text:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Painting of the Declaration, painted by Jean-Jacques-François Le Barbier
Author
General Lafayette, (sometimes with Thomas Jefferson) and Honoré Mirabeau.
Country
Kingdom of France
Language
French
Genre
Human rights, declaration and document.
Publisher
National Constituent Assembly
Publication date
27 August 1789
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (French: Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen), passed by France's National Constituent Assembly in August 1789, is an important document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights.[1] The Declaration was directly influenced by Thomas Jefferson, working with General Lafayette, who introduced it.[2] Influenced also by the doctrine of "natural right", the rights of man are held to be universal: valid at all times and in every place, pertaining to human nature itself. It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by the law. It is included in the beginning of the constitutions of both the Fourth French Republic (1946) and Fifth Republic (1958) and is still current. Inspired by the Enlightenment philosophers, the Declaration was a core statement of the values of the French Revolution and had a major impact on the development of freedom and democracy in Europe and worldwide.[3]
The Declaration, together with Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights, and the United States Bill of Rights, inspired in large part the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Philosophical and theoretical context
3 Substance
3.1 Articles
3.2 Active and passive citizenship
3.3 Women's rights
3.4 Slavery
4 Legacy
4.1 Constitution of the French Fifth Republic
5 See also
5.1 Other early declarations of rights
6 Notes
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
History[edit]
The content of the document emerged largely from the ideals of the Enlightenment.[5] The key drafts were prepared by Lafayette, working at times with his close friend Thomas Jefferson.[6][7] In August 1789, Honoré Mirabeau played a central role in conceptualizing and drafting the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.[8]
The last article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was adopted on 27 August 1789 by the National Constituent Assembly, during the period of the French Revolution, as the first step toward writing a constitution for France. Inspired by the Enlightenment, the original version of the Declaration was discussed by the representatives on the basis of a 24 article draft proposed by the sixth bureau[clarify],[9][10] led by Jérôme Champion de Cicé. The draft was later modified during the debates. A second and lengthier declaration, known as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793, was written in 1793 but never formally adopted.[11]
Philosophical and theoretical context[edit]
The concepts in the Declaration come from the philosophical and political duties of the Enlightenment, such as individualism, the social contract as theorized by the Genevan philosopher Rousseau, and the separation of powers espoused by the Baron de Montesquieu. As can be seen in the texts, the French declaration was heavily influenced by the political philosophy of the Enlightenment and principles of human rights as was the U.S. Declaration of Independence which preceded it (4 July 1776).
The declaration is in the spirit of "secular natural law", which does not base itself on religious doctrine or authority, in contrast with traditional natural law theory, which does.[12]
The declaration defines a single set of individual and collective rights for all men. Influenced by the doctrine of natural rights, these rights are held to be universal and valid in all times and places. For example, "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good."[13] They have certain natural rights to property, to liberty, and to life. According to this theory, the role of government is to recognize and secure these rights. Furthermore, government should be carried on by elected representatives.[12]
At the time of writing, the rights contained in the declaration were only awarded to men. Furthermore, the declaration was a statement of vision rather than reality. The declaration was not deeply rooted in either the practice of the West or even France at the time. The declaration emerged in the late 18th century out of war and revolution. It encountered opposition as democracy and individual rights were frequently regarded as synonymous with anarchy and subversion. The declaration embodies ideals and aspirations towards which France pledged to struggle in the future.[14]
Substance[edit]
The Declaration is introduced by a preamble describing the fundamental characteristics of the rights which are qualified as being "natural, unalienable and sacred" and consisting of "simple and incontestable principles" on which citizens could base their demands. In the second article, "the natural and imprescriptible rights of man" are defined as "liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression". It called for the destruction of aristocratic privileges by proclaiming an end to feudalism and to exemptions from taxation, freedom and equal rights for all "Men", and access to public office based on talent. The monarchy was restricted, and all citizens were to have the right to take part in the legislative process. Freedom of speech and press were declared, and arbitrary arrests outlawed.[15]
The Declaration also asserted the principles of popular sovereignty, in contrast to the divine right of kings that characterized the French monarchy, and social equality among citizens, "All the citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally admissible to all public dignities, places, and employments, according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents," eliminating the special rights of the nobility and clergy.[16]
Articles[edit]
Article I – Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions can be founded only on the common good.
Article II – The goal of any political association is the conservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, safety and resistance against oppression.
Article III – The principle of any sovereignty resides essentially in the Nation. No body, no individual can exert authority which does not emanate expressly from it.
Article IV – Liberty consists of doing anything which does not harm others: thus, the exercise of the natural rights of each man has only those borders which assure other members of the society the fruition of these same rights. These borders can be determined only by the law.
Article V – The law has the right to forbid only actions harmful to society. Anything which is not forbidden by the law cannot be impeded, and no one can be constrained to do what it does not order.
Article VI – The law is the expression of the general will. All the citizens have the right of contributing personally or through their representatives to its formation. It must be the same for all, either that it protects, or that it punishes. All the citizens, being equal in its eyes, are equally admissible to all public dignities, places, and employments, according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents.
Article VII – No man can be accused, arrested nor detained but in the cases determined by the law, and according to the forms which it has prescribed. Those who solicit, dispatch, carry out or cause to be carried out arbitrary orders, must be punished; but any citizen called or seized under the terms of the law must obey at once; he renders himself culpable by resistance.
Article VIII – The law should establish only penalties that are strictly and evidently necessary, and no one can be punished but under a law established and promulgated before the offense and legally applied.
Article IX – Any man being presumed innocent until he is declared culpable if it is judged indispensable to arrest him, any rigor which would not be necessary for the securing of his person must be severely reprimanded by the law.
Article X – No one may be disturbed for his opinions, even religious ones, provided that their manifestation does not trouble the public order established by the law.
Article XI – The free communication of thoughts and of opinions is one of the most precious rights of man: any citizen thus may speak, write, print freely, except to respond to the abuse of this liberty, in the cases determined by the law.
Article XII – The guarantee of the rights of man and of the citizen necessitates a public force: this force is thus instituted for the advantage of all and not for the particular utility of those in whom it is trusted.
Article XIII – For the maintenance of the public force and for the expenditures of administration, a common contribution is indispensable; it must be equally distributed to all the citizens, according to their ability to pay.
Article XIV – Each citizen has the right to ascertain, by himself or through his representatives, the need for a public tax, to consent to it freely, to know the uses to which it is put, and of determining the proportion, basis, collection, and duration.
Article XV – The society has the right of requesting an account from any public agent of its administration.
Article XVI – Any society in which the guarantee of rights is not assured, nor the separation of powers determined, has no Constitution.
Article XVII – Property being an inviolable and sacred right, no one can be deprived of private usage, if it is not when the public necessity, legally noted, evidently requires it, and under the condition of a just and prior indemnity.
Active and passive citizenship[edit]
While the French Revolution provided rights to a larger portion of the population, there remained a distinction between those who obtained the political rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and those who did not. Those who were deemed to hold these political rights were called active citizens. Active citizenship was granted to men who were French, at least 25 years old, paid taxes equal to three days work, and could not be defined as servants (Thouret).[17] This meant that at the time of the Declaration only male property owners held these rights.[18] The deputies in the National Assembly believed that only those who held tangible interests in the nation could make informed political decisions.[19] This distinction directly affects articles 6, 12, 14, and 15 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen as each of these rights is related to the right to vote and to participate actively in the government. With the decree of 29 October 1789, the term active citizen became embedded in French politics.[20]
The concept of passive citizens was created to encompass those populations that had been excluded from political rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Because of the requirements set down for active citizens, the vote was granted to approximately 4.3 million Frenchmen[20] out of a population of around 29 million.[21] These omitted groups included women, slaves, children, and foreigners. As these measures were voted upon by the General Assembly, they limited the rights of certain groups of citizens while implementing the democratic process of the new French Republic (1792–1804).[19] This legislation, passed in 1789, was amended by the creators of the Constitution of the Year III in order to eliminate the label of active citizen.[22] The power to vote was then, however, to be granted solely to substantial property owners.[22]
Tensions arose between active and passive citizens throughout the Revolution. This happened when passive citizens started to call for more rights, or when they openly refused to listen to the ideals set forth by active citizens. This cartoon clearly demonstrates the difference that existed between the active and passive citizens along with the tensions associated with such differences.[23] In the cartoon, a passive citizen is holding a spade and a wealthy landowning active citizen is ordering the passive citizens to go to work. The act appears condescending to the passive citizen and it revisits the reasons why the French Revolution began in the first place.
Women, in particular, were strong passive citizens who played a significant role in the Revolution. Olympe de Gouges penned her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in 1791 and drew attention to the need for gender equality.[24] By supporting the ideals of the French Revolution and wishing to expand them to women, she represented herself as a revolutionary citizen. Madame Roland also established herself as an influential figure throughout the Revolution. She saw women of the French Revolution as holding three roles; "inciting revolutionary action, formulating policy, and informing others of revolutionary events."[25] By working with men, as opposed to working separate from men, she may have been able to further the fight of revolutionary women. As players in the French Revolution, women occupied a significant role in the civic sphere by forming social movements and participating in popular clubs, allowing them societal influence, despite their lack of direct political influence.[26]
Women's rights[edit]
The Declaration recognized many rights as belonging to citizens (who could only be male). This was despite the fact that after The March on Versailles on 5 October 1789, women presented the Women's Petition to the National Assembly in which they proposed a decree giving women equal rights.[27] In 1790, Nicolas de Condorcet and Etta Palm d'Aelders unsuccessfully called on the National Assembly to extend civil and political rights to women.[28] Condorcet declared that "he who votes against the right of another, whatever the religion, color, or sex of that other, has henceforth abjured his own".[29] The French Revolution did not lead to a recognition of women's rights and this prompted Olympe de Gouges to publish the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in September 1791.[30]
The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen is modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and is ironic in formulation and exposes the failure of the French Revolution, which had been devoted to equality. It states that:
“This revolution will only take effect when all women become fully aware of their deplorable condition, and of the rights, they have lost in society”.
The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen follows the seventeen articles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen point for point and has been described by Camille Naish as "almost a parody... of the original document". The first article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen proclaims that "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on common utility." The first article of Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen replied: "Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights. Social distinctions may only be based on common utility".
De Gouges also draws attention to the fact that under French law women were fully punishable, yet denied equal rights, declaring "Women have the right to mount the scaffold, they must also have the right to mount the speaker's rostrum".[31]
Slavery[edit]
The declaration did not revoke the institution of slavery, as lobbied for by Jacques-Pierre Brissot's Les Amis des Noirs and defended by the group of colonial planters called the Club Massiac because they met at the Hôtel Massiac.[32] Despite the lack of explicit mention of slavery in the Declaration, slave uprisings in Saint-Domingue in the Haitian Revolution took inspiration from its words, as discussed in C. L. R. James' history of the Haitian Revolution, The Black Jacobins.[33]
Deplorable conditions for the thousands of slaves in Saint-Domingue, the most profitable slave colony in the world, led to the uprisings which would be known as the first successful slave revolt in the New World. Slavery in the French colonies was abolished by the Convention dominated by the Jacobins in 1794. However, Napoleon reinstated it in 1802. In 1804, the colony of Saint-Domingue became an independent state, the Republic of Haiti.
Legacy[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Declaration has also influenced and inspired rights-based liberal democracy throughout the world. It was translated as soon as 1793–1794 by Colombian Antonio Nariño, who published it despite the Inquisition and was sentenced to be imprisoned for ten years for doing so. In 2003, the document was listed on UNESCO's Memory of the World register.
Constitution of the French Fifth Republic[edit]
Main article: Constitution of the French Fifth Republic
According to the preamble of the Constitution of the French Fifth Republic (adopted on 4 October 1958, and the current constitution), the principles set forth in the Declaration have constitutional value. Many laws and regulations have been canceled because they did not comply with those principles as interpreted by the Conseil Constitutionnel ("Constitutional Council of France") or by the Conseil d'État ("Council of State").
Taxation legislation or practices that seem to make some unwarranted difference between citizens are struck down as unconstitutional.
Suggestions of positive discrimination on ethnic grounds are rejected because they infringe on the principle of equality since they would establish categories of people that would, by birth, enjoy greater rights.
See also[edit]
Human rights in France
Universality
Other early declarations of rights[edit]
Magna Carta (England, 1215)
Statute of Kalisz (Poland, 1264)
Henrician Articles and Pacta Conventa (Poland, 1573)
Petition of Right (England, 1628)
Bill of Rights (England, 1689)
Claim of Right (Scotland, 1689)
Bill of Rights (United States, 1789)
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of Franchimont (modern-day Belgium, 1789)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The French title can be also translated as "Declaration of Human and Civic Rights".
Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont-Barnes (2007). Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760-1815. Greenwood. p. 190.
Jump up ^ Kopstein Kopstein (2000). Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order. Cambridge UP. p. 72.
Jump up ^ Douglas K. Stevenson (1987), American Life and Institutions, Stuttgart (Germany), p. 34
Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre (2005). The Coming of the French Revolution. Princeton UP. p. 212.
Jump up ^ George Athan Billias, ed. (2009). American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World, 1776-1989: A Global Perspective. NYU Press. p. 92. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Susan Dunn, Sister Revolutions: French Lightning, American Light (1999) pp 143-45
Jump up ^ Keith Baker, "The Idea of a Declaration of Rights" in Dale Van Kley, ed. The French Idea of Freedom: The Old Regime and the Declaration of Rights of 1789 (1997) pp 154-96.
Jump up ^ The original draft is an annex to the 12 August report (Archives parlementaires, 1,e série, tome VIII, débats du 12 août 1789, p. 431).
Jump up ^ Archives parlementaires, 1e série, tome VIII, débats du 19 août 1789, p. 459.
Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont-Barnes, ed. (2007). Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760-1815. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 159 vol 1. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Merryman, John Henry; Rogelierdomo (2007). The civil law tradition: an introduction to the legal system of Europe and Latin America. Stanford University Press. p. 16. ISBN 9780804755696.
Jump up ^ First Article, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
Jump up ^ Lauren, Paul Gordon (2003). The evolution of international human rights: visions seen. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 32. ISBN 9780812218541.
Jump up ^ Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2008). Western Civilization: 1300 to 1815. Wadsworth Publishing. p. 580. ISBN 978-0-495-50289-0.
Jump up ^ von Guttner, Darius (2015). The French Revolution. Nelson Cengage. pp. 85–88.
Jump up ^ Thouret 1789, http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/282/
Jump up ^ Censer and Hunt 2001, p. 55.
^ Jump up to: a b Popkin 2006, p. 46.
^ Jump up to: a b Doyle 1989, p. 124.
Jump up ^ "Social Causes of the Revolution"
^ Jump up to: a b Doyle 1989, p. 420.
Jump up ^ "Active/Passive Citizen", http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/75/.
Jump up ^ De Gouges, "Declaration of the Rights of Women", 1791.
Jump up ^ Dalton 2001, p. 1.
Jump up ^ Levy and Applewhite 2002, pp. 319–20, 324.
Jump up ^ Women's Petition to the National Assembly
Jump up ^ Williams, Helen Maria; Neil Fraistat; Susan Sniader Lanser; David Brookshire (2001). Letters written in France. Broadview Press Ltd. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-55111-255-8.
Jump up ^ Lauren, Paul Gordon (2003). The evolution of international human rights. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 18–20. ISBN 978-0-8122-1854-1.
Jump up ^ Naish, Camille (1991). Death comes to the maiden: Sex and Execution, 1431–1933. Routledge. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-415-05585-7.
Jump up ^ Naish, Camille (1991). Death comes to the maiden: Sex and Execution, 1431–1933. Routledge. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-415-05585-7.
Jump up ^ The club of reactionary colonial proprietors meeting since July 1789 were opposed to representation in the Assemblée of France's overseas dominions, for fear "that this would expose delicate colonial issues to the hazards of debate in the Assembly", as Robin Blackburn expressed it (Blackburn, The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776–1848 [1988:174f]); see also the speech of Jean-Baptiste Belley
Jump up ^ Cf. Heinrich August Winkler (2012), Geschichte des Westens. Von den Anfängen in der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert, Third Edition, Munich (Germany), p. 386
References[edit]
Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001.
Susan Dalton, Gender and the Shifting Ground of Revolutionary Politics: The Case of Madame Roland, Canadian Journal of History, 36, no. 2 (2001): 259–83.
William Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
Darline Levy and Harriet Applewhite, A Political Revolution for Women? The Case of Paris, In The French Revolution: conflicting interpretations. 5th ed. Malabar, Fla.: Krieger Pub. Co., 2002. 317–46.
Jeremy Popkin, A History of Modern France, Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc., 2006.
"Active Citizen/Passive Citizen", Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution (accessed 30 October 2011).
Further reading[edit]
Gérard Conac, Marc Debene, Gérard Teboul, eds, La Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789; histoire, analyse et commentaires, Economica, Paris, 1993, ISBN 978-2-7178-2483-4.(in French)
McLean, Iain. "Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and the Déclaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen" in The Future of Liberal Democracy: Thomas Jefferson and the Contemporary World (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004) online
External links[edit]
Find more aboutDeclaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizenat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Works related to Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen at Wikisource
"Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen de 1789". Conseil constitutionnel (in French). Retrieved 14 May 2012.
"Declaration of human and civic rights of 26 August 1789" (PDF). Conseil constitutionnel. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
[show]
v
t
e
French Revolution
Causes
Timeline
Ancien Régime
Revolution
Constitutional monarchy
Republic
Directory
Consulate
Glossary
[show]
Significant civil and political events by year
1788
Day of the Tiles (7 Jun 1788)
Assembly of Vizille (21 Jul 1788)
1789
What Is the Third Estate? (Jan 1789)
Réveillon riots (28 Apr 1789)
Convocation of the Estates-General (5 May 1789)
National Assembly (17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)
Tennis Court Oath (20 Jun 1789)
National Constituent Assembly (9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)
Storming of the Bastille (14 Jul 1789)
Great Fear (20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)
Abolition of Feudalism (4-11 Aug 1789)
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (27 Aug 1789)
Women's March on Versailles (5 Oct 1789)
1790
Abolition of the Parlements (Feb–Jul 1790)
Abolition of the Nobility (19 Jun 1790)
Civil Constitution of the Clergy (12 Jul 1790)
1791
Flight to Varennes (20–21 Jun 1791)
Champ de Mars Massacre (17 Jul 1791)
Declaration of Pillnitz (27 Aug 1791)
The Constitution of 1791 (3 Sep 1791)
Legislative Assembly (1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)
1792
France declares war (20 Apr 1792)
Brunswick Manifesto (25 Jul 1792)
Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary (Jun 1792)
10th of August (10 Aug 1792)
September Massacres (Sep 1792)
National Convention (20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)
First republic declared (22 Sep 1792)
1793
Execution of Louis XVI (21 Jan 1793)
Revolutionary Tribunal (9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)
Reign of Terror (27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)
Committee of Public Safety
Committee of General Security
Fall of the Girondists (2 Jun 1793)
Assassination of Marat (13 Jul 1793)
Levée en masse (23 Aug 1793)
The Death of Marat (painting)
Law of Suspects (17 Sep 1793)
Marie Antoinette is guillotined (16 Oct 1793)
Anti-clerical laws (throughout the year)
1794
Danton and Desmoulins guillotined (5 Apr 1794)
Law of 22 Prairial (10 Jun 1794)
Thermidorian Reaction (27 Jul 1794)
Robespierre guillotined (28 Jul 1794)
White Terror (Fall 1794)
Closing of the Jacobin Club (11 Nov 1794)
1795
Constitution of the Year III (22 Aug 1795)
Conspiracy of the Equals (Nov 1795)
Directoire (1795–99)
Council of Five Hundred
Council of Ancients
1797
Coup of 18 Fructidor (4 Sep 1797)
Second Congress of Rastatt (Dec 1797)
1799
Coup of 30 Prairial VII (18 Jun 1799)
Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 Nov 1799)
Constitution of the Year VIII (24 Dec 1799)
Consulate
[show]
Revolutionary campaigns
1792
Verdun
Thionville
Valmy
Royalist Revolts
Chouannerie
Vendée
Dauphiné
Lille
Siege of Mainz
Jemappes
Namur (fr)
1793
First Coalition
Siege of Toulon (18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)
War in the Vendée
Battle of Neerwinden)
Battle of Famars (23 May 1793)
Expédition de Sardaigne (21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)
Battle of Kaiserslautern
Siege of Mainz
Battle of Wattignies
Battle of Hondschoote
Siege of Bellegarde
Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)
First Battle of Wissembourg (13 Oct 1793)
Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)
Second Battle of Wissembourg (26–27 Dec 1793)
1794
Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies (24 Apr 1794)
Battle of Boulou (Pyrenees) (30 Apr – 1 May 1794)
Battle of Tournay (22 May 1794)
Battle of Fleurus (26 Jun 1794)
Chouannerie
Battle of Tourcoing (18 May 1794)
Battle of Aldenhoven (2 Oct 1794)
1795
Peace of Basel
1796
Battle of Lonato (3–4 Aug 1796)
Battle of Castiglione (5 Aug 1796)
Battle of Theiningen
Battle of Neresheim (11 Aug 1796)
Battle of Amberg (24 Aug 1796)
Battle of Würzburg (3 Sep 1796)
Battle of Rovereto (4 Sep 1796)
First Battle of Bassano (8 Sep 1796)
Battle of Emmendingen (19 Oct 1796)
Battle of Schliengen (26 Oct 1796)
Second Battle of Bassano (6 Nov 1796)
Battle of Calliano (6–7 Nov 1796)
Battle of the Bridge of Arcole (15–17 Nov 1796)
The Ireland Expedition (Dec 1796)
1797
Naval Engagement off Brittany (13 Jan 1797)
Battle of Rivoli (14–15 Jan 1797)
Battle of the Bay of Cádiz (25 Jan 1797)
Treaty of Leoben (17 Apr 1797)
Battle of Neuwied (18 Apr 1797)
Treaty of Campo Formio (17 Oct 1797)
1798
French invasion of Switzerland (28 January – 17 May 1798)
French Invasion of Egypt (1798–1801)
Irish Rebellion of 1798 (23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
Quasi-War (1798–1800)
Peasants' War (12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)
1799
Second Coalition (1798–1802)
Siege of Acre (20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
Battle of Ostrach (20–21 Mar 1799)
Battle of Stockach (25 Mar 1799)
Battle of Magnano (5 Apr 1799)
Battle of Cassano (27 Apr 1799)
First Battle of Zurich (4–7 Jun 1799)
Battle of Trebbia (19 Jun 1799)
Battle of Novi (15 Aug 1799)
Second Battle of Zurich (25–26 Sep 1799)
1800
Battle of Marengo (14 Jun 1800)
Battle of Hohenlinden (3 Dec 1800)
League of Armed Neutrality (1800–02)
1801
Treaty of Lunéville (9 Feb 1801)
Treaty of Florence (18 Mar 1801)
Algeciras Campaign (8 Jul 1801)
1802
Treaty of Amiens (25 Mar 1802)
[show]
Military leaders
French Army
Eustache Charles d'Aoust
Pierre Augereau
Alexandre de Beauharnais
Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
Louis-Alexandre Berthier
Jean-Baptiste Bessières
Guillaume-Marie-Anne Brune
Jean François Carteaux
Jean Étienne Championnet
Chapuis de Tourville
Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
Louis-Nicolas Davout
Louis Desaix
Jacques François Dugommier
Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
Charles François Dumouriez
Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
Louis-Charles de Flers
Paul Grenier
Emmanuel de Grouchy
Jacques Maurice Hatry
Lazare Hoche
Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
François Christophe de Kellermann
Jean-Baptiste Kléber
Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
Jean Lannes
Charles Leclerc
Claude Lecourbe
François Joseph Lefebvre
Jacques MacDonald
Jean-Antoine Marbot
Jean Baptiste de Marbot
François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers
Auguste de Marmont
André Masséna
Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
Jean Victor Marie Moreau
Édouard Mortier, duc de Trévise
Joachim Murat
Michel Ney
Pierre-Jacques Osten (fr)
Nicolas Oudinot
Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon
Jean-Charles Pichegru
Józef Poniatowski
Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier
Joseph Souham
Jean-de-Dieu Soult
Louis-Gabriel Suchet
Belgrand de Vaubois
Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno
French Navy
Charles-Alexandre Linois
Opposition
Austria
József Alvinczi
Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
Count of Clerfayt (Walloon)
Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg
Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze (Swiss)
Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
Pál Kray (Hungarian)
Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc (French)
Maximilian Baillet de Latour (Walloon)
Karl Mack von Leiberich
Rudolf Ritter von Otto (Saxon)
Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló (Hungarian)
Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
Dagobert von Wurmser
Britain
Sir Ralph Abercromby
Admiral Sir James Saumarez
Admiral Sir Edward Pellew
Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
Dutch Republic
William V, Prince of Orange
Prussia
Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
Russia
Alexander Korsakov
Alexander Suvorov
Spain
Luis Firmin de Carvajal
Antonio Ricardos
[show]
Other significant figures and factions
Society of 1789
Jean Sylvain Bailly
Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
Nicolas de Condorcet
Feuillants
and monarchiens
Madame de Lamballe
Madame du Barry
Louis de Breteuil
Loménie de Brienne
Charles Alexandre de Calonne
de Chateaubriand
Jean Chouan
Grace Elliott
Arnaud de La Porte
Jean-Sifrein Maury
Jacques Necker
François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
Antoine Barnave
Lafayette
Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
Charles Malo François Lameth
André Chénier
Jean-François Rewbell
Camille Jordan
Madame de Staël
Boissy d'Anglas
Jean-Charles Pichegru
Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
Girondists
Jacques Pierre Brissot
Roland de La Platière
Madame Roland
Father Henri Grégoire
Étienne Clavière
Marquis de Condorcet
Charlotte Corday
Marie Jean Hérault
Jean Baptiste Treilhard
Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
Jean Debry
Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
Olympe de Gouges
Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux
The Plain
Abbé Sieyès
de Cambacérès
Charles François Lebrun
Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
Philippe Égalité
Louis Philippe I
Mirabeau
Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
Jean Joseph Mounier
Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
François de Neufchâteau
Montagnards
Maximilien Robespierre
Georges Danton
Jean-Paul Marat
Camille Desmoulins
Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
Paul Nicolas, vicomte de Barras
Louis Philippe I
Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
Jacques-Louis David
Marquis de Sade
Jacques-Louis David
Georges Couthon
Roger Ducos
Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
Jean-Henri Voulland
Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
Jean-Pierre-André Amar
Prieur de la Côte-d'Or
Prieur de la Marne
Gilbert Romme
Jean Bon Saint-André
Jean-Lambert Tallien
Pierre Louis Prieur
Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
Antoine Christophe Saliceti
Hébertists
and Enragés
Jacques Hébert
Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
Charles-Philippe Ronsin
Antoine-François Momoro
François-Nicolas Vincent
François Chabot
Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
François Hanriot
Jacques Roux
Stanislas-Marie Maillard
Charles-Philippe Ronsin
Jean-François Varlet
Theophile Leclerc
Claire Lacombe
Pauline Léon
Gracchus Babeuf
Sylvain Maréchal
Others
Charles X
Louis XVI
Louis XVII
Louis XVIII
Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
Marie Antoinette
Napoléon Bonaparte
Lucien Bonaparte
Joseph Bonaparte
Joseph Fesch
Joséphine de Beauharnais
Joachim Murat
Jean Sylvain Bailly
Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
Talleyrand
Thérésa Tallien
Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
Catherine Théot
List of people associated with the French Revolution
[show]
Influential thinkers
Les Lumières
Beaumarchais
Edmund Burke
Anacharsis Cloots
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
Pierre Claude François Daunou
Diderot
Benjamin Franklin
Thomas Jefferson
Antoine Lavoisier
Montesquieu
Thomas Paine
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Abbé Sieyès
Voltaire
Mary Wollstonecraft
[show]
Cultural impact
La Marseillaise
French Tricolour
Liberté, égalité, fraternité
Marianne
Bastille Day
Panthéon
French Republican Calendar
Cult of the Supreme Being
Cult of Reason
Temple of Reason
Sans-culottes
Metric system
Phrygian cap
Women in the French Revolution
Symbolism in the French Revolution
Historiography of the French Revolution
Influence of the French Revolution
[show]
v
t
e
Human rights
Children's
Intersex
Men's
Women's
Fundamental concepts
and philosophies
Natural law
Positive law
Sovereignty
Universal jurisdiction
Distinctions
Claim rights and liberty rights
Individual and group rights
Natural and legal rights
Negative and positive rights
Aspects
Corporal punishment
Organizations
List of human rights organisations
of national human rights institutions
By continent
Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
Oceania
South America
Category:Rights
Portal:Human rights
[show]
v
t
e
Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of the United States (1801–1809)
2nd U.S. Vice President (1797–1801)
1st U.S. Secretary of State (1790–1793)
U.S. Minister to France (1785–1789)
2nd Governor of Virginia (1779–1781)
Delegate, Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)
Founding
documents of
the United States
A Summary View of the Rights of British America (1774)
Initial draft, Olive Branch Petition (1775)
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms (1775)
1776 Declaration of Independence
Committee of Five
authored
physical history
"All men are created equal"
"Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness"
"Consent of the governed"
1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
freedom of religion
French Revolution
Co-author, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)
Presidency
Inaugural Address (1801
1805)
Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
Louisiana Purchase
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Corps of Discovery
timeline
Empire of Liberty
Red River Expedition
Pike Expedition
Cumberland Road
Embargo Act of 1807
Chesapeake–Leopard Affair
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
First Barbary War
Native American policy
Marbury v. Madison
West Point Military Academy
State of the Union Addresses (texts
1801
1802
1805)
Cabinet
Federal judicial appointments
Other noted
accomplishments
Early life and career
Founder, University of Virginia
history
Land Ordinance of 1784
Northwest Ordinance 1787
Anti-Administration party
Democratic-Republican Party
Jeffersonian democracy
First Party System
republicanism
Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measure of the United States (1790)
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
A Manual of Parliamentary Practice (1801)
Jeffersonian
architecture
Barboursville
Farmington
Monticello
gardens
Poplar Forest
University of Virginia
The Rotunda
The Lawn
Virginia State Capitol
White House Colonnades
Other writings
Notes on the State of Virginia (1785)
1787 European journey memorandums
Indian removal letters
Jefferson Bible (1895)
Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society
Related
Age of Enlightenment
American Enlightenment
American Philosophical Society
American Revolution
patriots
Member, Virginia Committee of Correspondence
Committee of the States
Founding Fathers of the United States
Franco-American alliance
Jefferson and education
Religious views
Jefferson and slavery
Jefferson and the Library of Congress
Jefferson disk
Jefferson Pier
Pet mockingbird
National Gazette
Residence Act
Compromise of 1790
Sally Hemings
Jefferson–Hemings controversy
Betty Hemings
Separation of church and state
Swivel chair
The American Museum magazine
Virginia dynasty
Elections
United States Presidential election 1796
1800
1804
Legacy
Bibliography
Jefferson Memorial
Mount Rushmore
Birthday
Thomas Jefferson Building
Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression
Jefferson Lecture
Jefferson National Expansion Memorial
Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service
Jefferson Lab
Monticello Association
Jefferson City, Missouri
Jefferson College
Thomas Jefferson School of Law
Thomas Jefferson University
Washington and Jefferson National Forests
Other placenames
Currency depictions
Jefferson nickel
Two-dollar bill
U.S. postage stamps
Popular culture
Ben and Me (1953 short)
1776 (1969 musical
1972 film)
Jefferson in Paris (1995 film)
Thomas Jefferson (1997 film)
Liberty! (1997 documentary series)
Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series)
John Adams (2008 miniseries)
Jefferson's Garden (2015 play)
Hamilton (2015 musical)
Jefferson–Eppes Trophy
Wine bottles controversy
Family
Peter Jefferson (father)
Jane Randolph Jefferson (mother)
Lucy Jefferson Lewis (sister)
Randolph Jefferson (brother)
Isham Randolph (grandfather)
William Randolph (great-grandfather)
Martha Jefferson (wife)
Martha Jefferson Randolph (daughter)
Mary Jefferson Eppes (daughter)
Harriet Hemings (daughter)
Madison Hemings (son)
Eston Hemings (son)
Thomas J. Randolph (grandson)
Francis Eppes (grandson)
George W. Randolph (grandson)
John Wayles Jefferson (grandson)
Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. (son-in-law)
John Wayles Eppes (son-in-law)
John Wayles (father-in-law)
Dabney Carr (brother-in-law)
Dabney Carr (nephew)
← John Adams
James Madison →
Category
[show]
v
t
e
George Mason
United States
Founding events
Drafted, 1769 Virginia Association resolutions
Primary author, 1774 Fairfax Resolves
Primary author, 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights
"All men are created equal"
Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
Freedom of the press
Freedom of religion
Consent of the governed
Baseless search and seizure
Cruel and unusual punishments
Speedy trial
1776 Virginia Constitution
1785 Mount Vernon Conference
1787 Constitutional Convention
Virginia Ratifying Convention
Co-father, United States Bill of Rights
history
Founding Father
Writings inspired
1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (France)
1789 United States Bill of Rights
Life
Chopawamsic plantation
Gunston Hall
On slavery
Ohio Company
Legacy
George Mason Memorial
George Mason University
George Mason Stadium
George Mason Memorial Bridge
George Mason High School
18-cent postage stamp
Related
Age of Enlightenment
American Enlightenment
American Revolution
patriots
Wilson v. Mason
Hollin Hall
Woodbridge plantation
Mason's Island
Family
George Mason V (son)
William Mason (son)
Thomson Mason (son)
John Mason (son)
Thomas Mason (son)
George Mason III (father)
Thomson Mason (brother)
George Mason II (grandfather)
[show]
v
t
e
Constitutions of France
1791
1793 (Year I)
1795 (Year III)
1799 (Year VIII)
1802 (Year X)
1804 (Year XII)
1814
1815
1830
1848
1852
1875
1940
1945
1946
1958 (Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ∙ Charter for the Environment)
Proposed: Girondin constitutional project (1793)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 185684735
LCCN: no90010771
GND: 4200626-0
Human rights portal
Law portal
France portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen&oldid=819406149"
Categories:
1789 in law
1789 events of the French Revolution
French law
Human rights instruments
Human rights in France
Government of France
Memory of the World Register
Political charters
History of human rights
Popular sovereignty
Age of Enlightenment
18th century in Paris
1789 documents
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
Pages to import images to Wikidata
Use dmy dates from October 2015
Articles containing French-language text
All Wikipedia articles needing clarification
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2014
Articles needing additional references from August 2017
All articles needing additional references
Articles with French-language external links
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
Interlanguage link template link number
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Wikisource
Languages
Alemannisch
العربية
Asturianu
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
مصرى
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Occitan
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 January 2018, at 05:26.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

values: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789.jpg

attrs: href title

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/General_Lafayette
mw-redirect
General Lafayette

values:
/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Mirabeau
mw-redirect
Honoré Mirabeau

values:
/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly
mw-disambig
National Constituent Assembly

values:
/wiki/Civil_rights
mw-redirect
Civil rights

values:
/wiki/English_Bill_of_Rights
mw-redirect
English Bill of Rights

values: Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau

values: padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:#595959; border:1px solid #DDD;

values: This passage needs to be better explained. (November 2014)

values: Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793

values: Edit section: Philosophical and theoretical context

values:
/wiki/U.S._Declaration_of_Independence
mw-redirect
U.S. Declaration of Independence

values:
/wiki/Individual_rights
mw-redirect
Individual rights

values: Edit section: Active and passive citizenship

values:
nofollow
http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/282/
external text

values:
/wiki/Passive_citizens
mw-redirect
Passive citizens

values:
nofollow
http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/75/
external text

values: Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen

values:
/wiki/The_March_on_Versailles
mw-redirect
The March on Versailles

values: Women's Petition to the National Assembly

values:
/wiki/Nicolas_de_Condorcet
mw-redirect
Nicolas de Condorcet

values: Slavery abolition efforts by Les Amis des Noirs

values:
/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti
mw-redirect
Republic of Haiti

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values: Edit section: Constitution of the French Fifth Republic

values: Constitution of the French Fifth Republic

values:
/wiki/Conseil_Constitutionnel
mw-redirect
Conseil Constitutionnel

values:
/wiki/Council_of_State_(France)
mw-redirect
Council of State (France)

values:
/wiki/Positive_discrimination
mw-redirect
Positive discrimination

values: Edit section: Other early declarations of rights

values:
/wiki/Pacta_conventa_(Poland)
mw-redirect
Pacta conventa (Poland)

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

values:
nofollow
http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/282/
external free

values:
nofollow
http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/75/
external free

values:
nofollow
https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/629/
external text

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: wikt:Special:Search/Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: c:Special:Search/Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

values: n:Special:Search/Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

values: q:Special:Search/Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

values: s:Special:Search/Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

values: b:Special:Search/Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

values: v:Special:Search/Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: wikisource:Translation:Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

values:
/wiki/Estates-General_of_1789
mw-redirect
Estates-General of 1789

values: Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup

values: Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values: Siege of Namur (1792) (page does not exist)

values:
noprint
font-size:85%; font-style: normal;

values: Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Hondschoote_(1793)
mw-redirect
Battle of Hondschoote (1793)

values: Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Boulou
mw-redirect
Battle of Boulou

values: Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values: Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bridge_of_Arcole
mw-redirect
Battle of the Bridge of Arcole

values:
/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_d%27Irlande
mw-redirect
Expédition d'Irlande

values: Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values: Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values: Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values: Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values: Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars

values:
/wiki/Guillaume-Marie-Anne_Brune
mw-redirect
Guillaume-Marie-Anne Brune

values: Charles Bertin Gaston Chapuis de Tourville

values: Jean Baptiste Antoine Marcellin de Marbot

values: Pierre-Jacques Osten (page does not exist)

values: François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt

values: Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour

values: Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany

values: Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

values: Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen

values: Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión

values:
/wiki/Princess_Marie_Louise_of_Savoy
mw-redirect
Princess Marie Louise of Savoy

values: Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth

values: Jean-Marie Roland, vicomte de la Platière

values: Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance

values: Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras

values: Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau

values:
/wiki/Jean_Bon_Saint-Andr%C3%A9
mw-redirect
Jean Bon Saint-André

values:
/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais
mw-redirect
Joséphine de Beauharnais

values: Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes

values: List of people associated with the French Revolution

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: List of national human rights institutions

values: Human rights in North America (page does not exist)

values: Human rights in Oceania (page does not exist)

values: Human rights in South America (page does not exist)

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: List of Vice Presidents of the United States

values: List of Secretaries of State of the United States

values: A Summary View of the Rights of British America

values: Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms

values: United States Declaration of Independence

values: Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence

values: Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness

values: s:Thomas Jefferson's First Inaugural Address

values: s:Thomas Jefferson's Second Inaugural Address

values: Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition

values:
/wiki/Chesapeake%E2%80%93Leopard_Affair
mw-redirect
Chesapeake–Leopard Affair

values: History of the United States Military Academy

values: List of federal judges appointed by Thomas Jefferson

values: Early life and career of Thomas Jefferson

values: Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States

values: Memorandums taken on a journey from Paris into the southern parts of France and Northern Italy, in the year 1787

values: Separation of church and state in the United States

values: United States presidential election, 1796

values: United States presidential election, 1800

values: United States presidential election, 1804

values: Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service

values: Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility

values: George Washington and Jefferson National Forests

values: List of places named for Thomas Jefferson

values: List of Presidents of the United States on currency

values: Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps

values:
/wiki/Cruel_and_unusual_punishments
mw-redirect
Cruel and unusual punishments

values: Constitutional Convention (United States)

values: History of the United States Constitution

values: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

values: French Constitutional Law of 1945 (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1958
mw-redirect
French Constitution of 1958

values: Charter for the Environment (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/185684735

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4200626-0

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:1789 events of the French Revolution

values: Category:Pages to import images to Wikidata

values: Category:Use dmy dates from October 2015

values: Category:Articles containing French-language text

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles needing clarification

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2014

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles with French-language external links

values: Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)

values: Category:Interlanguage link template link number

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Erklärung der Menschen- und Bürgerrechte – Alemannisch

values: إعلان حقوق الإنسان والمواطن – Arabic

values: Declaración de los Derechos del Home y del Ciudadanu – Asturian

values: Дэкларацыя правоў чалавека і грамадзяніна – Belarusian

values: Декларация за правата на човека и гражданина – Bulgarian

values: Deklaracija o pravima čovjeka i građanina – Bosnian

values: Disklêriadur Gwirioù Mab-den hag ar c'heodedour 1789 – Breton

values: Declaració dels Drets de l'Home i del Ciutadà – Catalan

values: Erklæringen om menneskets og borgerens rettigheder – Danish

values: Erklärung der Menschen- und Bürgerrechte – German

values: Διακήρυξη των Δικαιωμάτων του Ανθρώπου και του Πολίτη – Greek

values: Declaración de los Derechos del Hombre y del Ciudadano – Spanish

values: Deklaracio pri Homaj kaj Civitanaj Rajtoj – Esperanto

values: Gizonaren eta Herritarraren Eskubideen Adierazpena – Basque

values: اعلامیه حقوق انسان و شهروند – Persian

values: Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789 – French

values: Declaración dos dereitos do home e do cidadán – Galician

values: 인간과 시민의 권리선언 – Korean

values: Մարդու և քաղաքացու իրավունքների դեկլարացիա – Armenian

values: पुरुष एवं नागरिक अधिकार घोषणापत्र – Hindi

values: Deklaracija o pravima čovjeka i građanina – Croatian

values: Deklaro pri la yuri di la homo e di la civitano de 1789 – Ido

values: Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia dan Warga Negara – Indonesian

values: Dichiarazione dei diritti dell'uomo e del cittadino – Italian

values: הצהרת זכויות האדם והאזרח – Hebrew

values: ადამიანისა და მოქალაქის უფლებათა დეკლარაცია – Georgian

values: Франциядағы адам және азамат құқықтарының декларациясы – Kazakh

values: Cilvēka un pilsoņa tiesību deklarācija – Latvian

values: Deklaratioun vun de Mënschen- a Biergerrechter vu 1789 – Luxembourgish

values: Žmogaus ir piliečio teisių deklaracija – Lithuanian

values: Emberi és polgári jogok nyilatkozata – Hungarian

values: Декларација за правата на човекот и граѓанинот – Macedonian

values: മനുഷ്യാവകാശ-പൗരാവകാശ പ്രഖ്യാപനം (ഫ്രാൻസ് 1789) – Malayalam

values: اعلان حقوق الانسان والمواطن – Egyptian Arabic

values: Pengisytiharan Hak Manusia dan Warganegara – Malay

values: Verklaring van de rechten van de mens en de burger – Dutch

values: 人間と市民の権利の宣言 – Japanese

values: Erklæringen om menneskets og borgerens rettigheter – Norwegian

values: Declaracion dels Dreches de l'Òme e del Ciutadan – Occitan

values: Deklaracja praw człowieka i obywatela – Polish

values: Declaração dos Direitos do Homem e do Cidadão – Portuguese

values: Declarația drepturilor omului și ale cetățeanului – Romanian

values: Декларация прав человека и гражданина – Russian

values: Declaration o the Richts o Man an o the Ceetizen – Scots

values: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen – Simple English

values: Deklarácia práv človeka a občana (1789) – Slovak

values: Deklaracija o pravicah človeka in državljana – Slovenian

values: Декларација о правима човека и грађанина – Serbian

values: Deklaracija o pravima čovjeka i građanina – Serbo-Croatian

values: Ihmis- ja kansalaisoikeuksien julistus – Finnish

values: Deklarationen om människans och medborgarens rättigheter – Swedish

values: Pamamahayag ng Karapatan ng Tao at ng Mamamayan – Tagalog

values: மனிதர்களின் மற்றும் குடிமக்களின் உரிமைகள் சாற்றுரை – Tamil

values: ประกาศสิทธิมนุษยชนและพลเมือง – Thai

values: İnsan ve Yurttaş Hakları Bildirisi – Turkish

values: Декларація прав людини і громадянина – Ukrainian

values: Tuyên ngôn Nhân quyền và Dân quyền – Vietnamese

values: 人权和公民权宣言 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen rootpage-Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen skin-vector action-view


text:
The Art of War
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see The Art of War (disambiguation).
The Art of War
Author
(trad.) Sun Tzu
Country
China
Language
Chinese
Subject
Military strategy and tactics
Publication date
5th century BC
Text
The Art of War at Wikisource
The Art of War
Traditional Chinese
孫子兵法
Simplified Chinese
孙子兵法
Literal meaning
"Master Sun's Military Methods"
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Sūnzǐ bīngfǎ
Wade–Giles
Sun1-tzŭ3 ping1-fa3
IPA
[swə́ntsɨ̀ píŋfà]
Wu
Romanization
Sen-tsy pin-fah
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Syūn jí bīng faat
IPA
[sýːntsǐː péŋfāːt̚]
Jyutping
Syun1-zi2 bing1-faat3
Southern Min
Tâi-lô
Sun-tzú ping-huat
Old Chinese
Baxter–Sagart (2014)
*[s]ˤu[n] tsəʔ praŋ [p.k]ap
Chinese military texts
Seven Military Classics[show]
The Art of War
Wuzi
The Methods of the Sima
Six Secret Teachings
Wei Liaozi
Three Strategies of Huang Shigong
Questions and Replies
Other texts[show]
Sun Bin's Art of War
Thirty-Six Stratagems
Wujing Zongyao
Huolongjing
Jixiao Xinshu
v
t
e
The Art of War is an ancient Chinese military treatise dating from the Spring and Autumn period in 5th century BC. The work, which is attributed to the ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu ("Master Sun", also spelled Sunzi), is composed of 13 chapters. Each one is devoted to a distinct aspect of warfare and how that applies to military strategy and tactics. For almost 1,500 years it was the lead text in an anthology that would be formalised as the Seven Military Classics by Emperor Shenzong of Song in 1080. The Art of War remains the most influential strategy text in East Asia.[1] It has a profound influence on Eastern and Western military thinking, business tactics, legal strategy and beyond.
The book was first translated and published into French in 1772 (re-published in 1782) by the Jesuit Jean Joseph Marie Amiot and a partial translation into English was attempted by British officer Everard Ferguson Calthrop in 1905 under the title The Book of War. The first annotated English translation was completed and published by Lionel Giles in 1910.[2] Numerous military and political leaders such as Mao Zedong, Võ Nguyên Giáp, and Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. have drawn inspiration from the work.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Text and commentaries
1.2 Authorship
1.3 Yinqueshan tomb discovery
2 The 13 chapters
3 Chapter summary
4 Quotations
4.1 Chinese
4.2 English
5 Military and intelligence applications
6 Application outside the military
7 Notable translations
8 See also
8.1 Concepts
8.2 Books
9 References
9.1 Bibliography
10 External links
History[edit]
Text and commentaries[edit]
The Art of War is traditionally attributed to a military general from the late 6th century BC known as "Master Sun" (Sunzi or Sun Tzu), though its earliest parts probably date to at least 100 years later.[3] Sima Qian's 1st century BC work Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji), the first of China's 24 dynastic histories, records an early Chinese tradition stating that a text on military matters was written by a "Sun Wu" from the State of Qi, and that this text had been read and studied by King Helü of Wu (r. 514–495 BC).[4] This text was traditionally identified with the received Master Sun's Art of War. The conventional view, which is still widely held in China, was that Sun Wu was a military theorist from the end of the Spring and Autumn period (776–471 BC) who fled his home state of Qi to the southeastern kingdom of Wu, where he is said to have impressed the king with his ability to train even dainty palace ladies in warfare and to have made Wu's armies powerful enough to challenge their western rivals in the state of Chu.[5]
The prominent strategist, poet, and warlord Cao Cao in the early 3rd century AD authored the earliest known commentary to the Art of War.[4] Cao's preface makes clear that he edited the text and removed certain passages, but the extent of his changes were unclear historically.[4] The Art of War appears throughout the bibliographical catalogs of the Chinese dynastic histories, but listings of its divisions and size varied widely.[4] In the early 20th century, the Chinese writer and reformer Liang Qichao, theorized that the text was actually written in the 4th century BC by Sunzi's purported descendant Sun Bin, as a number of historical sources mention a military treatise he wrote.[4]
Authorship[edit]
Around the 12th century, some scholars began to doubt the historical existence of Sunzi, primarily on the grounds that he is not mentioned in the historical classic The Commentary of Zuo (Zuo zhuan 左傳), which mentions most of the notable figures from the Spring and Autumn period.[4] The name "Sun Wu" (孫武) does not appear in any text prior to the Records of the Grand Historian,[6] and has been suspected to be a made-up descriptive cognomen meaning "the fugitive warrior": the surname "Sun" is glossed as the related term "fugitive" (xùn 遜), while "Wu" is the ancient Chinese virtue of "martial, valiant" (wǔ 武), which corresponds to Sunzi's role as the hero's doppelgänger in the story of Wu Zixu.[7] Unlike Sun Wu, Sun Bin appears to have been an actual person who was a genuine authority on military matters, and may have been the inspiration for the creation of the historical figure "Sunzi" through a form of euhemerism.[7]
Yinqueshan tomb discovery[edit]
In 1972, the Yinqueshan Han slips were discovered in two Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 220) tombs near the city of Linyi in Shandong Province.[8] Among the many bamboo slip writings contained in the tombs, which had been sealed around 134 and 118 BC, respectively were two separate texts, one attributed to "Sunzi", corresponding to the received text, and another attributed to Sun Bin, which explains and expands upon the earlier The Art of War by Sunzi.[9] The Sun Bin text's material overlaps with much of the "Sunzi" text, and the two may be "a single, continuously developing intellectual tradition united under the Sun name".[10] This discovery showed that much of the historical confusion was due to the fact that there were two texts that could have been referred to as "Master Sun's Art of War", not one.[9] The content of the earlier text is about one-third of the chapters of the modern The Art of War, and their text matches very closely.[8] It is now generally accepted that the earlier The Art of War was completed sometime between 500 and 450 BC.[9]
The 13 chapters[edit]
The Art of War is divided into 13 chapters (or piān); the collection is referred to as being one zhuàn ("whole" or alternatively "chronicle").
The Art of War chapter names in translations by Giles, Wing, Sawyer, and Chow-Hou
Chapter
Lionel Giles (1910)
R.L. Wing (1988)
Ralph D. Sawyer (1996)
Chow-Hou Wee (2003)
I Laying Plans The Calculations Initial Estimations Detail Assessment and Planning
(Chinese: 始計)
II Waging War The Challenge Waging War Waging War
(Chinese: 作戰)
III Attack by Stratagem The Plan of Attack Planning Offensives Strategic Attack
(Chinese: 謀攻)
IV Tactical Dispositions Positioning Military Disposition Disposition of the Army
(Chinese: 軍形)
V Use of Energy Directing Strategic Military Power Forces
(Chinese: 兵勢)
VI Weak Points and Strong Illusion and Reality Vacuity and Substance Weaknesses and Strengths
(Chinese: 虛實)
VII Maneuvering an Army Engaging The Force Military Combat Military Maneuvers
(Chinese: 軍爭)
VIII Variation of Tactics The Nine Variations Nine Changes Variations and Adaptability
(Chinese: 九變)
IX The Army on the March Moving The Force Maneuvering the Army Movement and Development of Troops
(Chinese: 行軍)
X Classification of Terrain Situational Positioning Configurations of Terrain Terrain
(Chinese: 地形)
XI The Nine Situations The Nine Situations Nine Terrains The Nine Battlegrounds
(Chinese: 九地)
XII Attack by Fire The Fiery Attack Incendiary Attacks Attacking with Fire
(Chinese: 火攻)
XIII Use of Spies The Use of Intelligence Employing Spies Intelligence and Espionage
(Chinese: 用間)
Chapter summary[edit]
The beginning of The Art of War in a classical bamboo book from the reign of the Qianlong Emperor
Detail Assessment and Planning (Chinese: 始計) explores the five fundamental factors (the Way, seasons, terrain, leadership, and management) and seven elements that determine the outcomes of military engagements. By thinking, assessing and comparing these points, a commander can calculate his chances of victory. Habitual deviation from these calculations will ensure failure via improper action. The text stresses that war is a very grave matter for the state and must not be commenced without due consideration.
Waging War (Chinese: 作戰) explains how to understand the economy of warfare and how success requires winning decisive engagements quickly. This section advises that successful military campaigns require limiting the cost of competition and conflict.
Strategic Attack (Chinese: 謀攻) defines the source of strength as unity, not size, and discusses the five factors that are needed to succeed in any war. In order of importance, these critical factors are: Attack, Strategy, Alliances, Army and Cities.
Disposition of the Army (Chinese: 軍形) explains the importance of defending existing positions until a commander is capable of advancing from those positions in safety. It teaches commanders the importance of recognizing strategic opportunities, and teaches not to create opportunities for the enemy.
Forces (Chinese: 兵勢) explains the use of creativity and timing in building an army's momentum.
Weaknesses and Strengths (Chinese: 虛實) explains how an army's opportunities come from the openings in the environment caused by the relative weakness of the enemy and how to respond to changes in the fluid battlefield over a given area.
Military Maneuvers (Chinese: 軍爭) explains the dangers of direct conflict and how to win those confrontations when they are forced upon the commander.
Variations and Adaptability (Chinese: 九變) focuses on the need for flexibility in an army's responses. It explains how to respond to shifting circumstances successfully.
Movement and Development of Troops (Chinese: 行軍) describes the different situations in which an army finds itself as it moves through new enemy territories, and how to respond to these situations. Much of this section focuses on evaluating the intentions of others.
Terrain (Chinese: 地形) looks at the three general areas of resistance (distance, dangers and barriers) and the six types of ground positions that arise from them. Each of these six field positions offers certain advantages and disadvantages.
The Nine Battlegrounds (Chinese: 九地) describes the nine common situations (or stages) in a campaign, from scattering to deadly, and the specific focus that a commander will need in order to successfully navigate them.
Attacking with Fire (Chinese: 火攻) explains the general use of weapons and the specific use of the environment as a weapon. This section examines the five targets for attack, the five types of environmental attack and the appropriate responses to such attacks.
Intelligence and Espionage (Chinese: 用間) focuses on the importance of developing good information sources, and specifies the five types of intelligence sources and how to best manage each of them.
Quotations[edit]
Chinese[edit]
Verses from the book occur in modern daily Chinese idioms and phrases, such as the last verse of Chapter 3:
故曰：知彼知己，百戰不殆；不知彼而知己，一勝一負；不知彼，不知己，每戰必殆。
So it is said that if you know your enemies and know yourself, you will not be put at risk even in a hundred battles.
If you only know yourself, but not your opponent, you may win or may lose.
If you know neither yourself nor your enemy, you will always endanger yourself.
This has been more tersely interpreted and condensed into the Chinese modern proverb:
知己知彼，百戰不殆。 (Zhī jǐ zhī bǐ, bǎi zhàn bù dài.)
If you know both yourself and your enemy, you can win numerous (literally, "a hundred") battles without jeopardy.
English[edit]
Common examples can also be found in English use, such as verse 18 in Chapter 1:
兵者，詭道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之遠，遠而示之近。
All warfare is based on deception. Hence, when we are able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must appear inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near.
This has been abbreviated to its most basic form and condensed into the English modern proverb:
All warfare is based on deception.
Military and intelligence applications[edit]
In many East Asian countries, The Art of War was part of the syllabus for potential candidates of military service examinations. Various translations are available.
During the Sengoku period in Japan, a daimyō named Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) is said to have become almost invincible in all battles without relying on guns, because he studied The Art of War.[11] The book even gave him the inspiration for his famous battle standard "Fūrinkazan" (Wind, Forest, Fire and Mountain), meaning fast as the wind, silent as a forest, ferocious as fire and immovable as a mountain.
The translator Samuel B. Griffith offers a chapter on "Sun Tzu and Mao Tse-Tung" where The Art of War is cited as influencing Mao's On Guerrilla Warfare, On the Protracted War and Strategic Problems of China's Revolutionary War, and includes Mao's quote: "We must not belittle the saying in the book of Sun Wu Tzu, the great military expert of ancient China, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a thousand battles without disaster."[11]
During the Vietnam War, some Vietcong officers studied The Art of War and reportedly could recite entire passages from memory.[citation needed]
General Võ Nguyên Giáp successfully implemented tactics described in The Art of War during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu ending major French involvement in Indochina and leading to the accords which partitioned Vietnam into North and South. General Võ, later the main PVA military commander in the Vietnam War, was an avid student and practitioner of Sun Tzu's ideas.[12] America's defeat there, more than any other event, brought Sun Tzu to the attention of leaders of American military theory.[12][13][14]
Finnish Field Marshal Mannerheim and general Aksel Airo were avid readers of Art of War. They both read it in French; Airo kept the French translation of the book on his bedside table in his quarters.[citation needed]
The Department of the Army in the United States, through its Command and General Staff College, lists The Art of War as one example of a book that may be kept at a military unit's library.[15]
The Art of War is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program (formerly known as the Commandant's Reading List). It is recommended reading for all United States Military Intelligence personnel.[16]
According to some authors, the strategy of deception from The Art of War was studied and widely used by the KGB: "I will force the enemy to take our strength for weakness, and our weakness for strength, and thus will turn his strength into weakness".[17] The book is widely cited by KGB officers in charge of disinformation operations in Vladimir Volkoff's novel Le Montage.
Application outside the military[edit]
The Art of War has been applied to many fields well outside of the military. Much of the text is about how to fight wars without actually having to do battle: It gives tips on how to outsmart one's opponent so that physical battle is not necessary. As such, it has found application as a training guide for many competitive endeavors that do not involve actual combat.
Many business books have applied the lessons taken from the book to office politics and corporate strategy.[18][19][20] Many Japanese companies make the book required reading for their key executives.[21] The book is also popular among Western business circles citing its utilitarian value regarding management practices. Many entrepreneurs and executives have turned to it for inspiration and advice on how to succeed in competitive business situations. The book has also been applied to the field of education.[22]
The Art of War has been the subject of legal books[23] and legal articles on the trial process, including negotiation tactics and trial strategy.[24][25][26][27]
The Art of War has also been applied in the world of sports. National Football League coach Bill Belichick is known to have read the book and used its lessons to gain insights in preparing for games.[28] Australian cricket as well as Brazilian association football coaches Luiz Felipe Scolari and Carlos Alberto Parreira are known to have embraced the text. Scolari made the Brazilian World Cup squad of 2002 study the ancient work during their successful campaign.[29]
The Art of War is often quoted while developing tactics and/or strategy in Electronic Sports. Particularly, one of the fundamental books about e-sports, "Play To Win" by Massachusetts Institute of Technology graduate David Sirlin, is actually just an analysis about possible applications of the ideas from The Art of War in modern Electronic Sports.
The Art of War was released in 2014 as an e-book companion alongside the Art of War DLC for Europa Universalis IV, a PC strategy game by Paradox Development Studios, with a forward by Thomas Johansson.
Notable translations[edit]
Running Press miniature edition of the 1994 Ralph D. Sawyer translation, printed in 2003
Sun Tzu on the Art of War. Lionel Giles, trans. London: Luzac and Company. 1910.
The Art of War. Samuel B. Griffith, trans. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1963. ISBN 0-19-501476-6. Part of the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works.
Sun Tzu, The Art of War. Thomas Cleary, trans. Boston-Shaftsbury: Shambhala. 1987.
The Art of Warfare. Roger Ames, trans. Random House. 1993. ISBN 0-345-36239-X. .
The Art of War. John Minford, trans. New York: Viking. 2002. ISBN 0-670-03156-9.
The Art of War: Sunzi's Military Methods. Victor H. Mair, trans. New York: Columbia University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-231-13382-1.
The Art of War: Spirituality for Conflict. Thomas Huynh, trans. Skylight Paths Publishing. 2008. ISBN 978-1594732447.
The book was translated into Manchu as ᠴᠣᠣᡥᠠᡳ
ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠ
ᠪᡝ
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ Wylie: Tchauhai paita be gisurengge,[30][31] Möllendorff: Coohai baita de gisurengge, Discourse on the art of War.[32]
The first Manchu translations of Chinese works were the Liu-t'ao 六韜, Su-shu 素書, and San-lueh 三略 – all Chinese military texts dedicated to the arts of war due to the Manchu interests in the topic, like Sun-Tzu's work The Art of War.[33][34] The military related texts which were translated into Manchu from Chinese were translated by Dahai.[35] Manchu translations of Chinese texts included the Ming penal code and military texts were performed by Dahai.[36] These translations were requested of Dahai by Nurhaci.[37] The military text Wu-tzu was translated into Manchu along with Sun-Tzu's work The Art of War.[38] Chinese history, Chinese law, and Chinese military theory classical texts were translated into Manchu during the rule of Hong Taiji in Mukden with Manchus placing significance upon military and governance related Chinese texts.[39] A Manchu translation was made of the military themed Chinese novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms.[40][41] Chinese literature, military theory and legal texts were translated into Manchu by Dahai and Erdeni.[42] The translations were ordered in 1629.[43][44] The translation of the military texts San-lüeh, Su-shu, and the Ta Ming hui-tien (the Ming law) done by Dahai was ordered by Nurhaci.[45] While it was mainly administrative and ethical guidance which made up most of San-lüeh and Su Shu, military science was indeed found in the Liu-t'ao and Chinese military manuals were eagerly translated by the Manchus and the Manchus were also attracted to the military content in Romance of the Three Kingdoms which is why it was translated.[46]
Another Manchu translation was made by Aisin Gioro Qiying.[47]
See also[edit]
Concepts[edit]
Philosophy of war
Books[edit]
Commentarii de Bello Gallico (Commentaries on the Gallic War) by Julius Caesar
The Art of War by Niccolò Machiavelli
Arthashastra
The Book of Five Rings (Miyamoto Musashi)
"Seven Military Classics"
"Dream Pool Essays" by Shen Kuo
"Huolongjing" by Liu Bowen
"Hagakure" by Yamamoto Tsunetomo
Epitoma rei militaris of Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus
Guerrilla Warfare by Che Guevara
On Protracted War by Mao Zedong
On War by Carl von Clausewitz
Records of the Grand Historian
Thirty-Six Stratagems
The Utility of Force by General Sir Rupert Smith
Seven Pillars of Wisdom by T. E. Lawrence
Bansenshukai
Infanterie Greift An by Erwin Rommel
"History of the Peloponnesian War" by Thucydides
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Smith (1999), p. 216.
Jump up ^ Giles, Lionel The Art of War by Sun Tzu – Special Edition. Special Edition Books. 2007. p. 62.
Jump up ^ Lewis (1999), p. 604.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 447.
Jump up ^ Mair (2007), pp. 12–13.
Jump up ^ Mair (2007), p. 9.
^ Jump up to: a b Mair (2007), p. 10.
^ Jump up to: a b Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 448.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 449.
Jump up ^ Mark Edward Lewis (2005), quoted in Mair (2007), p. 18.
^ Jump up to: a b Griffith, Samuel B. The Illustrated Art of War. 2005. Oxford University Press. pp. 17, 141–43.
^ Jump up to: a b McCready, Douglas. Learning from Sun Tzu, Military Review, May–June 2003. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-10-11. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
Jump up ^ Interview with Dr. William Duiker, Conversation with Sonshi
Jump up ^ Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2012). The Illustrated Art of War: Sun Tzu. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN B00B91XX8U
Jump up ^ Army, U. S. (1985). Military History and Professional Development. U. S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute. 85-CSI-21 85.
Jump up ^ Marine Corps Professional Reading Program
Jump up ^ Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia – Past, Present, and Future. 1994. ISBN 0-374-52738-5, chapter Who was behind perestroika?
Jump up ^ Michaelson, Gerald. "Sun Tzu: The Art of War for Managers; 50 Strategic Rules." Avon, MA: Adams Media, 2001
Jump up ^ McNeilly, Mark. "Sun Tzu and the Art of Business : Six Strategic Principles for Managers. New York:Oxford University Press, 1996.
Jump up ^ Krause, Donald G. "The Art of War for Executives: Ancient Knowledge for Today's Business Professional." New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 1995.
Jump up ^ Kammerer, Peter. "The Art of Negotiation." South China Morning Post (April 21, 2006) p. 15
Jump up ^ Jeffrey, D (2010). "A Teacher Diary Study to Apply Ancient Art of War Strategies to Professional Development". The International Journal of Learning. 7 (3): 21–36.
Jump up ^ Barnhizer, David. The Warrior Lawyer: Powerful Strategies for Winning Legal Battles Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: Bridge Street Books, 1997.
Jump up ^ Balch, Christopher D., "The Art of War and the Art of Trial Advocacy: Is There Common Ground?" (1991), 42 Mercer L. Rev. 861–73
Jump up ^ Beirne, Martin D. and Scott D. Marrs, The Art of War and Public Relations: Strategies for Successful Litigation [1]
Jump up ^ Pribetic, Antonin I., "The Trial Warrior: Applying Sun Tzu's The Art of War to Trial Advocacy" April 21, 2007, [2]
Jump up ^ Solomon, Samuel H., "The Art of War: Pursuing Electronic Evidence as Your Corporate Opportunity" [3]
Jump up ^ "Put crafty Belichick's patriot games down to the fine art of war". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2005-02-04.
Jump up ^ Winter, Henry (June 29, 2006). "Mind games reach new high as Scolari studies art of war". Irish Independent.
Jump up ^ Shou-p'ing Wu Ko (1855). Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature. p. 39.
Jump up ^ http://library.umac.mo/ebooks/b31043252.pdf
Jump up ^ Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North China Branch, Shanghai (1890). Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Kelly & Walsh. pp. 40–.
Jump up ^ Early China. Society for the Study of Early China. 1975. p. 53.
Jump up ^ Durrant, Stephen (1977). “Manchu Translations of Chou Dynasty Texts”. Early China 3. [Cambridge University Press, Society for the Study of Early China]: 52–54. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23351361.
Jump up ^ Sin-wai Chan (2009). A Chronology of Translation in China and the West: From the Legendary Period to 2004. Chinese University Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-962-996-355-2.
Jump up ^ Peter C Perdue (30 June 2009). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Harvard University Press. pp. 122–. ISBN 978-0-674-04202-5.
Jump up ^ Frederic Wakeman Jr. (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. University of California Press. pp. 44–. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.
Jump up ^ Early China. Society for the Study of Early China. 1977. p. 53.
Jump up ^ Claudine Salmon (13 November 2013). Literary Migrations: Traditional Chinese Fiction in Asia (17th-20th Centuries). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 94–. ISBN 978-981-4414-32-6.
Jump up ^ Cultural Hybridity in Manchu Bannermen Tales (zidishu). ProQuest. 2007. pp. 25–. ISBN 978-0-549-44084-0.
Jump up ^ West, Andrew. "The Textual History of Sanguo Yanyi: The Manchu Translation". Retrieved 11 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Arthur W. Hummel (1991). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing period: 1644–1912. SMC publ. p. vi. ISBN 978-957-638-066-2.
Jump up ^ Shou-p'ing Wu Ko (1855). Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature. pp. xxxvi–.
Jump up ^ Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature: (translated by A. Wylie.). Mission Press. 1855. pp. xxxvi–.
Jump up ^ http://www.dartmouth.edu/~qing/WEB/DAHAI.html
Jump up ^ Durrant, Stephen. 1979. “Sino-manchu Translations at the Mukden Court”. Journal of the American Oriental Society 99 (4). American Oriental Society: 653–61. doi:10.2307/601450. https://www.jstor.org/stable/601450?seq=2 pp. 654–56.
Jump up ^ Soldierly Methods: Vade Mecum for an Iconoclastic Translation of Sun Zi bingfa (Art of War). p. 82
Bibliography[edit]
Gawlikowski, Krzysztof; Loewe, Michael (1993). "Sun tzu ping fa 孫子兵法". In Loewe, Michael. Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China; Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. pp. 446–55. ISBN 1-55729-043-1.
Graff, David A. (2002). Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900. Warfare and History. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415239559.
Griffith, Samuel (2005). Sun Tzu: The Illustrated Art of War. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 019518999X.
Lewis, Mark Edward (1999). "Warring States Political History". In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward. The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 587–650. ISBN 0-521-47030-7.
Mair, Victor H. (2007). The Art of War: Sun Zi's Military Methods. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13382-1.
Smith, Kidder (1999). "The Military Texts: The Sunzi". In de Bary, Wm. Theodore. Sources of Chinese Tradition: From Earliest Times to 1600, Volume 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 213–24. ISBN 978-0-231-10938-3.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Art of War
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Art of War
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sun Tzu.
The Art of War Chinese-English bilingual edition, Chinese Text Project
The Art of War translated by Lionel Giles (1910), various formats. The original book is partly written in Chinese, so PDF format is generally preferable. Also available from Project Gutenberg and Librivox below.
The Art of War translated by Lionel Giles (1910) at Project Gutenberg
The Book of War translated by E.F. Calthrop (1908) at Project Gutenberg
The Art of War public domain audiobook at LibriVox (English and Chinese original available)
Sun Tzu's Art of War at Sonshi
Sun Tzu and Information Warfare at the Institute for National Strategic Studies of National Defense University
[show]
v
t
e
Military deception
Techniques
Denial and deception
Disinformation
False flag
Information warfare
Maskirovka
Military camouflage
Psychological warfare
Ruse de guerre
Equipment
Military dummy
Q-ship
Operations
Bertram
Bodyguard
Texts
The Art of War
China portal
Philosophy portal
War portal

Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 20999252
LCCN: n81022565
GND: 4202549-7
SUDOC: 112837220
BNF: cb144097742 (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Art_of_War&oldid=821297386"
Categories:
5th-century BC books
Seven Military Classics
Warrior code
Zhou dynasty texts
Sun Tzu
Hidden categories:
Articles that link to Wikisource
Articles containing Chinese-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013
Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata
Articles with Project Gutenberg links
Articles with LibriVox links
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikisource
Languages
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
العربية
Aragonés
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Boarisch
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Буряад
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ilokano
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Latina
Latviešu
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Нохчийн
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Piemontèis
Polski
Português
Română
Русиньскый
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
文言
Winaray
吴语
ייִדיש
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 19 January 2018, at 16:15.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/The_Art_of_War_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
The Art of War (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: caption

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: th

values: text-align:center;font-size: 125%; background-color: #b0c4de;

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;

values:
/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin
mw-redirect
Hanyu Pinyin

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values: Questions and Replies between Tang Taizong and Li Weigong

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Norman_Schwarzkopf,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Ershisi_shi
mw-redirect
Ershisi shi

values:
/wiki/King_Hel%C3%BC_of_Wu
mw-redirect
King Helü of Wu

values:
/wiki/Yinqueshan_Han_slips
mw-redirect
Yinqueshan Han slips

values:
/wiki/Shandong_Province
mw-redirect
Shandong Province

values:
/wiki/Chinese_idiom
mw-redirect
Chinese idiom

values: Edit section: Military and intelligence applications

values: National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)

values: Edit section: Application outside the military

values:
/wiki/Office_politics
mw-redirect
Office politics

values:
/wiki/Corporate_officer
mw-redirect
Corporate officer

values:
/wiki/Business_management
mw-redirect
Business management

values:
/wiki/Electronic_sports
mw-redirect
Electronic sports

values:
/wiki/Paradox_Development_Studios
mw-redirect
Paradox Development Studios

values: UNESCO Collection of Representative Works

values: display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-family:'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT', 'Mongolian Baiti', 'Noto Sans Mongolian'; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1em; writing-mode: vertical-lr; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; vertical-align:text-top;

values:
/wiki/Epitoma_rei_militaris
mw-redirect
Epitoma rei militaris

values:
/wiki/Infanterie_Greift_An
mw-redirect
Infanterie Greift An

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sonshi.com/duiker.html

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00B91XX8U

values:
nofollow
external autonumber
http://ssrn.com/abstract=981886

values:
nofollow
external free
https://www.jstor.org/stable/23351361

values:
nofollow
external text
https://doi.org/10.2307%2F601450

values:
/wiki/Edward_Shaughnessy
mw-redirect
Edward Shaughnessy

values:
/wiki/William_Theodore_de_Bary
mw-redirect
William Theodore de Bary

values:
nofollow
external text
http://ctext.org/art-of-war

values:
nofollow
http://www.sonshi.com/
external text

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/20999252

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4202549-7

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/112837220

values: Category:Articles that link to Wikisource

values: Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013

values: Category:Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata

values: Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/The_Art_of_War
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Die Kunst des Krieges (Sunzi) – Alemannisch

values: فن الحرب – Arabic

values: সুন্চি বিংফা – Bangla

values: Һуғыш сәнғәте – Bashkir

values: Мастацтва вайны – Belarusian

values: Мастацтва вайны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Изкуството на войната – Bulgarian

values: Дайнай уралиг – Russia Buriat

values: Η Τέχνη του Πολέμου – Greek

values: هنر رزم – Persian

values: Պատերազմի արվեստը – Armenian

values: सूंजी बींग्फ़ा – Hindi

values: אמנות המלחמה – Hebrew

values: ომის ხელოვნება – Georgian

values: Соғыс өнері – Kazakh

values: Умешноста на војувањето – Macedonian

values: ദി ആർട്ട് ഓഫ് വാർ – Malayalam

values: ТӀеман говзал – Chechen

values: ਯੁੱਧ ਦੀ ਕਲਾ – Punjabi

values: Уміня войны – Rusyn

values: Искусство войны – Russian

values: Умеће ратовања – Serbian

values: Umjetnost ratovanja (knjiga) – Serbo-Croatian

values: போர்க் கலை (நூல்) – Tamil

values: พิชัยสงครามซุนจื่อ – Thai

values: Мистецтво війни – Ukrainian

values: فن حرب (کتاب) – Urdu

values: די קונסט פון מלחמה – Yiddish

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Art_of_War rootpage-The_Art_of_War skin-vector action-view