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Legal person
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v
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A legal person (in legal contexts often simply person, less ambiguously legal entity)[1][2] is any human or non-human entity, in other words, any human being, firm, or government agency that is recognized as having legal rights and obligations, such as having the ability to enter into contracts, to sue, and to be sued.[3][4][5]
The term "legal person" is however ambiguous because it is also used in contradistinction to "natural person", i.e. as a synonym of terms used to refer only to non-human legal entities.[6][7]
So there are of two kinds of legal entities, human and non-human: natural persons (also called physical persons) and juridical persons (also called juridic, juristic, artificial, legal, or fictitious persons, Latin: persona ficta), which are other entities (such as corporations) that are treated in law as if they were persons.[4][8][9]
While human beings acquire legal personhood when they are born, juridical persons do so when they are incorporated in accordance with law.
Legal personhood is a prerequisite to legal capacity, the ability of any legal person to amend (enter into, transfer, etc.) rights and obligations.
In international law, consequently, legal personality is a prerequisite for an international organization to be able to sign international treaties in its own name.
Contents
[hide]
1 Juridical persons
1.1 Examples
2 History
3 Sample cases using the doctrine
4 Extension of basic rights to legal persons
4.1 Brazil
4.2 Germany
4.3 Italy
4.4 People's Republic of China
4.5 United States
5 Adoption
6 Popular culture
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
9.1 Books
9.2 Articles
Juridical persons[edit]
Main article: Juridical person
Artificial personality, juridical personality, or juristic personality is the characteristic of a non-living entity regarded by law to have the status of personhood.
A juridical or artificial person (Latin: persona ficta; also juristic person) has a legal name and has certain rights, protections, privileges, responsibilities, and liabilities in law, similar to those of a natural person. The concept of a juridical person is a fundamental legal fiction. It is pertinent to the philosophy of law, as it is essential to laws affecting a corporation (corporations law).
Juridical personhood allows one or more natural persons (universitas personarum) to act as a single entity (body corporate) for legal purposes. In many jurisdictions, artificial personality allows that entity to be considered under law separately from its individual members (for example in a company limited by shares, its shareholders). They may sue and be sued, enter contracts, incur debt, and own property. Entities with legal personality may also be subjected to certain legal obligations, such as the payment of taxes. An entity with legal personality may shield its members from personal liability.
In some common law jurisdictions a distinction is drawn between corporation aggregate (such as a company, which has a number of members) and a corporation sole (which is where a person's public office is deemed to have a separate personality from them as an individual). Both have separate legal personality. Historically most corporations sole were ecclesiastical in nature (for example, the Archbishop of Canterbury is a corporation sole), but a number of other public offices are now formed as corporations sole.
The concept of juridical personality is not absolute. "Piercing the corporate veil" refers to looking at the individual natural persons acting as agents involved in a company action or decision; this may result in a legal decision in which the rights or duties of a corporation or public limited company are treated as the rights or liabilities of that corporation's members or directors.
The concept of a juridical person is now central to Western law in both common-law and civil-law countries, but it is also found in virtually every legal system.[10]
Examples[edit]
Some examples of juridical persons include:
Cooperatives (co-ops), business organization owned and democratically operated by a group of individuals for their mutual benefit
Corporations are bodies corporate created by statute or charter. A corporation sole is a corporation constituted by a single member, in a particular capacity, and that person's successors in the same capacity, in order to give them some legal benefit or advantage, particularly that of perpetuity, which a natural person could not have had. Examples are a religious officiant in that capacity, or The Crown in the Commonwealth realms. A corporation aggregate is a corporation constituted by more than one member.
Municipal corporations (municipalities) are "creatures of statute". Other organizations may be created by statute as legal persons, including European economic interest groupings (EEIGs).
Unincorporated associations, that is aggregates of two or more persons, are treated as juridical persons in some jurisdictions but not others.
Partnerships, an aggregate of two or more persons to carry on a business in common for profit and created by agreement. Traditionally, partnerships did not have continuing legal personality, but many jurisdictions now treat them as having an independent legal personality.
Companies, a form of business association that carries on an industrial enterprise, are often corporations, although companies may take other forms, such as trade unions, unlimited companies, trusts, and funds. Limited liability companies—be they a private company limited by guarantee, private company limited by shares, or public limited company—are entities having certain characteristics of both a corporation and a partnership. Different types have a complex variety of advantages and disadvantages.[11]
Sovereign states are legal persons.
In the international legal system, various organizations possess legal personality. These include intergovernmental organizations (the United Nations, the Council of Europe) and some other international organizations (including the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, a religious order).
The European Union (EU) has legal personality since the Lisbon Treaty entered into force on 1 December 2009. That the EU has legal personality is a prerequisite for the EU to join the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). However, in 2014, the EU decided not to be bound by the rulings of the European Court of Human Rights.[12]
Temples, in some legal systems, have separate legal personality.[13]
The Whanganui River was granted legal personality in March 2017 under New Zealand law because the Whanganui Māori tribe regard the river as their ancestor.[14]
Also, in March 2017, the High Court of Uttarakhand declared the Ganges River a legal "person" in a move that according to one newspaper, "could help in efforts to clean the pollution-choked rivers". As of 6 April 2017, the ruling has been commented on in Indian newspapers to be hard to enforce, with assertions that experts[who?] do not anticipate immediate benefits, that the ruling is "hardly game changing", that experts[who?] believe "any follow-up action is unlikely", and that the "judgment is deficient to the extent it acted without hearing others (in states outside Uttarakhand) who have stakes in the matter".[citation needed]
Not all organizations have legal personality. For example, the board of directors of a corporation, legislature, or governmental agency typically are not legal persons in that they have no ability to exercise legal rights independent of the corporation or political body which they are a part of.
History[edit]
The concept of legal personhood for organizations of people is at least as old as Ancient Rome: a variety of collegial institutions enjoyed the benefit under Roman law.
The doctrine has been attributed to Pope Innocent IV, who seems at least to have helped spread the idea of persona ficta as it is called in Latin. In canon law, the doctrine of persona ficta allowed monasteries to have a legal existence that was apart from the monks, simplifying the difficulty in balancing the need for such groups to have infrastructure though the monks took vows of personal poverty. Another effect of this was that as a fictional person, a monastery could not be held guilty of delict due to not having a soul, helping to protect the organization from non-contractual obligations to surrounding communities. This effectively moved such liability to individuals acting within the organization while protecting the structure itself, since individuals were considered to have a soul and therefore capable of being guilty of negligence and excommunicated.[15]
In the common law tradition, only a person could sue or be sued. This was not a problem in the era before the Industrial Revolution, when the typical business venture was either a sole proprietorship or partnership—the owners were simply liable for the debts of the business. A feature of the corporation, however, is that the owners/shareholders enjoyed limited liability—the owners were not liable for the debts of the company. Thus, when a corporation breached a contract or broke a law, there was no remedy, because limited liability protected the owners and the corporation wasn't a legal person subject to the law. There was no accountability for corporate wrongdoing.
To resolve the issue, the legal personality of a corporation was established to include five legal rights—the right to a common treasury or chest (including the right to own property), the right to a corporate seal (i.e., the right to make and sign contracts), the right to sue and be sued (to enforce contracts), the right to hire agents (employees) and the right to make by-laws (self-governance).[16]
Since the 19th century, legal personhood has been further construed to make it a citizen, resident, or domiciliary of a state (usually for purposes of personal jurisdiction). In Louisville, C. & C.R. Co. v. Letson, 2 How. 497, 558, 11 L.Ed. 353 (1844), the U.S. Supreme Court held that for the purposes of the case at hand, a corporation is "capable of being treated as a citizen of [the State which created it], as much as a natural person." Ten years later, they reaffirmed the result of Letson, though on the somewhat different theory that "those who use the corporate name, and exercise the faculties conferred by it," should be presumed conclusively to be citizens of the corporation's State of incorporation. Marshall v. Baltimore & Ohio R. Co., 16 How. 314, 329, 14 L.Ed. 953 (1854). These concepts have been codified by statute, as U.S. jurisdictional statutes specifically address the domicile of corporations.
Sample cases using the doctrine[edit]
In U.S. v. The Cooper Corp., (1941) the court held that the United States government, as a juristic person, could sue under the Sherman Act. Section 7 of the act granted the right to sue only to persons. The corporate defendant, which was accused of illegally conspiring and colluding to raise prices on tires, argued that the U.S. government didn't have power to enforce the act because the government wasn't a person. The court held that the term "person" includes the U.S. Government, and allowed the action against the collusive corporations to continue.
In Cook County v. U.S. ex rel Chandler, (2003) the County was accused of violating a law which forbids "any person" from falsely obtaining research funds from the government. The county received a $5 million grant, but used it to conduct inappropriate tests on human subjects. The county argued that it could not be held liable because it was not a person. The court held that the county could be sued under the law as a legal person.
In Rowland v. California Men's Colony, Unit II Men's Advisory Council, (1993) the court declined to extend certain rights to legal persons. The association of prisoners sought to proceed in forma pauperis. The court held that the right to sue in forma pauperis existed only for natural persons, not legal persons.
Extension of basic rights to legal persons[edit]
Brazil[edit]
The term legal person ("pessoa jurídica" in Portuguese) is used in legal science for designating an entity with rights and liabilities which also has legal personality. Its regulations are largely based on Brazil's Civil Code, among other normative documents.
Germany[edit]
Article 19(3) of the German Constitution sets forth: "Fundamental rights shall also apply to domestic artificial persons insofar as the nature of such rights shall permit."[17]
Italy[edit]
In Italy trade unions have legal personality, as stated in Article 39, Paragraph 4 of the Constitution:
Registered trade unions are legal persons. They may, through a unified representation that is proportional to their membership, enter into collective labour agreements that have a mandatory effect for all persons belonging to the categories referred to in the agreement.
—  The Italian Constitution[18]
People's Republic of China[edit]
For a typical example of the concept of legal person in a civil law jurisdiction, under the General Principles of Civil Law of the People's Republic of China, Chapter III, Article 36., "A legal person shall be an organization that has capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conduct and independently enjoys civil rights and assumes civil obligations in accordance with the law."[19] Note however that the term civil right means something altogether different in civil law jurisdictions than in common law jurisdictions.
United States[edit]
In part based on the principle that legal persons are simply organizations of natural persons, and in part based on the history of statutory interpretation of the word "person", the US Supreme Court has repeatedly held that certain constitutional rights protect legal persons (such as corporations and other organizations). Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad is sometimes cited for this finding because the court reporter's comments included a statement the Chief Justice made before oral arguments began, telling the attorneys during pre-trial that "the court does not wish to hear argument on the question whether the provision in the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which forbids a State to deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws, applies to these corporations. We are all of the opinion that it does."
Later opinions interpreted these pre-argument comments as part of the legal decision.[20] As a result, because of the First Amendment, Congress may not make a law restricting the free speech of a corporation or a political action group or dictating the coverage of a local newspaper,[21] and because of the Due Process Clause, a state government may not take the property of a corporation without using due process of law and providing just compensation. These protections apply to all legal entities, not just corporations.
A prominent component of relevant case law is the Supreme Court decision Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, which ruled unconstitutional certain restrictions on corporate campaign spending during elections.[22]
Adoption[edit]
One example of a legal person occurs in adoption. Once an order or judgment of adoption (or similar decree from a court) is entered, one or both biological (or natural) parents becomes a legal stranger to the child, legally no longer related to the child and with no rights related to him or her. Conversely, the adoptive parents are legally considered to be the parents of the adopted child; a new birth certificate reflecting this is issued. The new birth certificate is a legal person.
Popular culture[edit]
In the novel Joan and Peter (1918) by H. G. Wells, Peter's parents die in a sailing accident. As it is not known which parent dies first, a legal person is applied maintaining that the husband, being a man and therefore stronger, lived longer. This decision results in the father's will determining Peter's legal guardian. However, later in the novel a witness to the accident declares seeing the mother floundering some time after the father has disappeared, and so the legal person is overturned and the mother's will is followed, providing Peter with a new legal guardian. Wells was in fact in error as to the English law, which instead presumes that the older person died first.
In Act II, Scene 1 of Gilbert and Sullivan's The Gondoliers, Giuseppe Palmieri (who serves, jointly with his brother Marco, as King of Barataria) requests that he and his brother be also recognized individually so that they might each receive individual portions of food as they have "two independent appetites". He is, however, turned down by the Court (made up of fellow Gondolieri) because the joint rule "... is a legal person, and legal person are solemn things."
In the novel Lud-in-the-Mist (1926) by Hope Mirrlees, the concept of the legal person as a secular substitute for spiritual mysteries and magical illusions is a central theme. Legal persons in the novel include referring to fairy fruit, mention of which is taboo, as woven silk fabric in order to allow the law to regulate it; and declaring members of the country's Senate "dead in the eyes of the law" in order to remove them from office, since the senators serve for life.
See also[edit]
Corporate personhood
European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organizations
Institution
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 118
Natural person
Netscape Communications Corp. v. Konrad for what it means for two entities to be separate
Paul v. Virginia ("... in which the United States Supreme Court held that a corporation is not a citizen...")
Separate legal entity
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ Lewis A. Kornhauser and W. Bentley MacLeod (June 2010). "Contracts between Legal Persons". National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Elizabeth A. Martin (2003). Oxford Dictionary of Law (7th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198607563.
Jump up ^ Smith, Bryant (January 1928). "Legal Personality". Yale Law Journal. 37 (3): 283–299. JSTOR 789740.
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ [4]
Jump up ^ [...] men in law and philosophy are natural persons. This might be taken to imply there are persons of another sort. And that is a fact. They are artificial persons or corporations [...] Deiser, George F. (December 1908). "The Juristic Person. I". University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register. 48 New Series (3): 131–142. JSTOR 3313312.
Jump up ^ Besides men or "natural persons," law knows persons of another kind. In particular it knows the corporation, and for a multitude of purposes it treats the corporation very much as it treats the man. Like the man, the corporation is (forgive this compound adjective) a right-and-duty-bearing unit. Frederic William (1911). "Moral Personality and Legal Personality 1". In H.A.L. Fisher. The Collected Papers of Frederic William Maitland. Cambridge University Press.
Jump up ^ The Juristic Person. I, George F. Deiser, University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register, Vol. 57, No. 3, Volume 48 New Series. (Dec., 1908), pp. 131-142.
Jump up ^ Frisch D. (2011). Commercial Law's Complexity Archived February 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.. George Mason Law Review.
Jump up ^ Opinion 2/13 [2014], nyr [5]
Jump up ^ Williams v The Shipping Corporation of India (US District Court, Eastern District Virginia), 10 March 1980, 63 ILR 363
Jump up ^ Roy, Eleanor Ainge (16 March 2017). "New Zealand river granted same legal rights as human being". The Guardian. London, United Kingdom. Retrieved 2017-03-16.
Jump up ^ John Dewey, “The Historic Background of Corporate Legal Personality,” Yale Law Journal, Vol. XXXV, April 1926, pages 655-673
Jump up ^ Kanti., Saha, Tushar. Textbook on legal methods, legal systems and research. ISBN 9788175348936. OCLC 892043129.
Jump up ^ "Basic Law. Art. 19 Abs. 3 GG". Retrieved 15 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Italian Constitution" (PDF). The official website of the Presidency of the Italian Republic. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-27.
Jump up ^ Gary J. Dernelle. "DIRECT FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA." DePaul Business Law Journal, Spring/Summer 1994. (6 DePaul Bus. L.J. 331)
Jump up ^ See, for example, Noble v. Union River Logging
Jump up ^ First Nat. Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
Jump up ^ http://origin.www.supremecourt.gov/docket/08-205.htm[dead link]
References[edit]
Books[edit]
Binder, J (1907). Das Problem der juristischen Persönlichkeit.
Saleilles, R (1922). De La Personalité Juridique: Histoire et Théories.
Hallis, F (1930). Corporate Personality: A Study in Jurisprudence.
Duff, P.W (1938). Personality in Roman Private Law.
Cooke, C.A (1950). Corporation, Trust and Company: A Legal History.
Watson, A (1967). The Law of Persons in the Later Roman Republic.
Guterman, S (1990). The Principle of the Personality of Law in the Germanic Kingdoms of Western Europe from the Fifth to the Eleventh Century.
Articles[edit]
Dewey, J (1926). "The Historic Background of Corporate Legal Personality". Yale Law Journal. 35.
Machen, A.W (1910). "Corporate Personality". Harvard Law Review. 24.
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text:
List of delegates to the Continental Congress
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is part of a series on the
United States
Continental Congress
Predecessors
Albany Congress 1754
Stamp Act Congress 1765
1st Continental Congress
Declaration and Resolves
Continental Association
Petition to the King
2nd Continental Congress
Olive Branch Petition
Committee of Secret Correspondence
Necessity of Taking Up Arms
Lee Resolution
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Model Treaty
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Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture
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The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the American Revolution. The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress lists 343 men who attended the Continental Congress, including the future U.S. Presidents George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and James Monroe, along with another 90 who were elected as delegates but never served.[1] The Congress met from 1774 to 1789 in three incarnations.
The First Continental Congress, which met briefly in Philadelphia in 1774, consisted of 56 delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States.[2] Convened in response to the Coercive Acts passed by the British Parliament in 1774, the delegates organized an economic boycott of Great Britain in protest and petitioned the king for a redress of grievances.
By the time the Second Continental Congress met in 1775, shooting in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) had begun. Moderates in the Congress still hoped that the colonies could be reconciled with Great Britain, but a movement towards independence steadily gained ground. Congress established the Continental Army (June 1775), coordinated the war effort, issued a Declaration of Independence in July 1776, and designed a new government in the Articles of Confederation, which were ratified in 1781.
The ratification of the Articles of Confederation gave the Congress a new name: the Congress of the Confederation, which met from 1781 to 1789. The Confederation Congress helped guide the United States through the final stages of the war, but in peacetime the Congress declined in importance. Under the Articles, the Confederation Congress had little power to compel the individual states to comply with its decisions. Increasingly, delegates elected to the Congress declined to serve, the leading men in each state preferred to serve in state government, and the Congress had difficulty establishing a quorum. When the Articles were replaced by the United States Constitution, the Confederation Congress was superseded by the United States Congress.
Contents
[hide]
1 Delegates who attended
2 Elected but did not attend
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
Delegates who attended[edit]
The following table shows the names of the delegates who at some point attended the Continental Congress. Because a delegate did not necessarily take his seat in Congress in the same year that he was elected, nor did he necessarily stay for the duration of his term, there are slight discrepancies in the sources regarding the years of service for some delegates. Only those years that the delegate actually attended Congress are shown on the table. All data is from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, except where entries been corrected using more detailed sources, particularly the American National Biography.
The table also indicates (with an X) which delegates signed the Continental Association (1774), the United States Declaration of Independence (1776), the Articles of Confederation (1778–1781), and the United States Constitution (1787). The first three documents were created by Congress, and so all signers were necessarily delegates; the United States Constitution was signed at a special convention outside of Congress, and its signatories were not all current or former members of Congress.
John Dickinson has two entries on the table because he served as a delegate from both Pennsylvania and Delaware. The person who most frequently attended Congress was not a delegate: he was Charles Thomson, who served as secretary throughout Congress' existence.
Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution
1 Adams, AndrewAndrew Adams Connecticut 1778 — — X —
2 Adams, JohnJohn Adams Massachusetts 1774–1777 X X — —
3 Adams, SamuelSamuel Adams Massachusetts 1774–1781 X X X —
4 Adams, ThomasThomas Adams Virginia 1778–1779 — — X —
5 Alexander, RobertRobert Alexander Maryland 1776 — — — —
6 Allen, AndrewAndrew Allen Pennsylvania 1775–1776 — — — —
7 Alsop, JohnJohn Alsop New York 1774–1776 X — — —
8 Armstrong Sr., JohnJohn Armstrong Sr. Pennsylvania 1779–1780 — — — —
9 Armstrong Jr., JohnJohn Armstrong Jr. Pennsylvania 1787–1788 — — — —
10 Arnold, JonathanJonathan Arnold Rhode Island 1782–1784[3] — — — —
11 Arnold, PelegPeleg Arnold Rhode Island 1787–1788 — — — —
12 Ashe, John B.John B. Ashe North Carolina 1787 — — — —
13 Atlee, Samuel JohnSamuel John Atlee Pennsylvania 1778–1782 — — — —
14 Baldwin, AbrahamAbraham Baldwin Georgia 1785, 1787–1788 — — — X
15 Banister, JohnJohn Banister Virginia 1778 — — X —
16 Barnwell, RobertRobert Barnwell South Carolina 1789 — — — —
Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution
17 Bartlett, JosiahJosiah Bartlett New Hampshire 1775–1776, 1778 [4] — X X —
18 Bayard, John BubenheimJohn Bubenheim Bayard Pennsylvania 1785–1786 — — — —
19 Beatty, JohnJohn Beatty New Jersey 1784–1785 — — — —
20 Bedford Jr., GunningGunning Bedford Jr. Delaware 1783–1785 — — — X
21 Bee, ThomasThomas Bee South Carolina 1780–1782 — — — —
22 Benson, EgbertEgbert Benson New York 1784, 1787–1788 — — — —
23 Beresford, RichardRichard Beresford South Carolina 1783–1784 — — — —
24 Biddle, EdwardEdward Biddle Pennsylvania 1774–1775 X — — —
25 Bingham, WilliamWilliam Bingham Pennsylvania 1786–1788 — — — —
26 Blanchard, JonathanJonathan Blanchard New Hampshire 1783–1784, 1787[5] — — — —
27 Bland, RichardRichard Bland Virginia 1774–1775 X — — —
28 Bland, TheodorickTheodorick Bland Virginia 1780–1783 — — — —
29 Bloodworth, TimothyTimothy Bloodworth North Carolina 1786 — — — —
30 Blount, WilliamWilliam Blount North Carolina 1782–1783, 1786–1787 — — — X
31 Boerum, SimonSimon Boerum New York 1774–1775 X — — —
32 Boudinot, EliasElias Boudinot New Jersey 1778, 1781–1783 — — — —
Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution
33 Braxton, CarterCarter Braxton Virginia 1776 — X — —
34 Brown, JohnJohn Brown Virginia 1787–1788 — — — —
35 Brownson, NathanNathan Brownson Georgia 1777 — — — —
36 Bull, JohnJohn Bull South Carolina 1784–1787 — — — —
37 Bulloch, ArchibaldArchibald Bulloch Georgia 1775 — — — —
38 Burke, ThomasThomas Burke North Carolina 1777–1781 — — — —
39 Burnet, WilliamWilliam Burnet New Jersey 1780–1781 — — — —
40 Burton, RobertRobert Burton North Carolina 1787 — — — —
41 Butler, PiercePierce Butler South Carolina 1787 — — — X
42 Cadwalader, LambertLambert Cadwalader New Jersey 1785–1787 — — — —
43 Carmichael, WilliamWilliam Carmichael Maryland 1778–1779 — — — —
44 Carrington, EdwardEdward Carrington Virginia 1786–1788 — — — —
45 Carroll ("Barrister"), CharlesCharles Carroll ("Barrister") Maryland 1776–1777 — — — —
46 Carroll ("of Carrollton"), CharlesCharles Carroll ("of Carrollton") Maryland 1776–1778 [6] — X — —
47 Carroll, DanielDaniel Carroll Maryland 1781–1783 — — X X
48 Caswell, RichardRichard Caswell North Carolina 1774–1775 X — — —
Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution
49 Chase, JeremiahJeremiah Chase Maryland 1783–1784 — — — —
50 Chase, SamuelSamuel Chase Maryland 1774–1778 X X — —
51 Clark, AbrahamAbraham Clark New Jersey 1776–1778, 1780–1783, 1786–1788 — X — —
52 Clingan, WilliamWilliam Clingan Pennsylvania 1777–1779 — — X —
53 Clinton, GeorgeGeorge Clinton New York 1775–1776 — — — —
54 Clymer, GeorgeGeorge Clymer Pennsylvania 1776–1777, 1780–1782 — X — X
55 Collins, JohnJohn Collins Rhode Island 1778–1780, 1782–1783 — — X —
56 Condict, SilasSilas Condict New Jersey 1781–1783 — — — —
57 Contee, BenjaminBenjamin Contee Maryland 1788 — — — —
58 Cooke, Joseph PlattJoseph Platt Cooke Connecticut 1784–1785, 1787–1788 — — — —
59 Cornell, EzekielEzekiel Cornell Rhode Island 1780–1782 — — — —
60 Coxe, TenchTench Coxe Pennsylvania 1788–1789[7] — — — —
61 Crane, StephenStephen Crane New Jersey 1774–1776 X — — —
62 Cumming, WilliamWilliam Cumming North Carolina 1785 — — — —
63 Cushing, ThomasThomas Cushing Massachusetts 1774–1776 X — — —
64 Dana, FrancisFrancis Dana Massachusetts 1777–1778, 1784 — — X —
Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution
65 Dane, NathanNathan Dane Massachusetts 1785–1789[3] — — — —
66 Dawson, JohnJohn Dawson Virginia 1788 — — — —
67 Dayton, JonathanJonathan Dayton New Jersey 1788–1789[3] — — — X
68 Deane, SilasSilas Deane Connecticut 1774–1776 X — — —
69 DehartJohn De Hart New Jersey 1774–1775 [8] X — — —
70 DeWitt, CharlesCharles DeWitt New York 1784 — — — —
71 Dick, SamuelSamuel Dick New Jersey 1784–1785 — — — —
72 Dickinson, JohnJohn Dickinson Delaware 1779 X (Pennsylvania) — X X
72 Dickinson, JohnJohn Dickinson Pennsylvania 1774–1776 X — X (Delaware) X (Delaware)
73 Dickinson, PhilemonPhilemon Dickinson Delaware 1782–1783 — — — —
74 Drayton, William HenryWilliam Henry Drayton South Carolina 1778–1779 — — X —
75 Duane, JamesJames Duane New York 1774–1783 X — X —
76 Duer, WilliamWilliam Duer New York 1777–1779[3] — — X —
77 Dyer, EliphaletEliphalet Dyer Connecticut 1774–1779, 1782–1783 X — — —
78 Edwards, PierpontPierpont Edwards Connecticut 1788 — — — —
79 Ellery, WilliamWilliam Ellery Rhode Island 1776–1785 — X X —
80 Ellsworth, OliverOliver Ellsworth Connecticut 1778–1783 — — — —
Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution
81 Elmer, JonathanJonathan Elmer New Jersey 1777–1778, 1781–1783, 1787–1788 — — — —
82 Eveleigh, NicholasNicholas Eveleigh South Carolina 1781–1782 — — — —
83 Fell, JohnJohn Fell New Jersey 1778–1780 — — — —
84 Few, WilliamWilliam Few Georgia 1780–1782, 1786–1788 — — — X
85 Fitzhugh, WilliamWilliam Fitzhugh Virginia 1779 — — — —
86 Fitzsimons, ThomasThomas Fitzsimons Pennsylvania 1782–1783 — — — X
87 Fleming, WilliamWilliam Fleming Virginia 1779 — — — —
88 Floyd, WilliamWilliam Floyd New York 1774–1776, 1779–1783 X X — —
89 Folsom, NathanielNathaniel Folsom New Hampshire 1774, 1777–1780 X — — —
90 Forbes, JamesJames Forbes Maryland 1778–1780 — — — —
91 Forrest, UriahUriah Forrest Maryland 1787 — — — —
92 Foster, AbielAbiel Foster New Hampshire 1783–1785 — — — —
93 Franklin, BenjaminBenjamin Franklin Pennsylvania 1775–1776 — X — X
94 Frelinghuysen, FrederickFrederick Frelinghuysen New Jersey 1779, 1783[9] — — — —
95 Frost, GeorgeGeorge Frost New Hampshire 1777–1779 — — — —
96 Gadsden, ChristopherChristopher Gadsden South Carolina 1774–1776 X — — —
Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution
97 Galloway, JosephJoseph Galloway Pennsylvania 1774 X — — —
98 Gansevoort, LeonardLeonard Gansevoort New York 1788 — — — —
99 Gardner, JohnJohn Gardner Rhode Island 1789 — — — —
100 Gardner, JosephJoseph Gardner Pennsylvania 1784–1785 — — — —
101 Gelston, DavidDavid Gelston New York 1789 — — — —
102 Gerry, ElbridgeElbridge Gerry Massachusetts 1776–1781, 1783–1785[3] — X X —
103 Gervais, John LewisJohn Lewis Gervais South Carolina 1782–1783 — — — —
104 Gibbons, WilliamWilliam Gibbons Georgia 1784 — — — —
105 Gilman, John TaylorJohn Taylor Gilman New Hampshire 1782–1783 — — — —
106 Gilman, NicholasNicholas Gilman New Hampshire 1787–1789 — — — X
107 Goldsborough, RobertRobert Goldsborough Maryland 1774–1776 — — — —
108 Gorham, NathanielNathaniel Gorham Massachusetts 1782–1783, 1785–1787[3] — — — X
109 Grayson, WilliamWilliam Grayson Virginia 1785–1787 — — — —
110 Griffin, CyrusCyrus Griffin Virginia 1778–1780, 1787–1788 — — — —
111 Gwinnett, ButtonButton Gwinnett Georgia 1776 — X — —
112 Habersham, JohnJohn Habersham Georgia 1785 — — — —
Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution
113 Hall, JohnJohn Hall Maryland 1775 — — — —
114 Hall, LymanLyman Hall Georgia 1775–1777 — X — —
115 Hamilton, AlexanderAlexander Hamilton New York 1782–1783, 1788 — — — X
116 Hancock, JohnJohn Hancock Massachusetts 1775–1778 — X X —
117 Hand, EdwardEdward Hand Pennsylvania 1784–1785[3] — — — —
118 Hanson, JohnJohn Hanson Maryland 1780–1782 — — X —
119 Hardy, SamuelSamuel Hardy Virginia 1783–1785 — — — —
120 Haring, JohnJohn Haring New York 1774, 1785–1787 — — — —
121 Harnett, CorneliusCornelius Harnett North Carolina 1777–1779 — — X —
122 Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison Virginia 1774–1777 X X — —
123 Harrison, WilliamWilliam Harrison Jr. Maryland 1786 — — — —
124 Hart, JohnJohn Hart New Jersey 1776 — X — —
125 Harvie, JohnJohn Harvie Virginia 1777–1778 — — X —
126 Hawkins, BenjaminBenjamin Hawkins North Carolina 1781–1783, 1787 — — — —
127 Hazard, JonathanJonathan Hazard Rhode Island 1788 — — — —
128 Hemsley, WilliamWilliam Hemsley Maryland 1782–1783 — — — —
Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution
129 Henry, JamesJames Henry Virginia 1780 — — — —
130 Henry, JohnJohn Henry Maryland 1778–1780, 1785–1786 — — — —
131 Henry, PatrickPatrick Henry Virginia 1774–1775 X — — —
132 Henry, WilliamWilliam Henry Pennsylvania 1784–1785 — — — —
133 Hewes, JosephJoseph Hewes North Carolina 1774–1776, 1779 X X — —
134 Heyward Jr., ThomasThomas Heyward Jr. South Carolina 1776–1778 — X X —
135 Higginson, StephenStephen Higginson Massachusetts 1783 — — — —
136 Hill, WhitmellWhitmell Hill North Carolina 1778–1780 — — — —
137 Hindman, WilliamWilliam Hindman Maryland 1785–1786 — — — —
138 Holten, SamuelSamuel Holten Massachusetts 1778–1780, 1783–1785, 1787 — — X —
139 Hooper, WilliamWilliam Hooper North Carolina 1774–1777 X X — —
140 Hopkins, StephenStephen Hopkins Rhode Island 1774–1776 X X — —
141 Hopkinson, FrancisFrancis Hopkinson New Jersey 1776 — X — —
142 Hornblower, JosiahJosiah Hornblower New Jersey 1785–1786 — — — —
143 Hosmer, TitusTitus Hosmer Connecticut 1778 — — X —
144 Houston, WilliamWilliam Houston New Jersey 1779–1781, 1784–1785 — — — —
Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution
145 Houstoun, JohnJohn Houstoun Georgia 1775 — — — —
146 Houstoun, WilliamWilliam Houstoun Georgia 1784–1786 — — — —
147 Howard, John EagerJohn Eager Howard Maryland 1788 — — — —
148 Howell, DavidDavid Howell Rhode Island 1782–1785 — — — —
149 Howly, RichardRichard Howly Georgia 1780–1781 — — — —
150 Huger, DanielDaniel Huger South Carolina 1786–1788 — — — —
151 Humphreys, CharlesCharles Humphreys Pennsylvania 1774–1776 X — — —
152 Huntington, BenjaminBenjamin Huntington Connecticut 1780, 1782–1783, 1788 — — — —
153 Huntington, SamuelSamuel Huntington Connecticut 1776, 1778–1781, 1783 — X X —
154 Hutson, RichardRichard Hutson South Carolina 1778–1779 — — X —
155 Ingersoll, JaredJared Ingersoll Pennsylvania 1780 — — — X
156 Irvine, WilliamWilliam Irvine Pennsylvania 1787–1788 — — — —
157 Izard, RalphRalph Izard South Carolina 1782–1783 — — — —
158 Jackson, DavidDavid Jackson Pennsylvania 1785 — — — —
159 Jackson, JonathanJonathan Jackson Massachusetts 1782 — — — —
160 Jay, JohnJohn Jay New York 1774–1776, 1778–1779 X — — —
Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution
161 Jefferson, ThomasThomas Jefferson Virginia 1775–1776, 1783–1784 — X — —
162 Jenifer, Daniel of St. ThomasDaniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Maryland 1779–1781 — — — X
163 Johnson, ThomasThomas Johnson Maryland 1774–1776 X — — —
164 Johnson, William SamuelWilliam Samuel Johnson Connecticut 1785–1787 — — — X
165 Johnston, SamuelSamuel Johnston North Carolina 1780–1781 — — — —
166 Jones, AllenAllen Jones North Carolina 1779–1780 — — — —
167 Jones, JosephJoseph Jones Virginia 1777, 1780–1783 — — — —
168 Jones, Noble WimberlyNoble Wimberly Jones Georgia 1781–1782 [10] — — — —
169 Jones, WillieWillie Jones North Carolina 1780–1781[3] — — — —
170 Kean, JohnJohn Kean South Carolina 1785–1787 — — — —
171 Kearney, DyreDyre Kearney Delaware 1787–1788 — — — —
172 King, RufusRufus King Massachusetts 1784–1787 — — — X
173 Kinloch, FrancisFrancis Kinloch South Carolina 1780 — — — —
174 Kinsey, JamesJames Kinsey New Jersey 1774–1775 X — — —
175 Langdon, JohnJohn Langdon New Hampshire 1775–1776, 1783–1784 [3] — — — X
176 Langdon, WoodburyWoodbury Langdon New Hampshire 1779 — — — —
Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution
177 Langworthy, EdwardEdward Langworthy Georgia 1777–1779 — — X —
178 Lansing Jr., JohnJohn Lansing Jr. New York 1785 — — — —
179 Laurance, JohnJohn Laurance New York 1785–1787 — — — —
180 Laurens, HenryHenry Laurens South Carolina 1777–1780 — — X —
181 Law, RichardRichard Law Connecticut 1777, 1781–1782 [11] — — — —
182 Lee, ArthurArthur Lee Virginia 1782–1784 — — — —
183 Lee, Francis LightfootFrancis Lightfoot Lee Virginia 1775–1779 — X X —
184 Lee, HenryHenry Lee Virginia 1786–1788 — — — —
185 Lee, Richard HenryRichard Henry Lee Virginia 1774–1779, 1784–1785, 1787 X X X —
186 Lee, Thomas SimThomas Sim Lee Maryland 1783 — — — —
187 Lewis, FrancisFrancis Lewis New York 1775–1779 — X X —
188 LhommedieuEzra L'Hommedieu New York 1779–1783, 1788 — — — —
189 Livermore, SamuelSamuel Livermore New Hampshire 1780–1782, 1785–1786 — — — —
190 Livingston, PhilipPhilip Livingston New York 1774–1778[3] X X — —
191 Livingston, Robert R.Robert R. Livingston New York 1775–1776, 1779–1780, 1784 — — — —
192 Livingston, WalterWalter Livingston New York 1784–1785 — — — —
Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution
193 Livingston, WilliamWilliam Livingston New Jersey 1774–1776 X — — X
194 Lloyd, EdwardEdward Lloyd Maryland 1783–1784 — — — —
195 Long, PiersePierse Long New Hampshire 1785–1786 — — — —
196 Lovell, JamesJames Lovell Massachusetts 1777–1782 — — X —
197 Low, IsaacIsaac Low New York 1774 X — — —
198 Lowell, JohnJohn Lowell Massachusetts 1782 — — — —
199 LynchaThomas Lynch South Carolina 1774–1776 X — — —
200 LynchbThomas Lynch Jr. South Carolina 1775-1776 — X — —
201 Madison, JamesJames Madison Virginia 1780–1783, 1787–1788 — — X X
202 Manning, JamesJames Manning Rhode Island 1786 — — — —
203 Marchant, HenryHenry Marchant Rhode Island 1777–1779 — — X —
204 Mathews, JohnJohn Mathews South Carolina 1778–1781 — — X —
205 Matlack, TimothyTimothy Matlack Pennsylvania 1780 — — — —
206 McComb, EleazerEleazer McComb Delaware 1783–1784 — — — —
207 McDougall, AlexanderAlexander McDougall New York 1781 — — — —
208 McHenry, JamesJames McHenry Maryland 1783–1785 — — — X
Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution
209 McKean, ThomasThomas McKean Delaware 1774–1776, 1778–1782 X X X —
210 McLene, JamesJames McLene Pennsylvania 1779–1780 — — — —
211 Mercer, JamesJames Mercer Virginia 1779 — — — —
212 Mercer, John FrancisJohn Francis Mercer Virginia 1783–1784 — — — —
213 Meredith, SamuelSamuel Meredith Pennsylvania 1786–1788 — — — —
214 Middleton, ArthurArthur Middleton South Carolina 1776–1777, 1781–1782 — X — —
215 Middleton, HenryHenry Middleton South Carolina 1774–1775 X — — —
216 Mifflin, ThomasThomas Mifflin Pennsylvania 1774–1775, 1782–1784 X — — X
217 Miller, NathanNathan Miller Rhode Island 1786 — — — —
218 Mitchell, NathanielNathaniel Mitchell Delaware 1787–1788 — — — —
219 Mitchell, Stephen MixStephen Mix Mitchell Connecticut 1785–1788 — — — —
220 Monroe, JamesJames Monroe Virginia 1783–1786 — — — —
221 Montgomery, JohnJohn Montgomery Pennsylvania 1782–1784 — — — —
222 Montgomery, JosephJoseph Montgomery Pennsylvania 1780–1782 — — — —
223 Morris, CadwaladerCadwalader Morris Pennsylvania 1783–1784 — — — —
224 Morris, GouverneurGouverneur Morris New York 1778–1779 — — X X
Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution
225 Morris, LewisLewis Morris New York 1775–1777 — X — —
226 Morris, RobertRobert Morris Pennsylvania 1775–1778 — X X X
227 Morton, JohnJohn Morton Pennsylvania 1774–1776 X X — —
228 Motte, IsaacIsaac Motte South Carolina 1780–1782 — — — —
229 Mowry Jr., DanielDaniel Mowry Jr. Rhode Island 1780–1782 — — — —
230 Muhlenberg, FrederickFrederick Muhlenberg Pennsylvania 1779–1780 — — — —
231 Nash, AbnerAbner Nash North Carolina 1782–1783 — — — —
232 Nelson Jr., ThomasThomas Nelson Jr. Virginia 1775–1777, 1779 — X — —
233 Osgood, SamuelSamuel Osgood Massachusetts 1781–1784 — — — —
234 Otis, Samuel AllyneSamuel Allyne Otis Massachusetts 1787–1788 — — — —
235 Paca, WilliamWilliam Paca Maryland 1774–1779 X X — —
236 Page, MannMann Page Virginia 1777 — — — —
237 Paine, EphraimEphraim Paine New York 1784 — — — —
238 Paine, Robert TreatRobert Treat Paine Massachusetts 1774–1776 X X — —
239 Parker, JohnJohn Parker South Carolina 1786–1788 — — — —
240 Partridge, GeorgeGeorge Partridge Massachusetts 1779–1785 — — — —
Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution
241 Patten, JohnJohn Patten Delaware 1786 — — — —
242 Peabody, NathanielNathaniel Peabody New Hampshire 1779–1780 [12] — — — —
243 Peery, WilliamWilliam Peery Delaware 1786 — — — —
244 Pell, PhilipPhilip Pell New York 1789 — — — —
245 Pendleton, EdmundEdmund Pendleton Virginia 1774–1775 X — — —
246 Penn, JohnJohn Penn North Carolina 1775–1780 — X X —
247 Peters Jr., RichardRichard Peters Jr. Pennsylvania 1782–1783 — — — —
248 Pettit, CharlesCharles Pettit Pennsylvania 1785–1787 — — — —
249 Pierce, WilliamWilliam Pierce Georgia 1787 — — — —
250 Pinckney, CharlesCharles Pinckney South Carolina 1784–1787[3] — — — X
251 Plater, GeorgeGeorge Plater Maryland 1778–1780 — — — —
252 Platt, ZephaniahZephaniah Platt New York 1785–1786 — — — —
253 Potts, RichardRichard Potts Maryland 1781 — — — —
254 Ramsay, DavidDavid Ramsay South Carolina 1782–1783, 1785–1786 — — — —
255 Ramsey, NathanielNathaniel Ramsey Maryland 1786–1787 — — — —
256 Randolph, EdmundEdmund Randolph Virginia 1779, 1781–1782 — — — —
Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution
257 Randolph, PeytonPeyton Randolph Virginia 1774–1775 X — — —
258 Read, GeorgeGeorge Read Delaware 1774–1777 X X — X
259 Read, JacobJacob Read South Carolina 1783–1785 — — — —
260 Reed, JosephJoseph Reed Pennsylvania 1778 — — X —
261 Reid, James RandolphJames Randolph Reid Pennsylvania 1787–1789 — — — —
262 Rhoads, SamuelSamuel Rhoads Pennsylvania 1774 — — — —
263 Roberdeau, DanielDaniel Roberdeau Pennsylvania 1777–1779 — — X —
264 Rodney, CaesarCaesar Rodney Delaware 1774–1776 X X — —
265 Rodney, ThomasThomas Rodney Delaware 1781–1782, 1786 — — — —
266 Rogers, JohnJohn Rogers Maryland 1775–1776 — — — —
267 Root, JesseJesse Root Connecticut 1778–1782 — — — —
268 Ross, DavidDavid Ross Maryland 1787–1789 — — — —
269 Ross, GeorgeGeorge Ross Pennsylvania 1774–1777 X X — —
270 Rumsey, BenjaminBenjamin Rumsey Maryland 1776–1777 — — — —
271 Rush, BenjaminBenjamin Rush Pennsylvania 1776–1777 — X — —
272 Rutledge, EdwardEdward Rutledge South Carolina 1774–1776 X X — —
Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution
273 Rutledge, JohnJohn Rutledge South Carolina 1774–1775, 1782–1783 X — — X
274 Schureman, JamesJames Schureman New Jersey 1786–1787 — — — —
275 Schuyler, PhilipPhilip Schuyler New York 1775, 1777, 1779–1780 — — — —
276 Scott, John MorinJohn Morin Scott New York 1780–1783[3] — — — —
277 Scudder, NathanielNathaniel Scudder New Jersey 1778–1779 — — X —
278 Searle, JamesJames Searle Pennsylvania 1778–1780 — — — —
279 Sedgwick, TheodoreTheodore Sedgwick Massachusetts 1785–1786, 1788 — — — —
280 Seney, JoshuaJoshua Seney Maryland 1788 — — — —
281 Sergeant, JonathanJonathan Sergeant New Jersey 1776–1777 — — — —
282 Sharpe, WilliamWilliam Sharpe North Carolina 1779–1781 — — — —
283 Sherman, RogerRoger Sherman Connecticut 1774–1781, 1784 X X X X
284 Shippen, WilliamWilliam Shippen Pennsylvania 1779–1780 — — — —
285 Sitgreaves, JohnJohn Sitgreaves North Carolina 1785 — — — —
286 Smith, JamesJames Smith Pennsylvania 1776–1778 — X — —
287 Smith, Jonathan BayardJonathan Bayard Smith Pennsylvania 1777–1778 — — X —
288 Smith, MelanctonMelancton Smith New York 1785–1787 — — — —
Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution
289 Smith, MeriwetherMeriwether Smith Virginia 1778, 1780–1781[13] — — — —
290 Smith, RichardRichard Smith New Jersey 1774–1776 X — — —
291 Smith, ThomasThomas Smith Pennsylvania 1781–1782 — — — —
292 Smith, WilliamWilliam Smith Maryland 1777 — — — —
293 Spaight, Richard DobbsRichard Dobbs Spaight North Carolina 1783–1785 — — — X
294 Spencer, JosephJoseph Spencer Connecticut 1779 — — — —
295 St. Clair, ArthurArthur St. Clair Pennsylvania 1786–1787 — — — —
296 Stevens, JohnJohn Stevens New Jersey 1784 — — — —
297 Stewart, CharlesCharles Stewart New Jersey 1784–1785 — — — —
298 Stockton, RichardRichard Stockton New Jersey 1776 — X — —
299 Stone, ThomasThomas Stone Maryland 1775–1776, 1778, 1784 — X — —
300 Sturges, JonathanJonathan Sturges Connecticut 1786 — — — —
301 Sullivan, JohnJohn Sullivan New Hampshire 1774–1775, 1780–1781 X — — —
302 Swann, JohnJohn Swann North Carolina 1788 — — — —
303 Sykes, JamesJames Sykes Delaware 1777 — — — —
304 Symmes, John ClevesJohn Cleves Symmes New Jersey 1785–1786 — — — —
Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution
305 Taylor, GeorgeGeorge Taylor Pennsylvania 1776 — X — —
306 Telfair, EdwardEdward Telfair Georgia 1778, 1780–1782 — — X —
307 Thatcher, GeorgeGeorge Thatcher Massachusetts 1787–1789 — — — —
308 Thornton, MatthewMatthew Thornton New Hampshire 1776–1777 — X — —
309 Tilghman, MatthewMatthew Tilghman Maryland 1774–1776 X — — —
310 Tilton, JamesJames Tilton Delaware 1783–1784 — — — —
311 Tucker, Thomas TudorThomas Tudor Tucker South Carolina 1787–1788 — — — —
312 Van Dyke, NicholasNicholas Van Dyke Delaware 1777–1781 — — X —
313 Varnum, James MitchellJames Mitchell Varnum Rhode Island 1780–1781, 1787 — — — —
314 Vining, John M.John M. Vining Delaware 1784–1785 — — — —
315 Wadsworth, JamesJames Wadsworth Connecticut 1784 — — — —
316 Wadsworth, JeremiahJeremiah Wadsworth Connecticut 1788 — — — —
317 Walker, JohnJohn Walker Virginia 1780 — — — —
318 Walton, GeorgeGeorge Walton Georgia 1776–1777, 1780–1781 — X X —
319 Walton, JohnJohn Walton Georgia 1778 — — — —
320 Ward, ArtemasArtemas Ward Massachusetts 1780–1781 — — — —
Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution
321 Ward, SamuelSamuel Ward Rhode Island 1774–1776 X — — —
322 Washington, GeorgeGeorge Washington Virginia 1774–1775 X — — X
323 Wentworth Jr., JohnJohn Wentworth Jr. New Hampshire 1778 — — X —
324 Wharton, SamuelSamuel Wharton Delaware 1782–1783 — — — —
325 Whipple, WilliamWilliam Whipple New Hampshire 1776–1779 — X — —
326 White, JamesJames White North Carolina 1786–1788 — — — —
327 White, PhillipsPhillips White New Hampshire 1782–1783 — — — —
328 Williams, JohnJohn Williams North Carolina 1778–1779 — — X —
329 Williams, WilliamWilliam Williams Connecticut 1776–1777 — X — —
330 Williamson, HughHugh Williamson North Carolina 1782–1785, 1787–1789[3] — — — X
331 Willing, ThomasThomas Willing Pennsylvania 1775–1776 — — — —
332 Wilson, JamesJames Wilson Pennsylvania 1775–1777, 1783, 1785–1786 — X — X
333 Wingate, PainePaine Wingate New Hampshire 1788 — — — —
334 Wisner, HenryHenry Wisner New York 1774–1776[3] X — — —
335 Witherspoon, JohnJohn Witherspoon New Jersey 1776–1782 — X X —
336 Wolcott, OliverOliver Wolcott Connecticut 1776–1778, 1780–1783 — X X —
337 Wood, JosephJoseph Wood Georgia 1777–1778 — — — —
338 Wright, TurbuttTurbutt Wright Maryland 1782 — — — —
339 Wynkoop, HenryHenry Wynkoop Pennsylvania 1779–1782 — — — —
340 Wythe, GeorgeGeorge Wythe Virginia 1775–1776 — X — —
341 Yates, AbrahamAbraham Yates New York 1787–1788 — — — —
342 Yates, Peter W.Peter W. Yates New York 1786 — — — —
343 Zubly, John JoachimJohn Joachim Zubly Georgia 1775 — — — —
Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution
Elected but did not attend[edit]
This table shows those who were elected as delegates to the Continental Congress but never attended a session. All data is from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
#
Name
State
Years elected
1 Andrew, BenjaminBenjamin Andrew Georgia 1780
2 Ashley, SamuelSamuel Ashley New Hampshire 1779
3 Atkinson, GeorgeGeorge Atkinson New Hampshire 1780, 1785
4 Barnwell, JohnJohn Barnwell South Carolina 1784
5 Bedford Sr., GunningGunning Bedford Sr. Delaware 1786
6 Bellows, BenjaminBenjamin Bellows New Hampshire 1781
7 Blair, Jr., JohnJohn Blair, Jr. Virginia 1781
8 Bowdoin, JamesJames Bowdoin Massachusetts 1774
9 Bradford, WilliamWilliam Bradford Rhode Island 1776
10 Brevard, EphraimEphraim Brevard North Carolina 1781
11 Brown, JohnJohn Brown Rhode Island 1784, 1785
12 Canfield, JohnJohn Canfield Connecticut 1786
13 Champlin, GeorgeGeorge Champlin Rhode Island 1785, 1786
14 Chandler, Charles C.Charles C. Chandler Connecticut 1784
15 Chester, JohnJohn Chester Connecticut 1787, 1788
16 Clarkson, MatthewMatthew Clarkson Pennsylvania 1785
17 Clay, JosephJoseph Clay Georgia 1778
18 Cooper, JohnJohn Cooper New Jersey 1776
19 Dalton, TristramTristram Dalton Massachusetts 1783, 1784
20 Danielson, TimothyTimothy Danielson Massachusetts 1780, 1782, 1783
21 Dayton, EliasElias Dayton New Jersey 1778
22 Dow, MosesMoses Dow New Hampshire 1784
23 Duffield, SamuelSamuel Duffield Pennsylvania 1777
24 Edwards, TimothyTimothy Edwards Massachusetts 1778
25 Elbert, SamuelSamuel Elbert Georgia 1784
26 Evans, JohnJohn Evans Delaware 1776
27 Gardner, SylvesterSylvester Gardner Rhode Island 1787
28 Giles, EdwardEdward Giles Maryland 1782
29 Gillon, AlexanderAlexander Gillon South Carolina 1784
30 Grantham, IsaacIsaac Grantham Delaware 1787
31 Gunn, JamesJames Gunn Georgia 1787
32 Habersham, JosephJoseph Habersham Georgia 1784
33 Hathorn, JohnJohn Hathorn New York 1788[14]
34 Henderson, ThomasThomas Henderson New Jersey 1779
35 Hillhouse, JamesJames Hillhouse Connecticut 1786, 1788
36 Hillhouse, WilliamWilliam Hillhouse Connecticut 1783, 1785
37 Holden, ThomasThomas Holden Rhode Island 1788, 1789
38 Johnson, CharlesCharles Johnson North Carolina 1781, 1784, 1785
39 Jones, GabrielGabriel Jones Virginia 1779
40 Jones, SamuelSamuel Jones New York 1788
41 Latimer, HenryHenry Latimer Delaware 1784
42 Lincoln, LeviLevi Lincoln Massachusetts 1781
43 Lowndes, RawlinsRawlins Lowndes South Carolina 1779
44 Macon, NathanielNathaniel Macon North Carolina 1785
45 Manton, DanielDaniel Manton Rhode Island 1787
46 Martin, AlexanderAlexander Martin North Carolina 1786
47 Martin, LutherLuther Martin Virginia 1784
48 Mason, GeorgeGeorge Mason Virginia 1777
49 McDowell, JosephJoseph McDowell North Carolina 1787
50 McIntosh, LachlanLachlan McIntosh Georgia 1784
51 McKinly, JohnJohn McKinly Delaware 1784
52 Montgomery, WilliamWilliam Montgomery Pennsylvania 1784
53 Moore, WilliamWilliam Moore Pennsylvania 1777
54 Moultrie, WilliamWilliam Moultrie South Carolina 1784
55 Mumford, PaulPaul Mumford Rhode Island 1785
56 Neilson, JohnJohn Neilson New Jersey 1778[15]
57 Nicholson, JosephJoseph Nicholson Maryland 1777
58 O'Bryen, WilliamWilliam O'Bryen Georgia 1789
59 Osborne, AdlaiAdlai Osborne North Carolina 1784
60 Osborne, HenryHenry Osborne Georgia 1786
61 Paterson, WilliamWilliam Paterson New Jersey 1780, 1787
62 Patterson, SamuelSamuel Patterson Delaware 1784
63 Payne, ElishaElisha Payne New Hampshire 1784
64 Pendleton, NathanielNathaniel Pendleton Georgia 1789
65 Person, ThomasThomas Person North Carolina 1784
66 Philips, PeterPeter Philips Rhode Island 1785
67 Pickering, JohnJohn Pickering New Hampshire 1787
68 Pitkin, WilliamWilliam Pitkin Connecticut 1784
69 Polk, ThomasThomas Polk North Carolina 1786
70 Ridgely, RichardRichard Ridgely Maryland 1784, 1785
71 Scott, GustavusGustavus Scott Maryland 1784
72 Smallwood, WilliamWilliam Smallwood Maryland 1784
73 Smith, BenjaminBenjamin Smith North Carolina 1784
74 Sparhawk, JohnJohn Sparhawk New Hampshire 1786
75 Stirk, SamuelSamuel Stirk Georgia 1781
76 Stokes, JohnJohn Stokes North Carolina 1787
77 Strong, CalebCaleb Strong Massachusetts 1780
78 Strong, JedediahJedediah Strong Connecticut 1782, 1784, 1784
79 Sullivan, JamesJames Sullivan Massachusetts 1782, 1783
80 Sumter, ThomasThomas Sumter South Carolina 1783
81 Thompson, EbenezerEbenezer Thompson New Hampshire 1778, 1783
82 Treadwell, JohnJohn Treadwell Connecticut 1784, 1785, 1787
83 Trapier, PaulPaul Trapier South Carolina 1777
84 Trumbull, JosephJoseph Trumbull Connecticut 1774
85 Walker Jr., TimothyTimothy Walker Jr. New Hampshire 1777, 1778, 1782, 1785
86 Warren, JamesJames Warren Massachusetts 1782
87 Wentworth, JoshuaJoshua Wentworth New York 1779
88 West, BenjaminBenjamin West New Hampshire 1787
89 West, StephenStephen West Virginia 1780
90 Wolcott, ErastusErastus Wolcott North Carolina 1774, 1787, 1788
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 40–44.
Jump up ^ Burnett, Continental Congress, 32.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Dates as given in this subject's entry in the American National Biography.
Jump up ^ Selected to the first Congress but did not serve; Purcell 38
Jump up ^ The Biographical Directory just lists 1784, but according to Purcell, Blanchard also served in 1787.
Jump up ^ Turned down appointment to First Congress; Purcell
Jump up ^ Dates as given in this subject's entry in the Dictionary of American Biography.
Jump up ^ The Biographical Directory says that he served until 1776, but according to the Journal, he resigned in November 1775.
Jump up ^ The Biographical Directory lists only the 1779 term, but the Dictionary of American Biography states that Frelinghuysen was elected to another term in 1783.
Jump up ^ Was first elected as a delegate in 1775, but did not attend; ANB.
Jump up ^ Also appointed in 1774, but unable to attend due to ill health; ANB
Jump up ^ Reappointed in 1785 but did not attend; Purcell.
Jump up ^ Also elected in 1779 but declined to serve; ANB.
Jump up ^ Elected in 1788, but new government went into effect before he took his seat. Was elected to 1st US Congress. (Purcell)
Jump up ^ Did not attend because he was in the field with the militia.
References[edit]
American National Biography.
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Washington D. C., 1989.
Burnett, Edward Cody. The Continental Congress. New York: Norton, 1941.
Dictionary of American Biography.
Purcell, L. Edward. Who Was Who in the American Revolution. New York: Facts on File, 1993. ISBN 978-0-8160-2107-9.
External links[edit]
List of delegates from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
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What we've got here is failure to communicate
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"What we've got here is failure to communicate"
The Captain (Strother Martin) delivers the quote.
Character
The Captain
Luke
Actor
Strother Martin
Paul Newman
First used in
Cool Hand Luke
Voted No. 11 in AFI's 100 Movie Quotes poll
The phrase "What we've got here is failure to communicate"[1] is a quotation from the 1967 film Cool Hand Luke, spoken in the movie first by Strother Martin (as the Captain, a prison warden) and later, abridged, by Paul Newman (as Luke, a stubborn prisoner).
The context of the first delivery of the line is:
Captain: You gonna get used to wearing them chains after a while, Luke. Don't you never stop listening to them clinking, 'cause they gonna remind you what I been saying for your own good.
Luke: (sarcastically) I wish you'd stop being so good to me, Cap'n.
Captain: Don't you ever talk that way to me. (pause, then hitting him) NEVER! NEVER! (Luke rolls down hill; to other prisoners)
What we've got here is failure to communicate. Some men you just can't reach. So you get what we had here last week, which is the way he wants it. Well, he gets it. I don't like it any more than you men.
The Captain's line is often misquoted as "What we have here is a failure to communicate".[2]
Towards the end of the movie, Luke takes a final stab at freedom – stealing a dump truck and taking flight. After his dramatic escape from the Florida chain gang prison, Luke abandons the truck and enters a church, only to be surrounded by police moments later. Feeling that his life is no longer worth living, walks to a window facing the police and mocks the Captain by repeating the first part of his speech ("What we've got here is a failure to communicate.").[2] He is immediately shot in the neck by Boss Godfrey.
The phrase ranks at number 11 on the American Film Institute list, AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes.[1]
In popular culture[edit]
Guns N' Roses included the quotation, sampled from Martin's speech in the film, in the opening of their song "Civil War" (1990), and later remixed it in "Madagascar" (2008).[3][4][5]
The quote has been used in many movies, TV shows and other mediums due to its lasting popularity.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Frankly, My Dear, I Don't Give A Damn", AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes, American Film Institute.
^ Jump up to: a b Greatest Film Mis-Quotes, AMC Filmsite
Jump up ^ Pop Culture 101: COOL HAND LUKE. Turner Entertainment Networks
Jump up ^ Dennis O'Dell (2008-11-14) Guns N' Roses Chinese Democracy Review. BBC
Jump up ^ Bond, Callan (February 8, 2006). "Questions and Answers". Cool Movie Trivia.
External links[edit]
Sound clip of the phrase (.wav, 57 KB)
The quote on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_we%27ve_got_here_is_failure_to_communicate&oldid=795952798"
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This page was last edited on 17 August 2017, at 15:13.
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