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King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)
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Earl of Plymouth's Regiment of Foot
4th (King's Own) Regiment of Foot
King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment)
King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)
Cap badge of the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster).
Active
1680–1959
Country
Kingdom of England (1680–1707)
Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800)
United Kingdom (1801–1959)
Branch
British Army
Type
Infantry
Role
Line infantry
Garrison/HQ
Bowerham Barracks, Lancaster
Nickname(s)
Barrell's Blues, The Lions
Colours
Blue Facings, Gold Braided Lace
March
Quick: Corn Riggs are Bonnie
Slow: And Shall Trelawny Die?
Engagements
Nine Years' War
War of the Spanish Succession
Jacobite rising of 1745
Seven Years' War
French Revolutionary Wars
Peninsular War
War of 1812
Napoleonic Wars
Crimean War
Indian Rebellion of 1857
British Expedition to Abyssinia
Anglo-Zulu War
Second Boer War
World War I
World War II
The King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) was a line infantry regiment of the British Army. It served under various titles and fought in many wars and conflicts, including both World War I and World War II, from 1680 to 1959. In 1959, the regiment was amalgamated with the Border Regiment to form the King's Own Royal Border Regiment.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early years
1.2 Napoleonic Wars
1.3 The Victorian era
1.4 First World War
1.4.1 Regular Army battalions
1.4.2 Special Reserve (formerly Militia) battalion
1.4.3 Territorial battalions
1.4.4 Kitchener's Army battalions
1.5 Inter-War
1.6 Second World War
1.6.1 Regular Army battalions
1.6.2 Territorial Army battalions
1.6.3 Hostilities-only battalions
1.7 Post-war
2 Battle honours
3 Victoria Crosses
4 King's Own Royal Regiment Museum
5 Colonels-in-Chief
6 Colonels
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 Further reading
10 External links
History[edit]
Early years[edit]
Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth, founder of the regiment
The regiment was raised on 13 July 1680 by Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth as the 2nd Tangier Regiment or Earl of Plymouth's Regiment of Foot.[1] It saw action at the Battle of Sedgemoor in July 1685 during the Monmouth Rebellion.[2] In April 1690, the regiment embarked for Ireland, where it took part in the Williamite War, fighting at the Battle of the Boyne in July[3] and in the sieges of Cork and Limerick in September,[4] before returning to England in 1691.[5]
The regiment embarked for the Netherlands in March 1692 for service in the Nine Years' War.[5] It saw action at the Battle of Steenkerque in August 1692,[5] the Battle of Landen in July 1693[6] and at the Siege of Namur in summer 1695.[7] Soon after, it was reformed as a regiment of marines and fought at the Battle of Vigo Bay in October 1702[8] and the capture of Gibraltar in August 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession.[9] It ceased to be a regiment of marines in 1711.[10]
The regiment fought at the Battle of Falkirk Muir in January 1746[11] and received most of the government casualties at the Battle of Culloden in April 1746 during the Jacobite rising.[12] In 1751, after various name changes, the regiment was titled the 4th (King's Own) Regiment of Foot.[13] It embarked for the West Indies in autumn 1758[14] for service in the Seven Years' War and took part in the capture of Guadeloupe in January 1759,[15] the capture of Martinique in January 1762[16] and the capture of Saint Lucia in February 1762[17] before returning home in July 1764.[18]
The Battle of Culloden, at which the regiment received most of the government casualties, in April 1746
The regiment embarked for North America in April 1774 for service in the American Revolutionary War.[18] It fought at the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775,[19] the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775[20] and the Battle of Long Island in August 1776.[21] It also saw action at the Battle of Fort Washington in November 1776,[22] the Battle of Germantown in October 1777[23] and the Battle of White Marsh in December 1777.[24] The regiment was then transferred to the West Indies, where it fought at the Battle of St. Lucia in December 1778 during the Anglo-French War.[25]
Napoleonic Wars[edit]
The regiment was sent to Nova Scotia in May 1787 and took part in the capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon in May 1793.[26] After returning to England, it embarked for the Netherlands in September 1799 and fought at the Battle of Alkmaar in October 1799 during the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland.[27]
The regiment was sent to Portugal in August 1808[28] for service in the Napoleonic Wars and fought under General Sir John Moore at the Battle of Corunna in January 1809, before being evacuated to England later that month.[29] It returned to the Peninsula in October 1810[30] where it fought at the Siege of Badajoz in March 1812,[31] the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812[32] and the Battle of Vitoria in June 1813[33] as well as the Siege of San Sebastián in September 1813.[34] It then pursued the French Army into France and saw action at the Battle of the Nivelle in November 1813 and at the Battle of the Nive in December 1813.[35] It embarked for North America in June 1814[36] for service in the War of 1812 and saw action at the Battle of Bladensburg in August 1814, the Burning of Washington later in August 1814[37] and the Battle of Baltimore in September 1814[38] as well as the capture of Fort Bowyer in February 1815.[39] It briefly returned to England in May 1815, before embarking for Flanders a few weeks later to fight at the Battle of Waterloo in June.[40]
The Victorian era[edit]
During the Crimean War, the regiment fought at the Battle of Alma in September 1854 and Battle of Inkerman in November 1854 and took part in the Siege of Sevastopol in winter 1854. It also saw action in Abyssinia in 1868, and in South Africa in 1879.[13]
The regiment was not fundamentally affected by the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, which gave it a depot at Bowerham Barracks in Lancaster from 1873, or by the Childers reforms of 1881 – as it already possessed two battalions, there was no need for it to amalgamate with another regiment.[41] Under the reforms the regiment became the King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment) on 1 July 1881.[42] The 2nd Battalion embarked for South Africa in December 1899, to serve in the Second Boer War, and saw action at the Battle of Spion Kop in January 1900. A 3rd, Militia Battalion, was embodied in January 1900, and embarked for South Africa the following month.[43]
In 1908, the Volunteers and Militia were reorganised nationally, with the former becoming the Territorial Force and the latter the Special Reserve;[44] the regiment now had one Reserve and two Territorial battalions.[45][46]
First World War[edit]
Memorial to Private James Miller VC who died during the First World War
The regiment raised 14 Territorial and New Army battalions during the First World War.[47][48]
Regular Army battalions[edit]
The 1st Battalion landed at Boulogne in August 1914 as part of the 12th Brigade in the 4th Division of the British Expeditionary Force. It was nearly destroyed as a fighting unit at the Battle of Le Cateau on 26 August 1914, when it suffered some 400 casualties in a single two minute burst of machine gun fire.[49] It served on the Western Front for the rest of the war.[47] The 2nd Battalion returned from India in December 1914 and landed at Le Havre in January 1915 as part of the 83rd Brigade in the 28th Division. It took heavy casualties at the Battle of Frezenberg in May 1915[50] before moving to Egypt in October 1915 and then to Salonika.[47]
Special Reserve (formerly Militia) battalion[edit]
The 3rd (Reserve) Battalion remained in the United Kingdom throughout the war and supplied drafts of trained infantrymen as replacements to the regular battalions that were serving overseas.[47]
Territorial battalions[edit]
The 1/4th Battalion was mobilised in the 164th (North Lancashire) Brigade of the 55th (West Lancashire) Division; it was temporarily attached to 154th (3rd Highland) Brigade in 51st (Highland) Division and landed in France in May 1915; it returned to 164 Brigade in January 1916. The 1/5th Battalion was mobilised in the 164th (North Lancashire) Brigade of the 55th (West Lancashire) Division; it landed in France in February 1915 and was temporarily attached to 28th Division and 1st Division; it returned to 166th (South Lancashire) Brigade in the 55th Division in January 1916.[47]
The 2/4th Battalion was formed September 1914 as a 2nd Line duplicate of 1/4th Battalion; it became the 4th (Reserve) Battalion and absorbed 5th (Reserve) Battalion 1916; it was stationed in Dublin from June 1918. The 2/5th Battalion was formed September 1914 as a 2nd Line duplicate of 1/5th Battalion; it was attached to the 164th (North Lancashire) Brigade of the 55th (West Lancashire) Division February 1915, then to 170th (2/1st North Lancashire) Brigade of 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division; it landed in France February 1917. The 3/4th Battalion was formed June 1915 as a reserve battalion; it amalgamated with 2/4th Battalion in January 1916. The 3/5th Battalion was formed June 1915 as a reserve battalion; it remained in the United Kingdom and supplied drafts of trained infantrymen to the 1/5th and 2/5th battalions; it 5th (Reserve) Battalion. The 12th Battalion was formed on 1 January 1917 from 41st Provisional Battalion (TF) in 218th Brigade of 73rd Division, a Home Defence formation; it was disbanded March 1918.[47]
Kitchener's Army battalions[edit]
The 6th (Service) Battalion was formed in August 1914; it was attached to 38th Brigade in 13th (Western) Division; it landed at Gallipoli July 1915 and later served in Mesopotamia. The 7th (Service) Battalion was formed in September 1914; it was attached to 56th Brigade in 19th (Western) Division; it landed in France in July 1915 and was disbanded February 1918 due to an Army-wide reorganisation. The 8th (Service) Battalion was formed in October 1914; it was attached to 76th Brigade in 25th Division; it landed in France in September 1915 and served on the Western Front for the war: it helped to slow the German Advance at the Battle of St. Quentin on 21 March 1918.[50]
The 9th (Service) Battalion was formed in October 1914; it was attached to 65th Brigade in 22nd Division and served in Salonika. The 10th (Reserve) Battalion was formed in October 1914; it remained in the United Kingdom and supplied drafts to the Service battalions overseas; it converted into 43rd Training Reserve Battalion in September 1916. The 11th (Service) Battalion was formed in August 1915 as a Bantam battalion; it was attached to 120th Brigade in 40th Division; it landed in France in June 1916 and was disbanded in February 1918. The 12th (Reserve) Battalion was formed in January 1916; it remained in the United Kingdom and supplied drafts to the Service battalions overseas; it converted into 76th Training Reserve Battalion in September 1916.[47]
Inter-War[edit]
In 1921, the regiment was re-designated the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster).[51]
Second World War[edit]
The following battalions served during the Second World War:
Regular Army battalions[edit]
Infantrymen of the 1st Battalion, King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) start to dig trenches in an orchard near Vedrano, Italy, 21 April 1945.
The 1st Battalion, King's Own was stationed in Malta on the outbreak of war, moving to Karachi in British India at the end of 1939. It later served with the 17th Indian Infantry Brigade. It subsequently served in Iraq and Syria with 25th Indian Infantry Brigade, with which it served until October 1943, of 10th Indian Infantry Division. In August 1942, the battalion embarked from Egypt for Cyprus, but the transport was torpedoed and the troops had to return and re-embark later. In May 1943, the battalion returned to Syria, and then it joined 234th Infantry Brigade in the Aegean Islands in October 1943. Here, the bulk of the battalion was captured by the Germans on 16 November, after the Battle of Leros, with only 57 officers and men managing to escape the island. The 1st Battalion was reformed in 25th Indian Infantry Brigade, on 30 January 1944, by amalgamating with the 8th Battalion, King's Own. The reformed battalion, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Richard Neville Anderson, later served in the Italian Campaign with 25th Indian Brigade for the rest of the war.[52]
The 2nd Battalion formed part of the British garrison of Jerusalem when war broke out.[53] It joined 14th Infantry Brigade in Palestine in March 1940 and moved with it to Egypt in July.[54] The battalion served with 16th Infantry Brigade of 6th Infantry Division (later redesignated 70th Infantry Division) in the defence of Tobruk and later formed part of the garrison of Ceylon.[55] In September 1943, the battalion was stationed with 70th Division at Bangalore in India when it was selected for attachment to the second Long Range Penetration or Chindits brigade (111th Indian Infantry Brigade) for the Burma Campaign. It formed 41 and 46 Columns in the Second Chindit Campaign, crossing into Burma in March 1944 and being flown out to India in July 1944.[56] From November 1944 to February 1945, the battalion was assigned to 14th Airlanding Brigade in 44th Indian Airborne Division.[57]
Territorial Army battalions[edit]
Troops of the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) laying a minefield, Egypt, 30 October 1940
The 4th Battalion, King's Own Royal Regiment was transferred to the Royal Artillery and converted to artillery in November 1938, forming the 56th (King's Own) Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery. On the outbreak of war, the 56th Anti-Tank Regiment mobilised in the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division, with which it served in the Battle of France in May 1940 and was evacuated at Dunkirk. In 1942, it was sent to join 70th Infantry Division in India, where it was converted into a Light Anti-Aircraft/Anti-Tank Regiment in 1943. In this guise, it served in the Burma Campaign, mainly with 5th Indian Infantry Division. It reconverted to the anti-tank role in late 1944 and in June 1945 it returned to India as a Royal Artillery training unit.[58][59]
In June 1939, the 56th Anti-Tank Regiment spun off a duplicate unit, the 66th Anti-Tank Regiment, which served in Home Forces throughout the war, mainly with the 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division.[60][61] In September 1941, the 56th and 66th Anti-Tank Regiments each provided a battery to help form a new regiment for overseas service, 83rd Anti-Tank Regiment. This regiment served in Iraq, Palestine and Egypt.[62]
Before the war, the 5th Battalion, King's Own transferred from 164th (North Lancashire) Infantry Brigade, 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division to 126th (East Lancashire) Infantry Brigade, 42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Division. The battalion, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Hayman Hayman-Joyce, mobilised with the rest of the 42nd Division and served with the British Expeditionary Force in the battles of France and Belgium in 1940. When the division was converted to armour, becoming the 42nd Armoured Division, in October 1941, 5th Battalion was transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps and became the 107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps.[63][64] The regiment continued to wear the King's Own cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps, as did all infantry units converted in this way.[65] However, the regiment was disbanded in December 1943 and a few of its officers and men were sent to 151st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, which had been converted from the 10th Battalion, King's Own.[46]
Hostilities-only battalions[edit]
The 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th Battalions were all formed in 1940 as pioneer battalions and raised specifically for hostilities-only.[46] All four units served with the British Expeditionary Force as GHQ (General Headquarters) troops during the 1940 campaign in both France and Belgium.[66]
After being evacuated at Dunkirk, the 6th Battalion later served in a succession of Home Forces formations: 218th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), 48th Division, 54th Division, 76th Division.[67] The battalion never again served overseas and was disbanded in July 1944.[46]
The 7th Battalion served with the 71st Independent Infantry Brigade before being sent to form part of the Gibraltar garrison, with the 2nd Gibraltar Brigade, in June 1942.[68] In March 1943, the battalion was sent to India where it joined 150th Indian Training Brigade but it did not see action against the Japanese.[56] The battalion was disbanded after the war in 1947.[46]
The 8th Battalion joined the Malta garrison in August 1941 and served through the Siege.[69] It was assigned to the 232nd Infantry Brigade and briefly joined the 233rd Infantry Brigade. In November 1943, the battalion was moved to Palestine and then Italy with the 25th Indian Infantry Brigade, part of the 10th Indian Infantry Division. In Italy, on 30 January 1944, the 8th Battalion was disbanded and its personnel merged with the few surviving remnants of the 1st Battalion, King's Own, which had been virtually lost during the fighting at Leros.[70]
The 9th Battalion served in the 47th (Reserve) Infantry Division in the United Kingdom until December 1941.[46][71] The battalion was transferred to the Royal Artillery and was converted into the 90th Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, serving with the 45th Division from February 1942 until November 1943 when it was disbanded.[72]
The 50th (Holding) Battalion was formed in the United Kingdom on 28 May 1940. On 9 October 1940, it was renumbered as the 10th Battalion.[46][73] 10th Battalion was assigned to 225th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), formed for service in the United Kingdom. When the brigade was converted into a tank brigade in December 1941, the battalion became the 151st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps.[64][74] When 107th RAC was disbanded in December 1943, a cadre transferred to 151st RAC, which adopted the number of 107th to perpetuate the 5th Battalion, King's Own, a 1st Line Territorial Army battalion. The new 107th Regiment went on to serve in the North-west Europe from 1944-1945.[75]
Post-war[edit]
After the war, all the units created during the war were disbanded; also, following Indian independence, there was no longer a need to maintain such a large overseas garrison and thus the 2nd Battalion was disbanded in 1948. The regiment received the freedom of Lancaster in 1953, before being amalgamated with the Border Regiment into the King's Own Royal Border Regiment on 31 October 1959. In 1953 and 1954, the 1st Battalion of the regiment was stationed in South Korea following the Korean War.[76]
Battle honours[edit]
Colours of Barrell's Regiment, carried at Culloden
The regiment's battle honours were as follows:[46]
Namur 1695, Gibraltar 1704-05, Guadeloupe 1759, St. Lucia 1778, Corunna, Badajoz, Salamanca, Vittoria, San Sebastian, Nive, Peninsula, Bladensburg, Waterloo, Alma, Inkerman, Sevastopol, Abyssinia, South Africa 1879, Relief of Ladysmith, South Africa 1899-1902
The Great War (16 battalions): Le Cateau, Retreat from Mons, Marne 1914, Aisne 1914, Armentières 1914, Ypres 1915 '17, Gravenstafel, St Julien, Frezenberg, Bellewaarde, Festubert 1915, Loos, Somme 1916 '18, Albert 1916 '18, Bazentin, Delville Wood, Pozières, Guillemont, Ginchy, Flers-Courcelette, Morval, Le Transloy, Ancre Heights, Ancre 1916, Arras 1917 '18, Scarpe 1917 '18, Arleux, Messines 1917, Pilckem, Menin Road, Polygon Wood, Broodseinde, Poelcappelle, Passchendaele, Cambrai 1917 '18, St. Quentin, Lys, Estaires, Hazebrouck, Béthune, Bapaume 1918, Drocourt-Quéant, Hindenburg Line, Canal du Nord, Selle, Valenciennes, Sambre, France and Flanders 1914-18, Struma, Doiran 1917 '18, Macedonia 1915-18, Suvla, Sari Bair, Gallipoli 1915, Egypt 1916, Tigris 1916, Kut al Amara 1917, Baghdad, Mesopotamia 1916-18
The Second World War: St Omer-La Bassée, Dunkirk 1940, North-West Europe 1940, Defence of Habbaniya, Falluja, Iraq 1941, Merjayun, Jebel Mazar, Syria 1941, Tobruk 1941, Tobruk Sortie, North Africa 1940-42, Montone, Citta di Castello, San Martino Sogliano, Lamone Bridgehead, Italy 1944-45, Malta 1941-42, Chindits 1944, Burma 1944
Victoria Crosses[edit]
The following members of the regiment were awarded the Victoria Cross:
Private (later Sergeant) Thomas Grady, Crimean War
Private Albert Halton, 1st Battalion, Great War
Private Harry Christian, 2nd Battalion, Great War
Lance-Sergeant Tom Fletcher Mayson, 1/4th Battalion, Great War
Second Lieutenant Joseph Henry Collin, 1/4th Battalion, Great War
Lance-Corporal (later Corporal) James Hewitson, 1/4th Battalion, Great War
Lance-Corporal Jack White, 6th (Service) Battalion, Great War
Private James Miller, 7th (Service) Battalion, Great War
Corporal Thomas Neely, 8th (Service) Battalion, Great War
King's Own Royal Regiment Museum[edit]
The King's Own Royal Regiment Museum is part of the Lancaster City Museum in Lancaster, Lancashire. The museum, which opened in 1929, exhibits regimental uniforms, medals, regalia, silver, paintings, medals, weapons and other memorabilia reflecting the regiment's history.[77]
Colonels-in-Chief[edit]
The colonels-in-chief were as follows:
1903 F.M. HM King Edward VII
1913 F.M. HM King George V
Colonels[edit]
The colonels of the regiment were as follows:
1680 Col. Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth (bastard son of Charles II, d. 1680)
1680 Lt-Gen. Hon Percy Kirke (senior)
1682 Col. Charles Trelawny
The Queen Consort's Regiment of Foot - (1688)
1688 Col. Sir Charles Orby, 2nd Bt.
1688 Maj-Gen. Charles Trelawny [reappointed]
1692 Brig-Gen. Henry Trelawny
1702 Lt-Gen. William Seymour
The King's Own Regiment of Foot - (1715)
1717 Brig-Gen. The Hon. Henry Berkeley
1719 Gen. Charles Cadogan, 2nd Baron Cadogan
1734 Lt-Gen. William Barrell
1749 Lt-Gen. Sir Robert Rich, 5th Baronet
4th (The King's Own) Regiment of Foot - (1751)
1756 Lt-Gen. Alexander Duroure
1765 Col. The Hon. Robert Brudenell
4th (The King's Own Royal) Regiment of Foot - (1767)
1768 F.M. Studholme Hodgson
1782 Lt-Gen. Sir John Burgoyne
1792 Gen. George Morrison
1799 Gen. John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham, KG
1835 Gen. John Hodgson
1846 Gen. Sir Thomas Bradford, GCB, GCH
1853 Gen. Sir John Bell, GCB
1876 Gen. Studholme John Hodson
The King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment) - (1881)
1890 Gen. William Sankey, CB
1892 Lt-Gen. William Wilby, CB
1894 Gen. Sir William Gordon Cameron, GCB, VD
1913 Gen. Sir Archibald Hunter, GCB, GCVO, DSO, LLD, TD
The King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) - (1921)
1926 Lt-Gen. Sir Oswald Cuthbert Borrett, KCB, CMG, CBE, DSO
1945 Maj-Gen. Russell Mortimer Luckock, CB, CMG, DSO
1947 Brig. John Herbert Hardy, CBE, MC
1957 Maj-Gen. Richard Neville Anderson, CB, CBE, DSO (continued 1961 in King's Own Royal Border Regiment; also 10th Gurkha Rifles)
References[edit]
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Bibliography[edit]
Beckett, Ian (2003). Discovering English County Regiments. Shire. ISBN 978 0747 805069.
Cannon, Richard (1839). Historical record of The Fourth, or, The King's Own Regiment of Foot. Longman, Orme & Company and William Clowes & Sons.
Forty, George (1998). British Army Handbook 1939–1945. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-7509-1403-3.
Joslen, Lt-Col H.F. (2003) [1960]. Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945. Uckfield: Naval and Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84342-474-1.
Further reading[edit]
Cowper, Colonel Julia (1957). The King's Own: The Story of a Royal Regiment, Volume III: 1914–1950. Aldershot: Gale & Polden.
External links[edit]
King's Own Royal Regiment Museum
The Long, Long Trail
Land Forces of Britain, The Empire and Commonwealth
The Regimental Warpath 1914–1918
The Royal Artillery 1939–45
[show]
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Duke of Lancaster's Regiment
Predecessors
1st generation
King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) (1680–1959)
34th (Cumberland) Regiment of Foot (1702–1881)
55th (Westmorland) Regiment of Foot (1755–1881)
King's Regiment (Liverpool) (1685–1958)
63rd (West Suffolk) Regiment of Foot (1744–1881)
96th Regiment of Foot (1798–1881)
30th (Cambridgeshire) Regiment of Foot (1702–1881)
59th (2nd Nottinghamshire) Regiment of Foot (1755–1881)
40th (the 2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot (1717–1881)
82nd Regiment of Foot (Prince of Wales's Volunteers) (1793–1881)
47th (Lancashire) Regiment of Foot (1741–1881)
81st Regiment of Foot (Loyal Lincoln Volunteers) (1793–1881)
2nd generation
Border Regiment (1881–1959)
Manchester Regiment (1881–1958)
Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire) (1881–1970)
East Lancashire Regiment (1881–1958)
South Lancashire Regiment (1881–1958)
3rd generation
King's Own Royal Border Regiment (1959–2006)
King's Regiment (1958–2006)
Lancashire Regiment (1958–1970)
Queen's Lancashire Regiment (1970–2006)
Victoria Cross
Thomas Grady
Harry Christian
James Miller
Jack White
Tom Fletcher Mayson
Albert Halton
Joseph Henry Collin
James Hewitson
Thomas Neely
William Robert Fontaine Addison
Harry Hampton
Henry James Knight
William Edward Heaton
Joseph Harcourt Tombs
Edward Felix Baxter
Arthur Herbert Procter
David Jones
Oswald Reid
Jack Thomas Counter
James Pitts
Robert Scott
James Leach
John Hogan
Issy Smith
William Forshaw
George Stringer
George Evans
Charles Harry Coverdale
Walter Mills
Wilfrith Elstob
Alfred Robert Wilkinson
James Kirk
George Stuart Henderson
John McDermond
Mark Walker
John Lucas
Euston Sartorius
Spencer Bent
Henry Edward Kenny
William Young
Alfred Victor Smith
Richard Basil Brandram Jones
Thomas Orde Lawder Wilkinson
Gabriel Coury
John Readitt
William Ratcliffe
John Thomas Davies
Basil Horsfall
Marcus Ervine-Andrews
Willward Alexander Sandys-Clarke
See also
King's Division
King's and Cheshire Regiment
Lancastrian and Cumbrian Volunteers
Lancashire Militia
[show]
v
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Regiments of Foot 1740–1881
1st or The Royal Scots
2nd (Queen's Royal)
3rd (East Kent – The Buffs)
4th (The King's Own Royal)
5th (Northumberland) (Fusiliers)
6th (Royal 1st Warwickshire)
7th (Royal Fusiliers)
8th (The King's)
9th (East Norfolk)
10th (North Lincoln)
11th (North Devonshire)
12th (East Suffolk)
13th (1st Somersetshire) (Prince Albert's Light Infantry)
14th (Buckinghamshire – The Prince of Wales's Own)
15th (York, East Riding)
16th (Bedfordshire)
17th (Leicestershire)
18th (The Royal Irish)
19th (1st Yorkshire, North Riding – Princess of Wales's Own)
20th (East Devonshire)
21st (Royal Scots Fusiliers)
22nd (Cheshire)
23rd (Royal Welch Fusiliers)
24th (2nd Warwickshire)
25th (King's Own Borderers)
26th (Cameronian)
27th (Inniskilling)
28th (North Gloucestershire)
29th (Worcestershire)
30th (Cambridgeshire)
31st (Huntingdonshire)
32nd (Cornwall) Light Infantry
33rd (The Duke of Wellington's)
34th (Cumberland)
35th (Royal Sussex)
36th (Herefordshire)
37th (North Hampshire)
38th (1st Staffordshire)
39th (Dorsetshire)
40th (2nd Somersetshire)
41st (The Welsh)
42nd (Oglethorpe's)
42nd (The Royal Highland) (The Black Watch)
43rd (Spotswood's)
43rd (Monmouthshire Light Infantry)
44th (1st Marines)
44th (East Essex)
45th (2nd Marines)
45th (Nottinghamshire Sherwood Foresters)
46th (3rd Marines)
46th (South Devonshire)
47th Regiment (4th Marines)
47th (Lancashire)
48th (5th Marines)
48th (Northamptonshire)
49th (6th Marines)
49th (Hertfordshire - Princess Charlotte of Wales's)
50th (7th Marines)
50th (American Provincials)
50th (The Queen's Own)
51st (8th Marines)
51st Regiment of Foot (Cape Breton Regiment)
51st (2nd York, West Riding, The King's Own Light Infantry)
52nd (9th Marines)
52nd (Oxfordshire Light Infantry)
53rd (10th Marines)
53rd (Shropshire)
54th (West Norfolk)
55th (Westmorland)
56th (West Essex)
57th (West Middlesex)
58th (Rutlandshire)
59th (2nd Nottinghamshire)
60th (De Grangues's)
60th (The King's Royal Rifle Corps)
61st (Gooch's)
61st (South Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot
62nd (Baterau's)
62nd (Royal American)
62nd (1st Highland Battalion)
62nd (Wiltshire)
63rd (American)
63rd (2nd Highland Battalion)
63rd (West Suffolk)
64th (Loudon's Highlanders)
64th (Draper's)
64th (2nd Staffordshire)
65th (Shirley's)
65th (2nd Yorkshire, North Riding)
66th (Pepperrell's)
66th (Berkshire) Regiment of Foot
67th (Bolton's)
67th (South Hampshire) Regiment of Foot
68th (Bedford's)
68th (Durham) (Light Infantry)
69th (South Lincolnshire)
70th (Surrey)
71st (1758-1763)
71st (Fraser's Highlanders)
71st (Invalids)
71st (Highland Light Infantry)
72nd (1758–1763)
72nd (Invalids)
72nd (Royal Manchester Volunteers)
72nd (Duke of Albany's Own Highlanders)
73rd (1758–1763)
73rd (Invalids)
73rd (Highland)
73rd (Perthshire)
74th (1758–1763)
74th (Invalids)
74th (Argyleshire Highlanders)
74th (Highland)
75th (1758–1763)
75th (Invalids)
75th (Prince of Wales's Regiment)
75th (Stirlingshire)
76th (1758–1763)
76th (McDonnell's Highlanders)
76th Regiment of Foot
77th (Montgomery's Highlanders)
77th (Atholl Highlanders)
77th (East Middlesex) (Duke of Cambridge's Own)
78th (Fraser's Highlanders)
78th (Highland)
78th (Highland) (The Ross-shire Buffs)
79th (1758-1763)
79th (Royal Liverpool Volunteers)
79th (Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders)
80th (Light Armed)
80th (Royal Edinburgh Volunteers)
80th (Staffordshire Volunteers)
81st (Invalids)
81st (Aberdeenshire Highland)
81st (1793)
81st (Loyal Lincoln Volunteers)
82nd (invalids)
82nd (1777)
82nd (1793)
82nd (Prince of Wales's Volunteers)
83rd (1757-1763)
83rd (Royal Glasgow Volunteers)
83rd (Loyal Lincoln Volunteers)
83rd (County of Dublin)
84th (1758-1764)
84th (Royal Highland Emigrants)
84th (York and Lancaster)
85th (Royal Volontiers Light Infantry)
85th (1779-1783)
85th (Bucks Volunteers) (The King's Light Infantry)
86th (1759-1763)
86th (1779-1783)
86th (Royal County Down)
87th (Keith's Highlanders)
87th (1779-1783)
87th (Royal Irish Fusiliers)
88th (Highland Volunteers)
88th (1779-1783)
88th (Connaught Rangers)
89th (Highland)
89th (1779-1783)
89th (Princess Victoria's)
90th (Irish Light Infantry)
90th (Yorkshire Volunteers)
90th (Perthshire Light Infantry)
91st (1759-1763)
91st (Shropshire Volunteers)
91st (1793-1795)
91st (Princess Louise's Argyllshire Highlanders)
92nd (Donegal Light Infantry)
92nd (1779-1783)
92nd (1793-1795)
92nd (Gordon Highlanders)
93rd (1760-1763)
93rd (1779-1783)
93rd (Highland) (1794-1995)
93rd (Sutherland Highlanders)
94th (Royal Welsh Volunteers)
94th (1780-1783)
94th (Irish)
94th (Scots Brigade)
94th
95th (1759-1763)
95th (1780-1783)
95th (1794-1796)
95th (Riflemen)
95th (1816-1818)
95th (Derbyshire) Regiment of Foot
96th (1760-1763)
96th (British Musketeers)
96th (1803-1816)
96th (Queen's Own Germans)
96th Regiment of Foot
97th (1760-1763)
97th (1780-1784)
97th (Inverness-shire Highlanders)
97th (Queen's Own Germans)
97th (1816-1818)
97th (The Earl of Ulster's) Regiment of Foot
98th (1760-1763)
98th (1780-1784)
98th (Argyllshire Highlanders)
98th (1805-1816)
98th (Prince of Wales's Tipperary)
98th (Prince of Wales's) Regiment of Foot
99th (1760-1763)
99th (Jamaica Regiment)
99th (1794-1797)
99th (Prince of Wales's Tipperary)
99th (Prince Regent's County of Dublin)
99th (Duke of Edinburgh's)
100th (Highland)
100th (1780-1784)
100th (Gordon Highlanders)
100th (Prince Regent's County of Dublin)
100th (New South Wales Corps)
100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadian)
101st (Highland)
101st (1780-1783)
101st (Irish)
101st (Duke of York's Irish)
101st (Royal Bengal Fusiliers)
102nd (Queen's Royal Volunteers)
102nd (1780-1783)
102nd (Irish)
102nd (New South Wales Corps)
102nd (Royal Madras Fusiliers)
103rd Regiment of Foot (Volunteer Hunters)
103rd Regiment of Foot (King's Irish Infantry)
103rd (Loyal Bristol Volunteers)
103rd (1809-1816)
103rd (Royal Bombay Fusiliers)
104th (King's Volunteers)
104th (1780-1783)
104th (Royal Manchester Volunteers)
104th (New Brunswick Regiment)
104th (Bengal Fusiliers)
105th (Queen's Own Royal Highlanders)
105th (Volunteers of Ireland)
105th (1794-1796)
105th (Madras Light Infantry)
106th (Black Musqueteers)
106th (1794-1796)
106th (Bombay Light Infantry)
107th (Queen's Own Royal Regiment of British Volunteers)
107th 1794-1795
107th (Bengal Light Infantry)
108th (1760-1763)
108th (1794-1795)
108th (Madras Infantry)
109th (1761-1763)
109th (Aberdeenshire)
109th (Bombay Infantry)
110th (Queen's Royal Musqueteers)
110th (1794-1795)
111th (1761-1763)
111th (Loyal Birmingham Volunteers)
112th (King's Royal Musqueteers)
112th (1794-1795)
113th (Royal Highlanders)
113th (1794-1795)
114th (Royal Highlander Volunteers)
114th (1794-1795)
115th (Royal Scotch Lowlanders)
115th (Prince William's)
116th (Invalids)
116th (Perthshire Highlanders)
117th (Invalids)
117th (1793-1795)
118th (Invalids)
118th (1794-1795)
119th (The Prince's Own)
119th (1794-1796)
120th (1762-1763)
120th (1794-1795)
121st (1761-1763)
121st (1794-1795)
122nd (1762-1764)
122nd (1794-1796)
123rd (1762-1764)
123rd (1794-1796)
124th (1762-1763)
124th (Waterford)
125th
126th
127th
128th
129th
130th
131st
132nd (Highland)
133rd (Highland)
134th (Loyal Limerick)
135th (Limerick)
Regimental titles in italics indicate they were disbanded or renumbered before 1881.
[show]
v
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British infantry regiments World War I
Foot Guards
Grenadier Guards
Coldstream Guards
Scots Guards
Irish Guards
Welsh Guards
Guards Machine Gun Regiment
Household Battalion
Line regiments
Royal Scots (Lothian Regiment)
Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment)
Buffs (East Kent Regiment)
King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment)
Northumberland Fusiliers
Royal Warwickshire Regiment
Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment)
King's (Liverpool Regiment)
Norfolk Regiment
Lincolnshire Regiment
Devonshire Regiment
Suffolk Regiment
Prince Albert's (Somerset Light Infantry)
Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment)
East Yorkshire Regiment
Bedfordshire Regiment
Leicestershire Regiment
Royal Irish Regiment
Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own (Yorkshire Regiment)
Lancashire Fusiliers
Royal Scots Fusiliers
Cheshire Regiment
Royal Welsh Fusiliers
South Wales Borderers
King's Own Scottish Borderers
Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)
Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers
Gloucestershire Regiment
Worcestershire Regiment
East Lancashire Regiment
East Surrey Regiment
Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry
Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment)
Border Regiment
Royal Sussex Regiment
Hampshire Regiment
South Staffordshire Regiment
Dorsetshire Regiment
Prince of Wales's Volunteers (South Lancashire Regiment)
Welsh Regiment
Black Watch (Royal Highlanders)
Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
Essex Regiment
Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment)
Loyal North Lancashire Regiment
Northamptonshire Regiment
Princess Charlotte of Wales's (Royal Berkshire Regiment)
Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regiment)
King's Own (Yorkshire Light Infantry)
King's (Shropshire Light Infantry)
Duke of Cambridge's Own (Middlesex Regiment)
King's Royal Rifle Corps
Duke of Edinburgh's (Wiltshire Regiment)
Manchester Regiment
Prince of Wales's (North Staffordshire Regiment)
York and Lancaster Regiment
Durham Light Infantry
Highland Light Infantry
Seaforth Highlanders (Ross-shire Buffs, The Duke of Albany's)
Gordon Highlanders
Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders
Royal Irish Rifles
Princess Victoria's (Royal Irish Fusiliers)
Connaught Rangers
Princess Louise's (Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders)
Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians)
Royal Dublin Fusiliers
Royal Munster Fusiliers
Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort's Own)
Territorial Force
Honourable Artillery Company
Monmouthshire Regiment
Cambridgeshire Regiment
London Regiment
Inns of Court Regiment
Hertfordshire Regiment
Herefordshire Regiment
Northern Cyclist Battalion
Highland Cyclist Battalion
Kent Cyclist Battalion
Huntingdonshire Cyclist Battalion
Territorial Battalions
of Regular
Infantry Regiments
Liverpool Rifles, King's (Liverpool Regiment)
Liverpool Scottish, King's (Liverpool Regiment)
Leeds Rifles, Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment)
Cinque Ports Battalion, Royal Sussex Regiment
Robin Hood Rifles
Hallamshire Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment
Glasgow Highlanders
Channel Islands Militia
Royal Militia of the Island of Jersey
Royal Guernsey
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King%27s_Own_Royal_Regiment_(Lancaster)&oldid=789192062"
Categories:
Infantry regiments of the British Army
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Regiments of the British Army in the American Revolutionary War
Regiments of the British Army in the Crimean War
Military units and formations disestablished in 1959
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text:
Elements of music
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This notation indicates differing pitch, dynamics, articulation, instrumentation, timbre, and rhythm (duration and onset/order).
Music can be analysed by considering a variety of its elements, or parts (aspects, characteristics, features), individually or together. A commonly used list of the main elements includes pitch, timbre, texture, volume, duration and form. The elements of music may be compared to the elements of art or design.
Contents
[hide]
1 Selection of elements
2 Definition of music
3 Universal aspect
4 Other terms
5 See also
6 Sources
7 Further reading
Selection of elements[edit]
According to Howard Gardner (1983, 104), there is little dispute about the principal constituent elements of music, though experts differ on their precise definitions. Harold Owen bases his list on the qualities of sound: pitch, timbre, intensity, and duration (Owen 2000, 6). Most definitions of music include a reference to sound (Google.com.au 2015; Dictionary.com 2015; Merriam-webster.com 2015; Anon. & 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003) and sound perception can be divided into six cognitive processes. They are: pitch, duration, loudness, timbre, sonic texture and spatial location (Burton 2015, 22–28).
A parameter is any element that can be manipulated (composed) separately from other elements or focused on separately in an educational context.[citation needed] Leonard B. Meyer compares distinguishing parameters within a culture by their different constraints to distinguishing independent parameters within music, such as melody, harmony, timbre, "etc." (Meyer 1989, 21n44). The first person to apply the term parameter to music may have been Joseph Schillinger, though its relative popularity may be due to Werner Meyer-Eppler (Grant 2005, 62n85). Gradation is gradual change within one parameter, or an overlapping of two blocks of sound.
Meyer gives melody, rhythm, timbre, harmony, "and the like" (Meyer 1973, 9), while Narmour lists, melody, harmony, rhythm, dynamics, tessitura, timbre, tempo, meter, texture, "and perhaps others" (Narmour 1988, 326). According to McClellan, two things should be considered, the quality or state of an element and its change over time (McClellan 2000, 142). Alan P. Merriam (1964, 32–33) proposed a theoretical research model that assumes three aspects are always present in musical activity: concept, behaviour, and sound. Virgil Thomson (1957, vii) lists the "raw materials" of music in order of their supposed discovery: rhythm, melody, and harmony; including counterpoint and orchestration. Near the end of the twentieth century music scholarship began to give more attention to social and physical elements of music (Moran 2013, 59). For example: performance, social, gender, dance, and theater.
Definition of music[edit]
Circular definition of "musicality"
Main article: Definition of music
Does the definition of music determine its aspects, or does the combination of certain aspects determine the definition of music? For example, intensional definitions list aspects or elements that make up their subject.
Some definitions refer to music as a score, or a composition (Dictionary.com 2015; Merriam-webster.com 2015; Oxforddictionaries.com): music can be read as well as heard, and a piece of music written but never played is a piece of music notwithstanding. The process of reading music, at least for trained musicians, involves a process, called "inner hearing" or "audiation" by Gordon, where the music is heard in the mind as if it were being played (Gordon 1999). This suggests that while sound is often considered a required aspect of music, it may not be.
Jean Molino (1975, 43) points out that "any element belonging to the total musical fact can be isolated, or taken as a strategic variable of musical production." Nattiez gives as examples Mauricio Kagel's Con Voce [with voice], where a masked trio silently mimes playing instruments. In this example sound, a common element, is excluded, while gesture, a less common element, is given primacy. However Nattiez goes on to say that despite special cases where sound is not immediately obvious (because it is heard in the mind): "sound is a minimal condition of the musical fact" (Nattiez 1990, 43).
Universal aspect[edit]
There is disagreement about whether some aspects of music are universal, as well as whether the concept of music is universal. This debate often hinges on definitions. For instance, the fairly common assertion that "tonality" is a universal of all music may necessarily require an expansive definition of tonality. A pulse is sometimes taken as a universal, yet there exist solo vocal and instrumental genres with free and improvisational rhythms no regular pulse (Johnson 2002, 62), one example being the alap section of an Indian classical music performance. Harwood questions whether a "cross-cultural musical universal" may be found in the music or in the making of music, including performance, hearing, conception, and education (Harwood 1976, 522).
One aspect that is important to bear in mind when examining multi-cultural associations, is that an English-language word, not a universal concept, is the object of scrutiny. For this reason it is important to approach apparently equivalent words in other languages with caution. Based on the many disparate definitions that can be found just in English language dictionaries (Google.com.au 2015; Dictionary.com 2015; Merriam-webster.com 2015; Music & 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003), it seems there is no agreement on what the word "Music" means in English,[original research?] let alone determining a potentially equivalent word from another culture.
Kenneth Gourlay describes how, since different cultures include different elements in their definitions of music, dance, and related concepts, translation of the words for these activities may split or combine them, citing Nigerian musicologist Chinyere Nwachukwu's definition of the Igbo term "nkwa" (Nwachukwu 1981, 59) as an activity combining and/or requiring singing, playing musical instruments, and dancing (Gourlay 1984, 35). He then concludes that there exists "nonuniversality of music and the universality of nonmusic."
Other terms[edit]
Other terms used to discuss particular pieces include:
Note—an abstraction that refers to either a specific pitch or rhythm, or the written symbol
Chord—a simultaneity of notes heard as some sort of unit
Chord progression—a succession of chords (simultaneity succession)
For a more comprehensive list of terms see: List of musical topics
See also[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Elements of music
Combinatoriality
New musicology
Noise in music
Permutation (music)
Philosophy of music
Process music
Serialism
Set (music)
Sound art
Sources[edit]
American National Standards Institute, "American National Psychoacoustical Terminology". [N.p.]: American Standards Association
Anon. (1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003) "Music". Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged. Retrieved November 30, 2015 from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/music
Burton, Russell L. (2015). "The Elements of Music: What Are They, and Who Cares?" In ASME XXth National Conference Proceedings, edited by Jennifer Rosevear and Susan Harding, 22–28. Parkville, Victoria: The Australian Society for Music Education Inc. (Paper presented at: Music: Educating for life: ASME XXth National Conference).
Clayton, Martin, Byron Dueck, and Laura Leante (eds.). (2013). Experience and Meaning in Music Performance. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-981131-1; ISBN 978-0-19-981132-8 (ebook).
Dictionary.com (2015). the definition of music. Retrieved 1 December 2015, from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/music
Dictionary.com (2015). the definition of sound. Retrieved 2 December 2015, from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sound
Gardner, Howard (1983). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 9780465025084; ISBN 9780465025091. Quoted in Gary Spruce, Aspects of Teaching Secondary Music: Perspectives on Practice. Routledge, 2003. ISBN 9781134508655.
Google.com.au (2015). Google. Retrieved 1 December 2015, from https://www.google.com.au/?gws_rd=ssl#safe=strict&q=music+definition.
Gordon, E. E. (1999). "All About Audiation and Music Aptitudes". Music Educators Journal (September): 41–44.
Gourlay, Kenneth (1984). "The Non-Universality of Music and the Universality of Non-Music”. The World of Music 26, no. 2 (1984): 25–39. Cited in Nattiez (1990) and Nattiez (2012), p. 78.
Grant, M[orag] J[osephine] (2005). Serial Music, Serial Aesthetics: Compositional Theory in Post-War Europe. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-61992-9.
Harwood, Dane (1976). "Universals in Music: A Perspective from Cognitive Psychology". Ethnomusicology 20, no. 3:521-33. Cited in Nattiez (1990).
Johnson, Julian (2002). Who Needs Classical Music?: Cultural Choice and Musical Value. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514681-6.
McClellan, Randall (2000). The Healing Forces of Music: History, Theory, and Practice. iUniverse. ISBN 9780595006656.
Merriam, Alan P. 1964. The Anthropology of Music. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
Merriam-webster.com (2015). music
Meyer, Leonard (1973). Explaining Music: Essays and Explorations. University of California. ISBN 9780520022164.
Meyer, Leonard B. (1989). Style and Music: Theory, History, and Ideology. Studies in the Criticism and Theory of Music. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Reprinted, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0-226-52152-7.
Molino, J. (1975). "Fait musical et sémiologue de la musique". Musique en Jeu, no. 17:37–62. Cited in Nattiez (1990).
Moran, Nikki (2013). "Social Co-Regulation and Communication in North Indian Duo Performances". In Experience and Meaning in Music Performance, edited by Martin Clayton, Byron Dueck, and Laura Leante, 40–61. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-981131-1; ISBN 978-0-19-981132-8 (ebook).
Music. 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003.[full citation needed]
Narmour, Eugene (1988). Explorations in Music, the Arts, and Ideas: Essays in Honor of Leonard B. Meyer. Pendragon. ISBN 9780918728944.
Nattiez, Jean-Jacques (1990). Music and Discourse: Toward a Semiology of Music, translated by Carolyn Abbate from Musicologie générale et sémiologue (1987). New Jersey: Princeton University Press.[full citation needed] ISBN 0-691-02714-5.
Nattiez, Jean-Jacques (2012). "Is the Search for Universals Incompatible with the Study of Cultural Specificity?" Humanities and Social Sciences 1, no. 1: 67–94.
Nwachukwu, C. (1981). Taxonomy of Musical Instruments in Mbaise, Nigeria. Unpublished M.A. Thesis. The Queen’s University of Belfast, 1981.
Owen, Harold (2000). Music Theory Resource Book. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511539-2.
Oxforddictionaries.com (2015) "[...] The written or printed signs representing vocal or instrumental sound; The score or scores of a musical composition or compositions". Retrieved 1 December 2015, from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/music
Thomson, Virgil (1957). "Introduction" to Robert Erickson. The Structure of Music: A Listener's Guide: A Study of Music in Terms of Melody and Counterpoint. New York: Noonday Press.
White, John D. (1976). The Analysis of Music. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-033233-2.
Further reading[edit]
Agricola, Martin (1991). The Rudiments of Music, new edition, translated from the Latin edition of 1539 by John Trowell. Aberystwyth: Boethius Press. ISBN 0-86314-034-3
Macpherson, Stewart, and Anthony Payne (1970). The Rudiments of Music, revised edition, with a new chapter by Anthony Payne. London: Stainer & Bell; New York: Galliard. ISBN 978-0-85249-010-5.
Ottman, Robert W., and Frank D. Mainous (2000). Rudiments of Music, second edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-783671-0.
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Jaffa Cakes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Jaffa Cakes
A Jaffa Cake cut in half
Alternative names
Jaffa
Type
Cake
Place of origin
United Kingdom
Region or state
All Regions
Created by
McVitie and Price
Main ingredients
Sponge cake, orange-flavoured jam, chocolate
Variations
Various limited edition flavours (Lemon and lime, strawberry, black currant)
Cookbook: Jaffa Cakes Media: Jaffa Cakes
Jaffa Cakes are biscuit-sized cakes introduced by McVitie and Price in the UK in 1927 and named after Jaffa oranges. The most common form of Jaffa cakes are circular, 2 1⁄8 inches (54 mm) in diameter and have three layers: a Genoise sponge base, a layer of orange flavoured jam and a coating of chocolate.[1] Jaffa cakes are also available as bars or in small packs, and in larger and smaller sizes.[2] The original Jaffa Cakes come in packs of 12, 24 or 36.[3]
Because McVitie's did not trademark the name "Jaffa Cakes", other biscuit manufacturers and supermarkets have made similar products under the same name.[4] The product's classification as a cake or biscuit was part of a VAT tribunal in 1991, with the court finding in McVitie's favour that the Jaffa cake should be considered a cake for tax purposes.[5] In 2012 they were ranked the best selling cake or biscuit in the United Kingdom.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Manufacture
2 Flavour variants
3 Categorisation as cake or biscuit for VAT
4 References
Manufacture
McVitie's entire line of Jaffa cakes are produced in the United Kingdom at the McVitie's factory in Stockport.[7] The Jaffa cake production area covers an acre (4,000 m2) and includes a production line over a mile (1.6 km) long which sits on the Stockport side of the site's boundary with Manchester.[4] Because of the nature of the product – having multiple components of cake, chocolate covering and jam – special hardware accelerators were devised to allow rapid computer inspection of 20 products per second, taking place under four symmetrically placed lights.[8]
Flavour variants
Although Jaffa cakes are usually orange flavour, limited edition flavours have been available, such as lemon-and-lime,[9] strawberry[10] and blackcurrant.[11]
Categorisation as cake or biscuit for VAT
In the United Kingdom, value added tax is payable on chocolate-covered biscuits, but not on chocolate-covered cakes.[12] McVities defended its classification of Jaffa Cakes as cakes at a VAT tribunal in 1991, against the ruling that Jaffa cakes were biscuits due to their size and shape, and the fact that they were often eaten in place of biscuits.[13] McVities insisted that the product was a cake, and allegedly produced a giant Jaffa cake in court to illustrate its point.[13] The product was assessed on the following criteria:[14][15]
The product's name was regarded as a minor consideration.
The ingredients were regarded as similar to those of a cake, producing a thin cake-like batter rather than the thick dough of a biscuit.
The product's texture was regarded as being that of a sponge cake.
The product hardens when stale, in the manner of a cake.
A substantial part of the Jaffa cake, in terms of bulk and texture, is sponge.
In size, the Jaffa cake is more like a biscuit than a cake.
The product was generally displayed for sale alongside other biscuits, rather than with cakes.
The product is presented as a snack and eaten with the fingers, like a biscuit, rather than with a fork as a cake might be. The tribunal also considered that children would eat them in "a few mouthfuls", in the manner of a sweet.
The court found in favour of McVitie's and ruled that the product should be considered a cake, meaning that VAT is not paid on Jaffa cakes in the United Kingdom.[12][16]
In Ireland, Jaffa cakes are regarded as cakes by Revenue as their moisture content is greater than 12%. As a result, they are charged the reduced rate of VAT (13.5% as of 2016).[17]
References
Jump up ^ "Labelling rules". Food Standards Agency. 9 April 2008. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "Jaffa Cake's lemon squeezy bar". Thegrocer.co.uk. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Jaffa Cakes, A Cake Or Buscuit?". ColdRicePudding. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Harry Wallop (6 May 2012). "Jaffa Cakes - definitely not biscuits - prepare to take on imitators". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
Jump up ^ VAT Tribunal case LON/91/0160 (United Biscuits)
Jump up ^ "Jaffa Cakes - definitely not biscuits - prepare to take on imitators". The Telegraph. Retrieved 28 December 2014
Jump up ^ "The factory where life is sweet". Manchester Evening News. 17 April 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Machine Vision for the Inspection of Natural Products – Google Books". Books.google.com. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "McVitie's Jaffa Cakes Lemon and Lime". Snackspot.org.uk. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "McVitie's launches limited edition Strawberry-flavoured Jaffa Cakes". Talkingretail.com. 27 April 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Jaffa Cakeover". The Daily Record. 12 December 2005. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Lee, Natalie (2011). Revenue Law Principles and Practice. A&C Black. p. 1009. ISBN 9781847667663.
^ Jump up to: a b "What you do – and don't – pay VAT on". Which? Magazine. 24 June 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "United Kingdom VAT & Duties Tribunals Decisions – Torq Ltd v Revenue and Customs [2005]". British and Irish Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Excepted items: Confectionery: The bounds of confectionery, sweets, chocolates, chocolate biscuits, cakes and biscuits: The borderline between cakes and biscuits". hmrc.gov.uk.
Jump up ^ "The borderline between cakes and biscuits". Retrieved 28 April 2013.
Jump up ^ JAFFA CAKES ( Food and drink for human consumption ) at the Wayback Machine (archived January 7, 2018)
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List of Family Guy cast members
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Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane also provides the voices of Peter Griffin, Stewie Griffin, Brian Griffin, and Glenn Quagmire.
Family Guy is an American animated sitcom that features five main voice actors, and numerous regular cast and recurring guest stars. The principal voice cast consists of show creator Seth MacFarlane, Alex Borstein, Mila Kunis (who replaced Lacey Chabert after the first season [her last episode is "Holy Crap," now marketed as the second episode of season two]), Seth Green, and Mike Henry. Recurring voice actors include Patrick Warburton, Adam West, John G. Brennan, Nicole Sullivan and Jennifer Tilly, and repeat guest stars include Phyllis Diller, Charles Durning, Rush Limbaugh, and Phil LaMarr.
Many cast members provide voices for multiple characters. The voice actors, in portraying the various character personalities on the show, draw inspiration from celebrities and pop culture. Family Guy characters have been played by more than one actor, after members of the show left the series or had conflicting obligations.
Kunis was nominated for an Annie Award for voicing Meg Griffin in the season 5 episode "Barely Legal" and MacFarlane has also won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance and an Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production, though no other cast member has won an award for their work on the series.
Contents
[hide]
1 Current cast
1.1 Seth MacFarlane
1.2 Alex Borstein
1.3 Mila Kunis
1.4 Seth Green
1.5 Mike Henry
2 Recurring cast
3 Recurring guest voices
4 Casting changes
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
Current cast[edit]
Seth Green provides the voice of Chris Griffin.
Mike Henry voices various characters in the series.
Mila Kunis provides the voice of Meg Griffin.
Alex Borstein provides the voice of Lois Griffin.
Patrick Warburton provides the voice of Joe Swanson.
The real Adam West provided the voice of Mayor Adam West.
From seasons 1 to 4, Family Guy had four main cast members. Since season 5, there have been five main cast members. The casting of Meg Griffin changed after season 1.
Seth MacFarlane[edit]
Seth MacFarlane voices three of the show's main characters: Peter Griffin, Brian Griffin, and Stewie Griffin.[1] MacFarlane chose to voice these characters himself, believing it would be easier to portray the voices he had already envisioned than for someone else to attempt it.[2] MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design.[3] Stewie's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison,[4] especially his performance in the 1964 musical drama film My Fair Lady.[5] MacFarlane uses his own voice while portraying Brian.[2]
MacFarlane also provides the voices for various other recurring and one-time only characters, most prominently those of news anchor Tom Tucker, Lois' father Carter Pewterschmidt and Dr. Hartman.[6] He is the only voice to be in every episode.
Alex Borstein[edit]
Alex Borstein voices Lois Griffin, Asian correspondent Tricia Takanawa, Loretta Brown and Lois' mother Barbara Pewterschmidt.[7] Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the pilot while she was working on MADtv. She had not met MacFarlane or seen any of his artwork and said it was "really sight unseen".[8] At the time, Borstein performed in a stage show in Los Angeles, in which she played a redhead mother whose voice she had based on one of her cousins.[7][8] The voice was originally slower (and deeper for the original series), but when MacFarlane heard it, he replied "Make it a little less fucking annoying ... and speed it up, or every episode will last four hours."[7]
Mila Kunis[edit]
Mila Kunis voices Meg Griffin.[6] Kunis won the role after auditions and a slight rewrite of the character, in part due to her performance on That '70s Show.[9] MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition, instructing her to speak slower, and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more. Once she claimed that she had it under control, MacFarlane hired her.[9] Kunis described her character as "the scapegoat". She further explained, "Meg gets picked on a lot. But it's funny. It's like the middle child. She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 14-year-old, when you're kind of going through puberty and what-not. She's just in a perpetual mode of humiliation. And it's fun."[10]
Seth Green[edit]
Seth Green primarily plays Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman.[6][11] Green stated that he did an impression of the "Buffalo Bill" character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition.[12] His main inspiration for Chris' voice came from envisioning how "Buffalo Bill" would sound if he were speaking through a public address system at a McDonald's.[13]
Mike Henry[edit]
Mike Henry is the voice of Cleveland Brown, John Herbert The Pervert and various other characters. A Family Guy writer and producer, he began acting on the show as part of the recurring cast repertory (see below) but was promoted to main cast member in 2005. Since the cancellation of The Cleveland Show, he also voices Cleveland's step-son Rallo Tubbs on Family Guy.
Recurring cast[edit]
In addition to both its main cast and guest stars, Family Guy utilizes a deep bench of regularly appearing supporting voice actors. Some appear in nearly every episode each season, while others appear less frequently. Some of these actors specifically play recurring characters, while others mainly play background citizens of Quahog or characters in cutaway gags.
The current supporting cast repertory includes the following actors:
Actor
Character(s)
No. of Episodes
(Out of 245 produced)
Notes
Benjamin, H. JonH. Jon Benjamin Carl 14 Since 2006.
Breckenridge, AlexandraAlexandra Breckenridge Various women 57 Since 2005. Currently voices most female “extras” not voiced by Alex Borstein.
Brennan, JohnnyJohnny Brennan Goldman, MortMort Goldman, Horace the bartender 77
Callaghan, SteveSteve Callaghan Various 37 Also the current showrunner and executive producer of Family Guy and former showrunner/EP of American Dad!. [14]
Garman, RalphRalph Garman Various 138
Lakin, ChristineChristine Lakin Kinney, JoyceJoyce Kinney 23 Since 2010.
LaMarr, PhilPhil LaMarr Williams, OllieOllie Williams and the Quahog judge 56
MacFarlane, RachaelRachael MacFarlane Olivia and various women 54 Formerly one of the most frequent female voices. She reduced her number of appearances per season after joining American Dad! in 2005 but still appears several times per season. Seth MacFarlane's sister.
Osment, EmilyEmily Osment Various 14 Since 2012.
Richardson, Kevin MichaelKevin Michael Richardson Jerome and Cleveland Jr. 30 Since 2009.
Sheridan, ChrisChris Sheridan Various 33 Also a Family Guy writer.
Smith, DannyDanny Smith Various, including Evil Monkey, Al Harrington and Ernie, the Giant Chicken 189 Also a Family Guy writer.
Sulkin, AlecAlec Sulkin Christ, JesusJesus Christ and various others 147 Since 2005, Also a Family Guy writer.
Tatasciore, FredFred Tatasciore Various 36
Tilly, JenniferJennifer Tilly Swanson, BonnieBonnie Swanson 42 Has recurred as the Griffin's neighbor since the first season.
Viener, JohnJohn Viener Various 182 Since 2005, he has been one of the most frequently heard male voices aside from Seth MacFarlane. Also a Family Guy writer.
Warburton, PatrickPatrick Warburton Swanson, JoeJoe Swanson 163 Has appeared as the Griffins' neighbor since the first season, and usually appears in most episodes each season. Warburton is the most frequently appearing one-character actor in the supporting repertory.
Wingert, WallyWally Wingert Various 41

In addition to the above, the following actors were formerly regularly recurring voice actors in the series:
Actor
Character(s)
No. of Episodes
Notes
Alan, LoriLori Alan Simmons, DianeDiane Simmons 63 Left the show in season nine when her character was killed off. Was replaced in the series' context by Christine Lakin's Joyce Kinney
Alazraqui, CarlosCarlos Alazraqui Weed, Mr.Mr. Weed 10 Peter's first boss, Mr. Weed, was killed off early in the series' run.
Barrymore, DrewDrew Barrymore Russell, JillianJillian Russell 12 Played Jillian, Brian's former girlfriend. The character still appears in background roles
Cole, GaryGary Cole Various 38 Cole appeared frequently in the earlier seasons, but still pops up now and then to play Meg and Chris' principal, Mr. Shepherd.
Hartman, ButchButch Hartman Various 8
Henry, MikeMike Henry Cleveland Brown, Herbert, Bruce, Consuela, and various others Was promoted to main cast in 2005. Also a Family Guy writer.
Hentemann, MarkMark Hentemann Opie and various others 45 Recently left Family Guy to work on another Seth MacFarlane project. Also a Family Guy writer.
Fisher, CarrieCarrie Fisher Angela 19 Has recurred as Peter's boss several times per season since 2005. Died in 2016.
Strong, TaraTara Strong Various, as well as Meg's singing voice 21 Appeared frequently in the first four seasons. Returned briefly in 2010-2012 and again for one episode in 2014.
Sullivan, NicoleNicole Sullivan Goldman, MurielMuriel Goldman 27 Muriel was killed off in season nine.
Whitman, MaeMae Whitman Various 10 Was a recurring younger female voice for several seasons between 2008-2010.
Wild, WellesleyWellesley Wild Various 14 No longer a recurring voice (since 2013). He was a producer, but left the show.
Wilhoit, LisaLisa Wilhoit D'Amico, ConnieConnie D'Amico 15 Meg's bully Connie has not appeared in the series since 2013.
West, AdamAdam West Mayor West, AdamAdam West 93 Played a warped version of himself as the mayor of Quahog. Died in 2017.
Recurring guest voices[edit]
Main article: List of Family Guy guest stars
The recurring guest voices include Adam Carolla as Death, Patrick Stewart as Susie Swanson, Scott Grimes as Kevin Swanson and Sanaa Lathan as Donna Tubbs Brown. Previous recurring guests included Phyllis Diller in three episodes as Peter's Mother, Thelma, and Charles Durning as Peter's father, Francis. Both characters have since died, but Durning returned once to play Francis as a ghost. Early in the show's run, Fred Willard and Jane Lynch had a recurring role as a family of nudists. James Woods as James Woods.
Casting changes[edit]
Lacey Chabert voiced Meg for the first production season (14 episodes), but, because of a contractual agreement, was never credited.[15] Chabert left the series due to time constraints with her acting role in Party of Five, as well as schoolwork.[16]
Norm Macdonald voiced the character of Death in a second season episode of Family Guy. He was subsequently replaced by Adam Carolla in all other appearances.
Jon Cryer originally voiced Kevin Swanson in his first appearance, before the role was passed temporarily onto Seth MacFarlane. The character was written out of the series for several years, with Scott Grimes taking over the voice when the character returned.
Fairuza Balk was the original voice of high school bully Connie D'Amico until Lisa Wilhoit took over the character in the third season.
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Actor
Award
Category
Role
Result
Ref.
2000 Seth MacFarlane Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice-Over Performance Stewie Griffin Won [17]
2009 Seth MacFarlane Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Voice-Over Performance Peter Griffin Won [18]
2006 Seth MacFarlane Annie Award Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production Stewie Griffin Won [19]
2007 Mila Kunis Annie Award Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production Meg Griffin Won [20]
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Graham, Jefferson (January 29, 1999). "Cartoonist MacFarlane funny guy of Fox's 'Family' Subversive voice of series is his". USA Today. p. E7.
^ Jump up to: a b Cruz, Gilbert (September 26, 2008). "Family Guy's Seth MacFarlane". Time. Retrieved August 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ Smith, Andy (April 30, 2005). "A Real Family Reunion". Providence Journal TV. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2009.
Jump up ^ Dean, John (November 1, 2008). "Seth MacFarlane's $2 Billion Family Guy Empire". Fox Business. Archived from the original on September 23, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ Franklin, Nancy (January 16, 2006). "American Idiots". The New Yorker.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Family Guy Cast and Details". TV Guide. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Miller, Kirk (November 19, 2008). "Q&A: Alex Borstein". Metromix. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Alex Borstein (Lois) Laughs at the Once-Dead Family Guy's Longevity". TV Guide. November 13, 2006. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Family Guy – Casting Mila Kunis. The Paley Center for Media. Retrieved September 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ De Leon, Kris (September 25, 2007). "Mila Kunis Talks About Working on Family Guy and Her Upcoming Movie". BuddyTV. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ Graham, Jefferson (April 9, 1999). "Seth Green fits right in with new Family". USA Today.
Jump up ^ "Fans help 'Family Guy' return to Fox". Observer-Reporter. April 29, 2005. p. E5.
Jump up ^ Green, Seth (September 27, 2005). Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story: Audio Commentary (DVD).
Jump up ^ "Steve Callaghan Named 'American Dad' Showrunner".
Jump up ^ Epstein, Daniel Robert. "Interview with Seth MacFarlane, creator of The Family Guy". UGO Networks. Archived from the original on June 11, 2007. Retrieved November 23, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Sonic the Horndog". GameSpy. Retrieved 2009-10-03.
Jump up ^ Brian Lowry (2000-08-28). "NBC Leads Tally of Early Emmys, Boosted by 'West Wing'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
Jump up ^ "The 61st Primetime Emmy Awards and 2009 Creative Arts Emmy Awards Nominees are.." Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. 2009-07-16. Archived from the original on 2009-07-18. Retrieved 2009-07-16.
Jump up ^ "Annie Award Winners". Annie Awards. Archived from the original on 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
Jump up ^ "34th Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners (2006)". Annie Awards. 2009-11-05. Archived from the original on 2009-01-29. Retrieved 2009-11-05.

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