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Supreme Court of Pakistan
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Supreme Court of Pakistan
عدالت عظمیٰ پاکستان
فاحكم بين الناس بالحق
So judge between the people in truth
(Quran 38:26)
Established
14 August 1947; 70 years ago (1947-08-14)
(As Federal Court of India)
2 March 1956 (1956-03-02)
(In its modern form)
Country
Pakistan
Location
Islamabad
Coordinates
33°43′41″N 73°05′55″E / 33.72806°N 73.09861°E / 33.72806; 73.09861Coordinates: 33°43′41″N 73°05′55″E / 33.72806°N 73.09861°E / 33.72806; 73.09861
Composition method
Executive's selection with the Presidential confirmation
(Qualifications imposed)
Authorized by
Constitution of Pakistan
Decisions are appealed to
President of Pakistan for Clemency/Commutation of sentence
Judge term length
65 years of age
Website
www.supremecourt.gov.pk
Chief Justice of Pakistan
Currently
Justice Saqib Nisar
Since
31 December 2016
The Supreme Court Building in 2004.
The Supreme Court of Pakistan (Urdu: عدالت عظمیٰ پاکستان; Adālat-e-Uzma Pākistān) is the apex court in the judicial hierarchy of Pakistan.[1]
Established in accordance to the Part VII of the Constitution of Pakistan, it has ultimate and extensive appellate, original, and advisory jurisdictions on all courts (including the high courts, district, special and Shariat court), involving issues of federal laws and may act on the verdicts rendered on the cases in context in which it enjoys jurisdiction. In the court system of Pakistan, the Supreme Court is the final arbiter of legal and constitutional dispute as well as final interpreter of constitutional law.
In its modern composition, the Supreme Court is incorporated of Chief Justice of Pakistan, sixteenth justices and two ad-hoc who are confirmed to their appointment by the President upon their nominations from the Prime Minister's selection based on their merited qualifications. Once appointed, justices are expected to completed a designated term and then retire, unless their term is terminated through resignation or impeachment by the Supreme Judicial Council resulted in a presidential reference in regards to the misconduct of judge(s). In their discourse judgement, the justices are often categorized as having the conservative, textual, moderate, and liberal philosophies of law in their judicial interpretation of law and judgements.:1915[2]:436[3]
The Supreme Court has a permanent seat in Islamabad and meets at the Supreme Court Building at the Constitution Avenue. The Supreme Court is sometimes colloquially referred to as SCOP, in analogy to other PMOP.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Constitutional composition
2.1 Constitution of the court
2.2 Size of Court
2.3 Eligibility, nomination and confirmation
2.3.1 Ad–hoc appointments and removal
2.4 Tenureship, salaries and post-retirement
3 Judicial independence
3.1 Court demographics
3.2 Judicial and philosophical leanings
4 Physical membership of the court
4.1 Chief Justice of Pakistan and justices
4.2 Registry and officers
4.3 Law clerks and supreme court advocates
5 Court campus and facilities
6 Jurisdiction
7 Rules and Process
7.1 Rulings and transfer of cases
7.2 Oral arguments and decisions
7.3 Review Petition and actions
7.4 Published opinions and Citations
7.5 Supreme Court Bar Association
8 Institutional de jure powers
8.1 Contempt of court
9 Literary criticism of the Supreme Court
9.1 Lawyer's movement, long march, and judicial activism
9.2 Constitutional petitions No. 8 and 9 of 2009
9.2.1 Controversial aspect of the decision
9.2.2 Review petition filed by Lahore High Court non-PCO removed judges
9.2.3 Key Controversial points
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
This article is part of the series on the
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Main articles: History of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, British heritage of Pakistan, and Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan
In 1861, the British government in India enacted the Indian High Courts Act that created the high courts in all over the Indian subcontinent in various provinces while abolishing the supreme courts Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, Lahore, and also the Panchayati system in autonomous presidencies.:234[5]
Until the enactment of the Government of India Act in 1935 that created the Federal Court, these new high courts had the distinctionary powers of being the highest Courts for all cases.:235–236[5] The Federal Court had wide range of jurisdictions to resolve disputes between the provinces, presidencies, and the British government of India, often hearing appeals against judgements of the High Courts.:44–50[6]
After the independence of Pakistan as an aftermath of British partition of India in 1947, the Federal Court was also partitioned between India and Pakistan as Justice Sir Harilal Kania became the first Chief Justice of India and Justice Sir Abdul Rashid becoming the first Chief Justice of Pakistan.:294[7]
While the tradition of British law culture continues to remain an integral part of the Judicature, the modern existence of the Supreme Court of Pakistan came when the first set of the Constitution of Pakistan was promulgated on 23 March 1956.:10–11[8]:24–26[9] The ratification of the Constitution of Pakistan reestablished the Supreme Court in 1956, replacing the name "Federal Court" to "Supreme Court", initially had its seat in Karachi where the Sindh High Court exists now.[4] In successive years, the Supreme Court was moved to Lahore High Court until the Supreme Court was permanently moved into its new building constructed in Islamabad in 1964.[4]
Constitutional composition[edit]
Constitution of the court[edit]
Although, the Supreme Court was established to the pursuant to the Government of India Act, 1947, the modern structure of the court was reestablished by the second set in 1956, and restructured by the Constitution of Pakistan in 1973 where a significant part of the Constitution is dedicated towards the restructuring of the Supreme Court.[8]
The Part VII of the Constitution, ranges from articles 176 through 191, deals with the powers, composition, rules, and responsibilities of the Supreme Court.[10]
These articles concern:
Article 176 – Composition of the Court
Article 177 – Appointment and qualifications of the Chief Justice
Article 178 – Oath of office
Article 179 – Retirement
Article 180 – Vacancy, absence, or inability of the Chief Justice
Article 181 – Vacancy, absence, or inability of other justices
Article 182 – Ad hoc appointments of justices
Article 183 – Location of Court
Article 184 – Jurisdiction in a dispute between two or more governments
Article 185 – Jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals
Article 186 – If requested, advise the President on important matters of law
Article 186A – Authority to transfer venue
Article 187 – Orders and subpoenas
Article 188 – Power to review its own judgements and orders
Article 189 – Binding nature of Supreme Court's decisions on all other Pakistani Courts
Article 190 – All executive and judicial authorities in Pakistan bound to aid the Supreme Court
Size of Court[edit]
The Part VII of the Constitution of Pakistan reconstituted the composition of Supreme Court and the high courts but it does not specify the number of justices to be served in the Supreme Court.[11] Qualifications to be served as a supreme court justice are strictly imposed that are based on merit, personal intellecutualism, and experiences as a judge in the high courts.[12]
In 1947, the Supreme Court consisted of a Chief Justice and six senior judges from Sindh, Punjab, NWFP, Balochistan, and East Bengal.:94–95[13] Over the several successive years, the work of the Court increased and cases began to accumulate, leading the Supreme Court requesting the Parliament to increase the number of judges.[4] As the number of the justices has increased, they sit in smaller benches of two or three (referred to as a division bench[14]), however, coming together in larger benches of five or more (referred to as a constitution bench) when required to settle fundamental questions of law.:16–17[8][15]
Eligibility, nomination and confirmation[edit]
a foreign citizen/ or an expatriate being eligible for the Supreme Court.[16] The nomination of justices in the Supreme Court comes from an executive selections made by the Prime Minister based on judges' merited qualifications, personal intellectualism, and experiences as judge in high courts.[17] The President then confirms the nomination summary and eventually appoints the Chief Justice and judges in the Supreme Court.[18]
The Constitution clearly states:
A citizen of Pakistan[16] who has been:
has for a period of, or for periods aggregating, not less than five years been a judge of a High Court (including a High Court which existed in Pakistan at any time before the commencing day); or[19]
has for a period of, or for periods aggregating not less than fifteen years been an advocate of a High Court (including a High Court which existed in Pakistan at any time before the commencing day).[20]
Since the 1990s, the nomination and confirmation process has attracted a considerable attention from the print press and electronic media, as news media often comments and opinionate the executive'e selection for the appointment depends on whether their track record aligns with the their ideology.:388–389[21] Appointments of Chief Justices Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui, S.A. Shah, Iftikhar Chaudhry, Faisal Arab, and T.H. Jillani have gain prominent attention from media in all over the country, mainly due to their ideological and philosophical leanings.:xxxx[22][23]
Furthermore, the major and influential recommendations for judges to be elevated at the Supreme Court as justices comes from the Judicial Commission that is chaired by the Chief Justice of Pakistan who prepares the qualification summary before the nomination sent to executive.[24]
Ad–hoc appointments and removal[edit]
There has been Ad hoc appointment in the supreme court made when the quorum of Judges is not possible to complete the sitting number of justices in the court, or if it is necessary to increase the number of justices in the Supreme Court.[25] The nomination comes directly from the Judicial Commission chiared by the Chief Justice who prepares the nomination summary as President confirms their appointments.[26]
As of current, there are two justices are on the ad-hoc appointment that are from the Federal Sharia Court.[27]
A judge of the Supreme Court can be removed under the Constitution only on grounds of proven misconduct or incapacity and by an order of the President of Pakistan.[28] A written reference has to be sent to the Supreme Judicial Council that will conduct the hearings of allegations of misconduct that would determine the removal of judge.[29]
Tenureship, salaries and post-retirement[edit]
The Judicial Commission determines the salary, other allowances, leave of absence, pension, etc. of the Supreme Court justices.[30] A Supreme Court justice gets ₨. 558,907.00 ($5,333.85) with additional allowances of ₨. 259,009.00 ($2471.81).[30] Other benefits include the free housing and medical treatment as well as tax-free electricity bills.[30] A judge who has retired as a justice of the Supreme Court is debarred from practising in any court of law or before any other authority in Pakistan.[31]
Judicial independence[edit]
Main articles: Judicial independence, De jure, De jure magistratuum, and Contempt of court
The Supreme Court has the explicit de jure powers and enjoys the powerful judicial independence to block the exercise of certain Prime Minister's executive powers or Parliament's legislative powers that repugnant to Constitution.[32] The Supreme Court has maintained its institutional integrity and has been able to maintain its authority to some degree in the face of martial law in Pakistan in last decades.:144–145[33]
In another example of a de jure power granted to the Court, article 17 of the Constitution states:
Every citizen, not being in the service of (State of) Pakistan, shall have the right to form or be a member of a political party, subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interest of the sovereignty or integrity of Pakistan and such law shall provide that where the Government declare that any political party has been formed or is operating in a manner prejudicial to the sovereignty or integrity of Pakistan, the Federal Government shall, within fifteen days of such declaration, refer the matter to the Supreme Court whose decision on such reference shall be final.
—  Article 17:Freedom of association; Chapter I: Fundamental Rights and Principles, Constitution of Pakistan, Chapter source[34]
The Supreme Court thus provides, in principle, an important safeguard against the abuse of laws that could potentially have politically repressive consequences or in clear violation of human rights.[32]
The Constitution also allows the Supreme Court to exercise powers and take sua sponte actions against the person, regardless of its statue, or the authority, of being disobedient to or disrespectful towards the Supreme Court, its justices, and its officers in the form of behavior that opposes or defies the Supreme Court's institutional integrity and popular authority.[35]
In 1997, Chief Justice S.A. Shah found Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif of contempt of court but the order itself was voided by the Supreme Judicial Council.:45–46[36] In 2012, Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry retroactively barred Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani of holding the office after the latter was found of in charges of court of contempt and refusing to follow the court's orders.[37]
In 2013, the Supreme Court took suo motu actions against populist Imran Khan of criticising against the judgement of the Supreme Court's senior judges in regards to the elections.[38] The case was later dropped when Attorney-General assured the Supreme Court justices that Imran Khan did not insubordinate the judiciary.[38]
Court demographics[edit]
In practice awarded by Constitution, judges of the supreme court have been selected so far, mostly from amongst judges of the high courts. The Constitution allows the judges to be appointed at the Supreme Court regardless of colour, race, and religious sect. Justices A.S.M. Akram, Fazal Akbar, Amin Ahmed, Abdus Sattar, Hameedur Rahman, and Hamoodur Rahman (Chief Justice) were the Bengali/Bihari jurists who served as senior justices in the Supreme Court. In 1960, Justice Alvin Robert Cornelius became the first Christian to be served as Chief Justice, while George Constantine also served in the Court.:55[39]
In the 1970s–1980s, Justice Dorab Patel was the first Zorastrian, followed by Justice Rustom Sidwa who served as Supreme Court justice from 1989 until 1993.:226–227[40] Justice Rana Bhagwandas was the first Hindu jurist who has distinction being the Chief Justice of Pakistan in 2007. Justice Qazi Faez Isa is of the Hazara descent who is currently serving as the justice of the Supreme court.[41]
Judicial and philosophical leanings[edit]
Main articles: Idea of Pakistan, Conservatism in Pakistan, Enlightened moderation, and Pakistani philosophy
The jurists/judges do not represent or receive the official political endorsements from the nation's political parties which is an acceptable professional practice in the executive branch of the government.:199–200[42] As their American counterparts in the U.S. Supreme Court, the Jurists philosophical leanings in the Supreme Court are often categorized as conservative, moderate, liberal, and textualist that reflected in their judicial interpretation of the judgements in the impending cases of importance.:xxx[43][44]:67–68[45]
In 1947, Governor-General Muhammad Ali Jinnah confirmed the nomination of Justice Sir Abdul Rashid, at the behest of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali-Khan, was said to be a national conservative leanings in his judgement.:60–65[45] His successor, Chief Justice Muh'd Munir, was a liberal in his jurisprudence but sided with conservative judgement when validated dissolution of the first Constituent Assembly in 1954 and the National Assembly in 1958 in the light of doctrine of necessity.:67[45] Under the Chief Justice Muh'd Shahabuddin, the Supreme Court had the conservative leanings in regards to the constitutionalism and their judgements in the cases of important issues.:67–68[45] Chief Justice Shahabuddin plays a crucial role in drafting the second set of the Constitution of Pakistan which incorporated the liberal ideas with the important Islamic provisions.:68[45]
In 1960, President Ayub Khan appointed Justice Alvin Robert Cornelius who took much liberal approach in his jurisprudence when deciding cases on fundamental rights against the executive overreach.:436[3] Justice Cornelius led Supreme Court's verdicts on many constitutional cases were carefully sided with the Islamic ideas but provided much broader role of liberal ideas to safeguard the fundamental rights ordinary citizens while being critical of the state emergency.:437[3]
In 1968, the Supreme Court greatly divided when Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman presided the case hearings after President Yahya Khan declared martial law and suspended the writ of the constitution.:59[46] In the views of Chief Justice Rahman, the martial law was invalid and notably ruled that Yahya Khan's assumption of power was "illegal usurpation".[46] The Supreme Court also overruled and overturned its convictions that called for validation of martial law in 1958.[46] Despite rulings, there was a split decision between the moderation justices, including Chief Justice Rahman, and conservative leaning justices of the Supreme Court who "condoned" the actions in the light of "doctrine of necessity".:60–61[46] The de jure powers of the Supreme Court has increased since presiding the War Enquiry Commission in 1974, intervening in events that Supreme Court justices viewed as violation of human rights by the executive's authorities.
In 1977, the Supreme Court had again legalized the martial law in 1977 in the light of "doctrine of necessity" and denied took petitions to review its decision. During this time, Supreme Court justices were described as notoriously conservatives and only few moderats, appointed by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as his role as President in 1971–73.:1915[2] The Supreme Court, however, did took the petitions to review the case of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, after his counsels filed an appeal against the verdict of Lahore High Court.:365[47] The Constitution Bench formed under Chief Justice Sh. Anwarul Haq, had contained Justice Muhammad Akram, Justice Dorab Patel, Justice Mohammad Haleem, Justice Nasim Hasan Shah, Justice Ghulam safdar Shah, Justice Kareem Illahi, Justice Waheedudin Ahmad, and Justice Kaisar Khan.:61[48] By 1979, the Supreme Court greatly divided with Justice Dorab Patel, Justice G.S. Shah, and Justice Moh'd Haleem, who had the moderate and liberal leanings in their jurisprudence strongly disagreed with Bhutto's sentence of Capital punishment.:273–274[49] On the other hand, Chief Justice Haq, Justice N.H. Shah, Justice Waheedudin Ahmad, and Justice Kaisar Khan, were described as having conservative/texualist ideology in their rulings and found Bhutto suitable for capital punishment; hench, marking a split decision by 4:3.[50]
In 1993, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto controversially elevated the Supreme Court jurist, SA Shah, who had known for his liberal jurisprudence, as Chief Justice over two senior ranking jurists at the Supreme Court.:xxx[51] However, Justice Shah's judicial leanings did not protected the Benazir' administration when it was dismissed by President Farooq Leghari over allegations on corruption.:xxx[51] In 1997, judicial crises reached its peak when Supreme Judicial Council took up the case against Justice Shah's appointment who eventually resigned from his office and succeeded by conservative jurist Ajmal Mian, only to be replaced with conservative jurist Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui as the new Chief Justice.:63–64[52]
On 12 October 1999, the Supreme Court partially validated the martial law in the light of "doctrine of necessity" on the technicality but Chief Justice Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui decided to hear the petitions over the legality of the martial law.:25[53] Although, the Supreme Court had only validated the martial law for three-years only, the Supreme Court's jurists and Justice Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui in clear view of this coup as a "violation of constitution" as Sharif's lawyers made a ground base for finding Musharraf of treason.[54]
General Musharraf, acting as Chief Executive, forcefully retired the conservative leaning jurists and elevated the judges who had known to have libertarian views in their jurisprudence at the Supreme Court, including Justice Irshad Hasan as Chief Justice.:145[55] In 2002, The Supreme Court supervised the general elections successfully oversaw the transition of power from the office of Chief Executive to Prime minister.:350[56] The legalization of Contempt of court act further strengthened the judicial independence of the Supreme Court in 2004 when Shaukat Aziz became prime minister.:350–351[56]
Physical membership of the court[edit]
The justices and jurists of the supreme court are set to retire at the age of 65, unless the jurists sooner resign or are removed from office, or records written reasons for deviating from this rule in accordance with the Constitution.[57] By an act of parliament of 1997, there is a fixed number of justices at 17 and, as of current, there are currently sixteen judges and one vacancy that is yet to fill.:14[58][59] There are two ad-hoc appointment of the jurists from the Federal Shariat Court to assist with religiosity concerned cases.[60]
Supreme Court of Pakistan from govt flats, Islamabad.
Chief Justice of Pakistan and justices[edit]
See also: Chief Justice of Pakistan and Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan
As of current formation, Hon'ble Justice Saqib Nisar is currently tenuring as the Chief Justice of Pakistan, having being appointed on 31 December 2016.[61] The Supreme Court is currently composed of the following Justices (in order of seniority), that included the seventeen regular judges including the Chief Justice and two ad-hoc judges who were reappointed again after their retirement.[62]
The ad-hoc appointments are due to fill the Shariat Appellate Bench that is composed on legal scholars that has expertised on Islamic jurisprudence since its establishment in 1980.[63] The ad-hoc appointments for this bench are drawn either from the Federal Shariat Court or from among the Clergy.[64] Decisions made the Federal Shariat Court may be appealed to the Appellate Bench, as the Appellate Bench of Supreme Court is the final authority on Islamic interpretation of law in Pakistan.[65]
Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan
Order
Name
Appointment
Retirement
Court of Precedence
Notes
1 Chief Justice Saqib Nisar 000000002010-02-18-000018 February 2010 000000002019-01-17-000017 January 2019 Lahore High Court Appointed on 18 February 2010 and elevated to Chief Justice on 31 December 2016.
2 Justice A. S. Khosa 000000002010-02-18-000018 February 2010 000000002019-12-20-000020 December 2019 Lahore High Court Second in the seniority list, he will become 26th Chief Justice of Pakistan.[66]
3 Justice Afzal Khan 000000002011-11-17-000017 November 2011 000000002018-05-07-00007 May 2018 Peshawar High Court He is third in the seniority list.
4 Justice Gulzar Ahmed 000000002011-11-16-000016 November 2011 000000002022-02-01-00001 February 2022 Sindh High Court Fourth in the seniority list, he will become 27th Chief Justice of Pakistan.[66]
5 Justice Sh. Azmat Saeed 000000002012-06-01-00001 June 2012 000000002019-08-19-000019 August 2019 Lahore High Court
6 Justice Mushir Allam 000000002013-09-20-000020 September 2013 000000002021-08-18-000018 August 2021 Sindh High Court
7 Justice D. M. Khan 000000002014-01-31-000031 January 2014 000000002018-03-20-000020 March 2018 Peshawar High Court
8 Justice Umar Ata Bandial 000000002014-06-17-000017 June 2014 000000002023-09-16-000016 September 2023 Lahore High Court According to the seniority list, he will become the 28th Chief Justice of Pakistan.[66].
9 Justice Qazi Faez Isa 000000002014-09-05-00005 September 2014 000000002024-10-26-000026 October 2024 Balochistan High Court According to the seniority list, he will become the 29th Chief Justice of Pakistan.[66]
10 Justice Maqbool Baqar 000000002015-02-17-000017 February 2015 000000002022-04-04-00004 April 2022 Sindh High Court
11 Justice Manzoor Ahmad Malik 000000002015-11-05-00005 November 2015 000000002021-04-30-000030 April 2021 Lahore High Court
12 Justice Sardar Tariq Masood 000000002015-11-05-00005 November 2015 000000002024-03-10-000010 March 2024 Lahore High Court
13 Justice Faisal Arab 000000002015-12-14-000014 December 2015 000000002020-11-04-00004 November 2020 Sindh High Court
14 Justice Ijaz-ul-Ahsan[67] 000000002016-06-28-000028 June 2016 000000002025-08-04-00004 August 2025 Lahore High Court According to the seniority list, he will become the 30th Chief Justice of Pakistan.[66]
15 Justice M. A. Khan[68] 000000002016-12-30-000030 December 2016 000000002022-07-13-000013 July 2022 Peshawar High Court
16 Justice Sajjad Ali Shah 000000002017-03-14-000014 March 2017 000000002022-08-13-000013 August 2022 Sindh High Court
17 Vacant Pending Pending N/A Nomination Pending
Ad hoc appointments of the Shariat Appellate Bench[hide]
Order
Name listings
Appointments
Retirement
Institution of Precedence
Alma mater
18 Justice Dr. Muhammad Al-Ghazali n/a n/a International Islamic University Islamia University, Bahawalpur
19 Justice Dr. Khalid Masud[69] n/a n/a International Islamic University McGill University, Canada
Registry and officers[edit]
The registry of the Supreme Court is its appointed officers who is assisted by registrars, several additional and deputy registrars, gazetted officers, and other law clerks.[70] The registry branches provides speedy justice of all nature of crimes and disputes to the people living in remote areas in the country, while keeping the civil registry of the people.[70]
There are five registry of the supreme court: Islamabad,[70] Karachi,[71] Lahore,[72] Peshawar,[73] and Quetta.[74]
The Officers and Registrars are appointed by the supreme court with the approval from the Chief Justices of High Courts and the President and may make rules providing for the appointment by for their terms and conditions of employment that is granted by the Constitution.[75]
Law clerks and supreme court advocates[edit]
Main articles: Law clerks and Advocate-on-Record
The Supreme Court has an extensive competitive program for the appointment of the law clerks and research associates at the Supreme Court Library.[76] The Supreme Court hires the law clerks based on the recommendations provided by their professors from their respected universities and colleges.[77] Law clerks reviews the petitions for writ of certiorari, research them, prepare bench memorandums, and draft opinions, and reported back to the supreme court's administrative registrar.[77] As of current, the supreme court has 10 law clerks for the 2016–17 year.[78]
The Pakistan Bar Council provides qualification for senior advocates, barristers, lawyers, and selected civil court judges to be elevated as Advocate Supreme Court (ASC) based on individual experience, qualifications, and selected invitations.[79]
Court campus and facilities[edit]
The Supreme Court of Pakistan.
Main articles: Supreme Court of Pakistan Building, Supreme Court of Pakistan library, Supreme Court of Pakistan Press, and Supreme Court of Pakistan Museum
The Supreme Court Building is located at the Constitution Avenue in Islamabad, flanked by the Prime Minister's Secretariat to the south, the Presidential Palace and the Parliament Building to the north.[80]
Initially, the Supreme Court met in Karachi and later moved to Lahore/Rawalpindi on various location until 1960 after the government moved to Islamabad.[80] The Supreme Court building is within the ambit of the Islamabad Police, maintaining the law and order as well as campus security of the court.[81]
The Supreme Court Building is designed by the renowned Japanese architect, Kenzo Tange, in a modernist style complimenting the Parliament Building.[80] The CDA Engineering and the Environmental Protection Agency supervised the engineering the Supreme Court's monument and civil works infrastructure throughout its lengthy construction since the 1960s.[80] In the 1980s–90s, CDA Engineering later expanded infrastructure of the Supreme Court especially when building the Supreme Court's law library.[80]|
The Court Complex is comprised on Main Central Block, Judges Chamber's block, and Administrative Block, covering 339,861sq. ft2.[80] Administration of the Court is supervised by the Chief Justice who exercise the powers through the Registrars, Law clerks, Librarians, and private secretaries to run the judicial functions in proper manner.[82]
The Court complex judges' chambers, a separate building consisting of the law library, various meeting spaces, and auxiliary services including a lecture auditorium.[80] There is an Elizabethan-styled entrance hall, cafeteria, conference rooms, and a vintage Dining Hall, that resembles the Victorian era.[80] The Supreme Court Library contains the collection of 72,000 law books, reports and journals is situated in the basement.[80]
Supreme Court Museum: The Supreme Court Museum serves as an invaluable repository for preserving the Judicial History of Post and pre-Independence era for future generation.:1–2[83] The Museum’s collections include fine arts, oral histories, photographs, personal belongings of Hon’ble Judges and Chief Justices and an archival collection of rare documents.:2[83] These collections are displayed in the permanent exhibit gallery of the Museum, as well as in temporary exhibits; surely in future these archival materials will be assets to the researchers.:3[83] The idea of Supreme Court Museum was dreamt in year 2010 by Chief Justice Tassaduq Hussain Jillani and completed in the June 2016.:5–6[83]
Jurisdiction[edit]
The Supreme Court has all the original, appellate, and advisory jurisdiction on all of country's courts– hence, the Supreme Court is the final arbitrator of all cases where the decision has been reached.[84]:15[58] In 1976, the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court was contraint and limited by the passing of Fifth Amendment to the Constitution but its powers were originally restored in 1985 through the Eighth Amendment, which further expanded the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.[85]
The Supreme Court enjoys a powerful jurisdiction in the country including on the federal government, provincial governments, governmental agencies, NGOs, and where the government and governmental agencies fails to perform its mandated duty to protect the basic human rights or deviating from the law in light of taking the Suo motu notice.[86][87]
From 2008–2013, the Supreme Court repeatedly exercise its suo motu power in a view of check and balance on the governmental authorities to prevent abuse of human rights and to prevent the miscarriage of justice.[88]
The independent jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is taken as positive by the legal observers as an attempt of providing a fair, speedy, and public trial of authorities accused of abusing the basic human rights.[86] Commenting of the issue of suo motu, Justice K.M. Sharif critically opined: "[Supreme Court]'s jurisdiction will take notice of every matter in which the executive is showing slackness."[86] The Supreme Court is the only federal court that has jurisdiction over the direct appeals from high courts decisions, as powers granted by the Constitution as an appellate jurisdiction.[89]
The Supreme Court also has an original jurisdiction in any dispute between any two or more provincial governments or the Government of Pakistan itself where the Supreme Court may pronounce declaratory judgments only to settle the disputes.[90] However, almost all cases are brought to the Supreme Court on appeal, making the cases considered based on original jurisdiction rarely.:275[91] On events involving the legal and technical issues concerning the implementation of law and the writ of constitution, Supreme Court has an advisory jurisdiction to answer questions and provides written opinions on public importance as consulted by the President upon the request from the Prime Minister.[92]
In addition, the Supreme Court also enjoys the plenary jurisdiction and may exercise its plenary powers for passing appropriate orders to ensure the completion of its orders and to complete the justice at all levels of commands.[93]:231[94]
Rules and Process[edit]
Rulings and transfer of cases[edit]
The Supreme Court is empowers to frame its own rules for the purpose of regulating the practice and procedure of the Court.[95] When the cases are determined as their final rulings, the jurists deliver their rulings in an open court, either at once or may announced future date to the concerning parties through their advocates upon writing their opinions during their recesses.:22–23[96]
All cases that comes before the supreme court through the writs of certiorari that are processed through the law clerks and advocates.:23[96] The Supreme Court has powers to transfer any case, appeals, or other pendings proceedings before any High Courts to any subordinated court if the supreme court considers it expedient to do so in the interest of justice and speedy trial.[97] The Supreme Court may issues advisory directions, orders, and decrees in any case or matter pending in the high courts necessary for doing the complete justice, including an order for the purpose of securing the attendance of any person or the discovery or production of any document.[98] The directions and orders issued by the Supreme Court are finals despite questions are arises during the hearings in the High Court for the directions provided the Supreme court.[99]
Oral arguments and decisions[edit]
When the cert petitions are granted by the Supreme Court, the case is then set for the oral arguments, issuing orders to advocates of concerning parties in the case of importance.:6[100] If the parties, despite the opportunity granted by the court to make oral submissions, do not avail the same, the court is not bound to wait indefinitely for them and keep on adjourning the matter.:6–7[100] During the time of the orality by either sides of the parties, the Justices may interrupt the advocate and ask questions.:7[100] The petitioner gives the first presentation, and may reserve some time to rebut the respondent's arguments after the respondent has concluded.:7[100]
At the conclusion of oral argument, the case is submitted for the final judgements where cases are decided by majority vote of the Justices.:10–25[101] It is possible that, through recusals or vacancies, the Court divides evenly on a case, as such happened on the case Nusrat Bhutto v. Federation of Pakistan (1977–78).[46]
Review Petition and actions[edit]
Main article: Review petition
Despite its final rulings, the Supreme Court may review any case upon the filing of review petition of any party to any civil and criminal case of any decisions, judgements/rulings have been pronounced by the Supreme Court.[102] The party that filed an appealed through the supreme court advocates to the Supreme Court is the Appellant and the non-mover is the respondent, where all case names before the Supreme Court are styled "petitioner/appellant vs. defendants/respondent".:104–105[96]
All decisions that are pronounced by the supreme court, after hearing the review petitions, are considered as final rulings that are to be binding on all other courts in Pakistan.[103] The Constitution also empowers the Supreme Court to call upon any authority, either an executive or judicial, to act in aid of the Supreme Court to ensure its rulings are delivered to complete justice.[104]
Published opinions and Citations[edit]
The Supreme Court of Pakistan Press is the official authority that publishes the reportable Supreme Court's decisions and opinions, as well as judicial supplements, law reports, and bibliographies.[105] The Supreme Court's opinions are first published and is made available on the Court's web site, in form of "press release."[106] Secondly, comprehensive opinions and orders are bound together in paperback form in which the final version of the Court's opinions appears which is called a preliminary print of "Annual Report".[107][108]
About a year after the paperbacks are published, a final and more cited volume of decision of supreme court volume of Annual Report is published and numbered whereas the researchers may cite the works in their reports.[109]
Supreme Court Bar Association[edit]
Main article: Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan
All supreme court advocates are required to be a member of the Supreme Court Bar Association in order to plead the cases before the court.:1–2[110] Formed and established in 1989, the Bar comprises the supreme court lawyers who are elected from all over the country and is aimed to uphold the rule of law, cause of justice and protect the interest of the legal profession as well as that of public.[111]
The Bar is governed by an executive council consisting of 22 elected members with an elected President.[112] Advocate can be admitted as either individuals or as groups and their admission is approves by the elected President of the Bar.:2–3[110] Members of the Supreme Court Bar Association are also granted access to the Supreme Court Library's research collection and law periodicals.:3–4[110]
Institutional de jure powers[edit]
Main articles: De jure, History of Pakistan, and Martial law in Pakistan
The Supreme Court has played an influential and pivotal role in the political history of the country since its inception in 1947, and has taken constitutional role for protecting the rights in the light of "doctrine of necessity".:236[113] The de jure institutional powers of the Supreme Court as outlined in the Constitution can only be understood as an exemplary of constitutional cases involving the actions of the Pakistan's military turning over the civilian government in an attempt to restore law and order to prevent chaos in the society.:236[113]
In 1954, the Court under Chief Justice Moh'd Munir exercised its institutional power in a supreme court case (Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan vs. Federation of Pakistan) when it validated the dismissal of Constituent Assembly, whereas M.A. Bogra continued to serve as Prime Minister under Governor-General Sir Malik Ghulam.:118–119[114] There were three constitutional cases overheard by the Supreme Court:
Federation of Pakistan et al v. Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan
Usil Patel v. Two others v. The Crown
Special Reference made by the Governor-General of Pakistan
First, the Supreme Court validated the Governor-General's actions in case 1 but soon considered such powers as Ultra vires in case 2 and case 3. However, the Court found it legal in its jurisdiction in thrice cases when it validated the actions under the impression of "doctrine of necessity".:236[113] Despite its rulings, the Court maintained its institutional authority over the Governor-General's actions and ultimately supervised the election of the Constituent Assembly which was transformed into National Assembly of Parliament that promulgated the first set of Constitution of Pakistan.:119–121[114]
In 1969, Supreme Court justices again heard the petitions against the suspension of the second set of the Constitution when army chief General Yahya Khan took over the presidency amid the resignation of President Ayub Khan.:59[46] This constitutional case cited as, "Asma Jillani v. Government of the Punjab", evenly divided the justices on this issue but bitterly approved such actions in the light of "necessity doctrine", with Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman critically opined against this actions as he notably ruled that Yahya Khan's assumption of power was "illegal usurpation".:59–60[46] In doing so, the Supreme Court also overruled and overturned its convictions that called for validation of martial law in 1958.:60–61[46]
The institutional influence of Supreme Court on the political events in the country grew since 1971 after the conclusion of the War Enquiry Commission that provided far reaching insightful recommendations to prevent foreign intervention.[115] In 1975, the institutional powers of the Supreme Court were constraint after the passing of the fifth amendment that ultimately disturbed the check and balance system in the country, that eventually strain the executive and judiciary relations.[85] In 1977, the Supreme Court courted by Chief Justice S. Anwarul Haq used the institutional powers to provide a legality to justify the actions resulted in martial law to dismiss the Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto but decided to hear a petition to review the death sentence awarded by the Lahore High Court after the murder trial reached to its conclusion.:103[116] In a controversial leanings of 4:3, the Supreme Court upheld the death sentence and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto but it maintained its institutional integrity while taking many cases involving the Zia administration.[117] The institutional de jure powers of the Supreme Court were restored to its original position after the passing of the Eighth Amendment in 1985.[85]
After the military takeover of the civilian government, the pro-democracy organizations and PML(N)'s lawyers challenged the legality of the military takeover, asking the supreme court to review its rulings.[118] After the lengthy court battle between Sharif's and Musharraf's lawyers, the Supreme Court was in a clear view of the military take over as "unconstitutional" but favoured the legality on necessity grounds that was viewed as very limited, on 12 May 2000.[119][120][121]
Widely publicised case, the Nawaz Sharif vs. Federation, the supreme court relied its judgement based on the principle of salus populi est suprema lex and rejected the options of "complete surrender" to the regime or total opposition which, in its judgement, would have led to the "closure of the courts".[120] Due to the Thirteenth Amendment removed the effective check and balance of branches of the government, the supreme court marked its reference using the "Necessitas facit licitum quod alias non est licitum" and asserted on the right of the Superior Courts to review the orders, proceedings, acts, and legislative measures of the Musharraf regime.[120] In addition, the situation was termed by the supreme court as a "case of constitutional deviation for a transitional period", and accepted Musharraf's argument for holding the national elections within two-to-three years, giving Musharraf until 12 May 2002 to hold new elections.[120] While issuing a lengthy judgement, the supreme court effectively established its institutional authority on Musharraf as it reserved for its right to review and re-examine the continuation of Musharraf's emergency powers.[120]
Before this judgement, Musharraf did not hint a timetable for the restoration of democracy – having argued that it needed an indefinite and possibly prolonged time to reform the country – Musharraf publicly submitted to the Court's judgement.[122][120] Several of Pakistani legal theorists have posited that Pakistan's "grundnorm", the basis for its Constitutional convention and system of laws, continues in effect (and the Supreme Court therefore retains its authority) even when the written constitution is suspended by the imposition of a military dictablanda.[120]
Contempt of court[edit]
The Constitution empowers the Supreme Court to exercise its powers of contempt of court to punish any person or an authority found of scandalizing, abusing, interfering, and obstructing the procedures of the court or its rulings.[123] In 2001–2002, there were additional amendments made that further empowers the Supreme Court and its institutional powers to struck any federal authority found on the charges of contempt of court.[124]
In a much publicized case, the Supreme Court effectively used its constitutional powers when it ceased Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani from running the government when the court found him guilty of contempt of court charges– hench disqualified the prime minister from holding any public offices in the country.[125][126]
Literary criticism of the Supreme Court[edit]
The Supreme Court has been given literary criticism by historians and authors of history of Pakistan for validating the martial law against the elected governments of Pakistan by the military interventions.[36]
Lawyer's movement, long march, and judicial activism[edit]
Main articles: 2007 Pakistani martial law and Pakistan Long March
In 2007, it was reported widely by the news media that the Military Intelligence officials, acting under then-President and army chief General Pervez Musharraf, were using photographs of the justices involved with prostitutes to blackmail and pressurize the supreme court justices to take the oath of allegiance and make rulings favorable to the then-President Musharraf.[127]
The Lawyer's movement, allied with the Rule of Law movement led by PML(N), eventually called for a successful long march to have to justices of the supreme court restored before state of emergency imposed in 2007.[128] Led under the direction of PML(N)'s President Nawaz Sharif, now the Prime Minister, the long march effectively restored the supreme court justices when Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani appeared on national television, only to announced the announced unconditional restoration of the judiciary.[128]
On immediate effect on 17 March 2009, Justices Javaid Iqbal, Ijaz Ahmed, K. R. Ramday, and Fayaz Ahmad were restored to their position as of 2 November 2007 with Justice Iftikhar Mohammad Chaudhry assuming the post of Chief Justice on 22 March 2009.[128] The news media pundits eventually noted that it was General Tariq Majid, then-Chairman joint chiefs, and General Ashfaq Pervez Kiani, then-army chief, had played an ambiguous role in intervening and encouraging a rapprochement between the government and the opposition.[128] Neither side acknowledged this role, however, until lawyers' movement leader Aitezaz Ahsan publicly admitted Kayani's role.[128] There were mass speculations that protestors and law enforcement agencies would have violently collided otherwise had they not intervened.[128]
The restoration of the justices that resulted from the immense public pressure led to the judiciary to begin a quest for independence with an aim to ensure a strong and efficient judicial system that could quickly deliver justice to the public.[128] The Supreme Court took notice of several important constitutional and other cases in the period that related to the public interest. These cases of importance included the constitutional petitions and judgements on:
Constitution Petition No. 8 & 9 of 2009
Dr. Mubashir Hussain vs. Federation of Pakistan
Missing Person vs. the Federation of Pakistan et.al
Petitioners vs. Federation of Pakistan et.al
Steel Workers Union vs. Federation of Pakistan et.al
Applicants vs. NICL et.al.
The Supreme Court rendered its judgement declare the appointments based upon PCO on 3 November 2007 as null and void as well as declaring the NRO as also null and voided that ultimately opened the investigations and cases against then-President Asif Ali Zardari and Prime Minister Gillani.[128]
The Supreme Court became extremely vigilant on corruption cases related to the Gillani administration, effectively led to the government shutdown and critics noted that the judicial activism slowed of government productivity without corruption has created a tension between the Chaudhry Court and the Gillani administration in 2008 till 2013.[128]
Constitutional petitions No. 8 and 9 of 2009[edit]
Of the 14 justices that rendered a verdict related to taking an oath under the PCO, 12 had taken the oath themselves. However, they controversially did not apply the judgement to themselves.
Name
Status
Mr. Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, CJ. Took Oath on PCO as Chief Justice Balochistan High Court on 26 January 2000
Mr. Justice Javed Iqbal Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Balochistan High Court on 26 January 2000
Mr. Justice Sardar Muhammad Raza Khan Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Peshawar High Court on 26 January 2000
Mr. Justice Khalil-ur-Rehman Ramday Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Lahore High Court on 26 January 2000
Mr. Justice Mian Shakirullah Jan Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Peshawar High Court on 26 January 2000
Mr. Justice Tassaduq Hussain Jillani Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Lahore High Court on 26 January 2000
Mr. Justice Nasir-ul-Mulk Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Peshawar High Court on 26 January 2000
Mr. Justice Raja Fayyaz Ahmed Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Balochistan High Court on 26 January 2000
Mr. Justice Ch. Ijaz Ahmed Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Lahore High Court on 26 January 2000
Mr. Justice Ghulam Rabbani Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Sindh High Court on 26 January 2000
Mr. Justice Sarmad Jalal Osmany Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Sindh High Court on 26 January 2000
Mr. Justice Muhammad Sair Ali Khattak Appointed as a Judge of the Lahore High Court Lahore on 2 May 2001
Mr. Justice Mahmood Akhtar Shahid Siddiqui Appointed as a Judge of the Lahore High Court Lahore on 21 September 2001
Mr. Justice Jawwad S. Khawaja. Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Lahore High Court on 26 January 2000
Mr. Justice Anwar Zaheer Jamali Took Oath on PCO as Judge of Sindh High Court on 26 January 2000
As a result of the 31 July 2009 decision handed down in the case of Constitutional Petitions 8 and 9 of 2009, the following justices resigned before their cases were referred to Supreme Judicial Council:
Name
Appointed
Status on 2 Nov 2007
PCO oath, Result of Judgement
Faqir Muhammad Khokhar 10 January 2002.[129] Supreme Court Judge Khokkhar resigned from the Court on 5 August 2009. His normal retirement would have been 15 April 2010[130]
Justice M. Javed Buttar 29 July 2004[129] Supreme Court Judge Buttar resigned from the Court on 5 August 2009. His normal retirement would have been 15 November 2013[130]
In addition to the above justices, the following justices were removed from the Supreme Court of Pakistan[131] on the ground that their appointment to the court was made without consultation with the de jure Chief Justice of Pakistan.
Name
Appointed
Status on 2 Nov 2007
PCO oath, Result of Judgement
Justice Muhammad Qaim Jan Khan 6 November 2007 Peshawar High Court Judge Khan became a Supreme Court justice on 6 November 2007. He was removed and deemed to have retired as a judge.
Justice Ijaz-ul-Hassan 6 November 2007 Peshawar High Court Judge Ijaz-ul-Hassan became a Supreme Court justice 6 November 2007. He was removed and deemed to have retired as a judge.
Justice Mohammad Moosa K. Legari 6 November 2007 Judge Sindh High Court Legari became a Supreme Court justice 6 November 2007. He was removed and deemed to have retired as a judge.
Justice Ch. Ejaz Yousaf 6 November 2007 Chairman Press Council[132] Yousaf was a retired Chief Justice of the Federal Shariat Court before he became a Supreme Court justice.[132] He was removed from the bench.
Justice Zia Perwez 13 November 2007 Judge Sindh High Court Perwez became a Supreme Court justice 13 November 2007. Perwez was removed and reinstated as a judge for the Sindh High Court.
Justice Mian Hamid Farooq 10 December 2007 Lahore High Court Judge Farooq became a Supreme Court justice 10 December 2007. He was removed and deemed to have retired as a judge.
Justice Syed Sakhi Hussain Bokhari 10 December 2007 Lahore High Court Judge Bokhari became a Supreme Court justice 10 December 2007. He was removed and reinstated as a judge for the Lahore High Court.
Justice Syed Zawwar Hussain Jaffery 10 December 2007 Retired Sindh High court Judge Jaffery became a Supreme Court justice 10 December 2007. He was removed and deemed to have retired as a judge.
Justice Sheikh Hakim Ali 8 February 2008[133] Lahore High Court Judge Ali became a Supreme Court justice 8 February 2008. He was removed and deemed to have retired as a judge.
Justice Muhammad Furrukh Mahmud 8 February 2008[134] Retired Lahore High Court Judge[130] Mahmud became a Supreme Court justice 8 February 2008. He was removed from the bench.
Hon. Sarmad Jalal Osmany 19 September 2008 Sindh High Court Judge Osmany refused the PCO oath and was appointed to Supreme Court on 19 September 2008. He was removed from the bench of Supreme Court and reverted to a Sindh High Court Judge. He was then appointed as Chief Justice of Sindh High Court on 1 August 2009.
Justice Sardar Muhammad Aslam 7 March 2009[citation needed] Lahore High Court Judge Aslam took the PCO oath on 3 November 2007 and became a Supreme Court Justice on 7 March 2009. He was removed and deemed to have retired.
Controversial aspect of the decision[edit]
The decision of the Court summarily removed all justices of the higher judiciary who were not part of it as of 2 November 2007. Their removal was ordered on the grounds that the de jure Chief Justice was not allowed to advise in these cases. In the same decision the court held that the de jure Chief Justice from 3 November 2007 to 22 March 2009 was Justice Chaudhry.[128]
There were three groups of removed justices:
Those elevated to higher courts who initially took oath under the PCO
Those who were elevated to higher courts after restoration of the Constitution and were appointed by Musharraf
Those who were elevated to higher courts after restoration of the Constitution and were appointed by Asif Ali Zardari
The Supreme Court bench that rendered the decision consisted entirely of justices who had taken oath under the PCO of 1999 themselves, but were already sitting justices of the higher judiciary at the time and had taken a constitutional oath. The 1999 PCO and decisions made under it were given constitutional protection by Seventeenth amendment.[128]
This decision has resulted in situations where:
newly appointed justices who never took any sort of oath under any PCO have been removed
sitting justices who took an oath under the 2007 PCO are still acting as justices, though their cases will be sent to Supreme Judicial Council
sitting justices who were reappointed and took oath under Justice Dogar are still acting as justices with no action
justices who took oath under the PCO of 1999 are still functioning as justices of higher judiciary
Critics of the decision question the fact that some PCO judges are still working and some non-PCO judges have been sacked.
Review petition filed by Lahore High Court non-PCO removed judges[edit]
Removed ad hoc judges of the Lahore High Court have filed several petitions in the Supreme Court in Lahore for review of its judgment, which sent 76 judges of Supreme Courts and High Courts immediately home.
These judges argue that they were qualified to be appointed as judges of the High Court in accordance with the requirements of Article 193(2)of the 1973 Constitution and were offered to serve as ad hoc judges following the consultation required under the Constitution. They accepted the offer and took oath when the state of emergency was lifted. They never took oath under a PCO and continued performing the functions of judges of the High Court until judgement was rendered against them.
These judges were appointed by Lahore High Court Chief Justice Justice Zahid Hussain, who is still a justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan and is not being tried before the Supreme Judicial Counsel.
The petition also noted that none of the sacked judges were made parties to the decision against them, nor were they able to comment in the hearing or in some cases aware that the hearing was taking place. They also allege that no copy of the decision was sent to the High Court or to the judges concerned.
Key Controversial points[edit]
According one news article,[135] the Supreme Court has applied its judgement retroactively, having effect from 3 November 2007. The 14-member Supreme Court bench has not, however, applied the sanction to judges who took oath under the 1999 PCO. Some of these are current justices, and some have not yet taken a constitutional oath.
Critics of the decision also argue that it is inconsistent with the principles laid down in Malik Asad Ali's case where it was held that the Chief Justice was bound by the Court's judgement. Chief Justice Sajjad Ali Shah was removed from office based on this case.
Inconsistently with the decision, the present Chief Justice Chaudhry has accepted the stance of the government that Justice Dogar was the Chief Justice until his retirement.
Following the decision, the official website of Supreme Court was hacked by an unknown person. The hacked website made derogatory remarks about Chief Justice Chaudhry.
See also[edit]
Punjab Bar Council
Pakistan Bar Council
Law Minister of Pakistan
Lists of Pakistan Supreme Court cases
Islamabad High Court
Peshawar High Court
Balochistan High Court
Sindh High Court
Lahore High Court
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sigamony, Terence J. (6 June 2014). "Six of incumbent SC judges to become CJP". The Nation. The Nation, T.J. Sigamony. The Nation. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Justice Mansoor Ali Shah becomes new LHC CJ". pakistantoday.com.pk. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Justice Mazhar Alam Khan Miankhel takes oath as SC judge". samaa.tv. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hon'ble Judges". supremecourt.gov.pk. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Registry and Officers". www.supremecourt.gov.pk. Supreme Court of Pakistan press, Registry and Officers. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Karachi Branch Registry". www.supremecourt.gov.pk. Supreme Court of Pakistan press, karachi registry. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lahore Branch Registry". www.supremecourt.gov.pk. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Peshawar Branch Registry". www.supremecourt.gov.pk. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Quetta Branch Registry". www.supremecourt.gov.pk. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Article 208 in Chapter 2: The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII: The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan.
Jump up ^ "Registrar's report" (PDF). www.supremecourt.gov.pk. Supreme Court of Pakistan press registrar. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Law Students Visit the Supreme Court & Lahore High Court". archive.is. LUMS University Press. 16 April 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Law Clerks" (PDF). supremecourt.gov.pk/. Supreme Court of Pakistan press, Law clerks. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Advocate Supreme Court". pakistanbarcouncil.org. Pakistan Bar Council. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Supreme Court building". www.supremecourt.gov.pk. Supreme Court of Pakistan Supreme building. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Islamabad Police". islamabadpolice.gov.pk. Islamabad Police Supreme Court Division. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Court Administration". www.supremecourt.gov.pk. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Law clerks, et.al (2011). "Supreme Court Museum" (PDF). www.supremecourt.gov.pk/. Supreme Court of Pakistan Press (Museum). p. 6. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Article 184–186 Chapter 2: The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII: The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan
^ Jump up to: a b c Jillani, Aneese (13 March 2016). "The law of contempt". www.thenews.com.pk. News International, Jillani. News International. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Editorial, staff writers (31 August 2011). "Suo Motu: Pakistan's chemotherapy?". DAWN.COM (241/165). Dawn Newspapers, 2011 Ediotrial. Dawn Newspapers. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Article 184(3) Chapter 2: The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII: The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan
Jump up ^ Klasra, Kaswar (6 March 2012). "SC took 86 suo moto cases in 5 years, Senate told". The Nation. The Nation, Supreme Court. The Nation. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Article 184(1)-184(3) Chapter 2: The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII: The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan.
Jump up ^ Article 184-184(1)-(2) Chapter 2: The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII: The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan
Jump up ^ Garimella, Sai Ramani; Jolly, Stellina. "The Nationalistics Regime". Private International Law South Asian States’ Practice (googlebooks). Springer. ISBN 9789811034589. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Article 186(1)-186(2) Chapter 2: The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII: The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan.
Jump up ^ Article 187(1)-187(3) Chapter 2: The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII: The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan.
Jump up ^ Manzoor, Saima Manzoor, Akif Manzoor, Engr Asif. "Superior Judiciary". Police in Pakistan (googlebooks). Lulu.com. ISBN 9781105990328. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Article 191 in Chapter 2: The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII: The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan
^ Jump up to: a b c Aslam, Muhammad (1980). "Judgments, Decrees, and Orders: The Supreme Court of Pakistan Rules" (PDF). www.supremecourt.gov.pk/. Islamabad, Pakistan: Supreme Court of Pakistan library. p. 121. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Article 186A in Chapter 2: The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII: The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan
Jump up ^ Article 187(1)-187(2) in Chapter 2: The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII: The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan
Jump up ^ Article 187(3) in Chapter 2: The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII: The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan
^ Jump up to: a b c d Law clerks, et.al. (2009). "In the Supreme Court" (PDF). www.supremecourt.gov.pk/. Islamabad: Supreme Court of Pakistan rulings and decisions. p. 18. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Law clerks, et.al. "In the Supreme Court of Pakistan, decisions" (PDF). www.supremecourt.gov.pk/. Supreme Court of Pakistan Press, decisions. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Article 188 in Chapter 2: The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII: The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan
Jump up ^ Article 189 in Chapter 2: The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII: The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan
Jump up ^ Article 190 in Chapter 2: The Supreme Court of Pakistan in Part VII: The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan
Jump up ^ "Press Releases". www.supremecourt.gov.pk. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Press Releases". www.supremecourt.gov.pk. Supreme Court of Pakistan Press (Release). Retrieved 6 March 2017.
Jump up ^ et.al, law clerks. "Annual Reports". www.supremecourt.gov.pk. Supreme Court of Pakistan Press (Annual Reports). Retrieved 6 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "PDF Pres release" (PDF). Retrieved 6 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Supreme Court of Pakistan, S. (1970). Pakistan. Supreme Court. Islamabad: Supreme Court of Pakistan Press, Books. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c SCBAP, Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan (1989). "Rule of the Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan" (PDF). www.scbap.com/. Islamabad: Supreme Court Bar Association of Pakistan Press. p. 10. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "History of the Bar – SCBAP". scbap.com. Bar Association. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "President – SCBAP". scbap.com. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Siddique, Osama (2001). "Approaches to legal and judicial reforms in Pakistan". Pakistan's Experience with Formal Law: An Alien Justice (google books). London, uk: Cambridge University Press. p. 451. ISBN 9781107038158. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Chak, Farhan Mujahid (2015). "The Constitutional cases". Islam and Pakistan's Political Culture (googlebooks) (1 ed.). New York, U.S.: Routledge. p. 180. ISBN 9781317657941. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hamoodur Rahman Commission reports". Story of Pakistan. January 2000. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Wasti, Tahir (2009). "The Evolution of Qisas and Diyat Law". The application of Islamic criminal law in Pakistan : Sharia in practice (google books). Leiden: Brill. p. 400. ISBN 9004172254. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Morris, Nicole A. (2012). "Pakistan" (docs). www.law.tulane.edu/. Eason-Weinmann Center for Comparative Law, Morris. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Military takeover challenged in court, BBC, 22 November 1999
Jump up ^ Ali, Rifaaqat (13 May 2000). "Govt given three years to hold polls". asianstudies.github.io (06/18). Dawn Wire Service, 2000. Dawn Wire Service. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Kalhan, Anil (2010). "Constitution and 'Extraconstitution': Emergency Powers in Postcolonial Pakistan and India". Emergency Powers in Asia (Victor Ramraj & Arun Thiruvengadam, eds.). SSRN 1398545  .
Jump up ^ "Pakistan court limits army rule". 12 May 2000. Retrieved 2 July 2016 – via bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "SOUTH ASIA | Musharraf pledges return to democracy". BBC News. 25 May 2000. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
Jump up ^ Article 204(1)-Article (204(3) in Chapter 4: Chapter 4: General Provisions Relating to the Judicature in Part VII: The Judicature of the Constitution of Pakistan
Jump up ^ Babur, Iftikharullah (12 July 2002). "The Contempt of Court Act" (PDF). www.senate.gov.pk/. Senate of Pakistan Press, The Gazette of Pakistan. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Pakistan Supreme Court disqualifies Yousuf Raza Gilani, says vacate Prime Minister's post. NDTV. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Press Release (19 June 2012). "Gilani disqualified as PM: SC". The News International, 19 June 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2012. The Supreme Court (SC) has disqualified Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani as the prime minister in its short order of the NA Speaker ruling case, Geo News reported.
Jump up ^ Sex Scandal involving Supreme Court Judges. Ghulam Hasnain, reporting from Islamabad for The Times, 11 November 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Kalhan, Anil (January 2013). ""Gray Zone" Constitutionalism and the Dilemma of Judicial Independence in Pakistan". Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law. 46: 1. SSRN 2087116  .
^ Jump up to: a b Supreme Court Annual Report 2012-2013
^ Jump up to: a b c Supreme Court Report Golden Jubilee Edition 2006
Jump up ^ Supreme Court Decision CONSTITUTION PETITION NO. 09 and 08 OF 2009
^ Jump up to: a b "Encore, NOS, The News International". Jang.com.pk. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
Jump up ^ "Justice Sheikh Hakim ali | Justice supreme court of Pakistan @ Pakistan Herald". Pakistanherald.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2008. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
Jump up ^ "International : Pak Supreme Court gets two more judges : 75540". Indopia.in. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
Jump up ^ "Leading News Resource of Pakistan". Daily Times. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
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navigation
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values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
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values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

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values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

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Language settings
0
button
true

values: المحكمة العليا الباكستانية – Arabic

values: पाकिस्तान का सर्वोच्च न्यायालय – Hindi

values: سپریم کورٹ پاکستان – Western Punjabi

values: Верховный суд Пакистана – Russian

values: Supreme Court of Pakistan – Simple English

values: عدالت عظمیٰ پاکستان – Urdu

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