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Microsociology
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Microsociology is one of the main points (or focuses) of sociology, concerning the nature of everyday human social interactions and agency on a small scale: face to face.[1] Microsociology is based on interpretative analysis rather than statistical or empirical observation,[2] and shares close association with the philosophy of phenomenology. Methods include symbolic interactionism and ethnomethodology; ethnomethodology in particular has led to many academic sub-divisions and studies such as microlinguistical research and other related aspects of human social behaviour. Macrosociology, by contrast, concerns the social structure and broader systems.
Contents
[hide]
1 Theory
2 Competing frames of reference
3 Influences
4 (Humanistic) social work
5 Research
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Theory[edit]
Microsociology exists both as an umbrella term for perspectives which focus on agency, such as Max Weber's theory of social action, and as a body of distinct techniques, particularly in American sociology. The term was conceived by Georges Gurvitch in 1939, borrowing the term from the micro-physics and referring to the irreducible and unstable nature of everyday forms of sociality. It also provided an extra dimension between the studies of social psychology, sociology, and social anthropology—focusing more on individual interaction and thinking within groups, rather than just large social group/societal behaviour. At the micro level, social status and social roles are the most important components of social structure. Microsociology forms an important perspective in many fields of study, including modern psychosocial studies, conversational analysis and human-computer interaction. Microsociology continues to have a profound influence on research in all human fields, often under other names.
Competing frames of reference[edit]
Some have considered that face-to-face interaction can be studied in at least three distinct (if overlapping) ways: psychology; intersubjectivity; and microsociology.[3]
Erving Goffman however saw a central tension between Durkheimian approaches, and those drawn from ethology, especially in respect of interpersonal ritual;[4] while followers of him have seen in a Durkheimian microsociology the key to the understanding of large-scale social conflict as well.[5] Erving Goffman's Theories of Social Interaction challenged other sociologists to redirect their focus to the questionable aspects of social behavior.[6] Contrary to Erving Goffman's theory, Émile Durkheim believed that advanced methodological principles should guide sociologists and that they should research Social fact.[6]
Influences[edit]
Sartre, in his work on the phenomenology of social dynamics, Critique of Dialectical Reason, written in the late 1950s, called microsociology the only valid theory of human relations.[7] Jürgen Habermas and Pierre Bourdieu are two more recent theorists who have put microsociological concepts to good use in their works.[8]
The famous psychiatrist, R.D. Laing, was much influenced by Garfinkel's ideas on `degradation ceremonies`.[9] Another famous English writer/polymath who is greatly influenced by the ideas of studying the minutea of human Social action is Jonathan Miller.[10]
(Humanistic) social work[edit]
Key issues, categories and principles of the microsociology, such as human relations, face-to-face interaction, interpretive/qualitative analysis, attachment and empathy, micro-level analysis, human behavior, micro-community, everyday human life, human context, microculture, focus on agency, have influenced and still influences today the social work theory and practice, having a crucial role in the emergence of humanistic social work (Petru Stefaroi),[11] as response to the structural and systemic social work, which theoretically originates from macrosociology or mesosociology. This is why Malcolm Payne considers microsociology a fundamental theoretical-methodological source of this postmodern and innovative orientation from the contemporary social work, especially of the humanistic social work practice.[12]
Research[edit]
Research begins by evaluating the social life of the individuals with the goal of showing the reciprocal relationship between events/actions and the nature of the societal context in which they occur.[13]
Empirical evidence from recorded conversations and the microsociology of emotion has proved of particular interest to students of interaction ritual.[14]
See also[edit]
Sociology portal
Generalized other
George Herbert Mead
Human ethology
Kurt Lewin
Proxemics
Socialization
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Neil J. Smelser, Problematics of Sociology (1997) p. 5
Jump up ^ Erving Goffman, Relations in Public (1972) p. 18-21
Jump up ^ Smelzer, p. 22
Jump up ^ Goffman, p. 84 and p. 88-9
Jump up ^ Randall Collins, Interaction Ritual Chains (2004) p. 42
^ Jump up to: a b Giddens, Anthony (2014). Introducrion to Sociology. W.W. NORTON. pp. 18,10–11. ISBN 978-0-393-92223-3.
Jump up ^ George J. Stack, Satre's Philosophy of Social Existence (1977) p. 56
Jump up ^ Craig Calhoun et al, Contemporary Sociological Theory (2012) p. 33
Jump up ^ R. D. Laing, The Politics of Experience (1984) p. 86
Jump up ^ Michael B. Scher. Soliloquy or Psychosis? A Cultural Look at Schizophrenia.
Jump up ^ Petru Stefaroi, Humanistic Paradigm of Social Work or Brief Introduction in Humanistic Social Work, Social Work Review (2012) 10(1) pp. 161-174.
Jump up ^ Malcolm Payne, Humanistic Social Work: Core Principles in Practice, Chicago: Lyceum, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan (2011) p. 9
Jump up ^ Thomas J. Scheff, "Microsociology", Edited by George Ritzer, 2007, ISBN 9781405124331.
Jump up ^ Collins, p. 47
Further reading[edit]
Turner, Jonathan H. Sociology Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 2006.
External links[edit]
Thomas Scheff, 'Microsociology'
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsociology&oldid=804050773"
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PGA Championship
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Championship held in the United States. For the European Tour Championship held at Wentworth Club, United Kingdom, see BMW PGA Championship.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
PGA Championship
Tournament information
Location
United States, varies
Town and Country, Missouri
in 2018
Established
1916; 102 years ago (1916)
Course(s)
Bellerive Country Club in 2018
Par
71 in 2018
Length
7,547 yd (6,901 m) in 2018
Organized by
PGA of America
Tour(s)
PGA Tour
European Tour
Japan Golf Tour
Format
Stroke play (1958–present)
Match play (1916–1957)
Prize fund
$10.5 million
Month played
August
Tournament record score
Aggregate
265 David Toms (2001)
To par
−20* Jason Day (2015)
*equals record for all majors
Current champion
Justin Thomas
2018 PGA Championship
The PGA Championship (often referred to as the U.S. PGA Championship or U.S. PGA outside the United States) is an annual golf tournament conducted by the Professional Golfers' Association of America. It is one of the four major championships in professional golf, and it is the golf season's final major, played in mid-August on the third weekend prior to Labor Day weekend. (It was rescheduled for 2016 to late July to accommodate golf's return to the Olympics.) It is an official money event on the PGA Tour, European Tour, and Japan Golf Tour, with a purse of $10 million since the 97th edition in 2015.
In line with the other majors, winning the PGA gains privileges that improve career security. PGA champions are automatically invited to play in the other three majors (Masters Tournament, U.S. Open, and The Open Championship) and The Players Championship for the next five years, and are eligible for the PGA Championship for life.[citation needed] They receive membership on the PGA Tour for the following five seasons and on the European Tour for the following seven seasons.
The PGA Championship has been held at a large number of venues. Some of the early sites are now quite obscure, but in recent years, the event has generally been played at a small group of celebrated courses, each of which has also hosted several other leading events, including the U.S. Open and Ryder Cup.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Format
1.2 Location
1.3 Promotion
2 Qualification
3 Winners
3.1 Stroke play era winners
3.2 Match play era winners
4 Match play era details
5 Summary by course, state and region
6 Records
7 Broadcasting
8 Future sites
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In 1894, with 41 golf courses operating in the United States, two unofficial national championships for amateur golfers were organized. One was held at Newport Country Club in Rhode Island, and the other at St. Andrew's Golf Club in New York. In addition, and at the same time as the amateur event, St. Andrew's conducted an Open championship for professional golfers. None of the championships was officially sanctioned by a governing body for American golf, causing considerable controversy among players and organizers. Later in 1894 this led to the formation of the United States Golf Association (USGA), which became the first formal golf organization in the country. After the formation of the USGA, golf quickly became a sport of national popularity and importance.
In February 1916 the Professional Golfers Association of America (PGA) was established in New York City. One month earlier, the wealthy department store owner Rodman Wanamaker hosted a luncheon with the leading golf professionals of the day at the Wykagyl Country Club in nearby New Rochelle. The attendees prepared the agenda for the formal organization of the PGA;[1] consequently, golf historians have dubbed Wykagyl "The Cradle of the PGA."[2] The new organization's first president was Robert White, one of Wykagyl's best-known golf professionals.[citation needed]
The first PGA Championship was held in October 1916 at Siwanoy Country Club in Bronxville, New York.[3] The winner, Jim Barnes, received $500 and a diamond-studded gold medal donated by Rodman Wanamaker. The 2016 winner, Jimmy Walker, earned $1.8 million. The champion is also awarded a replica of the Wanamaker Trophy, which was also donated by Wanamaker, to keep for one year, and a smaller-sized keeper replica Wanamaker Trophy.[4][5]
Format[edit]
Initially a match play event, the PGA Championship was originally played in early fall but varied from May to December. Following World War II, the championship was mostly played in late May or late June, then moved to early July in 1953 and a few weeks later in 1954, with the finals played on Tuesday. As a match play event (with a stroke play qualifier), it was not uncommon for the finalists to play over 200 holes in seven days. The 1957 event lost money,[6] and at the PGA meetings in November it was changed to stroke play, starting in 1958, with the standard 72-hole format of 18 holes per day for four days, Thursday to Sunday. Network television broadcasters, preferring a large group of well-known contenders on the final day, pressured the PGA of America to make the format change.[7]
During the 1960s, the PGA Championship was played the week following The Open Championship five times, making it virtually impossible for players to compete in both majors. In 1965, the PGA was contested for the first time in August, and returned in 1969, save for a one-year move to late February in 1971, played in Florida. The 2016 event was moved to late July, two weeks after the Open Championship, to accommodate the 2016 Summer Olympics in August.[8]
Prior to the 2017 edition, it was announced that the PGA Championship would be moved to May on the weekend prior to Memorial Day, beginning in 2019. The PGA Tour concurrently announced that it would move its Players Championship back to March the same year; it had been moved from March to May in 2007. The PGA of America cited the addition of golf to the Summer Olympics, as well as cooler weather enabling a wider array of options for host courses, as reasoning for the change. It was also believed that the PGA Tour wished to re-align its season to end sooner, so that the FedEx Cup Playoffs would not have to compete with the start of football season in late-August and September.[9][10][11]
Location[edit]
The PGA Championship is primarily played in the eastern half of the United States; only ten times has it ventured west. It was last played in the Pacific time zone 20 years ago in 1998, at Sahalee east of Seattle. The last time that the championship was played in California was in 1995, at Riviera. The 102nd edition in 2020 is scheduled for TPC Harding Park in San Francisco,[12][13] the first for the Bay Area and a return to California after a quarter century. (The Mountain time zone has hosted three playings, all in suburban Denver; these tournaments occurred in 1941, 1967, and 1985.)
Through 2018, the state of New York has hosted twelve times, followed by Ohio (11) and Pennsylvania (9).
Promotion[edit]
The tournament was previously promoted with the slogan "Glory's Last Shot". In 2013, the tagline had been dropped in favor of "The Season's Final Major", as suggested by PGA Tour commissioner Tim Finchem whilst discussing the allowance of a one-week break in its schedule prior to the Ryder Cup. Finchem had argued that the slogan was not appropriate as it weakened the stature of events that occur after it, such as the PGA Tour's FedEx Cup playoffs. PGA of America CEO Pete Bevacqua explained that they had also had discussions with CBS, adding that "it was three entities that all quickly came to the same conclusion that, you know what, there's just not much in that tag line and we don’t feel it's doing much for the PGA Championship, so let's not stick with it. Let's think what else is out there."[14][15] For a time, the tournament used the slogan "This is Major" as a replacement.[16][17]
Qualification[edit]
The PGA Championship was established for the purpose of providing a high-profile tournament specifically for professional golfers at a time when they were generally not held in high esteem in a sport that was largely run by wealthy amateurs. This origin is still reflected in the entry system for the Championship. It is the only major that does not explicitly invite leading amateurs to compete (it is possible for amateurs to get into the field, although the only viable ways are by winning one of the other major championships, or winning a PGA Tour event while playing on a sponsor's exemption), and the only one that reserves a large number of places, 20 of 156, for club professionals. These slots are determined by the top finishers in the club pro championship, which is held in June.
Since December 1968, the PGA Tour has been independent of the PGA of America.[18][19][20]
The PGA Tour is an elite organization of tournament professionals, but the PGA Championship is still run by the PGA of America, which is mainly a body for club and teaching professionals. The PGA Championship is the only major that does not explicitly grant entry to the top 50 players in the Official World Golf Ranking, although it invariably invites all of the top 100 (not just top 50) players who are not already qualified.[citation needed]
List of qualification criteria as of 2010:
All former PGA Champions.
Winners of the last five U.S. Opens.
Winners of the last five Masters.
Winners of the last five Open Championships.
Winners of the last three The Players Championships.
The current Senior PGA Champion.
The low 15 scorers and ties in the previous PGA Championship.
The 20 low scorers in the last PGA Professional National Championship.
The 70 leaders in official money standings on the PGA Tour (starting one week prior to the previous year's PGA Championship and ending two weeks prior to the current year's PGA Championship).
Members of the most recent United States and European Ryder Cup Teams, provided they are in the top 100 of the Official World Golf Ranking as of one week before the start of the tournament.
Winners of tournaments co-sponsored or approved by the PGA Tour since the previous PGA Championship (does not include pro-am and team competitions, but does include alternate events).
The PGA of America reserves the right to invite additional players not included in the categories listed above.
The total field is a maximum of 156 players. Vacancies are filled by the first available player from the list of alternates (those below 70th place in official money standings).
Winners[edit]
Main article: List of PGA Championship champions
Stroke play era winners[edit]
Year
Champion
Country
Venue
Location of venue
Score
Winning
margin
Runner(s)-up
Winner's[21]
share ($)
2018 Bellerive Country Club Town and Country, Missouri 1,890,000
2017 Justin Thomas United States Quail Hollow Club Charlotte, North Carolina 276 (−8) 2 strokes Francesco Molinari
Louis Oosthuizen
Patrick Reed 1,890,000
2016 Jimmy Walker United States Baltusrol Golf Club, Lower Course Springfield, New Jersey 266 (−14) 1 stroke Jason Day 1,800,000
2015 Jason Day Australia Whistling Straits, Straits Course Kohler, Wisconsin[N 1] 268 (−20) 3 strokes Jordan Spieth 1,800,000
2014 Rory McIlroy (2) Northern Ireland Valhalla Golf Club Louisville, Kentucky 268 (−16) 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 1,800,000
2013 Jason Dufner United States Oak Hill Country Club, East Course Rochester, New York[N 2] 270 (−10) 2 strokes Jim Furyk 1,445,000
2012 Rory McIlroy Northern Ireland Kiawah Island Golf Resort, Ocean Course Kiawah Island, South Carolina 275 (−13) 8 strokes David Lynn 1,445,000
2011 Keegan Bradley United States Atlanta Athletic Club, Highlands Course Johns Creek, Georgia[N 3] 272 (−8) Playoff Jason Dufner 1,445,000
2010 Martin Kaymer Germany Whistling Straits, Straits Course Kohler, Wisconsin[N 1] 277 (−11) Playoff Bubba Watson 1,350,000
2009 Yang Yong-eun South Korea Hazeltine National Golf Club Chaska, Minnesota 280 (−8) 3 strokes Tiger Woods 1,350,000
2008 Pádraig Harrington Ireland Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course Bloomfield, Michigan 277 (−3) 2 strokes Ben Curtis
Sergio García 1,350,000
2007 Tiger Woods (4) United States Southern Hills Country Club Tulsa, Oklahoma 272 (−8) 2 strokes Woody Austin 1,260,000
2006 Tiger Woods (3) United States Medinah Country Club, Course No. 3 Medinah, Illinois 270 (−18) 5 strokes Shaun Micheel 1,224,000
2005 Phil Mickelson United States Baltusrol Golf Club, Lower Course Springfield, New Jersey 276 (−4) 1 stroke Thomas Bjørn
Steve Elkington 1,170,000
2004 Vijay Singh (2) Fiji Whistling Straits, Straits Course Kohler, Wisconsin[N 1] 280 (−8) Playoff Chris DiMarco
Justin Leonard 1,125,000
2003 Shaun Micheel United States Oak Hill Country Club, East Course Rochester, New York[N 2] 276 (−4) 2 strokes Chad Campbell 1,080,000
2002 Rich Beem United States Hazeltine National Golf Club Chaska, Minnesota 278 (−10) 1 stroke Tiger Woods 990,000
2001 David Toms United States Atlanta Athletic Club, Highlands Course Duluth, Georgia[N 3] 265 (−15) 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 936,000
2000 Tiger Woods (2) United States Valhalla Golf Club Louisville, Kentucky[N 4] 270 (−18) Playoff Bob May 900,000
1999 Tiger Woods United States Medinah Country Club, Course No. 3 Medinah, Illinois 277 (−11) 1 stroke Sergio García 630,000
1998 Vijay Singh Fiji Sahalee Country Club Sammamish, Washington 271 (−9) 2 strokes Steve Stricker 540,000
1997 Davis Love III United States Winged Foot Golf Club, West Course Mamaroneck, New York 269 (−11) 5 strokes Justin Leonard 470,000
1996 Mark Brooks United States Valhalla Golf Club Louisville, Kentucky[N 4] 277 (−11) Playoff Kenny Perry 430,000
1995 Steve Elkington Australia Riviera Country Club Pacific Palisades, California[N 5] 267 (−17) Playoff Colin Montgomerie 360,000
1994 Nick Price (2) Zimbabwe Southern Hills Country Club Tulsa, Oklahoma 269 (−11) 6 strokes Corey Pavin 310,000
1993 Paul Azinger United States Inverness Club Toledo, Ohio 272 (−12) Playoff Greg Norman 300,000
1992 Nick Price Zimbabwe Bellerive Country Club St. Louis, Missouri[N 6] 278 (−6) 3 strokes John Cook
Nick Faldo
Jim Gallagher, Jr.
Gene Sauers 280,000
1991 John Daly United States Crooked Stick Golf Club Carmel, Indiana 276 (−12) 3 strokes Bruce Lietzke 230,000
1990 Wayne Grady Australia Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club Birmingham, Alabama 282 (−6) 3 strokes Fred Couples 225,000
1989 Payne Stewart United States Kemper Lakes Golf Club Long Grove, Illinois 276 (−12) 1 stroke Andy Bean
Mike Reid
Curtis Strange 200,000
1988 Jeff Sluman United States Oak Tree Golf Club Edmond, Oklahoma 272 (−12) 3 strokes Paul Azinger 160,000
1987 Larry Nelson (2) United States PGA National Resort & Spa Palm Beach Gardens, Florida 287 (−1) Playoff Lanny Wadkins 150,000
1986 Bob Tway United States Inverness Club Toledo, Ohio 276 (−8) 2 strokes Greg Norman 145,000
1985 Hubert Green United States Cherry Hills Country Club Cherry Hills Village, Colorado 278 (−6) 2 strokes Lee Trevino 125,000
1984 Lee Trevino (2) United States Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club Birmingham, Alabama 273 (−15) 4 strokes Gary Player
Lanny Wadkins 125,000
1983 Hal Sutton United States Riviera Country Club Pacific Palisades, California[N 5] 274 (−10) 1 stroke Jack Nicklaus 100,000
1982 Raymond Floyd (2) United States Southern Hills Country Club Tulsa, Oklahoma 272 (−8) 3 strokes Lanny Wadkins 65,000
1981 Larry Nelson United States Atlanta Athletic Club, Highlands Course Duluth, Georgia[N 3] 273 (−7) 4 strokes Fuzzy Zoeller 60,000
1980 Jack Nicklaus (5) United States Oak Hill Country Club, East Course Rochester, New York[N 2] 274 (−6) 7 strokes Andy Bean 60,000
1979 David Graham Australia Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course Bloomfield, Michigan 272 (−8) Playoff Ben Crenshaw 60,000
1978 John Mahaffey United States Oakmont Country Club Oakmont, Pennsylvania 276 (−8) Playoff Jerry Pate
Tom Watson 50,000
1977 Lanny Wadkins United States Pebble Beach Golf Links Pebble Beach, California 282 (−6) Playoff Gene Littler 45,000
1976 Dave Stockton (2) United States Congressional Country Club, Blue Course Bethesda, Maryland 281 (+1) 1 stroke Raymond Floyd
Don January 45,000
1975 Jack Nicklaus (4) United States Firestone Country Club, South Course Akron, Ohio 276 (−4) 2 strokes Bruce Crampton 45,000
1974 Lee Trevino United States Tanglewood Park, Championship Course Clemmons, North Carolina 276 (−4) 1 stroke Jack Nicklaus 45,000
1973 Jack Nicklaus (3) United States Canterbury Golf Club Beachwood, Ohio 277 (−7) 4 strokes Bruce Crampton 45,000
1972 Gary Player (2) South Africa Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course Bloomfield Hills, Michigan 281 (+1) 2 strokes Tommy Aaron
Jim Jamieson 45,000
1971 Jack Nicklaus (2) United States PGA National Golf Club Palm Beach Gardens, Florida 281 (−7) 2 strokes Billy Casper 40,000
1970 Dave Stockton United States Southern Hills Country Club Tulsa, Oklahoma 279 (−1) 2 strokes Bob Murphy
Arnold Palmer 40,000
1969 Raymond Floyd United States NCR Country Club, South Course Dayton, Ohio 276 (−8) 1 stroke Gary Player 35,000
1968 Julius Boros United States Pecan Valley Golf Club San Antonio, Texas 281 (+1) 1 stroke Bob Charles
Arnold Palmer 25,000
1967 Don January United States Columbine Country Club Columbine Valley, Colorado 281 (−7) Playoff Don Massengale 25,000
1966 Al Geiberger United States Firestone Country Club, South Course Akron, Ohio 280 (E) 4 strokes Dudley Wysong 25,000
1965 Dave Marr United States Laurel Valley Golf Club Ligonier, Pennsylvania 280 (−4) 2 strokes Billy Casper
Jack Nicklaus 25,000
1964 Bobby Nichols United States Columbus Country Club Columbus, Ohio 271 (−9) 3 strokes Jack Nicklaus
Arnold Palmer 18,000
1963 Jack Nicklaus United States Dallas Athletic Club, Blue Course Dallas, Texas 279 (−5) 2 strokes Dave Ragan 13,000
1962 Gary Player South Africa Aronimink Golf Club Newtown Square, Pennsylvania 278 (−2) 1 stroke Bob Goalby 13,000
1961 Jerry Barber United States Olympia Fields Country Club Olympia Fields, Illinois 277 (−3) Playoff Don January 11,000
1960 Jay Hebert United States Firestone Country Club, South Course Akron, Ohio 281 (+1) 1 stroke Jim Ferrier 11,000
1959 Bob Rosburg United States Minneapolis Golf Club St. Louis Park, Minnesota 277 (−3) 1 stroke Jerry Barber
Doug Sanders 8,250
1958 Dow Finsterwald United States Llanerch Country Club Havertown, Pennsylvania 276 (−4) 2 strokes Billy Casper 5,500
Match play era winners[edit]
Year
Champion
Country
Runner-up
Margin
Venue
Location of venue
Winners
share ($)
1957 Lionel Hebert United States Dow Finsterwald 2 & 1 Miami Valley Golf Club Dayton, Ohio 8,000
1956 Jack Burke, Jr. United States Ted Kroll 3 & 2 Blue Hill Country Club Canton, Massachusetts 5,000
1955 Doug Ford United States Cary Middlecoff 4 & 3 Meadowbrook Country Club Detroit, Michigan 5,000
1954 Chick Harbert United States Walter Burkemo 4 & 3 Keller Golf Course Maplewood, Minnesota 5,000
1953 Walter Burkemo United States Felice Torza 2 & 1 Birmingham Country Club Birmingham, Michigan 5,000
1952 Jim Turnesa United States Chick Harbert 1 up Big Spring Country Club Louisville, Kentucky 3,500
1951 Sam Snead (3) United States Walter Burkemo 7 & 6 Oakmont Country Club Oakmont, Pennsylvania 3,500
1950 Chandler Harper United States Henry Williams, Jr. 4 & 3 Scioto Country Club Columbus, Ohio 3,500
1949 Sam Snead (2) United States Johnny Palmer 3 & 2 Hermitage Country Club Richmond, Virginia 3,500
1948 Ben Hogan (2) United States Mike Turnesa 7 & 6 Norwood Hills Country Club St. Louis, Missouri 3,500
1947 Jim Ferrier Australia Chick Harbert 2 & 1 Plum Hollow Country Club Detroit, Michigan 3,500
1946 Ben Hogan United States Ed Oliver 6 & 4 Portland Golf Club Portland, Oregon 3,500
1945 Byron Nelson (2) United States Sam Byrd 4 & 3 Moraine Country Club Dayton, Ohio 3,750
1944 Bob Hamilton United States Byron Nelson 1 up Manito Golf and Country Club Spokane, Washington 3,500
1943 Not held due to World War II
1942 Sam Snead United States Jim Turnesa 2 & 1 Seaview Country Club Atlantic City, New Jersey 1,000
1941 Vic Ghezzi United States Byron Nelson 38 holes Cherry Hills Country Club Cherry Hills Village, Colorado 1,100
1940 Byron Nelson United States Sam Snead 1 up Hershey Country Club, West Course Hershey, Pennsylvania 1,100
1939 Henry Picard United States Byron Nelson 37 holes Pomonok Country Club Flushing, New York 1,100
1938 Paul Runyan (2) United States Sam Snead 8 & 7 The Shawnee Inn & Golf Resort Smithfield Township, Pennsylvania 1,100
1937 Denny Shute (2) United States Harold McSpaden 37 holes Pittsburgh Field Club O'Hara Township, Pennsylvania 1,000
1936 Denny Shute United States Jimmy Thomson 3 & 2 Pinehurst Resort, No. 2 Course Pinehurst, North Carolina 1,000
1935 Johnny Revolta United States Tommy Armour 5 & 4 Twin Hills Golf & Country Club Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 1,000
1934 Paul Runyan United States Craig Wood 38 holes The Park Country Club Williamsville, New York 1,000
1933 Gene Sarazen (3) United States Willie Goggin 5 & 4 Blue Mound Golf & Country Club Wauwatosa, Wisconsin 1,000
1932 Olin Dutra United States Frank Walsh 4 & 3 Keller Golf Course Maplewood, Minnesota 1,000
1931 Tom Creavy United States Denny Shute 2 & 1 Wannamoisett Country Club Rumford, Rhode Island 1,000
1930 Tommy Armour Scotland
United States^ Gene Sarazen 1 up Fresh Meadow Country Club Queens, New York
1929 Leo Diegel (2) United States Johnny Farrell 6 & 4 Hillcrest Country Club Los Angeles, California
1928 Leo Diegel United States Al Espinosa 6 & 5 Baltimore Country Club, East Course Timonium, Maryland
1927 Walter Hagen (5) United States Joe Turnesa 1 up Cedar Crest Country Club Dallas, Texas
1926 Walter Hagen (4) United States Leo Diegel 5 & 3 Salisbury Golf Club, Red Course East Meadow, New York
1925 Walter Hagen (3) United States Bill Mehlhorn 6 & 5 Olympia Fields Country Club Olympia Fields, Illinois
1924 Walter Hagen (2) United States Jim Barnes 2 up French Lick Springs Resort, Hill Course French Lick, Indiana
1923 Gene Sarazen (2) United States Walter Hagen 38 holes Pelham Country Club Pelham Manor, New York
1922 Gene Sarazen United States Emmet French 4 & 3 Oakmont Country Club Oakmont, Pennsylvania 500
1921 Walter Hagen United States Jim Barnes 3 & 2 Inwood Country Club Inwood, New York 500
1920 Jock Hutchison Scotland
United States^ J. Douglas Edgar 1 up Flossmoor Country Club Flossmoor, Illinois 500
1919 Jim Barnes (2) England Fred McLeod 6 & 5 Engineers Country Club Roslyn Harbor, New York 500
1918 Not held due to World War I
1917
1916 Jim Barnes England Jock Hutchison 1 up Siwanoy Country Club Eastchester, New York 500
^ These players were British born, but they were based in the United States when they won the PGA Championship, and they became U.S. citizens:
Tommy Armour - Born in Scotland but moved to the U.S. in the early 1920s and became a U.S. citizen at that time.
Jock Hutchison - Born in Scotland. He became a U.S. citizen in 1920.
Match play era details[edit]
The table below lists the field sizes and qualification methods for the match play era. All rounds were played over 36 holes except as noted in the table.[22]
Years
Field size
Qualification
18 hole rounds
1916–21 32 sectional*
1922 64 sectional 1st two rounds
1923 64 sectional
1924–34 32 36 hole qualifier
1935–41 64 36 hole qualifier 1st two rounds
1942–45 32 36 hole qualifier
1946–55 64 36 hole qualifier 1st two rounds
1956 128 sectional 1st four rounds
1957 128 sectional 1st four rounds, consolation matches (3rd-8th place)
* In 1921, the field consisted of the defending champion and the top 31 qualifiers from the 1921 U.S. Open.
Summary by course, state and region[edit]
Summary by course, state and region
Course/State/Region
Number
State No.
Region No.
Blue Hill Country Club 1
Total Massachusetts 1
Wannamoisett Country Club 1
Total Rhode Island 1
Total New England 2
Baltusrol Golf Club 1
Seaview Country Club 1
Total New Jersey 2
Engineers Country Club 1
Fresh Meadow Country Club 1
Inwood Country Club 1
Oak Hill Country Club 3
Pelham Country Club 1
Pomonok Country Club 1
Salisbury Golf Club 1
Siwanoy Country Club 1
The Park Country Club 1
Winged Foot Golf Club 1
Total New York 12
Aronimink Golf Club 1
Hershey Country Club 1
Laurel Valley Golf Club 1
Llanerch Country Club 1
Oakmont Country Club 3
Pittsburgh Field Club 1
The Shawnee Inn & Golf Resort 1
Total Pennsylvania 9
Total Mid-Atlantic 23
PGA National Golf Club 1
PGA National Resort & Spa 1
Total Florida 2
Atlanta Athletic Club 3
Total Georgia 3
Baltimore Country Club 1
Congressional Country Club 1
Total Maryland 2
Pinehurst Resort 1
Quail Hollow 1
Tanglewood Park 1
Total North Carolina 3
Kiawah Island Golf Resort 1
Total South Carolina 1
Hermitage Country Club 1
Total Virginia 1
Total South Atlantic 12
Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club 2
Total Alabama 2
Big Spring Country Club 1
Valhalla Golf Club 3
Total Kentucky 4
Total East South Central 5
Oak Tree Golf Club 1
Southern Hills Country Club 4
Twin Hills Golf & Country Club 1
Total Oklahoma 6
Cedar Crest Country Club 1
Dallas Athletic Club 1
Pecan Valley Golf Club 1
Total Texas 3
Total West South Central 9
Flossmoor Country Club 1
Kemper Lakes Golf Club 1
Medinah Country Club 2
Olympia Fields Country Club 2
Total Illinois 6
Crooked Stick Golf Club 1
French Lick Springs Resort 1
Total Indiana 2
Birmingham Country Club 1
Meadowbrook Country Club 1
Oakland Hills Country Club 3
Plum Hollow Country Club 1
Total Michigan 6
Canterbury Golf Club 1
Columbus Country Club 1
Firestone Country Club 3
Inverness Club 2
Miami Valley Golf Club 1
Moraine Country Club 1
NCR Country Club 1
Scioto Country Club 1
Total Ohio 11
Blue Mound Golf & Country Club 1
Whistling Straits 3
Total Wisconsin 4
Total East North Central 29
Hazeltine National Golf Club 2
Keller Golf Course 2
Minneapolis Golf Club 1
Total Minnesota 5
Bellerive Country Club 1
Norwood Hills Country Club 1
Total Missouri 2
Total West North Central 7
Cherry Hills Country Club 2
Columbine Country Club 1
Total Colorado 3
Total Mountain 3
Hillcrest Country Club 1
Pebble Beach Golf Links 1
Riviera Country Club 2
Total California 4
Portland Golf Club 1
Total Oregon 1
Manito Golf and Country Club 1
Sahalee Country Club 1
Total Washington 2
Total Pacific 7
Records[edit]
Most wins: 5, Jack Nicklaus, Walter Hagen
Most runner-up finishes: 4, Jack Nicklaus
Oldest winner: Julius Boros in 1968 (48 years, 142 days)
Youngest winner: Gene Sarazen in 1922 (20 years, 174 days)
Greatest winning margin in the match play era: Paul Runyan beat Sam Snead 8 & 7 in 1938
Greatest winning margin in the stroke play era: 8 strokes, Rory McIlroy in 2012
Lowest absolute 72-hole score: 265, David Toms (66-65-65-69), 2001
Lowest 72-hole score in relation to par: –20, Jason Day (68-67-66-67=268) in 2015
This is the lowest score in relation to par at any major championship.
Toms' 2001 score was −15. The 2001 site, the Highlands Course at Atlanta Athletic Club, played to par 70, while the 2015 site, the Straits Course at Whistling Straits, played to par 72. (The Highlands Course also played to par 70 when it hosted in 1981 and 2011, and the Straits Course also played to par 72 when it hosted in 2004 and 2010.)
Lowest 18-hole score: 63 – Bruce Crampton, 2nd round, 1975; Raymond Floyd, 1st, 1982; Gary Player, 2nd, 1984; Vijay Singh, 2nd, 1993; Michael Bradley, 1st, 1995; Brad Faxon, 4th, 1995; José María Olazábal, 3rd, 2000; Mark O'Meara, 2nd, 2001; Thomas Bjørn, 3rd, 2005; Tiger Woods, 2nd, 2007; Steve Stricker, 1st, 2011; Jason Dufner, 2nd, 2013; Hiroshi Iwata, 2nd, 2015; Robert Streb, 2nd, 2016.
Most frequent venues:
4 PGA Championships: Southern Hills Country Club – 1970, 1982, 1994, 2007.
3 PGA Championships: Atlanta Athletic Club, Highlands Course – 1981, 2001, 2011.
3 PGA Championships: Firestone Country Club, South Course – 1960, 1966, 1975.
3 PGA Championships: Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course – 1972, 1979, 2008.
3 PGA Championships: Oakmont Country Club – 1922, 1951, 1978.
3 PGA Championships: Oak Hill Country Club, East Course – 1980, 2003, 2013.
3 PGA Championships: Valhalla Golf Club – 1996, 2000, 2014.
3 PGA Championships: Whistling Straits, Straits Course – 2004, 2010, 2015.
Broadcasting[edit]
Further information: List of PGA Championship broadcasters
Under current contracts running through 2019, the PGA Championship is televised in the United States[23] by CBS—which holds rights to afternoon coverage of the weekend rounds, and TNT—which holds rights to broadcast early-round and weekend morning coverage.[24][25] ABC had historically broadcast the tournament until 1991, when it moved to its current home of CBS.[26][27]
Future sites[edit]
Year
Edition
Course
Location
Dates
Hosted
2018 100th Bellerive Country Club Town and Country, Missouri August 9–12 1992
2019 101st Bethpage State Park, Black Course Farmingdale, New York[N 7] May 16–19 Never
2020 102nd TPC Harding Park[28] San Francisco, California May TBA Never
2021 103rd Kiawah Island Golf Resort, Ocean Course Kiawah Island, South Carolina May TBA 2012
2022 104th Trump National Golf Club Bedminster, New Jersey TBD Never
2023 105th Oak Hill Country Club Rochester, New York TBD 1980, 2003, 2013
2024 106th Valhalla Golf Club Louisville, Kentucky TBD 1996, 2000, 2014
2027 109th Aronimink Golf Club[29] Newtown Square, Pennsylvania TBD 1962
2028 110th Olympic Club[30] San Francisco, California TBD Never
TBD TBD Southern Hills Country Club[31][32] Tulsa, Oklahoma TBD 1970, 1982, 1994, 2007
Source:[13]
See also[edit]
Book: Men's major professional golf championships
Golf portal
Golf in the United States
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c The course has a Kohler postal address, but is located in the unincorporated community of Haven.
^ Jump up to: a b c The club has a Rochester postal address, but is located in the adjacent town of Pittsford.
^ Jump up to: a b c The club is in a portion of the postal area of Duluth that became part of the newly incorporated city of Johns Creek in 2006. Although the club continues to be served by the Duluth post office, it now states its postal address as Johns Creek.
^ Jump up to: a b At that time, the club had a Louisville postal address, but was located in unincorporated Jefferson County. In 2003, the governments of Louisville and Jefferson County merged, putting the club within the political boundaries of Louisville.
^ Jump up to: a b Pacific Palisades is a neighborhood in Los Angeles with its own postal identity.
Jump up ^ The club has a St. Louis postal address, but is located in the suburb of Town and Country.
Jump up ^ Most of the course lies within the hamlet of Old Bethpage, however Bethpage State Park has a Farmingdale postal address.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wykagyl, 1898-1998; by Desmond Tollhurst and John Barban; pages 28-30
Jump up ^ Wykagyl, 1898-1998 by Desmond Tollhurst and John Barban; pp. 1-2
Jump up ^ "History of the PGA Championship". PGA of America. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Shootout at Shoal Creek". Times Daily. Florence, Alabama. August 16, 1984. p. 14A.
Jump up ^ "An overview of the event". Toledo Blade. Ohio. 75th PGA Championship (insert). August 8, 1993. p. 8.
Jump up ^ "Medal play in pro golf slated". Time-News. Hendersonville, North Carolina. United Press. November 15, 1957. p. 8.
Jump up ^ Barkow, Al (1974). Golf's Golden Grind: A History of the PGA Tour. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 978-0151908851.
Jump up ^ "2016 PGA Championship moving to July to accommodate Olympics". Golf.com. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Shedloski, Dave (August 7, 2017). "The PGA Championship is moving to May and players are on board". Golf Digest. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "P.G.A. Championship Will Move from August to May in 2019". The New York Times. Reuters. August 8, 2017. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Herrington, Ryan (August 7, 2017). "The PGA Championship will be moving to May, sources say". Golf Digest. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Shackelford, Geoff (June 26, 2014). "San Francisco's Harding Park to host 2020 PGA Championship". Golf Digest. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Future sites of the PGA Championship". PGA of America. August 31, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lavner, Ryan (August 7, 2013). "PGA ditches Glory's Last Shot at Tour's request". Golf Channel. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "PGA explains new slogan, and why Oak Hill green speeds are a mystery". Golf.com. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wacker, Brian (July 31, 2016). "The PGA's decision to play lift, clean, and place is at odds with its own logic". Golf Digest. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Spander, Art. "Meet Hiroshi Iwata, the Unknown Golfer Who Made History at the PGA Championship". Bleacher Report. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tour golfers, PGA settle fuss over tourney control". Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. December 14, 1968. p. 15.
Jump up ^ "Pro golf struggle is settled; PGA forms tourney group". Milwaukee Journal. December 14, 1968. p. 18.
Jump up ^ "Dispute in U.S. settled". Glasgow Herald. December 16, 1968. p. 5.
Jump up ^ "PGA of America - PGA Championships - history - total purses and first prize money". Retrieved August 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ PGA Media Guide
Jump up ^ Haggar, Jeff (August 5, 2013). "History of PGA Championship TV coverage (1958-present)". Classic TV Sports.
Jump up ^ "PGA of America, CBS Sports agree to long-term extension on broadcast rights". PGA of America. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "PGA of America and Turner Sports Extend and Expand Media Agreements Through 2019" (Press release). Retrieved May 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "NBC gets U.S. Open golf". The New York Times. June 2, 1994. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ Stewart, Larry (July 21, 1995). "ABC getting a major chance with British Open coverage". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ "TPC Harding Park to host three big events". PGA Tour. July 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Aronimink Golf Club will host KPMG Women's PGA Championship in 2020, PGA Championship in '27". ESPN. November 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Olympic Club to host PGA Championship in 2028, Ryder Cup in 2032". ESPN. Associated Press. November 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Southern Hills Country Club to host Senior PGA, PGA Championship". ESPN. Associated Press. May 30, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gray, Will (May 30, 2017). "PGA Championship Returning to Southern Hills by 2030". Golf Channel. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
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Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red
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Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red
United Kingdom
For the centenary of the outbreak of World War I
Established
17 July 2014 (2014-07-17)
Unveiled
11 November 2014 (2014-11-11)
Location
51°30′33″N 0°04′31″W / 51.50912°N 0.07528°W / 51.50912; -0.07528Coordinates: 51°30′33″N 0°04′31″W / 51.50912°N 0.07528°W / 51.50912; -0.07528
moat at the Tower of London
Designed by
Paul Cummins
Tom Piper
Total commemorated
888,246 by ceramic poppies
Statistics source: Tower of London Remembers[1]
Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red was a work of installation art placed in the moat of the Tower of London, England, between July and November 2014, commemorating the centenary of the outbreak of World War I. It consisted of 888,246 ceramic red poppies, each intended to represent one British or Colonial serviceman killed in the War. The artist was Paul Cummins, with setting by stage designer Tom Piper.[2] The work's title was taken from the first line of a poem by an unknown World War I soldier.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Form
3 Official visits and public reaction
4 Critical reaction
5 UK tour
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Background[edit]
The work's title, and Cummins' inspiration for the work, came from a poem by an unknown World War I soldier from Derbyshire, who joined up in the early days of the war and died in Flanders. The poem begins: "The blood swept lands and seas of red, / Where angels dare[3] to tread / ... ".[4] The poem was contained in the soldier's unsigned will, found by Cummins among old records in Chesterfield.[5]
The Tower of London moat, in which the work was set, was used in the early days of the war as a training ground for City of London workers who had enlisted to fight – the "Stockbrokers' Battalion".[5]
Form[edit]
The work consisted of a sea of ceramic red poppies, which were individually hand-made at Cummins' ceramics works in Derbyshire,[5] and some at Johnson Tiles in Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent.[6][7] The poppies were added to the installation progressively by volunteers.[8] The 497,000 kg of the Etruria Marl-based Etruscan red earthenware used, as well as the majority of the manufacturing equipment and materials, were supplied by Potclays Limited in Stoke-on-Trent [9][10] There were eventually 888,246 of the flowers, representing one count[11] of the number of British and Colonial military fatalities in World War I. The sea of flowers was arranged to resemble a pool of blood which appeared to be pouring out of a bastion window (the "Weeping Window").

The first poppy was planted on 17 July 2014, and the work was unveiled on 5 August (the centenary of Britain's entry into the war). A team of about 17,500 volunteers put the poppies in place. The last one was planted on 11 November 2014 (Remembrance Day), by a 13-year-old cadet, Harry Hayes, from the Combined Cadet Force (CCF) of Reading Blue Coat School.[12] After that day a team of about 8000 volunteers began removing the flowers.[13] Members of the public had been able to pre-order the ceramic poppies for £25 each, with a share of the proceeds (estimated at more than £15 million[14]) going to six service charities: COBSEO, Combat Stress, Coming Home, Help for Heroes, the Royal British Legion and SSAFA.[2]
At around sunset each day between 1 September and 10 November, the names of 180 World War I service personnel, nominated by members of the public to appear on a Roll of Honour, were read aloud by a Yeoman Warder, followed by the Last Post bugle call.[15]
Official visits and public reaction[edit]
Reading of the Roll of Honour, to be followed by playing of the Last Post
The installation was visited by the Princes William and Harry and the Duchess of Cambridge on the day of its opening,[16] and by the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh on 16 October.[17][18] The Queen later spoke about the memorial in her annual Christmas Message, broadcast on 25 December 2014.

Poppies from the display with a certificate in a cabinet at a church
In all, an estimated five million people saw the memorial,[19] and the huge visitor demand saw Prime Minister David Cameron and other politicians join calls to try and extend the period for which the installation remained at the Tower so that more visitors would be able to pay their respects.[20] Cummins and Tower officials resisted such calls, stating that the transience of the installation was a key part of the artistic concept,[21] and that the poppies would be removed as planned and distributed to their purchasers. On 8 November it was announced that the Wave segment – a steel construction with poppies around the Tower entrance – would remain in place until the end of the month, and that the Wave and the Weeping Window segments (both made by the Theatre Royal, Plymouth) would be taken on a tour of the UK, organised by 14-18 NOW, lasting until 2018 and would then go on permanent display at the Imperial War Museums in London and Manchester.[22][23] A campaign was launched in December 2014 to bring the sculptural elements to Stoke-on-Trent during the tour itinerary as the majority of materials and much of the piece itself were manufactured in the city.[6] In April 2016, about halfway through the tour, the Weeping Windows segment was installed at St. Magnus Cathedral in Kirkwall, Orkney, Britain’s most northerly cathedral, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Jutland, the biggest naval engagement of the First World War.[24]
In recognition of the work, Paul Cummins and Tom Piper were both awarded the MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) in the 2015 New Year Honours.[25]
Critical reaction[edit]
Although the installation struck a chord with the public, it received negative reactions from some press critics. A. A. Gill of The Sunday Times called it "impressive" but "curiously bland".[26] The Guardian's art critic Jonathan Jones described it as having a "false nobility" and being a "prettified and toothless" memorial. Tom Piper said in response that "... it is a remarkably good thing that it is so accessible. We should not be trying to create something that is difficult to understand."[21]
UK tour[edit]
In November 2014, it was announced that Wave and the Weeping Window segments would tour to venues around the UK until 2018. This was organised by 14-18 NOW.[27][23] The scheduled venues were:[28]
Woodhorn Museum, Ashington;
St George's Hall, Liverpool
Yorkshire Sculpture Park
St Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall
Lincoln Castle
Black Watch Museum, Perth
Caernarfon Castle
Hull Maritime Museum
The Silk Mill, Derby
Barge Pier, Shoeburyness
Ulster Museum, Belfast
National Assembly for Wales, Cardiff
Plymouth Naval Memorial
See also[edit]
Remembrance poppy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Tower of London Remembers". Historic Royal Palaces. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "About the installation", Tower of London website. Retrieved 17 October 2014
Jump up ^ Some sources give "... fear to tread ..."
Jump up ^ "The Will of an unnamed soldier", SSAFA website (contains full text of poem). Retrieved 9 April 2015
^ Jump up to: a b c "Poppies to fill Tower of London moat in first world war commemoration", The Guardian, 7 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Campaign launched to bring the Tower of London poppies to Stoke-on-Trent", The Sentinel, 12 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Johnson Tiles helps poppies bloom at Tower of London", Johnson Tiles website, 5 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "The poppies at the Tower of London", BBC News, 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/Business-Family-firm-Potclays-supplies-materials/story-21090630-detail/story.html]
Jump up ^ "Tower poppies’ debt to the Potteries", The Guardian, 29 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2010–2011 Archived 4 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine.. This includes a table of numbers of war dead (page 45); 888,246 is the figure for identified burials and names listed on memorials, for the UK and colonies (not including dominions).
Jump up ^ "Cadet Harry Hayes, 13, plants last of 888,246 poppies in Tower of London moat", The Daily Telegraph, 11 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Tower of London poppies: Volunteers to remove ceramic flowers", BBC News, 12 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Removal of Tower of London poppies 'at halfway point'", BBC News, 19 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Roll of Honour – Submit your nomination". Historic Royal Palaces – Tower of London. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Kate, William and Harry visit blood red sea of poppies", royalista.com, 6 August 2014
Jump up ^ "Queen visits Tower of London poppy garden", BBC News, 16 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Queen visits Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red installation", The Guardian, 16 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Tower of London poppies: Final poppy is 'planted'", BBC News, 11 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "David Cameron joins plea to extend Tower of London poppies", The Daily Telegraph, 7 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tower of London poppies to be removed as planned on 12 November", The Guardian, 6 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Poppy display segment at Tower of London given extension", BBC News, 8 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tower of London poppies: Thousands to go on tour". BBC News Online. 9 November 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Brown, Mark (22 April 2016). "Tower of London poppies bloom at Britain's most northerly cathedral". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "NY Honours for poppy duo, Joan Collins and John Hurt", BBC News, 30 December 2014.
Jump up ^ BBC News paper review, 9 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Poppy display segment at Tower of London given extension", BBC News, 8 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "2017 Locations". www.1418now.org.uk. 14-18-Now. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
External links[edit]
14-18 NOW Official website
Video: Making the Poppies (with introduction by Paul Cummins)
Media related to Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red at Wikimedia Commons
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