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This article is about the spiritualist use of the ouija board. For other uses, see Ouija (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Ouida.
Original Ouija board created in 1894
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The ouija (/ˈwiːdʒə/ WEE-jə or /ˈwiːdʒi/ WEE-jee), also known as a spirit board or talking board, is a flat board marked with the letters of the alphabet, the numbers 0–9, the words "yes", "no", "hello" (occasionally), and "goodbye", along with various symbols and graphics. It uses a small heart-shaped piece of wood or plastic called a planchette. Participants place their fingers on the planchette, and it is moved about the board to spell out words. "Ouija" is a trademark of Hasbro, Inc.,[1] but is often used generically to refer to any talking board. According to Hasbro, players take turns asking questions and then "wait to see what the planchette spells out" for them. [2]
Following its commercial introduction by businessman Elijah Bond on July 1, 1890,[1] the ouija board was regarded as a parlor game unrelated to the occult until American spiritualist Pearl Curran popularized its use as a divining tool during World War I.[3] Spiritualists believed that the dead were able to contact the living and reportedly used a talking board very similar to a modern ouija board at their camps in Ohio in 1886 to ostensibly enable faster communication with spirits.[4]
Some Christian denominations have "warned against using ouija boards", holding that they can lead to demonic possession.[5][6] Occultists, on the other hand, are divided on the issue, with some saying that it can be a positive transformation; others reiterate the warnings of many Christians and caution "inexperienced users" against it.[5]
Paranormal and supernatural beliefs associated with Ouija have been harshly criticized by the scientific community, since they are characterized as pseudoscience. The action of the board can be parsimoniously explained by unconscious movements of those controlling the pointer, a psychophysiological phenomenon known as the ideomotor effect.[7][8][9][10]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 China
1.2 Talking boards
1.3 Commercial parlor game
2 Scientific investigation
3 Use in creation of literature
4 Religious responses
5 Notable users
6 In popular culture
6.1 Books
6.2 Movies
6.3 Television
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
China[edit]
See also: Fuji (planchette writing)
Wang Chongyang, founder of the Quanzhen School, depicted in Changchun Temple, Wuhan
One of the first mentions of the automatic writing method used in the ouija board is found in China around 1100 AD, in historical documents of the Song Dynasty. The method was known as fuji "planchette writing". The use of planchette writing as an ostensible means of necromancy and communion with the spirit-world continued, and, albeit under special rituals and supervisions, was a central practice of the Quanzhen School, until it was forbidden by the Qing Dynasty.[11] Several entire scriptures of the Daozang are supposedly works of automatic planchette writing. According to one author, similar methods of mediumistic spirit writing have been practiced in ancient India, Greece, Rome, and medieval Europe.[12]
Talking boards[edit]
As a part of the spiritualist movement, mediums began to employ various means for communication with the dead. Following the American Civil War in the United States, mediums did significant business in presumably allowing survivors to contact lost relatives. The ouija itself would be created and named in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1890, but the use of talking boards was so common by 1886 that news reported the phenomenon taking over the spiritualists' camps in Ohio.[4]
Commercial parlor game[edit]
A modern Ouija board plus planchette
Businessman Elijah Bond had the idea to patent a planchette sold with a board on which the alphabet was printed, much like the previously existing talking boards. The patentees filed on May 28, 1890 for patent protection and thus are credited with the invention of the Ouija board. Issue date on the patent was February 10, 1891. They received U.S. Patent 446,054. Bond was an attorney and was an inventor of other objects in addition to this device.
An employee of Elijah Bond, William Fuld, took over the talking board production. In 1901, Fuld started production of his own boards under the name "Ouija".[13] Charles Kennard (founder of Kennard Novelty Company which manufactured Fuld's talking boards and where Fuld had worked as a varnisher) claimed he learned the name "Ouija" from using the board and that it was an ancient Egyptian word meaning "good luck." When Fuld took over production of the boards, he popularized the more widely accepted etymology: that the name came from a combination of the French and German words for "yes".[14]
The Fuld name became synonymous with the Ouija board, as Fuld reinvented its history, claiming that he himself had invented it. The strange talk about the boards from Fuld's competitors flooded the market, and all these boards enjoyed a heyday from the 1920s through the 1960s. Fuld sued many companies over the "Ouija" name and concept up until his death in 1927. In 1966, Fuld's estate sold the entire business to Parker Brothers. Hasbro purchased the product line in 1991 and continues to hold all trademarks and patents. About ten brands of talking boards are sold today under various names.[13]
Scientific investigation[edit]
The ouija phenomenon is considered by the scientific community to be the result of the ideomotor response.[7][15][16][17] Michael Faraday first described this effect in 1853, while investigating table-turning.[18][19]
Various studies have been produced, recreating the effects of the ouija board in the lab and showing that, under laboratory conditions, the subjects were moving the planchette involuntarily.[15][20] A 2012 study found that when answering yes or no questions, ouija use was significantly more accurate than guesswork, suggesting that it might draw on the unconscious mind.[16] Skeptics have described ouija board users as 'operators'.[21] Some critics noted that the messages ostensibly spelled out by spirits were similar to whatever was going through the minds of the subjects.[22] According to Professor of neurology Terence Hines in his book Pseudoscience and the Paranormal (2003):
The planchette is guided by unconscious muscular exertions like those responsible for table movement. Nonetheless, in both cases, the illusion that the object (table or planchette) is moving under its own control is often extremely powerful and sufficient to convince many people that spirits are truly at work... The unconscious muscle movements responsible for the moving tables and Ouija board phenomena seen at seances are examples of a class of phenomena due to what psychologists call a dissociative state. A dissociative state is one in which consciousness is somehow divided or cut off from some aspects of the individual's normal cognitive, motor, or sensory functions.[23]
In the 1970s ouija board users were also described as "cult members" by sociologists, though this was severely scrutinised in the field.[24]
Ouija boards have been criticized in the press since their inception, having been variously described as "'vestigial remains' of primitive belief-systems" and a con to part fools from their money.[25] Some journalists have described reports of ouija board findings as 'half truths' and have suggested that their inclusion in national newspapers lowers the national discourse overall.[26]
Use in creation of literature[edit]
Ouija boards have been the source of inspiration for literary works, used as guidance in writing or as a form of channeling literary works. As a result of Ouija boards' becoming popular in the early 20th century, by the 1920s many "psychic" books were written of varying quality often initiated by ouija board use.[27]
Emily Grant Hutchings claimed that her novel Jap Herron: A Novel Written from the Ouija Board (1917) was dictated by Mark Twain's spirit through the use of a Ouija board after his death.[28]
Pearl Lenore Curran (February 15, 1883 – December 4, 1937), alleged that for over 20 years she was in contact with a spirit named Patience Worth. This symbiotic relationship produced several novels, and works of poetry and prose, which Pearl Curran claimed were delivered to her through channelling Worth's spirit during sessions with a ouija board, and which works Curran then transcribed.
In late 1963, Jane Roberts and her husband Robert Butts started experimenting with a ouija board as part of Roberts' research for a book on extra-sensory perception.[29] According to Roberts and Butts, on December 2, 1963 they began to receive coherent messages from a male personality who eventually identified himself as Seth, culminating in a series of books dictated by "Seth".
In 1982, poet James Merrill released an apocalyptic 560-page epic poem titled The Changing Light at Sandover, which documented two decades of messages dictated from the Ouija board during séances hosted by Merrill and his partner David Noyes Jackson. Sandover, which received the National Book Critics Circle Award in 1983,[30] was published in three volumes beginning in 1976. The first contained a poem for each of the letters A through Z, and was called The Book of Ephraim. It appeared in the collection Divine Comedies, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1977.[31] According to Merrill, the spirits ordered him to write and publish the next two installments, Mirabell: Books of Number in 1978 (which won the National Book Award for Poetry)[32] and Scripts for the Pageant in 1980.
Religious responses[edit]
Since early in the ouija board's history, it has been criticized by several Christian groups including Roman Catholics.[5] Catholic Answers, a Christian apologetics organization, states that "The Ouija board is far from harmless, as it is a form of divination (seeking information from supernatural sources)."[33] In 2001, Ouija boards were burned in Alamogordo, New Mexico, by fundamentalist groups alongside Harry Potter books as "symbols of witchcraft."[34][35][36] Religious criticism has also expressed beliefs that the Ouija board reveals information which should only be in God's hands, and thus it is a tool of Satan.[37] A spokesperson for Human Life International described the boards as a portal to talk to spirits and called for Hasbro to be prohibited from marketing them.[38]
Bishops in Micronesia called for the boards to be banned and warned congregations that they were talking to demons and devils when using the boards.[39]
Notable users[edit]
Dick Brooks, of the Houdini Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania, uses a Ouija board as part of a paranormal and seance presentation.[40]
Jane Roberts contacted Seth initially through the Ouija board an 'energy personality essence no longer focused in the physical world'. The book Seth Speaks was an explanation of reality by Seth.
G. K. Chesterton used a Ouija board in his teenaged years. Around 1893, he had gone through a crisis of scepticism and depression, and during this period Chesterton experimented with the Ouija board and grew fascinated with the occult.[41]
Early press releases stated that Vincent Furnier's stage and band name "Alice Cooper" was agreed upon after a session with a Ouija board, during which it was revealed that Furnier was the reincarnation of a 17th-century witch with that name. Alice Cooper later revealed that he just thought of the first name that came to his head while discussing a new band name with his band.[42]
Poet James Merrill used a Ouija board for years and even encouraged entrance of spirits into his body. Before he died, he recommended that people must not use Ouija boards.[43]
Former Italian Prime Minister Romano Prodi claimed under oath that, in a séance held in 1978 with other professors at the University of Bologna, the "ghost" of Giorgio La Pira used a Ouija to spell the name of the street where Aldo Moro was being held by the Red Brigades. According to Peter Popham of The Independent: "Everybody here has long believed that Prodi's Ouija board tale was no more than an ill-advised and bizarre way to conceal the identity of his true source, probably a person from Bologna's seething far-left underground whom he was pledged to protect."[44]
The Mars Volta wrote their album Bedlam in Goliath (2008) based on their alleged experiences with a Ouija board. According to their story (written for them by a fiction author, Jeremy Robert Johnson), Omar Rodriguez Lopez purchased one while traveling in Jerusalem. At first the board provided a story which became the theme for the album. Strange events allegedly related to this activity occurred during the recording of the album: the studio flooded, one of the album's main engineers had a nervous breakdown, equipment began to malfunction, and Cedric Bixler-Zavala's foot was injured. Following these bad experiences the band buried the Ouija board.[45]
In the murder trial of Joshua Tucker, his mother insisted that he had carried out the murders while possessed by the Devil, who found him when he was using a Ouija board.[46][47]
Bill Wilson, the co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous, used a Ouija board and conducted seances in attempts to contact the dead.[48]
Much of William Butler Yeats's later poetry was inspired, among other facets of occultism, by the Ouija board. Yeats himself did not use it, but his wife did.[49]
In London in 1994, convicted murderer Stephen Young was granted a retrial after it was learned that four of the jurors had conducted a Ouija board séance and had "contacted" the murdered man, who had named Young as his killer.[50] Young was convicted for a second time at his retrial and jailed for life.[51][52][53]
Aleister Crowley had great admiration for the use of the ouija board and it played a passing role in his magical workings.[54][55] Jane Wolfe, who lived with Crowley at Abbey of Thelema, also used the Ouija board. She credits some of her greatest spiritual communications to use of this implement. Crowley also discussed the Ouija board with another of his students, and the most ardent of them, Frater Achad (Charles Stansfeld Jones): it is frequently mentioned in their unpublished letters. In 1917 Achad experimented with the board as a means of summoning Angels, as opposed to Elementals. In one letter Crowley told Jones: "Your Ouija board experiment is rather fun. You see how very satisfactory it is, but I believe things improve greatly with practice. I think you should keep to one angel, and make the magical preparations more elaborate." Over the years, both became so fascinated by the board that they discussed marketing their own design. Their discourse culminated in a letter, dated February 21, 1919, in which Crowley tells Jones, "Re: Ouija Board. I offer you the basis of ten percent of my net profit. You are, if you accept this, responsible for the legal protection of the ideas, and the marketing of the copyright designs. I trust that this may be satisfactory to you. I hope to let you have the material in the course of a week." In March, Crowley wrote to Achad to inform him,"I'll think up another name for Ouija." But their business venture never came to fruition and Crowley's new design, along with his name for the board, has not survived. Crowley has stated, of the Ouija Board that,
There is, however, a good way of using this instrument to get what you want, and that is to perform the whole operation in a consecrated circle, so that undesirable aliens cannot interfere with it. You should then employ the proper magical invocation in order to get into your circle just the one spirit you want. It is comparatively easy to do this. A few simple instructions are all that is necessary, and I shall be pleased to give these, free of charge, to any one who cares to apply.[54]
E. H. Jones and C. W. Hill, whilst prisoners of the Turks during the First World War, used a Ouija board to convince their captors that they were mediums as part of an escape plan.[56]
In popular culture[edit]
Ouija boards have figured prominently in horror tales in various media as devices enabling malevolent spirits to spook their users. Most often, they make brief appearances, relying heavily on the atmosphere of mystery the board already holds in the mind of the viewer, in order to add credence to the paranormal presence in the story being told.
Books[edit]
In Stephen King's post-apocalyptic novel The Stand, Nadine Cross is contacted by Randall Flagg (also known as the dark man or Satan's Imp) twice via Ouija board. The first time is unintentionally, in college; the second time, in post-plague Boulder, she deliberately opens herself up to the communication, with dire consequences.
The Ouija Board (Paranormal Adventure Series Book 1) by Shelby White centers on a group of friends who unintentionally release evil through their use of a Ouija board, as does The Harrowing by Alexandra Sokoloff.
In For What It’s Worth by Janet Tashjian a boy uses a Ouija board to contact the spirits of Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, and Jim Morrison.
Issue #79 of Bart Simpson, a comic book series based on The Simpsons, contains a story called "The Demon" in which Bart and Lisa find a Ouija board and unleash a demon. Issue #10 of Bart Simpson's Treehouse of horror contains the story "Scareway to Heaven" in which a Ouija board results in demon possession.
The Invisible Histories of the Spiral Mountain; or The Hymns of Melchizedek, an occult novel by Christopher of Detroit, contains several chapter that use the talking board for communication with the protagonist's higher self.
Movies[edit]
The Uninvited, made in 1944, features a scene with an impromptu board the characters put together. The 1973 blockbuster film, The Exorcist, also uses a ouija board to explain why the young girl becomes possessed. Alison's Birthday has one too, with its claustrophobia-inducing filming, as do the films Deadly Messages and Awakenings. The earliest Western film to hinge its entire plot around the (mis)use of a Ouija board, Witchboard (1986), makes a nod to The Exorcist (where there is a sequence in which a board is used), with a main character called Linda, and her partner quipping "So what you're telling me is... that I'm living with Linda Blair?" Witchboard was so successful it spawned two sequels: Witchboard 2: The Devil's Doorway, and Witchboard III: The Possession. In the same year as the first of the trilogy, the film Spookies also had its own Ouija board scene. What Lies Beneath (2000) also includes a séance scene with a board. Paranormal Activity (2007) involved a violent entity haunting a couple that becomes powerful when the man uses a Ouija board, despite the woman's objection. Another 2007 film, Ouija, depicted a group of adolescents whose use of the board causes a murderous spirit to follow them, while four years later, The Ouija Experiment portrayed a group of friends whose use of the board opens, and fails to close, a portal between the worlds of the living and the dead.[57] The 2014 film Ouija featured a group of friends whose use of the board prompted a series of deaths.[58] That film was followed by a 2016 prequel, Ouija: Origin of Evil, which also features the device.
Television[edit]
In season 1 episode 5 of The West Wing, the Ouija boards are mentioned by two characters who compare having a Ouija board to believing in UFO's.
In Season 3 Episode 8 of Reba (TV series), Barbra Jean and Reba use an Ouija Board to try and clean Barbra Jean and Brock’s house after Reba convinced her that the house was haunted. While holding the séance Reba pretended to be a ghost causing Barbra Jean to scream and run up stairs. The electric then goes out and Barbra Jean screams once again. At the end of the episode Barbra Jean asked Reba if they should ask the board if Brock was being a good husband in Vegas and the planchette moved. Reba then jumped across the table into Barbra Jean’s arms.
See also[edit]
List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
Dowsing
Divided consciousness
Dual consciousness
Left brain interpreter
Bicameralism (psychology)
Alien hand syndrome
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "US Trademark Registration Number 0519636 under First Use in Commerce". tsdr.uspto.gov.
Jump up ^ "Ouija Board (2001) Instructions - Hasbro" (PDF). Hasbro.com. Hasbro, Inc. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Brunvand, Jan Harold (1998). American folklore: an encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8153-3350-0.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Strange and Mysterious History of the ouija Board".
^ Jump up to: a b c Raising the devil: Satanism, new religions, and the media. University Press of Kentucky. Retrieved 31 December 2007. Practically since its invention a century ago, mainstream Christian religions, including Catholicism, have warned against the use of oujia boards, claiming that they are a means of dabbling with Satanism (Hunt 1985:93-95). Occultists are divided on the oujia board's value. Jane Roberts (1966) and Gina Covina (1979) express confidence that it is a device for positive transformation and they provide detailed instructions on how to use it to contact spirits and map the other world. But some occultists have echoed Christian warnings, cautioning inexperienced persons away from it.
Jump up ^ Carlisle, Rodney P. (2 April 2009). Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society. SAGE Publications. p. 434. ISBN 9781412966702. In particular, Ouija boards and automatic writing are kin in that they can be practiced and explained both by parties who see them as instruments of psychological discovery; and both are abhorred by some religious groups as gateways to demonic possession, as the abandonment of will and invitation to external forces represents for them an act much like presenting an open wound to a germ-filled environment.
^ Jump up to: a b Heap, Michael. (2002). Ideomotor Effect (the Ouija Board Effect). In Michael Shermer. The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience. ABC-CLIO. pp. 127-129. ISBN 1-57607-654-7
Jump up ^ Adams, Cecil; Ed Zotti (3 July 2000). "How does a Ouija board work?". The Straight Dope. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
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^ Jump up to: a b Orlando, Eugene. "Ancient Ouija Boards: Fact ot Fiction?". Museum of Talking Boards. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
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^ Jump up to: a b Burgess, Cheryl A; Irving Kirsch; Howard Shane; Kristen L. Niederauer; Steven M. Graham; Alyson Bacon. "Facilitated Communication as an Ideomotor Response". Psychological Science. Blackwell Publishing. 9 (1): 71. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00013. JSTOR 40063250.
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References[edit]
Cain, D. Lynn, "OUIJA – For the Record" 2009 ISBN 978-0-557-15871-3
Carpenter, W.B., "On the Influence of Suggestion in Modifying and directing Muscular Movement, independently of Volition", Royal Institution of Great Britain, (Proceedings), 1852, (12 March 1852), pp. 147–153.
Cornelius, J. Edward, Aleister Crowley and the Ouija Board. Feral House, 2005. ISBN 1-932595-10-4
Gruss, Edmond C., The Ouija Board: A Doorway to the Occult 1994 ISBN 0-87552-247-5
Hunt, Stoker, Ouija: The Most Dangerous Game. 1992 ISBN 0-06-092350-4
Hill, Joe, Heart-Shaped Box
Murch, R., "A Brief History of the Ouija Board", Fortean Times, No.249, (June 2009), pp. 32–33.
Schneck, R.D., "Ouija Madness", Fortean Times, No.249, (June 2009), pp. 30–37.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ouija.
Information on talking boards
Museum Of Talking Boards
The Official Website of William Fuld and home of the Ouija board
Skeptics
Ouija board helps psychologists probe the subconscious from New Scientist
The Skeptics' Dictionary: Ouija
An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
How does a Ouija board work? from The Straight Dope
Do Ouija Boards Work - The Fact and Fiction
Trade marks and patents
Trade-Mark Registration: "Ouija" (Trademark no. 18,919; 3 February 1891: Kennard Novelty Company)
"Ouija or Egyptian Luck Board" (patent no.446,054; 10 February 1891: Elijah J. Bond – assigned to Charles W. Kennard and William H. A. Maupin)
"Talking-Board" (patent no.462,819; 10 November 1891: Charles W. Kennard)
"Game Apparatus" (patent no. 479,266: 19 July 1892: William Fuld)
"Game Apparatus" (patent no. 619,236: 7 February 1899: Justin F. Simonds)
"Ouija or Talking Board" (patent no.1,125,833; 19 January 1915: William Fuld)
"Design for the Movable Member of a Talking-Board" (patent no.D56,001; 10 August 1920: William Fuld)
"Design of Finger-Rest and Pointer for a Game" (patent no. D56,085; 10 August 1920: John Vanderkamp – assigned to Goldsmith Publishing Company)
"Message Interpreting Device" or "Psychic Messenger" (patent no.1,352,046; 7 September 1920: Frederick H. Black)
"Design for the Movable Member of a Talking-Board" (patent no.D56,001; 10 August 1920: William Fuld)
"Ouija Board" (patent no.D56,449; 26 October 1920: Clifford H. McGlasson)
"Psychic Game" (patent no.1,370,249; 1 March 1921: Theodore H. White)
"Ouija Board" (patent no.1,400,791; 20 December 1921: Harry M. Bigelow)
"Game Board" (patent no.1,422,042; 4 July 1922: John R. Donnelly)
"(Magnetic) Toy" (patent no.1,422,775; 11 July 1922: Leon Martocci-Pisculli)
"Psychic Instrument" (patent no.1,476,158; 4 December 1923: Grover C. Haffner)
"Game" (patent no.1,514,260; 4 November 1924: Alfred A. Rees)
"Amusement Device" (patent no.1,870,677; 9 August 1932: William A. Fuld)
"Amusement Device" (patent no.2,220,455; 5 November 1940: John P. McCarthy)
"Finger Pressure Actuated Message Interpreting Amusement Device" (patent no.2,511,377; 13 June 1950: Raymond S. Richmond)
"Message Device With Freely Swingable Pointer" (patent no.3,306,617; 28 February 1967: Thomas W. Gillespie)
Other
"'Ouija board' appeal (against second guilty verdict) dismissed" – R. v. Young (1995)
BBC video on Ouija Board
Ouija at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
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Fablehaven
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Fablehaven
Fablehaven book cover
Author
Brandon Mull
Illustrator
Brandon Dorman
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Fantasy
Publisher
Shadow Mountain Publishing
Publication date
July 30, 2006-March 23, 2010
Media type
Print (Hardback & Paperback)
Fablehaven (pronounced /ˌfeɪbəlˈheɪvən/) is The New York Times' best-selling children's literature fantasy series written by Brandon Mull.[1] The book series, which includes Fablehaven, Fablehaven: Rise of the Evening Star, Fablehaven: Grip of the Shadow Plague, Fablehaven: Secrets of the Dragon Sanctuary, and Fablehaven: Keys to the Demon Prison, is published by Shadow Mountain in hardcover and Simon & Schuster in paperback.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
1.1 Plot
1.2 Motifs
2 Books
2.1 Fablehaven
2.2 Fablehaven: Rise of the Evening Star
2.3 Fablehaven: Grip of the Shadow Plague
2.4 Fablehaven: Secrets of the Dragon Sanctuary
2.5 Fablehaven: Keys to the Demon Prison
2.6 Dragonwatch
3 Dragonwatch Series
4 Reception
5 Film Adaptation
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Premise[edit]
Fablehaven is a secret nature preserve protecting beings of myth and legend from the outside world. The current caretaker, Stan Sorenson, describes it as "a refuge for mystical creatures". Those who live in this large sanctuary, mortal and magical, must abide by a treaty of rules. The most common rules are focused upon "the law of the harvest" or "the law of retribution" meaning, you reap what you sow. It is described in the book as, "mischief for mischief, trouble for trouble, magic for magic." If this law in the treaty is broken, you lose the magical protection it provides, allowing for retaliation, which is essentially what drives the plot through the first book. There also exist magical borders that keep most mystical creatures within the preserve, but out of certain domains. The caretaker's house and grounds are within one of these protective boundaries. However, some of these borders dissolve on certain nights, allowing frightening creatures to roam free on the grounds, one of which - Midsummer Eve - occurs in the first book.
Plot[edit]
The series begins as 13-year-old Kendra and 11-year-old Seth Sorenson are traveling to their Grandpa and Grandma Sorenson's house while their parents are away on a 17-day Scandinavian cruise. When they get there, they also meet Dale, the groundskeeper, and Lena, the housekeeper. Grandma Sorenson is "mysteriously" missing. Grandpa Sorenson does not tell Kendra and Seth about Fablehaven being a secret preserve for magical creatures at first but instead sets up a rather complex puzzle involving six keys and a locked journal for Kendra to solve. Once Kendra unlocks the mostly blank journal, she discovers the words "drink the milk". She and Seth drink the magical milk Dale sets outside in their yard every morning, opening their eyes to a whole new, mystical world full of the magical beings of Fablehaven. Then Kendra and Seth must face challenges such as defeating an evil witch and a powerful demon, defending the preserve from an evil society, stopping a plague that changes creatures of light into creatures of darkness, and, ultimately, protecting the world from a horde of imprisoned demons.
Motifs[edit]
Magical Creatures
Fablehaven is home to a wide variety of magical creatures. Both creatures of light, such as fairies, nymphs, satyrs and centaurs, and dark or inherently evil beings, such as trolls, goblins, ogres, imps, and a few demons live on the preserve. A magical treaty protects all creatures, including humans outside creatures' domains, so long as the laws of the treaty are kept, the humans and magical beings are safe. Grandpa Sorensen explains to Kendra and Seth that some creatures are helpful, like Hugo the golem, and some are mischievous, but playful, like the satyrs. But he warns them that none of them are good in the way we think of good, and many of them are dangerous and will kill them if given the chance.
Magical Items
Many magical items are used in the series, most of which are introduced in the second book. They range from the simple but interesting, such as a silver ball with a distraction spell on it, to the amazingly powerful, such as the 5 magical artifacts hidden on the 5 secret preserves, which if used together would unlock the demon prison.
Books[edit]
#
Title
Released
1 Fablehaven July 30, 2006
2 Fablehaven: Rise of the Evening Star May 31, 2007
3 Fablehaven: Grip of the Shadow Plague April 21, 2008
4 Fablehaven: Secrets of the Dragon Sanctuary March 24, 2009
5 Fablehaven: Keys to the Demon Prison March 23, 2010
6 Dragonwatch March 14, 2017
Fablehaven[edit]
The story begins with Kendra and Seth visiting their grandparents in Connecticut while their parents take a 17-day cruise. At first the siblings entertain themselves with an attic full of interesting books and toys, and a pond-like swimming pool surrounded by hummingbirds, brightly colored-butterflies and exotic dragonflies. But soon their attentions wander to the forbidden forest that surrounds their grandparent's house. When Kendra discovers a book entitled Journal of Secrets and follows the directions to "Drink the milk" a whole new hidden and amazing world is revealed to the siblings at Fablehaven. Kendra and Seth find out quickly how dangerous this new magical environment is when rules are broken, thrusting them into the middle of a fight for their lives.
Fablehaven: Rise of the Evening Star[edit]
The second book returns us to the Sorenson siblings the following year, where a strange new student has infiltrated the school in disguise, causing mischief and Kendra is the only one who can see the charade. The Society of the Evening Star, an ancient organization determined to overthrow magical preserves and use them for their own intents and purposes, is on the move and is determined to infiltrate Fablehaven. New characters are introduced who mentor Kendra and Seth with their knowledge of magical potions, animals, and items. In addition, these three specialists have a more perilous assignment—find an artifact of great power hidden on the grounds. When the Evening Star pervades the gates of Fablehaven, it is assumed that someone inside the preserve is a traitor. If the artifact falls into the wrong hands, it could mean the downfall of other preserves and possibly the world.
Fablehaven: Grip of the Shadow Plague[edit]
The third book starts where the second book ended, during the same summer of their second year at Fablehaven. Seth discovers that someone, or something, has released a plague that transforms beings of light into creatures of darkness. For the first time, some of the main characters visit another magical preserve, as another hidden artifact must be recovered from Lost Mesa in Arizona. New friends are introduced and new magical creatures of light and darkness are confronted, and hard sacrifices made.
Fablehaven: Secrets of the Dragon Sanctuary[edit]
Things are heating up between the Knights of the Dawn and the Society of the Evening Star, who turn to kidnapping Kendra in an attempt to discover secrets. The race to obtain the 5 magical artifacts continues, and leads the Knights, and the Sorensons, to a deadly dragon Sanctuary called Wyrmroost. They face bigger challenges than they've ever faced before, including negotiating with a wizard, an enormous evil dragon, and the biggest giant in the world.
Fablehaven: Keys to the Demon Prison[edit]
The final book in the series has the Sorenson siblings traveling to different preserves around the earth in the attempt to secure the remaining magical artifacts before the Society gets them. A powerful new ally joins the fight, but deadly new enemies also add to the escalation. The conflict separates Kendra and Seth who take on different missions, each extremely dangerous and exciting. They finally reunite just before the confrontation at Zzyzx, and the opening of the demon prison. An unexpected event orchestrated by the Fairy Queen was their only hope to save the world. She traps the demons in her realm while claiming Zzyzx as her new kingdom, and decides to build it to be 3 times larger than her old world.
Dragonwatch[edit]
In the new series, it's been four months since the Demon Prison was closed by Kendra and Seth, with help from the Knights of the Dawn, the Fairy Queen and her subjects, and the Dragons of Wormroost. Agad the wizard had to cut a deal with Celebrant the Just, King of Dragons to gain their assistance, and he was made a co-caretaker of the sanctuary. Now Celebrant is restless to gain more control, and to ultimately release the dragons from their confinement. Draconic unrest is happening at all the dragon sanctuaries, and Agad was called away to assist at Soaring Cliffs, leaving an opening at Wormroost. The caretaker must be a Dragon Tamer, and Kendra and Seth, when in contact with each other, qualified. As the new caretakers of Wormroost, the siblings struggle not only for acceptance among the current Blackwell Keep inhabitants, but attempt to complete a desperate mission to strengthen the defenses of the castle, securing the safety of the inhabitants within, and the world beyond.
Dragonwatch Series[edit]
In 2013, Brandon Mull announced there would be a five book sequel series that would pick up right where Keys to the Demon Prison left off. It features the same world and characters, but with several new characters, and is titled Dragonwatch. The series is based on the rivalry between Demon and Dragon, with Kendra and Seth caught in the middle. Dragonwatch is the anciently established coalition made up of wizards, sorceresses, and dragon slayers, to keep the dragons from taking over the earth. Book one released on March 14, 2017 from Shadow Mountain Publishing.
Reception[edit]
The series has enjoyed positive reviews by critics. With the release of the third book, the series was awarded a spot on the New York Times top ten best selling children's series list. With the release of the fifth book, the series reached as high as 4th on the list.[2]
Obert Skye, the author of Leven Thumps and the Gateway to Foo - "Imagination runs wild in Fablehaven. It is a lucky book that can hold this kind of story."[3]
The New York Times - "Mull’s awkward writing sometimes underscores the overfamiliar plot mechanics of the two-children-save-the-world fantasy, but his story offers unexpected twists and entertainingly scary creatures."[4]
Columbia Daily Tribune - "This story is so compelling and so well written you’ll find its magic working on you as well, completely taking over your ability to put the book down, even for a moment. Mull has an extraordinary writing ability."[5]
Orson Scott Card - "At first glance, Fablehaven looks like a book for kids; but, like Harry Potter, Fablehaven can be read aloud in a family with as much pleasure for grownups as for children. And solitary adults who pick it up for their own enjoyment will be well rewarded. Do yourself a favor, and don't miss the first novel by a writer who is clearly going to be a major figure in popular fantasy."[6]
Christopher Paolini, author of Eragon said, "The Fablehaven books are so entertaining that I read the first three in a single sitting. They kept me turning the pages until 4:40 in the morning. Each book was better than the last! Brandon Mull is a talented new fantasy writer, and I can't wait to read more from him. The world he has created is deep, intriguing, magical, and full of surprising discoveries and unexpected dangers. I especially liked his two main characters, Kendra and Seth. They both act like real people, and unlike many fictional siblings, they help and support each other when they're in trouble. The Fablehaven series is one of the most enjoyable fantasies I've read in the past few years. I only wish I could have read it when I was ten or twelve."[7]
BookReview.com - "Where have all the fairies gone? To Fablehaven of course! A preserve for magical creatures awaits your visit in Brandon Mull’s fantastical, wonderful book, “Fablehaven.” Look out J.K. Rowling; the fantasy genre has an outstanding new author to embrace!"[8]
Film Adaptation[edit]
In 2012, Clark Schaffer, owner of Schaffer Studios, bought the rights to "Fablehaven" and is teaming up with author Brandon Mull to make the movie. Below is an interview with both Mull and Schaffer about the pre-production of the movie:
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0PHIPWUGLA

For up-to-date information on the Fablehaven movie, go to http://www.Facebook.com/FablehavenMovieSupport
See also[edit]
Novels portal
Brandon Mull (author)
List of Fablehaven characters
List of Fablehaven's magical creatures
List of Magical Items in Fablehaven
Wikipedia: WikiProject Fablehaven
References[edit]
Jump up ^ White, Michael (2008-05-07). "Muse Arts". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
Jump up ^ Dixler, Elsa. "Best Sellers - The New York Times". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
Jump up ^ Mull, Brandon (2010-09-17). "Fablehaven". DeseretBook.com. Archived from the original on 2009-08-13. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
Jump up ^ Just, Julie (2007-07-15). "Bookshelf". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ By Holly E. Newton (2006-11-16). "Newton'S Book Notes". Archive.columbiatribune.com. Archived from the original on 2017-04-14. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
Jump up ^ "Superman Returns, Fablehaven, house design software - Uncle Orson Reviews Everything". Hatrack.com. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
Jump up ^ "Book Spotlight: The Fablehaven Series". NatWorld Magazine. Retrieved 2011-08-14.
Jump up ^ "Fablehaven". BookReview.com. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
External links[edit]
Official Fablehaven site
Shadow Mountain
Author's site
[hide]
v
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Fablehaven by Brandon Mull
Novels
Fablehaven
Fablehaven: Rise of the Evening Star
Fablehaven: Grip of the Shadow Plague
Fablehaven: Secrets of the Dragon Sanctuary
Fablehaven: Keys to the Demon Prison
Characters
Kendra Sorenson
Seth Sorenson
Ruth Sorenson
Stanley Sorenson
The Fairy Queen
Other
List of Fablehaven's magical creatures
List of magical items in Fablehaven
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The Glass Castle (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Glass Castle
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Destin Daniel Cretton
Produced by
Gil Netter
Ken Kao
Screenplay by
Destin Daniel Cretton
Andrew Lanham
Marti Noxon
Based on
The Glass Castle
by Jeannette Walls
Starring
Brie Larson
Woody Harrelson
Max Greenfield
Sarah Snook
Naomi Watts
Music by
Joel P. West
Cinematography
Brett Pawlak
Edited by
Nat Sanders
Production
company
Gil Netter Productions
Distributed by
Lionsgate
Release date
August 9, 2017 (2017-08-09) (Manhattan)
August 11, 2017 (2017-08-11) (United States)
Running time
127 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Box office
$21.7 million[2]
The Glass Castle is a 2017 American biographical drama film directed by Destin Daniel Cretton and written by Cretton, Andrew Lanham, and Marti Noxon, based on Jeannette Walls's 2005 memoir of the same name. Depicting Walls's real-life childhood spent squatting in homes and living in poverty, the film stars Brie Larson as Walls with Naomi Watts, Woody Harrelson, Max Greenfield, and Sarah Snook in supporting roles. The film was released on August 11, 2017, by Lionsgate and received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the performances of its cast (particularly Larson and Harrelson) but criticized the mishandled tones and material.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
2 Production
3 Release
3.1 Box office
3.2 Critical response
4 References
5 External links
Cast[edit]
Brie Larson as Jeannette Walls, the second daughter of Rex and Rose Mary Walls and Lori, Maureen and Brian's second sister
Ella Anderson as Young Jeannette Walls
Chandler Head as Youngest Jeannette Walls
Woody Harrelson as Rex Walls, Jeannette, Lori, Brian and Maureen's alcoholic father and Rose Mary's husband
Sarah Snook as Lori Walls, the oldest daughter of Rex and Rose Mary Walls and Jeanette, Maureen and Brian's older sister
Olivia Kate Rice as Youngest Lori Walls
Sadie Sink as Young Lori Walls
Naomi Watts as Rose Mary Walls, Jeannette, Lori, Brian and Maureen's eccentric mother and Rex's wife
Josh Caras as Brian Walls, the son of Rex and Rose Mary Walls and Jeanette, Lori and Maureen's brother
Iain Armitage as Youngest Brian Walls
Charlie Shotwell as Young Brian Walls
Brigette Lundy-Paine as Maureen Walls, the youngest daughter of Rex and Rose Mary Walls and Jeanette, Lori and Brian's younger sister
Charlie and Noemie Guyon as Baby Maureen Walls
Eden Grace Redfield as three-year-old Maureen Walls
Shree Crooks as Young Maureen Walls
Max Greenfield as David, Jeanette's fiancé.
Dominic Bogart as Robbie
Joe Pingue as Uncle Stanley
Production[edit]
In April 2012, it was revealed that Lionsgate acquired the rights to the book and Jennifer Lawrence was in talks to star in the film.[4] In October 2013, it was revealed that Destin Daniel Cretton was in talks to direct the film and re-write the screenplay with Andrew Lanham from a previous draft by Marti Noxon.[5] In October 2015, Brie Larson joined the cast of the film, replacing Lawrence who exited the film after a male lead couldn't be found.[6] In November 2015, Woody Harrelson joined the cast of the film.[7] In March 2016, Naomi Watts joined the cast.[8] In April 2016, Max Greenfield and Sarah Snook joined the cast.[9][10] In May 2016, Ella Anderson joined the cast.[11]
Principal photography began on May 20, 2016, in Welch, West Virginia.[12][13]
Release[edit]
The Glass Castle was released on August 11, 2017, by Lionsgate.[14]
Box office[edit]
The Glass Castle grossed $17.3 million in the United States and Canada and $3.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $21.2 million.[2]
In North America, The Glass Castle was released alongside The Nut Job 2: Nutty by Nature and Annabelle: Creation, and was projected to gross around $5 million from 1,461 theaters in its opening weekend.[15] The film made $1.7 million on its first day and $4.7 million over the weekend, finishing 9th at the box office.[16] The film made $2.6 million in its second weekend (a drop of 45.5%), finishing 12th.[17]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 50% based on 104 reviews, and an average rating of 6.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Glass Castle has an affecting real-life story and a hard-working cast in its corner, but they aren't enough to outweigh a fundamentally misguided approach to the material."[18] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score 56 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[19] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[16]
Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers said the film "peddles easy uplift instead of cold, hard truths" and gave it two stars out of four, saying, "Hollywood has a knack for sanitizing books that deserve better. In the case of The Glass Castle, it's a damn shame."[20] Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun-Times also gave the film two out of four stars and was equally as critical for how the material was presented, writing: "...a film that presents overwhelming evidence of Rex and Rose Mary as appalling human beings for 90 percent of the journey, and then asks us to give them a break? No sale."[21]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Glass Castle". AMC Theatres. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Glass Castle (2017)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jeff Giles (August 10, 2017). "Annabelle: Creation is a Potent Prequel". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Finke, Nikki (April 23, 2012). "Jennifer Lawrence In Talks To Star After Lionsgate Buys Rights To Jeannette Walls Memoir". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (October 9, 2013). "'Short Term 12' Director Circles 'Glass Castle' Starring Jennifer Lawrence (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (October 9, 2015). "Brie Larson Eyed for Lead in Lionsgate's 'Glass Castle'". Variety. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (November 5, 2015). "Woody Harrelson In Talks For 'The Glass Castle' Opposite Brie Larson". Retrieved May 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (March 29, 2016). "Naomi Watts Joins Brie Larson in 'Glass Castle'". Variety. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (April 20, 2016). "Max Greenfield in Talks to Star With Brie Larson in 'Glass Castle' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ A. Lincoln, Ross (April 28, 2016). "Sarah Snook In Talks For Lionsgate's 'The Glass Castle' Opposite Brie Larson". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Larson, Brie (May 5, 2016). "So happy that this deeply intelligent, ridiculously talented and totally inspiring creature @ellaanderson4u is joining us as young Jeannette in The Glass Castle. We had the best time at color me mine. #tbt". Instagram. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Be in a movie: 'The Glass Castle' filming today in Welch". Bluefield Daily Telograph. May 20, 2016. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Perry, Samantha (May 20, 2016). "'The Glass Castle': Academy Award winning actress films scene in McDowell County". Bluefield Daily Telograph. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (May 4, 2017). "'The Glass Castle': Brie Larson, Woody Harrelson and Naomi Watts Drama Gets Summer Bow". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Annabelle: Creation' Will Be This Summer's Last Scream At The B.O. With Estimated $30M+ Opening – Preview". Deadline.com. August 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b D'Allesandro, Anthony. "New Line's Dollhouse Of Dough: 'Annabelle: Creation' Opening To $36M+". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ D'Allesandro, Anthony. "'Hitman's Bodyguard' Flexes Muscle With $21M+ Opening During Sleepy Summer Weekend". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Glass Castle (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Glass Castle reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (August 10, 2017). "'The Glass Castle' Review: Legendary Memoir Gets the Mediocre-Movie Treatment". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Roeper, Richard (August 10, 2017). "Attempt to redeem reprehensible dad cracks 'The Glass Castle'". Chicago Sun-Times.
External links[edit]
The Glass Castle on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Glass_Castle_(film)&oldid=822343638"
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2022 Commonwealth Games
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
XXII Commonwealth Games
Logo of Birmingham's 2022 Commonwealth Games bid
Host city
Birmingham, England
Motto
Heart of the UK, Soul of the Commonwealth
Nations participating
73 Commonwealth nations (expected)
Athletes participating
~5000
Events
TBA in 18 sports
Opening ceremony
27 July
Closing ceremony
7 August
Queen's Baton Final Runner
TBD
Main venue
Alexander Stadium
< XXI
XXIII >
Part of a series on
2022 Commonwealth Games[show]
Bids
Venues (Athlete’s Village)
Queen's Baton Relay
Opening ceremony (Parade of Nations)
Participating nations
Medal table
Event calendar
Closing ceremony
CGF
CGE
v
t
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The 2022 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XXII Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Birmingham 2022, is an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth that is scheduled to be held in Birmingham, England.[1] This is due to be the third time England has hosted the Games.
The Games are expected to take place between 27 July and 7 August 2022. The city was announced as the host at a press conference at the Arena Academy in Birmingham on 21 December 2017.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Host selection
1.1 First selection
1.1.1 Withdrawal of Durban as host
1.2 Second selection
1.2.1 Birmingham awarded as replacement host
2 Venues
2.1 Venues in Birmingham and the West Midlands area
2.2 Venues outside West Midlands
3 Sports
4 References
5 External links
Host selection[edit]
Main article: Bids for the 2022 Commonwealth Games
First selection[edit]
Two cities initially launched bids for the games; Durban, South Africa and Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Edmonton withdrew its bid in February 2015, leaving Durban as the only bid to go forward to CGF General Assembly in September 2015.[3] The coastal South African city of Durban initially secured the right to host the games, as they were the sole bidder for the event. The city previously considered bidding for the 2020 or 2024 Summer Olympics.
Withdrawal of Durban as host[edit]
It was reported in February 2017 that Durban may be unable to host the games due to financial constraints.[4] This was confirmed one month later on 13 March 2017 when the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) stripped Durban of their rights to host the games.[5]
It would have marked the first time the games were held in Africa and the second time a Commonwealth republic would have hosted, following Delhi, India in 2010. The games were set to open on the 18 July 2022, coinciding with the birthday of the late South African President, Nelson Mandela.[6]
Second selection[edit]
A new bidding process was launched, where Liverpool and Birmingham expressed their interests in hosting the games.[7] On 14 March 2017, Manchester, who previously hosted the 2002 Commonwealth Games, expressed their interest in hosting the games.[8] In September 2017, Birmingham beat Liverpool for the recommended bid for England.[9] With Birmingham being the sole bidder for the event they won the right to stage the Games.[10][11]
However, it was announced that the bid was not fully compliant, and the bidding process was extended until 30 November 2017.[12] The CGF had 170 questions regarding Birmingham's bid.[13]
Birmingham awarded as replacement host[edit]
On 21 December 2017, Birmingham was awarded for the 2022 Games as Durban's replacement host.[1] Louise Martin, president of the Commonwealth Games Federation, made the official announcement at a press conference at the Arena Academy in Birmingham.[2]
2022 Commonwealth Games bidding results
City
Nation
Votes
Birmingham England Unanimous
Venues[edit]
Birmingham has a wealth of existing sports venues, arenas and conference halls that are ideal for hosting sport during the Games. 95% of the competition venues are already in place for the 2022 games.[14] Alexander Stadium which will host the ceremonies and athletics will be renovated and the capacity will be increased to 50,000 seats. A 400 metre warm up track will also be developed.
This would leave the stadium well placed to become the home of UK Athletics, hosting all the major national and international competitions after the Games.[15]
Genting Arena
Symphony Hall
Villa Park Stadium
Venues in Birmingham and the West Midlands area[edit]
Venue
Sport
Capacity
Status
Alexander Stadium Ceremonies
Athletics
50,000 Upgrade
National Exhibition Centre Boxing
Judo
Table Tennis
Freestyle Wrestling
5,000 Existing
Genting Arena Badminton 15,000 Existing
Arena Birmingham Artistic and Rhythmic Gymnastics 15,000 Existing
Symphony Hall Weightlifting 2,200 Existing
University of Birmingham Squash
Hockey
5,000 Existing
Sandwell Aquatics Centre Swimming
Diving
5,000 New
Villa Park Stadium Rugby 7s 42,000 Existing
Victoria Square[16] Basketball 3x3 3,000 Existing
Ericsson Indoor Arena, Coventry Netball 7,000 Existing
Victoria Park, Leamington Spa[17] Bowls 2,000 Existing
Venues outside West Midlands[edit]
Venue
Sport
Capacity
Status
Lee Valley VeloPark, London Cycling (track) 6,000 Existing
Sports[edit]
On 22 December 2017, the BBC Reported that the organisers of the games are currently in talks with the International Cricket Council (ICC) about the inclusion of women's cricket. It was also reported that shooting is likely to be excluded from the games citing a lack of facilities around Birmingham, if this is true it will be the first time since 1970 where shooting has not been included in the games.[18] The dropping of shooting from the games programme was confirmed by the Commonwealth Games Federation CEO, David Grevemberg in January 2018.[19][20][21]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Commonwealth Games: Birmingham announced as host of 2022 event". BBC Sport. 2017-12-21. Retrieved 2017-12-22.
^ Jump up to: a b Sport, Telegraph (2017-12-21). "Birmingham named 2022 Commonwealth Games host city". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2017-12-22.
Jump up ^ "Edmonton withdraws bid for 2022 Commonwealth Games | euronews, world news". Euronews.com. Retrieved 2015-08-11.
Jump up ^ "Commonwealth Games 2022: Durban 'may drop out as host'". BBC News. 2017-02-28. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
Jump up ^ "Durban stripped of 2022 Commonwealth Games". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2017-03-14. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
Jump up ^ "Durban is #ReadyToInspire, are you?". Durban-2022. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
Jump up ^ Rumsby, Ben (13 March 2017). "Liverpool and Birmingham battle to host Commonwealth Games 2022". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Williams, Jennifer (14 March 2017). "Manchester in discussions to host the 2022 Commonwealth Games". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Birmingham beats Liverpool for hosting the 2022 commonwealth games". www.independent.co.uk. The Independent. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Birmingham beats Liverpool to become UK candidate for potential 2022 Commonwealth bid". 7 September 2017 – via www.bbc.com.
Jump up ^ "Commonwealth Games England to reveal 2022 candidate city in September". Inside the Game. 20 July 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Commonwealth Games 2022: Birmingham bid 'not fully compliant'". 6 October 2017 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Commonwealth Games Federation had '170 queries' over Birmingham's 2022 bid". 31 October 2017 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Birmingham 2022 Heart of the UK, Soul of the Commonwealth". www.birmingham2022.com. Retrieved 2017-08-14.
Jump up ^ Elkes, Neil (2017-06-30). "See how Alexander Stadium could be transformed for Commonwealth Games". birminghammail. Retrieved 2017-08-14.
Jump up ^ Cosgrove, David. "How Birmingham's Victoria Square would look hosting basketball in 2022 Commonwealth Games". www.expressandstar.com. Retrieved 2017-08-14.
Jump up ^ Elkes, Neil (2017-08-17). "Lawn bowls venue unveiled for city's 2022 Commonwealth Games bid". birminghammail. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Birmingham 2022: Four unanswered questions for the Commonwealth Games". BBC Sport. 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2017-12-23.
Jump up ^ "Optional Sports at 2022 Commonwealth Games". Around the Rings. 2018-01-18. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
Jump up ^ "Birmingham 2022: Shooting dropped from Commonwealth Games". BBC. 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
Jump up ^ "No shooting at 2022 Commonwealth Games, top official suggests T20 mixed cricket". Indian Express. 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
External links[edit]
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