text:
Freddie Highmore
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Freddie Highmore
Highmore at the premiere of Bates Motel in March 2013
Born
Alfred Thomas Highmore
(1992-02-14) 14 February 1992 (age 26)
Camden Town, London, England
Residence
London, England
Education
Highgate School, London
Alma mater
Emmanuel College, Cambridge (B.A.)
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1999–present
Parents
Edward Highmore (father)
Sue Latimer (mother)
Alfred Thomas "Freddie" Highmore[1] (born 14 February 1992) is an English actor. He made his professional acting debut in the comedy film Women Talking Dirty (1999). He is known for his roles in the films Finding Neverland (2004), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), and The Spiderwick Chronicles (2008), and in the television series Bates Motel and The Good Doctor. For his roles in the first two, he won two consecutive Critics' Choice Movie Awards for Best Young Performer.
Highmore starred as Norman Bates in the acclaimed A&E drama-thriller series Bates Motel (2013–2017), for which he was nominated three times for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series and won a People's Choice Award. In 2017, Highmore began producing and starring as Dr. Shaun Murphy in the ABC drama series The Good Doctor, for which he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 1999–2004: Beginnings and Finding Neverland
2.2 2005–2011: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and The Spiderwick Chronicles
2.3 2012–present: Bates Motel, screenwriting debut and The Good Doctor
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Video games
4.4 Music videos
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Highmore was born on 14 February 1992 in Camden Town, London, into a show business family.[3] His mother, Sue Latimer, is a talent agent whose clients include actors Daniel Radcliffe and Imelda Staunton, and his father, Edward Highmore, is an actor. He has a younger brother named Bertie.
His home is in Highgate, North London.[4] Highmore was educated at a primary school in Hampstead Garden Suburb in Hampstead and at Highgate School, an independent school, followed by Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he earned a Double First in Spanish and Arabic.[5][6]
Career[edit]
1999–2004: Beginnings and Finding Neverland[edit]
Highmore began his acting career with small roles on television at the age of 7. He made his film debut in Coky Giedroyc's comedy Women Talking Dirty (1999), playing the son of a woman (Helena Bonham Carter) who has recently become estranged from her commitment-phobic French lover.[3] In 2001, Highmore played a young King Arthur in the TNT miniseries The Mists of Avalon, a revisionist take on the Arthurian legends that depicted the women of Camelot as the real power behind the throne.[3]
In 2001, in the BBC miniseries Happy Birthday Shakespeare, he portrayed a young boy who dreams of moving his family to Stratford-upon-Avon.[3] Highmore has acted alongside members of his family in two separate films; his brother Bertie played his brother in Women Talking Dirty, and his father Edward played his father in Hallmark Entertainment's television film Jack and the Beanstalk: The Real Story (2001).[7]
In 2004, Highmore returned to the big screen for the family adventure film Two Brothers, directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud. He played the son of a French administrator who refuses to believe that his new friend, a tiger cub, might be dangerous after having tasted blood. He next had a major role alongside Kenneth Branagh, Zoë Wanamaker and Eddie Izzard in the fantasy film Five Children and It (2004). That same year, Highmore made his breakthrough with a critically acclaimed performance as troubled Peter Llewelyn Davies in Marc Forster's semi-biographical film Finding Neverland. He received several awards and nominations for the role, including a Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer, and nominations for the Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role.
2005–2011: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and The Spiderwick Chronicles[edit]
Highmore at the San Diego Comic-Con International, 23 July 2009
In 2005, he portrayed the main role of Charlie Bucket in Tim Burton's musical fantasy film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, adapted from the book of the same name by Roald Dahl.[8] He was reportedly recommended by co-star Johnny Depp, with whom Highmore had worked in Finding Neverland; Depp had been impressed by the young actor's performance and thus put his name forward for the role.[3] Highmore had not seen the original 1971 version of the film, and decided not to see it until he was done filming so his portrayal of Charlie would not be influenced. For his role, he again won the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer and was awarded the Satellite Award for Outstanding New Talent. Highmore also lent his voice to the film's accompanying video game of the same name.
He next appeared as a young Max Skinner in Ridley Scott's comedy-drama film A Good Year, which was released in the UK on 27 October 2006. Also in 2006, he began portraying protagonist Arthur Montgomery in the live-action/animated fantasy adventure film Arthur and the Invisibles, released on 13 December 2006. Two sequels followed: Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard (2009) and Arthur 3: The War of the Two Worlds (2010).[9] For the third film and the trilogy's accompanying video game, Highmore provided voice acting.[10] In 2007, he lent his voice to the adventure fantasy film The Golden Compass (2007) and its video game of the same name. He then portrayed the title character in the drama film August Rush (2007), alongside Keri Russell, Jonathan Rhys Meyers, and Robin Williams. The story follows a musical prodigy as he searches for his birth parents. This film received a wide release on 21 November 2007.[11]
Highmore next starred in the dual role of American twins Simon and Jared Grace, alongside Sarah Bolger as their sister Mallory, in the fantasy adventure film The Spiderwick Chronicles (2008), based on the popular children's stories of the same name by Tony DiTerlizzi. The film also had a video game, The Spiderwick Chronicles, in which Highmore reprised the characters of Simon and Jared in a voice role.[12] That same year, he provided voice acting for the role of Little Jack in the animated film A Fox's Tale (2008). In 2009, Highmore voiced the lead character in the animated film Astro Boy,[13] and provided his voice to its accompanying video game, Astro Boy: The Video Game.[14] He then played the main role in Toast, a BBC autobiographical film about chef Nigel Slater, which was aired on 30 December 2010. The miniseries marked the third time Highmore has worked with Helena Bonham Carter.[15] Also in 2010, he starred as Hally Ballard, opposite Ving Rhames, in the drama film Master Harold...and the Boys, based on the play of the same name by Athol Fugard. The following year, he co-starred alongside Emma Roberts in the romantic comedy-drama The Art of Getting By (2011).[16]
2012–present: Bates Motel, screenwriting debut and The Good Doctor[edit]
Highmore at PaleyFest for Bates Motel, 10 May 2013
In 2013, Highmore voiced the title character in the animated adventure film Justin and the Knights of Valour. From 2013 to 2017, he portrayed the iconic role of Norman Bates, alongside Vera Farmiga as his mother Norma, in the A&E drama-thriller series Bates Motel, a prequel to the Alfred Hitchcock film Psycho that restarts the storyline in the present day.[17] He won a People's Choice Award in 2016 for his performance,[18] and has received nominations for the Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television (2013),[19] the Satellite Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama (2013),[20] and the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series (2014–2015, and 2017).[21][22][23] Highmore ventured into writing and directing during his time working on the series, writing the fourth season episode "Unfaithful"[24] and the fifth season episode "Inseparable", and directing the fifth season episode "The Body".[25]
In August 2014, it was reported that NBC had purchased a comedy pilot script written and executive produced by Highmore and Bates Motel showrunner Kerry Ehrin. However, the pilot was not picked up to series.[26] In 2015, he appeared in the Libertines' music video for "You're My Waterloo", alongside Marama Corlett.[27] In 2016, Highmore starred in Stephen Poliakoff's BBC Two seven-part miniseries Close to the Enemy,[28] the coming-of-age comedy-drama film Almost Friends,[29] and Nick Hamm's political comedy-drama film The Journey.[30] The following year, he began portraying the lead role of Dr. Shaun Murphy in the ABC drama series The Good Doctor, on which he also serves as a producer.[31][32] In 2017, he received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series for his performance.[33]
Highmore has been cast as the voice of the Duke of Cheshire in the animated film adaptation of The Canterville Ghost.[34] He is attached to play the title character, Baby Face Nelson, in the A&E drama pilot Baby Face, which he co-wrote and will executive produce with Kerry Ehrin.[35] Highmore will also executive produce Ehrin's drama pilot Long Distance for NBC.[36]
Personal life[edit]
Highmore lives in London, which he has said keeps him grounded.[37] He is close friends with his Bates Motel co-star Vera Farmiga, and is godfather to Fynn, her son with her husband Renn Hawkey.[38] He is a supporter of Arsenal Football Club.[39]
Highmore speaks Spanish, French, and Arabic, in addition to his native English.[40]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1999 Women Talking Dirty Sam
2004 Two Brothers Raoul Normandin
2004 Finding Neverland Peter Llewelyn Davies
2004 Five Children and It Robert
2005 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie Bucket
2006 A Good Year Young Max Skinner
2006 Arthur and the Invisibles Arthur Montgomery
2007 August Rush Evan Taylor aka August Rush
2007 The Golden Compass Pantalaimon Voice role
2008 The Spiderwick Chronicles Jared and Simon Grace
2008 A Fox's Tale Little Jack Voice role
2009 Astro Boy Toby Tenma / Astro Boy Voice role
2009 Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard Arthur Montgomery
2010 Arthur 3: The War of the Two Worlds Arthur Montgomery
2010 Master Harold...and the Boys Hally Ballard
2011 The Art of Getting By George Zinavoy
2013 Justin and the Knights of Valour Justin Voice role
2016 The Journey Jack
2016 Almost Friends Charlie Brenner
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2000 Happy Birthday Shakespeare Steven Green Television film
2001 The Mists of Avalon Young Arthur 2 episodes
2001 Jack and the Beanstalk: The Real Story Son at Playground 2 episodes
2002 I Saw You Oscar Bingley Television film
2010 Toast Nigel Slater Television film
2013–2017 Bates Motel Norman Bates 50 episodes
Also wrote 2 episodes and directed "The Body"
2016 Close to the Enemy Victor Ferguson 7 episodes
2017 Tour de Pharmacy Adrian Baton Television film
2017–present The Good Doctor Dr. Shaun Murphy Lead role; also producer
Video games[edit]
Year
Title
Role
2005 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie Bucket
2007 Arthur and the Invisibles Arthur Montgomery
2007 The Golden Compass Pantalaimon
2008 The Spiderwick Chronicles Jared and Simon Grace
2009 Astro Boy: The Video Game Toby Tenma / Astro Boy
Music videos[edit]
The Libertines – "You're My Waterloo"
Awards and nominations[edit]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Freddie Highmore
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Births, Marriages & Deaths Index of England & Wales, 1984–2004, listed birth name as "Alfred Thomas Highmore".
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (11 May 2017). "Good Doctor Medical Drama Starring Bates Motel's Freddie Highmore Ordered to Series at ABC". TVLine. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Freddie Highmore – Biography". Yahoo! Movies. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Salisbury, Mark. "Freddie Highmore keeps it real in music-filled 'August Rush'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 6 November 2007. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Freddie Highmore: 'When You're Eighteen, You Can't Act the Kid Anymore'". The Independent. 5 December 2010. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Actor Highmore gains double first". The Belfast Telegraph. 3 July 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Freddie Highmore Chronicles" (PDF). The Washington Post. 17 February 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Freddie Highmore cast as titular Charlie and the Chocolate Factory". JohnAugust.com. 23 May 2004. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Movies: Details for Arthur and the Vengeance of Maltazard". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Movies: Details for Arthur and The War Of Two Worlds". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Freddie Highmore talks August Rush on YouTube
Jump up ^ "Highmore Joins Spiderwick Chronicles". Empire. 24 July 2006.
Jump up ^ "Freddie Highmore Signed for Imagi Studios' Astro Boy" (PDF). Imagi Studios. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Freddie Highmore and Kristen Bell Join Astro Boy: The Video Game". GamersHell.com. 5 July 2009. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "New BBC One drama, Helena Bonham Carter and Freddie Highmore star in Toast". BBC News. 21 May 2010. Archived from the original on 4 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Cox, Gordon (21 April 2010). "Roberts, Highmore assigned 'Homework'". Variety. Archived from the original on 27 April 2010. Retrieved 24 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (14 September 2012). "A&E's 'Psycho' Prequel 'Bates Motel' Finds its Young Norman". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 6 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "People's Choice Awards 2017 Winners List". The Hollywood Reporter. 18 January 2017. Archived from the original on 19 January 2017.
Jump up ^ McCabe, Joseph (28 June 2014). "Gravity, The Walking Dead, and Breaking Bad Win Big at the Fortieth Annual Saturn Awards". Nerdist. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Pond, Steve (2 December 2013). "'12 Years a Slave' Tops Satellite Award Nominations". TheWrap. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Sandberg, Bryn Elise (19 June 2014). "Critics' Choice Television Awards 2014: Complete Winners List". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 26 January 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (6 May 2015). "Critics' Choice TV Awards: 'Justified', 'Olive Kitteridge', HBO Lead The Field". Deadline.com. Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg (6 December 2017). "Critics' Choice Awards: 'The Shape of Water' Leads With 14 Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Saclao, Christian (4 April 2016). "'Bates Motel' Star Freddie Highmore On Writing Season 4, Episode 8 Of A&E's 'Psycho' Prequel". Design & Trend. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Butler, Elena (23 July 2016). "'Bates Motel': 8 Things to Know About Season 5, Rihanna's Casting, and More". Collider.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (22 August 2014). "'Bates Motel's' Freddie Highmore, Kerry Ehrin Sell Comedy to NBC". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Monroe, Jazz (2 December 2015). "The Libertines Share Romantic "You're My Waterloo" Video Starring Freddie Highmore". Pitchfork Media. Archived from the original on 4 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "BBC Two announces new Stephen Poliakoff drama with stellar cast". BBC News. 30 March 2015. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Siegel, Tatiana (18 August 2015). "Freddie Highmore, Haley Joel Osment to Star in Coming-of-Age Film 'Holding Patterns'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 31 August 2015.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (10 September 2015). "Toronto: John Hurt, Toby Stephens, Freddie Highmore Join 'The Journey'". Variety. Archived from the original on 7 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (24 February 2017). "'Bates Motel' Star Freddie Highmore to Topline ABC's David Shore Drama". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Freddie Highmore goes from 'Bates' killer to life-saving 'Good Doctor'". USA Today. August 6, 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Golden Globes: 'Shape of Water,' 'Big Little Lies' Top Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. 11 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Kemp, Stuart (9 May 2014). "Cannes: Freddie Highmore Lends Voice to Animated 'Oscar Wilde's The Canterville Ghost'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Birnbaum, Debra (16 December 2016). "'Bates Motel's' Freddie Highmore and Kerry Ehrin Sell Drama Pilot to A&E (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on 17 December 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (15 March 2017). "NBC Buys 'Long Distance' Drama From 'Bates Motel' Duo Kerry Ehrin & Freddie Highmore And Producer Danielle Gelber". Deadline.com. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Ruby, Jennifer (3 May 2017). "Freddie Highmore: 'staying in London and avoiding social media has kept me grounded'". London Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "TVLine Podcast: Dream Emmy Q&A With Bates Motel's Freddie Highmore". TVLine. 12 June 2017. Archived from the original on 12 June 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bates Motel: Freddie Highmore on re-imagining Psycho's serial killer'". London Evening Standard. 12 September 2013. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Nepales, Rubin V. (27 April 2013). "Freddie Highmore grows up: From 'Chocolate Factory' to 'Bates Motel'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Freddie Highmore.
Freddie Highmore on IMDb
[show]
Awards for Freddie Highmore
[show]
v
t
e
Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer
Jonathan Lipnicki (1996)
Jurnee Smollett (1997)
Ian Michael Smith (1998)
Haley Joel Osment (1999)
Jamie Bell (2000)
Dakota Fanning (2001)
Kieran Culkin (2002)
Keisha Castle-Hughes (2003)
Freddie Highmore / Emmy Rossum (2004)
Freddie Highmore / Dakota Fanning (2005)
Paul Dano / Abigail Breslin (2006)
Ahmad Khan Mahmidzada / Nikki Blonsky (2007)
Dev Patel (2008)
Saoirse Ronan (2009)
Hailee Steinfeld (2010)
Thomas Horn (2011)
Quvenzhané Wallis (2012)
Adèle Exarchopoulos (2013)
Ellar Coltrane (2014)
Jacob Tremblay (2015)
Lucas Hedges (2016)
Brooklynn Prince (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Empire Award for Best Newcomer
Bryan Singer (1996)
Ewen Bremner (1997)
Gary Oldman (1998)
Vinnie Jones (1999)
Carrie-Anne Moss/Damien O'Donnell (2000)
Jamie Bell (2001)
Orlando Bloom (2002)
Rosamund Pike (2003)
Martine McCutcheon (2004)
Freddie Highmore (2005)
Kelly Reilly (2006)
Brandon Routh/Eva Green (2007)
Sam Riley (2008)
Gemma Arterton (2009)
Aaron Johnson (2010)
Chloë Grace Moretz (2011)
[show]
v
t
e
People's Choice Award for Favorite Cable TV Actor
Matt Bomer (2015)
Kevin Hart (2016)
Freddie Highmore (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor
Noah Hathaway (1984)
Barret Oliver (1985)
Carrie Henn (1986)
Kirk Cameron (1987)
Fred Savage (1988)
Adan Jodorowsky (1989/90)
Edward Furlong (1991)
Scott Weinger (1992)
Elijah Wood (1993)
Kirsten Dunst (1994)
Christina Ricci (1995)
Lucas Black (1996)
Jena Malone (1997)
Tobey Maguire (1998)
Haley Joel Osment (1999)
Devon Sawa (2000)
Haley Joel Osment (2001)
Tyler Hoechlin (2002)
Jeremy Sumpter (2003)
Emmy Rossum (2004)
Dakota Fanning (2005)
Ivana Baquero (2006)
Freddie Highmore (2007)
Jaden Smith (2008)
Saoirse Ronan (2009)
Chloë Grace Moretz (2010)
Joel Courtney (2011)
Suraj Sharma (2012)
Chloë Grace Moretz (2013)
Mackenzie Foy (2014)
Ty Simpkins (2015)
Tom Holland (2016)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 76564503
LCCN: no2005079407
ISNI: 0000 0001 1850 4678
GND: 142250546
SUDOC: 086271989
BNF: cb14596222r (data)
BNE: XX4746390
SNAC: w63f5ksg
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freddie_Highmore&oldid=837580722"
Categories:
1992 births
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Best Newcomer Empire Award winners
English male child actors
English male film actors
English male screenwriters
English male television actors
English male video game actors
English male voice actors
English television directors
English television producers
Living people
Male actors from London
People educated at Highgate School
People from Camden Town
People from Highgate
Hidden categories:
Use British English from March 2015
Use dmy dates from August 2017
Articles with hCards
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
تۆرکجه
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Baso Minangkabau
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
24 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 21 April 2018, at 18:47.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: Freddie Highmore 2013 (Straighten Crop).jpg

values: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)

values:
/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Award
mw-redirect
People's Choice Award

values: Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama

values:
/wiki/Double_First
mw-redirect
Double First

values:
/wiki/Arabic_language
mw-redirect
Arabic language

values: Edit section: 1999–2004: Beginnings and Finding Neverland

values:
/wiki/Hallmark_Entertainment
mw-redirect
Hallmark Entertainment

values: Edit section: 2005–2011: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and The Spiderwick Chronicles

values:
/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con_International
mw-redirect
San Diego Comic-Con International

values:
/wiki/Charlie_Bucket
mw-redirect
Charlie Bucket

values: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory video games

values:
/wiki/Simon_Grace
mw-redirect
Simon Grace

values:
/wiki/Jared_Grace
mw-redirect
Jared Grace

values: Master Harold...and the Boys (2010 film)

values: Edit section: 2012–present: Bates Motel, screenwriting debut and The Good Doctor

values: Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television

values:
/wiki/Arsenal_Football_Club
mw-redirect
Arsenal Football Club

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/The_Belfast_Telegraph
mw-redirect
The Belfast Telegraph

values:
/wiki/Pitchfork_Media
mw-redirect
Pitchfork Media

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0383603/
external text

values: Template:Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer

values: Template talk:Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer

values:
/wiki/Jurnee_Smollett
mw-redirect
Jurnee Smollett

values:
/wiki/Ahmad_Khan_Mahmidzada
mw-redirect
Ahmad Khan Mahmidzada

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Empire Award for Best Newcomer

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:People's Choice Award for Favorite Cable TV Actor

values: Template talk:People's Choice Award for Favorite Cable TV Actor

values:
col
navbox-title
2
background: #7F69A5; color:white;

values: Template:Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor

values: Template talk:Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor

values:
/wiki/Carrie_Henn
mw-redirect
Carrie Henn

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/76564503

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000118504678

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/142250546

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/086271989

values: Category:20th-century English male actors

values: Category:21st-century English male actors

values: Category:Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge

values: Category:Best Newcomer Empire Award winners

values: Category:People educated at Highgate School

values: Category:Use British English from March 2015

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Freddie_Highmore
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: فريدي هايمور – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: Фреди Хаймор – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: فردی هایمور – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 프레디 하이모어 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Ֆրեդի Հայմոր – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: פרדי היימור – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-min
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: フレディ・ハイモア – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Хаймор, Фредди – Russian

values: Фреди Хајмор – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: เฟรดดี ไฮร์มอร์ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Фредді Гаймор – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: 費迪·夏摩亞 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Freddie_Highmore rootpage-Freddie_Highmore skin-vector action-view


text:
Cell membrane
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Illustration of a Eukaryotic cell membrane
Comparison of Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space).[1][2] It consists of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of cells and organelles. In this way, it is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules.[3] In addition, cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall, the carbohydrate layer called the glycocalyx, and the intracellular network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton. In the field of synthetic biology, cell membranes can be artificially reassembled.[4][5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Composition
2.1 Lipids
2.2 Phospholipids forming lipid vesicles
2.3 Carbohydrates
2.4 Proteins
3 Function
4 Prokaryotes
5 Structures
5.1 Fluid mosaic model
5.2 Lipid bilayer
5.3 Membrane polarity
5.4 Membrane structures
5.5 Cytoskeleton
5.6 Organelles
5.7 Variation
6 Permeability
7 See also
8 Notes and references
9 External links
History
Main article: History of cell membrane theory
The structure has been variously referred to by different writers as the ectoplast (de Vries, 1885),[7] Plasmahaut (plasma skin, Pfeffer, 1877, 1891),[8] Hautschicht (skin layer, Pfeffer, 1886; used with a different meaning by Hofmeister, 1867), plasmatic membrane (Pfeffer, 1900),[9] plasma membrane, cytoplasmic membrane, cell envelope and cell membrane.[10][11]
Some authors that did not believe that there was a functional permeable boundary at the surface of the cell preferred to use the term plasmalemma (coined by Mast, 1924) for the external region of the cell.[12][13][14]
Composition
Cell membranes contain a variety of biological molecules, notably lipids and proteins. Material is incorporated into the membrane, or deleted from it, by a variety of mechanisms:
Fusion of intracellular vesicles with the membrane (exocytosis) not only excretes the contents of the vesicle but also incorporates the vesicle membrane's components into the cell membrane. The membrane may form blebs around extracellular material that pinch off to become vesicles (endocytosis).
If a membrane is continuous with a tubular structure made of membrane material, then material from the tube can be drawn into the membrane continuously.
Although the concentration of membrane components in the aqueous phase is low (stable membrane components have low solubility in water), there is an exchange of molecules between the lipid and aqueous phases.
Lipids
Examples of the major membrane phospholipids and glycolipids: phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn), phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), phosphatidylserine (PtdSer).
The cell membrane consists of three classes of amphipathic lipids: phospholipids, glycolipids, and sterols. The amount of each depends upon the type of cell, but in the majority of cases phospholipids are the most abundant.[15] In RBC studies, 30% of the plasma membrane is lipid.
The fatty chains in phospholipids and glycolipids usually contain an even number of carbon atoms, typically between 16 and 20. The 16- and 18-carbon fatty acids are the most common. Fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated, with the configuration of the double bonds nearly always "cis". The length and the degree of unsaturation of fatty acid chains have a profound effect on membrane fluidity[16] as unsaturated lipids create a kink, preventing the fatty acids from packing together as tightly, thus decreasing the melting temperature (increasing the fluidity) of the membrane. The ability of some organisms to regulate the fluidity of their cell membranes by altering lipid composition is called homeoviscous adaptation.
The entire membrane is held together via non-covalent interaction of hydrophobic tails, however the structure is quite fluid and not fixed rigidly in place. Under physiological conditions phospholipid molecules in the cell membrane are in the liquid crystalline state. It means the lipid molecules are free to diffuse and exhibit rapid lateral diffusion along the layer in which they are present. However, the exchange of phospholipid molecules between intracellular and extracellular leaflets of the bilayer is a very slow process. Lipid rafts and caveolae are examples of cholesterol-enriched microdomains in the cell membrane. Also, a fraction of the lipid in direct contact with integral membrane proteins, which is tightly bound to the protein surface is called annular lipid shell; it behaves as a part of protein complex.
In animal cells cholesterol is normally found dispersed in varying degrees throughout cell membranes, in the irregular spaces between the hydrophobic tails of the membrane lipids, where it confers a stiffening and strengthening effect on the membrane.[3]
Phospholipids forming lipid vesicles
Lipid vesicles or liposomes are circular pockets that are enclosed by a lipid bilayer. These structures are used in laboratories to study the effects of chemicals in cells by delivering these chemicals directly to the cell, as well as getting more insight into cell membrane permeability. Lipid vesicles and liposomes are formed by first suspending a lipid in an aqueous solution then agitating the mixture through sonication, resulting in a vesicle. By measuring the rate of efflux from that of the inside of the vesicle to the ambient solution, allows researcher to better understand membrane permeability. Vesicles can be formed with molecules and ions inside the vesicle by forming the vesicle with the desired molecule or ion present in the solution. Proteins can also be embedded into the membrane through solubilizing the desired proteins in the presence of detergents and attaching them to the phospholipids in which the liposome is formed. These provide researchers with a tool to examine various membrane protein functions.
Carbohydrates
Plasma membranes also contain carbohydrates, predominantly glycoproteins, but with some glycolipids (cerebrosides and gangliosides). For the most part, no glycosylation occurs on membranes within the cell; rather generally glycosylation occurs on the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane. The glycocalyx is an important feature in all cells, especially epithelia with microvilli. Recent data suggest the glycocalyx participates in cell adhesion, lymphocyte homing, and many others. The penultimate sugar is galactose and the terminal sugar is sialic acid, as the sugar backbone is modified in the Golgi apparatus. Sialic acid carries a negative charge, providing an external barrier to charged particles.
Proteins
Type Description Examples
Integral proteins
or transmembrane proteins Span the membrane and have a hydrophilic cytosolic domain, which interacts with internal molecules, a hydrophobic membrane-spanning domain that anchors it within the cell membrane, and a hydrophilic extracellular domain that interacts with external molecules. The hydrophobic domain consists of one, multiple, or a combination of α-helices and β sheet protein motifs. Ion channels, proton pumps, G protein-coupled receptor
Lipid anchored proteins Covalently bound to single or multiple lipid molecules; hydrophobically insert into the cell membrane and anchor the protein. The protein itself is not in contact with the membrane. G proteins
Peripheral proteins Attached to integral membrane proteins, or associated with peripheral regions of the lipid bilayer. These proteins tend to have only temporary interactions with biological membranes, and once reacted, the molecule dissociates to carry on its work in the cytoplasm. Some enzymes, some hormones
The cell membrane has large content of proteins, typically around 50% of membrane volume[16] These proteins are important for cell because they are responsible for various biological activities. Approximately a third of the genes in yeast code specifically for them, and this number is even higher in multicellular organisms.[15]
The cell membrane, being exposed to the outside environment, is an important site of cell–cell communication. As such, a large variety of protein receptors and identification proteins, such as antigens, are present on the surface of the membrane. Functions of membrane proteins can also include cell–cell contact, surface recognition, cytoskeleton contact, signaling, enzymatic activity, or transporting substances across the membrane.
Most membrane proteins must be inserted in some way into the membrane. For this to occur, an N-terminus "signal sequence" of amino acids directs proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum, which inserts the proteins into a lipid bilayer. Once inserted, the proteins are then transported to their final destination in vesicles, where the vesicle fuses with the target membrane.
Function
A detailed diagram of the cell membrane
Illustration depicting cellular diffusion
The cell membrane (or plasma membrane or plasmalemma) surrounds the cytoplasm of living cells, physically separating the intracellular components from the extracellular environment. The cell membrane also plays a role in anchoring the cytoskeleton to provide shape to the cell, and in attaching to the extracellular matrix and other cells to hold them together to form tissues. Fungi, bacteria, most archaea, and plants also have a cell wall, which provides a mechanical support to the cell and precludes the passage of larger molecules.
The cell membrane is selectively permeable and able to regulate what enters and exits the cell, thus facilitating the transport of materials needed for survival. The movement of substances across the membrane can be either "passive", occurring without the input of cellular energy, or "active", requiring the cell to expend energy in transporting it. The membrane also maintains the cell potential. The cell membrane thus works as a selective filter that allows only certain things to come inside or go outside the cell. The cell employs a number of transport mechanisms that involve biological membranes:
1. Passive osmosis and diffusion: Some substances (small molecules, ions) such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), can move across the plasma membrane by diffusion, which is a passive transport process. Because the membrane acts as a barrier for certain molecules and ions, they can occur in different concentrations on the two sides of the membrane. Such a concentration gradient across a semipermeable membrane sets up an osmotic flow for the water.
2. Transmembrane protein channels and transporters: Nutrients, such as sugars or amino acids, must enter the cell, and certain products of metabolism must leave the cell. Such molecules diffuse passively through protein channels such as aquaporins (in the case of water (H2O)) in facilitated diffusion or are pumped across the membrane by transmembrane transporters. Protein channel proteins, also called permeases, are usually quite specific, recognizing and transporting only a limited food group of chemical substances, often even only a single substance.
3. Endocytosis: Endocytosis is the process in which cells absorb molecules by engulfing them. The plasma membrane creates a small deformation inward, called an invagination, in which the substance to be transported is captured. The deformation then pinches off from the membrane on the inside of the cell, creating a vesicle containing the captured substance. Endocytosis is a pathway for internalizing solid particles ("cell eating" or phagocytosis), small molecules and ions ("cell drinking" or pinocytosis), and macromolecules. Endocytosis requires energy and is thus a form of active transport.
4. Exocytosis: Just as material can be brought into the cell by invagination and formation of a vesicle, the membrane of a vesicle can be fused with the plasma membrane, extruding its contents to the surrounding medium. This is the process of exocytosis. Exocytosis occurs in various cells to remove undigested residues of substances brought in by endocytosis, to secrete substances such as hormones and enzymes, and to transport a substance completely across a cellular barrier. In the process of exocytosis, the undigested waste-containing food vacuole or the secretory vesicle budded from Golgi apparatus, is first moved by cytoskeleton from the interior of the cell to the surface. The vesicle membrane comes in contact with the plasma membrane. The lipid molecules of the two bilayers rearrange themselves and the two membranes are, thus, fused. A passage is formed in the fused membrane and the vesicles discharges its contents outside the cell.
Prokaryotes
Gram-negative bacteria have both a plasma membrane and an outer membrane separated by periplasm. Other prokaryotes have only a plasma membrane. Bacteria are also surrounded by a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan (amino acids and sugars). Some eukaryotic cells also have cell walls, but none that are made of peptidoglycan. The outer membrane of gram negative bacteria is rich in lipopolysaccharides. The outer membrane can bleb out into periplasmic protrusions under stress conditions or upon virulence requirements while encountering a host target cell, and thus such blebs may work as virulence organelles.[17]
Structures
Fluid mosaic model
According to the fluid mosaic model of S. J. Singer and G. L. Nicolson (1972), which replaced the earlier model of Davson and Danielli, biological membranes can be considered as a two-dimensional liquid in which lipid and protein molecules diffuse more or less easily.[18] Although the lipid bilayers that form the basis of the membranes do indeed form two-dimensional liquids by themselves, the plasma membrane also contains a large quantity of proteins, which provide more structure. Examples of such structures are protein-protein complexes, pickets and fences formed by the actin-based cytoskeleton, and potentially lipid rafts.
Lipid bilayer
Diagram of the arrangement of amphipathic lipid molecules to form a lipid bilayer. The yellow polar head groups separate the grey hydrophobic tails from the aqueous cytosolic and extracellular environments.
Lipid bilayers form through the process of self-assembly. The cell membrane consists primarily of a thin layer of amphipathic phospholipids that spontaneously arrange so that the hydrophobic "tail" regions are isolated from the surrounding water while the hydrophilic "head" regions interact with the intracellular (cytosolic) and extracellular faces of the resulting bilayer. This forms a continuous, spherical lipid bilayer. Hydrophobic interactions (also known as the hydrophobic effect) are the major driving forces in the formation of lipid bilayers. An increase in interactions between hydrophobic molecules (causing clustering of hydrophobic regions) allows water molecules to bond more freely with each other, increasing the entropy of the system. This complex interaction can include noncovalent interactions such as van der Waals, electrostatic and hydrogen bonds.
Lipid bilayers are generally impermeable to ions and polar molecules. The arrangement of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails of the lipid bilayer prevent polar solutes (ex. amino acids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, and ions) from diffusing across the membrane, but generally allows for the passive diffusion of hydrophobic molecules. This affords the cell the ability to control the movement of these substances via transmembrane protein complexes such as pores, channels and gates. Flippases and scramblases concentrate phosphatidyl serine, which carries a negative charge, on the inner membrane. Along with NANA, this creates an extra barrier to charged moieties moving through the membrane.
Membranes serve diverse functions in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. One important role is to regulate the movement of materials into and out of cells. The phospholipid bilayer structure (fluid mosaic model) with specific membrane proteins accounts for the selective permeability of the membrane and passive and active transport mechanisms. In addition, membranes in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotes facilitate the synthesis of ATP through chemiosmosis.
Membrane polarity
See also: Epithelial polarity
Alpha intercalated cell
The apical membrane of a polarized cell is the surface of the plasma membrane that faces inward to the lumen. This is particularly evident in epithelial and endothelial cells, but also describes other polarized cells, such as neurons. The basolateral membrane of a polarized cell is the surface of the plasma membrane that forms its basal and lateral surfaces. It faces outwards, towards the interstitium, and away from the lumen. Basolateral membrane is a compound phrase referring to the terms "basal (base) membrane" and "lateral (side) membrane", which, especially in epithelial cells, are identical in composition and activity. Proteins (such as ion channels and pumps) are free to move from the basal to the lateral surface of the cell or vice versa in accordance with the fluid mosaic model. Tight junctions join epithelial cells near their apical surface to prevent the migration of proteins from the basolateral membrane to the apical membrane. The basal and lateral surfaces thus remain roughly equivalent[clarification needed] to one another, yet distinct from the apical surface.
Membrane structures
Diagram of the Cell Membrane's structures and their function.
Cell membrane can form different types of "supramembrane" structures such as caveola, postsynaptic density, podosome, invadopodium, focal adhesion, and different types of cell junctions. These structures are usually responsible for cell adhesion, communication, endocytosis and exocytosis. They can be visualized by electron microscopy or fluorescence microscopy. They are composed of specific proteins, such as integrins and cadherins.
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is found underlying the cell membrane in the cytoplasm and provides a scaffolding for membrane proteins to anchor to, as well as forming organelles that extend from the cell. Indeed, cytoskeletal elements interact extensively and intimately with the cell membrane.[19] Anchoring proteins restricts them to a particular cell surface — for example, the apical surface of epithelial cells that line the vertebrate gut — and limits how far they may diffuse within the bilayer. The cytoskeleton is able to form appendage-like organelles, such as cilia, which are microtubule-based extensions covered by the cell membrane, and filopodia, which are actin-based extensions. These extensions are ensheathed in membrane and project from the surface of the cell in order to sense the external environment and/or make contact with the substrate or other cells. The apical surfaces of epithelial cells are dense with actin-based finger-like projections known as microvilli, which increase cell surface area and thereby increase the absorption rate of nutrients. Localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton and cell membrane results in formation of a bleb.
Organelles
In eukaryotic cells, membrane-bound organelles within the cytoplasm may have a single membrane (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and peroxisomes) while others (e.g. the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts) may have multiple membrane systems.[15]
Variation
The cell membrane has different lipid and protein compositions in distinct types of cells and may have therefore specific names for certain cell types:
Sarcolemma in myocytes
Oolemma in oocytes
Axolemma in neuronal processes - axons
Permeability
The permeability of a membrane is the rate of passive diffusion of molecules through the membrane. These molecules are known as permeant molecules. Permeability depends mainly on the electric charge and polarity of the molecule and to a lesser extent the molar mass of the molecule. Due to the cell membrane's hydrophobic nature, small electrically neutral molecules pass through the membrane more easily than charged, large ones. The inability of charged molecules to pass through the cell membrane results in pH partition of substances throughout the fluid compartments of the body.
See also
Ammonium transporter
Annular lipid shell
AP2 adaptors
Artificial cell
Bacterial cell structure
Bangstad syndrome
Cell cortex
Cell damage, including damage to cell membrane
Cell theory
Cytoneme
Elasticity of cell membranes
Gram-positive bacteria
Membrane models
Membrane nanotubule
History of cell membrane theory
Lipid raft
Trogocytosis
Notes and references
Jump up ^ Kimball's Biology pages, Cell Membranes
Jump up ^ Singleton P (1999). Bacteria in Biology, Biotechnology and Medicine (5th ed.). New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-98880-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3218-1.
Jump up ^ Budin, Itay; Devaraj, Neal K. (December 29, 2011). "Membrane Assembly Driven by a Biomimetic Coupling Reaction". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 134 (2): 751–753. doi:10.1021/ja2076873. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Staff (January 25, 2012). "Chemists Synthesize Artificial Cell Membrane". ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Staff (January 26, 2012). "Chemists create artificial cell membrane". kurzweilai.net. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ de Vries, H. 1885. Plasmolytische Studien über die Wand der Vakuolen. Jahrb. wiss. Bot. 16, 465–598
Jump up ^ Pfeffer, W. 1877. Osmotische Untersuchungen: Studien zur Zell Mechanik. Engelmann, Leipzig.
Jump up ^ Pfeffer, W., 1900–1906. The Physiology of Plants, [1]. Translated by A. J. Ewart from the 2nd German ed. of Pflanzenphysiologie, 1897-1904, [2]. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Jump up ^ Sharp, L. W. (1921). Introduction To Cytology. New York: McGraw Hill, p. 42.
Jump up ^ Kleinzeller, A. 1999. Charles Ernest Overton’s concept of a cell membrane. In: Membrane permeability: 100 years since Ernest Overton (ed. Deamer D.W., Kleinzeller A., Fambrough D.M.), pp. 1–18, Academic Press, San Diego, [3].
Jump up ^ Mast, S. O. 1924. Structure and locomotion in Amoeba proteus. Anat. Rec. 29: 88, [4].
Jump up ^ Plowe, J. Q. (1931). Membranes in the plant cell. I. Morphological membranes at protoplasmic surfaces. Protoplasma 12, 196-220, [5].
Jump up ^ Wayne, R. 2009. Plant Cell Biology: From Astronomy to Zoology. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press, p. 17.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky LS, et al. (2000). Molecular Cell Biology (4th ed.). New York: Scientific American Books. ISBN 0-7167-3136-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Jesse Gray; Shana Groeschler; Tony Le; Zara Gonzalez (2002). "Membrane Structure" (SWF). Davidson College. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
Jump up ^ YashRoy, R.C. (1999). "A structural model for virulence organellae of gram negative organisms with reference to Salmonella pathogenicity in chicken ileum". Indian Journal of Poultry Science. 34 (2): 213–219.
Jump up ^ Singer SJ, Nicolson GL (Feb 1972). "The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes". Science. 175 (4023): 720–31. PMID 4333397. doi:10.1126/science.175.4023.720.
Jump up ^ Doherty GJ, McMahon HT (2008). "Mediation, Modulation and Consequences of Membrane-Cytoskeleton Interactions". Annual Review of Biophysics. 37: 65–95. PMID 18573073. doi:10.1146/annurev.biophys.37.032807.125912.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cell membrane.
Lipids, Membranes and Vesicle Trafficking - The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology
Cell membrane protein extraction protocol
Membrane homeostasis, tension regulation, mechanosensitive membrane exchange and membrane traffic
3D structures of proteins associated with plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells
Lipid composition and proteins of some eukariotic membranes
[6]
[show]
v
t
e
Structures of the cell / organelles (TH H1.00.01.2-3)
Endomembrane system
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Parenthesome
Autophagosome
Vesicles
Exosome
Lysosome
Endosome
Phagosome
Vacuole
Acrosome
Cytoplasmic granules
Melanosome
Microbody
Glyoxysome
Peroxisome
Weibel–Palade body
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
MTOCs
Centrosome
Centriole
Basal body
Spindle pole body
Myofibril
Endosymbionts
Mitochondrion
Plastids
Chloroplast
Chromoplast
Gerontoplast
Leucoplast
Amyloplast
Elaioplast
Proteinoplast
Tannosome
Other internal
RNA
Ribosome
Spliceosome
Vault
Cytoplasm
Proteasome
External
Undulipodium
Cilium
Flagellum
Axoneme
Radial spoke
Extracellular matrix
Cell wall
[show]
v
t
e
Structures of the cell membrane
Membrane lipids
Lipid bilayer
Phospholipids
Proteolipids
Sphingolipids
Sterols
Membrane proteins
Membrane glycoproteins
Integral membrane proteins/transmembrane protein
Peripheral membrane protein/Lipid-anchored protein
Other
Caveolae/Coated pits
Cell junctions
Glycocalyx
Lipid raft/microdomains
Membrane contact sites
Membrane nanotubes
Myelin sheath
Nodes of Ranvier
Nuclear envelope
Phycobilisomes
Porosomes
Authority control
NDL: 00569973
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_membrane&oldid=807029274"
Categories:
Membrane biology
Organelles
Cell anatomy
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaelg
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Kreyòl ayisyen
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ភាសាខ្មែរ
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 October 2017, at 13:12.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

values: This article is semi-protected due to vandalism

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

values: /wiki/Eukaryotes mw-redirect Eukaryotes

values:
/wiki/Extracellular_space
mw-redirect
Extracellular space

values:
/wiki/Organic_molecule
mw-redirect
Organic molecule

values:
/wiki/Ion_conductivity
mw-redirect
Ion conductivity

values:
/wiki/Cell_signalling
mw-redirect
Cell signalling

values:
/wiki/Vesicle_(biology)
mw-redirect
Vesicle (biology)

values:
/wiki/Lipid_rafts
mw-redirect
Lipid rafts

values:
/wiki/Integral_protein
mw-redirect
Integral protein

values:
/wiki/Protein_domains
mw-redirect
Protein domains

values:
/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor
mw-redirect
G protein-coupled receptor

values:
/wiki/Lipid_anchored_protein
mw-redirect
Lipid anchored protein

values:
/wiki/Peripheral_protein
mw-redirect
Peripheral protein

values:
/wiki/Peripheral_protein#Enzymes
mw-redirect
Peripheral protein

values: float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:15px; width:60%

values:
/wiki/Ion_channels
mw-redirect
Ion channels

values:
/wiki/Davson-Danielli_model
mw-redirect
Davson-Danielli model

values:
/wiki/Phosphatidyl_serine
mw-redirect
Phosphatidyl serine

values:
/wiki/Epithelial_cell
mw-redirect
Epithelial cell

values:
/wiki/Endothelial_cell
mw-redirect
Endothelial cell

values:
/wiki/Ion_pump_(biology)
mw-redirect
Ion pump (biology)

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Cell_junctions
mw-redirect
Cell junctions

values:
/wiki/Electron_microscopy
mw-redirect
Electron microscopy

values:
/wiki/Fluorescence_microscopy
mw-redirect
Fluorescence microscopy

values: List of distinct cell types in the adult human body

values:
/wiki/Fluid_compartment
mw-redirect
Fluid compartment

values:
/wiki/Ammonium_transporter
mw-redirect
Ammonium transporter

values:
/wiki/AP2_adaptors
mw-redirect
AP2 adaptors

values:
/wiki/Membrane_nanotubule
mw-redirect
Membrane nanotubule

values: Journal of the American Chemical Society

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1021%2Fja2076873

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4333397

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18573073

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Membrane_lipids
mw-redirect
Membrane lipids

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Cell_membrane
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: غشاء خلوي – Arabic

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membran
Membran – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values: কোষ ঝিল্লি – Bangla

values: Клетачныя мембраны – Belarusian

values: Клетъчна мембрана – Bulgarian

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellbilen
Cellbilen – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values: Κυτταρική μεμβράνη – Greek

values: پوسته یاخته – Persian

values: Բջջաթաղանթ – Armenian

values: कोशिका झिल्ली – Hindi

values: קרום התא – Hebrew

values: უჯრედის მემბრანა – Georgian

values: Торша мембранасы – Kazakh

values: Клетка мембранасы – Kyrgyz

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: Клеточна мембрана – Macedonian

values: കോശസ്തരം – Malayalam

values: ភ្នាសកោសិកា – Khmer

values: Клеточная мембрана – Russian

values: Ћелијска мембрана – Serbian

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solukalvo
Solukalvo – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values: உயிரணு மென்சவ்வு – Tamil

values: เยื่อหุ้มเซลล์ – Thai

values: Клітинна мембрана – Ukrainian

values: جھلی (خلیہ) – Urdu

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Cell_membrane rootpage-Cell_membrane vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view