOR Norway 109
FRA France 107
FIN Finland 106
AUT Austria 105
CZE Czech Republic 95
CHN China 80
SLO Slovenia 71
POL Poland 62
GBR Great Britain 58
SVK Slovakia 56
AUS Australia 50
KAZ Kazakhstan 46
COR Korea[a] 35
LAT Latvia 34
NED Netherlands 33
BLR Belarus 33
UKR Ukraine 33
ROU Romania 27
EST Estonia 22
BEL Belgium 22
BUL Bulgaria 21
NZL New Zealand 20
CRO Croatia 19
HUN Hungary 19
DEN Denmark 17
ESP Spain 13
ISR Israel 10
PRK North Korea[a] 10
BRA Brazil 9
LTU Lithuania 9
TUR Turkey 8
CHI Chile 7
ARG Argentina 7
AND Andorra 5
ISL Iceland 5
IRL Ireland 5
BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina 4
COL Colombia 4
GEO Georgia 4
GRE Greece 4
IRI Iran 4
MEX Mexico 4
MON Monaco 4
SRB Serbia 4
TPE Chinese Taipei 4
THA Thailand 4
ARM Armenia 3
JAM Jamaica 3
LBN Lebanon 3
LIE Liechtenstein 3
MKD Macedonia 3
MNE Montenegro 3
NGR Nigeria 3
ALB Albania 2
BOL Bolivia 2
IND India 2
KGZ Kyrgyzstan 2
MAS Malaysia 2
MDA Moldova 2
MGL Mongolia 2
MAR Morocco 2
PAK Pakistan 2
PHI Philippines 2
POR Portugal 2
UZB Uzbekistan 2
AZE Azerbaijan 1
BER Bermuda 1
CYP Cyprus 1
ECU Ecuador 1
ERI Eritrea 1
GHA Ghana 1
HKG Hong Kong 1
KEN Kenya 1
KOS Kosovo 1
LUX Luxembourg 1
MAD Madagascar 1
MLT Malta 1
PUR Puerto Rico 1
SMR San Marino 1
SGP Singapore 1
RSA South Africa 1
TLS East Timor 1
TGA Tonga 1
TOG Togo 1
a Apart from the respective delegations, North Korea and South Korea formed a unified Korean women's ice hockey team.
b Russian athletes participated as Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) if individually cleared by the IOC.
Event scheduling[edit]
To accommodate primetime broadcasts in the Americas, figure skating events were scheduled with morning start times; figure skating in particular has typically been one of the most popular Winter Olympic sports among U.S. viewers. This scheduling practice had an impact on the events themselves, including skaters having to adjust to the modified schedule, as well as the attendance levels of the sessions themselves.[46]
Conversely, and somewhat controversially, eight of the eleven biathlon events were scheduled at night, making it necessary for competitors to ski and shoot under floodlights, with colder temperatures and blustery winds.[47]
Calendar[edit]
See also: Chronological summary of the 2018 Winter Olympics
All dates are KST (UTC+9)

OC Opening ceremony ● Event competitions 1 Event finals EG Exhibition gala CC Closing ceremony
February
8th
Thu
9th
Fri
10th
Sat
11th
Sun
12th
Mon
13th
Tue
14th
Wed
15th
Thu
16th
Fri
17th
Sat
18th
Sun
19th
Mon
20th
Tue
21st
Wed
22nd
Thu
23rd
Fri
24th
Sat
25th
Sun
Events
Ceremonies OC CC N/A
Alpine skiing 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 11
Biathlon 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 11
Bobsleigh ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 3
Cross-country skiing 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 12
Curling ● ● ● ● ● 1 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 3
Figure skating ● ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 EG 5
Freestyle skiing ● 1 1 ● 1 1 2 ● 1 1 1 1 10
Ice hockey ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 ● ● 1 2
Luge ● 1 ● 1 1 1 4
Nordic combined 1 1 1 3
Short track speed skating 1 1 2 1 3 8
Skeleton ● 1 1 2
Ski jumping ● 1 1 ● 1 1 4
Snowboarding ● 1 1 1 1 1 1 ● ● 1 3 10
Speed skating 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 14
Daily medal events
0
0
5
6
7
8
4
9
7
9
6
3
5
7
10
4
8
4
102
Cumulative total
0
0
5
11
18
26
30
39
46
55
61
64
69
76
86
90
98
102
February
8th
Thu
9th
Fri
10th
Sat
11th
Sun
12th
Mon
13th
Tue
14th
Wed
15th
Thu
16th
Fri
17th
Sat
18th
Sun
19th
Mon
20th
Tue
21st
Wed
22nd
Thu
23rd
Fri
24th
Sat
25th
Sun
Total events

Medal table[edit]
Main article: 2018 Winter Olympics medal table
* Host nation (South Korea)[48]
Rank
NOC
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1
Norway (NOR)
14 14 11 39
2
Germany (GER)
14 10 7 31
3
Canada (CAN)
11 8 10 29
4
United States (USA)
9 8 6 23
5
Netherlands (NED)
8 6 6 20
6
Sweden (SWE)
7 6 1 14
7
South Korea (KOR)*
5 8 4 17
8
Switzerland (SUI)
5 6 4 15
9
France (FRA)
5 4 6 15
10
Austria (AUT)
5 3 6 14
11
Japan (JPN)
4 5 4 13
12
Italy (ITA)
3 2 5 10
13
Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
2 6 9 17
14
Czech Republic (CZE)
2 2 3 7
15
Belarus (BLR)
2 1 0 3
16
China (CHN)
1 6 2 9
17
Slovakia (SVK)
1 2 0 3
18
Finland (FIN)
1 1 4 6
19
Great Britain (GBR)
1 0 4 5
20
Poland (POL)
1 0 1 2
21
Hungary (HUN)
1 0 0 1
Ukraine (UKR)
1 0 0 1
23
Australia (AUS)
0 2 1 3
24
Slovenia (SLO)
0 1 1 2
25
Belgium (BEL)
0 1 0 1
26
Spain (ESP)
0 0 2 2
New Zealand (NZL)
0 0 2 2
28
Kazakhstan (KAZ)
0 0 1 1
Latvia (LAT)
0 0 1 1
Liechtenstein (LIE)
0 0 1 1
Total (30 NOCs)
103
102
102
307
Podium sweeps[edit]
Three podium sweeps were recorded during the Games.
Date
Sport
Event
NOC
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Ref
10 February Speed skating Women's 3000 metres Netherlands Carlijn Achtereekte Ireen Wüst Antoinette de Jong [49]
11 February Cross-country skiing Men's 30 km skiathlon Norway Simen Hegstad Krüger Martin Johnsrud Sundby Hans Christer Holund [50]
20 February Nordic combined Individual large hill/10 km Germany Johannes Rydzek Fabian Rießle Eric Frenzel [51]
Records[edit]
Main article: World and Olympic records set at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Noriaki Kasai of Japan became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics when he took part in the ski jumping qualification the day before the opening of the Games.[52] The previous record of seven Winter Olympics was held by Russian luger Albert Demchenko.
American Nathan Chen became the first figure skater to land five quadruple jumps in one program.[53]
German figure skaters Aliona Savchenko and Bruno Massot set a new ISU best free skating score of 159.31 in pair skating.[54]
Canadian figure skaters Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir set a new ISU best short dance score of 83.67[55] and a new ISU best combined total score of 206.07[56] in ice dance. French ice dancers Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron set a new ISU best free dance score of 123.35.[57]
Russian figure skater Alina Zagitova set a new ISU best short program score of 82.92 in Ladies' single skating.[58]
Dutch speed skater Sven Kramer won gold in the men's 5000m event, becoming the only male speed skater to win the same Olympic event three times. He was also the first man to win a total of eight Olympic medals in speed skating.[59]
Dutch speed skater Ireen Wüst won an individual gold medal for the fourth Olympics in a row, the first time this had been achieved by a Winter Olympian. She also became the first speed skater (male or female) to win ten Winter Olympic medals and the first female Winter Olympian to win nine individual medals.[60]
Chinese short track speed skater Wu Dajing beat the men's 500m world record twice en route to winning a gold medal, becoming only the second person in history to skate the discipline in under 40 seconds (after American J. R. Celski), and the first to achieve this at "sea level".[61]
Dutch athlete Jorien ter Mors became the first female athlete to win Olympic medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games;[62] she won a speed skating gold medal in the 1000 metres and she was also part of the Dutch short track team that won bronze in the 3000 metre relay.
Ester Ledecká of the Czech Republic won gold in the skiing super-G event and another gold in the snowboarding parallel giant slalom, making her the first female athlete to win Olympic gold medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games.[63]
Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen won bronze in the women's team sprint and gold in the 30 kilometre classical event, bringing her total Olympic medal haul to fifteen, the most won by any athlete (male or female) in Winter Olympics history.[64] The record was previously held by fellow Norwegian athlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen who has thirteen Olympic medals.
Germany and Canada tied for gold in the two-man bobsleigh event, only the second time in history that two countries had tied for a gold medal in this particular event, the first time being in the 1998 Winter Olympics twenty years earlier.[65]
Norway won a total of 39 medals, setting a new record for the highest number of medals won at a single Winter Olympics. Their 39th medal was the gold won by cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen in the 30 km classical event. The record was previously held by the USA who won 37 medals in Vancouver in 2010.[66]
Olympic cauldron in Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium
Closing ceremony[edit]
Main article: 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony
The closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 25 February 2018, as Thomas Bach, the IOC president, declared the Games closed, and the cauldron extinguished.
Broadcasting[edit]
Main article: List of 2018 Winter Olympics broadcasters
Broadcast rights to the 2018 Winter Olympics in some countries were already sold as part of long-term broadcast rights deals, including the Games' local rightsholder SBS, which in July 2011 had extended its rights to the Olympics through to 2024.[67] SBS sub-licensed its rights to MBC and KBS.[68]
On 29 June 2015, the IOC announced that Discovery Communications had acquired exclusive rights to the Olympics across all of Europe outside of Russia, from 2018 through to 2024. Discovery's pan-European Eurosport networks were promoted as the main rightsholder of the Games, but Discovery free-to-air channels such as DMAX in Spain,[69] Kanal 5 in Sweden and TVNorge in Norway, were also involved.[70] Discovery was required to sub-licence at least 100 hours of coverage to free-to-air broadcasters in each market;[71][72][73] some of these agreements required certain sports to be exclusive to Eurosport and its affiliated networks.[74][74] The deal did not initially cover France due to France Télévisions' rights, which run through to the 2020 Games.[75] In the United Kingdom, Discovery held exclusive pay television rights under license from the BBC, in return for BBC sub-licencing the free-to-air rights to the 2022 and 2024 Olympics from Discovery.[76]
Despite the Russian team being formally banned from competing under its flag in Pyeongchang, Russian state broadcaster Channel One, and sports channel Match TV, still committed to covering the Games with a focus on Russian athletes.[75] Russia was not affected by the Eurosport deal, due to a pre-existing contract held by a marketing agency which runs through to 2024.[75]
In the United States, the Games were once again broadcast by NBCUniversal properties under a long-term contract.[77][78] As U.S. Eastern Time is fourteen hours behind Pyeongchang, morning events naturally fell within traditional U.S. prime time hours (8:00 to 11:00 pm). This allowed NBC to broadcast its prime time coverage live in all U.S. time zones, rather than showing "plausibly live" delayed footage as they had in previous Olympics. As per previous Games, the ceremonies were still shown on TV via tape delay only, but NBC did, for the first time, offer live streaming of the opening ceremony online.[79][80] Notably, figure skating events were deliberately scheduled for the morning in Pyeongchang to accommodate the network’s live broadcast to a peak U.S. audience in the evening.[46]
NHK and Olympic Broadcasting Services (OBS) once again filmed portions of the Games, including 90 hours of footage of selected events and the opening ceremonies, in high-dynamic-range 8K resolution video.[81][82] In South Korea, ATSC 3.0 digital terrestrial television at 4K resolution was introduced in 2017 in time for the Olympics.[83][84] In the U.S., this footage was delivered in 4K by NBCUniversal parent Comcast to participating television providers, including its own Xfinity, as well as DirecTV and Dish Network. NBC's Raleigh, North Carolina affiliate WRAL-TV also held demonstration viewings as part of its ATSC 3.0 test broadcasts.[85][86][87]
The 2018 Winter Olympics were also used to showcase 5G wireless technologies, as part of a collaboration between domestic wireless sponsor KT, and worldwide sponsor Intel. Several venues were outfitted with 5G networks to facilitate features such as live camera feeds from bobsleds, and multi-camera views from cross-country and figure skating events. These were offered as part of public demonstrations coordinated by KT and Intel.[88][89]
Marketing[edit]
Branding[edit]
The emblem for the Games was unveiled on 3 May 2013. It is a stylised representation of the hangul letters ㅍ p and ㅊ ch, these being the initial sounds of 평창 Pyeongchang. The left-hand symbol is said to represent the Korean philosophical triad of heaven, earth and humanity (Korean: 천지인 cheon-ji-in), and the right-hand symbol represents a crystal of ice.[90] In the emblem and all official materials, Pyeongchang was stylised in CamelCase as "PyeongChang", in order to alleviate potential confusion with Pyongyang, the similarly-named capital of neighbouring North Korea.[91]
Soohorang (left) and Bandabi (right), respective mascots of 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics.
Mascots[edit]
Main article: Soohorang and Bandabi
The official mascots of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 2 June 2016. The Olympic mascot, Soohorang (Korean: 수호랑), is a white tiger. The mascot's name is a portmanteau of "Sooho", a Korean word for "protection", and "Rang" which is derived both from the Korean word for "tiger" and from the name of a traditional Korean folk song originating from Gangwon Province.[92] Tigers have a strong association with Korean culture and folklore.
Video games[edit]
Intel Extreme Masters Season 12 – Pyeongchang
Tournament information
Sport
StarCraft II
Location
Pyeongchang, South Korea
Administrator(s)
Electronic Sports League
Final positions
Champions
Scarlett
Runner-up
sOs
← Oakland 2017
Katowice 2018 →
In June 2017, Ubisoft announced that it would release an expansion pack for its winter sports video game Steep entitled Road to the Olympics, which features new game modes and content inspired by the 2018 Winter Olympics.[93][94]
In November 2017, the IOC announced it would support and sponsor an Intel Extreme Masters StarCraft II tournament in Pyeongchang preceding the Games. Its support of the tournament as a de facto demonstration event came on the heels of a report by the IOC which recognised that eSports "could be considered as a sporting activity".[95][96][97] The tournament was won by Sasha "Scarlett" Hostyn of Canada; she became the second North American pro to place first at a major StarCraft II tournament in South Korea, and the first woman to win a major tournament.[98][99]
Sponsors[edit]
The 2018 Winter Olympics saw increasing granularity in official sponsorships for technology vendors; Intel signed with the IOC to become part of its Worldwide Olympic Partner program, to promote 5G wireless technology, as well as broadcasting technology such as 360-degree video and virtual reality. Alibaba Group was also named the official e-commerce and cloud services provider. These categories affected how the vendors were allowed to promote themselves within the context of the Olympics: Samsung could showcase VR experiences but only within the context of its own smartphones due to Intel's sponsorship rights in relation to VR; Alibaba could not promote Alipay due to Visa Inc. sponsorship rights; and Intel could not promote end-user applications of 5G due to national sponsorship rights held by KT Corporation.[100][101]
Concerns and controversies[edit]
Main article: Concerns and controversies at the 2018 Winter Olympics
North Korean relations[edit]
See also: North Korea–South Korea relations, 2017–18 North Korea crisis, and North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Due to the state of relations between North and South Korea, concerns were raised over the security of the 2018 Winter Olympics, especially in the wake of tensions over North Korean missile and nuclear tests. On 20 September 2017, South Korean president Moon Jae-in stated that the country would ensure the security of the Games.[102] The next day, Laura Flessel-Colovic, the French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports, stated that France would pull out of the Games if the safety of its delegation could not be guaranteed.[103]
Protesters at Gwanghwamun Plaza criticising the game's
pro-North Korean measures
The next day, Austria and Germany raised similar concerns and also threatened to skip the Games. France later reaffirmed its participation.[104] In early December 2017, the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, Nikki Haley, told Fox News that it was an "open question" whether the United States was going to participate in the Games, citing security concerns in the region.[105] However, days later the White House Press Secretary, Sarah Huckabee Sanders, stated that the United States would participate.[106]
In his New Year's address on 1 January 2018, North Korean leader Kim Jong-un proposed talks in Seoul over the country's participation in the Games, which would be the first high-level talks between the North and South in over two years. Because of the talks, held on 9 January, North Korea agreed to field athletes in Pyeongchang.[107][108] On 17 January 2018, it was announced that North and South Korea had agreed to field a unified Korean women's ice hockey team at the Games, and to enter together under a Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony.[109][110]
These moves were met with opposition in South Korea, including protests and online petitions; critics argued that the government was attempting to use the Olympics to spread pro-North Korean sentiment, and that the unified hockey team would fail.[111] A rap video entitled "The Regret for Pyeongchang" (평창유감), which echoed this criticism and called the event the "Pyongyang Olympics", went viral in the country.[112] Japan's foreign affairs minister Tarō Kōno warned South Korea to be wary of North Korea's "charm offensive", and not to ease its pressure on the country.[109][113]
The South Korean President, Moon Jae-in, at the start of the Olympics shook hands with the sister of North Korean leader Kim Jong-un and a prominent figure of the regime, Kim Yo-jong. This marked the first time since the Korean War that a member of the ruling Kim dynasty had visited South Korea.[114][115] In contrast, U.S. vice president Mike Pence met with Fred Warmbier (father of Otto Warmbier, who had died after being released from captivity in North Korea) and a group of North Korean defectors in Pyeongchang.[116] American officials said that North Korea cancelled a meeting with Pence at the last minute.[117]
At the closing ceremony, North Korea sent general Kim Yong-chol as its delegate. His presence was met with hostility from South Korean conservatives, as there were allegations that he had a role in the ROKS Cheonan sinking and other past attacks. The Ministry of Unification stated that "there is a limitation in pinpointing who was responsible for the incident." Although he is subject to sanctions, they did not affect his ability to visit the country for the Games.[118][119]
Russian doping[edit]
Main articles: Doping in Russia, McLaren Report, Oswald Commission, Russia at the 2014 Winter Olympics § Doping scandal after Olympics, Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics, and Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Russia's participation in the 2018 Winter Olympics was affected by the aftermath of its state-sponsored doping program. As a result, the IOC suspended the Russian Olympic Committee in December 2017, although Russian athletes whitelisted by the IOC were allowed to compete neutrally under the OAR (Olympic Athletes from Russia) designation.[120] The official sanctions imposed by the IOC included: the exclusion of Russian government officials from the Games; the use of the Olympic flag and Olympic Anthem in place of the Russian flag and anthem; and the submission of a replacement logo for the OAR uniforms.[121]
By early January 2018, the IOC had banned 43 Russian athletes from competing in the 2018 Winter Olympics and all future Olympic Games (as part of the Oswald Commission). Of those athletes, 42 appealed against their bans to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) and 28 of the appeals were successful, but eleven of the athletes had their sanctions upheld due to the weight of evidence against them. The IOC stated that the court ruling did not prove that the 28 athletes were innocent and that they would not necessarily be invited to the 2018 Games. Three of the athletes who appealed are still awaiting their hearings.[122]
The eventual number of neutral Russian athletes that participated at the 2018 Games was 168. These were selected from an original pool of 500 athletes that was put forward for consideration and, in order to receive an invitation to the Games, they were obliged to meet a number of pre-games conditions to rule out any possibility of doping.
Russian president Vladimir Putin and other officials had signalled in the past that it would be a humiliation if Russian athletes were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag.[123] However, there were never actually any official plans to boycott the 2018 Games[120] and in late 2017 the Russian government agreed to allow their athletes to compete at the Games as individuals under a neutral designation.[124][125] Despite this public show of co-operation, there were numerous misgivings voiced by leading Russian politicians, including a statement from Putin himself saying that he believed the United States had used its influence within the IOC to "orchestrate the doping scandal".[126] 86% of the Russian population opposed participation at the Olympics under a neutral flag,[127] and many Russian fans attended the Games wearing the Russian colours and chanting "Russia!" in unison, in an act of defiance against the ban.[128]
The IOC's decision was heavily criticised by Jack Robertson, primary investigator of the Russian doping program on behalf of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), in whose opinion the judgement was commercially and politically motivated. He argued that not only was doping rife amongst Russian athletes but that there was no sign of it being eradicated.[129] The CAS decision to overturn the life bans of 28 Russian athletes and restore their medals was also fiercely criticised, by Olympic officials, IOC president Thomas Bach and whistleblower Grigory Rodchenkov's lawyer.[130]
National Hockey League[edit]
For the first time since 1998, the National Hockey League did not provide accommodations (including a break in the season for all teams during the Olympics) to allow its players to participate in the men's ice hockey tournament. The NHL's decision stemmed from their demands that the IOC cover the cost of insuring the NHL players who participated in the Games. Although the IOC did pay to insure NHL players in Sochi, the commission was unwilling to do so for Pyeongchang, and was concerned that the NHL's demand could set a precedent for other professional sports bodies to follow. NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman added that a factor in the decision was that the IOC did not allow the NHL to promote the involvement of its players in the Olympics.[131][132][133] The NHL secured the cooperation of the International Ice Hockey Federation and the IOC, who agreed to establish a blacklist forbidding national teams from nominating or accepting players under NHL contract to their Olympic rosters.[134][135]
Other leagues, such as the Swedish Hockey League, did not close during the games,[136] but teams had to accept that some players took part in the games instead of the league.
See also[edit]
2010s portal
Olympics portal
South Korea portal
2018 Winter Paralympics
2018 Summer Youth Olympics
Winter Olympic Games
Olympic Games
International Olympic Committee
List of IOC country codes
Soohorang and Bandabi
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Jump up ^ "South Korea's Moon says pushing to guarantee safety at Pyeongchang Olympics". Reuters. 20 September 2017. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "France to skip 2018 Winter Games if security not assured". Reuters. 22 September 2017. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Olympics: North Korea triggers 2018 Winter Olympics security scare". The Straits Times. 23 September 2017. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "US ambassador to UN says it's an 'open question' whether U.S. athletes will participate in Winter Olympics over safety concerns". Business Insider. 7 December 2017. Archived from the original on 31 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Ellen (7 December 2017). "White House walks back remarks that US athletes might not participate in 2018 Olympics". The Hill. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Kim Jong Un highlights his 'nuclear button,' offers Olympic talks". NBC News. 2 January 2018. Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Sang-Hun, Choe (2018). "North Korea to Send Olympic Athletes to South Korea, in Breakthrough". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Koreas to carry single flag at Olympics". BBC News. 2018. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "'The Pyongyang Olympics' – Backlash in South Korea over plans to march with North at Winter Olympics". The Telegraph. 19 January 2018. Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "South Korean protesters object to Olympic Games deal with North Korea". Los Angeles Times. 18 January 2018. Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Rap video frosty welcome for 2018 Winter Olympic Games". BBC News. 2 February 2018. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Korean Olympic Cooperation Provokes Protests in Seoul". Time. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Haas, Benjamin (9 February 2018). "US vice-president skips Olympics dinner in snub to North Korea officials". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Friedman, Uri. "North Korea's Undeserved Olympic Glory". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
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Jump up ^ "US says North Korea cancelled planned meeting with US VP Mike Pence". Stuff (Fairfax). 21 February 2018.
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Jump up ^ Sang-Hun, Choe (22 February 2018). "Former Spymaster to Lead North Korea's Olympic Ceremony Delegation". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Ruiz, Rebecca C.; Panja, Tariq (5 December 2017). "Russia Banned From Winter Olympics by I.O.C." The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
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Jump up ^ "SHL Fixtures". Swedish Hockey League. Retrieved 2 April 2018. (shows that SHL games were played during the Olympic games 9–25 February)
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text:
Nuchal lines
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Nuchal fluid line.
Nuchal lines
Occipital bone. Outer surface.
Side view of head, showing surface relations of bones. (Superior and median lines visible at bottom right.)
Details
Identifiers
Latin
Linea nuchae
TA
A02.1.04.024
A02.1.04.025
A02.1.04.026
Anatomical terms of bone
[edit on Wikidata]
The nuchal lines are four curved lines on the external surface of the occipital bone:
The upper, often faintly marked, is named the highest nuchal line, but is sometimes referred to as the Mempin line, and to it the epicranial aponeurosis and the occipitalis is attached.
Below the highest nuchal line is the superior nuchal line. To it is attached , the splenius capitis muscle, the trapezius muscle, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
From the external occipital protuberance a ridge or crest, the median nuchal line, often faintly marked, descends to the foramen magnum, and affords attachment to the nuchal ligament.
Running from the middle of this line is the inferior nuchal line. Attached are the obliquus capitis superior muscle, rectus capitis posterior major muscle, and rectus capitis posterior minor muscle.
Additional images[edit]
Posterior view of superior nuchal line (labeled in red) and muscles connecting to it.
Base of skull. Inferior surface.
References[edit]
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nuchal lines.
"Anatomy diagram: 34257.000-1". Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator. Elsevier. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01.
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The neurocranium of the skull
Occipital
Squamous part
external
Inion/External occipital protuberance
External occipital crest
Nuchal lines
planes
Occipital
Nuchal
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(note: ossicles in petrous part, but not part of temporal bone)
Tympanic part
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Middle meatus
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ethmoidal foramina
Posterior
Anterior
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuchal_lines&oldid=807326841"
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