text:
Tight junction
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Tight junction
Diagram of Tight junction
Details
Identifiers
Latin
junctio occludens
TH
H1.00.01.1.02007
FMA
67397
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Tight junctions, also known as occluding junctions or zonulae occludentes (singular, zonula occludens) are multiprotein junctional complex whose general function is to prevent leakage of transported solutes and water and seals the paracellular pathway. Tight junctions may also serve as leaky pathways by forming selective channels for small cations, anions, or water. Tight junctions are present only in vertebrates. The corresponding junctions that occur in invertebrates are septate junctions.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Functions
3 Classification
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Structure[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Tight junctions are composed of a branching network of sealing strands, each strand acting independently from the others. Therefore, the efficiency of the junction in preventing ion passage increases exponentially with the number of strands. Each strand is formed from a row of transmembrane proteins embedded in both plasma membranes, with extracellular domains joining one another directly. Although more proteins are present, the major types are the claudins and the occludins. These associate with different peripheral membrane proteins such as ZO-1 located on the intracellular side of plasma membrane, which anchor the strands to the actin component of the cytoskeleton.[1] Thus, tight junctions join together the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells.
Functions[edit]
They perform vital functions:[2]
They hold cells together.
Barrier function, which can be further subdivided into protective barriers and functional barriers serving purposes such as material transport and maintenance of osmotic balance:
Tight Junctions help to maintain the polarity of cells by preventing the lateral diffusion of integral membrane proteins between the apical and lateral/basal surfaces, allowing the specialized functions of each surface (for example receptor-mediated endocytosis at the apical surface and exocytosis at the basolateral surface) to be preserved. This aims to preserve the transcellular transport.
Tight Junctions prevent the passage of molecules and ions through the space between plasma membranes of adjacent cells, so materials must actually enter the cells (by diffusion or active transport) in order to pass through the tissue. Investigation using freeze-fracture methods in electron microscopy is ideal for revealing the lateral extent of tight junctions in cell membranes and has been useful in showing how tight junctions are formed.[3] The constrained intracellular pathway exacted by the tight junction barrier system allows precise control over which substances can pass through a particular tissue. (Tight junctions play this role in maintaining the blood–brain barrier.) At the present time, it is still unclear whether the control is active or passive and how these pathways are formed. In one study for paracellular transport across the tight junction in kidney proximal tubule, a dual pathway model is proposed: large slit breaks formed by infrequent discontinuities in the TJ complex and numerous small circular pores.[4]
In human physiology there are two main types of epithelia using distinct types of barrier mechanism. Epidermal structures such as skin form a barrier from many layers of keratinized squamous cells. Internal epithelia on the other hand more often rely on tight junctions for their barrier function. This kind of barrier is mostly formed by only one or two layers of cells. It was long unclear whether tight cell junctions also play any role in the barrier function of the skin and similar external epithelia but recent research suggests that this is indeed the case.[5]
Classification[edit]
Epithelia are classed as "tight" or "leaky", depending on the ability of the tight junctions to prevent water and solute movement:[6]
Tight epithelia have tight junctions that prevent most movement between cells. Examples of tight epithelia include the distal convoluted tubule, the collecting duct of the nephron in the kidney, and the bile ducts ramifying through liver tissue.
Leaky epithelia do not have these tight junctions, or have less complex tight junctions. For instance, the tight junction in the kidney proximal tubule, a very leaky epithelium, has only two to three junctional strands, and these strands exhibit infrequent large slit breaks.
See also[edit]
Cadherin
Gap junction
Tight junction protein (disambiguation)
Zonulin
TEM of negatively stained proximal convoluted tubule of Rat kidney tissue at a magnification of ~55,000x and 80 kV with Tight junction. Note that the three dark lines of density correspond to the density of the protein complex, and the light lines in between correspond to the paracellular space.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Anderson, JM; Van Itallie, CM (August 2009). "Physiology and function of the tight junction". Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 1: a002584. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a002584. PMC 2742087  . PMID 20066090.
Jump up ^ Department, Biology. "Tight Junctions (and other cellular connections)". Davidson College. Retrieved 2015-01-12.
Jump up ^ Chalcroft, J. P.; Bullivant, S (1970). "An interpretation of liver cell membrane and junction structure based on observation of freeze-fracture replicas of both sides of the fracture". The Journal of Cell Biology. 47 (1): 49–60. doi:10.1083/jcb.47.1.49. PMC 2108397  . PMID 4935338.
Jump up ^ Guo, P; Weinstein, AM; Weinbaum, S (Aug 2003). "A dual-pathway ultrastructural model for the tight junction of rat proximal tubule epithelium". American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology. 285 (2): F241–57. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00331.2002. PMID 12670832.
Jump up ^ Kirschner, Nina; Brandner, JM (June 2012). "Barriers and more: functions of tight junction proteins in the skin". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1257: 158–166. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06554.x.
Jump up ^ Department, Biology. "Tight Junctions and other cellular connections". Davidson College. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tight junctions.
An Overview of the Tight Junction at Zonapse.Net
Occludin in Focus at Zonapse.Net
Tight Junctions at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Histology image: 20502loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University
[hide]
v
t
e
Proteins of epithelium
Lateral/cell-cell
Cell adhesion molecules: Adherens junction
Cadherin
Desmosome
Desmoglein
Ion channels: Gap junction/Connexon
Connexin
Cytoskeleton: Desmosome
Desmoplakin
Plakoglobin
Tonofibril
other membrane proteins: Tight junction
Claudin
Occludin
MARVELD2
Basal/cell-matrix
Basal lamina
Hemidesmosome/Tonofibril
Focal adhesion
Costamere
Apical
Cilia/Kinocilium
Microvilli/Stereocilia (STRC)
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Cell division
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with cellular differentiation.
Three types of cell division
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.[1] Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle. In eukaryotes, there are two distinct types of cell division: a vegetative division, whereby each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell (mitosis),[2] and a reproductive cell division, whereby the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is reduced by half to produce haploid gametes (meiosis). Meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells by undergoing one round of DNA replication followed by two divisions. Homologous chromosomes are separated in the first division, and sister chromatids are separated in the second division. Both of these cell division cycles are used in the process of sexual reproduction at some point in their life cycle. Both are believed to be present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor.
Prokaryotes (bacteria) undergo a vegetative cell division known as binary fission, where their genetic material is segregated equally into two daughter cells. All cell divisions, regardless of organism, are preceded by a single round of DNA replication.
For simple unicellular microorganisms such as the amoeba, one cell division is equivalent to reproduction – an entire new organism is created. On a larger scale, mitotic cell division can create progeny from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings. Mitotic cell division enables sexually reproducing organisms to develop from the one-celled zygote, which itself was produced by meiotic cell division from gametes. After growth, cell division by mitosis allows for continual construction and repair of the organism.[3] The human body experiences about 10 quadrillion cell divisions in a lifetime.[4]
The primary concern of cell division is the maintenance of the original cell's genome. Before division can occur, the genomic information that is stored in chromosomes must be replicated, and the duplicated genome must be separated cleanly between cells. A great deal of cellular infrastructure is involved in keeping genomic information consistent between generations.
Contents
[hide]
1 Phases of cell division
1.1 Interphase
1.2 Prophase
1.3 Metaphase
1.4 Anaphase
1.5 Telophase
2 Variants
3 Degradation
4 History
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Phases of cell division[edit]
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Interphase[edit]
Interphase is the process a cell must go through before mitosis, meiosis, and cytokinesis.[5] Interphase consists of four main stages: G1, S, G0, and G2. G1 is a time of growth for the cell. If the cell does not progress through G1, the cell then enters a stage called G0. In G0, cells are still living but they are put on hold. The cells may later be called back into interphase if needed at a later time. There are checkpoints during interphase that allow the cell to be either progressed or denied further development. In S phase, the chromosomes are replicated in order for the genetic content to be maintained. During G2, the cell undergoes the final stages of growth before it enters the M phase. The M phase, can be either mitosis or meiosis depending on the type of cell. Germ cells undergo meiosis, while somatic cells will undergo mitosis. After the cell proceeds successfully through the M phase, it may then undergo cell division through cytokinesis. The control of each checkpoint is controlled by cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases. The progression of interphase is the result of the increased amount of cyclin. As the amount of cyclin increases, more and more cyclin dependent kinases attach to cyclin signaling the cell further into interphase. The peak of the cyclin attached to the cyclin dependent kinases this system pushes the cell out of interphase and into the M phase, where mitosis, meiosis, and cytokinesis occur.
Prophase[edit]
Prophase is the first stage of division. The nuclear envelope is broken down, long strands of chromatin condense to form shorter more visible strands called chromosomes, the nucleolus disappears, and microtubules attach to the chromosomes at the kinetochores present in the centromere.[6] Microtubules associated with the alignment and separation of chromosomes are referred to as the spindle and spindle fibers. Chromosomes will also be visible under a microscope and will be connected at the centromere. During this condensation and alignment period, homologous chromosomes may swap portions of their DNA in a process known as crossing over.
Metaphase[edit]
Metaphase is the stage in cell division when the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell by MTOCs ( microtubule organizing center) by pushing and pulling on centromeres of both chromatids which causes the chromosome to move to the center. The chromosomes are still condensing and are currently at one step away from being the most coiled and condensed they will be.[7] Spindle and spindle fibers have already connected to the kinetochores. At this point, the chromosomes are ready to split into opposite poles of the cell towards the spindle to which they are connected. [8]
Anaphase[edit]
Anaphase is a very short stage of the cell cycle and occurs after the chromosomes align at the mitotic plate. After the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, the spindle fibers will pull them apart. The chromosomes are split apart as the sister chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell.[9]
Telophase[edit]
Telophase is the last stage of the cell cycle. Two cells form around the chromatin at the two poles of the cell. Two nuclear membranes begin to reform and the chromatin begin to unwind.[10]
Variants[edit]
Image of the mitotic spindle in a human cell showing microtubules in green, chromosomes (DNA) in blue, and kinetochores in red.
Cells are broadly classified into two main categories: simple, non-nucleated prokaryotic cells, and complex, nucleated eukaryotic cells. Owing to their structural differences, eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells do not divide in the same way. Also, the pattern of cell division that transforms eukaryotic stem cells into gametes (sperm cells in males or egg cells in females), termed meiosis, is different from that of the division of somatic cells in the body.
Cell division over 42. The cells were directly imaged in the cell culture vessel, using non-invasive quantitative phase contrast time-lapse microscopy.[11]
Degradation[edit]
Multicellular organisms replace worn-out cells through cell division. In some animals, however, cell division eventually halts. In humans this occurs, on average, after 52 divisions, known as the Hayflick limit. The cell is then referred to as senescent. Cells stop dividing because the telomeres, protective bits of DNA on the end of a chromosome required for replication, shorten with each copy, eventually being consumed.[citation needed] Cancer cells, on the other hand, are not thought to degrade in this way, if at all. An enzyme called telomerase, present in large quantities in cancerous cells, rebuilds the telomeres, allowing division to continue indefinitely.
History[edit]
Kurt Michelwith his phase-contrast microscope
A cell division under microscope was first discovered by German botanist Hugo von Mohl in 1835 as he worked over Green algae Cladophora glomerata.[12]
In 1943, cell division was filmed for the first time,[13] by Kurt Michelwith, using a phase-contrast microscope.[14]
See also[edit]
Binary fission
Cell growth
Labile cells, cells that constantly divide
Klerokinesis
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Robert.S Hine, ed. (2008). Oxford Dictionary Biology (6th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-19-920462-5.
Jump up ^ Griffiths, Anthony J.F.; Wessler, Susan R.; Carroll, Sean B.; Doebley, John (2012). Introduction to Genetic Analysis (10 ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-4292-2943-2.
Jump up ^ Maton, Anthea (1997). Cells: Building Blocks of Life. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 70–74. ISBN 0-13-423476-6.
Jump up ^ Quammen, David (April 2008). "Contagious cancer: The evolution of a killer". Harper's. 316 (1895): 42. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Marieb, Elaine (2000). Essentials of human anatomy and physiology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-4940-5.
Jump up ^ Schermelleh, Lothar; Carlton, Peter M.; Haase, Sebastian; Shao, Lin; Winoto, Lukman; Kner, Peter; Burke, Brian; Cardoso, M. Cristin; Agard, David A. (2008-06-06). "Subdiffraction Multicolor Imaging of the Nuclear Periphery with 3D Structured Illumination Microscopy". Science. 320 (5881): 1332–1336. doi:10.1126/science.1156947. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 2916659  . PMID 18535242.
Jump up ^ "Researchers Shed Light On Shrinking Of Chromosomes". ScienceDaily. June 12, 2007. Retrieved 2017-02-02.
Jump up ^ Elrod, Susan (2002). Schaum's Outline of Genetics (Fifth ed.). United States of America: McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc. p. 8. ISBN 9780071625036.
Jump up ^ "The Cell Cycle". www.biology-pages.info. Retrieved 2017-02-02.
Jump up ^ Hetzer, Martin W. (2017-02-02). "The Nuclear Envelope". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 2 (3). doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a000539. ISSN 1943-0264. PMC 2829960  . PMID 20300205.
Jump up ^ Phase Holographic Imaging. Cell Division
Jump up ^ Karl Mägdefrau (1994), "Mohl, Hugo von", Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB) (in German), 17, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 690–691 ; (full text online)
Jump up ^ Masters, Barry R (2008). "History of the Optical Microscope in Cell Biology and Medicine" (PDF). eLS (formerly Encyclopedia of Life Sciences). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 3. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0003082. ISBN 9780470015902.
Jump up ^ Video on YouTube
Further reading[edit]
Morgan HI. (2007). "The Cell Cycle: Principles of Control" London: New Science Press.
J.M.Turner Fetus into Man (1978, 1989). Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-30692-9
Cell division: binary fission and mitosis
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cell division.
How Cells Divide: Mitosis vs. Meiosis
The Mitosis and Cell Cycle Control Section from the Landmark Papers in Cell Biology (Gall JG, McIntosh JR, eds.) contains commentaries on and links to seminal research papers on mitosis and cell division. Published online in the Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology
The Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology contains many videos showing the cell division.
The Cell Division of the Cell Image Library
Videos of the first cell divisions in Xenopus laevis embryos (side view and top view), acquired by MRI (DOI of paper)
Images : Calanthe discolor Lindl. - Flavon's Secret Flower Garden
Tyson's model of cell division and a Description on BioModels Database
WormWeb.org: Interactive Visualization of the C. elegans Cell Lineage - Visualize the entire set of cell divisions of the nematode C. elegans
[hide]
v
t
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Cell cycle proteins
Cyclin
A (A1, A2)
B (B1, B2, B3)
D (D1, D2, D3)
E (E1, E2)
CDK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
CDK-activating kinase
CDK inhibitor
INK4a/ARF (p14arf/p16, p15, p18, p19)
cip/kip (p21, p27, p57)
P53 p63 p73 family
p53
p63
p73
Other
Cdc2
Cdc25
Cdc42
Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein
E2F
Maturation promoting factor
Wee
Cullin (CUL7)
Phases and
checkpoints
Interphase
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
M phase
Mitosis (Preprophase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase)
Cytokinesis
Cell cycle checkpoints
Restriction point
Spindle checkpoint
Postreplication checkpoint
Other cellular phases
Apoptosis
G0 phase
Meiosis
Authority control
GND: 4190668-8
NDL: 00569966
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File system permissions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Most file systems have methods to assign permissions or access rights to specific users and groups of users. These permissions control the ability of the users to view, change, navigate, and execute the contents of the file system.
Two types of permissions are very widely used: traditional Unix permissions date back many decades to the earliest days of Unix. They are universally available on all Unix and Linux derived platforms. Access Control Lists (ACLs) are more recent in origin and are universally used on Microsoft Windows based file systems where the file system supports user permissions (mainly NTFS and ReFS), and are also now commonly used and widely available in most common Unix and Linux based systems, although not necessarily all. They are generally capable of far more detailed fine-tuning of permissions than the traditional Unix permissions, and permit a system of access control which traditional ACLs cannot provide. On Unix and Linux based systems, the standard type of ACL is that defined by the POSIX standard (POSIX ACLs) but other variants exist such as NFS v3 and v4 ACLs, which work slightly differently (NFSv3 ACLs or NFSv4 ACLs).
Where multiple systems are available within the same operating system, there is usually a way to specify which will be used for any given file system, and how the system should handle attempts to access or modify permissions that are controlled by one of these, using commands designed for another. The usual solution is to ensure at least some degree of awareness and inter-operability between the different commands and methods.
Contents
[hide]
1 Operating system variations
2 Traditional Unix permissions
2.1 Classes
2.2 Permissions
2.3 Changing permission behavior with setuid, setgid, and sticky bits
3 Notation of traditional Unix permissions
3.1 Symbolic notation
3.2 Numeric notation
4 User private group
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Operating system variations[edit]
Unix-like and otherwise POSIX-compliant systems, including Linux-based systems and all macOS versions, have a simple system for managing individual file permissions, which in this article are called "traditional Unix permissions". Most of these systems also support some kind of access control lists (ACLs), either proprietary (old HP-UX ACLs, for example), or POSIX.1e ACLs, based on an early POSIX draft that was withdrawn in 1997, or NFSv4 ACLs, which are part of the NFSv4 standard.
Microsoft and IBM DOS variants (including MS-DOS, PC DOS, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98 SE, and Windows ME) do not have permissions, only file attributes. There is a read-only attribute (R), which can be set or unset on a file by any user or program, and therefore does not prevent him/her/it from changing/deleting the file. There is no permission in these systems which would prevent a user from reading a file.
Other MS-DOS/PC DOS-compatible operating systems such as DR DOS 3.31 and higher, PalmDOS, Novell DOS and OpenDOS, FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS, Concurrent DOS, Multiuser DOS, Datapac System Manager and IMS REAL/32 support read/write/execute/delete file/directory access permissions on FAT volumes. With the exception of FlexOS, 4680 OS, and 4690 OS all these operating systems also support individual file/directory passwords. All operating systems except for DR DOS, PalmDOS, Novell DOS and OpenDOS also support three independent file/directory ownership classes world/group/owner, whereas the single-user operating systems DR DOS 6.0 and higher, PalmDOS, Novell DOS and OpenDOS only support them with an optional multi-user security module (SECURITY.BIN) loaded.
OpenVMS (a.k.a. VMS), as well as Microsoft Windows NT and its derivatives (including Windows 2000 and Windows XP), use ACLs[1] to administer a more complex and varied set of permissions. OpenVMS also uses a permission scheme similar to that of Unix, but more complex. There are four categories (System, Owner, Group, and World) and four types of access permissions (Read, Write, Execute and Delete). The categories are not mutually disjoint: World includes Group which in turn includes Owner. The System category independently includes system users (similar to superusers in Unix).[2]
Classic Mac OS operating systems' HFS do not support permissions, only file attributes: "Hidden" (does not show in directory listings); "Locked" (read-only); "Name locked" (cannot be renamed); and "Stationery" (copy-on-write).
The AmigaOS Filesystem, AmigaDOS supports a relatively advanced permissions system, for a single-user OS. In AmigaOS 1.x, files had Archive, Read, Write, Execute and Delete (collectively known as ARWED) permissions/flags. In AmigaOS 2.x and higher, additional Hold, Script, and Pure permissions/flags were added.
Mac OS X versions 10.3 ("Panther") and prior use POSIX-compliant permissions. Mac OS X, beginning with version 10.4 ("Tiger"), also support the use of NFSv4 ACLs. They still support "traditional Unix permissions" as used in previous versions of Mac OS X, and the Apple Mac OS X Server version 10.4+ File Services Administration Manual recommends using only traditional Unix permissions if possible. It also still supports the Mac OS Classic's "Protected" attribute.
Solaris ACL support depends on the filesystem being used; older UFS filesystem supports POSIX.1e ACLs, while ZFS supports only NFSv4 ACLs.[3]
Linux supports POSIX.1e ACLs. There is experimental support for NFSv4 ACLs for ext3 filesystem [4] and ext4 filesystem.
FreeBSD supports POSIX.1e ACLs on UFS, and NFSv4 ACLs on UFS and ZFS.[5][6]
IBM z/OS implements file security via RACF (Resource Access Control Facility)[7]
Traditional Unix permissions[edit]
Permissions on Unix-like systems are managed in three distinct scopes or classes. These scopes are known as user, group, and others.
When a file is created on a Unix-like system, its permissions are restricted by the umask of the process that created it.
Classes[edit]
Files and directories are owned by a user. The owner determines the file's user class. Distinct permissions apply to the owner.
Files and directories are assigned a group, which define the file's group class. Distinct permissions apply to members of the file's group. The owner may be a member of the file's group.
Users who are not the owner, nor a member of the group, comprise a file's others class. Distinct permissions apply to others.
The effective permissions are determined based on the first class the user falls within in the order of user, group then others. For example, the user who is the owner of the file will have the permissions given to the user class regardless of the permissions assigned to the group class or others class.
Permissions[edit]
Main article: Modes (Unix)
Unix-like systems implement three specific permissions that apply to each class:
The read permission grants the ability to read a file. When set for a directory, this permission grants the ability to read the names of files in the directory, but not to find out any further information about them such as contents, file type, size, ownership, permissions.
The write permission grants the ability to modify a file. When set for a directory, this permission grants the ability to modify entries in the directory. This includes creating files, deleting files, and renaming files.
The execute permission grants the ability to execute a file. This permission must be set for executable programs, in order to allow the operating system to run them. When set for a directory, the execute permission is interpreted as the search permission: it grants the ability to access file contents and meta-information if its name is known, but not list files inside the directory, unless read is set also.
The effect of setting the permissions on a directory, rather than a file, is "one of the most frequently misunderstood file permission issues".[8]
When a permission is not set, the corresponding rights are denied. Unlike ACL-based systems, permissions on Unix-like systems are not inherited. Files created within a directory do not necessarily have the same permissions as that directory.
Changing permission behavior with setuid, setgid, and sticky bits[edit]
Unix-like systems typically employ three additional modes. These are actually attributes but are referred to as permissions or modes. These special modes are for a file or directory overall, not by a class, though in the symbolic notation (see below) the setuid bit is set in the triad for the user, the setgid bit is set in the triad for the group and the sticky bit is set in the triad for others.
The set user ID, setuid, or SUID mode. When a file with setuid is executed, the resulting process will assume the effective user ID given to the owner class. This enables users to be treated temporarily as root (or another user).
The set group ID, setgid, or SGID permission. When a file with setgid is executed, the resulting process will assume the group ID given to the group class. When setgid is applied to a directory, new files and directories created under that directory will inherit their group from that directory. (Default behaviour is to use the primary group of the effective user when setting the group of new files and directories, except on BSD-derived systems which behave as though the setgid bit is always set on all directories (See Setuid).)
The sticky mode. (Also known as the Text mode.) The classical behaviour of the sticky bit on executable files has been to encourage the kernel to retain the resulting process image in memory beyond termination; however such use of the sticky bit is now restricted to only a minority of unix-like operating systems (HP-UX and UnixWare). On a directory, the sticky permission prevents users from renaming, moving or deleting contained files owned by users other than themselves, even if they have write permission to the directory. Only the directory owner and superuser are exempt from this.
These additional modes are also referred to as setuid bit, setgid bit, and sticky bit, due to the fact that they each occupy only one bit.
Notation of traditional Unix permissions[edit]
Symbolic notation[edit]
Unix permissions are represented either in symbolic notation or in octal notation.
The most common form, as used by the command ls -l, is symbolic notation.
Three permission triads
first triad what the owner can do
second triad what the group members can do
third triad what other users can do
Each triad
first character r: readable
second character w: writable
third character x: executable
s or t: setuid/setgid or sticky (also executable)
S or T: setuid/setgid or sticky (not executable)
The first character of the ls display indicates the file type and is not related to permissions. The remaining nine characters are in three sets, each representing a class of permissions as three characters. The first set represents the user class. The second set represents the group class. The third set represents the others class.
Each of the three characters represent the read, write, and execute permissions:
r if reading is permitted, - if it is not.
w if writing is permitted, - if it is not.
x if execution is permitted, - if it is not.
The following are some examples of symbolic notation:
-rwxr-xr-x: a regular file whose user class has full permissions and whose group and others classes have only the read and execute permissions.
crw-rw-r--: a character special file whose user and group classes have the read and write permissions and whose others class has only the read permission.
dr-x------: a directory whose user class has read and execute permissions and whose group and others classes have no permissions.
In some permission systems additional symbols in the ls -l display represent additional permission features:
+ (plus) suffix indicates an access control list that can control additional permissions.
. (dot) suffix indicates an SELinux context is present. Details may be listed with the command ls -Z.
@ suffix indicates extended file attributes are present.
To represent the setuid, setgid and sticky or text attributes, the executable character ('x' or '-') is modified. Though these attributes affect the overall file, not only users in one class, the setuid attribute modifies the executable character in the triad for the user, the setgid attribute modifies the executable character in the triad for the group and the sticky or text attribute modifies the executable character in the triad for others. For the setuid or setgid attributes, in the first or second triad, the 'x' becomes 's' and the '-' becomes 'S'. For the sticky or text attribute, in the third triad, the 'x' becomes 't' and the '-' becomes 'T'. Here is an example:
-rwsr-Sr-t: a file whose user class has read, write and execute permissions; whose group class has read permission; whose others class has read and execute permissions; and which has setuid, setgid and sticky attributes set.
Numeric notation[edit]
Another method for representing Unix permissions is an octal (base-8) notation as shown by stat -c %a. This notation consists of at least three digits. Each of the three rightmost digits represents a different component of the permissions: owner, group, and others. (If a fourth digit is present, the leftmost (high-order) digit addresses three additional attributes, the setuid bit, the setgid bit and the sticky bit.)
Each of these digits is the sum of its component bits in the binary numeral system. As a result, specific bits add to the sum as it is represented by a numeral:
The read bit adds 4 to its total (in binary 100),
The write bit adds 2 to its total (in binary 010), and
The execute bit adds 1 to its total (in binary 001).
These values never produce ambiguous combinations; each sum represents a specific set of permissions. More technically, this is an octal representation of a bit field – each bit references a separate permission, and grouping 3 bits at a time in octal corresponds to grouping these permissions by user, group, and others.
These are the examples from the symbolic notation section given in octal notation:
Symbolic Notation
Numeric Notation
English
---------- 0000 no permissions
-rwx------ 0700 read, write, & execute only for owner
-rwxrwx--- 0770 read, write, & execute for owner and group
-rwxrwxrwx 0777 read, write, & execute for owner, group and others
---x--x--x 0111 execute
--w--w--w- 0222 write
--wx-wx-wx 0333 write & execute
-r--r--r-- 0444 read
-r-xr-xr-x 0555 read & execute
-rw-rw-rw- 0666 read & write
-rwxr----- 0740 owner can read, write, & execute; group can only read; others have no permissions
User private group[edit]
Some systems diverge from the traditional POSIX-model of users and groups, by creating a new group – a "user private group" – for each user. Assuming each user is the only member of its user private group, this scheme allows an umask of 002 to be used without allowing other users to write to newly created files in normal directories because such files are assigned to the creating user's private group. However, when sharing files is desirable, the administrator can create a group containing the desired users, create a group-writable directory assigned to the new group, and, most importantly, make the directory setgid. Making it setgid will cause files created in it to be assigned to the same group as the directory and the 002 umask (enabled by using user private groups) will ensure that other members of the group will be able to write to those files. [9] [10]
See also[edit]
chattr or chflags which set attributes or flags including "immutable" flags which lock files, overriding and restricting their permissions
chmod, the command used to set permissions on Unix-like systems
Group identifier (Unix)
lsattr
POSIX
umask
User identifier (Unix)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "File and Folder Permissions". Microsoft.
Jump up ^ "OpenVMS documentation".
Jump up ^ http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19253-01/819-5461/819-5461.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.suse.de/~agruen/nfs4acl/
Jump up ^ "NFSv4_ACLs - FreeBSD Wiki".
Jump up ^ http://www.freenas.org/images/resources/freenas9.1.1/freenas9.1.1_guide.pdf
Jump up ^ "IBM Knowledge Center".
Jump up ^ Hatch, Brian. "Linux File Permission Confusion pt 2", "Hacking Linux Exposed", April 24, 2003, accessed July 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Epstein, Brian. "The How and Why of User Private Groups in Unix". https://security.ias.edu/. Institute for Advanced Study Network Security. Retrieved 5 August 2014. External link in |website= (help)
Jump up ^ Hradílek, Jaromír. "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 System Administrator's Guide, 3.3.3 Creating Group Directories". https://access.redhat.com/. Red Hat. External link in |website= (help)
External links[edit]
The Linux Cookbook: Groups and How to Work in Them by Michael Stutz 2004
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One Bad Apple
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the song. For the episode, see One Bad Apple (My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic episode).
"One Bad Apple"
Single by The Osmonds
from the album Osmonds
B-side
"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother"
Released
November 14, 1970
Format
7" vinyl
Recorded
October 26, 1970
Genre
Pop, R&B, bubblegum pop
Length
2:46
Label
MGM
Songwriter(s)
George Jackson
The Osmonds singles chronology
"I've Got Loving on My Mind"
(1970) "One Bad Apple"
(1970) "Double Lovin'"
(1971)
"I've Got Loving on My Mind"
(1970) "One Bad Apple"
(1970) "Double Lovin'"
(1971)
"One Bad Apple" was a number-one hit single released by The Osmonds on November 14, 1970. It debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 on January 2, 1971. It hit the top of the chart on February 13, 1971 and stayed there for five weeks. It also reached number six on the R&B chart.[1] Billboard ranked it as the No. 4 song for 1971.[2] Both "One Bad Apple" and the Donny Osmond-credited single "Sweet and Innocent" are on the 1970 album Osmonds. It was certified Gold by the RIAA on February 4, 1971.
The song was written by George Jackson, who originally had the Jackson 5 in mind when he wrote it.[3] According to Donny Osmond, Michael Jackson later told him that the Jackson 5 almost recorded this song first, but chose to record "ABC" instead.[4]
"One Bad Apple" was also used as the theme to The Osmonds cartoon show on ABC-TV.
Contents
[hide]
1 Other versions
2 Chart performance
2.1 Weekly charts
2.2 Year-end charts
3 References
Other versions[edit]
1984: Nolan Thomas covered it on his only album, Yo Little Brother
1974: The Credibility Gap recorded "You Can't Judge a Book by Its Hair" and a German version (with totally unrelated lyrics), "Foreign Novelty Smash," both of which borrow melodic themes from "One Bad Apple" and the Jackson 5's "The Love You Save." Both recordings appear on the album A Great Gift Idea!
1997: Aaron Carter on his self-titled debut album Aaron Carter.
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1970-71)
Peak
position
Australia KMR [5] 37
Canada RPM 1
New Zealand (Listener)[6] 17
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [7] 1
U.S. Billboard R&B/Soul[8] 6
U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 37
U.S. Cash Box Top 100[9] 1
Chart (1988)
Peak
position
UK [10] 89
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1971)
Rank
Canada [11] 20
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [12] 4
U.S. R&B/Soul (Billboard)[13] 48
U.S. Cash Box [14] 9
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 445.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1971/Top 100 Songs of 1971". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ "One Bad Apple by The Osmonds Songfacts". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Acm64edbk7I Reference starts at 0:36
Jump up ^ "Australian Chart Book". Austchartbook.com.au. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand, 12 April 1971
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 445.
Jump up ^ "CASH BOX Top 100 Singles – Week ending MONTH DD, 19YY". Retrieved 2016-10-16. [dead link]. Cash Box magazine. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Songs from the Year 1971". Tsort.info. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1971/Top 100 Songs of 1971". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ Billboard. Books.google.com. 1971-12-25. p. 15. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1971". Tropicalglen.com. 1971-12-25. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Preceded by
"Knock Three Times" by Tony Orlando and Dawn US Billboard Hot 100 number one single
February 13, 1971 (five weeks) Succeeded by
"Me and Bobby McGee" by Janis Joplin
Preceded by
"If You Could Read My Mind" by Gordon Lightfoot Canadian RPM 100 number-one single
February 27, 1971 (two weeks) Succeeded by
"Have You Ever Seen the Rain?" by Creedence Clearwater Revival
[hide]
v
t
e
The Osmonds
Merrill Osmond
Jay Osmond
Donny Osmond
Marie Osmond
Jimmy Osmond
Alan Osmond
Wayne Osmond
Studio albums
The Wonderful World of The Osmond Brothers
Hello! The Osmond Brothers
Osmonds
Homemade
Phase III
Crazy Horses
The Plan
Love Me for a Reason
The Proud One
Osmond Family Christmas
Live albums
The Osmonds Live
Compilation albums
Osmondmania!
Singles
"Mister Sandman"
"Ovan Regnbagen"
"Taking a Chance on Love"
"One Bad Apple"
"Yo-Yo"
"Down by the Lazy River"
"Hold Her Tight"
"We Can Make it Together"
"Crazy Horses"
"Goin' Home"
"Let Me In"
"Love Me for a Reason"
"I Can't Stop"
"The Proud One"
"I Can't Live a Dream"
"I'm Still Gonna Need You"
"I Think About Your Lovin'"
"Never Ending Song of Love"
"Anytime"
Related articles
The Osmonds
Donny & Marie (1976)
Donny & Marie (1998)
George Osmond
Olive Osmond
Tom Osmond
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Bad_Apple&oldid=836788864"
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1970 singles
Songs written by George Jackson (songwriter)
The Osmonds songs
Aaron Carter songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
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This page was last edited on 16 April 2018, at 21:09.
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