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Fluoride toxicity
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Fluoride poisoning
Classification and external resources
Specialty
emergency medicine
ICD-10
T59.5
DiseasesDB
29228
eMedicine
emerg/181
MeSH
D005458
[edit on Wikidata]
Fluoride toxicity is a condition in which there are elevated levels of the fluoride ion in the body. Although fluoride is safe for dental health at low concentrations, sustained consumption of large amounts of soluble fluoride salts is dangerous. Referring to a common salt of fluoride, sodium fluoride (NaF), the lethal dose for most adult humans is estimated at 5 to 10 g (which is equivalent to 32 to 64 mg/kg elemental fluoride/kg body weight).[1][2][3] Ingestion of fluoride can produce gastrointestinal discomfort at doses at least 15 to 20 times lower (0.2–0.3 mg/kg or 10 to 15 mg for a 50 kg person) than lethal doses.[4] Although it is helpful for dental health in low dosage, chronic exposure to fluoride in large amounts interferes with bone formation. In this way, the most widespread examples of fluoride poisoning arise from consumption of ground water that is abnormally fluoride-rich.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Recommended levels
2 Toxicity
2.1 Chronic
2.2 Acute
3 Occurrence
3.1 Organofluorine compounds
3.1.1 Fluoride in toothpaste
3.1.2 Fluoride in drinking water
4 Effects
4.1 Brain
4.2 Bones
4.3 Kidney
4.4 Teeth
4.5 Thyroid
4.6 Effects on aquatic organisms
5 Mechanism
6 References
Recommended levels[edit]
For optimal dental health, the World Health Organization recommends a level of fluoride from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/L (milligrams per litre), depending on climate.[6] Fluorosis becomes possible above this recommended dosage. As of 2015, the United States Health and Human Services Department recommends a maximum of 0.7 milligrams of fluoride per liter of water – updating and replacing the previous recommended range of 0.7 to 1.2 milligrams issued in 1962. The new recommended level is intended to reduce the occurrence of dental fluorosis while maintaining water fluoridation.[7]
Toxicity[edit]
Chronic[edit]
Geographical areas associated with groundwater having over 1.5 mg/L of naturally occurring fluoride, which is above recommended levels.[8]
In India an estimated 60 million people have been poisoned by well water contaminated by excessive fluoride, which is dissolved from the granite rocks. The effects are particularly evident in the bone deformities of children. Similar or larger problems are anticipated in other countries including China, Uzbekistan, and Ethiopia.[5]
Acute[edit]
Historically, most cases of acute fluoride toxicity have followed accidental ingestion of sodium fluoride based insecticides or rodenticides.[9] Currently, in advanced countries, most cases of fluoride exposure are due to the ingestion of dental fluoride products.[10] Other sources include glass-etching or chrome-cleaning agents like ammonium bifluoride or hydrofluoric acid,[11][12] industrial exposure to fluxes used to promote the flow of a molten metal on a solid surface, volcanic ejecta (for example, in cattle grazing after an 1845–1846 eruption of Hekla and the 1783–1784 flood basalt eruption of Laki), and metal cleaners. Malfunction of water fluoridation equipment has happened several times, including a notable incident in Alaska.[4]
Occurrence[edit]
Organofluorine compounds[edit]
Twenty percent of modern pharmaceuticals contain fluorine.[13] These organofluorine compounds are not sources of fluoride poisoning. The carbon–fluorine bond is too strong to release fluoride.
Fluoride in toothpaste[edit]
Children may experience gastrointestinal distress upon ingesting excessive amounts of flavored toothpaste. Between 1990 and 1994, over 628 people, mostly children, were treated after ingesting too much fluoride-containing toothpaste. "While the outcomes were generally not serious," gastrointestinal symptoms appear to be the most common problem reported.[14] However given the low concentration of fluoride present in dental products, this is potentially due to consumption of other major components.
Fluoride in drinking water[edit]
Around one-third of the world’s population drinks water from groundwater resources. Of this, about 10 percent, approximately 300 million people, obtains water from groundwater resources that are heavily contaminated with arsenic or fluoride.[15] These trace elements derive mainly from leaching of minerals.[16] Maps are available of locations of potential problematic wells via the Groundwater Assessment Platform GAP.
Effects[edit]
Excess fluoride consumption has been studied as a factor in the following:
Brain[edit]
Some research has suggested that high levels of fluoride exposure may adversely affect neurodevelopment in children, but the evidence is of insufficient quality to allow any firm conclusions to be drawn.[17]
Bones[edit]
Whilst fluoridated water is associated with decreased levels of fractures in a population,[18] toxic levels of fluoride have been associated with a weakening of bones and an increase in hip and wrist fractures. The U.S. National Research Council concludes that fractures with fluoride levels 1–4 mg/L, suggesting a dose-response relationship, but states that there is "suggestive but inadequate for drawing firm conclusions about the risk or safety of exposures at [2 mg/L]".[19]:170
Consumption of fluoride at levels beyond those used in fluoridated water for a long period of time causes skeletal fluorosis. In some areas, particularly the Asian subcontinent, skeletal fluorosis is endemic. It is known to cause irritable-bowel symptoms and joint pain. Early stages are not clinically obvious, and may be misdiagnosed as (seronegative) rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis.[20]
Kidney[edit]
Fluoride induced nephrotoxicity is kidney injury due to toxic levels of serum fluoride, commonly due to release of fluoride from fluorine-containing drugs, such as methoxyflurane.[21][22][23]
Within the recommended dose, no effects are expected, but chronic ingestion in excess of 12 mg/day are expected to cause adverse effects, and an intake that high is possible when fluoride levels are around 4 mg/L.[19]:281 Those with impaired kidney function are more susceptible to adverse effects.[19]:292
The kidney injury is characterised by failure to concentrate urine, leading to polyuria, and subsequent dehydration with hypernatremia and hyperosmolarity. Inorganic fluoride inhibits adenylate cyclase activity required for antidiuretic hormone effect on the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney. Fluoride also stimulates intrarenal vasodilation, leading to increased medullary blood flow, which interferes with the counter current mechanism in the kidney required for concentration of urine.
Fluoride induced nephrotoxicity is dose dependent, typically requiring serum fluoride levels exceeding 50 micromoles per liter (about 1 ppm) to cause clinically significant renal dysfunction,[24] which is likely when the dose of methoxyflurane exceeds 2.5 MAC hours.[25][26] (Note: "MAC hour" is the multiple of the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of the anesthetic used times the number of hours the drug is administered, a measure of the dosage of inhaled anesthetics.)
Elimination of fluoride depends on glomerular filtration rate. Thus, patients with renal insufficiency will maintain serum fluoride for longer period of time, leading to increased risk of fluoride induced nephrotoxicity.
Teeth[edit]
The only generally accepted adverse effect of fluoride at levels used for water fluoridation is dental fluorosis, which can alter the appearance of children's teeth during tooth development; this is mostly mild and usually only an aesthetic concern. Compared to unfluoridated water, fluoridation to 1 mg/L is estimated to cause fluorosis in one of every 6 people (range 4–21), and to cause fluorosis of aesthetic concern in one of every 22 people (range 13.6–∞).[18]
Thyroid[edit]
Fluoride's suppressive effect on the thyroid is more severe when iodine is deficient, and fluoride is associated with lower levels of iodine.[clarification needed][27] Thyroid effects in humans were associated with fluoride levels 0.05–0.13 mg/kg/day when iodine intake was adequate and 0.01–0.03 mg/kg/day when iodine intake was inadequate.[19]:263 Its mechanisms and effects on the endocrine system remain unclear.[19]:266
Effects on aquatic organisms[edit]
Fluoride accumulates in the bone tissues of fish and in the exoskeleton of aquatic invertebrates. The mechanism of fluoride toxicity in aquatic organisms is believed to involve the action of fluoride ions as enzymatic poisons. In soft waters with low ionic content, invertebrates and fishes may suffer adverse effects from fluoride concentration as low as 0.5 mg/L. Negative effects are less in hard waters and seawaters, as the bioavailability of fluoride ions is reduced with increasing water hardness[28] Seawater contains fluoride at a concentration of 1.3 mg/L.[29]
Mechanism[edit]
Like most soluble materials, fluoride compounds are readily absorbed by the stomach and intestines, and excreted through the urine. Urine tests have been used to ascertain rates of excretion in order to set upper limits in exposure to fluoride compounds and associated detrimental health effects.[30] Ingested fluoride initially acts locally on the intestinal mucosa, where it forms hydrofluoric acid in the stomach.
The NRC report stated that "many of the untoward effects of fluoride are due to the formation of AlFx [aluminum fluoride] complexes".[19]:219 This topic has been identified previously as cause for concern.[27] The NRC noted that rats administered fluoride had twice as much aluminum in their brains.[19]:212 When water (1 ppm fluoride) is boiled in aluminum cookware more aluminum is leached and more aluminum fluoride complexes are formed. However, an epidemiological study found that a high-fluoride area had one-fifth the Alzheimer's that a low-fluoride area had,[31] and a 2002 study found that fluoride increased the urinary excretion of aluminum.[32]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gosselin, RE; Smith RP; Hodge HC (1984). Clinical toxicology of commercial products. Baltimore (MD): Williams & Wilkins. pp. III–185–93. ISBN 0-683-03632-7.
Jump up ^ Baselt, RC (2008). Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man. Foster City (CA): Biomedical Publications. pp. 636–40. ISBN 978-0-9626523-7-0.
Jump up ^ IPCS (2002). Environmental health criteria 227 (Fluoride). Geneva: International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization. p. 100. ISBN 92-4-157227-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Bradford D. Gessner; Michael Beller; John P. Middaugh; Gary M. Whitford (13 January 1994). "Acute fluoride poisoning from a public water system". New England Journal of Medicine. 330 (2): 95–99. doi:10.1056/NEJM199401133300203. PMID 8259189.
^ Jump up to: a b Pearce, Fred (2006). When the Rivers Run Dry: Journeys Into the Heart of the World's Water Crisis. Toronto: Key Porter. ISBN 978-1-55263-741-8.
Jump up ^ WHO Expert Committee on Oral Health Status and Fluoride Use. Fluorides and oral health [PDF]. 1994.
Jump up ^ https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2015/04/27/hhs-issues-final-recommendation-for-community-water-fluoridation.html
Jump up ^ National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia). A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of fluoridation [PDF]. 2007 [Retrieved 2009-10-13]. ISBN 1-86496-415-4. Summary: Yeung CA. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of fluoridation. Evid Based Dent. 2008;9(2):39–43. doi:10.1038/sj.ebd.6400578. PMID 18584000. Lay summary: NHMRC, 2007.
Jump up ^ Nochimson G. (2008). Toxicity, Fluoride. eMedicine. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
Jump up ^ Augenstein WL, Spoerke DG, Kulig KW, et al. (November 1991). "Fluoride ingestion in children: a review of 87 cases". Pediatrics. 88 (5): 907–12. PMID 1945630.
Jump up ^ Wu ML, Deng JF, Fan JS (November 2010). "Survival after hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia and cardiac arrest following mild hydrofluoric acid burn". Clinical Toxicology. 48 (9): 953–5. doi:10.3109/15563650.2010.533676. PMID 21171855.
Jump up ^ Klasaer AE, Scalzo AJ, Blume C, Johnson P, Thompson MW (December 1996). "Marked hypocalcemia and ventricular fibrillation in two pediatric patients exposed to a fluoride-containing wheel cleaner". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 28 (6): 713–8. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(96)70097-5. PMID 8953969.
Jump up ^ Emsley 2011, p. 178.
Jump up ^ Jay D. Shulman; Linda M. Wells (1997). "Acute Fluoride Toxicity from Ingesting Home-use Dental Products in Children, Birth to 6 Years of Age". Journal of Public Health Dentistry. 57 (3): 150–158. doi:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1997.tb02966.x. PMID 9383753.
Jump up ^ Eawag (2015) Geogenic Contamination Handbook – Addressing Arsenic and Fluoride in Drinking Water. C.A. Johnson, A. Bretzler (Eds.), Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland. (download: www.eawag.ch/en/research/humanwelfare/drinkingwater/wrq/geogenic-contamination-handbook/)
Jump up ^ Rodríguez-Lado, L.; Sun, G.; Berg, M.; Zhang, Q.; Xue, H.; Zheng, Q.; Johnson, C.A. (2013) Groundwater arsenic contamination throughout China. Science, 341(6148), 866-868, doi:10.1126/science.1237484
Jump up ^ Choi AL, Sun G, Zhang Y, Grandjean P (2012). "Developmental fluoride neurotoxicity: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Environ. Health Perspect. (Systematic review & Meta-analysis). 120 (10): 1362–8. doi:10.1289/ehp.1104912. PMC 3491930  . PMID 22820538.
^ Jump up to: a b McDonagh, Marian S.; Whiting, Penny F; Wilson, Paul M.; et al. (7 October 2000). "Systematic review of water fluoridation". BMJ. 321 (7265): 855–859. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7265.855. PMC 27492  . PMID 11021861.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g National Research Council (2006). Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. ISBN 0-309-10128-X. Lay summary (PDF) – NRC (September 24, 2008). . See also CDC's statement on this report.
Jump up ^ Gupta R, Kumar AN, Bandhu S, Gupta S (2007). "Skeletal fluorosis mimicking seronegative arthritis". Scand. J. Rheumatol. 36 (2): 154–5. doi:10.1080/03009740600759845. PMID 17476625.
Jump up ^ Cousins MJ, Skowronski G, Plummer JL. Anaesthesia and the kidney. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1983 Nov;11(4):292-320.
Jump up ^ Baden JM, Rice SA, Mazze RI. Deuterated methoxyflurane anesthesia and renal function in Fischer 344 rats. Anesthesiology. 1982 Mar;56(3):203-6.
Jump up ^ Mazze RI. Methoxyflurane nephropathy. Environ Health Perspect. 1976 Jun;15:111-9.
Jump up ^ Cousins MJ, Greenstein LR, Hitt BA, Mazze RI. Metabolism and renal effect of enflurane in men. Anesthesiology 1976; 44:44-53.
Jump up ^ VanDyke R. Biotransformation of volatile anesthetics with special emphasis on the role of metabolism in the toxicity of anesthetics. Can Anaesth Soc J 1973;20:21-33.
Jump up ^ White AE, Stevens WC, Eger EI II, Mazze RI, Hitt BA. Enflurane and methoxyflurane metabolism at anesthetic and subanesthetic concentrations. Anesth Analg 1979;58:221-4/
^ Jump up to: a b Strunecká A, Strunecký O, Patocka J (2002). "Fluoride plus aluminum: useful tools in laboratory investigations, but messengers of false information" (PDF). Physiol Res. 51 (6): 557–64. PMID 12511178.
Jump up ^ Camargo, Julio A. (January 2003). "Fluoride toxicity to aquatic organisms: a review". Chemosphere. 50 (3): 251–264. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00498-8.
Jump up ^ Joseph A. Cotruvo. "Desalination Guidelines Development for Drinking Water: Background" (PDF). Retrieved January 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Baez, J.; Baez, Martha X.; Marthaler, Thomas M. (2000). "Urinary fluoride excretion by children 4–6 years old in a south Texas community". Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública/Pan American Journal of Public Health. 7 (4): 242–248. doi:10.1590/s1020-49892000000400005.
Jump up ^ Li L (2003). "The biochemistry and physiology of metallic fluoride: action, mechanism, and implications". Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 14 (2): 100–14. doi:10.1177/154411130301400204. PMID 12764073. Free full-text.
Jump up ^ Chiba J, Kusumoto M, Shirai S, Ikawa K, Sakamoto S (March 2002). "The influence of fluoride ingestion on urinary aluminum excretion in humans". Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 196 (3): 139–49. doi:10.1620/tjem.196.139. PMID 12002270. Free full-text.
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Wonder Woman (TV series)
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Wonder Woman
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Genre
Science fantasy
Action
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Wonder Woman
by William Moulton Marston
Developed by
Douglas S. Cramer
Stanley Ralph Ross
Starring
Lynda Carter
Lyle Waggoner
Beatrice Colen (season 1)
Richard Eastham (season 1)
Norman Burton (season 2)
Saundra Sharp (season 2)
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Norman Gimbel (lyrics)
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United States
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3
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59 + movie pilot (list of episodes)
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Douglas S. Cramer
Wilford Lloyd Baumes
Producer(s)
Bruce Lansbury (supervising producer, seasons 2–3)
Charles B. Fitzsimons
Mark Rodgers
Running time
42–51 minutes
Production company(s)
The Douglas S. Cramer Co.
Bruce Lansbury Productions, Ltd.
Warner Bros. Television
DC Comics
Distributor
Warner Bros. Television Distribution
Release
Original network
ABC (pilot + season 1)
CBS (seasons 2–3)
Original release
November 7, 1975 (1975-11-07) – September 11, 1979 (1979-09-11)
Wonder Woman, known from seasons 2 and 3 as The New Adventures of Wonder Woman, is an American television series based on the DC Comics comic book superhero of the same name. The show stars Lynda Carter as Wonder Woman/Diana Prince and Lyle Waggoner as Steve Trevor Sr. & Jr. It originally aired for three seasons from 1975 to 1979.[1] The show's first season aired on ABC and is set in the 1940s during World War II. The second and third seasons aired on CBS and are set in the 1970s, with the title changed to The New Adventures of Wonder Woman, and a complete change of cast other than Carter and Waggoner. Waggoner's character was changed to Steve Trevor Jr., the son of his original character.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Production history
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Notable guest stars
3 Plot
3.1 Pilot
3.1.1 Synopsis
3.2 Season 1
3.3 Season 2
3.4 Season 3
4 Wonder Woman '77 Comic
5 Legacy
6 Reruns
7 Home video releases
8 Merchandising
9 Possible animated film
10 References
11 External links
Production history[edit]
Wonder Woman refers to both a 1974 television film and a 1975-1979 television series based on the DC Comics character of the same name. The 1974 television film called Wonder Woman directed by Vincent McEveety and starring Cathy Lee Crosby, was a pilot for an intended television series being considered by ABC. Ratings were described as "respectable but not exactly wondrous," and ABC did not pick up the pilot.[3] Instead, Warner Bros. and ABC developed the 1975 television series, Wonder Woman, that fit the more traditional presentation of the character as created by William Moulton Marston, turning away from the 1968–72 era that had influenced the pilot. Wonder Woman, which premiered in 1975, starred Lynda Carter and eventually led to the full series. Crosby would later claim that she was offered the chance to reprise the role in that series.[4]
Cast and characters[edit]
Lynda Carter as Diana Prince/Wonder Woman
This version of the character is exclusive to the continuity of the TV series Wonder Woman and is an adaptation of Diana Prince/Wonder Woman. The original character was created by William Moulton Marston and Harry G. Peter and first appeared in All-Star Comics #8.
Beatrice Colen as Etta Candy (season 1)
General Phil Blankenship's secretary. She is there to provide comic relief.
Richard Eastham as General Philip Blankenship (season 1)
He works for the War Department during the early years of World War II. In 1942, he worked with his subordinate Colonel Steve Trevor in an ongoing effort to prevent Nazi cells from infiltrating the United States and threatening the nation's security. Blankenship also kept in close contact with Steve's colleagues Diana Prince and Etta Candy. Blankenship never knew that Yeoman Prince was also Wonder Woman.
Lyle Waggoner as Steve Trevor
The original character was created by William Moulton Marston and Harry G. Peter and first appeared in All-Star Comics #8. The details surrounding the death of Steve Trevor remains largely unknown. What is known is that Steve died some time prior to 1977.
Debra Winger as Drusilla/Wonder Girl
Born as the second daughter of Hippolyta, Queen of the Amazons, Drusilla grew up on Paradise Island along with her older sister, Princess Diana. After her sister left the island, she quickly became the finest archer and rider of the Amazons. When Hippolyta felt it was time for her elder daughter to return to the island, Drusilla was sent to America to urge her return. Reluctant to leave, Diana decided to show her younger sister of the need for Wonder Woman in the outside world. As part of this she convinced Drusilla to pose as Diana Prince's teenage sister for a few days. During this time she accompanied General Blankenship on a car trip. They were attacked by Nazi spies who abducted the general and left her behind. Unable to contact her sister, she decided to go after the spies herself and transformed into Wonder Girl.
Notable guest stars[edit]
Christine Belford as Baroness Von Gunther
Gary Burghoff as Alan in "The Man Who Wouldn't Tell"
Bradford Dillman as Arthur Deal III/Thor
Lynda Day George as Fausta Grables
Bob Hastings as the Gatekeeper in "The Pied Piper"
Russell Johnson as the Colonel in "Disco Devil"
Carolyn Jones as Queen Hippolyta in "Feminum Mystique: Parts 1 & 2", & "Wonder Woman in Hollywood"
Cloris Leachman as Queen Hippolyta
Gavin MacLeod as Mr. Ellsworth
Roddy McDowall as Henry Roberts
Eve Plumb as Elena in "The Pied Piper"
Robert Reed as the Falcon in "The Pluto File"
Barry Van Dyke as Freddy in "Wonder Woman in Hollywood"
Plot[edit]
Pilot[edit]
See also: List of Wonder Woman episodes
Lynda Carter as Wonder Woman
Despite the muted ratings of the earlier Cathy Lee Crosby television pilot, ABC still felt a Wonder Woman series had potential, and within a year another pilot was in production. Keen to make a distinction from the last pilot, producers gave the pilot the rather paradoxical title The New Original Wonder Woman. Scripting duties were given to Stanley Ralph Ross, who was instructed to be more faithful to the comic book and to create a subtle "high comedy." Ross set the pilot in World War II, the era in which the original comic book began.
After an intensive talent search, Lynda Carter, who had had a handful of minor acting roles and had been the 1972 Miss World USA and a Bob Hope USO cast member, was chosen for the lead role. For the role of Steve Trevor, the producers chose Lyle Waggoner, despite his dark brown, almost-black, hair not matching the comic's blond Trevor, who at the time was better known as a comedic actor after several years co-starring in The Carol Burnett Show. He was also known to Ross as having been one of the leading candidates to play Batman a decade earlier, but instead Adam West was signed. Waggoner was also considered a pin-up hunk, having done a semi-nude pictorial in the first issue of Playgirl.[5]
Although the pilot followed the original comic book closely, in particular the aspect of Wonder Woman joining the military under the name Diana Prince, a number of elements were dropped. It mainly omitted Diana's origin, including her birth on Paradise Island. The comic book Diana obtains the credentials of a look-alike nurse. Although the pilot shows Diana briefly as a nurse at one point, Diana takes on the identity of a Navy Yeoman Petty Officer First Class.
One change, which was later to become synonymous with the show, was the transformation of Diana Prince into Wonder Woman by spinning. During the filming of the pilot, producers were trying to figure out a way to show how Diana Prince became Wonder Woman, when Carter suggested that she do a spin.[6]
Unlike the earlier pilot, the comic-book origins of the character were emphasized by the retention of the character's traditional uniform (the design of which was interpreted and executed by Donald Lee Feld, credited as "Donfeld") with the original setting and through the use of comic book elements. The series's title sequence was animated in the form of a series of comic book panels featuring Wonder Woman performing a variety of heroic feats. Within the show, location and exposition were handled through comic book-style text panels. Transitions between scenes and commercial breaks were marked by animated starburst sequences.
Synopsis[edit]
In early 1942, during the Second World War, American pilot Major Steve Trevor (Waggoner) bails out during an air battle over the Bermuda Triangle, location of Paradise Island.[7] The island is home to the Amazons: beautiful, ageless women with great strength, agility, and intelligence. Amazon princess Diana (Carter) rescues the handsome unconscious Trevor and helps nurse him back to health. Her mother, the Amazon queen (Cloris Leachman; succeeded by Carolyn Jones and Beatrice Straight in later episodes), decrees that Olympic-style games shall be held to select one Amazon to return Trevor back to America. But she forbids her own daughter Diana, the princess, to participate. Diana states that since she is not allowed to participate, she does not want to be present for the games and will take a retreat to the other side of the island. The games are held with participants wearing masks and numbers, shown as Roman numerals in triangles on white sleeveless short tunic-dresses. Among the contestants is a blonde Amazon. During the events, the blonde Amazon shows exceptional skills and she ties for first with another Amazon. To break the deadlock, the "bullets and bracelets" event is decided as the tiebreaker, wherein each of the women takes turns shooting at the other; the one being shot at must deflect the bullets with her bulletproof bracelets. The blond woman wins the event, superficially injuring her opponent's arm. When she is pronounced the winner, she removes her mask and wig and reveals that she is Diana. Her mother, though initially shocked, relents and allows her to go to America.
Diana's uniform as Wonder Woman, designed by Queen Hippolyta, features emblems of America, the land to which she will be returning Steve Trevor. A golden belt will be the source of her strength and power while away from Paradise Island. She has her bullet-deflecting bracelets and also receives a golden lasso which is unbreakable and forces people to obey and tell the truth when bound with it. As shown later in flashback, Hippolyta also teaches Diana how to transform her clothes magically into the uniform.
Diana, as Wonder Woman, flies to Washington, D.C. in an invisible plane. After dropping Trevor off at a hospital, the heroine stumbles upon a bank robbery, which she stops. A theatrical agent who sees her in action offers to help make her bullets and bracelets act a stage attraction. Diana is hesitant, but needing money in this new society, she agrees.
Meanwhile, Trevor's civilian secretary Marcia (Stella Stevens) is a double agent for the Nazi Fifth Columnists. She seeks to aid top spies in killing Trevor and opposing this new threat, Wonder Woman. Her first attempt is arranging for an accomplice to fire a machine gun at Wonder Woman during her stage act. Later, as spy activities increase, Trevor leaves the hospital but gets in a fight and is captured, prompting his "nurse" Diana to come to his rescue. Wonder Woman defeats Marcia in an extended fight sequence in the War Department. Having defeated Marcia, Wonder Woman thwarts a Nazi pilot who had plans to bomb the Brooklyn Navy Yard by using her invisible plane, and she rescues Trevor. With Marcia and the spy ring defeated, the film closes as Trevor and Brigadier General Blankenship talk about Trevor's new secretary whom Blankenship selected not only for her outstanding clerical test scores, but her decidedly plain appearance in contrast to Marcia: the bespectacled Yeoman First Class Diana Prince USNR(WR), Wonder Woman in disguise.
Season 1[edit]
The pilot film aired on November 7, 1975, was a ratings success, and ABC quickly authorized the production of two one-hour specials which aired in April 1976. These three productions would later be considered part of the show's first season. The episodes scored strong ratings, and ABC ordered an additional 11 episodes for the new 1976–77 TV season. The network began airing the episodes every few weeks apart at the beginning of the TV season in September 1976. After mid-December 1976, episodes aired on a weekly basis until mid-February 1977.
A few cast changes were made between the specials and the series. Former Happy Days recurring actress Beatrice Colen joined the cast as Corporal Etta Candy WAAC, General Blankenship's secretary, thereby providing YN1 Prince with a subordinate. Three episodes featured Debra Winger as Diana's younger sister, Drusilla, a.k.a. Wonder Girl, in one of her earliest acting roles.
One of the most memorable aspects of the show that was developed during the first season was the transformation sequence that changed Diana Prince into her superheroine alter ego. The sequence in the original specials employed a slow fade between two synchronized shots, both filmed with an overcranked camera to create a slow motion effect. A twirling Diana Prince's hair would fall loose as the shot transitioned to a twirling Wonder Woman holding her Diana clothes, which she would stow nearby in a closet or locker. (How she changes back to Diana is never shown, although presumably she must return to the location to retrieve her clothes.) To ensure both segments transitioned smoothly the camera was locked off (secured in place) while Carter's clothing, make-up, and hair was altered between identities, a process Carter said on a DVD commentary typically took about 45 minutes. The spinning transformation was later incorporated into the comics and into animated appearances such as Justice League Unlimited. (Prior to the series in which Carter starred, the transformation was depicted in the comics by way of Diana spinning her magic lasso around her body, with the lasso changing her clothes, or by simply changing at super-human speed.)
The iconic explosion overlay most associated with the TV show was introduced after the third episode to mask the cut point between the Diana and Wonder Woman clips, meaning they no longer needed to be perfectly aligned. This allowed them to be shot without a locked off camera at more convenient points in the production schedule, when Carter was already in the appropriate costume. The slow motion aspect of the sequence was dropped, and Wonder Woman was no longer left holding her Diana Prince clothes. A thunderclap sound effect accompanied the explosion effect; both the explosion flash and its sound are apparently non-diegetic (only heard by the audience, not within the narrative world), as demonstrated by Diana changing unnoticed in a dormitory of sleeping women, in adjoining office spaces, etc. Generally the audience never sees Wonder Woman change back to Diana Prince, although there is one occasion when it is almost shown: Wonder Woman reveals her secret identity to her little sister Drusilla by slowly turning on the spot, but the actual moment of transformation is masked by a cut-away reaction shot of Drusilla (no thunderclap was heard).
During season one, Wonder Woman has the ability to impersonate anyone's voice, which came in handy over the telephone. She did not use this ability during seasons two and three.
The series began at a time when violence on television was under intense scrutiny. As a result, Wonder Woman was less frequently seen punching or kicking people the way she did in the early episodes. She would usually be shown pushing and throwing enemies or using creativity to get them to somehow knock themselves out (such as jumping high into the air to cause pursuers to collide). Despite the wartime setting, she almost never resorted to deadly force. The only exception occurs in the pilot episode when she sinks a German U-boat by crashing an airplane into it, presumably killing everyone aboard. Wonder Woman herself was occasionally overpowered by chloroform and poison gas, but she always came back in the second half of the show to save the day. In some episodes, her enemies learn the secret of her superhuman strength – her magic belt – and temporarily steal it, leaving her with average human strength. Her indestructible lasso and bracelets were stolen or taken away in one episode (leaving her defenseless against gunfire), but Wonder Woman recovered them by the end of the episode. (In the comics, Wonder Woman's bracelets were welded onto her forearms, and she would lose most of her strength if men were to join them forcibly with metal.)
Season 2 establishes that Wonder Woman remained active from 1942 to 1945 and was honored by Franklin D. Roosevelt for her work against Axis attacks.[8]
Season 2[edit]
Despite good ratings for the series, ABC stalled on picking up the show for a second season. This was because Wonder Woman was a period piece, being set in the 1940s, which made the set, clothing, automobiles, etc. more expensive to produce. While ABC had not yet committed, the show's production company Warner Bros. listened to an offer from rival network CBS. While ABC continued to make up its mind, CBS agreed to pick up the series on condition that the setting be changed from World War II (the 1940s) to the modern day (the 1970s). Changing the title to The New Adventures of Wonder Woman, the series was moved away from international intrigue to a more conventional police/detective action-type show that was more common in the 1970s.
Princess Diana, aging slowly because of her Amazon nature, returns from Paradise Island after a 35-year absence (looking virtually the same) to become an agent with the Inter-Agency Defense Command (IADC), a CIA / FBI-type organization fighting crime, espionage, and the occasional alien invasion.
Strictly speaking, Lynda Carter was the only cast member whose character continued into the second and third seasons (aside from a brief cameo appearance of Major Trevor (Lyle Waggoner) in Diana's flashback when she first encountered his son and a framed photograph of him seen on the younger Trevor's office credenza in season 3). The original Steve Trevor was revealed to have risen to the rank of major general and died in the 35-year interim between the first and second seasons, although Lyle Waggoner remained with the series, portraying Trevor's son, Steve Jr.
As a child, Steve Jr. had heard his late father's stories of adventures with Wonder Woman during World War II.[8] It is essentially confirmed in the second season première that his father never introduced him to Wonder Woman and that he had never even seen her photographed. It is similarly implied that he and YN1 Diana Prince were unaware of each other. Diana is taken aback by the younger Steve's existence, implying that his father had never spoken of the boy to either Wonder Woman or YN1 Prince. This was particularly striking when she spoke to Steve Jr. about knowing his father well, from the j-shaped burn scar on his right shoulder, to the 20mm shell casing that he used as a paperweight.
Despite (or perhaps because of) the fact that Wonder Woman had fallen in love with the first Steve Trevor, the producers chose to drop any suggestion that Steve Jr. and Wonder Woman were anything more than good friends. Indeed, when an impostor posing as Steve Jr. attempted to seduce Diana, she made it quite clear that she had no sexual interest in him. Executive producer Douglas S. Cramer noted the difficulties in maintaining long-term romantic tension between leads, because the resolution of that romantic tension often results in the cancellation of the series.[9]
Since Waggoner returned in a technically new role, Diana's mother Hippolyta was the only other first season character to be seen or mentioned, though she was played by a new actress, Beatrice Straight, succeeding Carolyn Jones and Cloris Leachman in the role. The post-war fates of General Phil Blankenship, Etta Candy, and Drusilla / Wonder Girl were never revealed.
Diana, Steve and Joe Atkinson (Norman Burton), a weathered IADC agent, received their orders from a "Charlie's Angels-like" character who is heard but never seen. Diana and Steve would go out and work the field while Joe assisted from the office. The Atkinson character was dropped after the ninth episode of this season, and Steve was given a promotion, becoming IADC Director, and Diana's boss, in the process. This promotion for Steve Trevor meant that Lyle Waggoner was seen less in subsequent episodes for the remainder of the series' run. In this season, the computer IRAC (Information Retrieval Associative Computer), more informally known as "Ira," was introduced: its first appearance is in season 2, episode 1, where Diana introduces her Diana Prince identity into its records, over IRAC's protests. Ira was the IADC's super-intelligent computer, who deduces that Diana Prince is really Wonder Woman, although he never shares this information with anyone, except Diana herself. Saundra Sharp joined the cast as Eve, Steve's assistant (the job held by Diana at the start of the season). Towards the end of the season, in the episode "IRAC is Missing," a small mobile robot called Rover was added for comic relief. An offshoot of IRAC who performs duties such as delivering coffee and sorting mail, Rover speaks with a high-pitched voice, occasionally makes "Beep Beep" sounds and, like IRAC, is aware that Wonder Woman's secret identity is Diana Prince.
The theme song was re-written to remove references to the Axis, reflecting the series' new present-day setting, and the action depicted in the opening's animated comic book panels was similarly updated. Beginning with the episode "The Man Who Made Volcanoes," the opening title sequence was changed again to an instrumental and more traditional "action scenes" opening. The animated stars used before and after commercial breaks were dropped.
The producers of Wonder Woman generally maintained her no-kill policy, although there were exceptions: In the episode "Anschluss '77" she is forced to destroy a clone of Adolf Hitler. Another episode made reference to a villain who was believed drowned following a previous unseen encounter with Diana/Wonder Woman.
Unlike in the first season, Wonder Woman's sources of power (magic belt, bracelets, golden lasso) were never removed from her and stolen by villains during the two years the series was set in the 1970s.
Other changes in season two included a slight redesign (again by Donald Lee Feld, still credited as "Donfeld") of Wonder Woman's uniform. The bustier was more flexible, featured less gold metal in the eagle wings in favor of red cloth background, and was cut lower to highlight Carter's décolletage and cleavage. The star-spangled bottoms were cut higher in the thighs, with the number of stars reduced, stopping below her hips, and rearranged in a more symmetrical starburst pattern. The bracelets changed from dull silver-grey to bright gold, and were noticeably smaller and thinner. Her tiara, appearing unchanged when on Wonder Woman's head, would flatten to become a boomerang, and its ruby star functioned as a communications link to Paradise Island and her mother the queen.
Feld also introduced multiple new variants on Wonder Woman's uniform beginning in season two. She still wore the red-white-and-blue cape for special events or appearances from the first season, but without the skirt. (This variant could be described as Wonder Woman's "full-dress uniform.") A diving uniform was introduced—this consisted of a navy-blue lycra body suit with matching gloves, gold bracelets, flat boots, and a flexible tiara; this was featured whenever aquatic activity was required. The same uniform, with low-heeled boots and a gold helmet, was used to ride motorcycles. At first, Wonder Woman would switch to these newer uniforms by performing an extended spin in which she first changed from her Diana Prince clothes to Wonder Woman's standard uniform, then continued to spin until a second light explosion occurred and she would appear in one of the newer variants. However, this extended spin device was dropped for expediency and Diana was then able to change into any of Wonder Woman's uniforms in a single change.
Wonder Woman's invisible plane appeared a couple of times in season two, and not at all in season three. The plane's shape was updated with the change in temporal setting, losing the rounded fuselage and modestly curved wings evocative of a World War II-era pursuit-fighter, in favor of a dart-like, delta winged jet.
Season 3[edit]
With the beginning of the third season, further changes were made to target the show at a teenage audience. The title theme was re-recorded again to give it a disco beat, the use of the robot 'Rover' was increased for comic effect, and episodes began to revolve around topical subjects like skateboarding, roller coasters and the environment. (Feld also gave Wonder Woman a "skate-boarder's" uniform, which was also capable of use for training in any "extreme sport" in which she participated.) Teenagers or young adults were commonly used as main characters in the plot lines. Eve disappeared from the cast although she is mentioned once or twice. Episodes during this season showed Diana on assignments by herself far more often (particularly outside of Washington DC), and Steve Trevor had become Diana's boss and was seen less.
Wonder Woman was also allowed to become a bit more physical in the third season and could now be seen throwing the occasional punch or kicking. The writers also came up with several unusual ways for Diana to execute her spinning transformation, the most notable instances occurring in the episode "Stolen Faces" in which Diana makes the change while falling off a tall building, and the season two episode "The Pied Piper" in which she changes while strapped into a spinning chair.
Diana also exhibited other powers, particularly in the episode "The Deadly Dolphin," in which she is shown communicating telepathically with animals (reminiscent of the "mental radio" from the comics, which was never shown on the series) and generating bursts of an unknown form of energy to scare away a killer shark.
In the final episode produced, the writers attempted a "relaunch" of sorts by having Diana reassigned to the Los Angeles bureau of IADC with a new supporting cast. Though done in anticipation of a fourth season, the revamp was seen for only a single episode ("The Man Who Could Not Die"), which set up an assortment of new supporting characters. These included Dale Hawthorn, Diana's new IADC boss, Bret Cassiday (Bob Seagren), a genetically enhanced man who was indestructible (the titular character of the episode), as well as a streetwise youngster named T. Burton Phipps III who inexplicably is allowed to hang out at the IADC. Also added to the cast was a chimpanzee who, like Bret, is also indestructible. This episode was actually the last to be produced and should have ended the third season, but was shown out of sequence with the two-parter "The Phantom of the Roller Coaster." These final three episodes aired by themselves in August–September 1979, months after the broadcast of the rest of season three, creating a mini-season, though they remain grouped as part of season three as opposed to being considered an abbreviated fourth season.
CBS ultimately decided to move The Incredible Hulk up to the Friday 8:00 hour from 9:00 to introduce the new series The Dukes of Hazzard, but no further episodes of Wonder Woman were produced due to the lack of new cast members for a fourth season and low ratings. After her first musical television special, Carter gave up the role to focus more on her musical career.[citation needed]
Wonder Woman '77 Comic[edit]
In October 2014, DC announced an ongoing comic book series set in the Lynda Carter TV series continuity. The comic was written by Marc Andreyko.[10] It was first published as digital chapters on DC Comics' website. Wonder Woman '77 Special #1 was published in May 2015. A second Wonder Woman '77 Special collecting further digital first chapters was published in September 2015.[needs update]. A third special was published in April 2016. Wonder Woman teams up with Jaime Sommers in the crossover title Wonder Woman ’77 Meets the Bionic Woman.[11][12] Wonder Woman teams up with Batman in the crossover team up Batman' 66 Meets Wonder Woman '77 writing by both Andreyko and Jeff Parker.[13]
Legacy[edit]
This portrayal of the character strongly influenced the Wonder Woman comics. Most notably, the ballerina-style spinning transformation was incorporated into the comics. The spin has also been used in the animated television programs Super Friends and Justice League Unlimited.[14]
Reruns[edit]
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Reruns of Wonder Woman aired in syndication during the 1980s. It also aired on FX and Sci-Fi Channel in the 1990s and early 2000s.
Beginning on December 28, 2013, the show airs Saturday evenings on the classic TV network Me-TV.
In the UK, the series has been syndicated on several channels. In 2006, Living broadcast the show every weekend as part of "Hangover TV". As of 2015, the series is shown on The Horror Channel and can also be seen on the MeTV network.
Home video releases[edit]
Columbia House with Warner Home Video released the series on VHS videotapes through their Wonder Woman: The Collector's Edition series from the late 1990s-early 2000s, which was only available through mail order subscriptions. Each volume contained two episodes. The Season Two episodes "The Pied Piper" and "Flight To Oblivion," however, were not included on the VHS releases.[14]
Warner Home Video has released all three seasons of Wonder Woman on DVD in various regions, both separately and in a collected edition.
DVD name
Eps.
Release date
Details
The Complete 1st Season 14 June 29, 2004 All 14 episodes (including the pilot) with commentary by Lynda Carter and executive producer Douglas S. Cramer; new documentary retrospective
The Complete 2nd Season 22 March 1, 2005 21 episodes plus a feature-length season premiere; Bonus documentary: "Revolutionizing a Classic: From Comic Book to Television"
The Complete 3rd Season 24 June 7, 2005 Audio commentary by Carter on "My Teenage Idol is Missing"; featurette: "Wonder Woman: The Ultimate Feminist Icon"; The initial Region 1 release included a bonus DVD containing the first episode of the Captain Marvel television series Shazam!, "The Joy Riders"
The Complete Collection 60 November 6, 2007 Pilot with commentary by Lynda Carter and executive producer Douglas S. Cramer; new documentary retrospective; Bonus documentary: "Revolutionizing a Classic: From Comic Book to Television"; Audio commentary by Carter on "My Teenage Idol is Missing"; featurette: "Wonder Woman: The Ultimate Feminist Icon"
The pilot episode is included as a bonus feature on the February 23, 2010 Blu-ray release of Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths.[15]
The complete series has been remastered in high definition and transformed to a more modern 16:9 widescreen format. This version is available for purchase on iTunes.
Merchandising[edit]
Mego Corporation released a line of dolls in 1976 to correspond with the TV series. The boxes originally featured Lynda Carter as Wonder Woman on the front flap. However, in 1977, her image on the box was dropped and the line was revamped with only the Wonder Woman doll being featured and revised.
The Mego dolls included Wonder Woman, Diana Prince, Queen Hippolyta, Nubia, and Steve Trevor.[16] The line also included separate fashion outfits for Diana Prince that were released in Canada.[17] Various playsets were also created but were not released for sale.[18]
DC Direct (which creates merchandise for DC Comics) released a Wonder Woman statue in 2007 which is based upon the image created by Lynda Carter.
In 2015, Hallmark released a Wonder Woman Christmas ornament bearing the likeness of Lynda Carter that also plays the intro to the television theme song.
In July 2016, prior to Comic-Con International, the New York Times ran a story about Dynamite Entertainment. In it, best-selling author Andy Mangels was revealed to be writing a prestigious new intercompany crossover mini-series for the company, in conjunction with DC Comics: Wonder Woman '77 Meets The Bionic Woman, bringing together the Lynda Carter television character with Lindsay Wagner's fellow 1970s television super-heroine. The series was released in December 2016.[11]
Possible animated film[edit]
After the success of Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders, animated film based on the Batman TV series of the 1960s, Warner Bros. had stated that their executives are considering to make an animated film based on the classic Wonder Woman TV series, with Lynda Carter reprising her role by voicing the character;[19] along with an animated adaptation of the comic series Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B19qk6ywPaM Wonder Woman S03 DVD Extras The Ultimate Feminist Icon
Jump up ^ Gary Westfahl, ed. (2005). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy, vol. 3: Themes, Works, and Wonders. Greenwood Press.
Jump up ^ Shales, Tom (November 7, 1975). "Wonder Woman Tries Comeback". The Washington Post. The Washington Post Company.
Jump up ^ Joby, Tom (1980-05-12). "Cathy Crosby turns down 'Wonder Woman' offer". Associated Press.
Jump up ^ Pendergast, Tom and Sara (2002). St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture, vol. 4. St. James Press. p. 72. ISBN 1-55862-404-X.
Jump up ^ Carter, Lynda. The New Original Wonder Woman commentary (DVD).
Jump up ^ "The Arboretum of Los Angeles County, 301 N. Baldwin Ave, in Arcadia, CA". TVLocations. Seeing Stars.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Return of Wonder Woman". Wonder Woman. Season 2. 1977-09-16. CBS.
Jump up ^ Cramer, Douglas S. The New Original Wonder Woman commentary (DVD).
Jump up ^ "NYCC: DC Digital Adds "Wonder Woman '77," "Mortal Kombat X" & "Fables: Wolf Among Us"". Comic Book Resources. October 12, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Gustines, George Gene. "Dynamite Entertainment Taps '70s TV to Expand Lineup of Comics". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Rich (September 1, 2016). "Alex Ross And Cat Staggs' Covers For Wonder Woman '77/Bionic Woman #1, Out In December". Bleeding Cool. Avatar Press.
Jump up ^ Steinberg, Brian (October 7, 2016). "Wonder Woman From 1970s to Meet 1960s Batman in DC Cross-Over Project". Variety. Penske Media Corporation.
^ Jump up to: a b Patterson, Stephen (January 19, 2016). "Why Lynda Carter's Wonder Woman Will Never Be Beaten". Moviepilot. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (November 24, 2009). "Justice League - Crisis on Two Earths Announced for DVD and Blu-ray: Details, Extras, Box Art". TV Shows on DVD.com. Archived from the original on November 27, 2009. Retrieved November 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Wonder Woman 12" Gallery". Mego Museum. Retrieved 2011-12-26.
Jump up ^ "Wonder Woman - Wonder Wardrobe". Mego Museum. Retrieved 2011-12-26.
Jump up ^ "Wonder Woman Playsets". Mego Museum. Retrieved 2011-12-26.
Jump up ^ "WB Possibly Planning Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles And Wonder Woman '77 Animated Films". 12 October 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wonder Woman (TV series).
Television in the United States portal
Superhero fiction portal
1970s portal
Wonder Woman (TV series) on IMDb
New Original Wonder Woman (1975 pilot) on IMDb
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Wonder Woman
William Moulton Marston
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Characters
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Supporting
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NCAA Division I Men's Final Four appearances by school
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This is a list of NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament Final Four appearances by school. Several teams have vacated Final Four appearances and are marked with an * with explanations listed below. The listed Final Four totals for those teams do not include the vacated appearances. Schools in italics no longer compete in NCAA Division I.
Total Final Four appearances[edit]
App. School
20 North Carolina
17 Kentucky, UCLA*
16 Duke
15 Kansas
10 Ohio State*
9 Michigan State
8 Indiana, Louisville**
6 Arkansas, Cincinnati, Michigan**, Oklahoma State, Syracuse
5 Connecticut, Florida, Georgetown, Houston, Illinois, Oklahoma, Villanova*
4 Arizona, Kansas State, LSU, UNLV, Utah, Wisconsin
3 California, Iowa, Marquette, N.C. State, San Francisco, Texas
2 Baylor, Bradley, Butler, CCNY, Colorado, Dartmouth, DePaul, Georgia Tech, Holy Cross, La Salle, Loyola (IL), Maryland, NYU, Oregon, Oregon State, Providence, Purdue, St. John's, Stanford, Temple, USC, Virginia, West Virginia, Wichita State
1 Charlotte, Dayton, Drake, Duquesne, Florida State, George Mason, Georgia, Gonzaga, Indiana State, Iowa State, Jacksonville, Memphis**, Mississippi State, New Mexico State, Notre Dame, Penn, Penn State, Pittsburgh, Princeton, Rutgers, Santa Clara, Seattle, Seton Hall, SMU, South Carolina, St. Bonaventure, UTEP, Virginia Commonwealth, Wake Forest, Washington, Washington State, Western Kentucky, Wyoming
Minnesota, Saint Joseph's, Massachusetts and Western Kentucky had their only appearances in the Final Four vacated.[1]
* - Indicates one vacated appearance not included in total.
** - Indicates two vacated appearances not included in total.
Most NCAA Tournament appearances without reaching a Final Four[edit]
App. School
29 BYU
28 Xavier
26 Missouri
22 Western Kentucky*
21 Creighton, Tennessee
20 Alabama, Saint Joseph's*, Utah State
18 Boston College
17 Miami (OH)
16 Murray State, Tulsa, Weber State
15 New Mexico, Texas Tech, UAB, Vanderbilt
14 Arizona State, Davidson, Texas A&M
13 Ohio, Pepperdine
12 Iona, San Diego State
11 Chattanooga, Clemson, George Washington, Idaho State, Montana, Navy, Old Dominion, Oklahoma City
10 Colorado State, East Tennessee State, Miami (FL), North Carolina A&T, Rhode Island, Southern Illinois, Virginia Tech, Winthrop
* - Indicates one vacated Final Four appearance.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "2016 MEN'S FINAL FOUR RECORDS BOOK" (PDF). Retrieved March 13, 2016.
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