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Triclosan
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Not to be confused with triclocarban.
Triclosan
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
5-Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol
Other names
2,4,4'-Trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether
5-Chloro-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol
Trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether
CH-3565
Lexol 300
Irgasan DP 300
Ster-Zac
Identifiers
CAS Number
3380-34-5 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:164200 Y
ChemSpider
5363 Y
DrugBank
DB08604 Y
ECHA InfoCard 100.020.167
KEGG
D06226 Y
PubChem CID
5564
UNII
4NM5039Y5X Y
InChI[show]
InChI=1S/C12H7Cl3O2/c13-7-1-3-11(9(15)5-7)17-12-4-2-8(14)6-10(12)16/h1-6,16H Y
Key: XEFQLINVKFYRCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
InChI=1/C12H7Cl3O2/c13-7-1-3-11(9(15)5-7)17-12-4-2-8(14)6-10(12)16/h1-6,16H
Key: XEFQLINVKFYRCS-UHFFFAOYAS
SMILES[show]
Clc2cc(Cl)ccc2Oc1ccc(Cl)cc1O
Properties
Chemical formula
C12H7Cl3O2
Molar mass 289.54 g·mol−1
Appearance White solid
Density 1.49 g/cm3
Melting point 55–57 °C (131–135 °F; 328–330 K)
Boiling point 120 °C (248 °F; 393 K)
Pharmacology
ATC code
D08AE04 (WHO) D09AA06 (WHO) (medicated dressing)
Hazards
Safety data sheet MSDS
NFPA 704
1
2
0
Flash point 162.2 °C (324.0 °F; 435.3 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Y verify (what is Y N ?)
Infobox references
Triclosan (sometimes abbreviated as TCS), similar in its uses and mechanism of action to triclocarban, is an antibacterial and antifungal agent found in some consumer products, including toothpaste, soaps, detergents, toys, and surgical cleaning treatments. Its efficacy as an antimicrobial agent, the risk of antimicrobial resistance, and its possible role in disrupted hormonal development remain controversial. Additional research seeks to understand its potential effects on organisms and environmental health.
Triclosan was developed in the 1960s.[1] In September 2016, the FDA announced that effective September 2017, it would prohibit the sale of "consumer antiseptic washes" containing triclosan or 18 other ingredients marketed as antimicrobials due to FDA findings of the lack of efficacy in these products.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Uses
1.1 Effectiveness
2 Chemical structure and properties
2.1 Synthesis
3 Mechanism of action
3.1 Endocrine disruptor
4 Exposure
5 Distribution, metabolism, and elimination
6 Health concerns
6.1 Allergy
6.2 By-products
6.3 Cardiovascular disease
6.4 Hormone
7 History
8 Environmental concerns
8.1 Treatment and disposal
8.2 Bioaccumulation
8.3 Ecotoxicity
9 Resistance concerns
10 Alternatives
11 Policy
12 See also
13 References
Uses[edit]
Triclosan was used as a hospital scrub in the 1970s. Since then, it has expanded commercially and is now a common ingredient in soaps (0.10-1.00%), shampoos, deodorants, toothpastes, mouthwashes, cleaning supplies, and pesticides.[4] It is part of consumer products, including kitchen utensils, toys, bedding, socks, and trash bags.[4][5]
As of 2017, there were five registrations[further explanation needed] for triclosan with the EPA.[6] The antimicrobial active ingredient is added to a variety of products where it acts to slow or stop the growth of bacteria, fungi, and mildew. In commercial, institutional, and industrial equipment uses, triclosan is incorporated in conveyor belts, fire hoses, dye bath vats, or ice-making equipment as an antimicrobial. Triclosan may be directly applied to commercial HVAC coils, where it prevents microbial growth that prevents product degradation. [7]
By the year 2000, triclosan and triclocarban (TCC) could be found in 75% of liquid soaps and 29% of bar soaps,[8] and as of 2014[update] triclosan was used in more than 2,000 consumer products.[9]
In healthcare, triclosan is used in surgical scrubs and hand washes.[10] Use in surgical units is effective with a minimum contact time of approximately two minutes.[11][12] More recently,[when?] showering with 2% triclosan has become a recommended regimen in surgical units for the decolonization of patients whose skin carries methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).[13] Triclosan is also used in the coatings for some surgical sutures.[14][15]
Triclosan has been employed as a selective agent in molecular cloning. A bacterial host transformed by a plasmid harboring a triclosan-resistant mutant FabI gene (mFabI) as a selectable marker can grow in presence of high dose of triclosan in growth media.[16]
Effectiveness[edit]
Some studies suggest that antimicrobial hand soaps containing triclosan provide a slightly greater bacterial reduction on the hands compared to plain soap.[17] As of 2013[update], the US FDA had found clear benefit to health for some consumer products containing triclosan, but not in others; for example the FDA had no evidence that triclosan in antibacterial soaps and body washes provides any benefit over washing with regular soap and water.[18]
A Cochrane review of 30 studies concluded that triclosan/copolymer-containing toothpastes produced a 22% reduction in both dental plaque and gingival inflammation when compared with fluoride toothpastes without triclosan/copolymer.[19] There was weak evidence of a reduction in tooth cavities, and no evidence of reduction in periodontitis.
A study by Colgate-Palmolive found a significant reduction in gingivitis, bleeding, and plaque with the use of triclosan-containing toothpaste,[20] but an independent review of the Cochrane group suggests that while the reduction in gingivitis, bleeding, and plaque may be statistically significant, it may not be beneficial enough to yield clinical significance.[21]
Chemical structure and properties[edit]
This organic compound is a white powdered solid with a slight aromatic, phenolic odor. Categorized as a polychloro phenoxy phenol, triclosan is a chlorinated aromatic compound that has functional groups representative of both ethers and phenols. Phenols often demonstrate antibacterial properties. Triclosan is soluble in ethanol, methanol, diethyl ether, and strongly basic solutions such as a 1M sodium hydroxide solution, but only slightly soluble in water. Triclosan can be synthesized from 2,4-dichlorophenol.
Synthesis[edit]
Under a reflux process, 2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-methoxydiphenyl ether is treated with aluminium chloride.[22]
Triclosan can be synthesized through a three-step process starting with 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one. The 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one is dehydrated with either zinc or calcium oxide into 1-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one.[23] Then, 1-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one can be reacted with 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenyl acrylate in n-heptane to form triclosan.[24]
The United States Pharmacopeia formulary has published a monograph for triclosan that sets purity standards.[25]
Mechanism of action[edit]
At high concentrations, triclosan acts as a biocide with multiple cytoplasmic and membrane targets.[26] However, at the lower concentrations seen in commercial products, triclosan appears bacteriostatic, and it targets bacteria primarily by inhibiting fatty acid synthesis.
Triclosan binds to bacterial enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR) enzyme,[27] which is encoded by the gene FabI. This binding increases the enzyme's affinity for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). This results in the formation of a stable, ternary complex of ENR-NAD+-triclosan, which is unable to participate in fatty acid synthesis. Fatty acids are necessary for building and reproducing cell membranes. Humans do not have an ENR enzyme and thus are not affected by this mode of action.
Endocrine disruptor[edit]
Triclosan has been found to be a weak endocrine disruptor, though the relevance of this to humans is uncertain.[28][29] The compound has been found to bind with low affinity to both the androgen receptor and the estrogen receptor, where both agonistic and antagonistic responses have been observed.[28]
Exposure[edit]
Humans are exposed to triclosan through skin absorption when washing hands or in the shower, brushing teeth, using mouthwash or doing dishes, and through ingestion when swallowed. When triclosan is released into the environment, additional exposure to the chemical is possible through ingesting plants grown in soil treated with sewage sludge, or eating fish exposed to it.[30]
An article from the American Society of Agronomy refers to a study done by Monica Mendez et al., in which the researchers irrigated plants with water contaminated with triclosan and months later found it in all edible parts of tomato and onion plants.[31] Triclosan is found to kill a wide spectrum of bacteria, and the researchers are also concerned about the effect it has on the beneficial bacteria in soil.[32]
Distribution, metabolism, and elimination[edit]
Once absorbed, triclosan is metabolized by humans primarily through conjugation reactions into glucuronide and sulfate conjugates that are excreted in feces and urine. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrate that triclosan sulfate and glucuronide may be formed in the liver at approximately equal rates at the environmentally relevant concentration of 1 to 5 microMolar. When concentrations of triclosan are below 1 microMolar, sulfonation is expected to be the major metabolic pathway for elimination.[33]
Health concerns[edit]
Because of potential health concerns spanning from antimicrobial resistance to endocrine disruption, triclosan has been designated as a "contaminant of emerging concern (CEC)", meaning it is under investigation for public health risk. "Emerging contaminants" can be broadly defined as any synthetic or naturally occurring chemical or any microorganism that is not commonly monitored in the environment but has the potential to enter the environment and cause known or suspected adverse ecological and(or) human health effects.[34] Triclosan is thought to accumulate in wastewater and return to drinking water, thus propagating a buildup that could cause increasing effects with ongoing use.[35]
In an article from May 2015 on the current status of triclosan, Gurpreet Singh Dhillon and colleagues cite various studies that report “emerging health concerns related to the use of TCS such as microbial resistance, dermal irritations, endocrine disruption, higher incidence of allergies, altered thyroid hormone metabolism and tumors development due to TCS and its by-products”.[36]
Triclosan is considered safe by some but is under ongoing review by the FDA.[18] Health Canada's review concluded "that triclosan is not harmful to human health but can cause harm to the environment when used in significant amounts. This preliminary assessment confirms that Canadians can continue to safely use products such as toothpaste, shampoo and soap containing triclosan".[37]
In the United States, after a decades-long review of the potential health issues from this contaminant of emerging concern, the FDA ruled on September 6, 2016, that 19 active ingredients including triclosan are not generally recognized as safe and effective (GRAS/GRAE).[38] [See policy section below].
Allergy[edit]
Triclosan has been associated with a higher risk of food allergy.[39] This may be because exposure to bacteria reduces allergies, as predicted by the hygiene hypothesis, and not caused by toxicology of triclosan itself. This effect may also occur with chlorhexidine gluconate and PCMX, among other antibacterial agents.[40][41] Other studies have linked triclosan to allergic contact dermatitis in some individuals.[42][43] Additionally, triclosan concentrations have been associated with allergic sensitization, especially inhalant and seasonal allergens, rather than food allergens.[44]
By-products[edit]
Triclosan can react with the free chlorine in chlorinated tap water to produce lesser amounts of other compounds, such as 2,4-dichlorophenol. Some of these intermediates convert into dioxins upon exposure to UV radiation (from the sun or other sources).[45] The dioxins that can form from triclosan are not considered to be congeners of toxicologic concern for mammals, birds and fish.[46][47]
Cardiovascular disease[edit]
The use of triclosan-toothpaste may not be associated with any increase in serious adverse cardiac events.[48]
Hormone[edit]
Concerns on the health effects of triclosan have been raised after it was detected in human breast milk, blood, and urine samples. While no human data exists, studies on rats have shown that triclosan exposure modulates estrogen-dependent responses.[49] There have been many studies performed over the years both in vivo and in vitro, in male and female fish and rats and they all support the conclusion that triclosan possesses (anti)estrogenic and (anti)androgenic properties depending on species, tissues, and cell types.[33]
History[edit]
Triclosan (TCS) was patented in 1964[50] by Swiss company Ciba-Geigy. The earliest known safety testing began in 1968.[51] It was introduced the next year, mainly for use in hospitals, and was in worldwide production and use by the early 1970s.
In 1997 Ciba-Geigy merged with another Swiss company, Sandoz, to form Novartis.[52] During the merger, Ciba-Geigy’s chemical business was spun off to become Ciba Specialty Chemicals, which was acquired in 2008 by chemical giant BASF. BASF currently manufactures TCS under the brand name Irgasan DP300.[53]
Environmental concerns[edit]
Treatment and disposal[edit]
The duration of triclosan in personal product use is relatively short. Upon disposal, triclosan is sent to municipal sewage treatment plants, where about 97-98% of triclosan is removed.[54] Studies show that substantial quantities of triclosan (170,000 – 970,000 kg/yr) can break through wastewater treatment plants and damage algae on surface waters.[54] In a study on effluent from wastewater treatment facilities, approximately 75% of triclocarban was present in sludge.[55] This poses a potential environmental and ecological hazard, particularly for aquatic systems. The volume of triclosan re-entering the environment in sewage sludge after initial successful capture from wastewater is 44,000 ± 60,000 kg/yr.[54] Triclosan can attach to other substances suspended in aquatic environments, which potentially endangers marine organisms and may lead to further bioaccumulation.[56] Ozone is considered to be an effective tool for removing triclosan during sewage treatment. As little triclosan is released through plastic and textile household consumer products, these are not considered to be major sources of triclosan contamination.[56]
During wastewater treatment, a portion of triclosan is degraded, while the remaining adsorbs to sewage sludge or exits the plant as effluent.[57][58] In the environment, triclosan may be degraded by microorganisms or react with sunlight, forming other compounds, which include chlorophenols and dioxins.
During 1999 to 2000, US Geological Survey detected TCS in 57.6% of streams and rivers sampled.[59]
Bioaccumulation[edit]
While studies using semi-permeable membrane devices have found that triclosan does not strongly bioaccumulate, methyl-triclosan is comparatively more stable and lipophilic and thus poses a higher risk of bioaccumulation. The ability of triclosan to bioaccumulate is affected by its ionization state in different environmental conditions.[60]
Global warming may increase uptake and effects of triclosan in aquatic organisms.[61]
Ecotoxicity[edit]
Further information: Ecotoxicity
Triclosan is toxic to aquatic bacteria at levels found in the environment. It is highly toxic to various types of algae and has the potential to affect the structure of algal communities, particularly immediately downstream of effluents from wastewater treatment facilities that treat household wastewaters.[62] Triclosan has been observed in multiple organisms, including algae, aquatic blackworms, fish, and dolphins. It has also been found in land animals including earthworms and species higher up the food chain.[54]
Triclosan favors anaerobic conditions which is typical in soil and sediment. The antimicrobial properties of Triclosan are resistant to anaerobic degradation which is the main contributor to its persistence in the environment.[63]
Resistance concerns[edit]
Concern pertains to the potential for cross-resistance or co-resistance to other antimicrobials. Numerous studies have been performed and there have been results indicating that the use of biocidal agents, such as triclosan, can cause cross-resistance. Results from a study published in The American Journal of Infection Control showed that exposure to triclosan was associated with a high risk of developing resistance and cross-resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. This was not observed with exposure to chlorhexidine or a hydrogen peroxide-based agent (during the conditions in said study).[64]
Alternatives[edit]
A comprehensive analysis in 2007 from the University of Michigan School of Public Health indicated that plain soaps are just as effective as consumer-grade antibacterial soaps with triclosan in preventing illness and removing bacteria from the hands.[65]
Nonorganic antibiotics and organic biocides are effective alternatives to triclosan, such as silver and copper ions and nanoparticles.[66]
Policy[edit]
In the US, triclosan is regulated as a pesticide by EPA and as a drug by FDA. EPA generally regulates uses on solid surfaces, and FDA regulations cover uses in personal care products.
In 1974, the US FDA began the drug review monograph process for "over-the-counter (OTC) topical antimicrobial products," including triclosan and triclocarban. The advisory panel first met on June 29, 1972, and the agency published its proposed rule on Sept 13, 1974. The initial rule applied to, “OTC products containing antimicrobial ingredients for topical human use, which includes soaps, surgical scrubs, skin washes, skin cleansers, first aid preparations and additional products defined by the panel.”[67] The proposed rule lists dozens of products that were already on the market at the time and the firms that produced them.
In 1978 FDA published a tentative final monograph (TFM) for topical antimicrobial products. The record was re-opened in March 1979 to take into account six comments the agency received during the period for submitting objections to the TFM, including new data submitted by Procter & Gamble on the safety and effectiveness of triclocarban and by Ciba-Geigy on the proliferation of use of triclosan. The document states that, “significant amounts of new and previously unconsidered data were submitted with each of the above petitions.”[68] It was re-opened again in October of that year to permit interested persons to submit further data establishing conditions for the safety, effectiveness and labeling of over-the-counter topical antimicrobial products for human use.
The next document issued was a proposed rule dated June 17, 1994, which states, “FDA is issuing a notice of proposed rulemaking in the form of an amended tentative final monograph that would establish conditions under which OTC topical health-care antiseptic drug products are generally recognized as safe and effective and not misbranded. FDA is issuing this notice of proposed rulemaking on topical antimicrobial drug products after considering the public comments on that notice and other information in the administrative record for this rulemaking. FDA is also requesting data and information concerning the safety and effectiveness of topical antimicrobials for use as hand sanitizers or dips.”[69] In the 1994 update to the rule, TCS was effectively removed from the drug category which made it available for use in consumer products.[70]
In 2010, the Natural Resources Defense Council forced the FDA to review triclosan after suing them for their inaction. Because the FDA prohibited hexachlorophene, a compound similar to triclosan, Halden and others argued that the FDA should also ban triclosan.[54] On December 17, 2013, the FDA issued a draft rule revoking the Generally recognized as safe status of triclosan as an ingredient in hand wash products, citing the need for additional studies of its potential endrocrine and developmental effects; impact on bacterial resistance; and carcinogenic potential.[71]
On September 6, 2016, 44 years after its initial proposed rule, FDA issued a final rule establishing that 19 active ingredients, including triclosan and triclocarban, used in over-the-counter (OTC) consumer antiseptic products intended for use with water (aka consumer antiseptic washes) are not generally recognized as safe and effective (GRAS/GRAE) and are misbranded, and are new drugs for which approved applications under section 505 of the FD&C Act are required for marketing.[72] Companies have one year to reformulate products without these ingredients, take them off the market or submit a New Drug Application (NDA) for the products. The 19 ingredients are: ◦Cloflucarban ◦Fluorosalan ◦Hexachlorophene ◦Hexylresorcinol ◦Iodine complex (ammonium ether sulfate and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate) ◦Iodine complex (phosphate ester of alkylaryloxy polyethylene glycol) ◦Methylbenzethonium chloride ◦Nonylphenoxypoly (ethyleneoxy) ethanoliodine ◦Phenol (greater than 1.5 percent) ◦Phenol (less than 1.5 percent) ◦Poloxamer-iodine complex ◦Povidone-iodine 5 to 10 percent ◦Secondary amyltricresols ◦Sodium oxychlorosene ◦Tribromsalan ◦Triclocarban ◦Triclosan ◦Triple dye ◦Undecoylium chloride iodine complex
In 2015 and 2016 FDA also issued proposed rules to amend the 1994 TFM regarding the safety and effectiveness of OTC health care antiseptics and OTC consumer antiseptic rubs.
The state of Minnesota took action against triclosan in advance of a federal rule. In May 2014, the governor signed a bill banning triclosan-containing products in the state. A CNN article quotes the new law, "In order to prevent the spread of infectious disease and avoidable infections and to promote best practices in sanitation, no person shall offer for retail sale in Minnesota any cleaning product that contains triclosan and is used by consumers for sanitizing or hand and body cleansing.”[73] The law goes into effect on Jan 1 2017. The exceptions to this rule are individual products that have received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration for consumer use.
In light of mounting evidence on the human health and ecotoxic effects of triclosan, some companies reformulated to remove it in advance of regulation: Colgate-Palmolive removed it from Palmolive Dish Soap and Softsoap in 2011 (but it remains in Colgate Total toothpaste); Johnson & Johnson removed it from baby products in 2012 and all products in 2015; Procter & Gamble from all products in 2014; In 2014 it was removed from Clearasil and Avon began phasing it out; and Unilever removed it from skin care and cleansing products in 2015, and says oral care by 2017.[74]
In Canada, triclosan is allowed in cosmetics, though FDA’s recent announcement has prompted Health Canada spokeswoman Maryse Durette to state in an e-mail to Toronto newspaper The Globe and Mail that, “the government will publish a final assessment of the safety of triclosan ‘in the near future’ and take further action ‘if warranted.’”[75] Health Canada maintains a Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist, including hundreds of chemicals that are not allowed or whose use is restricted in cosmetics. The list states that triclosan is currently allowed in cosmetics up to 0.3%, and 0.03% in mouthwashes and other oral products with required warnings to avoid swallowing and not for use in children under the age of 12.[76]
Triclosan was not approved by the European Commission as an active substance for use in biocidal products for product-type 1 in January 2016.[77] In the United States, manufacturers of products containing triclosan must indicate its presence on the label. In Europe, triclosan is regulated as a cosmetic preservative and must be listed on the label.[78] Usage of triclosan in cosmetic products was restricted by the EU commission in 2014.[79]
See also[edit]
Antibacterial soap
Benzalkonium chloride
Bioaccumulation
Breast cancer
Chlorhexidine gluconate
Chlorine
Chloroform
Chloroxylenol
Deodorant
Dial (soap)
Hand sanitizer
Hygiene hypothesis
Simple aromatic ring
Triclocarban
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Jump up ^ Izlar, Rossie. (May 25, 2016). Following Tricky Triclosan. Retrieved from American Society of Agronomy, https://www.agronomy.org/science-news/following-tricky-triclosan
^ Jump up to: a b Yueh, M., Tukey, R. H. Triclosan: A widespread environmental toxicant with many biological effects. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Vol. 6, 2016, 251-272. Retrieved on October 27, 2016, http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103417
Jump up ^ United States Geological Survey. Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Environment. Retrieved October 27, 2016, from http://toxics.usgs.gov/investigations/cec/index.php
Jump up ^ Food and Drug Administration. (2016) 5 Things to know about Triclosan. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm205999.htm
Jump up ^ Dhillon, G. S.; Kaur, S.; Pulicharla, R.; Brar, S. K.; Cledón, M.; Verma, M.; Surampalli, R. Y. (2015). "Triclosan: Current Status, Occurrence, Environmental Risks and Bioaccumulation Potential". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 12 (5): 5657–5684. doi:10.3390/ijerph120505657.
Jump up ^ "Safety of Cosmetic Ingredients". Health Canada. Health Canada.
Jump up ^ Food and Drug Administration (2016) FDA issues final rule on safety and effectiveness of antibacterial soaps. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm517478.htm
Jump up ^ Sicherer, Scott H.; Leung, Donald Y.M. (2013). "Advances in allergic skin disease, anaphylaxis, and hypersensitivity reactions to foods, drugs, and insects in 2012". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 131 (1): 55–66. PMID 23199604. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.007.
Jump up ^ Clayton, Erin M. Rees; Todd, Megan; Dowd, Jennifer Beam; Aiello, Allison E. (2010). "The Impact of Bisphenol a and Triclosan on Immune Parameters in the U.S. Population, NHANES 2003–2006". Environmental Health Perspectives. 119 (3): 390–6. PMC 3060004  . PMID 21062687. doi:10.1289/ehp.1002883. Lay summary – ScienceDaily (Nov 30, 2010).
Jump up ^ Fulton, April (November 29, 2010). "New Questions Raised On Chemicals In Soaps, Plastics". NPR. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
Jump up ^ Bhutani, Tina; Jacob, Sharon E. (2009). "Triclosan". Dermatologic Surgery. 35 (5): 888–9. PMID 19389086. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2009.01151.x.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Lauren; Zirwas, Matthew J.; Mowad, Christen M. (2006). "Triclosan". Dermatitis. 17 (4): 204–7. PMID 17150172. doi:10.2310/6620.2006.06014.
Jump up ^ Bertelsen, R. J.; Longnecker, M. P.; Løvik, M.; Calafat, A. M.; Carlsen, K-H.; London, S. J.; Lødrup Carlsen, K. C. (2013). "Triclosan exposure and allergic sensitization in Norwegian children". Allergy. 68 (1): 84–91. PMC 3515701  . PMID 23146048. doi:10.1111/all.12058.
Jump up ^ Bedoux, Gilles; Roig, Benoit; Thomas, Olivier; Dupont, Virginie; Le Bot, Barbara (2011). "Occurrence and toxicity of antimicrobial triclosan and by-products in the environment". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 19 (4): 1044–65. PMID 22057832. doi:10.1007/s11356-011-0632-z.
Jump up ^ "Triclosan Registration Review Preliminary Work Plan". Environmental Protection Agency. 27 March 2013.
Jump up ^ van den Berg, M; van Birgelen, A; Birnbaum, L; Brouwer, B; Carrier, G; Dragan, Y; Farland, W; Feeley, M; Fýrst, P; Galli, CL; Greig, J; Hayashi, Y; Kogevinas, M; Kurokawa, Y; Larsen, JC; Liem, AKD; Matsumura, F; Mocarelli, P; Moore, MR; Newhook, RC; Peterson, RE; Poellinger, L; Portier, C; Rogan, WJ; Schrenk, D; Sweeney, MH; Tohyama, C; Tuomisto, J; Water; Zeilmaker, M (2000). "Consultation on assessment of the health risk of dioxins; re-evaluation of the tolerable daily intake (TDI): Executive Summary". Food Additives and Contaminants. 17 (4): 223–40. PMID 10912238. doi:10.1080/713810655.
Jump up ^ Cullinan, Mary P.; Palmer, Janet E.; Carle, Anne D.; West, Malcolm J.; Westerman, Bill; Seymour, Gregory J. (2015-03-01). "The influence of a triclosan toothpaste on adverse events in patients with cardiovascular disease over 5-years". The Science of the Total Environment. 508: 546–552. ISSN 1879-1026. PMID 25442641. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.052.
Jump up ^ "Triclosan exposure modulates estrogen-dependent responses in the female wistar rat." Toxicol Sci. 2010 Sep;117(1):45-53. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfq180.
Jump up ^ Halden, Rolf U (March 3, 2014). "On the need and speed of regulating triclosan and triclocarban in the United States". Environmental Science and Technology. 48 (7): 3603–3611. PMC 3974611  . PMID 24588513. doi:10.1021/es500495p. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kary, Tiffany (August 11, 2014). "Cancer-Linked Colgate Total Ingredient Suggests FDA Flaws". Bloomberg. Retrieved October 29, 2016. From embedded infographic: Triclosan: Four Decades of Regulatory Limbo
Jump up ^ "Company history", corporate website, Novartis, novartis.com, archived from the original on 30 December 2010
Jump up ^ "Homecare and I & I: Irgasan DP 300". BASF.com. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Halden, Rolf U. (2014). "On the Need and Speed of Regulating Triclosan and Triclocarban in the United States". Environmental Science & Technology. 48 (7): 3603–11. Bibcode:2014EnST...48.3603H. PMC 3974611  . PMID 24588513. doi:10.1021/es500495p.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Bradley O.; Smith, Stephen R. (2011). "Review of 'emerging' organic contaminants in biosolids and assessment of international research priorities for the agricultural use of biosolids". Environment International. 37 (1): 226–47. PMID 20797791. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2010.06.004.
^ Jump up to: a b "Triclosan Facts". Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 17 Feb 2014.
Jump up ^ Singer, Heinz; Müller, Stephan; Tixier, Céline; Pillonel, Laurent (2002). "Triclosan: Occurrence and Fate of a Widely Used Biocide in the Aquatic Environment: Field Measurements in Wastewater Treatment Plants, Surface Waters, and Lake Sediments". Environmental Science & Technology. 36 (23): 4998–5004. Bibcode:2002EnST...36.4998S. PMID 12523412. doi:10.1021/es025750i.
Jump up ^ Heidler, Jochen; Halden, Rolf U. (2007). "Mass balance assessment of triclosan removal during conventional sewage treatment". Chemosphere. 66 (2): 362–9. PMID 16766013. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.066.
Jump up ^ Dhillon, p. 5668.
Jump up ^ Brausch, John; Rand, Gary (2011). "A review of personal care products in the aquatic environment: Environmental concentrations and toxicity". Chemosphere. 82 (11): 1518–1532. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.018.
Jump up ^ Tiffany L. Hedrick-Hoppera, Lauren P. Kostera, Sandra L. Diamond (2015). "Accumulation of triclosan from diet and its neuroendocrine effects in Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) under two temperature Regimes". Marine Environmental Research. 112: 52–60. doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.09.006. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "Estimates Of Exposures And Risks To Aquatic Organisms From Releases Of Triclosan To Surface Water As A Result Of Uses Under EPA'S Jurisdiction" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-09-22.
Jump up ^ Dann, A. B., Hontela, A. Triclosan: environmental exposure, toxicity and mechanisms of action. J. of Applied Toxicology. Vol. 31:4, May 2011, 285-311. Retrieved on October 27, 2016. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jat.1660/full
Jump up ^ Westgate, Rebecca; Grasha, Pierre; Maillard, Jean-Yves (2016). "Use of a predictive protocol to measure the antimicrobial resistance risks associated with biocidal product usage". American Journal of Infection Control. 44 (4): 458–64. PMID 26810885. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2015.11.009.
Jump up ^ Aiello, A. E.; Larson, E. L.; Levy, S. B. (2007). "Consumer Antibacterial Soaps: Effective or Just Risky?". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 45: S137–47. PMID 17683018. doi:10.1086/519255. Lay summary – Phys.org (Aug 15, 2007).
Jump up ^ Kim, Jun Sung; Kuk, Eunye; Yu, Kyeong Nam; Kim, Jong-Ho; Park, Sung Jin; Lee, Hu Jang; Kim, So Hyun; Park, Young Kyung; Park, Yong Ho; Hwang, Cheol-Yong; Kim, Yong-Kwon; Lee, Yoon-Sik; Jeong, Dae Hong; Cho, Myung-Haing (2007). "Antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles". Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine. 3: S137–47. PMID 17379174. doi:10.1016/j.nano.2006.12.001.
Jump up ^ Proposal to Establish a Monograph for OTC Topical Antimicrobial Products. Federal Register, vol. 39, no. 179. September 13, 1974. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/DevelopmentResources/Over-the-CounterOTCDrugs/StatusofOTCRulemakings/UCM107140.pdf
Jump up ^ Topical Antimicrobial Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use: Reopening of the Administrative Record. Federal Register, vol. 44, no. 48. March 9, 1979. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/DevelopmentResources/Over-the-CounterOTCDrugs/StatusofOTCRulemakings/UCM107157.pdf
Jump up ^ Topical Antimicrobial Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use. Federal Register, vol. 59, no. 116. June 17, 1994. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/DevelopmentResources/Over-the-CounterOTCDrugs/StatusofOTCRulemakings/UCM110451.pdf
Jump up ^ Halden, p. 3606, figure 1.
Jump up ^ "Federal Register" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-09-22.
Jump up ^ Safety and Effectiveness of Consumer Antiseptics; Topical Antimicrobial Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use. Federal Register, vol. 81, no. 172. September 6, 2016. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-09-06/pdf/2016-21337.pdf
Jump up ^ Landau, Elizabeth and Young, Saundra. (May 21, 2014). Minnesota issues ban on antibacterial ingredient. CNN. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/21/health/triclosan-ban-antibacterial/
Jump up ^ Kary, Tiffany. Triclosan: Four Decades of Regulatory Limbo. (August 11, 2014). [Infographic embedded in article Cancer-Linked Colgate Total Ingredient Suggests FDA flaws]. Bloomberg. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/infographics/triclosan-four-decades-of-regulatory-limbo.html
Jump up ^ Weeks, Carly. (Sept 6 2016). The FDA will ban antibacterial ingredients from soaps. What about Canada? The Globe and Mail. Retrieved from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/health/the-fda-will-ban-antibacterial-ingredients-from-soaps-what-about-canada/article31729886/
Jump up ^ Consumer Ingredient Hotlist. Health Canada website. Retrieved October 20, 2016, http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/cosmet-person/hot-list-critique/hotlist-liste-eng.php
Jump up ^ "EUR-Lex - 32016D0110 - EN - EUR-Lex". eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "REGULATION (EC) No 1223 /2009 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products". Official Journal of the European Union. 2009.
Jump up ^ Commission Regulation (EU) No 358/2014 of 9 April 2014
[show]
v
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Antiseptics and disinfectants (D08)
Acridine derivatives
Ethacridine lactate
9-Aminoacridine
Euflavine
Biguanides and amidines
Dibrompropamidine
Chlorhexidine#
Propamidine
Hexamidine
Polihexanide
Phenol and derivatives
Hexachlorophene
Policresulen
Phenol
Triclosan
Triclocarban
Chloroxylenol#
Biphenylol
Fenticlor
Nitrofuran derivatives
Nitrofurazone
Iodine products
Iodine/octylphenoxypolyglycolether
Povidone-iodine#
Diiodohydroxypropane
Quinoline derivatives
Dequalinium
Chlorquinaldol
Oxyquinoline
Clioquinol
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Benzalkonium
Benzethonium chloride
Cetrimonium (bromide/chloride)
Cetylpyridinium
Cetrimide
Benzoxonium chloride
Didecyldimethylammonium chloride
Mercurial products
Mercuric amidochloride
Phenylmercuric borate
Mercuric chloride
Merbromin
Thiomersal
Mercuric iodide
Silver compounds
Silver nitrate
Alcohols
Propanol (propyl alcohol)
Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol)
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)#
Other
Potassium permanganate
Sodium hypochlorite
Hydrogen peroxide
Eosin
Tosylchloramide
Octenidine dihydrochloride
#WHO-EM
‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
†Phase III
§Never to phase III
[show]
v
t
e
Medicated dressings (D09)
Ointment dressings
with anti-infectives
Aluminium chlorohydrate
Benzalkonium
Benzododecinium
Cetylpyridinium
Chlorhexidine
Clioquinol
Framycetin
Fusidic acid
Iodoform
Nitrofural
Phenylmercuric nitrate
Povidone-iodine
Triclosan
Other
Soft paraffin dressings
Zinc bandages
[show]
v
t
e
Androgen receptor modulators
AR
Agonists
Testosterone derivatives: 4-Androstenediol
4-Dehydroepiandrosterone (4-DHEA)
4-Hydroxytestosterone
5-Androstenedione
11-Ketotestosterone
11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione
Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione, 11-oxoandrostenedione)
Androstenediol (5-androstenediol)
Androstenediol 3β-acetate
Androstenediol 17β-acetate
Androstenediol diacetate
Androstenediol dipropionate
Androstenedione (4-androstenedione)
Atamestane
Boldenone
Boldenone undecylenate
Boldione (1,4-androstadienedione)
Clostebol
Clostebol acetate
Clostebol caproate
Clostebol propionate
Cloxotestosterone
Cloxotestosterone acetate
Dehydroandrosterone
DHEA (androstenolone, prasterone; 5-DHEA)
DHEA enanthate (prasterone enanthate)
DHEA sulfate
Exemestane
Formestane
Plomestane
Quinbolone
Silandrone
Testosterone#
Testosterone esters
Dihydrotestosterone derivatives: 1-Androstenediol
1-Androstenedione
1-Androsterone (1-andro, 1-DHEA)
1-Testosterone
3α-Androstanediol
5α-Androst-2-en-17-one
7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone
11-Ketodihydrotestosterone
Androsterone
Bolazine
Bolazine capronate
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (androstanolone, stanolone)
Dihydrotestosterone esters
Drostanolone
Drostanolone propionate
Epiandrosterone
Epitiostanol
Mepitiostane
Mesabolone
Mesterolone
Nisterime
Nisterime acetate
Prostanozol
Stenbolone
Stenbolone acetate
Testifenon (testiphenon, testiphenone)
19-Nortestosterone derivatives: 7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione (MENT dione, trestione)
11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone
11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate
19-Nor-5-androstenediol
19-Nor-5-androstenedione
Bolandiol
Bolandiol dipropionate
Bolandione (19-nor-4-androstenedione)
Bolmantalate (nandrolone adamantoate)
Dienedione
Dienolone
Dimethandrolone
Dimethandrolone buciclate
Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate
Dimethandrolone undecanoate
LS-1727 (nandrolone 17β-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosocarbamate)
Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene)
Nandrolone
Nandrolone esters
Norclostebol
Norclostebol acetate
Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone)
Oxabolone
Oxabolone cipionate (oxabolone cypionate)
Trenbolone
Trenbolone acetate
Trenbolone enanthate
Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate
Trestolone (MENT)
Trestolone acetate
Dihydrotestosterone and 19-nortestosterone derivatives: 5α-Dihydronandrolone
19-Norandrosterone
17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives:
Bolasterone
Calusterone
Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol (CDMA)
Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT)
Chloromethylandrostenediol (CMA)
Enestebol
Ethyltestosterone
Fluoxymesterone
Formebolone
Hydroxystenozole
Metandienone (methandrostenolone)
Methandriol (methylandrostenediol)
Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate
Methandriol diacetate
Methandriol dipropionate
Methandriol propionate
Methylclostebol (chloromethyltestosterone)
Methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether
Oxymesterone
Penmesterol
Tiomesterone
17α-Alkylated dihydrotestosterone derivatives: Androisoxazole
Desoxymethyltestosterone
Furazabol
Mebolazine (dimethazine)
Mestanolone
Metenolone
Metenolone acetate
Metenolone enanthate
Methasterone
Methyl-1-testosterone
Methylepitiostanol
Methylstenbolone
Oxandrolone
Oxymetholone
Stanozolol
17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives: Bolenol
Dimethyltrienolone (7α-methylmetribolone, 7α,17α-dimethyltrenbolone)
Ethyldienolone
Ethylestrenol
Methyldienolone
Methylhydroxynandrolone (MOHN, MHN)
Metribolone
Mibolerone
Norboletone
Norethandrolone
Propetandrol
Tetrahydrogestrinone
17α-Vinyltestosterone derivatives: Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone)
Vinyltestosterone
17α-Ethynyltestosterone derivatives: Δ4-Tibolone
Danazol
Desogestrel
Ethisterone (ethynyltestosterone)
Etonogestrel
Etynodiol
Etynodiol diacetate
Gestodene
Gestrinone
Levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel butanoate
Lynestrenol
Norethisterone
Norethisterone acetate
Norethisterone acetate oxime
Norethisterone enanthate
Norgestrel
Norgestrienone
Quingestanol
Quingestanol acetate
Tibolone
Progesterone derivatives: Medroxyprogesterone acetate
Megestrol acetate
Others/unsorted: 3-Keto-5α-abiraterone
5α-Androstane
Cl-4AS-1
Drupanol
ZM-182345
Mixed
(SARMs)
Nonsteroidal: 198RL26
ACP-105
AC-262,356
Acetothiolutamide
Andarine (acetamidoxolutamide, androxolutamide, GTx-007, S-4)
BMS-564,929
Enobosarm (ostarine, MK-2866, GTx-024, S-22)
FTBU-1
GSK-4336A
GSK-8698
LG-121071 (LGD-121071)
LGD-2226
LGD-2941 (LGD-122941)
LGD-3303
LGD-4033
JNJ-26146900
JNJ-28330835
JNJ-37654032
ORM-11984
RAD140
R-1
S-1
S-23
S-40503
S-101479
Triclosan
Steroidal: MK-0773
TFM-4AS-1
YK-11
Antagonists
Steroidal: 7α-Thioprogesterone
7α-Thiospironolactone
7α-Thiomethylspironolactone
9,11-Dehydrocortexolone 17α-butyrate (CB-03-04)
11α-Hydroxyprogesterone
15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate
Abiraterone
Abiraterone acetate
Allyltestosterone
Benorterone
BOMT
Canrenoic acid
Canrenone
Chlormadinone acetate
Clometerone
Cortexolone 17α-propionate (CB-03-01)
Cyproterone
Cyproterone acetate
Delanterone
Dicirenone
Dienogest
Drospirenone
Edogestrone
Epitestosterone
Galeterone
Guggulsterone
Medrogestone
Megestrol acetate
Mespirenone
Metogest
Mexrenone
Mifepristone
Nomegestrol acetate
Nordinone
Osaterone
Osaterone acetate
Oxendolone
Potassium canrenoate
Prorenone
Rosterolone
SC-5233 (spirolactone)
Spironolactone
Spirorenone
Spiroxasone
Topterone
Trimethyltrienolone (R-2956)
Zanoterone
Nonsteroidal: AA560
Apalutamide
Atraric acid
AZD-3514
Bakuchiol
BAY-1024767
Bicalutamide
Bisphenols (e.g., BADGE, BFDGE, bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S)
BMS-641,988
Cimetidine
Cioteronel
Darolutamide
DDT (via metabolite p,p’-DDE)
Dieldrin
DIMP
DTIB
Endosulfan
Enzalutamide
EPI-001
Fenarimol
Flutamide
Hydroxyflutamide
Inocoterone
Inocoterone acetate
Ketoconazole
Lavender oil
LG-105
LG-120907
Linuron
Methiocarb
N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide
N-Desmethylenzalutamide
Nilutamide
ONC1-13B
ORM-15341
Pentomone
PF-998425
Phenothrin
Prochloraz
Procymidone
Proxalutamide
Ralaniten (EPI-002)
Ralaniten acetate (EPI-506)
RU-22930
RU-56187
RU-58642
RU-58841
RU-59063
Seviteronel
Thalidomide
Topilutamide (fluridil)
Valproic acid
Vinclozolin
YM-580
YM-92088
YM-175735
GPRC6A
Agonists
Cations (incl. aluminum, calcium, gadolinium, magnesium, strontium, zinc)
Dehydroandrosterone
Dihydrotestosterone
Estradiol
L-α-Amino acids (incl. L-arginine, L-lysine, L-ornithine)
Osteocalcin
SHBG
Testosterone
See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
Androgens and antiandrogens
Estrogen receptor modulators
Progesterone receptor modulators
List of androgens/anabolic steroids
[show]
v
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Estrogen receptor modulators
ER
Agonists
Steroidal: 2-Hydroxyestradiol
2-Hydroxyestrone
3-Methyl-19-methyleneandrosta-3,5-dien-17β-ol
3α-Androstanediol
3β-Androstanediol
4-Androstenediol
4-Androstenedione
4-Hydroxyestradiol
4-Hydroxyestrone
4-Methoxyestradiol
4-Methoxyestrone
5-Androstenediol
7-Oxo-DHEA
7α-Hydroxy-DHEA
7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone
8,9-Dehydroestradiol
8,9-Dehydroestrone
8β-VE2
10β,17β-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one (DHED)
16α-Hydroxy-DHEA
16α-Hydroxyestrone
16α-Iodo-E2
16α-LE2
16β,17α-Epiestriol (16β-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)
17α-Dihydroequilenin
17α-Dihydroequilin
17α-Epiestriol (16α-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)
17β-Dihydroequilenin
17β-Dihydroequilin
Abiraterone
Abiraterone acetate
17α-Estradiol (alfatradiol)
Alestramustine
Almestrone
Anabolic steroids (e.g., testosterone and esters, methyltestosterone, metandienone (methandrostenolone), nandrolone and esters, many others; via estrogenic metabolites)
Atrimustine
Bolandiol
Bolandiol dipropionate
Butolame
Clomestrone
Cloxestradiol
Cloxestradiol acetate
DHEA
DHEA-S
Epiestriol (16β-epiestriol, 16β-hydroxy-17β-estradiol)
Epimestrol
Equilenin
Equilin
ERA-63 (ORG-37663)
Estetrol
Estradiol
Estradiol esters
Lipoidal estradiol
Polyestradiol phosphate
Estramustine
Estramustine phosphate
Estrapronicate
Estrazinol
Estriol
Estriol esters
Estrofurate
Estromustine
Estrone
Estrone esters
Estropipate
Etamestrol (eptamestrol)
Ethinylestradiol
Ethinylestradiol sulfonate
Ethinylestriol
Etynodiol diacetate
Hexolame
Hippulin
Hydroxyestrone diacetate
Mestranol
Methylestradiol
Moxestrol
Mytatrienediol
Nilestriol
Noretynodrel
Orestrate
Pentolame
Prodiame
Prolame
Promestriene
Quinestradol
Quinestrol
Nonsteroidal: (R,R)-THC
(S,S)-THC
2,8-DHHHC
AC-186
Allenestrol
Allenolic acid
Benzestrol
Bifluranol
Bisdehydrodoisynolic acid
Carbestrol
D-15414
DCW234
Diarylpropionitrile
Dienestrol
Dienestrol diacetate
Diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol esters
Dimestrol (dianisylhexene)
Doisynoestrol (fenocycline)
Doisynolic acid
Efavirenz
ERB-196 (WAY-202196)
Erteberel (SERBA-1, LY-500307)
Estrobin (DBE)
Fenestrel
FERb 033
Fosfestrol (diethylstilbestrol diphosphate)
Furostilbestrol (diethylstilbestrol difuroate)
GTx-758
Hexestrol
Hexestrol esters
ICI-85966 (Stilbostat)
Mestilbol
Methallenestril
Methestrol
Methestrol dipropionate
Paroxypropione
Pentafluranol
Phenestrol
Prinaberel (ERB-041, WAY-202041)
Propylpyrazoletriol
Quadrosilan
SC-4289
SERBA-2
SKF-82,958
Terfluranol
Triphenylbromoethylene
Triphenylchloroethylene
Triphenyliodoethylene
Triphenylmethylethylene (triphenylpropene)
WAY-166818
WAY-200070
WAY-214156
Unknown/unsorted: ERB-26
ERA-45
ERB-79
Xenoestrogens: Anise-related (e.g., anethole, anol, dianethole, dianol, photoanethole)
Chalconoids (e.g., isoliquiritigenin, phloretin, phlorizin (phloridzin), wedelolactone)
Coumestans (e.g., coumestrol, psoralidin)
Flavonoids (incl. 7,8-DHF, 8-prenylnaringenin, apigenin, baicalein, baicalin, biochanin A, calycosin, catechin, daidzein, daidzin, ECG, EGCG, epicatechin, equol, formononetin, glabrene, glabridin, genistein, genistin, glycitein, kaempferol, liquiritigenin, mirificin, myricetin, naringenin, penduletin, pinocembrin, prunetin, puerarin, quercetin, tectoridin, tectorigenin)
Lavender oil
Lignans (e.g., enterodiol, enterolactone, nyasol (cis-hinokiresinol))
Metalloestrogens (e.g., cadmium)
Pesticides (e.g., alternariol, dieldrin, endosulfan, fenarimol, methiocarb, methoxychlor, triclocarban, triclosan)
Phytosteroids (e.g., digitoxin (digitalis), diosgenin, guggulsterone)
Phytosterols (e.g., β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol)
Resorcylic acid lactones (e.g., zearalanone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, zearalenone, zeranol (α-zearalanol), taleranol (teranol, β-zearalanol))
Steroid-like (e.g., deoxymiroestrol, miroestrol)
Stilbenoids (e.g., resveratrol)
Synthetic xenoestrogens (e.g., alkylphenols, bisphenols (e.g., BPA, BPF, BPS), DDT, parabens, PBBs, PHBA, phthalates, PCBs)
Others (e.g., agnuside, rotundifuran)
Mixed
(SERMs)
2-Phenylbenzofuran
2-Phenylbenzothiophene
4'-Hydroxynorendoxifen
27-Hydroxycholesterol
Acefluranol
Acolbifene
Afimoxifene
Anordiol
Anordrin
Arzoxifene
Bazedoxifene
Brilanestrant
Broparestrol
Elacestrant
Chlorotrianisene
Clomifene
Clomifenoxide
Cyclofenil
D-15413
Droloxifene
Enclomifene
Endoxifen
Etacstil (GW-5638, DPC-974)
Ethamoxytriphetol (MER-25)
Femarelle
Fispemifene
GW-7604
ICI-55548
Idoxifene
Lasofoxifene
Levormeloxifene
LN-1643
LN-2299
LY-117018
Menerba
Miproxifene
Miproxifene phosphate
Nafoxidine
Nitromifene
Ormeloxifene
Ospemifene
Panomifene
Pipendoxifene
Raloxifene
Spironolactone
SS1010
Tamoxifen
TAS-108 (SR-16234)
Tibolone
Toremifene
Trioxifene
TZE-5323
Y-134
Zindoxifene
Zuclomifene
Antagonists
(R,R)-THC
7β-Hydroxy-DHEA
Chloroindazole
Cytestrol acetate
Epitiostanol
ERA-90
ERB-88
Fulvestrant (ICI-182780)
Glyceollins (I, II, III, IV)
ICI-164384
Mepitiostane
Methylepitiostanol
Methylpiperidinopyrazole
MIBE
Oxabicycloheptene sulfonate
Phenytoin
PHTPP
Prochloraz
RU-58668
SS1020
TAS-108 (SR-16234)
ZB716
ZK-164015
ZK-191703
GPER
Agonists
2-Methoxyestradiol
7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone
Afimoxifene (4-hydroxytamoxifen)
Atrazine
Bisphenol A
Daidzein
DDT (p,p'-DDT, o',p'-DDE)
Equol
Estradiol
Ethinylestradiol
Fulvestrant (ICI-182780)
G-1
Genistein
GPER-L1
GPER-L2
Hydroxytyrosol
Kepone
Niacin
Nicotinamide
Nonylphenol
Oleuropein
PCBs (2,2',5'-PCB-4-OH)
Propylpyrazoletriol
Quercetin
Raloxifene
Resveratrol
Tamoxifen
Tectoridin
Zearalanone
Zearalenol
Zearalenone
Zeranol (zearalanol))
Antagonists
CCL18
Estriol
G-15
G-36
MIBE
See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
Estrogens and antiestrogens
Androgen receptor modulators
Progesterone receptor modulators
List of estrogens
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text:
Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for television. Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.
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Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi
Genre
Family Drama
Created by
Shashi Mittal
Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal
Directed by
Vikram Ghai
Starring
Neil Bhatt
Kabir K
Sreejita De
Chandni Bhagwanani
Vineet Raina
Dimple Jhangiani
Ravjeet Singh
Country of origin
India
Original language(s)
Hindi
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
128
Production
Producer(s)
Shashi Mittal
Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal
Location(s)
Agra
Mumbai
Camera setup
Multi-camera
Production company(s)
Shashi Sumeet Productions
Release
Original network
Zee TV
Picture format
576i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
Original release
11 May (2015-05-11) – 30 October 2015 (2015-10-30)
External links
Website
www.zeetv.com/shows/tumhi-ho-bandhu-sakha-tumhi/
Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi is an Indian television series, which premiered on 11 May 2015 on Zee TV. Neil Bhatt, Kabir K, Sreejita De and Chandini bhagwanani are in lead roles. The show is set in Agra.
Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi is a tale of a family of five brothers and three sisters.[1]
The show began with the working title Pethawala before being named Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi.[2] The show ended due to low trp ratings.
From 17 July 2016, it was rerun on Zee Anmol as Choti Bahu - Parivar ki Jeevan Rekha. The show there ended on 11 November 2016.
Plot[edit]
The story revolves around the Pethewala family. Bhushan (Neil Bhatt), the second son of the family is in love with Shreya (Sreejita De). Before he can tell his family, they pretend to have fixed his marriage elsewhere but the girl turns out to be Shreya. The lovers are happily married.
Ajay is the youngest son of the Pethewala family. His best friend Ajju is in love with Sanjana. Ajju gets a job in USA and he and Sanjana decide to marry in the court given Sanjana's father's objections. Being just under 21 years of age, Ajju cannot get married. To stop Sanjana's father from getting her married forcibly to someone else, Ajju requests Ajay to marry her till he returns from the US.
Ajay marries Sanjana. Unknown to their families is that their marriage is a contract for a few months. The Pethewala family takes time to accept Sanjana. Meanwhile, Shreya, after getting brain washed by her mother, wants to divide the house and gain control over it. Sanjana comes to know of Shreya's true colours and tries to expose her. But Shreya exposes the truth behind Ajay's marriage. This creates huge problems in the family and Sanjana is thrown out of the house. Trilokchand asks Ajay to go for a divorce. But Sanjana's father, who has aldready accepted the marriage makes her realise her love for Ajay. Ajay likes Sanjana but hides his feelings as he does not want to hurt Ajju. Sanjana tries to win Ajay's love. Meanwhile, Dadi comes to know Shreya's true face. She brings back Sanjana to the house as a negative person. Sanjana tortures the family so the torn apart family will come together to fight against her. She finally succeeds in exposing Shreya who is thrown out by Bhushan.
Shreya tries to commit suicide by jumping off from the cliff. Bhushan saves her but she loses her vision and becomes blind. Shreya regrets her mistakes and asks forgiveness from the family. Everyone forgives her except Bhushan. At the same time Ajju returns from USA. Ajju comes to know of Sanjana's love for Ajay. He tries to drag her out of the house but Ajay stops him and confesses his love for her. This creates a huge fight between the friends. Ajju tries to rape Sanjana, when Ajay's sister Mishri saves her by hitting Ajju on his head with a vase. Ajju dies and Mishri gets scared. Ajay and Sanjana hide Ajju's body. The cops come by and tell Trilokchand that they've discovered Ajju's body and that the entire Pethewala family are suspects in the murder, but Ajay and Sanjana are the main suspects. In college, Mishri notices that she is being followed. It is actually Ajju in disguise. Ajju's sister Shaina, Ajju and even Shreya try and manipulate Mishri into thinking she's going mad but Ajay and Sanjana protect her. In the meantime, Shreya has faked a pregnancy to stay in the family but Bhushan suspects her and finds out her lies. Ajay and Mishri catch another man, Anuj, who claims to have fallen in love with Mishri at first sight. Anuj's family asks for Mishri's hand in marriage. On the day of the wedding, Sanjana is arrested for Ajju's murder. Sanjana confesses and the only way Ajay can save her is to get married to Shaina. Finally bhushan enters and exposes all the villians and made Sanjana and Ajay Married. Shreya ,Ajay and shaina are arrested. sanjana requests bhushan to brought back Shreya and Bhushan agrees. shreya gets happy to learn that Sanjana forgives her. The story ends with whole family dancing.
Cast[edit]
Chandni Bhagwanani as Sanjana Ajay Pethewala
Sreejita De as Shreya Bhushan Pethewala
Kabeer K as Ajay Pethewala
Neil Bhatt as Bhushan Trilokchand Pethewala
Dimple Jhangiani as Avni Pethawala
Lavina Tandon as Shaina
Madhu Malti Kapoor as Dadi
Tushar Dalvi as Trilokchand Pethawala
Aishwarya Narkar as Elaichi Trilokchand Pethawala
Vineet Raina as Amar Pethawala
Aalika Sheikh as Vinati Amar Pethawala
Rehaan Khan as Samar Amar Pethawala
Mahesh Tanwar as Utpal Trilokchand Pethawala
Ravjeet Singh as Aayush Pethawala
Neha Dangal as Mishri Trilokchand Pethawala
Neeraj Goswani as Ajju
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Joint family the hero". The Hindu. 8 April 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "New TV shows to roll in 2015". Daily News and Analysis. 5 January 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
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