text:
Lakh
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A lakh (/læk, lɑːk/; abbreviated L; sometimes written Lac[1] or Lacs) is a unit in the Indian numbering system equal to one hundred thousand (100,000; scientific notation: 105). [2][1][3] In the Indian convention of digit grouping, it is written as 1,00,000. For example, in India 150,000 rupees becomes 1.5 lakh rupees, written as ₹1,50,000 or INR 1,50,000.
It is widely used both in official and other contexts in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. It is often used in Indian, Pakistani, and Sri Lankan English. In Pakistan, the word lakh is used mostly in local languages rather than in English media.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Usage
1.1 Money
1.2 Silver market
2 Etymology and regional variants
2.1 South Asian languages
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Usage[edit]
In Indian English, the word is used both as an attributive and non-attributive noun, and with either a marked ("-s") or unmarked plural, as in: "1 lakh people" or "1 lakh of people"; "200 lakh rupees"; "5 lakh of rupees"; "rupees 10 lakhs"; or "5 lakhs of rupees". In the abbreviated form, usage such as "₹5L" (for "rupees 5 lakhs") is common.[citation needed] In this system of numeration 100 lakh is called one crore and is equal to 10 million.
Money[edit]
In colloquial Urdu, especially in the city of Karachi, the word peti ("suitcase") is also used to denote one lakh rupees. This originated during the General Zia era, when the largest denomination of currency was the 100 rupee note, and one lakh rupees would fill a small suitcase (peti as in Bombay Hindi). Hence, even after the Zia era, one peti has continued to mean one lakh rupees.[citation needed]
The word lakhi is commonly used throughout Tanzania to denote 100,000 shillings and is likely to have entered the Swahili language from Indian and Pakistani immigrants.[citation needed]
Silver market[edit]
The term is also used in the pricing of silver on the international precious metals market, where one lakh equals 100,000 troy ounces (3,100 kilograms) of silver.[4][5]
Etymology and regional variants[edit]
The root of the word lakh might be the Pali lakkha (masculine noun, "mark, target, stake in gambling"), from which the numerical meaning, "one hundred thousand" is derived.[6] Another possible root could be the Sanskrit laksha (Devanagari: लक्ष lakṣa), which has similar meanings in that language.[citation needed]
South Asian languages[edit]
Assamese: লাখ lakh
Bengali: লাখ lakh or লক্ষ lokkho
Dhivehi: ލައްކަ lakka
Gujarati: લાખ lākh
Hindi: लाख lākh
Bombay Hindi: पेटी peṭi
(Peṭi refers to a briefcase. That is, the amount of money in ₹ 100 notes that can fit into a briefcase.)
Kannada: ಲಕ್ಷ laksha
Kashmiri: lach
Konkani: लाख lākh or ಲಕ್ಷ lakṣa
Malayalam: ലക്ഷം laksham
Marathi: लाख lākh or लक्ष lakṣa
Nepali: लाख lākh
Odia: ଲକ୍ଷ lôkhyô
Pashto: لاکھ lakh
Punjabi: ਲੱਖ/لکھ lakkh
Romani: लाख lakh
Sanskrit: लक्ष lakṣá
Sindhi: لک lakhu
Sinhalese: ලක්ෂ laksha
Tamil : லட்சம் laṭcham
Telugu: లక్ష lakṣha
Tulu: ಲಕ್ಷ laksha
Urdu: لاکھ lākh
See also[edit]
Crore (= 100 lakh)
Myriad
Names of large numbers
Names of numbers in English
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Rowlett, Russ (2008-12-15) [1998]. "lakh". How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Archived from the original on 2016-07-02. Retrieved 2016-08-29.
Jump up ^ "lakh". Oxford English Dictionary (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. 1933.
Jump up ^ Lange, Norbert Adolph (1973) [1934]. Dean, John Aurie, ed. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (11 ed.). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 3-16. ISBN 0-07-016190-9. Retrieved 2016-08-28. Prefixes for Naming Multiples and Submultiples of Units: […] The prefix "myria" is sometimes used for 104 and "lakh" for 105.
Jump up ^ Gilkes, Paul (3 July 2017). "CME Group/Thomson Reuters step down from executing the London silver fix". Retrieved 5 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Units of Measure". perthmint.com.au. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Turner, Sir Ralph Lilley (1985). "lakṣá10881". A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages. London: Oxford University Press, 1962-1966. Includes three supplements, published 1969-1985. Digital South Asia Library, a project of the Center for Research Libraries and the University of Chicago. p. 629. Archived from the original on 2012-12-15. Retrieved 2010-08-22. lakṣá10881 lakṣá masculine ʻ stake, prize ʼ R̥gveda, ʻ mark, sign ʼ Mahābhārata, ʻ 100,000 ʼ Yājñavalkya, ʻ aim ʼ Kālidāsa, lakṣya— neuter, masculine ʻ aim ʼ Muṇḍ Upaniṣad, ʻ prize ʼ Mahābhārata, ʻ 100,000 ʼ Mahābhārata, . [√lakṣ. For derivation from root to become numeral, see Addenda: Pali lakkha— masculine ʻ mark, target, stake in gambling ʼ; Oṛiyā lākha, nākha ʻ aim, distinguishing mark ʼ, lācha ʻ brand ʼ; Gujarātī lāchɔ masculine ʻ burning the feet ʼ; Marāṭhī lās masculine ʻ mark made by cautery ʼ, neuter.]
External links[edit]
IINRG, Ranchi. "Government Organisation".
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text:
2017 Grand National
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
2017 Grand National
Grand National

Location
Aintree Racecourse
Date
8 April 2017
Winning horse
One For Arthur
Starting price
1014 14/1
Jockey
Derek Fox
Trainer
Lucinda Russell
Owner
Two Golf Widows
Conditions
Good to soft
← 2016
2018 →
The 2017 Grand National (officially known as the 2017 Randox Health Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 170th official running of the Grand National horse race at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England. The showpiece steeplechase over a distance of 4 miles 514 yards (6.907 km) took place on 8 April 2017, the final day of a three-day meeting. A maximum field of 40 runners competed for a share of a prize fund of £1 million.[1]
Randox Health is the new sponsor of the main race and the festival itself for the next five years.[1] It was broadcast live on television by ITV for the first time. There was live radio coverage by BBC Radio, which has held the radio rights since 1927, and by Talksport, which covered the main race live for the fourth time.
The race was won by One For Arthur, only the second horse trained in Scotland to win the Grand National (the other being Rubstic in 1979). One For Arthur was ridden by Derek Fox and trained by Lucinda Russell, and was sent off at odds of 1014 14/1.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Race card
2 Race overview
3 Finishing order
4 Non-finishers
5 Broadcasting and media
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Race card[edit]
A total of 110 entries were received for consideration in the 2017 Grand National and were announced on 1 February 2017. Among the early favourites were Don Poli, who won three Grade 1 races in the 2015–16 season, and 2016 National runner-up The Last Samuri. The 2015 winner, Many Clouds, who was also among the ante-post favourites, died of a pulmonary haemorrhage shortly before the entries were announced.[3]
The weights were announced on 14 February and headed by Lexus Chase winner Outlander, however, trainer Gordon Elliott indicated that he would not run. The top five weighted horses were all Irish-trained, including three by Elliott. One runner (Otago Trail) was scratched before the weights were assigned.[4] Ninety-five entries remained after the first scratching deadline on 28 February. Elliott, who had earlier expressed his dissatisfaction with the weights assigned to his horses, withdrew several of his entries, including Outlander, Empire of Dirt and Don Poli, leaving Carlingford Lough as the new top weight. Vieux Lion Rouge, who won the Grand National Trial at Haydock, was now the favourite with the bookmakers, at 12/1.[5] The field was reduced to 79 following the second scratching deadline on 21 March.[6] The five-day confirmation process began on 3 April with 70 horses advancing, following the withdrawal of top-weight Carlingford Lough. The final field was announced on 6 April, including four reserves in case of any withdrawals before 1 pm on 7 April.[7] One of the top 40 horses going into the confirmation stage (Pendra) withdrew.[8] There were no further withdrawals before the deadline, leaving the following 40 starters:
No
Horse
Age
Handicap
(st–lb)
SP
Jockey
Trainer
1
The Last Samuri (IRE) 9 11-10 1016 16/1 David Bass Kim Bailey
2
More Of That (IRE) 9 11-06 1016 16/1 Barry Geraghty Jonjo O'Neill
3
Shantou Flyer (IRE) 7 11-05 1050 50/1 Jonathan Moore Rebecca Curtis
4
Perfect Candidate (IRE) 10 11-05 1033 33/1 Paddy Brennan Fergal O'Brien
5
Saphir Du Rheu (FR) 8 11-05 1016 16/1 Sam Twiston-Davies Paul Nicholls
6
Roi Des Francs (FR) 8 11-03 1050 50/1 Jack Kennedy Gordon Elliott (IRE)
7
Wounded Warrior (IRE) 8 11-02 1033 33/1 Sean Flanagan Noel Meade (IRE)
8
Wonderful Charm (FR) 9 11-02 1028 28/1 Ms Katie Walsh Paul Nicholls
9
Tenor Nivernais (FR) 10 11-01 1040 40/1 Aidan Coleman Venetia Williams
10
Blaklion 8 11-01 1008 8/1 F Noel Fehily Nigel Twiston-Davies
11
Drop Out Joe 9 11-01 1033 33/1 Tom O'Brien Charlie Longsdon
12
Le Mercurey (FR) 7 11-00 1050 50/1 Sean Bowen Paul Nicholls
13
The Young Master 8 10–13 1020 20/1 Mr Sam Waley-Cohen Neil Mulholland
14
Cause of Causes (USA) 9 10–13 1016 16/1 Mr Jamie Codd Gordon Elliott (IRE)
15
Regal Encore (IRE) 9 10–13 1033 33/1 Robbie Power Anthony Honeyball
16
Vieux Lion Rouge (FR) 8 10–12 1012 12/1 Tom Scudamore David Pipe
17
Definitly Red (IRE) 8 10–12 1010 10/1 Danny Cook Brian Ellison
18
Ucello Conti (FR) 9 10–12 1020 20/1 Daryl Jacob Gordon Elliott (IRE)
19
Double Shuffle (IRE) 7 10–12 1033 33/1 Adrian Heskin Tom George
20
Houblon Des Obeaux (FR) 10 10–12 1050 50/1 Charlie Deutsch Venetia Williams
21
Pleasant Company (IRE) 9 10–12 1011 11/1 Ruby Walsh Willie Mullins (IRE)
22
One For Arthur (IRE) 8 10–11 1014 14/1 Derek Fox Lucinda Russell
23
Ballynagour (IRE) 11 10–11 1066 66/1 David Noonan David Pipe
24
O'Faolains Boy (IRE) 10 10–11 1050 50/1 Paul Townend Rebecca Curtis
25
Highland Lodge (IRE) 11 10–11 1025 25/1 Henry Brooke James Moffatt
26
Bishops Road (IRE) 9 10-10 1066 66/1 Jamie Moore Kerry Lee
27
Lord Windermere (IRE) 11 10-10 1033 33/1 Leighton Aspell Jim Culloty (IRE)
28
Saint Are (FR) 11 10-10 1025 25/1 Davy Russell Tom George
29
Vicente (FR) 8 10-10 1016 16/1 Brian Hughes Paul Nicholls
30
Just A Par (IRE) 10 10-09 1033 33/1 Harry Cobden Paul Nicholls
31
Measureofmydreams (IRE) 9 10-09 1040 40/1 Donagh Meyler Noel Meade (IRE)
32
Raz de Maree (FR) 12 10-09 1033 33/1 Ger Fox Gavin Cromwell (IRE)
33
Stellar Notion (IRE) 9 10-09 1050 50/1 David Mullins Henry de Bromhead (IRE)
34
Rogue Angel (IRE) 9 10-08 1020 20/1 Bryan Cooper Mouse Morris (IRE)
35
Cocktails At Dawn 9 10-08 1033 33/1 Nico de Boinville Nicky Henderson
36
Thunder And Roses (IRE) 9 10-07 1025 25/1 Mark Enright Mouse Morris (IRE)
37
Gas Line Boy (IRE) 11 10-07 1050 50/1 Robert Dunne Ian Williams
38
Goodtoknow 9 10-07 1066 66/1 Jake Greenall Kerry Lee
39
La Vaticane (FR) 8 10-06 1080 80/1 Richie McLernon David Pipe
40
Doctor Harper (IRE) 9 10-06 1050 50/1 Connor O'Farrell David Pipe
Great Britain unless stated.
Amateur jockeys denoted by preceding title, e.g. Mr.
Liam Treadwell was due to ride Tenor Nivernais but was replaced by Coleman after getting injured.[9]
Race overview[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Two false starts occurred before the race could get underway, the first caused by several horses running off too keenly and the second by The Young Master and Raz de Maree jumping the gun from a standing start. When the race eventually began properly, the 50/1 outsider Roi Des Francs led the field on the first circuit with Rogue Angel and Highland Lodge also prominent.[2] The 10/1 second-favourite Definitly Red was pulled up at Valentine's, whilst Saphir Du Rheu fell at the 11th.
As the horses rounded the turn to begin the second circuit, Roi Des Francs was carried out by a loose horse[2] and rejoined the field in mid-division, leaving Rogue Angel as the new leader. Saint Are, Blaklion and Vieux Lion Rouge remained close behind the leaders. With five fences remaining, the 8/1 favourite Blaklion moved up to challenge Rogue Angel for the lead, with Saint Are going third and Cause of Causes coming into contention. With two fences left to jump, Blaklion raced into a three-length lead over Rogue Angel, as Vieux Lion Rouge advanced into third and One For Arthur made significant progress through the field.
At the second-last, One For Arthur jumped into the back of the leader Blaklion, with Cause of Causes and Gas Line Boy moving up to contest first place. The four were all stride-for-stride as they took the last fence, but One For Arthur jumped into the lead and accelerated to go three lengths clear at the elbow, increasing that advantage in the final furlong as he crossed the finish line four-and-a-half lengths ahead of Cause of Causes in second, with three-and-a-half lengths back to Saint Are who ran on well to clinch third by half-a-length from Blaklion.[10]
There were no fatalities and all 40 runners returned safely to the stables.[11]
Finishing order[edit]
The 19 horses to complete the course finished as follows:[12][13]
Position
Horse
Jockey
SP
Distance
Prize money
1
One For Arthur Derek Fox 1014 14/1 4½ lengths £561,300
2
Cause of Causes Mr Jamie Codd 1016 16/1 3¾ lengths £211,100
3
Saint Are Davy Russell 1025 25/1 ½ length £105,500
4
Blaklion Noel Fehily 1008 8/1 F 8 lengths £52,700
5
Gas Line Boy Robert Dunne 1050 50/1 10 lengths £26,500
6
Vieux Lion Rouge Tom Scudamore 1012 12/1 1 length £13,200
7
Lord Windermere Leighton Aspell 1033 33/1 Neck £6,800
8
Regal Encore Robbie Power 1033 33/1 Head £3,600
9
Pleasant Company Ruby Walsh 1011 11/1 14 lengths £2,000
10
Houblon Des Obeaux Charlie Deutsch 1050 50/1 2¾ lengths £1,000
11
Ballynagour David Noonan 1066 66/1 1¼ lengths
12
Le Mercurey Sean Bowen 1050 50/1 3½ lengths
13
Goodtoknow Jake Greenall 1066 66/1 3½ lengths
14
Just A Par Harry Cobden 1033 33/1 6 lengths
15
La Vaticane Richie McLernon 1080 80/1 7 lengths
16
The Last Samuri David Bass 1016 16/1 6 lengths
17
Tenor Nivernais Aidan Coleman 1040 40/1 7 lengths
18
Roi Des Francs Jack Kennedy 1050 50/1 1 length
19
Wonderful Charm Katie Walsh 1028 28/1 Last to complete
Distance measures from smallest to largest winning margin: nose, short head, head, short neck, neck, one length, a distance.
Non-finishers[edit]
The runners who failed to complete were as follows:[12]
Fence
Horse
Jockey
SP
Fate
1st
Cocktails At Dawn Nico de Boinville 1033 33/1 Fell
1st
Vicente Brian Hughes 1016 16/1 Fell
6th (Becher's Brook)
The Young Master Mr Sam Waley-Cohen 1020 20/1 Fell
6th (Becher's Brook)
Raz De Maree Ger Fox 1033 33/1 Unseated rider
9th (Valentine's)
Definitly Red Danny Cook 1010 10/1 Pulled up
9th (Valentine's)
Thunder And Roses Mark Enright 1025 25/1 Unseated rider
11th
Saphir Du Rheu Sam Twiston-Davies 1016 16/1 Unseated rider
13th
Stellar Notion David Mullins 1050 50/1 Pulled up
15th (The Chair)
Measureofmydreams Donagh Meyler 1040 40/1 Unseated rider
22nd (Becher's Brook)
Ucello Conti Daryl Jacob 1020 20/1 Unseated rider
26th
Perfect Candidate Paddy Brennan 1033 33/1 Pulled up
26th
Shantou Flyer Jonathan Moore 1050 50/1 Pulled up
29th
Wounded Warrior Sean Flanagan 1033 33/1 Pulled up
29th
Double Shuffle Adrian Heskin 1033 33/1 Pulled up
29th
Doctor Harper Connor O'Farrell 1050 50/1 Pulled up
30th
Highland Lodge Henry Brooke 1025 25/1 Pulled up
30th
Rogue Angel Bryan Cooper 1020 20/1 Pulled up
30th
O'Faolains Boy Paul Townend 1050 50/1 Pulled up
30th
Drop Out Joe Tom O'Brien 1033 33/1 Pulled up
30th
More Of That Barry Geraghty 1016 16/1 Pulled up
30th
Bishops Road Jamie Moore 1066 66/1 Pulled up
Broadcasting and media[edit]
As they head down towards the last, One for Arthur for Scotland, Blaklion, Cause of Causes and Wonderful Charm on the inside, they are four deep heading to the last! And it's One for Arthur who accelerates, and moves to the lead from Cause of Causes, as they head up this long run in. One for Arthur is out in front, Cause of Causes in second place for Jamie Codd, Blaklion now back in third as they head towards the elbow in the National. And it's One for Arthur, out in front for Derek Fox and Lucinda Russell, beginning to pull three lengths clear from Cause of Causes, back in third is Blaklion, Saint Are is running on late in the day but it's One for Arthur, who crept into the race for the first circuit and a half, and is keeping up the gallop towards the line! And Scottish flags are flying high! One for Arthur won it!
“
”
ITV lead commentator Richard Hoiles describes the climax of the race.
As the Grand National is accorded the status of an event of national interest in the United Kingdom and is listed on the Ofcom Code on Sports and Other Listed and Designated Events, it must be shown on free-to-air terrestrial television in the UK. The race was broadcast live on TV by ITV. This was the first year that ITV broadcast the race live, following the decision by Channel 4 to drop the event and horse racing in general in 2016.[14][15]
The coverage was led by Ed Chamberlin. Retired champion jockey Sir Anthony McCoy and Mick Fitzgerald provided expert opinions throughout the coverage, with reports from Brough Scott, Luke Harvey, Oli Bell and Alice Plunkett and betting updates by Matt Chapman. The commentary team was Mark Johnson, Ian Bartlett and Richard Hoiles,[16] who called the winner home for the first time in his terrestrial television commentary career.
See also[edit]
Horseracing in Great Britain
List of British National Hunt races
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Don Poli heads bumper 110 entries for the 2017 Randox Health Grand National". The Liverpool Echo. 1 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Relive One For Arthur's Grand National triumph". BBC Sport. 8 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Grand National 2017 runners and riders: full list of horses and jockeys for Aintree race". The Telegraph. 7 April 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Grand National 2017: Outlander tops weights for the National – but won't run". The Liverpool Echo. 14 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Weights rise for Randox Health Grand National 2017 after top weights' defection, Liverpool Echo, 1 March 2017
Jump up ^ Minella Rocco out of Randox Health Grand National 2017 as 79 entries remain, Liverpool Echo, 21 March 2017
Jump up ^ Grand National 2017: Entries for the big Aintree race, BBC Sport, 3 April 2017
Jump up ^ Grand National 2017: Field confirmed for Aintree showpiece, BBC Sport, 6 April 2016
Jump up ^ "Grand National 2017:Jockey Liam Treadwell out after fall". BBC Sport. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Grand National 2017: One For Arthur triumphs becoming just the second Scottish-trained winner ever". The Independent. 9 April 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Grand National: One For Arthur wins the big race – as it happened". The Guardian. 9 April 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Grand National 2017 winner and results: Full list of finishers and fallers at Aintree". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "2017 Grand National result". Irish Racing. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "ITV to replace Channel 4 as horse racing broadcaster from 2017". BBC Sport. 2 January 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Grand National peak viewing figure raises advertising worry for ITV". The Guardian. 9 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Grand National Festival Episode 3". ITV. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
External links[edit]
Official site
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Licensing Act 2003
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The Licensing Act 2003[1]
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long title
An Act to make provision about the regulation of the sale and supply of alcohol, the provision of entertainment and the provision of late night refreshment, about offences relating to alcohol and for connected purposes.
Citation
2003 c 17
Territorial extent
England and Wales, except that section 155(1) also extends to Northern Ireland and an amendment or repeal contained in Schedule 6 or 7 has the same extent as the enactment to which it relates.[2]
Dates
Royal assent
10 July 2003
Commencement
See section 201(2) and the orders made thereunder.
Status: Amended
Text of statute as originally enacted
Revised text of statute as amended
The Licensing Act 2003 (c 17) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Act establishes a single integrated scheme for licensing premises in England and Wales (only) which are used for the sale or supply of alcohol, to provide regulated entertainment, or to provide late night refreshment. Permission to carry on some or all of these licensable activities is now contained in a single licence — the premises licence — replacing several different and complex schemes. Responsibility for issuing licences now rests with local authorities, specifically London boroughs, Metropolitan boroughs, unitary authorities, and district councils, who took over this power from the Justices of the Peace. These authorities are each required to establish a Licensing Committee, which acts in a quasi-judicial capacity under the Act. The powers of the Act came fully into force at midnight at the start of 24 November 2005.
Contents
[hide]
1 Key measures of the Act
2 Licensing Committee
3 Licensing objectives
4 Licensable activities
5 Premises licences
6 Cumulative Impact Policy
7 Personal licences
8 Temporary event notices
9 Children and the Act
10 Reaction to the Act
10.1 Impact on live music
11 Implementation of the Act
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
Key measures of the Act[edit]
Key measures contained in the Act include:
Flexible opening hours
Flexible opening hours for licensed premises, with the potential for up to 24 hour opening, seven days a week, will now be available. As well as the flexibility, the granting of these new type of licences is to be, for the first time, subject to consideration of the impact on local residents, businesses, and the expert opinion of a range of authorities in relation to the licensing objectives. This flexibility is intended to minimise public disorder resulting from a set closing time whereby numerous intoxicated individuals may leave licensed premises simultaneously at 23:00. It is also an effort to decrease the culture of "binge-drinking".
Single premises licences
The single integrated premises licence, bringing together the six existing licensing regimes (for alcohol, public entertainment, cinemas, theatres, late night refreshment houses, and night cafés) with the intention of cutting down on bureaucracy and simplifying such provision.
Personal licences
A new system of personal licences relating to the supply of alcohol is to be introduced. This will enable licence holders to move more freely between premises where a premises licence is in force than is currently the case.
Licensing Committee[edit]
Each local authority must set up a Licensing Committee with between ten and fifteen members. It is envisaged that most member level decisions will be made by a sub-committee of three. The Committee can and should have a scheme of delegation for different types of decision; this means that many applications will be decided by officers. The full Committee is expected to receive monitoring reports.
The Committee is regarded as quasi-judicial, and many of the requirements of a normal council committee (e.g. on access to data) will not apply. The Committee should make its decisions in accordance with the principles of natural justice and with regard to the Human Rights Act 1998 (Articles 1, 6 and 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights are likely to be engaged). It has been suggested that councillors should not be involved in any way in decisions on premises in their ward, and the Standards Board for England has advised that only councillors who are members of the Committee should have any role in considering applications.
Licensing objectives[edit]
The Act sets out four licensing objectives which must be taken into account when a local authority carries out its functions. They are:
the prevention of crime and disorder,
public safety,
prevention of public nuisance, and
the protection of children from harm
In Scotland there is a fifth licensing objective which is:
protecting and improving public health
Licensable activities[edit]
The Act defines "licensable activities" as:
the retail sale of alcohol,
the supply of alcohol in clubs,
the provision of late night refreshment, and
the provision of regulated entertainment
In turn, "regulated entertainment" is defined as:
a performance of a play,
an exhibition of a film,
an indoor sporting event,
a boxing or wrestling entertainment (both indoors and outdoors),
a performance of live music,
any playing of recorded music, or
a performance of dance
in the presence of an audience (which may be just one person). There are exceptions (e.g., Morris dancing and similar) and refinements (e.g., Karaoke is considered to be music).
"Late night refreshment" is defined as the supply of hot food or drink (that is, food or drink that is either served at, or has been heated on the premises to, a point above ambient temperature) to the public for consumption, both on or off the premises, between 23:00 and 05:00.
Premises licences[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A premises licence is required for any premises offering licensable activities. However, once a licence is granted it is valid until it is either surrendered or lapses in accordance with the Act, in contrast to the predecessor schemes which generally had to be renewed annually. The application for a premises licence requires the completion of an operating schedule and the offering of conditions to be included on the premises licence and a plan of the premises.
A premises licence that includes the sale of alcohol must name an individual who holds a personal licence granted under the Act. This person is known as the designated premises supervisor (DPS) and must sign a consent form consenting to being named as that DPS. Applicants must serve a copy of the application on the licensing authority (the council), the police, the fire authority, the body of responsible for health and safety enforcement, the body responsible for dealing with pollution (Environmental Health) a body responsible for advising on Child Protection issues, the planning authority and the weights and measures/trading standards authority. These bodies are all known as Responsible Authorities. Responsible Authorities are able to make representations to the licensing authority about an application. The application must also be advertised by way of a blue notice displayed on or near to the premises for 28 days and in a local newspaper on one working day within ten working days of making the application. In addition to the Responsible Authorities the Act now allows for any "other person" to make representations. If representation is made, the licensing authority must hold a hearing in most cases.
After the hearing, the authority can make one of five decisions: to grant the licence with conditions that match the operating schedule (and conditions can be added); to exclude some licensable activities from the application; to refuse to accept the person specified as designated premises supervisor (but only on police advice); to approve different part of the premises for different activities; or to reject the application entirely. An unsuccessful applicant can appeal to the Magistrates' Court; unusually, an interested third party who disagrees with a decision to grant a licence can also appeal against the council's decision.
Any person or responsible authority can apply to the licensing authority for a review of an existing premises licence, with the aim of amending its conditions or revoking it entirely.
Cumulative Impact Policy[edit]
Although not specifically referred to in the Act, Guidance, provides for the establishment of special areas of cumulative impact.[3] This allows Licensing Authorities to designate such an area where there is evidence that accumulation of licensed premises in it may cause one or more of the licensing objectives to be undermined if further licences are granted.
"The effect of adopting a special policy of this kind is to create a rebuttable presumption that applications for new premises licences or club premises certificates or variations that are likely to add to the existing cumulative impact will normally be refused, following relevant representations, unless the applicant can demonstrate in their operating schedule that there will be no negative cumulative impact on one or more of the licensing objectives."[4]
Personal licences[edit]
A personal licence allows a person to sell alcohol, or authorise the sale of alcohol, under the authority of a premises license. Anyone can apply for a personal licence to the licensing authority for the area in which they live. They need to show they have a licensing qualification and a criminal record clean of relevant offences. The local authority can only refuse such an application on police advice. The licence lasts indefinitely after changes to legislation where it was required to be renewed every 10 years.
Anyone who already had a licence under the previous licensing schemes in their name - typically a pub landlord - was able to get a licence without having to have a qualification; this was known as the grandfather right.
If an applicant does not live within a local authority's area, they can apply to any authority of their choice.
Temporary event notices[edit]
Any person over 18 can serve the local authority and local police with a temporary event notice (TEN) for an event which would normally need a premises licence, but which would be for a maximum period of 168 hours, and would be for a maximum number of 499 people. Examples of events that could be covered by a TEN might be where a pub wants to stay open all weekend for a special occasion, but does not want to apply for, or cannot get, a licence allowing this all the time; or a beer tent in a summer fair. TENs also cover licensing over alcohol to clubs, entertainment or late night refreshment (serving hot food between 11pm and 5am). Currently a notice costs £21.00.
TENs must be submitted at least ten working days before an event is due to start; notice is given to the council responsible for the area to which the event is to be held. A copy of this notice must be sent to the police that cover that area and to the Environmental Health department. The police and environmental health have 3 working days to make an objection. Anyone who does not have a personal licence can give only five notices a year, while a personal licence holder can give 50. A TEN can only be given in respect of the same premises fifteen times in a calendar year. On 25 April 2012 a late TEN was introduced. This can be submitted between five and nine working days before the event and should only be used when unforeseen circumstances lead to short notice.
There is no need for permission for a temporary event; the prospective premises user merely has to formally notify the council and police that the event will take place. So long as the criteria noted above are met (as well as any others that may apply, for example, if alcohol is being sold, that provisions are in place to stop under 18s from buying it) and the police have no objections, the event can go ahead. The council cannot impose any further conditions, limitations or restrictions. However, if the authority is convinced that any of the above limits will be exceeded, or they uphold a police objection (which can only be made on the grounds of crime prevention), they will issue a counter-notice which has the effect of cancelling the temporary event notice.
Children and the Act[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Act also makes a few important changes to the current law regarding children and alcohol, although these were not publicised at the time. For instance, a rule allowing children under eighteen years of age to sell alcohol in supermarkets was extended to all licensees, as long as "the sale or supply has been specifically approved by that or another responsible person", thus making it legal for under-18s to work on a bar. Children working behind bars is however controlled by other legislation such as the Children and Young Persons Act 1933.
It was also made a criminal offence for someone under the age of eighteen to attempt to purchase alcohol for the first time in English law, punishable by a fine of up to £1,000 (or level 3 on the standard scale).
Reaction to the Act[edit]
The Act has caused some controversy. On one side of the argument is the frustration some British drinkers and many tourists have with the traditional closing time of 23:00, as opposed to the more liberal drinking regulations of continental Europe and further afield. They believe that a liberalisation of the drinking-up time will reduce 'drinking against the clock', a precursor to binge drinking. Those against the legislation, on the other hand, believe that binge drinking will increase, as drinkers will have more time to get drunk.
Impact on live music[edit]
The new requirement that there be a licence for the playing of live music in any venue no matter how small has been criticized for reducing the number of places where artists can play to tiny audiences.[5] There have been press stories about how the law unreasonably singles out the playing of musical instruments when compared to other forms of entertainment, such as circus performing.[6]
To deal with the concerns raised, the Live Music Forum was set up, chaired by Feargal Sharkey. Its report,[7] issued in July 2007, reported that overall "the Licensing Act has had a neutral effect on the UK’s live music scene", but recommended there should be more flexibility of the application of the Act on smaller premises. However the introduction of Form 696 by the Metropolitan Police Service as part of the licensing system for live music has been criticised by Sharkey and others for the restrictions imposed on music promoters in London.[8][9]
Implementation of the Act[edit]
Any premises that had an old-scheme licence were able to apply for that licence to be converted; provided there was no material change in the use of the premises, the local authority was effectively bound to agree this. Licensees had to apply for this by 6 August 2005. At that date, it was reported that most pubs had applied, but many off-licences had not. Although the right to "convert" current licences expired on 6 August, premises could still apply as "new" premises, without benefit of "grandfather rights". The new licensing laws came into effect at midnight at the end of Wednesday 23 November 2005, with old licensing regimes ending and new licences coming into force.
In a report on the new legislation in November 2006, the Institute of Alcohol Studies reported that one year after implementation "opinions were divided, as expected, leading to the unavoidable polarisation of the debate, increasingly centred upon the misguided notion of ‘24 hour drinking’."[10]
On 8 November 2007 the Department for Culture, Media and Sport reported that there were 176,400 licensed premises in England and Wales.[11] Only 5,100 premises have 24 hour licences, most of which (65 per cent) are hotel bars. Only 460 pubs, bars or nightclubs have 24 hour licences.
See also[edit]
Zoo Bar (Halifax, West Yorkshire) - The first establishment to be closed under the auspices of the Act.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The citation of this Act by this short title is authorised by section 201(1) of this Act.
Jump up ^ The Licensing Act 2003, sections 201(3) to (5)
Jump up ^ Guidance issued under section 182 of the Licensing Act 2003, chapter 13
Jump up ^ Guidance issued under section 182 of the Licensing Act 2003, .para.13.29
Jump up ^ Gibson, Owen (2 August 2005). "New music rules could halve number of gigs". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Clowns' tears at live music ban". BBC. 22 September 2008.
Jump up ^ Department for Culture Media and Sport - The Live Music Forum delivers its verdict - "Small scale live music events impacted on by new licensing laws" - Sharkey
Jump up ^ Paine, Andrew (November 11, 2008). "Sharkey Warns MPs On Policing Of Concert Licensing". Billboard. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
Jump up ^ "How Form 696 could pull the plug on the capital's music scene". London: The Independent. November 21, 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-20. The concerns raised led to the Live Music Act 2012 which has resulted in Live Music being delicensed in certain circumstances.
Jump up ^ Rapley, Emilie (November 2006). "Licensing Act 2003: one year on". Institute of Alcohol Studies. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
Jump up ^ "GNN - Government News Network".
External links[edit]
The Licensing Act 2003, as amended from the National Archives.
The Licensing Act 2003, as originally enacted from the National Archives.
Explanatory notes to the Licensing Act 2003.
Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS)
Proposed changes to the Licensing Act 2003 (Home Office)
Article on the Licensing Act in Web Journal of Current Legal Issues
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text:
When You Come Back to Me Again
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"When You Come Back to Me Again"
Single by Garth Brooks
from the album Scarecrow
Released
May 8, 2000
Format
CD single, 7"
Genre
Country
Length
4:44
Label
Capitol Nashville
Songwriter(s)
Jenny Yates, Garth Brooks
Producer(s)
Allen Reynolds
Garth Brooks singles chronology
"Do What You Gotta Do"
(2000) "When You Come Back to Me Again"
(2000) "Katie Wants a Fast One"
(2000)
"Do What You Gotta Do"
(2000) "When You Come Back to Me Again"
(2000) "Katie Wants a Fast One"
(2000)
"When You Come Back to Me Again" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. The other writer on the song was Jenny Yates. The song was recorded for the movie Frequency. It was then released in May 2000 as the lead single from the album, Scarecrow. Trisha Yearwood, who later became Brooks' wife, provides harmony vocals. The song reached number 21 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts and peaked at number 23 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart.[1] The song received a Golden Globe nomination in the category of Best Original Song.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and writing
2 Music video
3 Chart performance
3.1 Year-end charts
4 Other versions
5 References
Background and writing[edit]
The song is a ballad, penned, in part about Brooks' mother's death. He told Billboard magazine that the song is about lighthouses in his life. Brooks said, "that lighthouse is my mother, that lighthouse is also those people you played live to, that lighthouse is also the music because the music is like the air or the water, it simply is."[2]
Music video[edit]
The music video was co-directed by Gerry Wenner and Brooks and premiered in May 2000. The video was put together with clips from the film as well as Brooks singing the song against a black background, wearing all black (the view only being a face shot). The video begins and ends with a glow of light from a lighthouse panning out across the screen. Once in each end of the video a figure (presumably Garth) can be seen on the far right of the screen during one of the light movements.
Chart performance[edit]
"When You Come Back to Me Again" debuted at number 59 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the chart week of May 13, 2000.
Chart (2000)
Peak
position
Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[3] 23
US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[4] 5
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[5] 29
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[6] 21
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2000)
Position
US Country Songs (Billboard)[7] 75
Other versions[edit]
In 2014, Steve Lawrence released a version of this song after watching the movie Frequency about three times on cable. While sitting in the audience at a Garth Brooks show in Las Vegas, Lawrence requested the song from the audience at the end of a show, but Brooks couldn't see who had requested the song due to the arena spotlights.[8][9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. ISBN 0-89820-177-2.
Jump up ^ Billboard, November 3, 2001, Vol. 107, No. 24, Page 106.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 7228." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. July 24, 2000. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Garth Brooks Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Garth Brooks Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Garth Brooks Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2000: Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2000. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Miller, Dennis (2014-02-12). "The Dennis Miller Show" (Interview). Interview with Dennis Miller.
Jump up ^ "Steve Lawrence Finds Friend in Garth Brooks on First Album Since Eydie's Passing". Retrieved 2014-05-13.
[hide]
v
t
e
Garth Brooks singles
Garth Brooks
"Much Too Young (To Feel This Damn Old)"
"If Tomorrow Never Comes"
"Not Counting You"
"The Dance"
No Fences
"Friends in Low Places"
"Unanswered Prayers"
"Two of a Kind, Workin' on a Full House"
"The Thunder Rolls"
"Wild Horses" (released in 2001)
Ropin' the Wind
"Rodeo"
"Shameless"
"What She's Doing Now"
"Papa Loved Mama"
"The River"
The Chase
"We Shall Be Free"
"Somewhere Other Than the Night"
"Learning to Live Again"
"That Summer"
In Pieces
"Ain't Goin' Down ('Til the Sun Comes Up)"
"American Honky-Tonk Bar Association"
"Standing Outside the Fire"
"One Night a Day"
"Callin' Baton Rouge"
"The Red Strokes"
Fresh Horses
"She's Every Woman"
"The Fever"
"The Beaches of Cheyenne"
"The Change"
"It's Midnight Cinderella"
"That Ol' Wind"
Sevens
"Longneck Bottle"
"She's Gonna Make It"
"Two Piña Coladas"
"You Move Me"
"Do What You Gotta Do" (released in 2000)
The Limited Series
"To Make You Feel My Love"
Double Live
"It's Your Song"
Greatest Hits (as Chris Gaines)
"Lost in You"
"It Don't Matter to the Sun"
"That's the Way I Remember It"
Scarecrow
"When You Come Back to Me Again" (released in 2000)
"Wrapped Up in You"
"Squeeze Me In" (with Trisha Yearwood)
"Thicker Than Blood"
"Why Ain't I Running"
The Lost Sessions
"Good Ride Cowboy"
"Love Will Always Win" (with Trisha Yearwood)
"That Girl Is a Cowboy"
The Ultimate Hits
"More Than a Memory"
"Workin' for a Livin'" (with Huey Lewis)
"Midnight Sun"
Man Against Machine
"People Loving People"
"Mom"
Gunslinger
"Baby, Let's Lay Down and Dance"
"Ask Me How I Know"
Guest singles
"Whatcha Gonna Do with a Cowboy (with Chris LeDoux; uncredited)
"In Another's Eyes" (with Trisha Yearwood)
"One Heart at a TIme" (charity single)
"Burnin the Roadhouse Down" (with Steve Wariner)
"Where Your Road Leads" (with Trisha Yearwood)
"Katie Wants a Fast One" (with Steve Wariner)
"Beer Run (B Double E Double Are You In?)" (with George Jones)
Other songs
"Hard Luck Woman"
"Santa Looked a Lot Like Daddy"
"The Call" (with Trisha Yearwood)

This 2000s country song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
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text:
Triangular trade
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Depiction of the classical model of the Triangular trade
Depiction of the Triangular Trade of slaves, sugar, and rum with New England instead of Europe as the third corner
Triangular trade or triangle trade is a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions. Triangular trade usually evolves when a region has export commodities that are not required in the region from which its major imports come. Triangular trade thus provides a method for rectifying trade imbalances between the above regions.
Historically the particular routes were also shaped by the powerful influence of winds and currents during the age of sail. For example, from the main trading nations of Western Europe, it was much easier to sail westwards after first going south of 30 N latitude and reaching the so-called "trade winds"; thus arriving in the Caribbean rather than going straight west to the North American mainland. Returning from North America, it is easiest to follow the Gulf Stream in a northeasterly direction using the westerlies. A similar triangle to this, called the volta do mar was already being used by the Portuguese, before Christopher Columbus' voyage, to sail to the Canary Islands and the Azores. Columbus simply expanded this triangle outwards, and his route became the main way for Europeans to reach, and return from, the Americas.
Contents
[hide]
1 Atlantic triangular slave trade
1.1 New England
2 Other triangular trades
3 Notes
4 External links
Atlantic triangular slave trade[edit]
Part of a series on
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See also: Atlantic slave trade
The best-known triangular trading system is the transatlantic slave trade, that operated from the late 16th to early 19th centuries, carrying slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods between West Africa, Caribbean or American colonies and the European colonial powers, with the northern colonies of British North America, especially New England, sometimes taking over the role of Europe.[1] The use of African slaves was fundamental to growing colonial cash crops, which were exported to Europe. European goods, in turn, were used to purchase African slaves, who were then brought on the sea lane west from Africa to the Americas, the so-called Middle Passage.[2]
Diagram illustrating the stowage of African slaves on a British slave ship.
A classic example is the colonial molasses trade. Sugar (often in its liquid form, molasses) from the Caribbean was traded to Europe or New England, where it was distilled into rum. The profits from the sale of sugar were used to purchase manufactured goods, which were then shipped to West Africa, where they were bartered for slaves. The slaves were then brought back to the Caribbean to be sold to sugar planters. The profits from the sale of the slaves were then used to buy more sugar, which was shipped to Europe, restarting the cycle. The trip itself took five to twelve weeks.
The loss of the slaver Luxborough Galley in 1727 ("I.C. 1760"), lost in the last leg of the triangular trade, between the Caribbean and Britain.
The first leg of the triangle was from a European port to Africa, in which ships carried supplies for sale and trade, such as copper, cloth, trinkets, slave beads, guns and ammunition.[3] When the ship arrived, its cargo would be sold or bartered for slaves. On the second leg, ships made the journey of the Middle Passage from Africa to the New World. Many slaves died of disease in the crowded holds of the slave ships. Once the ship reached the New World, enslaved survivors were sold in the Caribbean or the American colonies. The ships were then prepared to get them thoroughly cleaned, drained, and loaded with export goods for a return voyage, the third leg, to their home port,[4] from the West Indies the main export cargoes were sugar, rum, and molasses; from Virginia, tobacco and hemp. The ship then returned to Europe to complete the triangle.
However, because of several disadvantages that slave ships faced compared to other trade ships, they often returned to their home port carrying whatever goods were readily available in the Americas and filled up a large part or all of their capacity with ballast. Other disadvantages include the different form of the ships (to carry as many humans as possible, but not ideal to carry a maximum amount of produce) and the variations in the duration of a slave voyage, making it practically impossible to pre-schedule appointments in the Americas, which meant that slave ships often arrived in the Americas out-of-season. Instead, the cash crops were transported mainly by a separate fleet which only sailed from Europe to the Americas and back. The Triangular trade is a trade model, not an exact description of the ship's route.[5]

A 2017 study provides evidence for the hypothesis that the export of gunpowder technology to Africa increased the transatlantic slave trade by making it easier for Africans to enslave each other: "A one percent increase in gunpowder set in motion a 5-year gun-slave cycle that increased slave exports by an average of 50%, and the impact continued to grow over time."[6]
New England[edit]
New England also benefited from the trade, as many merchants from New England, especially the state of Rhode Island, replaced the role of Europe in the triangle. New England also made rum from the Caribbean sugar and molasses, which it shipped to Africa as well as within the New World.[7] Yet, the "triangle trade" as considered in relation to New England was a piecemeal operation. No New England traders are known to have completed a sequential circuit of the full triangle, which took a calendar year on average, according to historian Clifford Shipton.[8] The concept of the New England Triangular trade was first suggested, inconclusively, in an 1866 book by George H. Moore, was picked up in 1872 by historian George C. Mason, and reached full consideration from a lecture in 1887 by American businessman and historian William B. Weeden.[9] The song "Molasses to Rum" from the musical 1776 vividly describes this form of the triangular trade.
Other triangular trades[edit]
The term "triangular trade" also refers to a variety of other trades.
A trade pattern which evolved before the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain, the Colonies of British North America, and British colonies in the Caribbean. This typically involved exporting raw resources, such as fish (especially salt cod), agricultural produce or lumber, from British North American colonies to slaves and planters in the West Indies; sugar and molasses from the Caribbean; and various manufactured commodities from Great Britain.[10]
The shipment of Newfoundland salt cod and corn from Boston in British vessels to southern Europe.[11] This also included the shipment of wine and olive oil to Britain.
A new "sugar triangle" developed in the 1820s and 1830s whereby American ships took local produce to Cuba, then brought sugar or coffee from Cuba to the Baltic coast (Russian Empire and Sweden), then bar iron and hemp back to New England.[12]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ About.com: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. Accessed 6 November 2007.
Jump up ^ "Triangular Trade". National Maritime Museum. Archived from the original on 25 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Scotland and the Abolition of the Slave Trade Archived 2012-01-03 at the Wayback Machine.. Accessed 28 March 2007.
Jump up ^ A. P. Middleton, Tobacco Coast.
Jump up ^ Emmer, P.C.: The Dutch in the Atlantic Economy, 1580–1880. Trade, Slavery and Emancipation. Variorum Collected Studies Series CS614, 1998.
Jump up ^ Whatley, Warren C. (2017). "The Gun-Slave Hypothesis and the 18th Century British Slave Trade". Explorations in Economic History. doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2017.07.001.
Jump up ^ Slavery in Rhode Island Slavery in the North Accessed 11 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Curtis, Wayne. And a Bottle of Rum. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2006–2007. ISBN 978-0-307-33862-4. page 117.
Jump up ^ Curtis, Wayne. And a Bottle of Rum. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2006–2007. ISBN 978-0-307-33862-4. p. 119.
Jump up ^ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997. ISBN 0-8027-1326-2.
Jump up ^ Morgan, Kenneth. Bristol and the Atlantic Trade in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-521-33017-3. pp. 64–77.
Jump up ^ Chris Evans and Göran Rydén, Baltic Iron in the Atlantic World in the Eighteenth Century : Brill, 2007 ISBN 978-90-04-16153-5, 273.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Triangular trade.
The Transatlantic Slave Trade Database, a portal to data concerning the history of the triangular trade of transatlantic slave trade voyages.
Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice
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