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Freedmen's Bureau
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A Bureau agent stands between armed groups of whites and Freedmen this 1868 sketch from Harper's Weekly.
The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, usually referred to as simply the Freedmen's Bureau,[1] was an agency of the United States Department of War to "direct such issues of provisions, clothing, and fuel, as he may deem needful for the immediate and temporary shelter and supply of destitute and suffering refugees and freedmen and their wives and children." [2]
The Freedmen's Bureau Bill, which established the Freedmen's Bureau on March 3, 1865, was initiated by President Abraham Lincoln and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War.[3] The Freedmen's Bureau was an important agency of early Reconstruction, assisting freedmen in the South. The Bureau was made a part of the United States Department of War, as it was the only agency with an existing organization that could be assigned to the South. Headed by Union Army General Oliver O. Howard, the Bureau started operations in 1865. Throughout the first year, its representatives learned that these tasks would be very difficult, as Southern legislatures passed laws for Black Codes that restricted movement, conditions of labor, and other civil rights of African Americans, nearly duplicating conditions of slavery. The Freedmen's Bureau controlled limited arable land.[4]
The Bureau's powers were expanded to help African Americans find family members from whom they had become separated during the war. It arranged to teach them to read and write, considered critical by the freedmen themselves as well as the government.[5][6] Bureau agents also served as legal advocates for African Americans in both local and national courts, mostly in cases dealing with family issues.[5] The Bureau encouraged former major planters to rebuild their plantations and urged freed blacks to return to work for them, kept an eye on contracts between the newly free laborers and planters, and pushed whites and blacks to work together as employers and employees rather than as masters and slaves.[5]
In 1866, Congress renewed the charter for the Bureau. President Andrew Johnson, a Southerner who had succeeded to the office following Lincoln's assassination, vetoed the bill because he believed that it encroached on states' rights, relied inappropriately on the military in peacetime, and would prevent freed slaves from becoming independent by offering too much assistance.[3][7] By 1869, the Bureau had lost most of its funding and as a result been forced to cut much of its staff.[3] By 1870 the Bureau had been considerably weakened due to the rise of Ku Klux Klan violence in the South.[3] In 1872, Congress abruptly abandoned the program, effectively shutting down the Bureau by refusing to approve renewal legislation. It did not inform Howard, who had been transferred to Arizona by President Ulysses S. Grant to settle hostilities between the Apache and settlers. Grant's Secretary of War William W. Belknap, was hostile to Howard's leadership and authority at the Bureau, and aroused controversy by his reassignment.
Contents
[hide]
1 Achievements
1.1 Day-to-day duties
1.2 Gender roles
1.3 Education
1.3.1 Teachers
1.4 Colleges
1.5 Educational legacy
1.6 Church establishment
2 Continuing insurgency
3 State effectiveness
3.1 Alabama
3.2 Florida
3.3 Georgia
3.4 North Carolina
3.5 South Carolina
3.6 Texas
3.7 Virginia
4 Bureau records
5 See also
6 Bibliography
6.1 General
6.2 Education
6.3 Specialized studies
6.4 Primary sources
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Achievements[edit]
Day-to-day duties[edit]
The Freedmen's Bureau office in Memphis, Tennessee, 1866.
Marriage certificate issued by the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, Wilson County, Tennessee, 1866.
The Bureau helped solve everyday problems of the newly freed slaves, such as obtaining clothing, food, water, health care, communication with family members, and jobs. Between 1865 and 1869, it distributed 15 million rations of food to freed African Americans (as well as 5 million rations to impoverished whites),[8] and set up a system where planters could borrow rations in order to feed freedmen they employed. Although the Bureau set aside $350,000 for this service, only $35,000 (10%) was borrowed by planters.[citation needed]
Despite the good intentions, efforts, and limited success of the Bureau, medical treatment of the freedmen was severely deficient.[9] Most southern white doctors and nurses would not treat freedmen, infrastructure had been destroyed by the war, and people had few means of improving sanitation. Blacks had not had much opportunity to develop their own medical personnel. In this period epidemics of cholera and yellow fever were carried along the river corridors, breaking out across the South.
Gender roles[edit]
A certificate of marriage issued by the Freedmen's Bureau
Freedman's Bureau agents, at first, complained that freedwomen were refusing to contract their labor. One of the first actions black families took was to withdraw women's labor from fieldwork. The Bureau attempted to force freed women to work by insisting that their husbands sign contracts making the whole family available as field labor in the cotton industry, and by declaring that unemployed freed women should be treated as vagrants just as men were. The Bureau did allow some exceptions, such as married women with employed husbands, and some "worthy" women who had been widowed or abandoned and had large families of small children to care for. "Unworthy" women, meaning the unruly and prostitutes, were usually the ones subjected to punishment for vagrancy.[10]
Under slavery, most marriages had been informal, as slaveholders refused to acknowledge slave marriages and they were not legally recognized, although planters often presided over marriage ceremonies for their slaves. After the war, the Freedmen's Bureau performed numerous marriages for freed couples who asked for it. As many husbands and wives had been separated during wartime chaos, the Bureau agents helped families in their attempts to reunite after the war. The Bureau had an informal regional communications system that allowed agents to send inquiries and provide answers. It sometimes provided transportation to reunite families. Freedmen and freed women turned to the Bureau for assistance in resolving issues of abandonment and divorce.
Education[edit]
The most widely recognized accomplishments of the Freedman's Bureau were in education. Prior to the Civil War, no southern state had a system of universal, state-supported public education and prohibited slaves and free blacks from gaining education. Former slaves wanted public education while the wealthier whites opposed the idea. Freedmen had a strong desire to learn to read and write; some started schools at refugee camps; others worked hard to establish schools in their communities even prior to the advent of the Freedmen's Bureau.
Oliver Otis Howard was appointed as the first Freedmen's Bureau Commissioner. Through his leadership the bureau set up four divisions: Government-Controlled Lands, Records, Financial Affairs, and Medical Affairs. Education was considered part of the Records division. Howard turned over confiscated property including planters' mansions, government buildings, books, and furniture to superintendents to be used in the education of freedmen, and provided transportation and room and board for teachers. Many Northerners came south to educate the freedmen.
The Misses Cooke's school room, Freedman's Bureau, Richmond, Virginia, 1866.
By 1866, northern missionary and aid societies worked in conjunction with the Freedmen's Bureau to provide education for former slaves. The American Missionary Association was particularly active, establishing eleven colleges in southern states for the education of freedmen. The primary focus of these groups was to raise funds to pay teachers and manage schools, while the secondary focus was the day-to-day operation of individual schools. After 1866, Congress appropriated some funds to operate the freedmen's schools. The main source of educational revenue for these schools came through a Congressional Act that gave the Freedmen's Bureau the power to seize Confederate property for educational use.
George Ruby, an African American, served as teacher and school administrator and as a traveling inspector for the Bureau, observing local conditions, aiding in the establishment of black schools, and evaluating the performance of Bureau field officers. Blacks supported him, but planters and other whites opposed him.[11]
Overall, the Bureau spent $5 million to set up schools for blacks. By the end of 1865, more than 90,000 former slaves were enrolled as students in such public schools. Attendance rates at the new schools for freedmen were between 79 and 82 percent. Brigadier General Samuel Chapman Armstrong created and led Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Virginia in 1868. It is now known as Hampton University.
The Freedmen's Bureau published their own freedmen's textbook. They emphasized the bootstrap philosophy, encouraging freedmen to believe that each person had the ability to work hard and to do better in life.[clarification needed] These readers included traditional literacy lessons; as well as selections on the life and works of Abraham Lincoln, excerpts from the Bible focused on forgiveness, biographies of famous African Americans with emphasis on their piety, humbleness and industry; and essays on humility, the work ethic, temperance, loving your enemies, and avoiding bitterness.[12]
By 1870, there were more than 1,000 schools for freedmen in the South.[13] J. W. Alvord, an inspector for the Bureau, wrote that the freedmen "have the natural thirst for knowledge," aspire to "power and influence … coupled with learning," and are excited by "the special study of books." Among the former slaves, children and adults sought this new opportunity to learn. After the Bureau was abolished, some of its achievements collapsed under the weight of white violence against schools and teachers for blacks. After the 1870s, when white Democrats regained power of southern governments, they reduced funds available to fund public education, particularly for blacks. In the 1890s they passed a new state constitutions disenfranchising most blacks by creating barriers to voter registration. They passed Jim Crow laws establishing legal segregation of public places. Segregated schools and other services for blacks were consistently underfunded by the southern legislatures.[14]
By 1871, Northerners' interest in reconstructing the South with military power had waned. Northerners were beginning to tire of the effort that Reconstruction required, were discouraged at the high rate of continuing violence around elections, and were ready for the South to take care of itself. All of the southern states had created new constitutions that established universal, publicly funded education. Groups based in the North began to redirect their money toward universities and colleges founded to educate African-American leaders.
Teachers[edit]
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Accounts by northern women and missionary societies resulted in historians believing that most Bureau teachers were well-educated women from the North, motivated by religion and abolitionism to teach in the South. In the 21st century, new research finds that half the teachers were southern whites; one-third were blacks (mostly southern), and one-sixth were northern whites.[15] Few were abolitionists; few came from New England. Men outnumbered women. The salary was the strongest motivation except for the northerners, who were typically funded by northern organizations and had a humanitarian motivation. As a group, the black cohort showed the greatest commitment to racial equality; and they were the ones most likely to remain teachers. The school curriculum resembled that of schools in the north.[16]
Colleges[edit]
The building and opening of schools of higher learning for African Americans coincided with the shift in focus for the Freedmen's Aid Societies from supporting an elementary education for all African Americans to gaining a high school and college education for African-American leaders. Both of these events worked in concert with concern on the part of white officials working with African Americans in the South. These officials were concerned about the lack of a moral or financial foundation seen in the African-American community and traced that lack of foundation back to slavery.
Generally, they believed that blacks needed help to enter a free labor market and reconstruct stable family life. Heads of local American Missionary Associations sponsored various educational and religious efforts for African Americans. Later efforts for higher education were supported by such leaders as Samuel Chapman Armstrong of the Hampton Institute and Booker T. Washington of the Tuskegee Institute (from 1881). They said that black students should be able to leave home and "live in an atmosphere conducive not only to scholarship but to culture and refinement".[17]
Most of these colleges, universities and normal schools combined what they believed were the best fundamentals of a college with that of the home, giving students a basic structure to build acceptable practices of upstanding lives. For instance, at the majority of these schools, students were expected to bathe a prescribed number of times per week, maintain an orderly living space, and present a particular appearance. At many of these institutions, Christian principles and practices were also part of the daily regime.
Educational legacy[edit]
Despite the untimely dissolution of the Freedman's Bureau, its legacy influenced the important historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs), which were the chief institutions of higher learning for blacks in the South through the decades of segregation into the mid-20th century. Under the direction and sponsorship of the Bureau, together with the American Missionary Association in many cases, from approximately 1866 until its termination in 1872, an estimated 25 institutions of higher learning for black youth were established.[18] The leaders among them continue to operate as highly ranked institutions in the 21st century. (Examples include St. Augustine's College, Fisk University, Johnson C. Smith University, Clark Atlanta University, Dillard University, Shaw University, Virginia Union University, and Tougaloo College).
As of 2009[update], there exist approximately 105 HBCUs that range in scope, size, organization and orientation. Under the Education Act of 1965, Congress officially defined an HBCU as "an institution whose principal missions were and are the education of Black Americans". HBCUs graduate over 50% of African-American professionals, 50% of African-American public school teachers, and 70% of African-American dentists. In addition, 50% of African Americans who graduate from HBCUs go on to pursue graduate or professional degrees. One in three degrees held by African Americans in the natural sciences, and half the degrees held by African Americans in mathematics, were earned at HBCUs.[19]
Perhaps the best known of these institutions is Howard University, founded in Washington, D.C., in 1867, with the aid of the Freedmen's Bureau. It was named for the commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau, General Oliver Otis Howard.[20]
Church establishment[edit]
After the Civil War, control over existing churches was a contentious issue. The Methodist denomination had split into regional associations prior to the war. In some cities, Northern Methodists seized control of Southern Methodist buildings. Numerous northern denominations, including the independent black denominations of the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) and African Methodist Episcopal Zion, sent missionaries to the South to help the freedmen. By this time the independent black denominations were increasingly well organized and prepared to evangelize to the freedmen. Within a decade, the AME and AME Zion churches had gained hundreds of thousands of new members and were rapidly organizing new congregations.[21]
Even before the war, blacks had established independent Baptist congregations in some cities and towns, such as Silver Bluff, Charleston, Petersburg, and Richmond. In many places, especially in more rural areas, they shared public services with whites. Often enslaved blacks met secretly to conduct their own services away from white supervision or oversight.[21] After the war, freedmen mostly withdrew from the white-dominated congregations of the Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian churches in order to be free to worship as they pleased away from white supervision. Within a short time, they were organizing black Baptist state association, and organized a national association in the 1890s.
Northern mission societies raised funds for land, buildings, teachers' salaries, and basic necessities such as books and furniture. For years they used networks throughout their churches to raise money for freedmen's education and worship.[22]
Continuing insurgency[edit]
An 1866 poster attacking the Freedmen's Bureau.
Most of the assistant commissioners, realizing that African Americans would not receive fair trials in the civil courts, tried to handle black cases in their own Bureau courts. Southern whites objected that this was unconstitutional. In Alabama, state and county judges were commissioned as Bureau agents. They were to try cases involving blacks with no distinctions on racial grounds. If a judge refused, martial law could be instituted in his district. All but three judges accepted their unwanted commissions, and the governor urged compliance.[23]
Perhaps the most difficult region was Louisiana's Caddo-Bossier Parish. It had not experienced wartime devastation or Union occupation. Understaffed and weakly supported by federal troops, well-meaning Bureau agents found their investigations blocked and authority undermined at every turn by recalcitrant plantation owners. Murders of freedmen were common, and suspects in these cases went unprosecuted. Bureau agents did negotiate labor contracts, build schools and hospitals, and aid freedmen, but they struggled against the oppressive environment.[24]
In March 1872, at the request of President Ulysses S. Grant and the Secretary of the Interior, Columbus Delano, General Howard was asked to temporarily leave his duties as Commissioner of the Bureau to deal with Indian affairs in the west. Upon returning from his assignment in November 1872, General Howard discovered that the Bureau and all of its activities had been officially terminated by Congress, effective as of June (Howard, 1907). While General Howard was dealing with Indian affairs in the west, the Freedmen's Bureau was steadily losing its support. During the Bureau's first year, Congress appropriated no money for the Bureau so it was forced to rely on the army for financial support. Because the Bureau had a lack of funding from the federal government, it was unable to carry out all of its initiatives to sustain the lives of the newly freed slaves and to ensure any real measure of racially equality. [25]President Johnson was also opposed to the Freedmen's Bureau and his opposition encouraged many people, especially white southerners, to challenge the Bureau. Congress was forced to dismantle the Bureau in 1872 due to pressure from white Southerners. In the South there was a never ending struggle to get the whites and blacks to work together and unfortunately, the Bureau was unable to change that.[26] In his autobiography, General Howard expressed great frustration in regard to what had taken place without his knowledge, stating "the legislative action, however, was just what I desired, except that I would have preferred to close out my own Bureau and not have another do it for me in an unfriendly manner in my absence."[27] All documents and matters pertaining to the Freedmen's Bureau were transferred from the office of General Howard to the War Department of the United States Congress.
State effectiveness[edit]
Alabama[edit]
The Bureau began distributing rations in the summer of 1865. Drought conditions resulted in so much need that the state established its own Office of the Commissioner of the Destitute to provide additional relief. The two agencies coordinated their efforts starting in 1866. The Bureau established depots in eight major cities. Counties were allocated aid in kind each month based on the number of poor reported. The counties then were required to transport the supplies themselves. The ration was larger in winter and spring, and reduced in seasons when locally-grown food was available.
In 1866, the depot at Huntsville provided five thousand rations a day. The food was distributed without regard to race. Corruption and abuse was so great that in October 1866, the President ended in-kind aid in that state. One hundred twenty thousand dollars was given to the state to provide relief to the end of January 1867. Aid then ended in the state.
Records show that at the end of the program, four times more White people received aid than did Black people.[28]
Florida[edit]
The Florida Bureau was assessed to be working effectively. Col. T. W. Osborne, the assistant commissioner of the Bureau for Florida, was an astute politician who collaborated with the leadership of both parties in the state. He was warmly praised by observers on all sides.[29][30]
Georgia[edit]
The Bureau played a major role in Georgia politics.[31] It was especially active in setting up, monitoring, and enforcing labor contracts for both men and women.[32] It also set up a new system of healthcare for the freedmen.[33]
North Carolina[edit]
In North Carolina, the bureau employed: 9 contract surgeons, at $100 per month; 26 hospital attendants, at average pay each per month $11.25; 18 civilian employees, clerks, agents, etc., at an average pay per month of $17.20; 4 laborers, at an average pay per month of $11.90; enlisted men are detailed as orderlies, guards, etc., by commanding officers of the different military posts where officers of the Bureau are serving.[34]
Some misconduct was reported to the bureau main office that bureau agents were using their posts for personal gains. Colonel E. Whittlesey was questioned but said he was not involved in nor knew of anyone involved in such activities. The bureau exercised what whites believed were arbitrary powers: making arrests, imposing fines, and inflicting punishments. They were considered to be disregarding the local laws and especially the statute of limitations. Their activities resulted in resentment among whites toward the federal government in general. These powers invoked negative feelings in many southerners that sparked many to want the agency to leave. In their review, Steedman and Fullerton repeated their conclusion from Virginia, which was to withdraw the Bureau and turn daily operations over to the military.[35]
South Carolina[edit]
In South Carolina, the bureau employed, nine clerks, at average pay each per month $108.33, one rental agent, at monthly pay of $75.00, one clerk, at monthly pay of $50.00, one storekeeper, at monthly pay of $85.00, one counselor, at monthly pay of $125.00, one superintendent of education, at monthly pay of $150.00, one printer, at monthly pay of $100.00, one contract surgeon, at monthly pay of $100.00, twenty-five laborers, at average pay per month $19.20.
General Saxton was head of the bureau operations in South Carolina; he was reported by Steedman and Fullerton to have made so many "mistakes and blunders" that he made matters worse for the freedmen. He was replaced by Brigadier General R.K. Scott. Steedman and Fullerton described Scott as energetic and a competent officer. It appeared that he took great pains to turn things around and correct the mistakes made by his predecessors.
The investigators learned of reported murders of freedmen by a band of outlaws. These outlaws were thought to be people from other states, such as Texas, Kentucky and Tennessee, who had been part of the rebel army (Ku Klux Klan chapters were similarly started by veterans in the first years after the war.) When citizens were asked why the perpetrators had not been arrested, many answered that the Bureau, with the support of the military, had the primary authority.[35]
In certain areas, such as the Sea Islands, many freedmen were destitute. Many had tried to cultivate the land and began businesses with little to no success in the social disruption of the period.[36]
Texas[edit]
Suffering much less damage in the war than some other Deep South states, Texas became a destination for some 200,000 refugee blacks from other parts of the South, in addition to 200,000 already in Texas. Slavery had been prevalent only in East Texas, and some freedmen hoped for the chance of new types of opportunity in the lightly populated but booming state. The Bureau's political role was central, as was close attention to the need for schools.[37][38][39]
Virginia[edit]
The Freedmen's Bureau had 58 clerks and superintendents of farms, paid average monthly wages $78.50; 12 assistant superintendents, paid average monthly wages 87.00; and 163 laborers, paid average monthly wages 11.75; as personnel in the state of Virginia. Other personnel included orderlies and guards.[35]
During the war, slaves had escaped to Union lines and forts in the Tidewater, where contraband camps were established. Many stayed in that area after the war, seeking protection near the federal forts. The Bureau fed 9,000 to 10,000 blacks a month over the winter, explaining:
"A majority of the freedmen to whom this subsistence has been furnished are undoubtedly able to earn a living if they were removed to localities where labor could be procured. The necessity for issuing rations to this class of persons results from their accumulation in large numbers in certain places where the land is unproductive and the demand for labor is limited. As long as these people remain in the present localities, the civil authorities refuse to provide for the able-bodied, and are unable to care for the helpless and destitute among them, owing to their great number and the fact that very few are residents of the counties in which they have congregated during the war. The necessity for the relief extended to these people, both able-bodied and helpless, by the Government, will continue as long as they remain in their present condition, and while rations are issued to the able-bodied they will not voluntarily change their localities to seek places where they can procure labor.'[40]
Bureau records[edit]
In 2000, the U.S. Congress passed the Freedmen's Bureau Preservation Act, which directed the National Archivist to preserve the extensive records of the Bureau on microfilm, and work with educational institutions to index the records.[41] In addition to those records of the Bureau headquarters, assistant commissioners, and superintendents of education, the National Archives now has records of the field offices, marriage records, and records of the Freedmen's Branch of the Adjutant General on microfilm. They are being digitized and made available through online databases. These constitute a major source of documentation on the operations of the Bureau, political and social conditions in the Reconstruction Era, and the genealogies of freedpeople.[42][43][a] The Freedmen's Bureau Project[45] (announced on June 19, 2015) was created as a set of partnerships between FamilySearch International and the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture, the Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society (AAHGS), and the California African American Museum. Tens of thousands of volunteers are needed to make these records searchable online. No specific time commitment is required, and anyone may participate. Volunteers simply log on (http://www.discoverfreedmen.org/), pull up as many scanned documents as they like, and enter the names and dates into the fields provided. Once published, information for millions of African Americans will be accessible, allowing families to build their family trees and connect with their ancestors. As of February 2016, the project was 51% complete.
In October 2006, Virginia governor Tim Kaine announced that Virginia would be the first state to index and digitize Freedmen's Bureau records.[46]
See also[edit]
United States House Committee on Freedmen’s Affairs
Freedmen's Savings Bank
Forty acres and a mule
Bibliography[edit]
see also Reconstruction: Bibliography
General[edit]
Bentley George R. A History of the Freedmen's Bureau (1955); old fashioned overview
Carpenter, John A.; Sword and Olive Branch: Oliver Otis Howard (1999); full biography of Bureau leader
Cimbala, Paul A. The Freedmen's Bureau: Reconstructing the American South after the Civil War (2005)
Cimbala, Paul A. and Trefousse, Hans L. (eds), The Freedmen's Bureau: Reconstructing the American South After the Civil War. 2005; essays by scholars.
Colby, I. C. (1985). "The Freedmen's Bureau: From Social Welfare to Segregation". Phylon. 46 (3): 219–230. doi:10.2307/274830. JSTOR 274830.
W. E. Burghardt Du Bois, The Freedmen's Bureau (1901).
Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (1988).
Goldberg, Chad Alan. Citizens and Paupers: Relief, Rights, and Race, from the Freedmen's Bureau to Workfare (2007) compares the Bureau with the WPA in the 1930s and welfare today excerpt and text search
Litwack, Leon F. Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery, 1979.
McFeely, William S. Yankee Stepfather: General O.O. Howard and the Freedmen (1994); biography of Bureau's head. excerpt and text search
Education[edit]
Abbott, Martin. "The Freedmen's Bureau and Negro Schooling in South Carolina," South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol. 57#2 (Apr., 1956), pp. 65–81 in JSTOR
Anderson, James D. The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935 (1988).
Butchart, Ronald E. Northern Schools, Southern Blacks, and Reconstruction: Freedmen's Education, 1862–1875 (1980).
Crouch, Barry A. "Black Education in Civil War and Reconstruction Louisiana: George T. Ruby, the Army, and the Freedmen's Bureau" Louisiana History 1997 38(3): 287–308. ISSN 0024-6816.
Goldhaber, Michael (1992). "A Mission Unfulfilled: Freedmen's Education in North Carolina, 1865–1870". Journal of Negro History. 77 (4): 199–210. doi:10.2307/3031474. JSTOR 3031474.
Hornsby, Alton. "The Freedmen's Bureau Schools in Texas, 1865–1870," Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. 76#4 (April, 1973), pp. 397–417 in JSTOR
Jackson, L. P. "The Educational Efforts of the Freedmen's Bureau and Freedmen's Aid Societies in South Carolina, 1862–1872," The Journal of Negro History (1923), vol 8#1, pp 1–40. in JSTOR
Jones, Jacqueline. Soldiers of Light and Love: Northern Teachers and Georgia Blacks, 1865–1873 (1980).
Morris, Robert C. Reading, 'Riting, and Reconstruction: The Education of Freedmen in the South, 1861–1870 (1981).
Myers, John B. "The Education of the Alabama Freedmen During Presidential Reconstruction, 1865–1867," Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 40#2 (Spring 1971), pp. 163–171 in JSTOR
Parker, Marjorie H. "Some Educational Activities of the Freedmen's Bureau," Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 23#1 (Winter, 1954), pp. 9–21. in JSTOR
Richardson, Joe M. Christian Reconstruction: The American Missionary Association and Southern Blacks, 1861–1890 (1986)
Richardson, Joe M. "The Freedmen's Bureau and Negro Education in Florida," Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 31#4 (Autumn, 1962), pp. 460–467. in JSTOR
Span, Christopher M. "'I Must Learn Now or Not at All': Social and Cultural Capital in the Educational Initiatives of Formerly Enslaved African Americans in Mississippi, 1862–1869," The Journal of African American History, 2002, pp. 196–222.
Tyack, David, and Robert Lowe. "The Constitutional Moment: Reconstruction and Black Education in the South," American Journal of Education, Vol. 94#2 (February 1986), pp. 236–256 in JSTOR
Williams, Heather Andrea; "'Clothing Themselves in Intelligence': The Freedpeople, Schooling, and Northern Teachers, 1861–1871", The Journal of African American History, 2002, pp. 372+.
Williams, Heather Andrea. Self-Taught: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom (2006). online edition
Specialized studies[edit]
Bethel, Elizabeth . "The Freedmen's Bureau in Alabama," Journal of Southern History Vol. 14, No. 1, (February 1948) pp. 49–92 in JSTOR.
Bickers, John M. "The Power to Do What Manifestly Must Be Done: Congress, the Freedmen's Bureau, and Constitutional Imagination", Roger Williams University Law Review, Vol. 12, No. 70, 2006 online at SSRN.
Cimbala, Paul A. "On the Front Line of Freedom: Freedmen's Bureau Officers and Agents in Reconstruction Georgia, 1865–1868," Georgia Historical Quarterly 1992 76(3): 577–611. ISSN 0016-8297.
Cimbala, Paul A. Under the Guardianship of the Nation: the Freedmen's Bureau and the Reconstruction of Georgia, 1865–1870 (1997).
Click, Patricia C. Time Full of Trial: The Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony, 1862–1867 (2001).
Crouch, Barry. The Freedmen's Bureau and Black Texans (1992).
Crouch; Barry A. "The 'Chords of Love': Legalizing Black Marital and Family Rights in Postwar Texas," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 79, 1994.
Downs, Jim. Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction (Oxford University Press, 2012)
Durrill, Wayne K. "Political Legitimacy and Local Courts: 'Politicks at Such a Rage' in a Southern Community during Reconstruction," in Journal of Southern History, Vol. 70 #3, 2004 pp. 577–617.
Farmer-Kaiser, Mary. "'Are They Not in Some Sorts Vagrants?' Gender and the Efforts of the Freedmen's Bureau to Combat Vagrancy in the Reconstruction South," Georgia Historical Quarterly 2004 88(1): 25–49. ISSN 0016-8297.
Farmer-Kaiser, Mary. Freedwomen and the Freedmen's Bureau: Race, Gender, and Public Policy in the Age of Emancipation (Fordham University Press, 2010); describes how freedwomen found both an ally and an enemy in the Bureau.
Finley, Randy. From Slavery to Future: the Freedmen's Bureau in Arkansas, 1865–1869 (1996).
Lieberman, Robert C. "The Freedmen's Bureau and the Politics of Institutional Structure," Social Science History 1994 18(3): 405–437. ISSN 0145-5532.
Lowe, Richard (1993). "The Freedman's Bureau and Local Black Leadership". Journal of American History. 80 (3): 989–998. doi:10.2307/2080411. JSTOR 2080411.
Morrow Ralph Ernst. Northern Methodism and Reconstruction (1956)
May J. Thomas. "Continuity and Change in the Labor Program of the Union Army and the Freedmen's Bureau," Civil War History 17 (September 1971): 245–54.
Oubre, Claude F. Forty Acres and a Mule. (1978).
Pearson, Reggie L. "'There Are Many Sick, Feeble, and Suffering Freedmen': the Freedmen's Bureau's Health-care Activities During Reconstruction in North Carolina, 1865–1868," North Carolina Historical Review 2002 79(2): 141–181. ISSN 0029-2494 .
Richter, William L. Overreached on All Sides: The Freedmen's Bureau Administrators in Texas, 1865–1868 (1991).
Rodrigue, John C. "Labor Militancy and Black Grassroots Political Mobilization in the Louisiana Sugar Region, 1865–1868" in Journal of Southern History, Vol. 67 #1, 2001, pp. 115–45.
Schwalm, Leslie A. "'Sweet Dreams of Freedom': Freedwomen's Reconstruction of Life and Labor in Lowcountry South Carolina," Journal of Women's History, Vol. 9 #1, 1997 pp. 9–32.
Smith, Solomon K. "The Freedmen's Bureau in Shreveport: the Struggle for Control of the Red River District," Louisiana History 2000 41(4): 435–465. ISSN 0024-6816.
Williamson, Joel. After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina during Reconstruction, 1861–1877 (1965).
Freedmen's Bureau in Texas, Texas Handbook of History online
Primary sources[edit]
Berlin, Ira, ed. Free at Last: A Documentary History of Slavery, Freedom, and the Civil War (1995)
Howard, O.O. (1907). Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard/ Major General United States Army (Volume Two). New York: The Baker & Taylor Company.
Stone, William. "Bitter Freedom:" William Stone's Record of Service in the Freedmen's Bureau, edited by Suzanne Stone Johnson and Robert Allison Johnson (2008), memoir by white Bureau official
Minutes of the Freedmen's Convention, Held in the City of Raleigh, North Carolina, October, 1866
Freedmen's Bureau Online
Reports and Speeches
General Howard's report for 1869: The House of Representatives, Forty-first Congress, second session
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ For access and inquires about the use of the records, researchers should visit or write (e-mail) the Old Military and Civil Branch, 700 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20408. For the location of previously filmed and future Freedmen's Bureau microfilm publications, researchers should contact the nearest regional archives or visit the NARA online microfilm catalog. By 2014, under arrangement with the National Archives, records are available online through FamilySearch [44] and Ancestry.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875. Memory.loc.gov. Retrieved on 2016-08-01.
Jump up ^ "Freedmen's Bureau Bill". United States Congress. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Freedmen's Bureau, The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow . Jim Crow Stories, PBS. Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
Jump up ^ Kelley, Robin D. G. (2002). Freedom Dreams. Boston: Beacon Press. p. 116.
^ Jump up to: a b c Clayborne Carson, Emma J. Lapsansky-Werner, and Gary B. Nash, The Struggle for Freedom: A History of African Americans, 256.
Jump up ^ Review of Families and Freedom: A Documentary History of African-American Kinship in the Civil War Era, Freedmen & Southern Society Project.
Jump up ^ National Park Service
The Freedman's Bureau Bill
Freedmen's Bureau Bill First Veto: 1. Opposed to the use of the military during peacetime. 2. Believed the Bill was a Federal encroachment into state matters. 3. Believed this was "class legislation" for a particular segment of society that: a. Would keep the ex-slaves from being self-sustaining, and b. Had not been done previously for struggling poor whites (as he had been as an ex-apprentice). 4. Johnson did not believe that Congress should be making such decisions for states that were not represented in Congress at that point Second veto: Johnson's second objections were the same as his first.
Jump up ^ Tracey Baptiste (15 July 2015). The Civil War and Reconstruction Eras. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-68048-041-2.
Jump up ^ Pearson 2002; Jim Downs, Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction (NY: Oxford U.P., 2012)
Jump up ^ Farmer-Kaiser, 2004
Jump up ^ Crouch 1997
Jump up ^ West, Earle H. (1982). "Book review of Freedmen's Schools and Textbooks". 51: 165–167. JSTOR 2294682.
Jump up ^ McPherson, p. 450
Jump up ^ Goldhaber 1992. p. 207
Jump up ^ Ronald E. Butchart, Schooling the Freed People: Teaching, Learning, and the Struggle for Black Freedom, 1861–1876 (2010)
Jump up ^ Michelle A. Krowl, "Review of Butchart, Ronald E., Schooling the Freed People: Teaching, Learning, and the Struggle for Black Freedom, 1861–1876 ", H-SAWH, H-Net Reviews. September, 2011.
Jump up ^ Morris, 1981, p. 160.
Jump up ^ Howard, 1907
Jump up ^ Data from United Negro College Fund.
Jump up ^ Harrison, Robert (2006-02-01). "Welfare and Employment Policies of the Freedmen's Bureau in the District of Columbia". Journal of Southern History (1 Feb 2006). Retrieved 25 January 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Church in the Southern Black Community". Documenting the South. University of North Carolina, 2004. Retrieved 15 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Morrow 1954
Jump up ^ Foner 1988
Jump up ^ Smith 2000
Jump up ^ History.com Staff. "Freedmen's Bureau". History.com. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
Jump up ^ PBS. "Freedmen's Bureau". PBS. PBS Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Howard, 1907, 447.
Jump up ^ Flynt. Poor But Proud. 1378.
Jump up ^ Joe M. Richardson, "An Evaluation of the Freedmen's Bureau in Florida," Florida Historical Quarterly (1963) 41#3 pp: 223-238 in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Bentley, George R. (1949). "The Political Activity of the Freedmen's Bureau in Florida". Florida Historical Quarterly. 28 (1): 28–37. JSTOR 30138730.
Jump up ^ Paul A. Cimbala, Under the Guardianship of the Nation: the Freedmen's Bureau and the Reconstruction of Georgia, 1865–1870 (University of Georgia Press, 2003); For an online review see John David Smith, "'The Work It Did Not Do Because It Could Not': Georgia and the 'New' Freedmen's Bureau Historiography," Georgia Historical Quarterly (1998) pp: 331-349. in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Sara Rapport, "The Freedmen's Bureau as a Legal Agent for Black Men and Women in Georgia: 1865–1868," Georgia Historical Quarterly (1989): 26-53. in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Todd L. Savitt, "Politics in Medicine: The Georgia Freedmen's Bureau and the Organization of Health Care, 1865–1866," Civil War History 28.1 (1982): 45-64. Project MUSE Online
Jump up ^ The United States Army and Navy Journal and Gazette of the Regular and Volunteer Forces. Army and Navy Journal Incorporated. 1865. p. 616. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c see "Reports of Generals Steedman and Fullerton on the condition of the Freedmen's Bureau in the Southern States"
Jump up ^ Charles F. Kovacik, and Robert E. Mason. "Changes in the South Carolina Sea Island Cotton Industry," Southeastern Geographer (1985) 25#2 pp: 77-104.
Jump up ^ Claude Elliott, "The Freedmen's Bureau in Texas." Southwestern Historical Quarterly (1952): 1-24. in JSTOR
Jump up ^ William Lee Richter, Overreached on all sides: the Freedmen's Bureau administrators in Texas, 1865–1868 (Texas A&M University Press, 1991)
Jump up ^ Barry A. Crouch, The Freedmen's Bureau and Black Texans (University of Texas Press, 2010)
Jump up ^ from "Reports of Generals Steedman and Fullerton on the condition of the Freedmen's Bureau in the Southern States", date
Jump up ^ 114 Stat. 1924[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "African American Records: Freedmen's Bureau". 15 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Reginald Washington, "Sealing the Sacred Bonds of Holy Matrimony/ Freedmen's Bureau Marriage Records", Prologue Magazine, Spring 2005, Vol. 37, No. 1.
Jump up ^ "United States Freedmen’s Bureau Marriages", FamilySearch Historical Records.
Jump up ^ "Freedmen's Bureau Project". www.discoverfreedmen.org.
Jump up ^ Cheney, Catherine (July 23, 2009). "Bringing Their Lives To Light: Virginia's Online Records Help Blacks ID Ancestors". Washington Post.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Freedmen's Bureau
Freedmen's Bureau Online
"Freedmen's Bureau Marriage Records, 1815–1866", 2007, Ancestry.com website
Joseph P. Reidy, "Slave Emancipation Through the Prism of Archives Records", Prologue Magazine, (1997)
Georgia: Freedmen's Education during Reconstruction
Africana Archives: Freedmen's Bureau Records at the USF Africana Heritage Project
[familysearch.org Criminal Offenses Texas, Freedmen's Bureau ...Office Records, 1865–1870, Sumpter, Roll 26, Letters sent, vol (158), June-Dec 1867, Apr-Dec 1868 .p. 112 Image 60]
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text:
Get Back (Ludacris song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Get Back"
Single by Ludacris
from the album The Red Light District
B-side
"Put Your Money"
Released
November 9, 2004
Format
Digital download, CD single
Recorded
2004
Genre
Original version:
Hip hop
Sum 41 Rock Remix:
Rapcore
Length
4:30 (Album Version)
4:11 (Sum 41 Rock Remix)
Label
DTP, Def Jam
Songwriter(s)
Christopher Bridges
Producer(s)
The Medicine Men, Tic Toc
Ludacris singles chronology
"Shake That Shit"
(2004) "Get Back"
(2004) "Sugar (Gimme Some)"
(2005)
"Shake That Shit"
(2004) "Get Back"
(2004) "Sugar (Gimme Some)"
(2005)
"Get Back" is a song by rapper Ludacris, from his album The Red Light District. It was released as the first single from the album and reached #13 on the Billboard Hot 100 in January 2005.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Music video
2 In popular culture
3 Charts
4 References
5 External links
Music video[edit]
The music video features Dolla Boy from DTP's Playaz Circle, who makes a brief part of the song in which he and Ludacris both say, "I came I saw I hit 'em right dead in the jaw." The video also features a cameo from Fatlip, a former member of the group The Pharcyde who previously worked with the video's director Spike Jonze.
In popular culture[edit]
A remix of the song, featuring rock band Sum 41 was also released as a single, featuring a much more rock and punk sound, than the original song, which is a hip hop song. The "Sum 41 Rock Remix" version was released as a bonus track on iTunes in the UK in both Ludacris' album The Red Light District and Sum 41's album Chuck. In addition to this, the remix was featured in the trailer for A Haunted House 2.
The song is also featured as the ending theme of the critically well-received comedy blockbuster Tropic Thunder (where Tom Cruise does a hip hop dance to it). The song was also performed at the 2010 MTV Movie Awards where both Tom Cruise and Jennifer Lopez dance to the song.
American rock band Ra mixes the chorus and part of the verse from this song into their song "Skorn" as heard on the live album Raw. The singer Sahaj Ticotin claims that a member of their street team mixed the two songs together and this is where the idea came from.
A different Rock mix featuring Lazyeye was released on one of the "Get Back" singles in 2005. This version was heard in The Longest Yard and was performed live on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and at the Spike TV Video Game Awards in 2004.
The song appeared in the teaser trailer for Smurfs: The Lost Village.
Charts[edit]
Chart (2004-05)
Peak
Position
US Billboard Hot 100[2] 13
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[3] 9
US Hot Rap Songs (Billboard)[4] 5
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[5] 9
U.S. Billboard Top 40 Tracks 29
U.S. Billboard Pop 100 14
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[6] 34
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Billboard - Google Books. Books.google.com. 2005-01-29. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
Jump up ^ "Ludacris Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved November 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ludacris Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved November 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ludacris Chart History (Hot Rap Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved November 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ludacris Chart History (Rhythmic)". Billboard. Retrieved November 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ludacris Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved November 9, 2014.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
"Get Back" Official music video on YouTube
[show]
v
t
e
Ludacris
Discography
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
Incognegro
Back for the First Time
Word of Mouf
Chicken-n-Beer
The Red Light District
Release Therapy
Theater of the Mind
Battle of the Sexes
Ludaversal
Compilations
Golden Grain
Disturbing tha Peace
Mixtapes
DJ Drama Presents: The Preview
Singles
"What's Your Fantasy"
"Southern Hospitality"
"Area Codes"
"Rollout (My Business)"
"Saturday (Oooh Oooh!)"
"Move Bitch"
"Fatty Girl"
"Act a Fool"
"P-Poppin"
"Stand Up"
"Splash Waterfalls"
"Diamond in the Back"
"Blow It Out"
"Get Back"
"Number One Spot"
"The Potion"
"Pimpin' All Over the World"
"Money Maker"
"Grew Up a Screw Up"
"Runaway Love"
"Slap"
"What Them Girls Like"
"Wish You Would"
"Undisputed"
"One More Drink"
"Nasty Girl"
"How Low"
"My Chick Bad"
"Sex Room"
"Good Lovin"
Featured singles
"One Minute Man"
"Loverboy"
"Welcome to Atlanta"
"Why Don't We Fall in Love"
"Gossip Folks"
"Holidae In"
"Yeah!"
"Lovers & Friends"
"Shake Dat Shit"
"Oh"
"Sugar (Gimme Some)"
"Georgia"
"Unpredictable"
"Need a Boss"
"Glamorous"
"Get Buck in Here"
"I'm So Hood (Remix)"
"Rock Star"
"Gimme Dat"
"Grippin'"
"How We Do It (Around My Way)"
"Still Standing"
"Chopped & Skrewed"
"How Do You Sleep?"
"Bulletproof"
"Regret"
"Creepin' (Solo)"
"Baby"
"Break Your Heart"
"All I Do Is Win"
"Ride"
"Porn Star Dancing"
"I Like"
"Saturday Night"
"Tonight (I'm Fuckin' You)"
"Dirt Road Anthem"
"Little Bad Girl"
"Wet the Bed"
"We in This Bitch"
"All Around the World"
"The Champion"
Other songs
"War with God"
"Down in tha Dirty"
"Shake Señora"
"Candy Paint & Gold Teeth"
"Representin"
"Rest of My Life"
"Party Girls"
Related articles
Disturbing tha Peace
WeMix
[show]
v
t
e
Sum 41
Deryck Whibley
Jason McCaslin
Dave Baksh
Tom Thacker
Frank Zummo
Steve Jocz
Grant McVittie
Marc Costanzo
Mark McAdam
John Nicosia
Jon Marshall
Mark Spicoluk
Richard Roy
Tommy Lee
Matt Whibley
Studio albums
All Killer No Filler
Does This Look Infected?
Chuck
Underclass Hero
Screaming Bloody Murder
13 Voices
Live albums
Does This Look Infected Too?
Go Chuck Yourself
Live at the House of Blues, Cleveland 9.15.07
EPs
Half Hour of Power
Chuck: Acoustic
Compilation albums
All the Good Shit: 14 Solid Gold Hits 2000–2008
Video albums
Introduction to Destruction
Cross the T's and Gouge Your I's
Sake Bombs and Happy Endings
Rocked: Sum 41 in Congo
DeeVeeDee
Singles
"Makes No Difference"
"Fat Lip"
"In Too Deep"
"Motivation"
"Handle This"
"What We're All About"
"Still Waiting"
"The Hell Song"
"Over My Head (Better Off Dead)"
"We're All to Blame"
"Some Say"
"Pieces"
"No Reason"
"Underclass Hero"
"Walking Disaster"
"With Me"
"Screaming Bloody Murder"
"Baby You Don't Wanna Know"
"War"
Other songs
"Little Know It All"
"Rock You"
"Get Back" (Sum 41 rock remix)
"Blood in My Eyes"
"Fake My Own Death"
"God Save Us All (Death to Pop)"
"Goddamn I'm Dead Again"
Tours
Screaming Bloody Murder Tour
Dead Silence Tour
Don't Call It a Sum-Back Tour
Related
Discography
The Operation M.D.
Brown Brigade
Gob
Treble Charger
Organ Thieves
Book
Category

This 2000s hip hop single-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
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text:
List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Member of Parliament (India).
As per the Fourth Schedule (Articles 4(1) and 80(2)) of the Constitution of India, 12 members are nominated by President for term of six years for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services.
Current Nominated Members of Rajya Sabha[edit]
This is a Current list of Members of the Rajya Sabha who have been nominated by the President.
No.
Name[1]
Field
Affiliation [2]
Date of
Appointment[3]
Date of
Retirement[3]
1
Roopa Ganguly Art Bharatiya Janata Party 04-Oct-2016 03-Oct-2022
2
Sambhaji Raje Social work Bharatiya Janata Party 07-Jun-2016 03-May-2022
3
Suresh Gopi Art Bharatiya Janata Party 25-Apr-2016 24-Apr-2022
4
Subramanian Swamy Economics Bharatiya Janata Party 25-Apr-2016 24-Apr-2022
5
Narendra Jadhav Economics Nominated 25-Apr-2016 24-Apr-2022
6
Mary Kom Sport Nominated 25-Apr-2016 24-Apr-2022
7
Swapan Dasgupta Journalism Nominated 25-Apr-2016 24-Apr-2022
8
K. T. S. Tulsi Law Nominated 25-Feb-2014 24-Feb-2020
9
K. Parasaran Law Nominated 09-Jun-2012 28-Jun-2018
10
Rekha Art Nominated 27-Apr-2012 26-Apr-2018
11
Sachin Tendulkar Social service Nominated 27-Apr-2012 26-Apr-2018
12
Anu Aga Business Nominated 27-Apr-2012 26-Apr-2018
Complete List of Nominated Members of Rajya Sabha[edit]
This is a Complete list of Members of the Rajya Sabha who have been nominated by the President.
Sr. No.
Image
Name
Tenure
1 – Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer 1952–1953
2 Satyendranath Bose 1952–1960
3 Prithviraj Kapoor 1952–1960
4 – Jagadisan Mohandas Kumarappa 1952–1954
5 – Kalidas Nag 1952–1954
6 Rukmini Devi Arundale 1952–1962
7 – N.R. Malkani 1952–1962
8 – Sahib Singh Sokhey 1952–1956
9 – Zakir Hussain 1952–1962
10 – Maithili Sharan Gupt 1952–1964
11 – Kakasaheb Kalelkar 1952–1964
12 – Radha Kumud Mukherjee 1952–1958
13 P.V. Kane 1953–1964
14 – Moturi Satyanarayana 1954–1966
15 – Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia 1954–1966
16 – Bhargavram Vitthal Warerkar 1956–1968
17 – Tara Chand 1956–1968
18 – Ajudhia Nath Khosla 1958–1964
19 – K.M. Panikkar 1959–1966
20 – Jairamdas Daulatram 1959–1976
21 – Mohanlal Saksena 1959–1964
22 – Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay 1960–1966
23 – V.T. Krishnamachari 1961–1967
24 – R.R. Diwakar 1962–1968
25 – Gopal Singh 1962–1968
26 – M. Ajmal Khan 1964–1972
27 – Satyavrata Siddhantalankar 1964–1968
28 Shakuntala Paranjpye 1964–1970
29 – Badri Nath Prasad 1964–1970
30 – G. Ramachandran 1964–1970
31 – M. N. Kaul 1964–1972
32 – Harivanshrai Bachchan 1966–1972
33 – Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil 1966–1972
34 – M.C. Setalvad 1966–1972
35 G. Sankara Kurup 1968–1972
36 Joachim Alva 1968–1974
37 S. Nurul Hasan 1968–1974
38 – K. Ramiah 1968–1974
39 – Ganga Sharan Sinha 1968–1974
40 – Maragatham Chandrasekhar 1970–1988
41 – Umashankar Joshi 1970–1976
42 – Rasheeduddin Khan 1970–1982
43 – Vidya Prakash Dutt 1971–1980
44 – Abu Abraham 1972–1978
45 – Pramathanath Bishi 1972–1978
46 – C. K. Daphtary 1972–1978
47 – Habib Tanvir 1972–1978
48 – Krishna Kriplani 1974–1980
49 Lokesh Chandra 1974–1986
50 – Scato Swu 1974–1986
51 – B.N. Banerjee 1976–1982
52 – Malcolm Adiseshiah 1978–1984
53 – Fathema Ismail 1978–1984
54 – Pandurang Dharmaji Jadhav 1978–1984
55 – Bhagwati Charan Varma 1978–1984
56 Nargis Dutt 1980–1986
57 Khushwant Singh 1980–1986
58 – Asima Chatterjee 1982–1990
59 Sivaji Ganesan 1982–1986
60 – Hayatullah Ansari 1982–1988
61 – Madan Bhatia 1982–1994
62 – V.N. Tiwari 1982–1984
63 – Ghulam Rasool Kar 1984–1987
64 – Tindivanam K. Ramamurthy 1984–1990
65 – H.L. Kapur 1985–1988
66 Salim Ali 1985–1988
67 – Purushottam Kakodkar 1985–1991
68 Ela Bhatt 1986–1988
69 – Amrita Pritam 1986–1992
70 M.F. Husain 1986–1992
71 R.K. Narayan 1986–1992
72 Ravi Shankar 1986–1992
73 – Syeda Anwara Taimur 1988–1990
74 – Sat Paul Mittal 1988–1994
75 – Bishambhar Nath Pande 1988–1994
76 – Mohammad Yunus 1989–1995
77 Prakash Ambedkar 1990–1996
78 Jagmohan 1990–1996
79 – Bhupinder Singh Mann 1990–1996
80 – Russi Karanjia 1991–1997
81 – Mahendra Prasad 1993–1994
82 – M. Aram 1993–1999
83 Vyjayantimala Bali 1993–1999
84 – B.B. Dutta 1993–1999
85 – Maulana Habibur Rahman Nomani 1993–1999
86 Nirmala Deshpande 1997 – 1999 and 2004 – 2010
87 Shabana Azmi 1997–2003
88 – P. Selvie Das 1997–2003
89 – Kartar Singh Duggal 1997–2003
90 Kuldip Nayyar 1997–2003
91 – Raja Ramanna 1997–2003
92 C. Narayana Reddy 1997–2003
93 Mrinal Sen 1997–2003
94 – Chaudhary Harmohan Singh Yadav 1997–2003
95 – Nanaji Deshmukh 1999–2005
96 Lata Mangeshkar 1999–2005
97 – Fali Nariman 1999–2005
98 – Cho Ramaswamy 1999–2005
99 Hema Malini 2003–2009
100 – Bimal Jalan 2003–2009
101 K. Kasturirangan 2003–2009
102 – Narayan Singh Manaklao 2003–2009
103 – Vidya Niwas Misra 2003–2009
104 – Chandan Mitra 2003–2009
105 Dara Singh 2003–2009
106 Kapila Vatsyayan 2006–2012
107 Ram Jethmalani 2006–2009
108 – Shobhana Bhartia 2006–2012
109 Shyam Benegal 2006–2012
110 M.S. Swaminathan 2007–2013
111 – C. Rangarajan 2008–2010
112 – H. K. Dua 2009–2015
113 – Ashok Sekhar Ganguly 2009–2015
114 – Mani Shankar Aiyar 2010–2016
115 Javed Akhtar 2010–2016
116 B. Jayashree 2010–2016
117 Ram Dayal Munda 2010–2011
118 – Bhalchandra Mungekar 2010–2016
119 – Mrinal Miri 2012–2016
120 – Anu Aga 2012–2018
121 – K. Parasaran 2012–2018
122 Rekha 2012–2018
123 Sachin Tendulkar 2012–2018
124 – K. T. S. Tulsi 2014-2020
125 Subramanian Swamy 2016-2022
126 M C Mary Kom 2016-2022
127 Narendra Jadhav 2016-2022
129 Suresh Gopi 2016-2022
130 – Swapan Dasgupta 2016-2022
131 – Sambhaji Raje 2016-2022
132 – Roopa Ganguly 2016-2022
References[edit]
Nominated Members since 1952 Narender Kumar
Current list of Nominated Members
Specific
Jump up ^ "Statewise List". 164.100.47.5. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/partymemberlist.aspx
^ Jump up to: a b "Statewise Retirement". 164.100.47.5. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_nominated_members_of_Rajya_Sabha&oldid=818220921"
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values: Edit section: Current Nominated Members of Rajya Sabha

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values: Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha

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values: Daftar anggota yang dinominasikan untuk Rajya Sabha – Indonesian

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