text:
Angel of the North
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Angel of the North
The Angel of the North, October 2014
Location within Tyne and Wear
General information
Type
Artwork
Location
Low Eighton, Gateshead, NE9
United Kingdom NE9 7TY
Coordinates
54°54′54″N 1°35′24″W / 54.915°N 1.59°W / 54.915; -1.59Coordinates: 54°54′54″N 1°35′24″W / 54.915°N 1.59°W / 54.915; -1.59
Elevation
75 metres (246.1 ft)
Construction started
1994
Completed
1998
Height
20 metres (65.6 ft)
Design and construction
Architect
Antony Gormley (artist)
Structural engineer
Ove Arup
Main contractor
Hartlepool Steel Fabrications
The Angel of the North is a contemporary sculpture, designed by Antony Gormley, located in Gateshead in Tyne and Wear, England.
Completed in 1998, it is a steel sculpture of an angel, 20 metres (66 ft) tall, with wings measuring 54 metres (177 ft) across.[1] The wings do not stand straight sideways, but are angled 3.5 degrees forward; Gormley did this to create "a sense of embrace".[2]
It stands on the hill of Birtley, at Low Eighton in Lamesley, overlooking the A1 and A167 roads into Tyneside, and the East Coast Main Line rail route, south of the site of Team Colliery.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Concept
2 Construction
3 Maquettes
4 Other projects
5 Photo gallery
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Concept[edit]
According to Gormley, the significance of an angel was three-fold: first, to signify that beneath the site of its construction, coal miners worked for two centuries; second, to grasp the transition from an industrial to an information age, and third, to serve as a focus for our evolving hopes and fears .[2]
Construction[edit]
Work began on the project in 1994, and cost £800,000.[4] Most of the project funding was provided by the National Lottery. The Angel was finished on 16 February 1998.
Due to its exposed location, the sculpture was built to withstand winds of over 100 mph (160 km/h). Thus, foundations containing 600 tonnes (590 long tons; 660 short tons) of concrete anchor the sculpture to rock 70 feet (21 m) below. The sculpture was built at Hartlepool Steel Fabrications Ltd using COR-TEN weather-resistant steel. It was made in three parts—with the body weighing 100 tonnes (98 long tons; 110 short tons) and two wings weighing 50 tonnes (49 long tons; 55 short tons) each — then brought to its site by road. It took five hours for the body to be transported from its construction site in Hartlepool, up the A19 road to the site.[5]
The Angel aroused some controversy in British newspapers, at first, including a "Gateshead stop the statue" campaign, while local councillor Martin Callanan was especially strong in his opposition. However, it has since been considered to be a landmark for North East England[5][6] and has been listed by one organisation as an "Icon of England".[7] It has often been used in film and television to represent Tyneside, as are other local landmarks such as the Tyne Bridge and the Gateshead Millennium Bridge.
The sculpture is also humorously known by some local people as the "Gateshead Flasher", because of its location and appearance.[8]
Maquettes[edit]
Several maquettes were produced during the development stage of the project.[9] A life-size model from which the sculpture was created was sold at auction for £2.28 million in July 2008.[10] An additional bronze maquette used in fundraising in the 1990s, owned by Gateshead Council, was valued at £1 million on the BBC show Antiques Roadshow on 16 November 2008—the most valuable item ever appraised on the programme.[9][11] In 2011 German fashion designer Wolfgang Joop sold his life-size maquette (previously kept in the garden of his mansion in Potsdam, Germany) at an auction at Christie's in London for £3.4m to an anonymous bidder.[12][13] Another maquette was donated to the National Gallery of Australia in 2009, and stands in its Sculpture Garden.[14]
Other projects[edit]
Inspired by the Angel of the North, several similar projects have been proposed. The Angel of the South title has been given by some to the Willow Man, which sits to the side of the M5 in Somerset, while a project, informally named the Angel of the South, has been proposed in Ebbsfleet, Kent. The sculpture Brick Man (also by Gormley) was proposed for the Holbeck area of Leeds.
Photo gallery[edit]
Detail of the Angel's body
Rear view of Angel of the North (man-size maquette) at the National Gallery of Australia
A Lego model of Angel of the North in Miniland
See also[edit]
Angel of the West (2008)
Angel of the South
Angel of the North statue (2009) statue by Banksy
List of statues by height
Wicker man
Star of Caledonia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Facts". Gateshead.gov.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Angel of the North > Background". Gateshead Council. Archived from the original on 29 March 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2007. Gormley said of the Angel: "... The effect of the piece is in the alertness, the awareness of space and the gesture of the wings – they are not flat, they're about 3.5 degrees forward and give a sense of embrace."
Jump up ^ Durham Mining Museum. "Durham Mining Museum – 1951 Durham Map 23". Dmm-gallery.org.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Angel facts". Gateshead council. 16 February 1998. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "The angel has landed". BBC. 16 February 1998. Retrieved 9 March 2007.
Jump up ^ "Angel of the North". AboutBritain.com. Archived from the original on 4 April 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2007.
Jump up ^ "Icons of England". Icons.org.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Higgins, Charlotte (27 September 2010). "Antony Gormley". Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Angel of the north is one in a million". Gateshead Council. 17 November 2008. Retrieved 19 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Buyer pays £2.3m for Angel model". BBC. 2008-07-02. Retrieved 2015-10-04.
Jump up ^ "Antiques Roadshow finds £1m Angel". BBC News. 16 November 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Joop lets his angel fly". BILD. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Antony Gormley's 'Angel of North' sold at auction". BBC. 15 October 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Angel of the North (life-size maquette) 1996". Collection search. National Gallery of Australia. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Angel of the North.
Gateshead Council's Angel of the North website
Angel of the North – Antony Gormley's official website
The Angel of the North at icons.org, featuring pictures of the sculpture under construction
"In praise of ... the Angel of the North". The Guardian. London. 30 January 2008. Archived from the original on 31 January 2008. Retrieved 7 February 2008.
Photo showing a maquette in the garden of German fashion designer Wolfgang Joop's mansion 'Villa Wunderkind' in Potsdam, Germany
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Betty Lynn
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Betty Lynn
Betty Lynn and Ian Oliver Martin in 2011
Born
Elizabeth Ann Theresa Lynn
(1926-08-29) August 29, 1926 (age 91)
Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.
Other names
Betty Ann Lynn
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1948-2006
Elizabeth Ann Theresa "Betty" Lynn[1] (born August 29, 1926) is a former American actress. She is best known for her role as Thelma Lou, Deputy Barney Fife's girlfriend, on The Andy Griffith Show. She is the last surviving multi-season regular adult cast member from that series.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 USO tour
3 Acting career
4 Personal life
5 Honors
6 Filmography
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Betty Lynn was born in Kansas City, Missouri,[2] Her mother, Elizabeth Ann Lynn,[3] was "an accomplished mezzo-soprano" who taught Betty to sing and started her in the Kansas City Conservatory of Music when she was 5 years old.[4]
Lynn had little personal contact with her father, who once threatened to shoot her mother in the abdomen when she was pregnant with Lynn. After Lynn's birth, her mother once took shelter in a locked closet with the baby as her husband threatened the two. They divorced when Lynn was 5 years old. Lynn's grandfather, George Andrew Lynn, a railroad engineer, took on the role of father as she grew up.[4]
USO tour[edit]
When she was 17, Lynn auditioned to participate in United Service Organizations entertainment. At 18 she was part of a USO tour in the China Burma India Theater. She realized the gravity of the situation when a Marine gave her a pistol saying, "You might need this."[4] Her activities on the tour included visiting patients in hospitals and singing requests from a repertoire of 725 songs. She also met recently released prisoners of war from Rangoon, and she was told by a doctor, "Most of them will be out of their minds in six months."[4]
Acting career[edit]
Betty Lynn began her acting career in radio as a member of the cast on a daytime drama on a station in Kansas City.[5] On Broadway, she acted in Walk with Music (1940) and Oklahoma! (1943).[6] She was discovered in a Broadway production by Darryl F. Zanuck and signed to 20th Century Fox.[7] A clause in her contract allowed the studio to drop her at six-month intervals, leading to recurring concerns for Lynn. She said, "I was a redhead with freckles and didn’t have a bosom. I prayed so hard they’d keep picking me up."[4]
Lynn made her film debut in the 1948 film Sitting Pretty opposite Robert Young. That same year, she appeared in June Bride with Bette Davis followed by roles in Mother Is a Freshman (1949), Cheaper by the Dozen (1950), and Payment on Demand (1951).[8]
Lynn replaced Patricia Kirkland in the role of Betty Blake in the CBS comedy, The Egg and I (1951-1952),[9] and she played Pearl in the ABC comedy Love That Jill (1958).[9]:631 She was Viola Slaughter in the ABC Western Texas John Slaughter (1958-1962).[9]:1064 In the 1953–1954 television season, Lynn was cast as June Wallace,[9]:1171 the sister-in-law of the Ray Bolger character in the ABC sitcom Where's Raymond? Allyn Joslyn played her husband, Jonathan Wallace. Lynn and Joslyn left the series in its second season when it was renamed The Ray Bolger Show.[10][8]
After guest-starring on various television series, including Schlitz Playhouse of Stars, The Gale Storm Show, Sugarfoot, and Markham, Lynn won the role of Thelma Lou on The Andy Griffith Show. She portrayed the role regularly from 1961 until 1965, then made a final guest appearance in one episode during the sixth season (1965–1966). Following the end of The Andy Griffith Show, Lynn continued appearing in various television and film roles.[8] In 1986, she reprised the role of Thelma Lou in the reunion television movie Return to Mayberry in which Thelma Lou and Barney Fife were finally married. In 2006, Lynn retired from acting and relocated to Mount Airy, North Carolina, the hometown of Andy Griffith and the town on which Mayberry is believed to have been based despite Griffith's repeated denials.[7]
Personal life[edit]
In 1950, Lynn bought a house in Los Angeles, with her mother and grandparents moving in. She thus took on the off-screen roles of breadwinner and caretaker.[4]
Betty Lynn
Giovanna Rayburn left and Randy Rayburn Right with Betty Lynn "Thelma Lou" Mount Airey NC
Betty Lynn has never married, although she has said she was once engaged.[11] She makes monthly appearances at the Andy Griffith Museum in Mount Airy to sign autographs and meet with her fans.[12]
Honors[edit]
In 2007, Lynn was inducted into the Missouri Walk of Fame, located in Marshfield, Missouri, and is still "The Cats".[13]
On August 30, 2016, then-North Carolina Governor Pat McCrory granted and North Carolina Lieutenant Governor Dan Forest presented Lynn with the Order of the Long Leaf Pine, the highest civilian honor in North Carolina.[14]
Filmography[edit]
1951 Payment on Demand (1951) Martha Ramsey
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1948 Apartment for Peggy Wife Credited as Betty Ann Lynn
Sitting Pretty Ginger Credited as Betty Ann Lynn
June Bride Babara Brinker
1949 Father Was a Fullback Constance "Connie" Cooper
1950 Cheaper by the Dozen Deborah Lancaster
1951 Take Care of My Little Girl Marge Colby
1956 Meet Me in Las Vegas Young Bride Alternative title: Viva Las Vegas!
1959 Louisiana Hussy Lili Guillot
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1958 M Squad Susan Baines Episode: "The Trap"
1958 Lawman Edna Phillips Episode: "The Oath"
1958 Wagon Train Molly Richardson Episode: "The Dick Richardson Story"
1958 Bronco Molly Bailey Episode: "Baron of Broken Lace"
1959 Tales of Wells Fargo Mary Francis Episode: "The Bounty Hunter"
1959 Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer Mona Episode: "Pen Pals"
1959 Sugarfoot Sarah Sears Episode "The Royal Raiders"
1959 Sugarfoot Alice Fenton Episode "The Twister"
1960-1966 The Andy Griffith Show Thelma Lou 26 episodes
1960 National Velvet Barbara Howard Episode: "Mi's Girl"
1963 The Farmer's Daughter Sylvia Episode: "The Speechmaker: Part 2"
1965 The Smothers Brothers Show Vera Episode: "Here Comes the Bridegroom"
1967–1970 My Three Sons Janet/Janice; Lois 7 episodes
1966–1968 Family Affair Miss Lee 4 episodes
1969 The Mod Squad Mrs. Hill Episode: "The Healer"
1974 Little House on the Prairie Bridget Episode: "If I Should Wake Before I Die"
1978 Barnaby Jones Mrs. Russell Episode: "Blind Jeopardy"
1986 Matlock Sarah 4 episodes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Oby, Jenny (2017). Lakewood Theatre. Arcadia Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 9781467125949. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Dale; Fernandes, David (1996). The Definitive Andy Griffith Show Reference: Episode-by-Episode, With Cast and Production Biographies and a Guide to Collectibles. McFarland. p. 267. ISBN 0-7864-0136-2.
Jump up ^ Collura, Joe (September 2017). "Betty Lynn: Barney's Thelma Lou". Classic Images (507): 68–71.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Washburn, Mark (August 28, 2016). "The secret life of Mayberry's Thelma Lou". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Betty Lynn Started Acting At Early Age". Biddeford-Saco Journal. Maine, Biddeford. April 14, 1952. p. 12. Retrieved October 25, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ "Betty Lynn". Playbill Vault. Playbill. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Breed, Allen G. (2007-09-28). "'Thelma Lou' moves to Mount Airy after L.A. break-ins". news-record.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c Betty Lynn on IMDb
^ Jump up to: a b c d Terrace, Vincent (2011). Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010 (2nd ed.). Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-7864-6477-7.
Jump up ^ "Where's Raymond?/The Ray Bolger Show". ctva.biz. Retrieved March 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Actress Who Played Thelma Lou Reminisces About Andy Griffith". Huffington Post. August 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Meet Thelma Lou". Andy Griffith Museum. September 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Marshfield, Missouri Cherry Blossom Fest". cherryblossomfest.com. Retrieved 2009-05-10.
Jump up ^ "Lt. Gov. Honors Lynn". Mount Airy News. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
External links[edit]
Betty Lynn on IMDb
Betty Lynn at the Internet Broadway Database
Betty Lynn helping to donate Andy Griffith show articles to Andy Griffith Museum in Mount Airy, NC
Interview, September, 2015
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 71176421
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List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
Incumbent
Edappadi K. Palaniswami
since 16 February 2017
Appointer
Governor of Tamil Nadu
Inaugural holder
A. Subbarayalu Reddiar
Formation
17 December 1920
The state of Tamil Nadu in India has an electorate of more than 70 million people (7 crores)[1]
The complete list of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu consists of the heads of government in the history of the state of Tamil Nadu in India since 1920. The area under the present-day state of Tamil Nadu has been part of different territorial configurations under Madras Presidency and Madras State in its history.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu
1.1 Madras Presidency
1.2 Madras State
1.3 Tamil Nadu
2 Records
3 Footnotes and References
4 See also
List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu[edit]
Madras Presidency[edit]
Madras Presidency in 1909, southern portion
The Madras Presidency, headquartered in Fort St. George, was a province of British India that comprised present day Tamil Nadu, the Malabar region of North Kerala, the coastal and Rayalaseema regions of Andhra Pradesh, and the Bellary, Dakshina Kannada, and Udupi districts of Karnataka. It was established in 1653 to be the headquarters of the English settlements on the Coromandel Coast.
The territory under the presidency comprised only Madraspatnam and surrounding regions. But, after the Anglo-French wars and the consequent alliance between the English East India Company and the Nawab of Arcot, it was expanded to comprise the region from Northern Circars to Cape Comorin. Alongside, the governance structure also evolved from a modest secretariat with a single secretary for the Public Department in 1670 to six departments overseen by a Chief Secretary by 1920. With the enactment of Government of India Act 1919, the first legislature was formed in 1920 after general elections.[4] The term of the legislative council was three years. It had 132 members of whom 34 were nominated by the Governor and the rest were elected.
Under the Government of India Act 1935, a bicameral legislature was set up with a legislative assembly consisting of 215 members and a legislative council having 56 members. The first legislative assembly under this act was constituted in July 1937. The legislative council was a permanent body with a third of its members retiring every three years.[5]
In 1939, the British government declared India's entrance into World War II without consulting provincial governments. The Indian National Congress protested by asking all its elected representatives to resign from the governments.[6] Congress came back to power in 1946 after new provincial elections.[7]
#[8]
Name
Portrait
Took office
Left office
Term[9]
Political party
Election
1 A. Subbarayalu Reddiar 17 December 1920 11 July 1921 1st
(206 days) Justice Party[10] 1920 Madras Legislative Council Election
2 Raja of Panagal 11 July 1921 11 September 1923 1st
(792 days) Justice Party[10]
Raja of Panagal 19 November 1923 4 December 1926 2nd
(1,111 days) Justice Party[11][12][13] 1923 Madras Legislative Council Election
3 P. Subbarayan 4 December 1926 27 October 1930 1st
(1,423 days) Unaffiliated[10] 1926 Madras Legislative Council Election
4 B. Munuswamy Naidu 27 October 1930 5 November 1932 1st
(740 days) Justice Party[10] 1930 Madras Legislative Council Election
5 Ramakrishna Ranga Rao (Raja of Bobbilli) 5 November 1932 5 November 1934 1st
(730 days) Justice Party[10]
Ramakrishna Ranga Rao 5 November 1934 4 April 1936 2nd
(516 days) Justice Party[10] 1934 Madras Legislative Council Election
6 P. T. Rajan 4 April 1936 24 August 1936 1st
(142 days) Justice Party[10]
(5) Ramakrishna Ranga Rao 24 August 1936 1 April 1937 3rd
(220 days) Justice Party[10]
7 Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu 1 April 1937 14 July 1937 1st
(104 days) Interim provisional ministry[14][15][16][17] 1937 Madras Legislative Assembly Election
8 C. Rajagopalachari 14 July 1937 29 October 1939 1st
(837 days) Indian National Congress
- Governor's Rule[18] 29 October 1939 30 April 1946 (2,375 days)
9 Tanguturi Prakasam 30 April 1946 23 March 1947 1st
(327 days) Indian National Congress 1946 Madras Legislative Assembly Election
10 O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar 23 March 1947 6 April 1949 1st
(745 days) Indian National Congress
11 P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja 6 April 1949 26 January 1950 1st
(295 days) Indian National Congress
Madras State[edit]
Map of southern India showing the Madras State in yellow before the reorganisation of 1956
Madras State, precursor to the present day state of Tamil Nadu, was created after India became a republic on 26 January 1950.[19] It comprised present-day Tamil Nadu and parts of present-day Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala. The first legislature of the Madras State to be elected on the basis of universal suffrage was constituted on 1 March 1952, after the general elections held in January 1952.[20]
The state was split up along linguistic lines in 1953, carving out Andhra State. Under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, the States of Kerala, and Mysore were carved out of the Madras state. Under the implementation of the Andhra Pradesh and Madras Alteration of Boundaries Act, 1959, with effect from 1 April 1960, Tirutani taluk and Pallipattu sub-taluk of Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh were transferred to Madras State in exchange for territories from the Chingelput and Salem Districts.[4][21]
#[8]
Name
Portrait
Took office
Left office
Term[9]
Political party
Election
1 P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja 26 January 1950 10 April 1952 2nd
(805 days) Indian National Congress 1946 Madras Legislative Assembly Election
2 C. Rajagopalachari 10 April 1952 13 April 1954 2nd
(733 days) 1952 Madras Legislative Assembly Election
3 K. Kamaraj 13 April 1954 31 March 1957 1st
(1,083 days)
13 April 1957 1 March 1962 2nd
(1,783 days) 1957 Madras Legislative Assembly Election
15 March 1962 2 October 1963 3rd
(566 days) 1962 Madras Legislative Assembly Election
4 M. Bakthavatsalam 2 October 1963 6 March 1967 1st
(1,251 days)
5 C. N. Annadurai 6 March 1967 14 January 1969 1st
(680 days) DMK 1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election
[22]
Tamil Nadu[edit]
The political state of Tamil Nadu in India was created in 1969 when erstwhile Madras State was renamed
Madras State was renamed as Tamil Nadu (Tamil for Tamil country) on 14 January 1969.[19] The legislative assembly adopted a resolution on 14 May 1986, to abolish the legislative council. Thereafter, the legislative council was abolished through an act of Parliament named the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council (Abolition) Act, 1986[23] with effect from 1 November 1986. The state legislature is unicameral, and consists of 235 members including one nominated member.[5]
The Chief Minister commands most of the executive powers while the Governor has a largely ceremonial role. The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, like other Chief Ministers of India, is elected by legislators of the political party or the coalition which commands a simple majority in the legislative assembly. The tenure of the Chief Minister extends as long as he or she enjoys the confidence of the assembly. The incumbent shall vacate the office in the event of a successful motion of no confidence. Also, the President of India, acting under the recommendations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Government of India, can dismiss an elected government using certain provisions of Article 356 of the Constitution of India. In 1976, Karunanidhi's government was dismissed and President's rule was imposed on the grounds of corruption.[24] If a vacancy is caused to the office of the Chief Minister due to death, demitting, or dismissal, the Governor can invite another person to form the government and request him or her to move a confidence-seeking motion in the Assembly. In the event of no one enjoying majority support, the Assembly is either dissolved or put in suspended animation and the state comes under President's rule or a caretaker government until fresh elections are held for the assembly. The incumbent shall be disqualified if convicted of a criminal offence with a jail sentence of two years or more. In 2014, Jayalalithaa lost her post due to a special court sentencing her to four years of prison term in the disproportionate assets case.[25]
#[8]
Name
Portrait
Took office
Left office
Term[9]
Political party[26]
Election
1 C. N. Annadurai 14 January 1969 3 February 1969[†][27] 1st
(20 days) DMK 1967 State assembly election
2 V.R. Nedunchezhiyan[19]
MLA for Triplicane 3 February 1969 10 February 1969 1st
(7 days)
3 M. Karunanidhi
MLA for Saidapet 10 February 1969 4 January 1971 1st
(693 days)
M. Karunanidhi
MLA for Saidapet 15 March 1971 31 January 1976 2nd
(1,783 days) 1971 State assembly election
President's rule[19] 31 January 1976 30 June 1977 (516 days)
4 M. G. Ramachandran
MLA for Aruppukkottai July 1977 17 February 1980 1st
(962 days) AIADMK 1977 State assembly election
President's rule[19] 17 February 1980 9 June 1980 (113 days)
(4) M. G. Ramachandran
MLA for Madurai West 9 June 1980 15 November 1984 2nd
(1,620 days) AIADMK 1980 State assembly election
M. G. Ramachandran
MLA for Andipatti 10 February 1985 24 December 1987[†] 3rd
(1,042 days) 1984 State assembly election
(2) V.R. Nedunchezhiyan[19]
MLA for Athoor 24 December 1987 7 January 1988 2nd
(8 days)
5 Janaki Ramachandran 7 January 1988 30 January 1988 1st
(23 days)
President's rule[19] 30 January 1988 27 January 1989 (363 days)
(3) M. Karunanidhi
MLA for Harbour 27 January 1989 30 January 1991 3rd
(733 days) DMK 1989 State assembly election
President's rule[19] 30 January 1991 24 June 1991 (145 days)
6 J. Jayalalithaa
MLA for Bargur 24 June 1991 13 May 1996 1st
(1,785 days) AIADMK 1991 State assembly election
(3) M. Karunanidhi
MLA for Chepauk 13 May 1996 13 May 2001 4th
(1,826 days) DMK 1996 State assembly election
(6)[28] J. Jayalalithaa
MLA for Andipatti 14 May 2001 21 September 2001 (130 days) [28] AIADMK 2001 State assembly election
7 O. Panneerselvam
MLA for Periyakulam 21 September 2001 1 March 2002 1st
(161 days)
(6) J. Jayalalithaa
MLA for Andipatti 2 March 2002 12 May 2006 2nd
(1,532 days) [28]
(3) M. Karunanidhi
MLA for Chepauk 13 May 2006 15 May 2011[29] 5th[30]
(1,828 days) DMK 2006 State assembly election
(6) J. Jayalalithaa
MLA for Srirangam 16 May 2011 27 September 2014[25] 3rd[31]
(1,230 days) AIADMK 2011 State assembly election
(7) O. Panneerselvam
MLA for Bodinayakkanur 29 September 2014[32] 22 May 2015[33] 2nd
(235 days)
(6) J. Jayalalithaa
MLA for RK Nagar 23 May 2015[34] 23 May 2016 4th
(366 days)
(6) 24 May 2016[35] 5 December 2016[†] 5th
(196 days) 2016 State assembly election
(7) O. Panneerselvam
MLA for Bodinayakkanur 6 December 2016[36] 15 February 2017[22]
3rd
(72 days)
8 K. Palaniswami
MLA for Edappadi 16 February 2017[37] Incumbent 1st
7002343000000000000♠343 days
Key
† Assassinated or died in office
Records[edit]
Annadurai (centre and leaning towards right) with K. A. Mathialagan, V. P. Raman, Rajaji and M. Karunanidhi at a private function in 1968
Ignoring an intervening President's rule from 17 February 1980 to 9 June 1980, the Chief Minister with the longest tenure (in successive terms) in office was M. G. Ramachandran, lasting 10 years, 5 months and 25 days from 30 June 1977 until his death on 24 December 1987.
K. Kamaraj was the Chief Minister with the longest tenure without intervening President's rules. His terms lasted from 13 April 1954 to 2 October 1963, i.e. 9 years, 5 months and 19 days.
The shortest period is 24 days by Janaki Ramachandran who held office from 7 January 1988 to 30 January 1988.
J.Jayalalithaa holds a record by sworning as Chief Minister six times, followed by Karunanidhi who sworn five times.
On 21 September 2001, the Supreme Court of India ruled that the appointment of Ms. Jayalalithaa as Chief Minister on 14 May 2001 was null and invalid, with retrospective effect. Therefore, technically, decisions of her cabinet during the period May–September 2001 in effect became legal fiction.
J. Jayalalithaa became the first incumbent Chief Minister to lose her post in a graft case when a special court sentenced her to four years of prison term on 27 September 2014.[25] The sentence was subsequently overturned by the Karnataka High Court which acquitted Jayalalithaa of all charges and that allowed her to return to the post for a fourth term.
M. Karunanidhi has been in the office as CM for around 6863 days (Around 18 years) in multiple tenures. Also was the only Indian Chief Minister holding post at different occasions spanning 6 decades starting from 1960's (from 1969), 1970's (till 1976), 1980's ( from 1989), 1990's (till 1991 and again from 1996), 2000's (till 2001 and again from 2006) and 2010's (up to 2011).
J. Jayalalithaa became the first woman Chief Minister in India to die in office on 5 December 2016. She was the fifteenth Chief Minister to die in office and the third in Tamil Nadu, after C. N. Annadurai and M. G. Ramachandran.
Footnotes and References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mariappan, Julie (31 May 2013). "Tamil Nadu population rises to 7.2 crore in a decade". The Times of India. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Archive.org — Government of Tamil Nadu — Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu since 1920
Jump up ^ Government of Tamil Nadu — Assemblies — An Overview Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Government of Tamil Nadu — Tamil Nadu Secretariat — Brief History
^ Jump up to: a b Legislative bodies of India - Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
Jump up ^ The Telegraph - Own Goal - Partition became inevitable once the Congress resigned in 1939
Jump up ^ Pakistan - toward partition
^ Jump up to: a b c The colours indicate the political party affiliation of each Chief Minister.
^ Jump up to: a b c The ordinal number of the term being served by the person specified in the row in the corresponding period
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h World Statesmen.org — Provinces of British India
Jump up ^ Rajaraman, P. (1988). The Justice Party: a historical perspective, 1916-37. Poompozhil Publishers. pp. 212–220.
Jump up ^ Sundararajan, Saroja (1989). March to freedom in Madras Presidency, 1916-1947. Lalitha Publications. pp. 334–389. OCLC 20222383.
Jump up ^ S. Krishnaswamy (1989). The role of Madras Legislature in the freedom struggle, 1861-1947. People's Pub. House (New Delhi). pp. 126–131.
Jump up ^ Though Congress won the election, it refused to form the government as it did not like the Governor's veto power over the cabinet. The Governor of Madras, Lord Erskine, decided to form an interim provisional Government with non-members and opposition members of the Legislative Assembly. V. S. Srinivasa Sastri was first offered the Chief Ministership of the interim government but he refused to accept it. Eventually an interim Government was formed under Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu on 1 April 1937. It lasted till July, when the Congress accepted Viceroy Linlithgow's assurance that the veto would not be abused and decided to form the government.
Jump up ^ Ramanathan, K. V. (2008). The Satyamurti letters: the Indian freedom struggle through the eyes of a parliamentarian, Volume 1. Pearson Education India. pp. 301–5. ISBN 9788131714881. ISBN 81-317-1488-8, ISBN 978-81-317-1488-1.
Jump up ^ Menon, Visalakshi (2003). From movement to government: the Congress in the United Provinces, 1937-42. Sage. p. 75. ISBN 9780761996200. ISBN 0-7619-9620-6, ISBN 978-0-7619-9620-0.
Jump up ^ Nagarajan, Krishnaswami (1989). Dr. Rajah Sir Muthiah Chettiar: a biography. Annamalai University. pp. 63–70.
Jump up ^ Congress Ministries in all the provinces of British India resigned on 29 October 1939 protesting the viceroy's declaration of war against Germany. Madras Presidency remained under "the direct rule of the Governor of the Province" till the next elections were held in March 1946. (INDIA (FAILURE OF CONSTITUTIONAL MACHINERY) HC Deb 16 April 1946 vol 421 cc2586-92)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h World Statesmen.org — Indian states since 1947
Jump up ^ Government of Tamil Nadu — The State Legislature — Origin and Evolution Archived 13 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Historical Importance of Kanchipuram Archived 18 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b "O Panneerselvam resigns as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, cites personal reasons". The Indian Express. 2017-02-05. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
Jump up ^ "The Tamil Nadu Legislative Council (Abolition) Act, 1986".
Jump up ^ The Hindu - Delhi's warning
^ Jump up to: a b c "Jayalalitha is the first CM to lose post in a graft case". DNA India. 27 September 2014.
Jump up ^ This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.
Jump up ^ "DMK, AIADMK pay homage to Annadurai". Archived from the original on 2005-03-04. ... the leader's life was cut short by cancer 3 February 1969.
^ Jump up to: a b c On 21 September 2001, a five-judge constitutional bench of the Supreme Court of India ruled in a unanimous verdict that "a person who is convicted for a criminal offence and sentenced to imprisonment for a period of not less than two years cannot be appointed the Chief Minister of a State under Article 164 (1) read with (4) and cannot continue to function as such". Thereby, the bench decided that "in the appointment of Ms. Jayalalithaa as Chief Minister there has been a clear infringement of a Constitutional provision and that a writ of quo warranto must issue". In effect her appointment as Chief Minister was declared null and invalid with retrospective effect. Therefore, technically, she was not the Chief Minister in the period between 14 May 2001 and 21 September 2001 (The Hindu — SC unseats Jayalalithaa as CM, Full text of the judgment from official Supreme Court site).
Jump up ^ The Hindu - Karunanidhi resigns
Jump up ^ BBC News - New leader for Tamil Nadu state
Jump up ^ "Jayalalithaa begins third term as Chief Minister today". NDTV. 16 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Jayalalithaa's trusted aide Panneerselvam sworn as Tamil Nadu's new chief minister
Jump up ^ O Panneerselvam resigns from Chief Minister post
Jump up ^ "Jayalalitha sworn in as chief minister of Tamil Nadu". BBC News. 23 May 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
Jump up ^ PTI. "AIADMK comes to power again; Jayalalitha bucks tradition". The Financial Express. Archived from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jayalalithaa no more: O Panneerselvam sworn in as the new Tamil Nadu CM". The Financial Express. 2016-12-05. Retrieved 2016-12-05.
Jump up ^ T. Ramakrishnan. "Edappadi Palaniswami sworn in as Tamil Nadu Chief Minister". The Hindu. 17 February 2017.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chief ministers of Tamil Nadu.
Elections in Tamil Nadu
History of Tamil Nadu
List of current Indian chief ministers
List of Governors of Tamil Nadu
List of Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
[show]
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Andhra Pradesh
N. Chandrababu Naidu
Arunachal Pradesh
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Assam
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Trivendra Singh Rawat
West Bengal
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Women chief ministers
From the Bharatiya Janata Party
From the Communist Party of India (Marxist)
[hide]
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Who We Are Instead
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Who We Are Instead
Studio album by Jars of Clay
Released
November 4, 2003
Recorded
2003
Genre
Christian rock, folk rock
Length
51:01
Label
Essential
Producer
Jars of Clay, Ron Aniello
Jars of Clay chronology
Furthermore: From the Studio, From the Stage
(2003)Furthermore: From the Studio, From the Stage2003 Who We Are Instead
(2003) Roots & Wings
(2005)Roots & Wings2005
Singles from Who We Are Instead
"Show You Love"
Released: October 14, 2003
"Sunny Days"
Released: 2004
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic [1]
Christianity Today [2]
Cross Rhythms [3]
Jesus Freak Hideout [4]
Who We Are Instead is the fifth full-length studio album recorded by Christian rock band Jars of Clay, and produced by Mitch Dane. It was released in 2003 by Essential Records.
Representing their most acoustic-based since their first disc, Who We Are Instead is their most relaxed-sounding material to date. The stripped-down sound accompanied a more direct focus on their spirituality, with Gospel influences apparent in some of the songs and the names of God and Jesus being more explicitly mentioned throughout the disc. Guitarist Steve Mason proved to be rather versatile on this album, with several songs featuring either the lap steel or mandolin.
The songs "Show You Love" and "Sunny Days", two of the more upbeat songs on a generally contemplative and reflective album, were released as singles.
The album features two covers: The 1974 song "Lonely People" by America, and the 1971 composition "Jesus' Blood Never Failed Me Yet" by Gavin Bryars. The song "Amazing Grace" is not a cover of the popular hymn, but rather an original song written by the band.
Contents
[hide]
1 Track listing
1.1 Standard release
1.2 Special edition bonus disc track listing
2 Charts
3 References
Track listing[edit]
Standard release[edit]
"Sunny Days" - 3:30
"Amazing Grace" (featuring Ashley Cleveland) - 5:18
"Lonely People" (America cover) - 2:45
"Only Alive" - 4:04
"Trouble Is" - 3:50
"Faith Enough" - 5:24
"Show You Love" - 3:33
"Lesser Things" - 4:36
"I'm in the Way" - 2:33
"Jesus Blood Never Failed Me Yet" (Gavin Bryars cover) - 3:39
"Jealous Kind" (featuring Ashley Cleveland) - 4:10
"Sing" - 4:11
"My Heavenly" - 3:29
Special edition bonus disc track listing[edit]
"Tonight" - 3:42
"Shipwrecked" - 2:58
Charts[edit]
Release Year
The Billboard 200 Chart Position
2003 103
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Allmusic review
Jump up ^ Christianity Today review
Jump up ^ Cummings, Tony (January 2004). "Jars of Clay - Who We Are Instead". Cross Rhythms (78).
Jump up ^ Jesus Freak Hideout review
[hide]
v
t
e
Jars of Clay
Band members Non-member performers
Dan Haseltine
Stephen Mason
Matt Odmark
Charlie Lowell
Former
Matt Bronleewe
Jake Goss
Gabe Ruschival
Former
Scott Savage
Aaron Sands
Joe Porter
Jeremy Lutito
Alex Fragiskatos
Discography
Studio albums
Jars of Clay
Much Afraid
If I Left the Zoo
The Eleventh Hour
Furthermore: From the Studio, from the Stage
Who We Are Instead
Redemption Songs
Good Monsters
Christmas Songs
The Long Fall Back to Earth
The Shelter
Inland
Compilation albums
Jar of Gems
The Essential Jars of Clay
Greatest Hits
Other releases
Drummer Boy
Stringtown
The White Elephant Sessions
Front Yard Luge
11Live: Jars of Clay in Concert
iTunes Originals
Roots & Wings
Mini Monsters
Live Monsters
Closer
Live at Gray Matters
See also
List of awards
Ron Aniello
Adrian Belew
Dennis Herring
Mark Hudson
Stephen Lipson
Greg Wells
"Frail"
City on a Hill
Blood: Water Mission
Essential Records
Gray Matters
Greenville College
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_We_Are_Instead&oldid=811922226"
Categories:
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Essential Records (Christian) albums
2003 albums
Albums produced by Ron Aniello
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