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Seven churches of Asia
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This article is about the seven churches mentioned in the Book of Revelation. For other uses, see Seven Churches (disambiguation).
Map of western Anatolia showing the island Patmos and the locations of the cities housing the seven churches
The Seven Churches of Revelation, also known as the Seven Churches of the Apocalypse and the Seven Churches of Asia, are seven major churches of Early Christianity, as mentioned in the New Testament Book of Revelation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 The Churches
3 Seven messages
4 Angels of the churches
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Description[edit]
The "churches" in this context refers to the community or local congregations of Christians living in each city, and not merely to the building or buildings in which they gathered for worship.[1][2]
In an early part of the Revelation, on the Greek island of Patmos, Jesus Christ instructs John of Patmos to: "Write on a scroll what you see and send it to the seven churches: to Ephesus, and to Smyrna, and to Pergamum, and to Thyatira, and to Sardis, and to Philadelphia, and to Laodicea."[3]
The Churches[edit]
The seven churches of Asia in stained glass in York Minster by John Thornton
The seven Churches are named for their locations. The Revelation provides descriptions of each Church.
Ephesus (Revelation 2:1-7) - the church known for having laboured hard and not fainted, and separating themselves from the wicked; admonished for having forsaken its first love (2:4)
Smyrna (Revelation 2:8-11) - the church admired for its tribulation and poverty; forecast to suffer persecution (2:10)
Pergamum (Revelation 2:12-17) - the church located at 'Satan's seat'; needed to repent of allowing false teachers (2:16)
Thyatira (Revelation 2:18-29) - the church known for its charity, whose "latter works are greater than the former"; held the teachings of a false prophetess (2:20)
Sardis (Revelation 3:1-6) - the church that has a good name; cautioned to fortify itself and return to God through repentance (3:2-3)
Philadelphia (Revelation 3:7-13) - the church steadfast in faith, that had kept God's word and endured patiently (3:10)
Laodicea, near Denizli (see Laodicean Church) (Revelation 3:14-22) - the church that was lukewarm and insipid (to God) (3:16)
Seven messages[edit]
The letters follow a common pattern. For example: the Lord first addresses each church and identifies himself,[4] then defines things that he knows about the church in question.[5] After this, a challenge or reproach is given,[6] followed by a promise.[7] In all seven cases the admonition is included, "He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches",[8] although sometimes this comes before the promise and sometimes after.
Although the letters differ in length in accord with the needs of each community, all conclude with an appeal to hold fast and to listen to what the Spirit is saying to the churches. Each church is promised that everyone who conquers will be rewarded by Christ.
Some historicists typically interpret the seven churches as representing seven different periods in the history of the Western Church from the time of Paul until the return of Jesus Christ.[9] Scofield states that "these messages by their very terms go beyond the local assemblies mentioned."[10] He is of the opinion that the letters have a prophetic purpose disclosing the seven phases of the spiritual history of the Church. Other writers, such as Clarence Larkin,[11] Henry Hampton Halley,[12] Merrill Unger,[13] and William M. Branham[14] also have posited the view that the seven churches preview the history of the global Church.
Mosaic in St Mark's Basilica of the seven angels
Historicism has been criticized by the Eastern Orthodox Fr. Dimitri Cozby, who writes that historicists take a greatly oversimplified view of church history: "Since dispensationalism is Protestant in origin its 'Church history' is strictly Western. The dispensations take into account almost nothing of Orthodox history after the period of the early councils which we share with the West."[15]
Angels of the churches[edit]
Chapters 2-3 of the Revelation have specific messages for each of the seven churches. The message of each of the seven letters is directed to the angel of the particular church that is mentioned.
Origen[16] explains that these "angels" are the guardian angels of the churches, a view upheld by Henry Alford. But Epiphanius[17] explicitly rejects this view, and, in accordance with the imagery of the passage, explains it as the bishops.
John sees a vision of the Son of man, who walks among seven lampstands and has seven stars in his right hand. Revelation 1:20 states that "The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches, and the seven lampstands are the seven churches." The comparison of a teacher to a star is scriptural.[18]
Augustine of Hippo's reason for interpreting angels of the churches as the prelates of the church is that St. John speaks of them as falling from their first charity, which is not true of the angels.[19][20] Others would say that the falling away relates to the churches, not to the messengers, as each of the seven letters conclude with the words "He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches."
the Amplified Bible states that Revelation 2:2 through to 3:18, “your” and “you” are in the singular, referring to the angel of each church. Much of what is said is rebuke and admonishment, so if the angels are heavenly beings, they may serve in some way as representatives of the sinful people in their churches. Jewish tradition maintained that every nation and individual has a guardian angel, and that when God is about to punish a nation, He first punishes its angel. There is even a story of Michael, the guardian angel of Israel, being rebuked by God for the sins committed in the time of Ezekiel. So the original readers of Revelation might have assumed that the angels here are the guardian angels of the individual churches, sharing responsibility for the actions of the members.
In the New Testament, the Greek word for angels (άγγελος) is not only used for heavenly angels, but also used for human messengers, such as John the Baptist (Matthew 11:10,Mark 1:2,Luke 7:27) and God's prophets (Revelation 22:8-9)[21] C.I. Scofield has noted that "The natural explanation of the 'messengers' is that they were men sent by the seven churches to ascertain the state of the aged apostle ... but they figure any who bear God's messages to a church."[22]
See also[edit]
Christianity portal
Biblical numerology
Book of Revelation: chapter 1, 2, and 3
Christianity in Anatolia during Roman times
Early centers of Christianity
Eastern Christianity
Events of Revelation (Chapter 1)
Seven Spirits of God
Summary of Christian eschatological differences
Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome
References[edit]
Jump up ^ John (1994). Barbara Aland; Kurt Aland; Johannes Karavidopoulos; Carlo M. Martini; Bruce M. Metzger, eds. The Greek New Testament. Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft.
Jump up ^ Walter Bauer (1979). William F. Arndt; F. Wilbur Gingrich; Frederick W. Danker, eds. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. University of Chicago Press.
Jump up ^ Revelation 1:11
Jump up ^ 2:1, 8, 12, 18; 3:1, 7, 14
Jump up ^ 2:2-3, 9, 13, 19; 3:1, 8, 15-17
Jump up ^ 2:4-5, 10, 14-16, 20-25; 3:2-3, 9-11, 18-20
Jump up ^ 2:7, 10-11, 17, 26-28; 3:4-5, 12, 20-21.
Jump up ^ 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22
Jump up ^ Unger's Bible Dictionary (Chicago: Moody Press, 1975), p924
Jump up ^ Scofield, W. I., The Scofield Study Bible (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996) p1331
Jump up ^ "Chapter XXII". www.preservedwords.com. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
Jump up ^ Halley, H. H., Halley's Bible Handbook (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1978), p688
Jump up ^ Unger, M. F., Unger's Bible Dictionary (Chicago: Moody Press, 1975), p924
Jump up ^ Branham, W. M., An Exposition of the Seven Church Ages (Jeffersonville, Indiana: Voice of God Recordings) 2005[dead link]
Jump up ^ "WHAT IS 'THE RAPTURE'? (PART 1 OF 2)".
Jump up ^ Hom., xiii in Luc., and Hom., xx in Num.
Jump up ^ Hær., xxv.
Jump up ^ Dan., xii, 3.
Jump up ^ Ep., xliii (al. clxii), n. 22.
Jump up ^ Angels of the Churches, Catholic Encyclopedia
Jump up ^ Merrill Unger, Unger's Bible Dictionary, (Chicago: Moody Press, 1975) p52
Jump up ^ Scofield, W. I., The Scofield Study Bible (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996) p1331
Further reading[edit]
Halley, H. H., Halley's Bible Handbook (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1978), p684
Scofield, C. I., The Scofield Reference Bible (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967), p1332
Ramsay, W. M. (1904). The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia. Hodder & Stoughton.
Hemer, Colin J. The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting (JSOT Press, 1989), p283
External links[edit]
Catholic Encyclopedia: Angels of the Churches
Catholic Encyclopedia: Asia Minor, see section titled "Spread of Christianity in Asia Minor"
Branham, W. M., An Exposition of the Seven Church Ages, Voice of God Recordings, Jeffersonville, Indiana, 1965.
The True Trend Of the Church As Viewed Through Revelation Chapters 2 & 3 by Pastor Rocky Veach
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "article name needed". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.
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East Godavari district
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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East Godavari district
District of Andhra Pradesh

Location of East Godavari district in Andhra Pradesh
Country
India
State
Andhra Pradesh
Administrative division
East Godavari district
Headquarters
Kakinada
Tehsils
64[1]
Government
• Lok Sabha constituencies
Kakinada, Amalapuram, Rajahmundry
• Assembly seats
19
Area
• Total
12,805 km2 (4,944 sq mi)
Population (2011)
• Total
5,151,549[2]
• Urban
25.52%
Demographics
• Literacy
71.35%
• Sex ratio
1005
Vehicle registration
AP-05
Major highways
NH-5
Coordinates
16°57′N 82°15′E / 16.950°N 82.250°E / 16.950; 82.250Coordinates: 16°57′N 82°15′E / 16.950°N 82.250°E / 16.950; 82.250
Website
Official website
East Godavari district or Thoorpu Godavari Jilla is a district in Coastal Andhra region of Andhra Pradesh, India. Its district headquarters is at Kakinada. As of Census 2011, it became the most populous district of the state with a population of 5,151,549.[2] Rajahmundry and Kakinada are the two largest cities in the Godavari districts in terms of population.
East Godavari district montage
The district of Rajahmundry was reorganised in 1859 into two districts of Godavari and Krishna. Godavari district was further bifurcated into East and West Godavari districts in 1925.[3][4] After Nov 1956's Andhra Pradesh was formed by combining parts of Naizam, Ceded and Circars, in 1959, the Bhadrachalam revenue division, consisting of Bhadrachalam and Naguru Taluks (2 Talukas in 1959 but later subdivided into Wajedu, Venkatapruram, Cherla, Dummugudem, Bhadrachalam, Nellipaka, Chinturu, Kunavaram, and Vararamachandrapuram mandals) of East Godavari district were merged into the Khammam district.[5] After June 2014's reorganisation and division of Andhra Pradesh, the mandals of Bhadrachalam (with the exception of Bhadrachalam Temple), Nellipaka, Chinturu, Kunavaram and Vararamchandrapuram were re-added back to East Godavari District.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early kingdoms
1.2 Chalukyas and Cholas
1.3 Kakatiyas and Delhi Sultanate
1.4 Nayaks, Reddy and other Kingdoms
1.5 Muslim Kingdoms
1.6 British rule, 1768–1947
1.7 Post Independence
2 Geography and climate
3 Demographics
4 Divisions
4.1 Mandals
5 Culture
6 Economy
7 Transport
8 Education
9 Tourism
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
East Godavari district has many important Buddhist sites
Early kingdoms[edit]
The district, like the rest of the Deccan was under the Nandas and Mauryas in its early history. After the fall of the Mauryan Empire, the district was under the Sathavahanas until the 3rd century under the famous poet king Hala. Coins found during excavations have revealed the rule of Gautamiputra Satakarni, Vasisthi-putra Pulumayi and Yajna Sri Satakarni. Gupta emperor Samudragupta invaded during the rule of both Pishtapura and Avamukta in the district in 350 A.D. Samudragupta's invasion was followed by the rule of the Mathara dynasty from 375 to 500. The earliest known ruler of the dynasty was Shaktivarman.
The district passed into the hands of Vishnukundinas during the rule of Vikramendra Varma I during the 5th century. The records indicate that their domain extended over Visakhapatnam, West Godavari, Krishna and Guntur Districts in addition to East Godavari District. Indra Bhattaraka defeated the rulers of Vasistha Kula and re-established Vihsnukundina authority, but was shortly defeated by Kalinga armies. Indra Bhattaraka was followed to the throne by a few others, including Madha Varma III and Manchanna Bhattaraka, who tried to restore their kingdom. Madhava Varma III was the last important ruler of this family.
Chalukyas and Cholas[edit]
The Pulakesin II of Badami Chalukyas and his brother Kubja Vishnu Vardhana acquired Pistapura in the 7th century. The Eastern Chalukya dynasty, founded by Kubja Vishnu Vardhana, ruled at first form Pistapura, then from Vengi, and later from Rajahmundry. Many rulers held sway over the kingdom and their history is at times largely a record of disputes over succession. Chalukya Bhima I of this dynasty built a Shiva temple at Draksha Ramam. Jata Choda Bhima of Peda Kallu (Kurnool District) killed Danarnava of this dynasty and occupied Vengi in 973 A.D. Danarnava's two sons, Sakti Varma I and Vimala Aditya, fled from the kingdom and took refuge in the court of the Chola king Rajaraja Chola I. Rajaraja invaded Vengi on behalf of the sons of Danarnava and killed Jata Choda Bhima. Satya Raya of the Western Chalukyas of Kalyani did not like the Chola influence in Vengi and the area witnessed many wars between the Cholas and Chalukyas. After the death of Vijaya Aditya VII in 0175 A.D., the Eastern Chalukya dynasty came to an end.
Kulothunga Chola I (Rajendra Chalukya), rival of Vijay Aditya VII, fought along the sides of Cholas and established the Chalukya Cholas province. The district along with the rest of the Vengi kingdom became part of their empire. Major portions of the district were under Velanati Chodas, trustworthy chieftains to his. Rulers of this dynasty included Gonka I, Rajendra Choda I, Gonka II and Rajendra Choda II. Vikram Aditya vii of Western Chalukyas occupied this region for short period, but it was recovered by Chalukya Cholas and Velanti Chodas. Velanati chiefs also suppressed rebellions from Haihayas of Kona, Gonka II and Rudra of the Kakatiya dynasty.
Kakatiyas and Delhi Sultanate[edit]
Inscriptions at this region including the ones at Draksha Ramam in 13th century throw light on their history. Prola II of the Kakatiya dynasty declared independence from the western Chalukyas and became a subject of Chalukya Cholas. His son Rudra obtained the Godavari delta as gift from the Rajaraja II of Chalukya Cholas. Rudra's authority over the Godavari delta was challenged by the Velanadu Chodas. The Velanati king Rajendra Choda II sent an army under his minister Davana Preggada against Rudra. Rudra was succeeded by his younger brother Mahadeva who died in a conflict with the Yadavas of Devagiri. His son Ganapathi succeeded to the Kakatiya throne. Ganapathi defeated Kalinga armies on the north, Pandyas of Madurai and Cholas with the help of Nellore Chodas. The Kakatiya power remained undisturbed in the Godavari region throughout the reign of Ganapathi and her daughter Rudrama devi. Pratap Rudra ascended the throne in 1295 and faced many attacks from Sultans of Delhi. After his defeat by Muhammad-bin-Tughluq in 1323, the district came under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate. Muhammad-bin-Tughluq divided South India into five provinces and appointed governors.
Nayaks, Reddy and other Kingdoms[edit]
Delhi sultans faced rebellions from the confederacy of local chiefs under the authority of Prolaya of the Musunuri Nayaks clan. The Reddis of Addanki, Koppula Telagas of Pithapuram and the Recherla Velamas of Rachakonda actively helped him. Warangal was liberated and Telugu land enjoyed freedom for fifty years. Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka appointed his relatives Toyyeti Anavota Nayaka and Mummadi Nayaka (Korukonda) as governors in Godavari region. Mummadi Nayaka married the niece of Kapaya Nayaka. Mummadi Nayaka lived till 1388. He had three sons who ruled for a period of 40 years and later they were reduced to submission by the Reddys of Kondaveedu and their principality was merged in the kingdom of Kondaveedu. Subsequently, Narasimha Deva IV of Kalinga succeeded in conquering this region, but was repulsed by Anavota Reddy of Rajahmundry. He was succeeded by Anavema Reddy and Kumaragiri of the same dynasty.
Kumaragiri fought many wars with the Racherlas of Rachakonda and the Kalinga rulers. He sent his general Kataya Vema along with Prince Anavota to conquer the eastern region. This resulted in the annexation of a large tract in the north as far as Simhachalam. The newly acquired territory was annexed to the Reddi Kingdom and constituted into a separate province called the eastern kingdom. Prince Anavota ruled this province with Raja-mahendra-varam as his capital. He died a premature death around 1395 and Kataya Vema, the general and brother-in-law of Kumar Giri, was given Rajamahendra Rajya in appreciation of the services rendered by him to the State. Kataya Vema's departure to Raja-mahendra-varam led to the seizure of the throne of Kondaveedu by force by Peda Komati Vema.
Peda Komati Vema's authority was defined by Kataya Vema. Kataya Vema was also involved in conflict with Eruva chief Annadeva Choda, who managed to occupy a large portion of the Rajamahendra Rajya. He was, however, defeated and driven back by Kataya Vema. Later, Kataya Vema died in a battle with Anna Deva Choda. After his death, Allada Reddi placed Kataya Vemas' son Komaragiri on the throne of Rajamahendravaram and ruled the kingdom as his regent. Komarigiri died a premature death. Allada Reddi ruled this region till his death in 1420. About 1423, the Vijayanagara ruler Deva Raya II defeated Vira Bhadra, who was then ruling this kingdom and reduced it to subjection.
After the death of Kapilendra Deva Gajapati in 1466, there was a fight between his sons Hamvira Deva and Purushottama Deva for succession. Hamvira succeeded in occupying the throne with the help of Bahmanis but he could not retain it for long. Purushottama overthrew Hamvira and tried to reconquer Rajahmundry and other places. But Muhammad Shah III led the forces to Rajahmundry. This battle, however, ended with the conclusion of peace treaty. After the death of Muhammad Shah III, Purushottama Gajapathi overran the whole of the Godavari-Krishna doab and drove the Bahmani forces as far south as Kondaveedu. Purushottama was succeeded by his son Prataparudra. The Vijayanagar monarch Krishna Deva Raya invaded his kingdom and brought Rajahmundry under subjugation. However, a treaty was concluded wherein Pratapa Rudra agreed to give his daughter in marriage to Krishna Deva Raya in return of the territory north of the Krishna conquered by Krishna Deva Raya.
Muslim Kingdoms[edit]
Taking advantage of the disturbed conditions, the Qutb Shahi ruler of Golconda, Sultan Quli Qutb Shah, invaded the coastal region and took possession of Rajahmundry and the neighbouring kingdoms. Sultan Quli was murdered and he was succeeded to the throne by his son Jamshid Qutb Shah and then by his grand son Subhan Qutb Shah. During his reign, Ibrahim Qutb Shah had to ward off challenges from Shitab Khan and Vidyadhar. The last ruler of this dynasty was Abdual Hasan Tana Shas, who ruled from 1672 to 1687.
Aurangzeb conquered the sultanate of Golconda in 1687, and Golconda, including East Godavari District, became one of the twenty-two provinces of the Mughal Empire. The Nizam-ul-Mulk (viceroy of Golconda) looked after the administration through military officers called Fauzdars. Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju, the new Raja of Vizianagaram, invited the French to occupy the Northern Circars. The tussle that ensued between the French and the English ended with the French losing all possessions in Northern Circars except Yanam.
Salabat Jung was subsequently deposed by his brother Nizam Ali Khan, who leased out Rajahmundry and Chicacole to Hasan Ali Khan. Lord Robert Clive, entered into negotiations with the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam, and obtained a firman ceding the Northern Circars to the British East India Company in August 1765, but it was kept a secret until March 1766. The fort of Kondapalli was seized by the British, and General Cillaud was sent to Machilipatnam to undertake military operations, if necessary. The Nizam also made brisk preparations for war. War was prevented by the signing of a treaty on 12 November 1766 by which the Company, in return for occupying the Circars, undertook to maintain troops for the Nizam's assistance.
British rule, 1768–1947[edit]
By a second treaty, signed on 1 March 1768 the Nizam acknowledged the validity of Shah Alam's grant and resigned the Circars to the Company, receiving as a mark of friendship an annuity of 50,000. Finally, in 1823, the claims of the Nizam over the Northern Circars were bought outright by the Company, and they became a British possession. The Circars were incorporated into Madras Presidency, and Godavari District was constituted, which included present-day East Godavari and West Godavari districts.
Post Independence[edit]
After India's independence in 1947, the former Madras Presidency of British India became India's Madras State. In 1953, the northern districts of Madras state, including Godavari District, became the new state of Andhra. Yanam was relinquished by the French in 1954, but one condition of the cession treaty was the retention of the district's separate and distinct identity, which also applied to the other South Indian enclaves constituting today's Puducherry state.
Geography and climate[edit]
Godavari river near Yanam
Andhra Pradesh districts
East Godavari district occupies an area of 12,805 square kilometres (4,944 sq mi),[7] comparatively equivalent to Indonesia's Sumba Island.[8] The district is bounded on north by Visakhapatnam District, Malkangiri District of Orissa on the northwest by Khammam District, on the east and south by the Bay of Bengal and on the west by West Godavari District. It has a coastline of 144 km (89 mi).[9] The small enclave (12 sq mi (30 km2)) of the Yanam district of Puducherry state lies within this district.
Demographics[edit]
According to the 2011 census East Godavari district has a population of 51,51,549,[10] This gives it a ranking of 19th in India (out of a total of 640 districts) and 2nd in the state.[10] The district has a population density of 477 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,240/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 5.1%. East Godavari has a sex ratio of 1005 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 71.35%.[10]
East Godavari district has a total population of 51,51,549; 25,69,419 and 25,82,130 male and female respectively. There was change of 5.10 percent in the population compared to population as per 2001 census. The census data states a density of 477 in 2011 compared to 454 in 2001.[11] Average literacy rate of East Godavari in 2011 was 71.35% compared to 65.48% in 2001. On a gender basis, male and female literacy was 74.91% and 67.82% respectively. With regards to sex ratio in East Godavari, it stood at 1005 per 1000 males compared to the 2001 census figure of 993. The average national sex ratio in India is 940 as per the 2011 census.[citation needed]
There were total 4,92,446 children under the age of 0-6 against 6,13,490 of 2001 census. Of total 492,446 male and female were 2,50,086 and 2,42,360 respectively. The child sex ratio as per census 2011 was 969 compared to 978 in 2001. In 2011, children under 0-6 formed 9.56% of East Godavari district compared to 12.52% in 2001.
Household indicators
In 2007–2008 the International Institute for Population Sciences interviewed 1019 households in 38 villages across the district.[12] They found that 92.5% had access to electricity, 96.7% had drinking water, 50.4% toilet facilities, and 30.9% lived in a pucca (permanent) home.[12] 28.6% of girls wed before the legal age of 18 and 79% of interviewees carried a BPL card.[12]
Divisions[edit]
Revenue divisions of East Godavari district
The district has 7 revenue divisions namely, Amalapuram, Etapaka, Kakinada, Peddapuram, Rajahmundry, Ramachandrapuram and Rampachodavaram with 65 mandals.[13][14][15] These 59 mandals consists of 1,374 villages, 2 municipal corporation, 7 municipalities and 10 census towns. It is the one of the two districts, alongside Chittoor district to possess two municipal corporations namely, Kakinada and Rajahmundry. The 7 municipalities in the district include, Amalapuram, Mandapeta, Peddapuram, Pithapuram, Ramachandrapuram, Samalkota, Tuni. After the merger of Dowleswaram, Hukumpeta and Katheru into Rajahmundry Municipal Corporation, there exists 7 census towns of Arempudi, Bandarulanka, Chidiga, Morampudi, Ramanayyapeta, Rampachodavaram, Suryaraopeta.[16]
Mandals[edit]
The mandals of Chinturu, Kunavaram, Nellipaka and Vararamchandrapuram were added to East Godavari district based on Polavaram ordinace.[17][18]
The list of 64 mandals in East Godavari district under 7 revenue divisions are listed in the following table:[16]
#
Amalapuram
Division
Etapaka
Division[14]
Kakinada
Division
Peddapuram
Division
Rajahmundry
Division
Ramachandrapuram
Division[19]
Rampachodavaram division
1 Atreyapuram Chinturu Gollaprolu Addateegala Alamuru Anaparthy Devipatnam
2 Ainavilli Kunavaram Kakinada (Rural) Gandepalle Gokavaram Biccavolu Gangavaram
3 Allavaram Nellipaka Kakinada (Urban) Jaggampeta Kadiam K.Gangavaram Maredumilli
4 Amalapuram V.R.Puram Karapa Kirlampudi Korukonda Kajuluru Rajavommangi
5 Ambajipeta Kothapalle Kotananduru Rajahmundry (rural) Kapileswarapuram Rampachodavaram
6 Katrenikona Pithapuram Peddapuram Rajahmundry (urban) Mandapeta Y.Ramavaram
7 Kothapeta Samalkota Prathipadu Rajanagaram Pamarru
8 Malikipuram Thallarevu Routhulapudi Seethanagaram Pedapudi
9 Mamidikuduru Sankhavaram Ramachandrapuram
10 Mummidivaram Thondangi Rangampeta
11 P.Gannavaram Tuni Rayavaram
12 I.Polavaram Yeleswaram
13 Ravulapalem
14 Razole
15 Sakhinetipalle
16 Uppalaguptam
Nandikolla Gopala Rao (Painter)
Culture[edit]
The culture of East Godavari district is a rich traditional one in all parts of the district, and reflects the true culture of Andhra Pradesh. It is known for Veda-pandits, the Godavari River and the hospitality of the people. The Telugu language originated in this district (in Rajahmundry or Rajamahendri).[citation needed] East Godavari District has produced several stalwarts in area of culture, music, art and cinema. Poet and writer Devulapalli Krishnasastri, musician and singer M.Balamuralikrishna (Mangalampalli Balamurali Krishna), P.B. Sreenivas, Adurthi Subba Rao, C. Pullaiah, Nandikolla Gopala Rao Father of modern contemporary art, N.V.Reddi Naidu (Painter), actress Jaya Prada belong to this district. Freedom fighter, social worker and politician Durgabai Deshmukh[citation needed]
Economy[edit]
The Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP) of the district is ₹52,294 crore (US$8.2 billion) and it contributes 10% to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP). For the FY 2013–14, the per capita income at current prices was ₹78,255 (US$1,200). The primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of the district contribute ₹16,093 crore (US$2.5 billion), ₹10,857 crore (US$1.7 billion) and ₹25,343 crore (US$4.0 billion) respectively.[9] The major products contributing to the GVA of the district from agriculture and allied services are, paddy, sugarcane, betel leaves, coconut, milk, meat and fisheries. The GVA to the industrial and service sector is contributed from construction, electricity, manufacturing, unorganised trade and transport.[9]
Transport[edit]
Rajahmundry Railway station is an Important Train Station
The total of core road network of the district is 1,274.067 km (791.669 mi). It includes, 613.289 km (381.080 mi) of existing and a proposed length of 660.780 km (410.590 mi).[20] The total rail network of the district is 171.34 km (106.47 mi).[9]
The National Highway 5 connecting Chennai and Howrah passes through this district. Rajahmundry, Tuni and Samalkot are the railway junctions in the district. The Chennai to Howrah rail line also passes through this district.
Education[edit]
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the School Education Department of the state.[21][22] As per the school information report for the academic year 2015-16, there are a total of 5,986 schools. They include, 29 government, 3,452 mandal and zilla parishads, 1 residential, 1688 private, 2 model, 12 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV), 285 municipal and 517 other types of schools.[23] The total number of students enrolled in primary, upper primary and high schools of the district are 722,123.[24]
District has universities located at Rajahmundry City such as Adikavi Nannaya University Rajahmundry, Telugu University, Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University. There are numerous educational institutes with Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, District Institute of Education and Training (DIET) in Rajahmundry, established in 1989 for the benefit of teacher trainees and in-service teachers. There are many educational institutions that provide education in different fields such as Engineering, Medical, Law, Pharmacy, Polytechnic and Postgraduate colleges etc. Some of the notable universities, colleges are Rangaraya Medical College in Kakinada and Govt Pithapuram Rajah College, Kakinada.
Tourism[edit]
Vakalapudi beach at Kakinada
East Godavari has many visiting places such as Historical Temples, Natural beauty and Nurseries etc. The historical temples are located at Amalapuram, Annavaram, Antharvedi, Draksharamam, Kotipalli, Pithapuram, Rajahmundry, Samalkota etc. In these temples most of the temples having "Swayam Bhu" status of the lords and having their own "Stala Purana (history of the place)".
Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary is located about 15 km from Kakinada on Kakinada–Yanam. Kadiapulanka, 20 km from Rajahmundry, is the location of many plant nurseries. Other attractions are Sir Arthur Cotton Museum at Dowleswaram, Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary. Eco tourism projects are located at Maredumilli Rampa and Tuni Thalupulamma lova is most popular temple in East Godavari district[25]
See also[edit]
List of districts in India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "District - East Godavari". Andhra Pradesh Online Portal. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "East Godavari district profile". Andhra Pradesh State Portal.
Jump up ^ "District Profile". East Godavari District Webportal. National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ David M. Knipe (2015). Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Telangana". google.com.
Jump up ^ "Post division, who will get Bhadrachalam?". The Times of India.
Jump up ^ Srivastava, Dayawanti et al. (ed.) (2010). "States and Union Territories: Andhra Pradesh: Government". India 2010: A Reference Annual (54th ed.). New Delhi, India: Additional Director General, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India), Government of India. pp. 1111–1112. ISBN 978-81-230-1617-7. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area". United Nations Environment Program. 18 February 1998. Retrieved 11 October 2011. Sumba 10,711
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Economy of East Godavari District". Andhra Pradesh Economic Development Board. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "District Census 2011". Census2011.co.in. 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Indian Districts by Population, Growth Rate, Sex Ratio 2011 Census". Census2011.co.in. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS-3), 2007-08: India. Andhra Pradesh" (PDF). International Institute for Population Sciences and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Mandal wise population". Officila website of East Godavari District. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Staff Reporter. "East Godavari district gets new revenue division". The Hindu.
Jump up ^ "Ten new revenue divisions created". The Hindu. Hyderabad. 4 April 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "District Census Handbook - East Godavari" (PDF). Census of India. pp. 16–17, 54. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ordinance on Polavaram project promulgated". The Hans India. Hyderabad. 29 May 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation (Amendment) Act, 2014" (PDF). India code. Ministry of Law and Justice, Legislative Department. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Murali Sankar, K.N. (4 April 2013). "All set for creation of new revenue division". The Hindu. Kakinada. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
Jump up ^ ":: APRDC ::". Andhra Pradesh Road Development Corporation. Roads and Buildings Department. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "School Education Department" (PDF). School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal". www.ap.gov.in. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "School Information Report". Commissionerate of School Education. Government of Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Student Information Report". Commissionerate of School Education. Child info 2015–16, District School Education – Andhra Pradesh. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tourist Places". East Godavari District Webportal. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to East Godavari district.
East Godavari District web site
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Note: Yanam district, Puducherry is completely surrounded by East Godavari district.
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Peripheral nervous system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Peripheral nervous system
The human nervous system. Blue is PNS; yellow is CNS.
Identifiers
Acronym(s)
PNS
MeSH
D017933
TA
A14.2.00.001
FMA
9903
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of the two components of the nervous system, the other part is the central nervous system (CNS). The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord.[1] The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs, essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body.[2] Unlike the CNS, the PNS is not protected by the vertebral column and skull, or by the blood–brain barrier, which leaves it exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. In the somatic nervous system, the cranial nerves are part of the PNS with the exception of the optic nerve (cranial nerve II), along with the retina. The second cranial nerve is not a true peripheral nerve but a tract of the diencephalon.[3] Cranial nerve ganglia originated in the CNS. However, the remaining ten cranial nerve axons extend beyond the brain and are therefore considered part of the PNS.[4] The autonomic nervous system is an involuntary control of smooth muscle and glands. The connection between CNS and organs allows the system to be in two different functional states: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Somatic nervous system
1.1.1 Cervical spinal nerves (C1–C4)
1.1.2 Brachial plexus (C5–T1)
1.1.3 Lumbosacral plexus (L1–Co1)
1.2 Autonomic nervous system
1.2.1 Sympathetic nervous system
1.2.2 Parasympathetic nervous system
2 Disease
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Structure[edit]
The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system, and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system is under voluntary control, and transmits signals from the brain to end organs such as muscles. The sensory nervous system is part of the somatic nervous system and transmits signals from senses such as taste and touch (including fine touch and gross touch) to the spinal cord and brain. The autonomic nervous system is a 'self-regulating' system which influences the function of organs outside voluntary control, such as the heart rate, or the functions of the digestive system.
Somatic nervous system[edit]
See also: List of nerves of the human body
The somatic system includes the sensory nervous system and the somatosensory system and consists of sensory nerves and somatic nerves, and many nerves which hold both functions.
In the head and neck, cranial nerves carry somatosensory data. There are twelve cranial nerves, ten of which originate from the brainstem, and mainly control the functions of the anatomic structures of the head with some exceptions. The nuclei of the olfactory nerve and the optic nerves lie in the forebrain and thalamus, respectively, and are thus not considered to be true cranial nerves. One unique cranial nerve is the vagus nerve, which receives sensory information from organs in the thorax and abdomen. The accessory nerve is responsible for innervating the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, neither of which being exclusively in the head.
For the rest of the body, spinal nerves are responsible for somatosensory information. These arise from the spinal cord. Usually these arise as a web ("plexus") of interconnected nerves roots that arrange to form single nerves. These nerves control the functions of the rest of the body. In humans, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. These nerve roots are named according to the spinal vertebrata which they are adjacent to. In the cervical region, the spinal nerve roots come out above the corresponding vertebrae (i.e., nerve root between the skull and 1st cervical vertebrae is called spinal nerve C1). From the thoracic region to the coccygeal region, the spinal nerve roots come out below the corresponding vertebrae. It is important to note that this method creates a problem when naming the spinal nerve root between C7 and T1 (so it is called spinal nerve root C8). In the lumbar and sacral region, the spinal nerve roots travel within the dural sac and they travel below the level of L2 as the cauda equina.
Cervical spinal nerves (C1–C4)[edit]
Further information: Cervical plexus
The first 4 cervical spinal nerves, C1 through C4, split and recombine to produce a variety of nerves that serve the neck and back of head.
Spinal nerve C1 is called the suboccipital nerve, which provides motor innervation to muscles at the base of the skull. C2 and C3 form many of the nerves of the neck, providing both sensory and motor control. These include the greater occipital nerve, which provides sensation to the back of the head, the lesser occipital nerve, which provides sensation to the area behind the ears, the greater auricular nerve and the lesser auricular nerve.
The phrenic nerve is a nerve essential for our survival which arises from nerve roots C3, C4 and C5. It supplies the thoracic diaphragm, enabling breathing. If the spinal cord is transected above C3, then spontaneous breathing is not possible.
Brachial plexus (C5–T1)[edit]
Further information: Brachial plexus
The last four cervical spinal nerves, C5 through C8, and the first thoracic spinal nerve, T1, combine to form the brachial plexus, or plexus brachialis, a tangled array of nerves, splitting, combining and recombining, to form the nerves that subserve the upper-limb and upper back. Although the brachial plexus may appear tangled, it is highly organized and predictable, with little variation between people. See brachial plexus injuries.
Lumbosacral plexus (L1–Co1)[edit]
The anterior divisions of the lumbar nerves, sacral nerves, and coccygeal nerve form the lumbosacral plexus, the first lumbar nerve being frequently joined by a branch from the twelfth thoracic. For descriptive purposes this plexus is usually divided into three parts:
lumbar plexus
sacral plexus
pudendal plexus
Autonomic nervous system[edit]
The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary responses to regulate physiological functions.[5] The brain and spinal cord from the central nervous system are connected with organs that have smooth muscle, such as the heart, bladder, and other cardiac, exocrine, and endocrine related organs, by ganglionic neurons.[5] The most notable physiological effects from autonomic activity are pupil constriction and dilation, and salivation of saliva.[5] The autonomic nervous system is always activated, but is either in the sympathetic or parasympathetic state.[5] Depending on the situation, one state can overshadow the other, resulting in a release of different kinds of neurotransmitters.[5] There is a lesser known division of the autonomic nervous system known as the enteric nervous system.[6] Located only around the digestive tract, this system allows for local control without input from the sympathetic or the parasympathetic branches, though it can still receive and respond to signals from the rest of the body.[6] The enteric system is responsible for various functions related to gastrointestinal system.[6]
Sympathetic nervous system[edit]
The sympathetic system is activated during a “fight or flight” situation in which great mental stress or physical danger is encountered.[5] Neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, and epinephrine are released,[5] which increases heart rate and blood flow in certain areas like muscle, while simultaneously decreasing activities of non-critical functions for survival, like digestion.[6] The systems are independent to each other, which allows activation of certain parts of the body, while others remain rested.[6]
Parasympathetic nervous system[edit]
Primarily using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) as a mediator, the parasympathetic system allows the body to function in a “rest and digest” state.[6] Consequently, when the parasympathetic system dominates the body, there are increases in salivation and activities in digestion, while heart rate and other sympathetic response decrease.[6] Unlike the sympathetic system, humans have some voluntary controls in the parasympathetic system. The most prominent examples of this control are urination and defecation.[6]
Disease[edit]
Main article: Peripheral neuropathy
Diseases of the peripheral nervous system can be specific to one or more nerves, or affect the system as a whole.
Any peripheral nerve or nerve root can be damaged, called a mononeuropathy. Such injuries can be because of injury or trauma, or compression. Compression of nerves can occur because of a tumour mass or injury. Alternatively, if a nerve is in an area with a fixed size it may be trapped if the other components increase in size, such as carpal tunnel syndrome and tarsal tunnel syndrome. Common symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome include pain and numbness in the thumb, index and middle finger. In peripheral neuropathy, the function one or more nerves are damaged through a variety of means. Toxic damage may occur because of diabetes (diabetic neuropathy), alcohol, heavy metals or other toxins; some infections; autoimmune and inflammatory conditions such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis.[5] Peripheral neuropathy is associated with a sensory loss in a "glove and stocking" distribution that begins at the peripheral and slowly progresses upwards, and may also be associated with acute and chronic pain. Peripheral neuropathy is not just limited to the somatosensory nerves, but the autonomic nervous system too (autonomic neuropathy).[5]
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peripheral nervous system.
Classification of peripheral nerves
Connective tissue in the peripheral nervous system
Preferential motor reinnervation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Alberts, Daniel (2012). Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary (32nd ed. ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 1862. ISBN 9781416062578. CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
Jump up ^ "Slide show: How your brain works - Mayo Clinic". mayoclinic.com. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Board Review Series: Neuroanatomy, 4th Ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Maryland 2008, p. 177. ISBN 978-0-7817-7245-7.
Jump up ^ James S. White (21 March 2008). Neuroscience. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-07-149623-0. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Laight, David (September 2013). "Overview of peripheral nervous system pharmacology". Nurse Prescribing. ISSN 1479-9189.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Matic, Agnella Izzo (2014). "Introduction to the Nervous System, Part 2: The Autonomic Nervous System and the Central Nervous System". AMWA Journal: American Medical Writers Association Journal (AMWA J). ISSN 1075-6361.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
External links[edit]
Peripheral nervous system photomicrographs
Peripheral Neuropathy from the US NIH
Neuropathy: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments from Medical News Today
Peripheral Neuropathy at the Mayo Clinic
[hide]
v
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e
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Central nervous system
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Brain
Rhombencephalon
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Pons
Cerebellum
Midbrain
Forebrain
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Optic nerve
Cerebrum
Limbic system
Peripheral nervous system
Somatic
Sensory nerve
Motor nerve
Cranial nerve
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values: Периферен нервен систем – Macedonian

values:
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
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values: Det perifere nervesystemet – Norwegian Nynorsk

values:
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
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values: Периферическая нервная система – Russian

values: Peripheral nervous system – Simple English

values:
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
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values: ئەندامە دەمارییە بڵاوەکان – Central Kurdish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
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values: Периферни нервни систем – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
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values: Periferni nervni sistem – Serbo-Croatian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
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values: புற நரம்பு மண்டலம் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
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values: పరిధీయ నాడీ వ్యవస్థ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
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values: ระบบประสาทนอกส่วนกลาง – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
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values: Периферична нервова система – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
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values: محیطی عصبی نظام – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
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values: 周围神经系统 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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