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Big Mouth (TV series)
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Big Mouth
Genre
Animated sitcom
Adult animation
Black comedy
Surreal comedy
Coming-of-age story
Created by
Nick Kroll
Andrew Goldberg
Mark Levin
Jennifer Flackett
Starring
Nick Kroll
John Mulaney
Jessi Klein
Jason Mantzoukas
Jenny Slate
Fred Armisen
Maya Rudolph
Jordan Peele
Music by
Mark Rivers
Opening theme
"Changes" by Charles Bradley
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
10 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Nick Kroll
Andrew Goldberg
Mark Levin
Jennifer Flackett
Blair Fetter
Jane Wiseman
Kristen Zolner
Producer(s)
Nate Funaro
Joe Wengert
Running time
25–27 minutes
Production company(s)
Danger Goldberg Productions
Good at Bizness, Inc.
Fathouse Industries
Titmouse, Inc.
Release
Original network
Netflix
Original release
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29) – present
External links
Website
Big Mouth is an American adult animated sitcom created by Nick Kroll, Andrew Goldberg, Mark Levin, and Jennifer Flackett based on Kroll and Goldberg's tweenage years growing up in the suburbs of New York, with Kroll voicing his fictional self.[1] The first season consisting of ten episodes premiered on Netflix on September 29, 2017.[2][3] On October 24, 2017, it was confirmed that a second season has been ordered to air in 2018.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
2 Cast
2.1 Also starring
3 Episodes
3.1 Season 1 (2017)
3.2 Season 2
4 Reception
4.1 Awards and nominations
5 References
6 External links
Summary[edit]
The series follows 7th grade best friends Nick Birch and Andrew Glouberman as they navigate their way through puberty, masturbation, and sexual arousal. Acting as sex-based shoulder angels are the hormone monsters Maurice, who pesters Andrew and occasionally Nick and Jay, and Connie, who pesters Jessi and occasionally Missy. Throughout the series, the kids interact with people and objects who are personified in one way or another and offer helpful, albeit confusing, advice in their puberty-filled lives including the ghost of Duke Ellington, a French accented Statue of Liberty, a pillow capable of getting pregnant, and even Jessi's own vagina.
Cast[edit]
Nick Kroll[2] as:
Nick Birch, a preadolescent boy, with a mother named Diane who babies him and father named Elliot who overshares. He also has an older brother Judd and a sister named Leah.
Maurice the Hormone Monster, a wild thing-type monster who follows Andrew around and is responsible for his brooding sexual desires, which frequently occur at inappropriate moments.
Coach Steve, the middle school gym class teacher, who is incompetent and overly talkative, often trying to get his colleagues - or even the students - to hang out (often to no avail). It is heavily implied that the coach may be mentally disabled.
Kroll also voices Lola, Lady Liberty, a ladybug, Joe Walsh, the ghosts of Picasso and Richard Burton, and Sylvester Stallone.
John Mulaney[2] as Andrew Glouberman, a young Jewish boy, who spends much of his time furtively masturbating.
Mulaney also voices Mint, Grandpa Andrew, Babe the Blue Ox, and a detective.
Jessi Klein[2] as Jessi Glaser, a sarcastic and smart girl. Her father, named Greg, is an unemployed stoner and her mother, named Shannon, is secretly dating another woman. She gets her period for the first time on a school trip to the Statue of Liberty.
Jason Mantzoukas[2] as Jay Bilzerian, a boy who is obsessed with magic and sex. He has sex with a pillow that he made into a sex toy. His mom is mentally ill, his dad is a divorce lawyer, and his two older brothers are named Kurt and Val. He is obsessed with Nick's mother and father and wishes for a loving family.
Mantzoukas also voices the ghost of Socrates and Guy Bilzerian.
Jenny Slate[2] as Missy, a girl who is nerdy and kind. Her father is black and her mother is white.
Fred Armisen[2] as Elliot Birch/Ghost of Antonin Scalia/Bus Driver/Stavros
Maya Rudolph[2] as Diane Birch/Connie the Hormone Monstress/Bath Mat/Ghost of Elizabeth Taylor/Ghost of Whitney Houston
Jordan Peele[2] as the Ghost of Duke Ellington/Ghost of Freddie Mercury/Atlanta Claus/DJ/Cyrus/Patrick Ewing
Also starring[edit]
Paula Pell as Barbara Glouberman, Andrew's mother and a Jewish wife stereotype.
Richard Kind as Marty Glouberman
Andrew Rannells as Matthew
June Diane Raphael as Devin
Jak Knight as DeVon
Neil Casey as Detective
John Gemberling as Security Guard
Joe Wengert as Caleb
Seth Morris as Greg Glaser
Emily Altman
Jessica Chaffin as Shannon Glaser
Rob Huebel as Mr. Lizer
Kat Dennings as Leah Birch
Jon Gabrus
Kristen Bell as Pam/Uninterested Girl
Jess Harnell as Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson
Mark Rivers
Heather Lawless as Jenna Bilzerian
Chelsea Peretti as Monica
Mark Duplass as Val Bilzerian/Clerk
Paul Scheer as Kurt Bilzerian
Nathan Fillion as himself
Anna Graves
Kristen Wiig as Jessi's genitalia
Nasim Pedrad as Fatima
Carlos Alazraqui as Gustavo
Alia Shawkat as Roland
Mae Whitman as Tallulah Levine
Zach Woods as Daniel
Jon Hamm as Scallops
Jack McBrayer as Nick's pubic hair #1
Craig Robinson as Nick's pubic hair #2
Jon Daly as Judd Birch
Rosa Salazar as Ms. Benitez
Michaela Watkins as Cantor Dina Reznick
Gil Ozeri
Ashley London
Episodes[edit]
Season 1 (2017)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
1
1 "Ejaculation" Joel Moser Nick Kroll & Andrew Goldberg & Jennifer Flackett & Mark Levin September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
As Andrew falls under the spell of the Hormone Monster, Randy, also his buddy Nick becomes obsessed with the lack of changes in his own body. The gang go to the school dance.
2
2 "Everybody Bleeds" Bryan Francis Kelly Galuska September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
A field trip goes from awkward to mortifying as Jessi is pressured into being Nick's girlfriend, then gets her first period -- inside the Statue of Liberty.
3
3 "Am I Gay?" Mike L. Mayfield Joe Wengert September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
A trailer for a new movie starring The Rock leaves Andrew questioning his sexuality. Jessi and Nick's budding romance turns ugly fast.
4
4 "Sleepover: A Harrowing Ordeal of Emotional Brutality" Joel Moser Jess Dweck & Victor Quinaz September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
While the boys head to Jay's for a testosterone-fueled sleepover, Jessi throws a party of her own and gets caught up in mean-girl drama.
5
5 "Girls Are Horny Too" Bryan Francis Emily Altman September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
A steamy novel making the rounds at school inspires Jessi to explore her own sexuality -- and leaves the boys totally confused about what girls want.
6
6 "Pillow Talk" Mike L. Mayfield Peter A. Knight September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
Nick drags Andrew into the city to visit an old camp crush, but the day doesn't go as planned. Jay embarks on an emotional journey with his pillow.
7
7 "Requiem for a Wet Dream" Joel Moser Duffy Boudreau September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
Andrew struggles to keep the Hormone Monster in check as he works with Missy on a science fair project. Jessi and Matthew have fun at Jay's expense.
8
8 "The Head Push" Bryan Francis Emily Altman & Jennifer Flackett & Mark Levin September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
When Leah hosts a party for the high school drama crowd, Nick wrestles with a romantic dilemma, and Andrew and Missy witness a disturbing scene.
9
9 "I Survived Jessi's Bat Mitzvah" Mike L. Mayfield Kelly Galuska September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
Family blowups, secret liaisons and an unflattering dress make Jessi's bat mitzvah a night to remember.
10
10 "The Pornscape" Joel Moser Gil Ozeri September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
Andrew tries to drown his sorrows in a sea of porn, only to become hopelessly addicted. Coach Steve becomes a suspect in a murder spree. Also, Jessi and Jay run away together.
Season 2[edit]
On October 24, 2017, Netflix announced it has renewed Big Mouth for a second season set to be released in 2018.
Reception[edit]
Big Mouth has received critical acclaim since its official release. On Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 100% based on 16 reviews, with the critical consensus reading, "Big Mouth's simplistic animation and scatalogical humor belie its finely sketched characters and smart, empathetic approach to the messiness of adolescence."[5] At Metacritic, the show currently holds a rating of 80 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[6]
Vox described the show as sharp, and as jarringly depicting the awkwardness of pubescence, postpubescence and prepubescence.[7]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
2018 Annie Award Best General Audience Television/Broadcast Production Big Mouth Pending
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (June 13, 2016). "Netflix Greenlights Animated Series from Nick Kroll". Variety. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Andreeva, Nellie (June 13, 2016). "Netflix Orders 'Big Mouth' Animated Series From Nick Kroll & Andrew Goldberg". Deadline. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Farley, Rebecca (August 23, 2017). "Exclusive: Meet The Hormone Monster, The Personification Of Puberty In Big Mouth". Refinery29. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (October 24, 2017). "'Big Mouth' Renewed For Season 2 At Netflix". Deadline. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Big Mouth: Season 1". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Big Mouth", Metacritic, retrieved October 14, 2017
Jump up ^ "Netflix's Big Mouth takes a sharp, surprisingly joyful look at the gross time that is puberty". Vox. Retrieved 2017-10-15.
External links[edit]
Big Mouth on Netflix
Big Mouth on IMDb
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Convergent boundary
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In plate tectonics, a convergent boundary, also known as a destructive plate boundary, is a region of active deformation where two or more tectonic plates or fragments of the lithosphere are near the end of their life cycle. This is in contrast to a constructive plate boundary (also known as a mid-ocean ridge or spreading center). As a result of pressure, friction, and plate material melting in the mantle, earthquakes and volcanoes are common near destructive boundaries, where subduction zones or an area of continental collision (depending on the nature of the plates involved) occurs. The subducting plate in a subduction zone is normally oceanic crust, and moves beneath the other plate, which can be made of either oceanic or continental crust. During collisions between two continental plates, large mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas are formed. In other regions, a divergent boundary or transform faults may be present.
Oceanic-continental
Continental-continental
Oceanic-oceanic
Contents
[hide]
1 Mid-ocean ridges
2 Subduction zones
3 Volcanic arcs
4 Back arc basins
5 Oceanic trenches
6 Examples
7 See also
8 References
Mid-ocean ridges[edit]
See also: Earth's internal heat budget
The reason for the existence of convergent boundaries are the mid-ocean ridges that were only beginning to be understood with the acceptance of the theory of plate tectonics in the mid-1960s. The radioactive decay of elements within the rocks in the interior of the earth generates large amounts of heat that moves magma to the surface of the crust in a process called mantle convection. This results in new oceanic crust or sea floor being formed that slowly moves away from the ridges (sometimes called spreading centers) towards the subduction zones. In other words, new sea floor originates from the upwelling rock as it emerges from the depths of the mantle and it slowly cools as it is transported over the millennia to the collision or subduction zones where it is consumed or recycled.[1]
Subduction zones[edit]
See also: Forearc and Wadati–Benioff zone
Large, shallow earthquakes on subduction zone interfaces are the largest types of earthquakes. They accounted for 90% of the total seismic moment released for the period 1900–1989, but these events usually occur offshore and far from population centers. Non-subduction interface earthquakes also occur in the region of the trench including shallow upper plate shocks, deeper events within the downgoing slab, and events that are related to outer trench swell.[2]
Volcanic arcs[edit]
A volcanic arc is formed on the continental plate, above the location of the downgoing oceanic slab. The volcanic arc is the surface expression of the magma that is generated by hydrous melting of the mantle above the downgoing slab. Hydrated minerals (e.g., phlogopite, lawsonite, amphibole) within the oceanic lithosphere become unstable at certain depths due to increased temperature and pressure, causing the crystal structure of the hydrated minerals break down and release water. The buoyant fluids then rise into the asthenosphere, where they lower the melting temperature of the mantle and cause partial melting. These melts rise to the surface and are the source of some of the most explosive volcanism on Earth because of their high volumes of extremely pressurized gases.
When two plates with oceanic crust converge, they typically create an island arc as one plate is subducted below the other. The arc is formed from volcanoes which erupt through the overriding plate as the descending plate melts below it. The arc shape occurs because of the spherical surface of the earth (nick the peel of an orange with a knife and note the arc formed by the straight-edge of the knife). A deep oceanic trench is located in front of such arcs where the descending slab dips downward, such as the Mariana Trench near the Mariana Islands.
Back arc basins[edit]
See also: Back-arc region
Some convergent margins have zones of active seafloor spreading behind the island arc, known as back-arc basins. When one plate is composed of oceanic lithosphere and the other is composed of continental lithosphere, the denser oceanic plate is subducted, often forming an orogenic belt and associated mountain range. This type of convergent boundary is similar to the Andes or the Cascade Range in North America.
Oceanic trenches[edit]
An oceanic trench is found where the denser plate is subducted underneath the other plate. There is water in the rocks of the oceanic plate (because they are underwater), and as this plate moves further down into the subduction zone, much of the water contained in the plate is squeezed out when the plate begins to subduct. However, the recrystallization of ocean floor rocks, such as serpentinite, which are unstable in the upper mantle, recrystallize into olivine, causing dehydration through loss of hydroxyl groups. This addition of water to the mantle causes partial melting of the mantle, generating magma, which then rises, and which normally results in volcanoes. This normally happens at a certain depth, about 70 to 80 miles below the Earth's surface, and so volcanoes are formed fairly close to, but not right next to, the trench.
Examples[edit]
The collision between the Eurasian Plate and the Indian Plate that is forming the Himalayas.
The collision between the Australian Plate and the Pacific Plate that formed the Southern Alps in New Zealand
Subduction of the northern part of the Pacific Plate and the NW North American Plate that is forming the Aleutian Islands.
Subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate to form the Andes.
Subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Australian Plate and Tonga Plate, forming the complex New Zealand to New Guinea subduction/transform boundaries.
Collision of the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate formed the Pontic Mountains in Turkey.
Mariana Trench
Subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate beneath the North American Plate to form the Cascade Range.
See also[edit]
List of tectonic plates
List of tectonic plate interactions
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bolt, B. (2005), Earthquakes: 2006 Centennial Update – The 1906 Big One (Fifth ed.), W. H. Freeman and Company, pp. 146–150, ISBN 978-0716775485
Jump up ^ Yeats, R. S.; Sieh, K. E.; Allen, C. R. (1997). The Geology of Earthquakes. Oxford University Press. pp. 371–378. ISBN 978-0-19-507827-5.
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Bureau of Land Management
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Bureau of Land Management
Bureau of Land Management Triangle
Flag of the Bureau of Land Management
Agency overview
Formed
1946; 72 years ago (1946)
Preceding agencies
U.S. Grazing Service
General Land Office
Jurisdiction
United States federal government
Headquarters
1849 C Street NW Room 5665, Washington, D.C., U.S. 20240
Employees
11,621 Permanent and 30,860 Volunteer (FY 2012)[1]
Annual budget
$1,162,000,000 (FY 2014 operating)[1]
Agency executive
Michael Nedd, Director (Acting)
Parent agency
U.S. Department of the Interior
Website
blm.gov
Horses crossing a plain near the Simpson Park Wilderness Study Area in central Nevada, managed by the Battle Mountain BLM Field Office
Snow-covered cliffs of Snake River Canyon, Idaho, managed by the Boise District of the BLM
The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior that administers more than 247.3 million acres (1,001,000 km2) of public lands in the United States which constitutes one-eighth of the landmass of the country.[2] President Harry S. Truman created the BLM in 1946 by combining two existing agencies: the General Land Office and the Grazing Service.[3] The agency manages the federal government's nearly 700 million acres (2,800,000 km2) of subsurface mineral estate located beneath federal, state and private lands severed from their surface rights by the Homestead Act of 1862.[3] Most BLM public lands are located in these 12 western states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington and Wyoming.[4]
This map shows land owned by different federal government agencies. The yellow represents the Bureau of Land Management's holdings.
The mission of the BLM is "to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations."[5] Originally BLM holdings were described as "land nobody wanted" because homesteaders had passed them by.[4] All the same, ranchers hold nearly 18,000 permits and leases for livestock grazing on 155 million acres (630,000 km2) of BLM public lands.[6] The agency manages 221 wilderness areas, 27 national monuments and some 636 other protected areas as part of the National Landscape Conservation System--now known as the National Conservation Lands, totaling about 36 million acres (150,000 km2).[7] In addition the National Conservation Lands include nearly 2,400 miles of Wild and Scenic Rivers[8], and nearly 6,000 miles of National Scenic and Historic Trails.[9] There are more than 63,000 oil and gas wells on BLM public lands. Total energy leases generated approximately $5.4 billion in 2013, an amount divided among the Treasury, the states, and Native American groups.[10][11][12]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 BLM programs
3 National Landscape Conservation System
4 Law enforcement and security
5 Wild horse and burro program
6 Renewable energy
7 Directors
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
History[edit]
The BLM's roots go back to the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.[13] These laws provided for the survey and settlement of the lands that the original 13 colonies ceded to the federal government after the American Revolution.[13] As additional lands were acquired by the United States from Spain, France and other countries, the United States Congress directed that they be explored, surveyed, and made available for settlement.[13] During the Revolutionary War, military bounty land was promised to soldiers who fought for the colonies.[14] After the war, the Treaty of Paris of 1783, signed by the United States, England, France, and Spain, ceded territory to the United States.[15][16] In the 1780s, other states relinquished their own claims to land in modern-day Ohio.[17] By this time, the United States needed revenue to function.[18] Land was sold so that the government would have money to survive.[18] In order to sell the land, surveys needed to be conducted. The Land Ordinance of 1785 instructed a geographer to oversee this work as undertaken by a group of surveyors.[18] The first years of surveying were completed by trial and error; once the territory of Ohio had been surveyed, a modern public land survey system had been developed.[19] In 1812, Congress established the General Land Office as part of the Department of the Treasury to oversee the disposition of these federal lands.[17] By the early 1800s, promised bounty land claims were finally fulfilled.[20]
Over the years, other bounty land and homestead laws were enacted to dispose of federal land.[13][20] Several different types of patents existed.[21] These include cash entry, credit, homestead, Indian, military warrants, mineral certificates, private land claims, railroads, state selections, swamps, town sites, and town lots.[21] A system of local land offices spread throughout the territories, patenting land that was surveyed via the corresponding Office of the Surveyor General of a particular territory.[21] This pattern gradually spread across the entire United States.[19] The laws that spurred this system with the exception of the General Mining Law of 1872 and the Desert Land Act of 1877 have since been repealed or superseded.[22]
In the early 20th century, Congress took additional steps toward recognizing the value of the assets on public lands and directed the Executive Branch to manage activities on the remaining public lands.[22] The Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 allowed leasing, exploration, and production of selected commodities, such as coal, oil, gas, and sodium to take place on public lands.[23] The Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 established the United States Grazing Service to manage the public rangelands by establishment of advisory boards that set grazing fees.[24][25] The Oregon and California Revested Lands Sustained Yield Management Act of 1937, commonly referred as the O&C Act, required sustained yield management of the timberlands in western Oregon.[26]
In 1946, the Grazing Service was merged with the General Land Office to form the Bureau of Land Management within the Department of the Interior.[22] It took several years for this new agency to integrate and reorganize.[27] In the end, the Bureau of Land Management became less focused on land disposal and more focused on the long term management and preservation of the land.[22] The agency achieved its current form by combining offices in the western states and creating a corresponding office for lands both east of and alongside the Mississippi River.[28] As a matter of course, the BLM's emphasis fell on activities in the western states as most of the mining, land sales, and federally owned areas are located west of the Mississippi.[29]
BLM personnel on the ground have typically been oriented toward local interests, while bureau management in Washington are led by presidential guidance.[30] By means of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976, Congress created a more unified bureau mission and recognized the value of the remaining public lands by declaring that these lands would remain in public ownership.[13] The law directed that these lands be managed with a view toward "multiple use" defined as "management of the public lands and their various resource values so that they are utilized in the combination that will best meet the present and future needs of the American people."[31]
Since the Reagan years of the 1980s, Republicans have often given priority to local control and to grazing, mining and petroleum production, while Democrats have more often emphasized environmental concerns even when granting mining and drilling leases.[32] In September 1996, then President Bill Clinton used his authority under the Antiquities Act to establish the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument in southern Utah, the first of now 20 national monuments established on BLM lands and managed by the agency.[7] The establishment of Grand Staircase-Escalante foreshadowed later creation of the BLM's National Landscape Conservation System in 2000. Use of the Antiquities Act authority, to the extent it effectively scuttled a coal mine to have been operated by Andalex Resources, delighted recreation and conservation enthusiasts but set up larger confrontations with state and local authorities.[33][34] The changing demographics in the western states have led some to suggest that the BLM, long derided as the "Bureau of Livestock and Mines," is in the midst of becoming the "Bureau of Landscapes and Monuments."[3]
BLM programs[edit]
Most of the public lands held by the Bureau of Land Management are located in the western states.[35]
Grazing. The BLM manages livestock grazing on nearly 155 million acres (630,000 km2) million acres under the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934.[36] The agency has granted more than 18,000 permits and leases to ranchers who graze their livestock, mostly cattle and sheep, at least part of the year on BLM public lands.[36] Permits and leases generally cover a 10-year period and are renewable if the BLM determines that the terms and conditions of the expiring permit or lease are being met.[36] The federal grazing fee is adjusted annually and is calculated using a formula originally set by Congress in the Public Rangelands Improvement Act of 1978.[36] Under this formula, the grazing fee cannot fall below $1.35 per animal unit month (AUM), nor can any fee increase or decrease exceed 25 percent of the previous year’s level.[36][37] The grazing fee for 2014 was set at $1.35 per AUM, the same level as for 2013.[36] Over time there has been a gradual decrease in the amount of grazing that takes place on BLM-managed land.[36] Grazing on public lands has declined from 18.2 million AUMs in 1954 to 7.9 million AUMs in 2013.[36]
Mining. Domestic production from over 63,000 Federal "onshore" oil and gas wells on BLM lands accounts for 11 percent of the natural gas supply and five percent of the oil supply in the United States.[38] BLM has on record a total of 290,000 mining claims under the General Mining Law of 1872.[39]
Coal leases. The BLM holds the coal mineral estate to more than 570 million acres (2,300,000 km2) where the owner of the surface is the federal government, a state or local government, or a private entity.[40] As of 2013, the BLM had competitively granted 309 leases for coal mining to 474,252 acres (191,923 ha), an increase of 13,487 acres (5,458 ha) or nearly 3% increase in land subject to coal production over ten years' time.[40]
Recreation. The BLM administers 205,498 miles (330,717 km) of fishable streams, 2.2 million acres (8,900 km2) of lakes and reservoirs, 6,600 miles (10,600 km) of floatable rivers, over 500 boating access points, 69 National Back Country Byways, and 300 Watchable Wildlife sites.[41] The agency also manages 4,500 miles (7,200 km) of National Scenic, National Historic and National Recreation Trails, as well as thousands of miles of multiple use trails used by motorcyclists, hikers, equestrians, and mountain bikers.[41] In 2013, BLM lands received an estimated 61.7 million recreational visitors.[42]
California Desert Conservation Area. The California Desert Conservation Area covers 25 million acres (100,000 km2) of land in southern California designated by Congress in 1976 by means of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act.[43] BLM is charged with administering about 10 million acres (40,000 km2) of this fragile area with its potential for multiple uses in mind.[43]
Timberlands. The Bureau manages 55 million acres (220,000 km2) of forests and woodlands, including 11 million acres (45,000 km2) of commercial forest and 44 million acres (180,000 km2) of woodlands in 11 western states and Alaska.[44] 53 million acres (210,000 km2) are productive forests and woodlands on public domain lands and 2.4 million acres (9,700 km2) are on O&C lands in western Oregon.[44]
Calm Before the Storm: Fatigued BLM Firefighters taking a break after a fire in Oregon in 2008
Firefighting. Well in excess of 3,000 full-time equivalent firefighting personnel work for BLM.[45] The agency fought 2,573 fires on BLM-managed lands in fiscal year 2013.[42]
Mineral rights on Indian lands. As part of its trust responsibilities, the BLM provides technical advice for minerals operations on 56 million acres (230,000 km2) of Indian lands.[46]
Cadastral surveys. The BLM is the official record keeper for over 200 years' worth of cadastral survey records and plats as part of the Public Land Survey System.[47] In addition, the Bureau still completes numerous new surveys each year, mostly in Alaska, and conducts resurveys to restore obliterated or lost original surveys.[47]
Abandoned mines. BLM maintains an inventory of known abandoned mines on the lands it manages.[48] As of April 2014, the inventory contained nearly 46,000 sites and 85,000 other features.[48] Approximately 23% of the sites had either been remediated, had reclamation actions planned or underway, or did not require further action. The remaining sites require further investigation.[48] A 2008 Inspector General report alleges that BLM has for decades neglected the dangers represented by these abandoned mines.[49]
Energy corridors. Approximately 5,000 miles (8,000 km) of energy corridors for pipelines and transmission lines are located on BLM-managed lands.[50]
Helium. BLM operates the National Helium Reserve near Amarillo, Texas, a program begun in 1925 during the time of the Zeppelin Wars.[51] Though the reserve had been set to be moved to private hands, it remains subject to oversight of the BLM under the provisions of the unanimously-passed Responsible Helium Administration and Stewardship Act of 2013.[51][52]
Revenue and fees. The BLM produces significant revenue for the United States budget.[53] In 2009, public lands were expected to generate an estimated $6.2 billion in revenues, mostly from energy development.[53] Nearly 43.5 percent of these funds are provided directly to states and counties to support roads, schools, and other community needs.[53]
National Landscape Conservation System[edit]
See also: National Landscape Conservation System
Established in 2000, the National Landscape Conservation System is overseen by the BLM.[54] The National Landscape Conservation System lands constitute just about 12% of the lands managed by the BLM.[54] Congress passed Title II of the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 (Public Law 111-11) to make the system a permanent part of the public lands protection system in the United States.[54][55] By designating these areas for conservation, the law directed the BLM to ensure these places are protected for future generations, similar to national parks and wildlife refuges.[54]
Category
Unit Type
Number
BLM acres
BLM miles
National Conservation Lands National Monuments 27 5,590,135 acres (22,622.47 km2)
National Conservation Lands National Conservation Areas 16 3,671,519 acres (14,858.11 km2)
National Conservation Lands Areas Similar to National Conservation Areas 5 436,164 acres (1,765.09 km2)
Wilderness Wilderness Areas 221 8,711,938 acres (35,255.96 km2)
Wilderness Wilderness Study Areas 528 12,760,472 acres (51,639.80 km2)
National Wild and Scenic Rivers National Wild and Scenic Rivers 69 1,001,353 acres (4,052.33 km2) 2,423 miles (3,899 km)
National Trails System National Historic Trails 13 5,078 miles (8,172 km)
National Trails System National Scenic Trails 5 683 miles (1,099 km)
Totals 877 About 36 million acres (150,000 km2) (some units overlap) 8,184 miles (13,171 km)
Source: BLM Resources and Statistics[56]
Law enforcement and security[edit]
Lightning-sparked wildfires are frequent occurrences on BLM land in Nevada.
The BLM, through its Office of Law Enforcement & Security, functions as a federal law enforcement agency of the United States Government. BLM law enforcement rangers and special agents receive their training through Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers (FLETC).[57] Full-time staffing for these positions approaches 300.[58][59]
Uniformed rangers enforce laws and regulations governing BLM lands and resources.[60] As part of that mission, these BLM rangers carry firearms, defensive equipment, make arrests, execute search warrants, complete reports and testify in court.[60] They seek to establish a regular and recurring presence on a vast amount of public lands, roads and recreation sites. They focus on the protection of natural and cultural resources, other BLM employees and visitors.[60] Given the many locations of BLM public lands, these rangers use canines, helicopters, snowmobiles, dirt bikes and boats to perform their duties.[60]
By contrast BLM special agents are criminal investigators who plan and conduct investigations concerning possible violations of criminal and administrative provisions of the BLM and other statutes under the United States Code.[61] Special agents are normally plain clothes officers who carry concealed firearms, and other defensive equipment, make arrests, carry out complex criminal investigations, present cases for prosecution to local United States Attorneys and prepare investigative reports.[61] Criminal investigators occasionally conduct internal and civil claim investigations.[61]
Wild horse and burro program[edit]
See also: Mustang, Burro, Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971, and List of BLM Herd Management Areas
Mustangs run across Tule Valley, Utah
The BLM manages free-roaming horses and burros on public lands in ten western states.[62] Though they are feral, the agency is obligated to protect them under the Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971 (WFRHBA).[62] As the horses have few natural predators, populations have grown substantially.[62] WFRHBA as enacted provides for the removal of excess animals; the destruction of lame, old, or sick animals; the private placement or adoption of excess animals; and even the destruction of healthy animals if range management required it.[63][64] In fact, the destruction of healthy or unhealthy horses has almost never occurred.[65] Pursuant to the Public Rangelands Improvement Act of 1978, the BLM has established 179 "herd management areas" (HMAs) covering 31.6 million acres (128,000 km2) acres where feral horses can be found on federal lands.[62]
In 1973, BLM began a pilot project on the Pryor Mountains Wild Horse Range known as the Adopt-A-Horse initiative.[66] The program took advantage of provisions in the WFRHBA to allow private "qualified" individuals to "adopt" as many horses as they wanted if they could show that they could provide adequate care for the animals.[67] At the time, title to the horses remained permanently with the federal government.[64] The pilot project was so successful that BLM allowed it to go nationwide in 1976.[66] The Adopt-a-Horse program quickly became the primary method of removing excess feral horses from BLM land given the lack of other viable methods.[67] The BLM also uses limited amounts of contraceptives in the herd, in the form of PZP vaccinations; advocates say that additional use of these vaccines would help to diminish the excess number of horses currently under BLM management.[68]
Despite the early successes of the adoption program, the BLM has struggled to maintain acceptable herd levels, as without natural predators, herd sizes can double every four years.[62] As of 2014, there were more than 49,000 horses and burros on BLM-managed land, exceeding the BLM's estimated "appropriate management level" (AML) by almost 22,500.[62]
The Bureau of Land Management has implemented several programs and has developed partnerships as part of their management plan for preserving wild burros and horses in the United States. There are several herds of horses and burros roaming free on 26.9 million acres of range spread out in ten western states. It is essential to maintain a balance that keeps herd management land and animal population healthy. Some programs and partnerships include the Mustang Heritage Foundation, U.S. Border Patrol, Idaho 4H, Napa Mustang Days and Little Book Cliffs Darting Team. These partnerships help with adoption and animal population as well as education and raising awareness about wild horses and burros. [69]
Renewable energy[edit]
Aerial photograph of Ivanpah Solar Power Facility located on BLM-managed land in the Mojave Desert
In 2009, BLM opened Renewable Energy Coordination Offices in order to approve and oversee wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal projects on BLM-managed lands.[50] The offices were located in the four states where energy companies had shown the greatest interest in renewable energy development: Arizona, California, Nevada, and Wyoming.[50]
Solar energy. In 2010, BLM approved the first utility-scale solar energy projects on public land.[70] As of 2014, 70 solar energy projects covering 560,000 acres (2,300 km2) had been proposed on public lands managed by BLM primarily located in Arizona, California, and Nevada.[71] To date, it has approved 29 projects that have the potential to generate 8,786 megawatts of renewable energy or enough energy to power roughly 2.6 million homes.[71] The projects range in size from a 45-megawatt photovoltaic system on 422 acres (171 ha) to a 1,000-megawatt parabolic trough system on 7,025 acres (2,843 ha).[71]
Wind energy. BLM manages 20.6 million acres (83,000 km2) of public lands with wind potential.[72] It has authorized 39 wind energy development projects with a total approved capacity of 5,557 megawatts or enough to supply the power needs of over 1.5 million homes.[73] In addition, BLM has authorized over 100 wind energy testing sites.[74]
Geothermal energy. BLM manages 59 geothermal leases in producing status, with a total capacity of 1,500 megawatts.[75] This amounts to over 40 percent of the geothermal energy capacity in the United States.[75]
Biomass and bioenergy. Its large portfolio of productive timberlands leaves BLM with woody biomass among its line of forest products.[76] The biomass is composed of "smaller diameter materials" and other debris that result from timber production and forest management.[76] Though the use of these materials as a renewable resource is nascent, the agency is engaged in pilot projects to increase the use of its biomass supplies in bioenergy programs.[76]
Directors[edit]
[show]Directors of the BLM 1946–present[77]
Image
Name
Years
Fred W. Johnson[78] 1946 - 1948
Marion Clawson 1948 - 1953
Edward Woozley 1953 - 1961
Karl Landstrom 1961 - 1963
Charles Stoddard 1963 - 1966
Boyd Rasmussen 1966 - 1971
Burton W. Silcock 1971 - 1973
Curt Berklund 1973 - 1977
Frank Gregg 1978 - 1981
Robert F. Burford 1981 - 1989
Cy Jamison 1989 - 1992
Jim Baca 1993 - 1994
Mike Dombeck (Acting)
1994 - 1996
Pat Shea 1997 - 1998
Tom Fry 1998 - 2000
Kathleen Clarke 2000 - 2006
James Caswell 2007 - 2009
Robert Abbey 2009 - 2012[79]
Mike Pool (Acting)
2012–2013
Neil Kornze (Acting 2013-2014)
2014–2017
Kristin Bail (Acting 2017 - 2017)
Michael Nedd[80] (Acting 2017 -)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "BLM Budget Highlights" (PDF). BLM. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Public Land Statistics". BLM. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Elliott, Clayton R. (August 2010). Innovation in the U.S. Bureau of Land Management: Insights from Integrating Mule Deer Management with Oil and Gas Leasing (Masters Thesis). University of Montana. pp. 42–51. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "History of the BLM: Yesterday and Today". BLM California. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Bureau of Land Management: Who We Are, What We Do". BLM. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Fact Sheet on the BLM's Management of Livestock Grazing". BLM. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "National Conservation Lands". BLM. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Programs: National Conservation Lands: Wild and Scenic Rivers | BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT". www.blm.gov. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
Jump up ^ "Programs: National Conservation Lands: National Scenic and Historic Trails | BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT". www.blm.gov. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
Jump up ^ See Part 3 of the BLM's Public Land Statistics, "Commercial Uses and Revenue Generated"
Jump up ^ "Oil and Gas". BLM. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "New Energy for America". BLM. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "The BLM: The Agency and its History". GPO. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land-Warrant Application Files (p. 7)" (PDF). National Archives and Records Administration (1974). Retrieved 14 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "British-American Diplomacy Treaty of Paris - Hunter Miller's Notes". The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Black, Jeremy. British foreign policy in an age of revolutions, 1783–1793 (1994) pp 11–20
^ Jump up to: a b A History of the Rectangular Survey System by C. Albert White, 1983, Pub: Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management: For sale by G.P.O.
^ Jump up to: a b c Vernon Carstensen, "Patterns on the American Land." Journal of Federalism, Fall 1987, Vol. 18 Issue 4, pp 31-39
^ Jump up to: a b White, C. Albert (1991). A history of the rectangular survey system. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
^ Jump up to: a b "Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land-Warrant Application Files (p. 3)" (PDF). National Archives and Records Administration (1974). Retrieved 14 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Records of the Bureau of Land Management [BLM] (Record Group 49) 1685-1993 (bulk 1770-1982)". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "BLM and Its Predecessors: A Long and Varied History". BLM. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 As Amended" (PDF). BLM. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Wishart, David J. (Ed.). "Taylor Grazing Act". Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Retrieved 14 November 2014. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Elliott, Clayton R. (August 2010). Innovation in the U.S. Bureau of Land Management: Insights from Integrating Mule Deer Management with Oil and Gas Leasing (Masters Thesis). University of Montana. p. 45. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "O&C Sustained Yield Act: the Law, the Land, the Legacy" (PDF). Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved March 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ James, Muhn (September 1988). Opportunity and Challenge: The Story of BLM. Denver: BLM. p. 52. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
Jump up ^ James, Muhn (September 1988). Opportunity and Challenge: The Story of BLM. Denver: BLM. pp. 160–172. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
Jump up ^ James, Muhn (September 1988). Opportunity and Challenge: The Story of BLM. Denver: BLM. pp. 104–106. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Elliott, Clayton R. (August 2010). Innovation in the U.S. Bureau of Land Management: Insights from Integrating Mule Deer Management with Oil and Gas Leasing (Masters Thesis). University of Montana. pp. 5, 51–52. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "43 U.S. Code § 1702(c)". Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
Jump up ^ James R. Skillen, The Nation's Largest Landlord (2009)
Jump up ^ Mathew Barrett Gross (2002-02-13). "San Rafael Swell monument proposal could prove that Bush realizes the importance of a fair and public process". Headwaters News, University of Montana. Archived from the original on 2007-11-26. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
Jump up ^ Davidson, Lee (Sep 27, 1996). "Orton's bill would erase power to declare permanent monument". Deseret News.
Jump up ^ Western States Data Public Land Acreage (Forest Service & BLM) from November 13, 2007
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Fact Sheet on the BLM's Management of Livestock Grazing". BLM. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
Jump up ^ An AUM is the amount of forage needed to sustain one cow and her calf, one horse, or five sheep or goats for a month.
Jump up ^ "Oil and Gas". BLM. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mining Laws". BLM.
^ Jump up to: a b "Total Federal Coal Leases in Effect, Total Acres Under Lease, and Lease Sales by Fiscal Year Since 1990". BLM. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Senate Report 106-491 - OUTFITTER POLICY ACT OF 1999". congress.gov/. Library of Congress. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "PUBLIC LAND STATISTICS 2013 Volume 198" (PDF). BLM. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "IntIntroduction: The California Desert Conservation Area (CDCA)". BLM. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "BLM PUBLIC DOMAIN LANDS: Volume of Timber Offered for Sale Has Declined Substantially Since Fiscal Year 1990" (PDF). GAO. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "2014 National and State Fire Preparedness Program Summaries" (PDF). BLM. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mineral and Surface Acreage Managed by the BLM". BLM.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cadastral History". BLM. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Abandoned Mine Lands". BLM. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Abandoned Mine Lands in the Department of the Interior" (PDF). Department of the Interior IG. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c US Department of Energy, Bureau of Land Management to Establish Renewable Energy Offices, January 21, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b Krule, Miriam. "Our Government May Be Shut Down, but at Least Our Helium Reserve Won't Be ... for Now". slate.com. Slate. Retrieved 2014-11-18.
Jump up ^ An Ode to Helium, by Gail Collins, New York Times, 4 May 2013
^ Jump up to: a b c "Statement of Henri Bisson, Deputy Director Bureau of Land Management U.S. Department of the Interior Before the House Appropriations Committee Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Hearing on the FY 2009 Budget Request of the Bureau of Land Management February 27, 2008" (PDF). Department of the Interior. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "National Landscape Conservation System". The Wilderness Society. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "H.R. 146 (111th): Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009". Govtrack.us. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Resources and Statistics". BLM. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "BLM Law Enforcement: Protecting Public Land Resources" (PDF). BLM. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "FY 2015 BLM Green Book" (PDF). BLM. Retrieved 16 November 2014. <Page VII-135>
Jump up ^ "BLM Law Enforcement". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "BLM Rangers". BLM. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "BLM Special Agents". BLM. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Wild Horse and Burro Quick Facts". BLM. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Roberto, Iraola (Fall 2005). "The Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971". Environmental Law. Lewis & Clark Law School. 35: 1049–1079. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Sterba, James P. "Revived Killing of Wild Horses for Pet Food Is Feared." New York Times. August 3, 1974.
Jump up ^ Using Science to Improve the BLM Wild Horse and Burro Program: A Way Forward (PDF). National Academy of Sciences. p. 16. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Pitt, Kenneth. "The Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act: A Western Melodrama." Environmental Law. 15:503 at 528 (Spring 1985)
^ Jump up to: a b Glover, Kristen H. "Managing Wild Horses on Public Lands: Congressional Action and Agency Response." North Carolina Law Review. 79:1108 (May 2001).
Jump up ^ Raia, Pat (March 1, 2009). "BLM Horses: What's Their Future." The Horse. Accessed 2013-09-20.
Jump up ^ "Programs: Wild Horse and Burro | BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT." BLM.gov Home Page | BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, www.blm.gov/programs/wild-horse-and-burro. Accessed 27 Apr. 2017.
Jump up ^ Friedman, Gabe (August 6, 2014). "Sun Land". The New Yorker. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "BLM Fact Sheet: Renewable Energy: Solar" (PDF). BLM. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "New Energy for America". BLM. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Wind Energy". BLM. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "RENEWABLE ENERGY: Agencies Have Taken Steps Aimed at Improving the Permitting Process for Development on Federal Lands" (PDF). GAO Reports. GAO-13-189: 6. January 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Geothermal Energy". BLM. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Woody Biomass and Bioenergy". BLM. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Historical Record of the Offices, Managers and Organizations of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Grazing Service, General Land Office and O & C Revested Lands Administration 1934-2012" (PDF). Public Lands Foundation. April 2012. p. 16.
Jump up ^ Johnson was the last Commissioner of the General Land Office (1933-1946)
Jump up ^ Retired end of May, 2012 "BLM Director Bob Abbey to Retire After 34 Years of Public Service". Department of Interior. 2012-05-10. Archived from the original on 2016-09-29. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Burr, Thomas (2017-03-15). "Interior names energy and mineral chief new acting BLM director". Salt Lake Tribune.
Further reading[edit]
Skillen, James R. The Nation's Largest Landlord: The Bureau of Land Management in the American West (University Press of Kansas, 2009) 320 pp. excerpt and text search
United States. Congress. Senate. BLM Permit Processing: Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, Second Session . . . July 29, 2014. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2014.
External links[edit]
Bureau of Land Management official website
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Opportunity & Challenge: The Story of BLM - Official History
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