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National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
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"Baseball Hall of Fame" redirects here. For other uses, see Baseball Hall of Fame (disambiguation).
National Baseball Hall of Fame
and Museum
Established
1936 (dedicated June 12, 1939)
Location
Cooperstown, New York, U.S.
Type
Professional sports hall of fame
Visitors
315,000/year
(average as of 2009)[1]
Director
Jeff Idelson (since 2008)
Website
baseballhall.org
Cooperstown
Location in the United States
Cooperstown
Location in New York
The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame, located in Cooperstown, New York, and operated by private interests. It serves as the central point for the study of the history of baseball in the United States and beyond, displays baseball-related artifacts and exhibits, and honors those who have excelled in playing, managing, and serving the sport. The Hall's motto is "Preserving History, Honoring Excellence, Connecting Generations."
The word Cooperstown is often used as shorthand (or a metonym) for the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.
The Hall of Fame was established in 1939 by Stephen Carlton Clark, the owner of a local hotel. Clark had sought to bring tourists to a city hurt by the Great Depression, which reduced the local tourist trade, and Prohibition, which devastated the local hops industry. A new building was constructed, and the Hall of Fame was dedicated on June 12, 1939. (Clark's granddaughter, Jane Forbes Clark, is the current chairman of the Board of Directors.)
The erroneous claim that Civil War hero Abner Doubleday invented baseball in Cooperstown was instrumental in the early marketing of the Hall.
An expanded library and research facility opened in 1994.[2] Dale Petroskey became the organization's president in 1999.[3]
In 2002, the Hall launched Baseball As America, a traveling exhibit that toured ten American museums over six years. The Hall of Fame has since also sponsored educational programming on the Internet to bring the Hall of Fame to schoolchildren who might not visit. The Hall and Museum completed a series of renovations in spring 2005. The Hall of Fame also presents an annual exhibit at FanFest at the Major League Baseball All-Star Game.
Jeff Idelson replaced Petroskey as president on April 16, 2008.[4] He had been acting as president since March 25, 2008, when Petroskey was forced to resign for having "failed to exercise proper fiduciary responsibility" and making "judgments that were not in the best interest of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum."[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Inductees
1.1 Selection process
1.2 Changes to Veterans Committee process
1.3 Players and managers with multiple teams
2 The museum
2.1 First floor
2.2 Second floor
2.3 Third floor
3 Unauthorized sale of items in collection
4 Non-induction of banned players
5 United States Mint Coin(s) commemorating the 75th Anniversary
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Inductees[edit]
See also: List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame
Among baseball fans, "Hall of Fame" means not only the museum and facility in Cooperstown, New York, but the pantheon of players, managers, umpires, executives, and pioneers who have been enshrined in the Hall. The first five men elected were Ty Cobb, Babe Ruth, Honus Wagner, Christy Mathewson and Walter Johnson, chosen in 1936; roughly 20 more were selected before the entire group was inducted at the Hall's 1939 opening. As of January 2018[update], 323 people had been elected to the Hall of Fame, including 226 former Major League Baseball players, 35 Negro league baseball players and executives, 22 managers, 10 umpires, and 30 pioneers, executives, and organizers. 114 members of the Hall of Fame have been inducted posthumously, including four who died after their selection was announced. Of the 35 Negro league members, 29 were inducted posthumously, including all 24 selected since the 1990s. The Hall of Fame includes one female member, Effa Manley.[5]
The newest members elected on January 24, 2018, are players Chipper Jones, Jim Thome, Vladimir Guerrero, and Trevor Hoffman.[6] They will be officially inducted on July 29, 2018, alongside players Jack Morris and Alan Trammell.[7]
Selection process[edit]
First Class of inductees L-R by votes: Ty Cobb, Babe Ruth, Honus Wagner, Christy Mathewson, Walter Johnson
Players are currently inducted into the Hall of Fame through election by either the Baseball Writers' Association of America (or BBWAA), or the Veterans Committee,[8] which now consists of four subcommittees, each of which considers and votes for candidates from a separate era of baseball. Five years after retirement, any player with 10 years of major league experience who passes a screening committee (which removes from consideration players of clearly lesser qualification) is eligible to be elected by BBWAA members with 10 years' membership or more who also have been actively covering MLB at any time in the 10 years preceding the election (the latter requirement was added for the 2016 election).[9] From a final ballot typically including 25–40 candidates, each writer may vote for up to 10 players; until the late 1950s, voters were advised to cast votes for the maximum 10 candidates. Any player named on 75% or more of all ballots cast is elected. A player who is named on fewer than 5% of ballots is dropped from future elections. In some instances, the screening committee had restored their names to later ballots, but in the mid-1990s, dropped players were made permanently ineligible for Hall of Fame consideration, even by the Veterans Committee. A 2001 change in the election procedures restored the eligibility of these dropped players; while their names will not appear on future BBWAA ballots, they may be considered by the Veterans Committee.[10] Players receiving 5% or more of the votes but fewer than 75% are reconsidered annually until a maximum of ten years of eligibility (lowered from fifteen years for the 2015 election).[11]
Under special circumstances, certain players may be deemed eligible for induction even though they have not met all requirements. Addie Joss was elected in 1978, despite only playing nine seasons before he died of meningitis. Additionally, if an otherwise eligible player dies before his fifth year of retirement, then that player may be placed on the ballot at the first election at least six months after his death. Roberto Clemente's induction in 1973 set the precedent when the writers chose to put him up for consideration after his death on New Year's Eve, 1972.
Lineup for Yesterday
Z is for Zenith
The summit of fame.
These men are up there.
These men are the game.
— Ogden Nash, Sport magazine (January 1949)[12]
The five-year waiting period was established in 1954 after an evolutionary process. In 1936 all players were eligible, including active ones. From the 1937 election until the 1945 election, there was no waiting period, so any retired player was eligible, but writers were discouraged from voting for current major leaguers. Since there was no formal rule preventing a writer from casting a ballot for an active player, the scribes did not always comply with the informal guideline; Joe DiMaggio received a vote in 1945, for example. From the 1946 election until the 1954 election, an official one-year waiting period was in effect. (DiMaggio, for example, retired after the 1951 season and was first eligible in the 1953 election.) The modern rule establishing a wait of five years was passed in 1954, although an exception was made for Joe DiMaggio because of his high level of previous support, thus permitting him to be elected within four years of his retirement.
Contrary to popular belief, no formal exception was made for Lou Gehrig (other than to hold a special one-man election for him): there was no waiting period at that time, and Gehrig met all other qualifications, so he would have been eligible for the next regular election after he retired during the 1939 season. However, the BBWAA decided to hold a special election at the 1939 Winter Meetings in Cincinnati, specifically to elect Gehrig (most likely because it was known that he was terminally ill, making it uncertain that he would live long enough to see another election). Nobody else was on that ballot, and the numerical results have never been made public. Since no elections were held in 1940 or 1941, the special election permitted Gehrig to enter the Hall while still alive.
If a player fails to be elected by the BBWAA within 10 years of his retirement from active play, he may be selected by the Veterans Committee. Following changes to the election process for that body made in 2010 and 2016, it is now responsible for electing all otherwise eligible candidates who are not eligible for the BBWAA ballot—both long-retired players and non-playing personnel (managers, umpires, and executives). From 2011 through 2016, each candidate could be considered once every three years;[13] now, the frequency depends on the era in which an individual made his greatest contributions.[14] A more complete discussion of the new process is available below.
From 2008 to 2010, following changes made by the Hall in July 2007, the main Veterans Committee, then made up of living Hall of Famers, voted only on players whose careers began in 1943 or later. These changes also established three separate committees to select other figures:
One committee voted on managers and umpires for induction in every even-numbered year. This committee voted only twice— in 2007 for induction in 2008 and in 2009 for induction in 2010.
One committee voted on executives and builders for induction in every even-numbered year. This committee conducted its only two votes in the same years as the managers/umpires committee.
The pre–World War II players committee was intended to vote every five years on players whose careers began in 1942 or earlier. It conducted its only vote as part of the election process for induction in 2009.[15]
Players of the Negro Leagues have also been considered at various times, beginning in 1971. In 2005 the Hall completed a study on African American players between the late 19th century and the integration of the major leagues in 1947, and conducted a special election for such players in February 2006; seventeen figures from the Negro Leagues were chosen in that election, in addition to the eighteen previously selected. Following the 2010 changes, Negro Leagues figures were primarily considered for induction alongside other figures from the 1871–1946 era, called the "Pre-Integration Era" by the Hall; since 2016, Negro Leagues figures are primarily considered alongside other figures from what the Hall calls the "Early Baseball" era (1871–1949).
Predictably, the selection process catalyzes endless debate among baseball fans over the merits of various candidates. Even players elected years ago remain the subjects of discussions as to whether they deserved election. For example, Bill James' book Whatever Happened to the Hall of Fame? goes into detail about who he believes does and does not belong in the Hall of Fame.
Changes to Veterans Committee process[edit]
Main article: Veterans Committee
The actions and composition of the Veterans Committee have been at times controversial, with occasional selections of contemporaries and teammates of the committee members over seemingly more worthy candidates.[16][17][18][19][20]
In 2001, the Veterans Committee was reformed to comprise the living Hall of Fame members and other honorees.[21] The revamped Committee held three elections, in 2003 and 2007, for both players and non-players, and in 2005 for players only. No individual was elected in that time, sparking criticism among some observers who expressed doubt whether the new Veterans Committee would ever elect a player. The Committee members, most of whom were Hall members, were accused of being reluctant to elect new candidates in the hope of heightening the value of their own selection. After no one was selected for the third consecutive election in 2007, Hall of Famer Mike Schmidt noted, "The same thing happens every year. The current members want to preserve the prestige as much as possible, and are unwilling to open the doors."[10] In 2007, the committee and its selection processes were again reorganized; the main committee then included all living members of the Hall, and voted on a reduced number of candidates from among players whose careers began in 1943 or later. Separate committees, including sportswriters and broadcasters, would select umpires, managers and executives, as well as players from earlier eras.
In the first election to be held under the 2007 revisions, two managers and three executives were elected in December 2007 as part of the 2008 election process. The next Veterans Committee elections for players were held in December 2008 as part of the 2009 election process; the main committee did not select a player, while the panel for pre–World War II players elected Joe Gordon in its first and ultimately only vote. The main committee voted as part of the election process for inductions in odd-numbered years, while the pre-World War II panel would vote every five years, and the panel for umpires, managers, and executives voted as part of the election process for inductions in even-numbered years.
Further changes to the Veterans Committee process were announced by the Hall on July 26, 2010, effective with the 2011 election.[13]
All individuals eligible for induction but not eligible for BBWAA consideration were considered on a single ballot, grouped by the following eras in which they made their greatest contributions:
Pre-Integration Era (1871–1946)
Golden Era (1947–1972)
Expansion Era (1973 and later)
The Hall used the BBWAA's Historical Overview Committee to formulate the ballots for each era, consisting of 12 individuals for the Expansion Era and 10 for the other eras. The Hall's board of directors selected a committee of 16 voters for each era, made up of Hall of Famers, executives, baseball historians, and media members. Each committee met and voted at the Baseball Winter Meetings once every three years. The Expansion Era committee held its first vote in 2010 for 2011 induction, with longtime general manager Pat Gillick becoming the first individual elected under the new procedure. The Golden Era committee voted in 2011 for the induction class of 2012, with Ron Santo becoming the first player elected under the new procedure. The Pre-Integration Era committee voted in 2012 for the induction class of 2013, electing three figures. Subsequent elections rotated among the three committees in that order through the 2016 election.
In July 2016, however, the Hall of Fame announced a restructuring of the timeframes to be considered, with a much greater emphasis on modern eras. Four new committees were established:
Today's Game (1988–present)
Modern Baseball (1970–1987)
Golden Days (1950–1969)
Early Baseball (1871–1949)
All committees' ballots now include 10 candidates. While there was previously a one-year waiting period after elimination from annual BBWAA consideration, there is now no waiting period. At least one committee convenes each December as part of the election process for the following calendar year's induction ceremony. The Early Baseball committee convenes only in years ending in 0 (2020, 2030). The Golden Days committee convenes only in years ending in 0 and 5 (2020, 2025). The remaining two committees convene twice every 5 years. More specifically, the Today's Game and Modern Baseball committees alternate their meetings in that order, skipping years in which either the Early Baseball or Golden Days committee meets. This means that in the next two 5-year cycles, the Today's Game committee (having met in 2016) will meet in 2018, 2021, and 2023, while the Modern Baseball committee (which met in 2017) will meet in 2019, 2022 and 2024. Additionally, the Hall of Fame has modified the criteria under which active executives can be considered for induction. All active executives age 70 or older may now have their careers reviewed as part of the Era Committee balloting process, regardless of the position they hold in an organization, and regardless of whether their body of work has been completed. Previously, active executives 65 years or older were eligible for consideration.[14]
Players and managers with multiple teams[edit]
While the text on a player's or manager's plaque lists all teams for which the inductee was a member in that specific role, inductees are usually depicted wearing the cap of a specific team, though in a few cases, like umpires, they wear caps without logos. (Executives are not depicted wearing caps.) Additionally, as of 2015, inductee biographies on the Hall's website for all players and managers, and executives who were associated with specific teams, list a "primary team", which does not necessarily match the cap logo. The Hall selects the logo "based on where that player makes his most indelible mark."[22]
Although the Hall always made the final decision on which logo was shown, until 2001 the Hall deferred to the wishes of players or managers whose careers were linked with multiple teams. Some examples of inductees associated with multiple teams are the following:
Frank Robinson: Robinson chose to have the Baltimore Orioles cap displayed on his plaque, although he had played ten seasons with the Cincinnati Reds and six seasons with Baltimore. Robinson won four pennants and two World Series with the Orioles and one pennant with Cincinnati. His second World Series ring came in the 1970 World Series against the Reds. Robinson also won an MVP award while playing for each team.
Catfish Hunter: Hunter chose not to have any logo on his cap when elected to the Hall of Fame in 1987. Hunter had success for both teams for which he played – the Kansas City/Oakland Athletics (his first ten seasons) and the New York Yankees (his final five seasons). Furthermore, both during and after his career he maintained good relations with both teams and their respective owners (Charles Finley and George Steinbrenner), and did not wish to slight either team by selecting the other.
Nolan Ryan: Born and raised in Texas, Ryan entered the Hall in 1999 wearing a Texas Rangers cap on his plaque, although he spent only five seasons with the Rangers, while raised in the Houston area and having longer and more successful tenures with the Houston Astros (nine seasons, 1980–88 and his record-setting fifth career no-hitter) and California Angels (eight seasons, 1972–79 and the first four of his seven career no-hitters). Ryan's only championship was as a member of the New York Mets in 1969. Ryan finished his career with the Rangers, reaching his 5000th strikeout and 300th win, and throwing the last two of his no-hitters. Ryan later took ownership of the Rangers when they were sold to his Rangers Baseball Express group in 2010. He sold his Rangers interest in 2013 and is now in the Astros' front office.
Reggie Jackson: Jackson chose to be depicted with a Yankees cap over an Athletics cap. As a member of the Kansas City/Oakland A's, Jackson played ten seasons (1967–75, '87), winning three World Series (1972, 1973, 1974) and the 1973 AL MVP Award. During his five years in New York (1977–81), Jackson won two World Series (1977–78), with his crowning achievement occurring during Game Six of the 1977 World Series, when he hit three home runs on consecutive pitches and earned his nickname "Mr. October".
Carlton Fisk: Fisk went into the hall with a Boston Red Sox cap on his plaque in 2000 despite playing with the Chicago White Sox longer and posting more significant numbers with the White Sox. Fisk's choice of the Red Sox was likely because of his being a New England native, as well as his famous "Stay fair!" walk-off home run in Game Six of the 1975 World Series with which he is most associated.
Sparky Anderson: Also in 2000, Anderson entered the Hall with a Cincinnati Reds cap on his plaque despite managing almost twice as many seasons with the Detroit Tigers (17 in Detroit; nine in Cincinnati). He chose the Reds to honor that team's former general manager Bob Howsam, who gave him his first major-league managing job. Anderson won two World Series with the Reds and one with the Tigers.
Dave Winfield: Winfield had spent the most years in his career with the Yankees and had great success there, but chose to go into the Hall as a member of the San Diego Padres due to his feud with Yankees owner George Steinbrenner.
In all of the above cases, the "primary team" is the team for which the inductee spent the largest portion of his career except for Ryan, whose primary team is listed as the Angels despite playing one fewer season for that team than for the Astros.
In 2001, the Hall of Fame decided to change the policy on cap logo selection, as a result of rumors that some teams were offering compensation, such as number retirement, money, or organizational jobs, in exchange for the cap designation. (For example, though Wade Boggs denied the claims, some media reports had said that his contract with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays required him to request depiction in the Hall of Fame as a Devil Ray.)[23] The Hall decided that it would no longer defer to the inductee, though the player's wishes would be considered, when deciding on the logo to appear on the plaque. Newly elected members affected by the change include the following:
Gary Carter: Inducted in 2003, Carter was the first player to be affected by the new policy. Carter won his only championship with the 1986 New York Mets, and wanted his induction plaque to depict him wearing a Mets cap, though he had spent twelve years (1974–84, 1992) with the Montreal Expos and five (1985–89) with the Mets. The Hall of Fame decided that Carter's impact on the Montreal franchise warranted depicting him with an Expos cap.[24][25]
Wade Boggs: Boggs's only championship was as a member of the 1996 New York Yankees, for whom he played from 1993–97, but his best career numbers were posted during his eleven years (1982–92) wearing the Boston Red Sox uniform. Boggs would eventually be depicted wearing a Boston cap for his 2005 induction.
Andre Dawson: Dawson's cap depicts him as a member of the Expos, his team for eleven years, despite his expressed preference to be shown as a member of the Chicago Cubs. While Dawson played only six years with the Cubs, five of his eight All-Star appearances were as a Cub, and his only MVP award came in his first year with the team in 1987.[26][27]
Tony La Russa: Manager La Russa chose not to have a logo after managing three teams over 33 years—the Chicago White Sox, Oakland Athletics, and St. Louis Cardinals. His greatest successes were with the A's (three pennants and a World Series title in 10 years) and Cardinals (three pennants and two World Series in 16 years). Nonetheless, La Russa felt that his induction to the Hall was due to his tenures with all three teams, and stated that not including a logo meant that "fans of all [three] clubs can celebrate this honor with me."[28] La Russa's biography on the Hall's website lists his primary team as the Cardinals.
Greg Maddux: Although Maddux had his greatest success while with the Atlanta Braves for 11 seasons, he had two stints with the Chicago Cubs for a total of 10 seasons, including the first seven of his MLB career. Maddux believed that both fanbases were equally important in his career, and so the cap on his plaque does not feature any logo.[28] His biography on the Hall's website lists his primary team as the Braves.
Randy Johnson: Johnson played for six teams in a 22-year career, but spent the bulk of it with the Seattle Mariners (10 seasons) and Arizona Diamondbacks (8 seasons). While enjoying great success with both teams, he had more significant honors with the Diamondbacks. Four of Johnson's five Cy Young Awards (consecutively from 1999 to 2002), his only championship (in 2001), his pitching triple crown (2002), and his perfect game (2004) all came with the Diamondbacks. Accordingly, he and the Hall agreed his plaque should feature a Diamondbacks logo.[29] His biography on the Hall's website lists his primary team as the Mariners.
The museum[edit]
According to the Hall of Fame, approximately 300,000 visitors enter the museum each year,[1] and the running total has surpassed 14 million.[citation needed] These visitors see only a fraction of its 40,000 artifacts, 3 million library items (such as newspaper clippings and photos) and 140,000 baseball cards.[1]
The Hall has seen a noticeable decrease in attendance in recent years. A 2013 story on ESPN.com about the village of Cooperstown and its relation to the game partially linked the reduced attendance with Cooperstown Dreams Park, a youth baseball complex about 5 miles (8.0 km) away in the town of Hartwick. The 22 fields at Dreams Park currently draw 17,000 players each summer for a week of intensive play; while the complex includes housing for the players, their parents and grandparents must stay elsewhere. According to the story,[30]
Prior to Dreams Park, a room might be filled for a week by several sets of tourists. Now, that room will be taken by just one family for the week, and that family may only go into Cooperstown and the Hall of Fame once. While there are other contributing factors (the recession and high gas prices among them), the Hall's attendance has tumbled since Dreams Park opened. The Hall drew 383,000 visitors in 1999. It drew 262,000 last year.
First floor[edit]
Plaque Gallery in 2001. The central pillar is for the newest (2000) inductees at the time.
Gallery during 2007 HOF induction weekend
Baseball at the Movies houses baseball movie memorabilia while a screen shows footage from those movies.
The Bullpen Theater is the site of daily programming at the museum (trivia games, book discussions, etc.) and is decorated with pictures of famous relief pitchers.
Inductee Row features images of Hall of Famers inducted from 1937–1939.
The Perez-Steele Art Gallery features art of all media related to baseball. Dick Perez served as an artist for various projects at the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum for 20 years, starting in 1981 [31][32]
The Plaque Gallery, the most recognizable site at the museum, contains induction plaques of all members.
The Sandlot Kids Clubhouse has various interactive displays for young children.
Scribes and Mikemen honors J. G. Taylor Spink Award and Ford C. Frick Award winners with a photo display and has artifacts related to baseball writing and broadcasting. Floor-to-ceiling windows at the Scribes and Mikemen exhibit face an outdoor courtyard with statues of Johnny Podres and Roy Campanella (representing the Brooklyn Dodgers 1955 championship team), and an unnamed All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player. A Satchel Paige statue was unveiled and dedicated during the 2006 Induction Weekend.[1]
An Education Gallery hosts school groups and, in the summer, presentations about artifacts from the museum's collection.
Second floor[edit]
The Grandstand Theater features a 12-minute multimedia film. The 200 seat theater, complete with replica stadium seats, is decorated to resemble old Comiskey Park.[33]
The Game is the major feature of the second floor. It is where the most artifacts are displayed. The Game is set up in a timeline format, starting with baseball's beginnings and culminating with the game we know today. There are several offshoots of this meandering timeline:
The Babe Ruth Room
Diamond Dreams (women in baseball)
¡Viva Baseball! (a bilingual exhibit, in English and Spanish, that celebrates baseball in Latin America)
Pride and Passion (Negro Leagues exhibit)
Taking The Field (19th century baseball)
Whole New Ballgame, the Museum's newest permanent exhibit, opened in 2015 and is located in the Janetschek Gallery. This exhibit completes the timeline of baseball through the last 45 years into the game we know today. It features environmental video walls and new interactive elements to go along with artifacts from the Museum's collection.
The Today's Game exhibit is built like a baseball clubhouse, with 30 glass-enclosed locker stalls, one for each Major League franchise. In each stall there is a jersey and other items from the designated big league team, along with a brief team history. A center display case holds objects donated to the Hall of Fame from the past year or two. Fans can also look into a room designed to look like a manager's office. Outside is a display case with rotating artifacts. Currently the space is devoted to the World Baseball Classic.
Third floor[edit]
Autumn Glory is devoted to post-season baseball and has, among other artifacts, replicas of World Series rings.
Hank Aaron: Chasing the Dream
A theater area continually plays the popular Abbott and Costello routine "Who's on First?"
One for the Books tells the story of baseball's most cherished records through more than 200 artifacts. The exhibit allows fans to search records dating back through baseball history via an interactive Top Ten Tower while giving visitors a look at exciting moments throughout the years via a multimedia wall.
BBWAA awards: Replicas of various awards distributed by the BBWAA at the end of each season, along with a list of past winners.
A case dedicated to Ichiro Suzuki setting the major league record for base hits in a single season, with 262 in 2004, after George Sisler had held the record for 84 years with 257.
A case full of World Series rings from prior years from the 1900s to present.
An inductee database touch-screen computer with statistics for every inductee.
Programs from every World Series.
Sacred Ground is devoted entirely to ballparks and everything about them, especially the fan experience and the business of a ballpark. The centerpiece is a computer tour of three former ballparks: Boston's South End Grounds, Chicago's Comiskey Park, and Brooklyn's Ebbets Field.
Unauthorized sale of items in collection[edit]
A controversy erupted in 1982, when it emerged that some historic items given to the Hall had been sold on the collectibles market. The items had been lent to the Baseball Commissioner's office, gotten mixed up with other property owned by the Commissioner's office and employees of the office, and moved to the garage of Joe Reichler, an assistant to Commissioner Bowie Kuhn, who sold the items to resolve his personal financial difficulties. Under pressure from the New York Attorney General, the Commissioner's Office made reparations, but the negative publicity damaged the Hall of Fame's reputation, and made it more difficult for it to solicit donations.[34]
Non-induction of banned players[edit]
Following the banning of Pete Rose from MLB, the selection rules for the Baseball Hall of Fame were modified to prevent the induction of anyone on Baseball's permanent suspension list, such as Rose or Shoeless Joe Jackson. Many others have been barred from participation in MLB, but none have Hall of Fame qualifications on the level of Jackson or Rose.
Jackson and Rose were both banned from MLB for life for actions related to gambling on their own teams—Jackson was determined to have cooperated with those who conspired to lose the 1919 World Series intentionally, and Rose voluntarily accepted a permanent spot on the ineligible list in return for MLB's promise to make no official finding in relation to alleged betting on the Cincinnati Reds when he was their manager in the 1980s. (Baseball's Rule 21, prominently posted in every clubhouse locker room, mandates permanent banishment from the MLB for having a gambling interest of any sort on a game in which a player or manager is directly involved.) Rose later admitted that he bet on the Reds in his 2004 autobiography. Baseball fans are deeply split on the issue of whether these two should remain banned or have their punishment revoked. Writer Bill James, though he advocates Rose eventually making it into the Hall of Fame, compared the people who want to put Jackson in the Hall of Fame to "those women who show up at murder trials wanting to marry the cute murderer".[35]
United States Mint Coin(s) commemorating the 75th Anniversary[edit]
Examples of the National Baseball Hall of Fame coins produced by the United States Mint
In 2012, Congress passed and President Barack Obama signed a law ordering the United States Mint to produce and sell commemorative, non-circulating coins to benefit the private, non-profit Hall.[36][37] The bill, H.R. 2527, was introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Rep. Richard Hanna, a Republican from New York, and passed the House on October 26, 2011.[38] The coins, which depict baseball gloves and balls, are the first concave designs produced by the Mint. The mintage included 50,000 gold coins, 400,000 silver coins, and 750,000 clad (Nickel-Copper) coins. The Mint released them on March 27, 2014, and the gold and silver editions quickly sold out. The Hall receives money from surcharges included in the sale price: a total of $9.5 million if all the coins are sold.[39]
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
New York portal
Baseball awards § United States
Honor Rolls of Baseball (1946) (managers, executives, writers, umpires)
List of Major League Baseball awards
List of Major League Baseball retired numbers
List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame
List of people banned from Major League Baseball
Nisei Baseball Research Project
References[edit]
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Staff Directory". National Baseball Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 11 April 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
Jump up ^ "Museum History". National Baseball Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 2017-10-21.
^ Jump up to: a b The Official Site of Major League Baseball: News: HOF president Petroskey resigns from the Major League Baseball website
Jump up ^ "Jeff Idelson named Hall of Fame president". USA Today. Associated Press. 2008-04-16. Retrieved 2008-11-30.
Jump up ^ Woman in Bronze
Jump up ^ "Hall of Fame adds four: Chipper Jones, Jim Thome, Vladimir Guerrero, Trevor Hoffman". Retrieved 2018-01-25.
Jump up ^ "Hall of Fame voting winners and losers: Chipper leads crowded class, but Edgar falls short". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2018-01-25.
Jump up ^ Following changes to the voting procedure in 2010, the official name is "Committee to Consider Managers, Umpires, Executives and Long-Retired Players". The term "Veterans Committee" comes from the former official name of "Committee on Baseball Veterans". Although the Hall no longer uses "Veterans Committee", that term is still widely used by baseball media.
Jump up ^ "Hall of Fame Announces Change to BBWAA Voting Electorate" (Press release). National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. July 28, 2015. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Walker, Ben (2007-02-28). "Vets committee throws another shutout at Hall of Fame". Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
Jump up ^ Bloom, Barry M. (2014-07-26). "Hall reduces eligibility from 15 years to 10". Retrieved 2014-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Baseball Almanac". Retrieved 2008-01-23.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hall of Fame Board of Directors Restructures Procedures for Consideration of Managers, Umpires, Executives and Long-Retired Players" (Press release). National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. 2010-07-26. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hall of Fame Makes Series of Announcements" (Press release). National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. July 23, 2016. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ National Baseball Hall of Fame (2009). "Rules for election of pre–World War II players". National Baseball Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
Jump up ^ Chass, Murray (2001-08-07). "More Vets Eligible For Hall In Baseball". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
Jump up ^ Enders, Eric (2001-08-08). "Same Old Story". Baseball Think Factory. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
Jump up ^ Traven, Neal (2003-01-14). "A Brief History of the Veterans Committee". Baseball Prospectus. Archived from the original on 1 November 2006. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
Jump up ^ Leo, John (1988-01-24). "Housecleaning Plan for the Hall of Fame". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
Jump up ^ Jaffe, Jay (2008-06-02). "Marvin Miller". Prospectus Q&A. Baseball Prospectus. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
Jump up ^ "Changes to Veterans Committee Procedures". baseballhalloffame.org. National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Archived from the original on 2006-09-29. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
Jump up ^ "Who decides what team logo will be used on Hall of Fame plaques?". Hall of Famers: FAQ. National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc. 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-02-13. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
Jump up ^ Muder, Craig (2005-01-06). "Boggs, Sandberg field queries as new Hall of Famers". USA Today. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
Jump up ^ Czerwinski, Kevin T. (2012-01-16). "Kid catches Cooperstown spotlight: Carter 'happy' to go into Hall as an Expo". Retrieved 2003-01-16. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Friedman, Andy (February 24, 2016). "Hall of Fame Caps That Could Have Been". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2018-03-11.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Fred (2010-01-27). "Dawson 'disappointed' he won't wear Cubs cap". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
Jump up ^ "Hall denies Dawson's Cubs request, must enter as an Expo". Associated Press. 2010-01-27. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
^ Jump up to: a b Kruth, Cash (2014-01-23). "Maddux, La Russa won't have logos on Hall caps". Major League Baseball. Retrieved 2017-09-27.
Jump up ^ "Cap Selection Announced for Randy Johnson" (Press release). National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. January 16, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Caple, Jim (July 26, 2013). "Dreams, reality alive in Cooperstown". ESPN.com. Retrieved July 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kashatus, William C. (July 23, 2010). "A portrait of the portraitist". Philly.com.
Jump up ^ Kashatus, William C. (2010) "Introduction". In Perez, Dick (2010). The Immortals: An Art Collection of Baseball's Best. Dick Perez (self-published). ISBN 9780692008508.
Jump up ^ National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum: Hall of Fame News Archived August 15, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ James, Bill (1994). The Politics of Glory. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. pp. 295–298. ISBN 0-02-510774-7.
Jump up ^ James (1995:358)
Jump up ^ Pub.L. 112–152
Jump up ^ "National Baseball Hall of Fame Commemorative Coin Act Signed into Law by President Obama". press release. National Baseball Hall of Fame. August 3, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "H.R. 2527: National Baseball Hall of Fame Commemorative Coin Act". GovTrack.us. November 1, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Senator Gillibrand Introduces National Baseball Hall of Fame Commemorative Coin Act". press release. National Baseball Hall of Fame. January 26, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
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Free particle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In physics, a free particle is a particle that, in some sense, is not bound by an external force, or equivalently not in a region where its potential energy varies. In classical physics, this means the particle is present in a "field-free" space. In quantum mechanics, it means a region of uniform potential, usually set to zero in the region of interest since potential can be arbitrarily set to zero at any point (or surface in three dimensions) in space.
Contents
[hide]
1 Classical free particle
2 Quantum free particle
2.1 Mathematical description
2.2 Measurement and calculations
2.3 Fourier decomposition
2.4 Group velocity and phase velocity
2.5 Spread of the wave packet
3 Relativistic quantum free particle
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
Classical free particle[edit]
The classical free particle is characterized simply by a fixed velocity v. The momentum is given by
p = m v {\displaystyle \mathbf {p} =m\mathbf {v} }
and the kinetic energy (equal to total energy) by
E = 1 2 m v 2 {\displaystyle E={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}}
where m is the mass of the particle and v is the vector velocity of the particle.
Quantum free particle[edit]
Propagation of de Broglie waves in 1d - real part of the complex amplitude is blue, imaginary part is green. The probability (shown as the colour opacity) of finding the particle at a given point x is spread out like a waveform, there is no definite position of the particle. As the amplitude increases above zero the curvature decreases, so the decreases again, and vice versa - the result is an alternating amplitude: a wave. Top: Plane wave. Bottom: Wave packet.
Mathematical description[edit]
Main articles: Schrödinger equation and Matter wave
A free particle in non-relativistic quantum mechanics is described by the free Schrödinger equation:
− ℏ 2 2 m ∇ 2 ψ ( r , t ) = i ℏ ∂ ∂ t ψ ( r , t ) {\displaystyle -{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\nabla ^{2}\ \psi (\mathbf {r} ,t)=i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\psi (\mathbf {r} ,t)}
where ψ is the wavefunction of the particle at position r and time t. The solution for a particle with momentum p or wave vector k, at angular frequency ω or energy E, is given by the complex plane wave:
ψ ( r , t ) = A e i ( k ⋅ r − ω t ) = A e i ( p ⋅ r − E t ) / ℏ {\displaystyle \psi (\mathbf {r} ,t)=Ae^{i(\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} -\omega t)}=Ae^{i(\mathbf {p} \cdot \mathbf {r} -Et)/\hbar }}
with amplitude A. As for all quantum particles free or bound, the Heisenberg uncertainty principles
Δ p x Δ x ≥ ℏ 2 , Δ E Δ t ≥ ℏ {\displaystyle \Delta p_{x}\Delta x\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}},\quad \Delta E\Delta t\geq \hbar }
(similarly for the y and z directions), and the De Broglie relations:
p = ℏ k , E = ℏ ω {\displaystyle \mathbf {p} =\hbar \mathbf {k} ,\quad E=\hbar \omega }
apply. Since the potential energy is (set to) zero, the total energy E is equal to the kinetic energy, which has the same form as in classical physics:
E = T → ℏ 2 k 2 2 m = ℏ ω {\displaystyle E=T\,\rightarrow \,{\frac {\hbar ^{2}k^{2}}{2m}}=\hbar \omega }
Measurement and calculations[edit]
The integral of the probability density function
ρ ( r , t ) = ψ ∗ ( r , t ) ψ ( r , t ) = | ψ ( r , t ) | 2 {\displaystyle \rho (\mathbf {r} ,t)=\psi ^{*}(\mathbf {r} ,t)\psi (\mathbf {r} ,t)=|\psi (\mathbf {r} ,t)|^{2}}
where * denotes complex conjugate, over all space is the probability of finding the particle in all space, which must be unity if the particle exists:
∫ a l l s p a c e | ψ ( r , t ) | 2 d 3 r = 1 {\displaystyle \int _{\mathrm {all\,space} }|\psi (\mathbf {r} ,t)|^{2}d^{3}\mathbf {r} =1}
This is the normalization condition for the wave function. The wavefunction is not normalizable for a plane wave, but is for a wavepacket.
Increasing amounts of wavepacket localization, meaning the particle becomes more localized.
In the limit ħ → 0, the particle's position and momentum become known exactly.
Interpretation of wave function for one spin-0 particle in one dimension. The wavefunctions shown are continuous, finite, single-valued and normalized. The colour opacity (%) of the particles corresponds to the probability density (which can measure in %) of finding the particle at the points on the x-axis.
Fourier decomposition[edit]
The free particle wave function may be represented by a superposition of momentum eigenfunctions, with coefficients given by the Fourier transform of the initial wavefunction:[1]
ψ ( r , t ) = 1 ( 2 π ) 3 ∫ a l l k s p a c e ψ ^ 0 ( k ) e i ( k ⋅ r − ω t ) d 3 k {\displaystyle \psi (\mathbf {r} ,t)={\frac {1}{({\sqrt {2\pi }})^{3}}}\int _{\mathrm {all\,{\textbf {k}}\,space} }{\hat {\psi }}_{0}(\mathbf {k} )e^{i(\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} -\omega t)}d^{3}\mathbf {k} }
where the integral is over all k-space and ω = ω ( k ) = ℏ k 2 2 m {\displaystyle \omega =\omega (\mathbf {k} )={\frac {\hbar \mathbf {k} ^{2}}{2m}}} (to ensure that the wave packet is a solution of the free particle Schrödinger equation). Here ψ 0 {\displaystyle \psi _{0}} is the value of the wave function at time 0 and ψ ^ 0 {\displaystyle {\hat {\psi }}_{0}} is the Fourier transform of ψ 0 {\displaystyle \psi _{0}} . (The Fourier transform ψ ^ 0 ( k ) {\displaystyle {\hat {\psi }}_{0}(\mathbf {k} )} is essentially the momentum wave function of the position wave function ψ 0 ( r ) {\displaystyle \psi _{0}(\mathbf {r} )} , but written as a function of k {\displaystyle \mathbf {k} } rather than p = ℏ k {\displaystyle \mathbf {p} =\hbar \mathbf {k} } .)
The expectation value of the momentum p for the complex plane wave is
⟨ p ⟩ = ⟨ ψ | − i ℏ ∇ | ψ ⟩ = ℏ k {\displaystyle \langle \mathbf {p} \rangle =\left\langle \psi \left|-i\hbar \nabla \right|\psi \right\rangle =\hbar \mathbf {k} } ,
and for the general wave packet it is
⟨ p ⟩ = ∫ a l l s p a c e ψ ∗ ( r , t ) ( − i ℏ ∇ ) ψ ( r , t ) d 3 r = ∫ a l l k s p a c e ℏ k | ψ ^ 0 ( k ) | 2 d 3 k {\displaystyle \langle \mathbf {p} \rangle =\int _{\mathrm {all\,space} }\psi ^{*}(\mathbf {r} ,t)(-i\hbar \nabla )\psi (\mathbf {r} ,t)d^{3}\mathbf {r} =\int _{\mathrm {all\,{\textbf {k}}\,space} }\hbar \mathbf {k} |{\hat {\psi }}_{0}(\mathbf {k} )|^{2}d^{3}\mathbf {k} } .
The expectation value of the energy E is
⟨ E ⟩ = ⟨ ψ | − ℏ 2 2 m ∇ 2 | ψ ⟩ = ∫ a l l s p a c e ψ ∗ ( r , t ) ( − ℏ 2 2 m ∇ 2 ) ψ ( r , t ) d 3 r {\displaystyle \langle E\rangle =\left\langle \psi \left|-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\nabla ^{2}\right|\psi \right\rangle =\int _{\mathrm {all\,space} }\psi ^{*}(\mathbf {r} ,t)\left(-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\nabla ^{2}\right)\psi (\mathbf {r} ,t)d^{3}\mathbf {r} } .
Group velocity and phase velocity[edit]
Propagation of a wave packet, with the motion of a single peak shaded in purple. The peaks move at the phase velocity while the overall packet moves at the group velocity.
The phase velocity is defined to be the speed at which a plane wave solution propagates, namely
v p = ω k = ℏ k 2 m = p 2 m {\displaystyle v_{p}={\frac {\omega }{k}}={\frac {\hbar k}{2m}}={\frac {p}{2m}}} .
Note that p 2 m {\displaystyle {\frac {p}{2m}}} is not the speed of a classical particle with momentum p {\displaystyle p} ; rather, it is half of the classical velocity.
Meanwhile, suppose that the initial wave function ψ 0 {\displaystyle \psi _{0}} is a wave packet whose Fourier transform ψ ^ 0 {\displaystyle {\hat {\psi }}_{0}} is concentrated near a particular wave vector k {\displaystyle \mathbf {k} } . Then the group velocity of the plane wave is defined as
v g = ∇ ω ( k ) = ℏ k m = p m {\displaystyle v_{g}=\nabla \omega (\mathbf {k} )={\frac {\hbar \mathbf {k} }{m}}={\frac {\mathbf {p} }{m}}} ,
which agrees with the formula for the classical velocity of the particle. The group velocity is the (approximate) speed at which the whole wave packet propagates, while the phase velocity is the speed at which the individual peaks in the wave packet move.[2] The figure illustrates this phenomenon, with the individual peaks within the wave packet propagating at half the speed of the overall packet.
Spread of the wave packet[edit]
The notion of group velocity is based on a linear approximation to the dispersion relation ω ( k ) {\displaystyle \omega (k)} near a particular value of k {\displaystyle k} .[3] In this approximation, the amplitude of the wave packet moves at a velocity equal to the group velocity without changing shape. This result is an approximation that fails to capture certain interesting aspects of the evolution a free quantum particle. Notably, the width of the wave packet, as measured by the uncertainty in the position, grows linearly in time for large times. This phenomenon is called the spread of the wave packet for a free particle.
Specifically, it is not difficult to compute an exact formula for the uncertainty Δ ψ ( t ) X {\displaystyle \Delta _{\psi (t)}X} as a function of time, where X {\displaystyle X} is the position operator. Working in one spatial dimension for simplicity, we have:[4]
( Δ ψ ( t ) X ) 2 = t 2 m 2 ( Δ ψ 0 P ) 2 + 2 t m ( ⟨ X P + P X 2 ⟩ ψ 0 − ⟨ X ⟩ ψ 0 ⟨ P ⟩ ψ 0 ) + ( Δ ψ 0 X ) 2 {\displaystyle (\Delta _{\psi (t)}X)^{2}={\frac {t^{2}}{m^{2}}}(\Delta _{\psi _{0}}P)^{2}+{\frac {2t}{m}}\left(\left\langle {\frac {XP+PX}{2}}\right\rangle _{\psi _{0}}-\left\langle X\right\rangle _{\psi _{0}}\left\langle P\right\rangle _{\psi _{0}}\right)+(\Delta _{\psi _{0}}X)^{2}} ,
where ψ 0 {\displaystyle \psi _{0}} is the time-zero wave function. The expression in parentheses in the second term on the right-hand side is the quantum covariance of X {\displaystyle X} and P {\displaystyle P} .
Thus, for large positive times, the uncertainty in X {\displaystyle X} grows linearly, with the coefficient of t {\displaystyle t} equal to ( Δ ψ 0 P ) / m {\displaystyle (\Delta _{\psi _{0}}P)/m} . If the momentum of the initial wave function ψ 0 {\displaystyle \psi _{0}} is highly localized, the wave packet will spread slowly and the group-velocity approximation will remain good for a long time. Intuitively, this result says that if the initial wave function has a very sharply defined momentum, then the particle has a sharply defined velocity and will (to good approximation) propagate at this velocity for a long time.
Relativistic quantum free particle[edit]
Main article: Quantum field theory
There are a number of equations describing relativistic particles: see relativistic wave equations.
See also[edit]
Wave packet
Group velocity
Particle in a box
Finite square well
Delta potential
References[edit]
Quantum Mechanics, E. Abers, Pearson Ed., Addison Wesley, Prentice Hall Inc, 2004, ISBN 978-0-13-146100-0
Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles (2nd Edition), R. Eisberg, R. Resnick, John Wiley & Sons, 1985, ISBN 978-0-471-87373-0
Stationary States, A. Holden, College Physics Monographs (USA), Oxford University Press, 1971, ISBN 0-19-851121-3
Hall, Brian C. (2013), Quantum Theory for Mathematicians, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 267, Springer, ISBN 978-1461471158
Quantum Mechanics Demystified, D. McMahon, Mc Graw Hill (USA), 2006, ISBN 0-07-145546 9
Elementary Quantum Mechanics, N.F. Mott, Wykeham Science, Wykeham Press (Taylor & Francis Group), 1972, ISBN 0-85109-270-5
Quantum mechanics, E. Zaarur, Y. Peleg, R. Pnini, Schaum’s Oulines, Mc Graw Hill (USA), 1998, ISBN 007-0540187
Specific
Jump up ^ Hall 2013 Section 4.1
Jump up ^ Hall 2013 Sections 4.3 and 4.4
Jump up ^ Hall 2013 Equation 4.24
Jump up ^ Hall 2013 Proposition 4.10
Further reading[edit]
The New Quantum Universe, T.Hey, P.Walters, Cambridge University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-521-56457-1.
Quantum Field Theory, D. McMahon, Mc Graw Hill (USA), 2008, ISBN 978-0-07-154382-8
Quantum mechanics, E. Zaarur, Y. Peleg, R. Pnini, Schaum’s Easy Oulines Crash Course, Mc Graw Hill (USA), 2006, ISBN 978-007-145533-6
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List of Cleveland Browns seasons
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Cleveland Browns were a charter member club of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) when the league was founded in 1946. From 1946 to 1949, the Browns won each of the league's four championships. The National Football League (NFL) does not recognize the Browns' AAFC championships; however, the Pro Football Hall of Fame does recognize the team's championships, which is reflected in this list. When the AAFC folded in 1949, the Browns were absorbed into the NFL in 1950. The Browns went on to win three NFL championships, nearly dominating the NFL in the 1950s, and won one more NFL championship in 1964. The team has yet to appear in a Super Bowl, however. Overall, the team has won eight championships: four in the AAFC, and four in the NFL.
In 1996, then-Browns owner Art Modell made the decision to move the team from Cleveland, Ohio to Baltimore, Maryland. An agreement between the city of Cleveland and the NFL kept the team's history, name and colors in Cleveland, while Modell's new team would be regarded as an expansion team. The Baltimore Ravens would begin play in 1996, and the Browns would return to the league in 1999. For record-keeping purposes, the Browns are considered to have suspended operations from 1996 to 1998, which is reflected in this list.
Seasons[edit]
For a complete team history, see History of the Cleveland Browns.
AAFC champions[1] (1946–1949) NFL champions (1950–1969) Super Bowl champions[2] (1970–present) Conference champions Division champions Wild Card berth
Season
Team
League
Conference
Division
Regular season results
Post-season results
Awards
Finish
Wins
Losses
Ties
All-America Football Conference
1946
1946 AAFC Western 1st 12 2 0 Won AAFC championship (1) (Yankees) 14–9
1947
1947 AAFC Western 1st 12 1 1 Won AAFC championship (2) (at Yankees) 14–3
1948
1948 AAFC Western 1st 14 0 0 Won AAFC championship (3) (Bills) 49–7
1949
1949 AAFC 1st 9 1 2 Won AAFC playoff game (Bills) 31–21
Won AAFC championship (4) (49ers) 21–7 Paul Brown (COY)
National Football League (1950–1995; 1999–present)
1950
1950 NFL American T-1st[3] 10 2 0 Won Conference Playoffs (Giants) 8–3
Won NFL Championship (5) (Rams) 30–28
1951
1951 NFL American 1st 11 1 0 Lost NFL Championship (at Rams) 17–24 Paul Brown (COY)
Otto Graham (MVP)
1952
1952 NFL American 1st 8 4 0 Lost NFL Championship (Lions) 7–17
1953
1953 NFL Eastern 1st 11 1 0 Lost NFL Championship (at Lions) 16–17 Paul Brown (COY)
Otto Graham (MVP)
1954
1954 NFL Eastern 1st 9 3 0 Won NFL Championship (6) (Lions) 56–10
1955
1955 NFL Eastern 1st 9 2 1 Won NFL Championship (7) (at Rams) 38–14 Otto Graham (MVP)
1956
1956 NFL Eastern T-4th[4] 5 7 0
1957
1957 NFL Eastern 1st 9 2 1 Lost NFL Championship (at Lions) 14–59 Paul Brown (COY)
Jim Brown (MVP, ROY)
1958
1958 NFL Eastern T-1st[5] 9 3 0 Lost Conference Playoffs (at Giants) 0–10 Jim Brown (MVP)
1959
1959 NFL Eastern T-2nd[6] 7 5 0
1960
1960 NFL Eastern 2nd 8 3 1
1961
1961 NFL Eastern 3rd 8 5 1
1962
1962 NFL Eastern 3rd 7 6 1
1963
1963 NFL Eastern 2nd 10 4 0 Jim Brown (BBA, MVP)
1964
1964 NFL Eastern 1st 10 3 1 Won NFL Championship (8)[7] (Colts) 27–0
1965
1965 NFL Eastern 1st 11 3 0 Lost NFL Championship (at Packers) 12–23 Jim Brown (MVP, MVP)
1966
1966 NFL Eastern T-2nd[8] 9 5 0
1967
1967 NFL Eastern Century 1st 9 5 0 Lost Conference Championship (at Cowboys) 14–52
1968
1968 NFL Eastern Century 1st 10 4 0 Won Conference Championship (Cowboys) 31–20
Lost NFL Championship (Colts) 0–34 Leroy Kelly (MVP)
1969
1969 NFL Eastern Century 1st 10 3 1 Won Conference Championship (at Cowboys) 38–14
Lost NFL Championship (at Vikings) 7–27
1970
1970 NFL AFC Central 2nd 7 7 0
1971
1971 NFL AFC Central 1st 9 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (Colts) 3–20
1972
1972 NFL AFC Central 2nd 10 4 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Dolphins) 14–20
1973
1973 NFL AFC Central 3rd 7 5 2
1974
1974 NFL AFC Central 4th 4 10 0
1975
1975 NFL AFC Central 4th 3 11 0
1976
1976 NFL AFC Central 2nd 9 5 0 Forrest Gregg (COY)
1977
1977 NFL AFC Central 4th 6 8 0
1978[9]
1978 NFL AFC Central 3rd 8 8 0
1979
1979 NFL AFC Central 3rd 9 7 0 Sam Rutigliano (COY)
1980
1980 NFL AFC Central 1st 11 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (Raiders) 12–14[10] Sam Rutigliano (COY)
Brian Sipe (MVP, MVP, POY)
1981
1981 NFL AFC Central 4th 5 11 0
1982[11]
1982 NFL AFC 8th 4 5 0 Lost First Round Playoffs (at Raiders) 10–27 Chip Banks (Def. ROY)
1983
1983 NFL AFC Central 2nd 9 7 0
1984
1984 NFL AFC Central 3rd 5 11 0
1985
1985 NFL AFC Central 1st 8 8 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Dolphins) 21–24 Kevin Mack (ROY)
1986
1986 NFL AFC Central 1st 12 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Jets 23–20) (2 OT)
Lost AFC Championship[12] (Broncos) 20–23 (OT) Marty Schottenheimer (COY)
1987[13]
1987 NFL AFC Central 1st 10 5 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Colts) 38–21
Lost AFC Championship[14] (at Broncos) 33–38
1988
1988 NFL AFC Central 2nd[15] 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Oilers) 23–24
1989
1989 NFL AFC Central 1st 9 6 1 Won Divisional Playoffs (Bills) 34–30
Lost AFC Championship[16] (at Broncos) 21–37 Michael Dean Perry (Def. POY)
1990
1990 NFL AFC Central 4th 3 13 0
1991
1991 NFL AFC Central 3rd 6 10 0
1992
1992 NFL AFC Central 3rd 7 9 0
1993
1993 NFL AFC Central 3rd 7 9 0
1994
1994 NFL AFC Central 2nd 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (Patriots) 20–13
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Steelers) 9–29
1995
1995 NFL AFC Central 4th 5 11 0
1996
Inactive from 1996–1998
1997
1998
1999
1999 NFL AFC Central 6th 2 14 0
2000
2000 NFL AFC Central 6th 3 13 0
2001
2001 NFL AFC Central 3rd[17] 7 9 0
2002
2002 NFL AFC North 2nd 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Steelers) 33–36
2003
2003 NFL AFC North 4th 5 11 0
2004
2004 NFL AFC North 4th 4 12 0
2005
2005 NFL AFC North 4th[18] 6 10 0
2006
2006 NFL AFC North 4th 4 12 0
2007
2007 NFL AFC North 2nd[19] 10 6 0
2008
2008 NFL AFC North 4th 4 12 0
2009
2009 NFL AFC North 4th 5 11 0
2010
2010 NFL AFC North 3rd 5 11 0
2011
2011 NFL AFC North 4th 4 12 0
2012
2012 NFL AFC North 4th 5 11 0
2013
2013 NFL AFC North 4th 4 12 0
2014
2014 NFL AFC North 4th 7 9 0
2015
2015 NFL AFC North 4th 3 13 0
2016
2016 NFL AFC North 4th 1 15 0
2017
2017 NFL AFC North 4th 0 16 0
Totals
4 AAFC Championships
4 NFL Championships
12 Conference Titles
9 NFL Division Titles
47 4 3 All-America Football Conference regular season results[20]
5 0 0 AAFC post-season results
462 482 10 National Football League regular season results[20]
11 20 0 NFL post-season results[20]
525
506
13
AAFC and NFL regular and post-season results
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ The NFL does not recognize the Browns' AAFC championships. For the purposes of this list, however, they are included in final totals.
Jump up ^ The Browns are one of only four teams to have never appeared in a Super Bowl. The other three teams are the Detroit Lions, the Houston Texans, and the Jacksonville Jaguars.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1950 NFL season, the Browns and Giants had identical 10–2–0 records. To determine the team that would play in the NFL Championship Game, the NFL held a one-game conference playoff. The Browns won, 8–3.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1956 season, the Browns and the Steelers ended the season with identical 5–7 records. There were no tie-breaking procedures, so the teams ended the season tied.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1958 NFL season, the Browns and Giants had identical 9–3–0 records. To determine the team that would play in the NFL Championship Game, the NFL held a one-game conference playoff. The Giants shut the Browns out 10–0.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1959 season, the Browns and the Eagles ended the season with identical 5–7 records. There were no tie-breaking procedures, so the teams ended the season tied.
Jump up ^ The Browns' championship win in 1964 is the second most recent championship won by any sports team from the Cleveland area. The most recent being the Cleveland Cavaliers Championship win over the Golden State Warriors in 2016.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1966 season, the Browns and the Eagles ended the season with identical 9–5 records. There were no tie-breaking procedures, so the teams ended the season tied.
Jump up ^ For the 1978 season, the NFL expanded from a 14-game season to a 16-game season.
Jump up ^ This game involved the play Red Right 88 in its final minutes.
Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players' strike. The NFL adopted a special 16-team playoff tournament; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1–8, and division standings were ignored.
Jump up ^ The 1987 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos is best remembered for The Drive, in which quarterback John Elway, over the span of 5 minutes and 2 seconds, lead the Broncos on a 98-yard drive to tie the game with 37 seconds remaining in regulation. The Broncos won the game in overtime with a field goal, 23–20.
Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players' strike. Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled, and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6.
Jump up ^ The 1988 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos is best remembered for The Fumble, in which, while on a potentially game-winning drive, the Browns' running back Ernest Byner fumbled the ball at the Broncos 3-yard line with 65 seconds remaining on the clock. The Broncos recovered the ball, allowed the Browns to get an intentional safety, and won the game, 38–33.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1988 season, the Browns and the Oilers ended the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Cleveland finished ahead of Houston based on a better division record.
Jump up ^ The 1990 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos marked the third time in four years that John Elway defeated Bernie Kosar and the Browns in the AFC championship game.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 2001 season, the Browns and the Titans ended the season with identical 7–9 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Cleveland finished ahead of Tennessee based on a better division record.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 2005 season, the Browns and the Ravens ended the season with identical 6–10 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Baltimore finished ahead of Cleveland based on a better division record.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 2007 season, the Browns and the Pittsburgh Steelers ended the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, the Steelers finished ahead of the Browns based on winning both games against the Browns during the season.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Cleveland Browns Team Encyclopedia - Pro-Football-Reference.com". pro-football-reference.com. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
References[edit]
"Year By Year Season Results". Cleveland Browns official Web site. Archived from the original on 2006-12-02. Retrieved 2007-04-12.
"Cleveland Browns (1950 – )". databaseFootball.com. Archived from the original on 2007-04-08. Retrieved 2007-04-12.
"Cleveland Browns History". JT-SW.com. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
"NFL History – Past Standings". National Football League official Web site. Retrieved 2007-04-12.
"Franchise History – Cleveland Browns". Pro Football Hall of Fame official Web site. Retrieved 2007-04-12.
"Cleveland Browns (1946–1995; 1999–Present)". Sports E-Cyclopedia. Retrieved 2007-04-12.
"Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia". Pro Football Reference.com. Retrieved April 2012. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
"History of the Cleveland Browns". Football @ JT-SW.com. John Troan. Retrieved April 2012. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
[show]
v
t
e
Cleveland Browns
Founded in 1946
Based in Cleveland, Ohio
Headquartered in Berea, Ohio
Franchise
History
Players
Head coaches
Seasons
Logos and uniforms
First-round draft picks
1999 expansion draft
Starting quarterbacks
Pro Bowlers
Stadiums
Cleveland Stadium
FirstEnergy Stadium
Key personnel
Owners: Jimmy Haslam
Dee Haslam
President (de facto): Paul DePodesta
General manager: John Dorsey
Head coach: Hue Jackson
Culture and lore
Art Modell
Cleveland sports curse
Dawg Pound
Draft Day
Hot Tub Time Machine
Kardiac Kids
Marty Ball
Miracle at the Met
Paul Brown
Red Right 88
Relocation controversy
"The Best Man"
The Drive
The Express
The Fortune Cookie
The Fumble
0–16
Rivalries
Cincinnati Bengals
Pittsburgh Steelers
Playoff appearances (28)
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1957
1958
1964
1965
1967
1968
1969
1971
1972
1980
1982
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1994
2002
Division championships (12)
1946
1947
1948
1967
1968
1969
1971
1980
1985
1986
1987
1989
Conference championships (11)
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1957
1964
1965
1968
1969
League championships (8)
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1954
1955
1964
Retired numbers
14
32
45
46
76
Hall of Fame inductees
Players: Brown
DeLamielleure
Ford
Gatski
Graham
Groza
Hickerson
Kelly
Lavelli
McCormack
Mitchell
Motley
Newsome
Warfield
Willis
Coach: Brown
Media
Broadcasters
Radio network
Flagships: WKNR
WKRK-FM
WNCX
Television: WEWS-TV
SportsTime Ohio
Current league affiliations
League: National Football League (1950–present)
Conference: American Football Conference
Division: North Division
Former league affiliation
League: All-America Football Conference (1946–1949)
Seasons (69)
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Championship seasons in bold
[show]
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Cleveland Browns seasons
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Bold indicates AAFC championship (through 1949) or NFL championship
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National Football Conference
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NFL on Sports Network Incorporated (SNI)
Related programs
NFL on CBS (1959)
Related articles
Carling Beer
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NFL on television (history)
Seasons
1955
1956
1957
1958 (The Browns' SNI arrangement from 1956 to 1958 was national in scope.)
1959
1960
1961 (For 1960 and 1961 seasons, the Browns-SNI network was reduced to a Midwest regional network.)
Commentators
Ken Coleman
Jimmy Dudley
Otto Graham
Cliff Lewis
Curly Morrison
Bob Wolff
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Cleveland_Browns_seasons&oldid=819470271"
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