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Prime minister
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most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system
Prime ministers of the Nordic countries in 2014.
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A prime minister, also known as a premier, is the head of a cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. In a minority of systems, notably in semi-presidential systems of government, a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state.
In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (often the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers.
The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of the Legislature or the Lower House thereof and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers (known as the royal prerogative) that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament.
As well as being head of government, a prime minister may have other roles or posts—the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, for example, is also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service.[1] Prime ministers may take other ministerial posts. For example, during the Second World War, Winston Churchill was also Minister of Defence (although there was then no Ministry of Defence) and in the current cabinet of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu also serves as Minister of Communications, Foreign Affairs, Regional Cooperation, Economy and Interior.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Origins
2.2 Development
2.3 Modern usage
3 In republics and in monarchies
4 Entry into office
5 Constitutional basis for the Position in Countries
6 Exit from office
7 Titles
8 Organisational structure
9 Description of the role
10 Lists of prime ministers
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
Etymology[edit]
The term prime minister in its French form, premier ministre, is attested in 17th Century sources referring to Cardinal Richelieu[2] after he was named to head the royal council in 1624. The title was however informal and used alongside the equally informal principal ministre d'État ("chief minister of the state") more as a job description. After 1661, Louis XIV and his descendants refused to allow one of their ministers to be more important than the others, so the term was not in use.[3]
The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. During the whole of the 18th Century, Britain was involved in a prolonged conflict with France, periodically bursting into all-out war, and Britons took outspoken pride in their "Liberty" as contrasted to the "Tyranny" of French Absolute Monarchy; therefore, being implicitly compared with Richelieu was no compliment to Walpole. Over time, however, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century.[4]
History[edit]
See also: History of Parliamentarism
Origins[edit]
Further information: Chief Minister of England and Chief minister of France
The monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII; William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne. These ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as "the minister", the "chief minister", the "first minister" and finally the "prime minister".
The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office, they did not depend on a parliamentary majority for their power. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, and the monarch usually presided over its meetings.
When the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse: Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful. Late in Anne's reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and Viscount Bolingbroke shared power.
Development[edit]
The prime ministers of five members of the Commonwealth of Nations at the 1944 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference.
In the mid 17th century, after the English Civil War (1642–1651), Parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689.[5] The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government. It is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge.[6][7]
A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne. George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government. In these circumstances it was inevitable that the king's first minister would become the de facto head of the government.
From 1721 this was the Whig politician Robert Walpole, who held office for twenty-one years. Walpole chaired cabinet meetings, appointed all the other ministers, dispensed the royal patronage and packed the House of Commons with his supporters. Under Walpole, the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed. Walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king, and also that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy, all ministers must defend it in public, or resign. As a later prime minister, Lord Melbourne, said, "It matters not what we say, gentlemen, so long as we all say the same thing."
Walpole always denied that he was "prime minister", and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution. George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary. The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger (1783–1801), combined with the mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the post. The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905.
The prestige of British institutions in the 19th century and the growth of the British Empire saw the British model of cabinet government, headed by a prime minister, widely copied, both in other European countries and in British colonial territories as they developed self-government.[8][9][10] In some places alternative titles such as "premier", "chief minister", "first minister of state", "president of the council" or "chancellor" were adopted, but the essentials of the office were the same.
Modern usage[edit]
By the late 20th century,[11][12] the majority of the world's countries had a prime minister or equivalent minister, holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president. The main exceptions to this system have been the United States and the presidential republics in Latin America modelled on the U.S. system, in which the president directly exercises executive authority.
Bahrain's prime minister, Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970, making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister.
In republics and in monarchies[edit]
The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies (such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, Morocco, Spain,[13] Sweden, Thailand, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official (such as Finland, the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia (1945-1959), Ireland, Pakistan, Portugal, Montenegro, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Turkey). See also "First Minister", "Premier", "Chief Minister", "Chancellor", "Taoiseach", "Statsminister" and "Secretary of State": alternative titles usually equivalent in meaning to, or translated as, "prime minister".
This contrasts with the presidential system, in which the president (or equivalent) is both the head of state and the head of the government. In some presidential and all semi-presidential systems, such as those of France, Russia or South Korea, the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the president and managing the civil service. The head of government of the People's Republic of China is referred to as the Premier of the State Council and the premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is also appointed by the president, but requires no approval by the legislature.
Appointment of the prime minister of France requires no approval by the parliament either, but the parliament may force the resignation of the government. In these systems, it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president. When it arises, such a state of affairs is usually referred to as (political) cohabitation.
Entry into office[edit]
In parliamentary systems a prime minister may enter into office by several means.
The head of state appoints a prime minister, of their personal choice: Example: France, where the President has the power to appoint the Prime Minister of their choice, though the National Assembly can force a government to resign, they cannot nominate or appoint a new candidate.
While in practice most prime ministers under the Westminster system (including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Malaysia, India and the United Kingdom) are the leaders of the largest party or coalition in parliament, technically the appointment of the prime minister is a prerogative exercised by the head of state.
The head of state appoints a prime minister who has a set timescale within which they must gain a vote of confidence: Example: Italy, Romania, Thailand
The head of state appoints a prime minister from among the members of Parliament, who then has a set timescale within which they must form a cabinet, and receive the confidence of Parliament after presenting the Cabinet Composition and Legislative Program to Parliament: Example: Israel
The head of state appoints the leader of the political party with the majority of the seats in the Parliament as Prime Minister, if no party has a majority then the leader of the party with a plurality of seats is given an exploratory mandate to receive the confidence of the parliament within three days, if this is not possible then the leader of the party with the second highest seat number is given the exploratory mandate, if this fails then the leader of the third largest party is given it and so on: Example: Greece, see Prime Minister of Greece
The head of state nominates a candidate for prime minister who is then submitted to parliament for approval before appointment as prime minister: Example: Spain, where the King sends a nomination to parliament for approval. Also Germany where under the German Basic Law (constitution) the Bundestag votes on a candidate nominated by the federal president. In the Philippines under the 1973 Constitution as amended after martial law, the Prime Minister was elected by the Batasang Pambansâ (Legislature) upon nomination by the President. In these cases, parliament can choose another candidate who then would be appointed by the head of state (or, in the case of the Philippines, outright elect that candidate).
Parliament nominates a candidate who the head of state is then constitutionally obliged to appoint as prime minister: Example: Ireland, where the President appoints the Taoiseach on the nomination of Dáil Éireann. Also Japan.
Election by the Legislature: Example: The Philippines under the unamended 1973 Constitution, where the prime minister was supposed to be elected by the Batasang Pambansâ; these provisions were never used because the Philippines was under martial law at the time. Also Vanuatu.
Direct election by popular vote: Example: Israel, 1996–2001, where the prime minister was elected in a general election, with no regard to political affiliation.
Nomination by a state office holder other than the head of state or his/her representative: Example: Under the modern Swedish Instrument of Government, the power to appoint someone to form a government has been moved from the monarch to the Speaker of Parliament and the parliament itself. The speaker nominates a candidate, who is then elected to prime minister (statsminister) by the parliament if an absolute majority of the members of parliament does not vote no (i.e. he can be elected even if more MP:s vote no than yes).
Constitutional basis for the Position in Countries[edit]
John A. Macdonald (1815–1891), first Canadian prime minister.
The position, power and status of prime ministers differ depending on the age of the constitution.
Australia's constitution makes no mention of a Prime Minister of Australia and the office only exists by convention, based on the British model.
Bangladesh's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.
The People's Republic of China constitution set a premier just one place below the National People's Congress in China. Premier read as (Simplified Chinese: 总理; pinyin: Zŏnglĭ) in Chinese.
Canada's constitution, being a 'mixed' or hybrid constitution (a constitution that is partly formally codified and partly uncodified) originally did not make any reference whatsoever to a prime minister, with her or his specific duties and method of appointment instead dictated by "convention". In the Constitution Act, 1982, passing reference to a "Prime Minister of Canada" is added, though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers.
Czech Republic's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.
France's constitution (1958) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of France.
Germany's Basic Law (1949) lists the powers, functions and duties of the federal chancellor.
Greece's constitution (1975) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Greece.
Hungary's constitution (2012) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Hungary.
India's constitution (1950) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of India. In India, the Prime Ministerial candidate must be a member of parliament either Lok Sabha (Lower House) or Rajya Sabha (Upper House). No parliamentary vote takes place on who is forming a government.
Ireland's constitution (1937), provides for the office of Taoiseach in detail, listing powers, functions and duties.
Italy's constitution (1948) lists the powers, functions and duties of the President of the Council of Ministers.
Japan's constitution (1946) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Japan.
The Republic of Korea's constitution (1987) sections 86-87 list the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea.
Malta's constitution (1964) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Malta.
Malaysia's constitution (1957) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Malaysia.
Norway's constitution (1814) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Norway
Pakistan's constitution (1973) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Pakistan.
Spain's constitution (1978) regulates the appointment, dismissal, powers, functions and duties of the President of the Government.
Thailand's constitution (1932) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Thailand.
Taiwan's constitution (1946) lists the powers, functions and duties of the President of the Executive Yuan.
The United Kingdom's constitution, being uncodified and largely unwritten, makes no mention of a prime minister. Though it had de facto existed for centuries, its first mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century. Accordingly, it is often said "not to exist", indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case. The prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office, either First Lord of the Treasury (office in commission), or more rarely Chancellor of the Exchequer (the last of whom was Balfour in 1905). :However as the government will have to outline its legislative programme to parliament in, for example, the Speech from the Throne, the speech is sometimes used to test parliamentary support. A defeat of the Speech is taken to mean a loss of confidence and so requires either a new draft, resignation, or a request for a dissolution of parliament. Until the early 20th century governments when defeated in a general election remained in power until their Speech from the Throne was defeated and then resigned. No government has done so for one hundred years, though Edward Heath in 1974 did delay his resignation while he explored whether he could form a government with Liberal party support.
In such systems unwritten (and unenforceable) constitutional conventions often outline the order in which people are asked to form a government. If the prime minister resigns after a general election, the monarch usually asks the leader of the opposition to form a government. Where however a resignation occurs during a parliament session (unless the government has itself collapsed) the monarch will ask another member of the government to form a government. While previously the monarch had some leeway in whom to ask, all British political parties now elect their leaders (until 1965 the Conservatives chose their leader by informal consultation). The last time the monarch had a choice over the appointment occurred in 1963 when the Earl of Home was asked to become Prime Minister ahead of Rab Butler.
During the period between the time it is clear that the incumbent government has been defeated at a general election, and the actual swearing-in of the new prime minister by the monarch, governor-general, or president, that person is referred to as the "prime minister-elect" or "prime minister-designate". Neither term is strictly correct from a constitutional point of view, but they have wide acceptance. In a situation in which a ruling party elects or appoints a new leader, the incoming leader will usually be referred as "prime minister-in-waiting". An example or this situation was in 2016 in the United Kingdom when Theresa May was elected leader of the Conservative Party while David Cameron was still prime minister.
Ukraine's constitution (1996) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Ukraine.
Exit from office[edit]
Most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may remain in power through a number of elections and parliaments. For example, Margaret Thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion, in 1979. She remained continuously in power until 1990, though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet.
Some states, however, do have a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office of the parliament. Hence the Irish Taoiseach is formally 'renominated' after every general election. (Some constitutional experts have questioned whether this process is actually in keeping with the provisions of the Irish constitution, which appear to suggest that a taoiseach should remain in office, without the requirement of a renomination, unless s/he has clearly lost the general election.) The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament.
In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have the power, rarely exercise it). Where they lose a vote of confidence, have a motion of no confidence passed against them, or where they lose supply, most constitutional systems require either:
a letter of resignation or
a request for parliamentary dissolution.
The latter in effect allows the government to appeal the opposition of parliament to the electorate. However, in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government. In most modern parliamentary systems, the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution.
Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. Prior to then, it was the entire government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to make the request, the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the Executive Council (the then name for the Irish cabinet).
In Australia, the Prime Minister is expected to step down if s/he loses the majority support of his/her party under a spill motion as have many such as Tony Abbott, Julia Gillard and Kevin Rudd.
Titles[edit]
In the Russian constitution the prime minister is actually titled Chairman of the government while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach (which is rendered into English as prime minister), and in Israel he is Rosh HaMemshalah meaning "head of the government". In many cases, though commonly used, "prime minister" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno).
Other common forms include president of the council of ministers (for example in Italy, Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), President of the Executive Council, or Minister-President. In the Nordic countries the prime minister is called Statsminister, meaning "Minister of State". In federations, the head of government of subnational entities such as provinces is most commonly known as the premier, chief minister, governor or minister-president.
The convention in the English language is to call nearly all national heads of government "prime minister" (sometimes modified to the equivalent term of "premier") except in the cases where the head of state and head of government are fused into one position, usually a presidency, regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country. The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria, whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor; Monaco, whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State; and Vatican City, for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State. In the case of Ireland, the head of government is occasionally referred to as the Taoiseach by English speakers. A stand-out case is the President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran. He is referred to as "president" in both the Persian and English languages.
In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.[14]
In the UK, where devolved government is in place, the leaders of the Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments are styled First Minister. Between 1921 and 1972, when Northern Ireland was a Majority Rule Parliament the head of government would be known as the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland.In India, the Prime Minister is referred to as Pradhan Mantri, meaning "prime minister".[clarification needed] In Pakistan, the prime minister is referred to as Wazir-e-Azam, meaning "Grand Vizier".
Organisational structure[edit]
Main article: Cabinet department
The Prime Minister's executive office is usually called the Office of the Prime Minister in the case of the Canada and other Commonwealth countries, it is called Cabinet Office in United Kingdom. Some Prime Minister's office do include the role of Cabinet. In other countries, it is called the Prime Minister's Department or the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet as for Australia. In Israel, the Prime Minister's executive office is officially titled the "Prime Minister's Office" in English, but the original Hebrew term can also be translated as the Prime Minister's Ministry.
Description of the role[edit]
Wilfried Martens, who served as Prime Minister of Belgium, described his role as follows:
First of all the Prime Minister must listen a lot, and when deep disagreements occur, he must suggest a solution to the matter. This can be done in different ways. Sometimes during the discussion, I note the elements of the problem and think of a proposal I can formulate to the Council (cabinet), the Secretary taking notes. The Ministers then insist on changing game ages. The Prime Minister can also make a proposal which leaves enough room for amendments in order to keep the current discussion on the right tracks. When a solution must be found in order to reach a consensus, he can force one or two Ministers to join or resign.[citation needed]
Lists of prime ministers[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of current prime ministers.
Countries with prime ministers (blue) and those that formerly had that position (dark red).
The following table groups the list of past and present prime ministers and details information available in those lists.
Government
List starts
Parties
shown
Term given by
years or dates
Incumbent
Abkhazia 1995 - dates Beslan Bartsits
Afghanistan 1927 - years Abdullah Abdullah
Albania (List) 1912 - years Edi Rama
Algeria 1962 yes years Ahmed Ouyahia
Andorra 1982 - years Antoni Martí
Angola 1975 - dates (Post abolished)
Anguilla 1976 yes dates Victor Banks
Antigua and Barbuda 1981 - years Gaston Browne
Argentina 1993 yes dates Marcos Peña
Armenia 1918 yes dates Karen Karapetyan (acting)
Artsakh 1992 no dates (Post abolished)
Aruba 1986 - dates Evelyn Wever-Croes
Australia (List) 1901 yes dates Malcolm Turnbull
Austria 1918 yes years Sebastian Kurz
Azerbaijan 1918 yes dates Novruz Mammadov
Bahamas 1967 - dates Hubert Minnis
Bahrain 1970 - years Prince Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa
Bangladesh 1971 yes dates Sheikh Hasina
Barbados 1954 yes dates Freundel Stuart
Belarus 1919 - dates Andrei Kobyakov
Belgium 1831 yes dates Charles Michel
Belize 1973 yes years Dean Barrow
Benin 1957 yes dates (Post abolished)
Bermuda 1968 yes dates Edward David Burt
Bhutan 1952 - dates Tshering Tobgay
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1943 - dates Denis Zvizdić
Botswana 1965 yes dates (Post abolished)
Brazil 1847 yes dates (Post abolished)
British Virgin Islands 1967 yes dates Orlando Smith
Brunei 1984 no dates Hassanal Bolkiah
Bulgaria 1879 yes dates Boyko Borisov
Burkina Faso 1971 - dates Paul Kaba Thieba
Burundi 1961 yes dates (Post abolished)
Cambodia 1945 - years Hun Sen
Cameroon 1960 - dates Philémon Yang
Canada (List) 1867 yes dates Justin Trudeau
Cape Verde 1975 - dates Ulisses Correia e Silva
Cayman Islands 1992 yes dates Alden McLaughlin
Central African Republic 1958 - dates Simplice Sarandji
Chad 1978 - dates Albert Pahimi Padacké
People's Republic of China (List) 1949 - dates Li Keqiang
Comoros 1957 yes dates (Post abolished)
Congo (Brazzaville) 1957 yes dates Clément Mouamba
Congo (Kinshasa) (List) 1960 yes dates Bruno Tshibala
Cook Islands 1965 yes dates Henry Puna
Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) 1957 yes dates Amadou Gon Coulibaly
Croatia 1939 - dates Andrej Plenković
Cuba 1940 - dates Raúl Castro
Curaçao 2010 - dates Eugene Rhuggenaath
Northern Cyprus 1983 yes dates Tufan Erhürman
Czech Republic 1993 - years Andrej Babiš
Denmark (List) 1848 - years Lars Løkke Rasmussen
Djibouti 1977 - dates Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed
Dominica 1960 - dates Roosevelt Skerrit
East Timor 2002 - dates Mari Alkatiri
Egypt (List) 1878 - years Sherif Ismail
Equatorial Guinea 1963 - dates Francisco Pascual Obama Asue
Estonia 1918 - dates Jüri Ratas
Ethiopia 1942 yes dates Abiy Ahmed
Faroe Islands 1946 - years Aksel V. Johannesen
Fiji 1966 - dates Frank Bainimarama
Finland 1917 yes years Juha Sipilä
France (List) 1589 - years Édouard Philippe
Gabon 1957 yes dates Emmanuel Issoze-Ngondet
The Gambia 1961 - dates (Post abolished)
Georgia 1918 yes dates Giorgi Kvirikashvili
Germany (List) 1871/1949 yes dates Angela Merkel
Ghana 1957 - dates (Post abolished)
Gibraltar 1964 yes dates Fabian Picardo
Greece (List) 1833 - dates Alexis Tsipras
Greenland 1979 - years Kim Kielsen
Grenada 1954 - years Keith Mitchell
Guernsey 2007 - dates Gavin St Pier
Guinea 1972 - dates Mamady Youla
Guinea-Bissau 1973 - dates Aristides Gomes
Guyana 1953 - dates Moses Nagamootoo
Haiti 1988 - dates Jack Guy Lafontant
Hungary (List) 1848 - dates Viktor Orbán
Iceland 1904 - dates Katrín Jakobsdóttir
India (List) 1947 yes dates Narendra Modi
Indonesia 1945 yes dates (Post abolished)
Iran (List) 1824 - years (Post abolished)
Iraq 1920 - years Haider al-Abadi
Ireland 1937 yes dates Leo Varadkar
Israel (List) 1948 - years Benjamin Netanyahu
Italy (List) 1861 - years Paolo Gentiloni
Jamaica 1959 - years Andrew Holness
Japan (List) 1885 - dates Shinzō Abe
Jersey 2005 - dates Ian Gorst
Jordan 1944 - dates Hani Al-Mulki
Kazakhstan 1920 - years Bakhytzhan Sagintayev
Kenya 1963 - dates (Post abolished)
North Korea 1948 - years Pak Pong-ju
South Korea (List) 1948 - years Lee Nak-yeon
Kosovo 1945 yes dates Ramush Haradinaj
Kuwait 1962 yes dates Sheikh Jaber Al-Mubarak Al-Hamad Al-Sabah
Kyrgyzstan 1924 - dates Muhammetkaliy Abulgaziyev
Laos 1941 - years Thongloun Sisoulith
Latvia 1918 yes dates Māris Kučinskis
Lebanon 1926 - dates Saad Hariri
Lesotho 1965 yes dates Tom Thabane
Libya 1951 - dates Abdullah al-Thani / Fayez al-Sarraj
Liechtenstein 1921 yes dates Adrian Hasler
Lithuania 1918 yes dates Saulius Skvernelis
Luxembourg 1959 - years Xavier Bettel
Macedonia 1943 yes dates Zoran Zaev
Madagascar 1833 - dates Olivier Mahafaly Solonandrasana
Malawi 1963 yes dates (Post abolished)
Malaysia 1957 yes years Najib Razak
Mali 1957 yes dates Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga
Malta 1921 yes years Joseph Muscat
Isle of Man 1986 - years Howard Quayle
Mauritania 1957 yes dates Yahya Ould Hademine
Mauritius 1961 yes dates Pravind Jugnauth
Moldova 1990 - dates Pavel Filip
Monaco 1911 n/a dates Serge Telle
Mongolia 1912 yes dates Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh
Montenegro 1879 yes dates Duško Marković
Montserrat 1960 yes dates Donaldson Romeo
Morocco 1955 yes years Saadeddine Othmani
Mozambique 1974 yes dates Carlos Agostinho do Rosário
Myanmar (Burma) 1948 yes dates Aung San Suu Kyi
Namibia 1990 yes dates Saara Kuugongelwa
Nepal 1953 - dates Khadga Prasad Oli
Netherlands (List) 1848 yes dates Mark Rutte
New Zealand (List) 1856 yes dates Jacinda Ardern
Newfoundland 1855 yes dates (Post abolished)
Niger 1958 yes dates Brigi Rafini
Nigeria 1960 yes dates (Post abolished)
Niue 1974 - dates Sir Toke Talagi
Norfolk Island 1896 2015 dates (Post abolished)
Norway 1814 yes years Erna Solberg
Pakistan (List) 1947 yes dates Shahid Khaqan Abbasi
Palestinian National Authority 2003 yes dates Rami Hamdallah
Papua New Guinea 1975 yes years Peter O'Neill
Peru 1975 yes dates César Villanueva
Philippines 1899 yes dates (Post abolished)
Poland (List) 1918 - dates Mateusz Morawiecki
Portugal (List) 1834 yes dates António Costa
Qatar 1970 - dates Sheikh Abdullah bin Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani
Romania 1862 - years Viorica Dăncilă
Russia (List) 1864/1905 yes dates Dmitry Medvedev
Rwanda 1960 yes dates Édouard Ngirente
Saint Kitts and Nevis 1960 - dates Timothy Harris
Saint Lucia 1960 - dates Allen Chastanet
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1956 - dates Ralph Gonsalves
Samoa 1875 yes dates Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi
São Tomé and Principe 1974 yes dates Patrice Trovoada
Saudi Arabia 1953 no dates Salman
Senegal 1957 yes dates Mohamed Dionne
Serbia 1805 yes years Ana Brnabić
Seychelles 1970 yes years (Post abolished)
Sierra Leone 1954 yes dates (Post abolished)
Singapore 1959 - dates Lee Hsien Loong
Sint Maarten 2010 - dates Leona Marlin-Romeo
Slovakia 1993 - dates Peter Pellegrini
Slovenia 1943 yes years Miro Cerar
Solomon Islands 1949 yes dates Rick Houenipwela
Somalia 1949 yes dates Hassan Ali Khayre
South Africa 1910 - dates (Post abolished)
South Ossetia 1991 - dates Erik Pukhayev
Spain (List) 1705 yes years Mariano Rajoy
Sri Lanka (List) 1948 - dates Ranil Wickremesinghe
Sudan 1952 yes dates Bakri Hassan Saleh
Suriname 1949 yes dates (Post abolished)
Swaziland 1967 - years Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini
Sweden (List) 1876 yes years Stefan Löfven
Syria 1920 - dates Imad Khamis
Taiwan (Republic of China) (List) 1911 - dates William Lai
Tajikistan 1924 - dates Kokhir Rasulzoda
Tanzania 1960 yes dates Kassim Majaliwa
Thailand (List) 1932 yes dates Prayut Chan-o-cha
Togo 1956 yes dates Komi Sélom Klassou
Tokelau 1992 - dates Afega Gaualofa
Tonga 1876 - years ʻAkilisi Pōhiva
Transnistria 2012 yes dates Aleksandr Martynov
Trinidad and Tobago 1956 - dates Keith Rowley
Tunisia 1969 - dates Youssef Chahed
Turkey (List) 1920 yes dates Binali Yıldırım
Turkmenistan 1924 - dates (Post abolished)
Turks and Caicos Islands 1976 yes dates Sharlene Cartwright-Robinson
Tuvalu 1975 n/a dates Enele Sopoaga
Uganda 1961 yes dates Ruhakana Rugunda
Ukraine (List) 1917 - dates Volodymyr Groysman
United Arab Emirates 1971 - years Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
United Kingdom (List) 1721 yes dates Theresa May
Uruguay No List (post established 1919) - - (post abolished)
Uzbekistan 1924 - dates Abdulla Aripov
Vanuatu 1980 yes dates Charlot Salwai
Vatican 1644 - years Cardinal Pietro Parolin
Vietnam 1976 yes dates Nguyễn Xuân Phúc
Yemen 1990 yes years Ahmed Obeid bin Daghr
Western Sahara 1976 no years Abdelkader Taleb Oumar
Zambia 1964 yes dates (Post abolished)
Zimbabwe 1923 - dates (Post abolished)
See also[edit]
Chancellor
Chief Minister
Governor-General
Head of government
Head of state
Monarch
President
Prime ministerial government
Lists
List of current heads of state and government
List of democracy and election-related topics
References[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Jump up ^ Contrary to popular perception, the two posts are separate and need not be held by the one person. The last prime minister not to be First Lord of the Treasury was Lord Salisbury at the turn of the 20th century. 10 Downing Street is actually the First Lord's residence, not the Prime Minister's. As Salisbury was not First Lord, he had to live elsewhere as prime minister.
Jump up ^ Testament Politique du Cardinal Duc de Richelieu, Premier Ministre de France sous le Règne de Louïs XIII
Jump up ^ Ancien Régime in Encyclopédie Larousse ("Après 1661, Louis XIV impose une nouvelle formule, qui joue à la fois sur les ministres et sur les conseils, sans accepter la primauté d'un ministre.")
Jump up ^ "Oxford English Dictionary". Retrieved 15 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Britain's unwritten constitution". British Library. Retrieved 27 November 2015. The key landmark is the Bill of Rights (1689), which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown.... The Bill of Rights (1689) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch’s prerogatives, providing for the regular meeting of Parliament, free elections to the Commons, free speech in parliamentary debates, and some basic human rights, most famously freedom from ‘cruel or unusual punishment’.
Jump up ^ Dr Andrew Blick and Professor George Jones — No 10 guest historian series, Prime Ministers and No. 10 (1 January 2012). "The Institution of Prime Minister". Government of the United Kingdom: History of Government Blog. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Carter, Byrum E. (2015) [1955]. "The Historical Development of the Office of Prime Minister". Office of the Prime Minister. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400878260.
Jump up ^ Seidle, F. Leslie; Docherty, David C. (2003). Reforming parliamentary democracy. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780773525085.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Douglas M.; Reisman, W. Michael (2008). The Historical Foundations of World Order. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 571. ISBN 9047423933.
Jump up ^ Fieldhouse, David; Madden, Frederick (1990). Settler self-government, 1840-1900 : the development of representative and responsible government (1. publ. ed.). New York: Greenwood Press. p. xxi. ISBN 9780313273261.
Jump up ^ Julian Go (2007). "A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945-2000". In Arjomand, Saïd Amir. Constitutionalism and political reconstruction. Brill. pp. 92–94. ISBN 9004151745.
Jump up ^ "How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World". University of Cambridge. 2 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Although the roles of the Spanish head of government coincide with the definition of a 'prime minister', in Spain the position is in fact referred to as 'the Presidency of the Government'
Jump up ^ "Privy Council Members". The Privy Council Office. Archived from the original on 2009-09-25. Retrieved 19 Sep 2009.
Further reading[edit]
Andrew Blick and George Jones, Premiership: the development, nature and power of the office of the British Prime Minister (Imprint Academic, Exeter, 2010)
Michael Foley, The British Presidency (Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2000)
Peter Hennessy, The Prime Minister: The office and its holders since 1945 (Penguin, London, 2001)
Paul Langford, Prime Ministers and Parliaments: the long view, Walpole to Blair, The Annual History of Parliament Lecture, 2005, Parliamentary History, 25 (2006)
Brian Carroll, Australia's Prime Ministers: From Barton to Howard (Rosenberg Publishing, 2004)
James Manor, Nehru to the Nineties: The Changing Office of Prime Minister in India (C. Hurst & Co., 1994)
Jagdish Chandra Sharma, Indian Prime Ministership: A Comprehensive Study (Concept Publishing Company, 2002)
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text:
Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's singles
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Men's singles
at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games
Venue
Gangneung Ice Arena
Gangneung, South Korea
Dates
16–17 February
Competitors
30 from 21 nations
Winning score
317.85
Medalists
01 !
Yuzuru Hanyu Japan
02 !
Shoma Uno Japan
03 !
Javier Fernández Spain
← 2014
2022 →
Figure skating at the
2018 Winter Olympics
Qualification
Singles
men ladies
Pairs
mixed
Ice dancing
mixed
Team event
mixed
v
t
e
The men's single figure skating competition of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held on 16 and 17 February 2018 at the Gangneung Ice Arena in Gangneung, South Korea.[1][2] The short program was held on 16 February and the free skating was held on 17 February.[3]
This medal event was the 1000th medal event in the history of the Winter Olympic Games.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
2 Qualification
3 Schedule
4 Results
4.1 Short program
4.2 Free skating
4.3 Overall
5 References
Summary[edit]
With his victory at the 2018 Winter Olympics, Yuzuru Hanyu became the first male figure skater to win two consecutive gold medals after Dick Button, who did so in 1952. Fellow countryman Shoma Uno won the silver medal, and Spain's Javier Fernández won the bronze medal. Fernández won Spain's first figure skating medal and fourth medal at the Winter Olympics.
After the short program, Hanyu, Fernández, Uno, and Jin Boyang were first, second, third, and fourth respectively. Nathan Chen, originally one of the favorites for the podium, skated an uncharacteristically poor short program that placed him at 17th, but fought back to win the free skating with a score of 215.08--8.91 points above the second place free skating by Hanyu. He ended up fifth overall. In the free program, Jin Boyang overtook Chen by less than a point overall, and placed fourth.
In the victory ceremony, the medals were presented by Tsunekazu Takeda, member of the International Olympic Committee, accompanied by Alexander Lakernik, ISU Figure Skating Vice President.
Vincent Zhou landed the first quadruple lutz at the Olympics. Nathan Chen became the first to ever land six quads, five clean. He also landed the first quadruple flip at the Olympics. [5] With these jumps he holds the new record for highest free skating technical score.[6] For complete list of figure skating records, see list of highest scores in figure skating.
Qualification[edit]
Main article: Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Qualification
A total of 30 skaters qualified to compete for the event, with each country allowed to only enter a maximum of three. 24 quotas were handed out during the 2017 World Figure Skating Championships and the remaining six were given out at the 2017 CS Nebelhorn Trophy. Each country decided the entry of its teams, and athletes winning the quota were not necessarily granted the right to compete.[7] All athletes competing must have met the minimum total elements score, which does not include component scores. For the short program this was 25.00 and the free skating 45.00.[8]
Schedule[edit]
All times are (UTC+9).
Date
Time
Round
16 February 10:00[3] Short program
17 February 10:00[3] Free skating
Results[edit]
Short program[edit]
The short program was held on 16 February 2018.[3][9]
Pl.
Name
Nation
TSS
TES
PCS
SS
TR
PE
CH
IN
Ded
StN
1
Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 111.68 63.18 48.50 9.71 9.43 9.86 9.75 9.75 0.00 25
2
Javier Fernández Spain 107.58 59.79 47.79 9.36 9.36 9.71 9.68 9.68 0.00 29
3
Shoma Uno Japan 104.17 58.13 46.04 9.29 9.00 9.25 9.29 9.21 0.00 28
4
Jin Boyang China 103.32 60.27 43.05 8.79 8.29 8.82 8.54 8.61 0.00 30
5
Dmitri Aliev Olympic Athletes from Russia 98.98 56.98 42.00 8.43 8.11 8.50 8.50 8.46 0.00 20
6
Patrick Chan Canada 90.01 45.08 45.93 9.36 9.07 9.00 9.29 9.21 –1.00 21
7
Adam Rippon United States 87.95 44.48 43.47 8.57 8.43 8.86 8.68 8.93 0.00 19
8
Mikhail Kolyada Olympic Athletes from Russia 86.69 43.84 43.85 8.96 8.54 8.64 8.82 8.89 –1.00 27
9
Michal Březina Czech Republic 85.15 44.34 40.81 8.25 7.89 8.25 8.21 8.21 0.00 13
10
Keegan Messing Canada 85.11 45.50 40.61 8.04 7.96 8.07 8.29 8.25 −1.00 12
11
Jorik Hendrickx Belgium 84.74 44.17 40.57 7.96 7.89 8.25 8.18 8.29 0.00 17
12
Vincent Zhou United States 84.53 48.50 36.03 7.39 6.96 7.11 7.32 7.25 0.00 3
13
Oleksii Bychenko Israel 84.13 43.63 40.50 7.93 7.71 8.36 8.18 8.32 0.00 23
14
Misha Ge Uzbekistan 83.90 41.75 42.15 8.18 8.18 8.54 8.46 8.79 0.00 16
15
Cha Jun-hwan South Korea 83.43 43.79 39.64 7.93 7.68 8.07 8.00 7.96 0.00 14
16
Brendan Kerry Australia 83.06 45.49 37.57 7.57 7.36 7.61 7.57 7.46 0.00 10
17
Nathan Chen United States 82.27 41.39 41.88 8.46 8.32 8.14 8.57 8.39 –1.00 26
18
Daniel Samohin Israel 80.69 43.29 38.40 7.79 7.29 7.79 7.71 7.82 –1.00 18
19
Yan Han China 80.63 40.99 40.64 8.46 8.07 7.86 8.18 8.07 −1.00 8
20
Keiji Tanaka Japan 80.05 40.30 40.75 8.36 7.86 8.07 8.21 8.25 –1.00 22
21
Deniss Vasiļjevs Latvia 79.52 39.34 41.18 8.25 8.00 8.18 8.39 8.36 –1.00 24
22
Moris Kvitelashvili Georgia 76.56 40.88 36.68 7.46 7.11 7.32 7.43 7.36 −1.00 11
23
Matteo Rizzo Italy 75.63 39.23 36.40 7.29 7.11 7.29 7.39 7.32 0.00 5
24
Paul Fentz Germany 74.73 37.71 37.02 7.46 7.25 7.46 7.46 7.39 0.00 15
Did not advance to free skating
25
Julian Yee Malaysia 73.58 38.37 35.21 7.07 6.82 7.11 7.14 7.07 0.00 9
26
Chafik Besseghier France 72.10 38.41 33.69 6.79 6.29 6.89 6.86 6.86 0.00 2
27
Denis Ten Kazakhstan 70.12 30.77 39.35 8.11 7.82 7.46 8.07 7.89 0.00 4
28
Michael Christian Martinez Philippines 55.56 26.04 29.52 5.96 5.64 5.96 6.00 5.96 0.00 6
29
Felipe Montoya Spain 52.41 22.59 30.82 6.25 6.07 6.00 6.25 6.25 −1.00 1
30
Yaroslav Paniot Ukraine 46.58 18.68 29.90 6.43 5.79 5.61 6.21 5.86 −2.00 7
Notes:
WR - World record
TSS - Total Segment Score; TES - Technical Element Score; PCS - Program Component Score
SS - Skating Skills; TR - Transitions; PE - Performance/Execution
CH - Choreography; IN - Interpretation; Ded - Deduction; StN - Starting Number
Free skating[edit]
The free skating was held on 17 February 2018.[3][10]
Pl.
Name
Nation
TSS
TES
PCS
SS
TR
PE
CH
IN
Ded
StN
1
Nathan Chen United States 215.08 127.64 87.44 8.82 8.32 9.04 8.79 8.75 0.00 9
2
Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 206.17 109.55 96.62 9.71 9.50 9.64 9.71 9.75 0.00 22
3
Shoma Uno Japan 202.73 111.01 92.72 9.36 9.07 9.25 9.32 9.36 –1.00 24
4
Javier Fernández Spain 197.66 101.52 96.14 9.46 9.43 9.64 9.79 9.75 0.00 23
5
Jin Boyang China 194.45 109.69 85.76 8.71 8.21 8.64 8.68 8.64 –1.00 20
6
Vincent Zhou United States 192.16 112.24 79.92 8.04 7.71 8.25 7.96 8.00 0.00 15
7
Mikhail Kolyada Olympic Athletes from Russia 177.56 91.62 87.94 9.00 8.64 8.68 8.86 8.72 –2.00 16
8
Patrick Chan Canada 173.42 81.56 91.86 9.32 9.14 8.66 9.29 9.32 0.00 21
9
Oleksii Bychenko Israel 172.88 89.08 83.80 8.39 8.04 8.61 8.43 8.43 0.00 7
10
Adam Rippon United States 171.41 84.47 86.94 8.75 8.54 8.68 8.71 8.79 0.00 18
11
Daniel Samohin Israel 170.75 89.03 81.72 8.32 7.75 8.32 8.18 8.29 0.00 8
12
Keegan Messing Canada 170.32 84.88 85.44 8.50 8.29 8.61 8.61 8.71 0.00 14
13
Dmitri Aliev Olympic Athletes from Russia 168.53 85.39 85.13 8.64 8.39 8.32 8.61 8.61 –2.00 19
14
Cha Jun-hwan South Korea 165.16 84.94 81.22 8.21 7.86 8.25 8.11 8.18 –1.00 13
15
Keiji Tanaka Japan 164.78 85.64 81.14 8.36 7.89 8.00 8.18 8.14 –2.00 5
16
Jorik Hendrickx Belgium 164.21 81.79 82.42 8.25 7.96 8.36 8.25 8.39 0.00 13
17
Misha Ge Uzbekistan 161.04 74.96 86.08 8.46 8.36 8.54 8.75 8.93 0.00 10
18
Michal Březina Czech Republic 160.92 76.58 84.34 8.57 8.21 8.39 8.57 8.43 0.00 17
19
Matteo Rizzo Italy 156.78 80.86 75.92 7.64 7.32 7.79 7.64 7.57 0.00 2
20
Deniss Vasiļjevs Latvia 155.06 76.42 80.64 8.14 7.86 7.96 8.18 8.18 –2.00 1
21
Brendan Kerry Australia 150.75 73.33 77.42 7.96 7.54 7.68 7.82 7.71 0.00 12
22
Paul Fentz Germany 139.82 66.98 72.84 7.50 7.14 7.14 7.39 7.25 0.00 3
23
Yan Han China 132.38 53.80 79.58 8.56 7.82 7.57 8.04 8.00 –1.00 4
24
Moris Kvitelashvili Georgia 128.01 63.35 70.66 7.34 6.86 6.68 7.32 7.04 –6.00 6
Notes:
TSS - Total Segment Score; TES - Technical Element Score; PCS - Program Component Score
SS - Skating Skills; TR - Transitions; PE - Performance/Execution
CH - Choreography; IN - Interpretation; Ded - Deduction; StN - Starting Number
Overall[edit]
The skaters were ranked according to their overall score.[11]
Rank
Name
Nation
TP
SP
FS
01 !
Yuzuru Hanyu Japan 317.85 111.68 1 206.17 2
02 !
Shoma Uno Japan 306.90 104.17 3 202.73 3
03 !
Javier Fernández Spain 305.24 107.58 2 197.66 4
4
Jin Boyang China 297.77 103.32 4 194.45 5
5
Nathan Chen United States 297.35 82.27 17 215.08 1
6
Vincent Zhou United States 276.69 84.53 12 192.16 6
7
Dmitri Aliev Olympic Athletes from Russia 267.51 98.98 5 168.53 13
8
Mikhail Kolyada Olympic Athletes from Russia 264.25 86.69 8 177.56 7
9
Patrick Chan Canada 263.43 90.01 6 173.42 8
10
Adam Rippon United States 259.36 87.95 7 171.41 10
11
Oleksii Bychenko Israel 257.01 84.13 13 172.88 9
12
Keegan Messing Canada 255.43 85.11 10 170.32 12
13
Daniel Samohin Israel 251.44 80.69 18 170.75 11
14
Jorik Hendrickx Belgium 248.95 84.74 11 164.21 16
15
Cha Jun-hwan South Korea 248.59 83.43 15 165.16 14
16
Michal Březina Czech Republic 246.07 85.15 9 160.92 18
17
Misha Ge Uzbekistan 244.94 83.90 14 161.04 17
18
Keiji Tanaka Japan 244.83 80.05 20 164.78 15
19
Deniss Vasiļjevs Latvia 234.58 79.52 21 155.06 20
20
Brendan Kerry Australia 233.81 83.06 16 150.75 21
21
Matteo Rizzo Italy 232.41 75.63 23 156.78 19
22
Paul Fentz Germany 214.55 74.73 24 139.82 22
23
Yan Han China 213.01 80.63 19 132.38 23
24
Moris Kvitelashvili Georgia 204.57 76.56 22 128.01 24
Did not advance to free skating
25
Julian Yee Malaysia 73.58 25
26
Chafik Besseghier France 72.10 26
27
Denis Ten Kazakhstan 70.12 27
28
Michael Christian Martinez Philippines 55.56 28
29
Felipe Montoya Spain 52.41 29
30
Yaroslav Paniot Ukraine 46.58 30
TP - Total points; SP - Short program; FS - Free skating
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Venues". www.pyeongchang2018.com/. Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Start list
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Schedule". Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Hanyu edges out YOG star for skating gold". olympic.org. 17 February 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Nathan Chen Makes Olympic History With 6 Quad Jumps". Time. Retrieved 2018-02-24.
Jump up ^ "Personal Bests". www.isuresults.com. Retrieved 2018-02-24.
Jump up ^ "Qualification Systems for XXIII Olympic Winter Games, PyeongChang 2018, Figure skating". International Skating Union (ISU). 17 May 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Extract from ISU Communication 2097". www.iceskating.org.uk/. National Ice Skating Association (UK). Retrieved 20 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Judges Details Per Skater: Figure Skating Men's Short Program Results" (PDF). International Skating Union (PDF). Retrieved 16 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Judges Details Per Skater: Figure Skating Men's Free Skating Results" (PDF). International Skating Union (PDF). Retrieved 17 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Judges Details Per Skater: Figure Skating Men's Total Results". International Skating Union. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
[show]
v
t
e
Olympic champions in figure skating – Men's singles
1908: Ulrich Salchow (SWE)
1920: Gillis Grafström (SWE)
1924: Gillis Grafström (SWE)
1928: Gillis Grafström (SWE)
1932: Karl Schäfer (AUT)
1936: Karl Schäfer (AUT)
1948: Dick Button (USA)
1952: Dick Button (USA)
1956: Hayes Alan Jenkins (USA)
1960: David Jenkins (USA)
1964: Manfred Schnelldorfer (EUA)
1968: Wolfgang Schwarz (AUT)
1972: Ondrej Nepela (TCH)
1976: John Curry (GBR)
1980: Robin Cousins (GBR)
1984: Scott Hamilton (USA)
1988: Brian Boitano (USA)
1992: Viktor Petrenko (EUN)
1994: Alexei Urmanov (RUS)
1998: Ilia Kulik (RUS)
2002: Alexei Yagudin (RUS)
2006: Evgeni Plushenko (RUS)
2010: Evan Lysacek (USA)
2014: Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN)
2018: Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN)
[show]
v
t
e
Record scores in figure skating
Combined total (Total)
Short program (SP)
Free skating (FS)
Short dance (SD)
Free dance (FD)
Juniors (J)
Men
Total: Yuzuru Hanyu 330.43
SP: Yuzuru Hanyu 112.72
FS: Yuzuru Hanyu 223.20
Total (J): Vincent Zhou 258.11
SP (J): Shoma Uno 84.87
FS (J): Vincent Zhou 179.24
Ladies
Total: Evgenia Medvedeva 241.31
SP: Alina Zagitova 82.92
FS: Evgenia Medvedeva 160.46
Total (J): Alexandra Trusova 225.52
SP (J): Alexandra Trusova 73.25
FS (J): Alexandra Trusova 153.49
Pairs
Total: Aliona Savchenko / Bruno Massot 245.84
SP: Tatiana Volosozhar / Maxim Trankov 84.17
FS: Savchenko / Massot 162.86
Total (J): Anna Dušková / Martin Bidař 181.82
SP (J): Amina Atakhanova / Ilia Spiridonov 64.79
FS (J): Sui Wenjing / Han Cong 118.54
Ice dance
Total: Gabriella Papadakis / Guillaume Cizeron 207.20
SD: Papadakis / Cizeron 83.73
FD: Papadakis / Cizeron 123.47
Total (J): Rachel Parsons / Michael Parsons 164.83
SD (J): R. Parsons / M. Parsons 67.88
FD (J): R. Parsons / M. Parsons 97.54
See also
Progression of record scores
Record technical and component scores
Highest technical element scores
Highest program component scores
See also (J)
Record junior scores
Progression of record scores (J)
Record technical and component scores (J)
Highest technical element scores (J)
Highest program component scores (J)
[show]
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e
2017–18 figure skating season
Olympics
Qualification
Men's singles
Ladies' singles
Pair skating
Ice dancing
Team event
ISU Championships
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Canada
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