text:
The Great British Bake Off (series 1)
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The Great British Bake Off (series 1)
Starring
Mel Giedroyc
Sue Perkins
Mary Berry
Paul Hollywood
Country of origin
United Kingdom
No. of episodes
6
Release
Original network
BBC Two
Original release
17 August (2010-08-17) – 21 September 2010 (2010-09-21)
Series chronology
Next →
Series 2
The first series of The Great British Bake Off, first aired on BBC Two on 17 August 2010. Ten home bakers took part in a bake-off to test every aspect of their baking skills as they battled to be crowned the Great British Bake Off's best amateur baker. Each week the nationwide tour saw bakers put through three challenges in a particular discipline, with some being eliminated from competition at the end of the episode. The rounds of the competition took place in various locations across the UK following a theme, for example, the episode on puddings would take place in Bakewell, bread baking would take place near Sandwich.[1][2] This first series had a voiceover by Stephen Noonan; for the subsequent series this role was taken by the on-screen presenters Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins. The competition was won by Edd Kimber.[3][4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 The Bakers
2 Results summary
3 Episodes
3.1 Episode 1: Cakes
3.2 Episode 2: Biscuits
3.3 Episode 3: Bread
3.4 Episode 4: Puddings
3.5 Episode 5: Pastry
3.6 Episode 6: Tea Party (Final)
4 Post show career
5 The Great British Wedding Cake
6 Ratings
6.1 Specials
7 References
The Bakers[edit]
Baker
Age
Occupation
Hometown
Annetha Mills 30 Single mother Essex
David Chambers 31 Entrepreneur Milton Keynes
Edward "Edd" Kimber 24 Debt collector for Yorkshire Bank Bradford
Jasminder Randhawa 45 Assistant Credit Control Manager Birmingham
Jonathan Shepherd 25 Research Analyst St Albans
Lea Harris 51 Retired Midlothian, Scotland
Louise Brimelow 44 Police Officer Manchester
Mark Whithers 48 Bus Driver South Wales
Miranda Gore Browne 37 Food buyer for Marks & Spencer Midhurst, West Sussex
Ruth Clemens 31 Retail manager/Housewife Poynton, Cheshire
Results summary[edit]
Elimination chart
Baker
1
2
3
4
5
6
Edd WINNER
Ruth Runner-Up
Miranda Third Place
Jasminder OUT
David OUT
Jonathan OUT
Annetha OUT
Louise OUT
Lea OUT
Mark OUT
Colour key:
– Baker got through to the next round
– Baker was eliminated
– Baker was one of the judges' least favourite bakers that week, but was not eliminated
– Baker was one of the judges' favourite bakers that week
– Baker was the series runner-up
– Baker was the series winner
Episodes[edit]
Baker eliminated Winner
Episode 1: Cakes[edit]
For the first challenge, the bakers were instructed to bake any cake they want using their creativity within 3 hours. it has to be evenly baked, evenly risen, and moist. For the technical challenge, the bakers were to make a Victorian Sandwich using Mary Berry's recipe. For the final challenge, the showstopper challenge, the bakers were required to make a Chocolate Celebration Cake, with perfect execution, original ideas/their own flairs.
Cotswolds
Baker
Signature
(Cake)
Technical
(Victoria sandwich)
Showstopper
(Chocolate Celebration Cake)
Annetha Light Jamaican Black Cake
with Strawberries and Cream 2nd Chocolate with Cigarellos, Fresh Fruit, and Cream
David Chocolate Orange Cake 3rd Black Forest Floor Gateaux
with Chocolate Leaves, Fallen Fruit
and Chocolate Mushrooms
Edd Caramel Cinnamon and Banana Cake 1st N/A
Jasminder Fresh Mango and Passion Fruit Hummingbird Cake N/A N/A
Jonathan Carrot Cake with Lime and Cream Cheese Icing 9th Three-layer with Almond and Cherry
Lea Cranberry and Pistachio Cake
with Orange Flower Water Icing 10th Chocolate, Raspberries and Cream
with Fresh Fruit
Louise Carrot and Orange Cake N/A Never Fail Chocolate Sponge Cake,
with Fresh Fruit
Mark Sticky Marmalade Tea Loaf N/A Heart-shaped Chocolate and Beetroot Cake
Miranda Triple Layered Brownie Meringue Cake
with Raspberry Cream
8th Three Tiered Chocolate Fudge Cake
with Handmade Chocolate Button Decorations
Ruth Lemon Drizzle Cake
with Fresh Cream and freshly made Lemon Curd N/A Classic Chocolate Sponge wrapped in a Chocolate Collar
topped with Handmade White and Dark Chocolate Truffles
Episode 2: Biscuits[edit]
For the signature bake, the bakers were asked to bake their Personality Biscuits within 2 hours. For the technical challenge, the bakers were asked to bake scones using Paul Hollywood's recipe within an hour. For the showstopper, the bakers were asked to bake Petit Fours; Meringues, Choux Pastry, and Macarons, within 4 hours.
Scone Palace, Perthshire
Baker
Signature
(Biscuits)
Technical
(Scones)
Showstopper
(Petit fours; Meringues, Choux Pastry and Macarons)
Annetha Rose Petal Shortbread 7th Pink Swirl Macarons / Eclairs
David Cheddar Cheese and Fresh Rosemary Biscuits 8th Choux Pastry Swans
Chocolate Profiteroles
Edd Oatmeal Raisin Cookie 6th Pink Macarons
Jasminder Millionaires' Shortbread 2nd Meringues with Chocolate and Space Dust
Coffee flavoured Eclairs
Jonathan Honey and Candied Ginger Cookies 1st Meringues with Whiskey Cream
Louise Stained Glass Window Shortbread 4th Strawberry, Mint, and Cream Meringues
Chocolate Eclairs / Orange, Yellow and Pink Macarons
Miranda Fresh Vanilla Biscuits with Royal Icing 3rd Pistachio Macarons
Ruth Peanut Shortbread with
Salted Peanut Caramel 5th Almond Macaron with Violet Buttercream
Raspberries and Cream Eclairs
Episode 3: Bread[edit]
For their signature bake, the bakers were asked to bake their signature bread within 3 1/2 hours. For the technical challenge, the bakers were asked to bake a cob using Paul's recipe within 2 1/2 hours. For the showstopper, the bakers were asked to bake 12 sweet rolls and 12 savory rolls. They can have at least 3 flavors and 6 hours.
Sarre Windmill, Kent
Baker
Signature
(Breads)
Technical
(Cobs)
Showstopper
(12 Sweet and 12 Savoury Rolls)
David Chilli Bread 4th Walnut and Seed Roll
Red Berry and Almond Bun
Edd Olive Bread 1st Tomato and Mozzarella
Jasminder Focaccia 5th Mango and Sultana Buns
Pan au Chocolat with Mars Bars
Tutti Frutti Wheel with Jelly Tots
Jonathan Anchovy, Sweet Paprika and Oregano Bread 6th Sticky Lemon Honey Bun
Olive and Anchovy Roll
Sundried Tomatoes and Fresh Herbs Roll
Stilton, Walnut and Apple Roll
Cinnamon and Cardamom Chelsea Bun
Miranda Walnut and Apricot Bread 3rd Lemon Iced Buns
Chocolate and Orange Buns
Ruth Maple and Pecan Bread 2nd Chocolate and Orange Panettone
Cranberry Bagels
Episode 4: Puddings[edit]
For the first challenge, the bakers were asked to bake their own classic pudding, steamed or baked. They had 2 1/2 hours. For the technical challenge, the bakers were asked to bake a lemon souffle using Mary's recipe within 40 minutes. The bakers started to bake at different time intervals. For the showstopper, the bakers were asked to bake 3 puddings: crumble, bread, and suet, in 5 hours.
Bakewell, Derbyshire
Baker
Signature
(Puddings)
Technical
(Hot Lemon Soufflé)
Showstopper
(3 Puddings; Crumble, Bread, and Suet)
David Pear and Walnut Pudding 5th Apple and Blackberry Crumble, Rhubarb and Orange Betty, Suet Pear
Edd Apple and Plum Pudding 3rd Apple and Cinnamon Crumble, Nutella Banana Brioche Bread Pudding, Rhubarb and Strawberry Suet Layer
Jasminder Sticky Toffee Pudding with Tropical Fruit & Toffee Sauce 2nd Bread & Butter Pudding, Treacle Suet Pudding with Fresh Fruit, Apple and Pineapple Crumble
Miranda Sticky Toffee Pudding 1st Queen of Puddings, Chocolate Pear Roly Poly, Strawberry and Rhubarb Crumble
Ruth Peach and Blueberry Boy Bait 4th Apple & Ginger Crumble, Rhubarb Suet Crust, Cherry Queen of Puddings
Episode 5: Pastry[edit]
For the signature challenge, the bakers were asked to bake a savoury pie in 2 1/2 hours. For the technical challenge, the bakers were asked to bake 4 Cornish pasties in 4 1/2 hours. For the showstopper, the bakers were asked to bake 2 pastry platters; savory and sweet tartlets, in 5 hours.
Mousehole, Cornwall
Baker
Signature
(Pies)
Technical
(Cornish Pasties)
Showstopper
(Tarts and Canapés)
Edd Chicken, Ham, Leek and Tarragon Pie 2nd Almond Sweet Pastry with Ginger and Chocolate
Raspberry Tart / Yorkshire Curd Tart
Chickpea and Salami, Red and Yellow Pepper,
Asparagus Gruyere Quiche Canapés
Jasminder Chicken and Mushroom Pie 4th Jaggery, Carrot, and Spiced Condensed Milk Tart
Fruit and Custard Tart
Thai Chili Red Onion, Duck in Plum Sauce, Salmon and Prawn Canapés
Miranda Summery Salmon, Cod and Prawn Fish Pie 1st Chocolate Pastry filled with Orange Cheesecake
Chocolate Pastry filled with Milk Chocolate Ganche
Strawberry Tart with Red Currant Glaze
Cheesy Crab, Broad Bean and Tomato, Pancetta Risotto Canapés
Ruth Minced Beef Pie 3rd Raspberry and Dark Chocolate Tart
Creme Patisserie and Cherry Tart
Citrus Curd Tart with Creme Brulee top
Tomato, Asparagus Twirl Canapés
Episode 6: Tea Party (Final)[edit]
In the final, a baker was eliminated after the first bake, and only two bakers competed in the final day. For the first challenge, the 3 finalists were asked to bake 24 miniature cake in 2 1/2 hours. Only two can advance to becoming the winner of the Great British Bake Off. For the final challenge, the 2 finalists were asked to bake 24 miniature tarts, 24 scones, 24 choux buns, and 24 finger sandwiches in 5 hours.
Fulham Palace, London
Baker
Signature
(24 Professional Cupcakes)
Technical
Showstopper
(Petit Fours)
Edd Cinnamon and Banana Cake N/A 24 Chocolate and Ginger Tarts
24 Lemon Scones with Passion Fruit Curd
24 Raspberry Choux Buns
24 Finger Sandwiches
Miranda Lemon Cupcake Eliminated after signature
Ruth Mint, Ginger and Blackberry Cake 24 Red Pepper and Cheese Quiche Tarts
24 Sultana Scones
24 Vanilla and Lemon Choux Buns
24 Finger Sandwiches
Post show career[edit]
After winning the competition, Edd Kimber is able to make his living from baking.[6] He worked in the pastry kitchen at Raymond Blanc's restaurant Le Manoir. He has written three books on baking, The Boy Who Bakes, Say It With Cake,[7] and Patisserie Made Simple: From Macaron to Millefeuille and More. He has taught macaron making classes in London, run a pop-up bakery in Fortnum & Mason, and appeared as a 'resident baker' on The Alan Titchmarsh Show.[8]
Ruth Clemens has written a number of books on cake making and baking, including Busy Girls Guide to Cake Decorating, The Pink Whisk Guide to Cake Making, The Pink Whisk Guide to Baking and Creative Éclairs.[9][10]
Miranda Gore Browne wrote a book, Biscuit, published on 5 April 2012.[11] Her second book Bake Me a Cake as Fast as You Can was published in August 2014.[12]
Jonathan Shepherd left his job in the pharmaceutical company and launched a new business, The Pudding Stop, in St Albans.[13] It started as a portable street-food vendor and a supplier of puddings to restaurants.[14] Shepherd has since also opened a shop, also in St Albans.[15][16]
The Great British Wedding Cake[edit]
In this one-off special edition on the series, the three finalists from series one (Edd, Ruth and Miranda) returned once more. Paul Hollywood and Mary Berry set them the ultimate challenge, to make and bake two spectacular Wedding Cakes each in just 16 hours, one being traditional and the other contemporary. Paul and Mary explore the history of the Great British Wedding Cake, looking at the dramatic changes through the eras; from the Tudors and the Victorians, wartime Britain and the eighties to the present day. Although Paul and Mary judged the results, no individual winner was declared.
Ratings[edit]
Official episode viewing figures are from BARB.[17]
Episode
no.
Airdate
Viewers
(millions)
BBC Two
weekly ranking
1 17 August 2010 (2010-08-17) 2.24 7
2 24 August 2010 (2010-08-24) 3.00 3
3 31 August 2010 (2010-08-31) 3.00 2
4 7 September 2010 (2010-09-07) 2.60 4
5 14 September 2010 (2010-09-14) 3.03 1
6 21 September 2010 (2010-09-21) 2.75 1
Specials[edit]
Episode
no.
Airdate
Viewers
(millions)
BBC Two
weekly ranking
The Great British Wedding Cake
20 April 2011 (2011-04-20) 1.60 19
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Great British Bake Off". TVDb.com.
Jump up ^ Sarah Stephens (14 Aug 2012). "Behind the scenes at the Great British Bake-Off". The Daily Telegraph.
Jump up ^ Sarah Rainey (9 December 2011). "Edd Kimber: the great British baker". The Daily Telegraph.
Jump up ^ Aisha Iqbal (23 September 2010), "Leeds man wins BBC's Great British Bake-Off", Yorkshire Evening Post
Jump up ^ Emma Clayton (23 September 2010), "Thackley baker Edd Kimber wins BBC TV's Great British Bake Off", Bradford Telegraph and Argus
Jump up ^ "Edd Kimber and Jo Wheatley: Great British Bake Off changed our lives". Metro. 28 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Daisy Wyatt (22 October 2013). "Great British Bake Off winners: Where are they now?". The Independent.
Jump up ^ Jess Denham (7 October 2014). "Great British Bake Off 2014: What past winners are doing now from Edd Kimber to last year's Frances Quinn". The Independent.
Jump up ^ "Poynton Mum in the Spotlight – Ruth Clemens – The Pink Whisk!". Mums in the Know. 2 December 2012. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Interview with Ruth Clemens, The Pink Whisk". The Diary of a Cake Maker. 7 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Interview & cookbook giveaway: Miranda Gore Browne, Great British Bake Off". Peach Trees and Bumblebees. 13 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Carolyn Hart (11 September 2014). "Cookbook of the Week: Bake Me A Cake As Fast As You Can". The Daily Telegraph.
Jump up ^ Charlotte Morgan (9 September 2010). "St Albans baker takes the plunge with puddings". The Herts Advertiser.
Jump up ^ Monique Hall (8 October 2012). "St Albans' Pudding Stop shortlisted for award". The Herts Advertiser.
Jump up ^ Charlotte Morgan (19 August 2014). "Great British Bake Off: where are they now?".
Jump up ^ "The Pudding Stop".
Jump up ^ "Weekly Top 30 Programmes". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
[hide]
v
t
e
The Great British Bake Off
Series
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Winners
Edd Kimber
Joanne Wheatley
John Whaite
Frances Quinn
Nancy Birtwhistle
Nadiya Hussain
Candice Brown
Sophie Faldo
Other contestants
James Morton
Glenn Cosby
Ali Imdad
Beca Lyne-Pirkis
Ruby Tandoh
Martha Collison
Related topics
List of Star Bakers
Junior Bake Off
The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice
Bake Off: Crème de la Crème
International versions
Australia
Brazil
Canada
Denmark
France
Ireland
Italy
United States
2013
2015-present
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_British_Bake_Off_(series_1)&oldid=818783811"
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text:
United Nations peacekeeping
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
United Nation Peacekeeping
UNPK logo
Founded
1948
Website
United Nations Peacekeeping
Leadership
Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations
Jean-Pierre Lacroix
Manpower
Active personnel
90,905 uniformed, 111,512 total[1]
Expenditures
Budget
$7.9 billion[2]
Related articles
History
United Nations peacekeeping missions
United Nations System
Principal Organs
United Nations Secretariat
United Nations Security Council
United Nations General Assembly
International Court of Justice
United Nations Economic and Social Council
United Nations Trusteeship Council
Peacekeeping by the United Nations is a role held by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations as "a unique and dynamic instrument developed by the organization as a way to help countries torn by conflict to create the conditions for lasting peace."[3] It is distinguished from peacebuilding, peacemaking, and peace enforcement although the United Nations does acknowledge that all activities are "mutually reinforcing" and that overlap between them is frequent in practice.[4]
Peacekeepers monitor and observe peace processes in post-conflict areas and assist ex-combatants in implementing the peace agreements they may have signed. Such assistance comes in many forms, including confidence-building measures, power-sharing arrangements, electoral support, strengthening the rule of law, and economic and social development. Accordingly, UN peacekeepers (often referred to as Blue Berets or Blue Helmets because of their light blue berets or helmets) can include soldiers, police officers, and civilian personnel.
The United Nations Charter gives the United Nations Security Council the power and responsibility to take collective action to maintain international peace and security. For this reason, the international community usually looks to the Security Council to authorize peacekeeping operations through Chapter VII authorizations.[5]
Most of these operations are established and implemented by the United Nations itself, with troops serving under UN operational control. In these cases, peacekeepers remain members of their respective armed forces, and do not constitute an independent "UN army," as the UN does not have such a force. In cases where direct UN involvement is not considered appropriate or feasible, the Council authorizes regional organizations such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),[5] the Economic Community of West African States, or coalitions of willing countries to undertake peacekeeping or peace-enforcement tasks.
Mr. Jean-Pierre Lacroix is the Head of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations. He took over from the former Under-Secretary-General Mr. Hérve Ladsous on 1 April 2017. DPKO's highest level doctrine document, entitled "United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines" was issued in 2008.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Process and structure
2 Formation
2.1 Financing
2.2 Structure
3 History
3.1 Cold War peacekeeping
3.2 Since 1991
4 Participation
5 Results
6 Crimes by peacekeepers
6.1 Peacekeeping, human trafficking, and forced prostitution
6.2 Human rights violations in United Nations missions
7 Proposed reform
7.1 Brahimi analysis
7.2 Rapid reaction force
7.3 Restructuring of the UN secretariat
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
Process and structure[edit]
In 2007, a peacekeeper volunteer was required to be over the age of 25 with no maximum age limit.[7] Peacekeeping forces are contributed by member states on a voluntary basis. As of 31 December 2013, the total size of the peacekeeping force is 98,200 police, troops, and military experts. European nations contribute nearly 6,000 units[clarification needed] to this total. Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh are among the largest individual contributors with around 8,000 units each. African nations contributed nearly half the total, almost 44,000 units.[8]
Every peacekeeping mission is authorized by the Security Council.
Formation[edit]
Guard of Honor during UN Medal Awarding Parade at Bunia, Orientale. Republique democratique du Congo by Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force
A multinational UN battalion at the 2008 Bastille Day military parade
Once a peace treaty has been negotiated, the parties involved might ask the United Nations for a peacekeeping force to oversee various elements of the agreed upon plan. This is often done because a group controlled by the United Nations is less likely to follow the interests of any one party, since it itself is controlled by many groups, namely the 15-member Security Council and the intentionally diverse United Nations Secretariat.
If the Security Council approves the creation of a mission, then the Department of Peacekeeping Operations begins planning for the necessary elements. At this point, the senior leadership team is selected. The department will then seek contributions from member nations. Since the UN has no standing force or supplies, it must form ad hoc coalitions for every task undertaken. Doing so results in both the possibility of failure to form a suitable force, and a general slowdown in procurement once the operation is in the field. Romeo Dallaire, force commander in Rwanda during the Rwandan Genocide there, described the problems this poses by comparison to more traditional military deployments:
He told me the UN was a "pull" system, not a "push" system like I had been used to with NATO, because the UN had absolutely no pool of resources to draw on. You had to make a request for everything you needed, and then you had to wait while that request was analyzed... For instance, soldiers everywhere have to eat and drink. In a push system, food and water for the number of soldiers deployed is automatically supplied. In a pull system, you have to ask for those rations, and no common sense seems to ever apply.
—  (Shake Hands With the Devil, Dallaire, pp. 99–100)
While the peacekeeping force is being assembled, a variety of diplomatic activities are being undertaken by UN staff. The exact size and strength of the force must be agreed to by the government of the nation whose territory the conflict is on. The Rules of Engagement must be developed and approved by both the parties involved and the Security Council. These give the specific mandate and scope of the mission (e.g. when may the peacekeepers, if armed, use force, and where may they go within the host nation). Often, it will be mandated that peacekeepers have host government minders with them whenever they leave their base. This complexity has caused problems in the field.
When all agreements are in place, the required personnel are assembled, and final approval has been given by the Security Council, the peacekeepers are deployed to the region in question.
Financing[edit]
Australian peacekeepers in East Timor
The financial resources of UN Peacekeeping operations are the collective responsibility of UN Member States. Decisions about the establishment, maintenance or expansion of peacekeeping operations are taken by the Security Council. According to UN Charter every Member State is legally obligated to pay their respective share for peacekeeping. Peacekeeping expenses are divided by the General Assembly based upon a formula established by Member States which takes into account the relative economic wealth of Member States among other things.[9] In 2017, the UN agreed to reduce the peacekeeping budget by $600 million after the US initially proposed a larger cut of approximately $900 million.[10]
Year
Funding sources by country/source
Description
Total
2015-2016 $8.3bn[11]
2016-2017 US 28.57%
China 10.29%
Japan 9.68%
Germany 6.39%
France 6.31%
United Kingdom 5.80%
Russian Federation 4.01%
Italy 3.75%
Canada 2.92%
Spain 2.44%
Less than 0.5% of world military expenditures (estimated at $1,747 billion in 2013). The resources financed 14 of the 16 United Nations peacekeeping missions with the two remaining ones getting financed through the UN regular budget.
Many countries have also voluntarily made additional resources available to support UN Peacekeeping efforts such as by transportation, supplies, personnel and financial contributions beyond their assessed share of peacekeeping costs.[9]
$7.87bn[9]
2017-2018 While many have praised the Ivory Coast UN peacekeeping mission's stabilizing effects on the country, the mission was ended on 30 June 2017.[12] $7.3bn[10]
Structure[edit]
A United Nations peacekeeping mission has three power centers. The first is the Special Representative of the Secretary-General, the official leader of the mission. This person is responsible for all political and diplomatic activity, overseeing relations with both the parties to the peace treaty and the UN member-states in general. They are often a senior member of the Secretariat. The second is the Force Commander, who is responsible for the military forces deployed. They are a senior officer of their nation's armed services, and are often from the nation committing the highest number of troops to the project. Finally, the Chief Administrative Officer oversees supplies and logistics, and coordinates the procurement of any supplies needed.
History[edit]
Main article: History of United Nations peacekeeping
Cold War peacekeeping[edit]
Peacekeepers' Panhard armoured car in the Musée des Blindés, Saumur, France. These vehicles have served with the UN since the inception of UNFICYP.
A Pakistani UNOSOM armed convoy making the rounds in Mogadishu.
United Nations peacekeeping was initially developed during the Cold War as a means of resolving conflicts between states by deploying unarmed or lightly armed military personnel from a number of countries, under UN command, to areas where warring parties were in need of a neutral party to observe the peace process. Peacekeepers could be called in when the major international powers (the five permanent members of the Security Council) tasked the UN with bringing closure to conflicts threatening regional stability and international peace and security. These included a number of so-called "proxy wars" waged by client states of the superpowers. As of February 2009, there have been 63 UN peacekeeping operations since 1948, with sixteen operations ongoing. Suggestions for new missions arise every year.
The first peacekeeping mission was launched in 1948. This mission, the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO), was sent to the newly created State of Israel, where a conflict between the Israelis and the Arab states over the creation of Israel had just reached a ceasefire. The UNTSO remains in operation to this day, although the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict has certainly not abated. Almost a year later, the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) was authorized to monitor relations between the two nations, which were split off from each other following the United Kingdom's decolonization of the Indian subcontinent.
As the Korean War ended with the Korean Armistice Agreement in 1953,[13] UN forces remained along the south side of demilitarized zone until 1967, when American and South Korean forces took over.[citation needed]
Returning its attention to the conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors, the United Nations responded to Suez Crisis of 1956, a war between the alliance of the United Kingdom, France, and Israel, and Egypt, which was supported by other Arab nations. When a ceasefire was declared in 1957, Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs[14] (and future Prime Minister) Lester Bowles Pearson suggested that the United Nations station a peacekeeping force in the Suez in order to ensure that the ceasefire was honored by both sides. Pearson had initially suggested that the force consist of mainly Canadian soldiers, but the Egyptians were suspicious of having a Commonwealth nation defend them against the United Kingdom and her allies. In the end, a wide variety of national forces were drawn upon to ensure national diversity. Pearson would win the Nobel Peace Prize for this work, and he is today considered a father of modern peacekeeping.[citation needed]
In 1988, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the United Nations peacekeeping forces. The press release stated that the forces "represent the manifest will of the community of nations" and have "made a decisive contribution" to the resolution of conflict around the world.
Since 1991[edit]
Norwegian Peacekeeper during the Siege of Sarajevo, 1992 - 1993.
Indian soldiers patrol under UN mission in Congo, Africa
Indian Army doctors attend to a child in Congo
The end of the Cold War precipitated a dramatic shift in UN and multilateral peacekeeping. In a new spirit of cooperation, the Security Council established larger and more complex UN peacekeeping missions, often to help implement comprehensive peace agreements between belligerents in intra-State conflicts and civil wars. Furthermore, peacekeeping came to involve more and more non-military elements that ensured the proper functioning of civic functions, such as elections. The UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations was created in 1992 to support this increased demand for such missions.
By and large, the new operations were successful. In El Salvador and Mozambique, for example, peacekeeping provided ways to achieve self-sustaining peace. Some efforts failed, perhaps as the result of an overly optimistic assessment of what UN peacekeeping could accomplish. While complex missions in Cambodia and Mozambique were ongoing, the Security Council dispatched peacekeepers to conflict zones like Somalia, where neither ceasefires nor the consent of all the parties in conflict had been secured. These operations did not have the manpower, nor were they supported by the required political will, to implement their mandates. The failures—most notably the 1994 Rwandan Genocide and the 1995 massacre in Srebrenica and Bosnia and Herzegovina—led to a period of retrenchment and self-examination in UN peacekeeping.
That period led, in part, to the United Nations Peacebuilding Commission, which works to implement stable peace through some of the same civic functions that peacekeepers also work on, such as elections. The Commission currently works with six countries, all in Africa.[15]
Participation[edit]
Alpine Helicopters contract Bell 212 on UN peacekeeping duty in Guatemala, 1998.
San Martin Camp in Cyprus. The Argentine contingent includes troops from other Latin American countries.
Indian Army T-72 tanks with UN markings as part of Operation CONTINUE HOPE.
The UN Charter stipulates that to assist in maintaining peace and security around the world, all member states of the UN should make available to the Security Council necessary armed forces and facilities. Since 1948, close to 130 nations have contributed military and civilian police personnel to peace operations. While detailed records of all personnel who have served in peacekeeping missions since 1948 are not available, it is estimated that up to one million soldiers, police officers and civilians have served under the UN flag in the last 56 years. As of June 2013, 114 countries were contributing a total 91,216 military observers, police, and troops to United Nations Peacekeeping Operations.
As of 29 February 2016, 124 countries were contributing a total of 105,314 personnel in Peacekeeping Operations, with Ethiopia leading the tally (8,324), followed by India (7,695) and Bangladesh (7,525).[16] In June 2013. Pakistan contributed the highest number overall with 8,186 personnel, followed by India (7,878), Bangladesh (7,799), Ethiopia (6,502), Rwanda (4,686), Nigeria (4,684), Nepal (4,495), Jordan (3,374), Ghana (2,859), and Egypt (2,750).[17] As of 28 February 2015, 120 countries were contributing a total of 104,928 personnel in Peacekeeping Operations, with Bangladesh leading the tally (9446).[18] As of March 2008, in addition to military and police personnel, 5,187 international civilian personnel, 2,031 UN Volunteers and 12,036 local civilian personnel worked in UN peacekeeping missions.[19]
A peacekeeping soldier of Poland in Syria
Through April 2008, 2,468 people from over 100 countries have been killed while serving on peacekeeping missions.[20] Many of those came from India (127), Canada (114) and Ghana (113). Thirty percent of the fatalities in the first 55 years of UN peacekeeping occurred in the years 1993-1995. About 4.5% of the troops and civilian police deployed in UN peacekeeping missions come from the European Union and less than one percent from the United States (USA).[21]
The rate of reimbursement by the UN for troop-contributing countries per peacekeeper per month include: $1,028 for pay and allowances; $303 supplementary pay for specialists; $68 for personal clothing, gear and equipment; and $5 for personal weaponry.[22]
Results[edit]
According to scholar Page Fortna, there is strong evidence that the presence of peacekeepers significantly reduces the risk of renewed warfare; more peacekeeping troops leads to fewer battlefield deaths; and more peacekeeping troops leads to fewer civilian deaths.[23] There is also evidence that the promise to deploy peacekeepers can help an international organizations bring combatants to the negotiation table and increase the likelihood that they will agree to a cease-fire.[24]
However, there have been several reports during UN peacekeeping missions of human rights abuse by UN soldiers, notably in Central African Republic in 2015. Cost of these missions is also significant, with UNMISS in South Sudan costing $1 billion per year for 12,500 UN soldiers unable to prevent the country's movement towards civil war. Often missions require approval from local governments before deploying troops which can also limit effectiveness of UN missions.[25]
Nicholas Sambanis asserts that the presence of a UN peacekeeping mission is correlated with a positive effect on the achievement of peace, especially in the short-term. However, he notes that this effect is lessened over time. Thus, the longer that peacekeepers remain in a country, the greater the likelihood that peace will maintain. Acknowledging the success that UN peacekeeping operations have achieved in increasing political participation, Sambanis claims that a greater focus on economic development would further increase the efficacy of peacekeeping efforts.[26]
Another study suggests that doubling the peacekeeping operation budget stronger peacekeeping operation mandates and a doubling of the PKO budget would reduce armed conflicts by up to two thirds relative to a scenario without PKOs.[27]
Crimes by peacekeepers[edit]
Peacekeeping, human trafficking, and forced prostitution[edit]
Further information: Peacekeeping § Peacekeeping, human trafficking, and forced prostitution
Reporters witnessed a rapid increase in prostitution in Cambodia and Mozambique after UN peacekeeping forces moved in. In the 1996 UN study "The Impact of Armed Conflict on Children", former first lady of Mozambique Graça Machel documented: "In 6 out of 12 country studies on sexual exploitation of children in situations of armed conflict prepared for the present report, the arrival of peacekeeping troops has been associated with a rapid rise in child prostitution."[28]
Gita Sahgal spoke out in 2004 with regard to the fact that prostitution and sex abuse crops up wherever humanitarian intervention efforts are set up. She observed: "The issue with the UN is that peacekeeping operations unfortunately seem to be doing the same thing that other militaries do. Even the guardians have to be guarded."[29]
Human rights violations in United Nations missions[edit]
Brazilian Army participating in a UN peacekeeping mission in Haiti.
The following table chart illustrates confirmed accounts of crimes and human rights violations committed by United Nations soldiers, peacekeepers, and employees.[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]
A comparison of incidents involving United Nations peacekeepers, troops, and employees.
Conflict
United Nations Mission
Sexual abuse
Murder
Extortion/Theft
Second Congo War United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo 150 3 44
Somali Civil War United Nations Operation in Somalia II 5 24 5
Sierra Leone Civil War United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone 50 7 15
Eritrean-Ethiopian War United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea 70 15 0
Burundi Civil War United Nations Operation in Burundi 80 5 0
Rwanda Civil War United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda 65 15 0
Second Liberian Civil War United Nations Mission in Liberia 30 4 1
Second Sudanese Civil War United Nations Mission in Sudan 400 5 0
Côte d'Ivoire Civil War United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire 500 2 0
2004 Haitian coup d'état United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti 110 57 0
Kosovo War United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo 800 70 100
Israeli–Lebanese conflict United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon 0 6 0
Proposed reform[edit]
Brahimi analysis[edit]
In response to criticism, particularly of the cases of sexual abuse by peacekeepers, the UN has taken steps toward reforming its operations. The Brahimi Report was the first of many steps to recap former peacekeeping missions, isolate flaws, and take steps to patch these mistakes to ensure the efficiency of future peacekeeping missions. The UN has vowed to continue to put these practices into effect when performing peacekeeping operations in the future. The technocratic aspects of the reform process have been continued and revitalised by the DPKO in its "Peace Operations 2010" reform agenda. This included an increase in personnel, the harmonization of the conditions of service of field and headquarters staff, the development of guidelines and standard operating procedures, and improving the partnership arrangement between the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), African Union and European Union. 2008 capstone doctrine entitled "United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines"[6] incorporates and builds on the Brahimi analysis.
Rapid reaction force[edit]
One suggestion to account for delays such as the one in Rwanda, is a rapid reaction force: a standing group, administered by the UN and deployed by the Security Council, that receives its troops and support from current Security Council members and is ready for quick deployment in the event of future genocides.[42]
Restructuring of the UN secretariat[edit]
The UN peacekeeping capacity was enhanced in 2007 by augmenting the DPKO with the new Department of Field Support (DFS). Whereas the new entity serves as a key enabler by co-ordinating the administration and logistics in UN peacekeeping operations, DPKO concentrates on policy planning and providing strategic directions.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
United Nations portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United Nations peacekeeping missions.
UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations
International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers
List of United Nations peacekeeping missions
List of countries by number of UN peacekeepers
Multinational Force and Observers
Timeline of UN peacekeeping missions
List of non-UN peacekeeping missions
NATO peacekeeping
White Helmets Commission
PKSOI
International security
Responsibility to protect
Security-related bills
References[edit]
Jump up ^ UN Peacekeeping Fact Sheet: 30 June 2013; accessed: August 7, 2013
Jump up ^ "Financing peacekeeping".
Jump up ^ United Nations Peacekeeping
Jump up ^ "Peace and Security". United Nations. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
^ Jump up to: a b Nau, Henry (2015). Perspectives on International Relations. Washington DC: CQ Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-1-4522-4148-7.
^ Jump up to: a b DPKO Capstone Doctrine
Jump up ^ http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/UNDPKO.html
Jump up ^ "United Nations troop and police contributors archive (1990 - 2013)". Retrieved 11 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Financing peacekeeping. United Nations Peacekeeping". www.un.org. Retrieved 2017-05-31.
^ Jump up to: a b Nichols, By Michelle. "U.N. states agree $7.3 bln peacekeeping budget, U.S. share cut 7.5 pct". Reuters. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "General Assembly Authorizes $8.3 billion for 15 Peacekeeping Operations in 2015/16 as It Adopts 25 Resolutions, 1 Decision in Reports of Fifth Committee | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases". www.un.org. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "UN ends peacekeeping mission in Ivory Coast after 13 years". ABC News. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Korean War armistice". BBC News. 2015-03-05. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
Jump up ^ "Lester B. Pearson: 1957 Nobel Peace Prize Recipient".
Jump up ^ "Beyond Peace Deals: The United Nations Experiment in "Peacebuilding"".
Jump up ^ "Contribution to United Nations peacekeeping operations, 29th February, 2016" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Ranking of Military and Police Contributions to UN Operations accessed August 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Monthly Summary of Contributions (Police, UN Military Experts on Mission and Troops)accessed February, 2015.
Jump up ^ Background Note – United Nations Peacekeeping Operations
Jump up ^ United Nations peacekeeping – Fatalities By Year up to 31 Dec 2008
Jump up ^ "Peacekeeping Fact Sheet". United Nations. Retrieved 2010-12-20.
Jump up ^ United Nations Peacekeepers - How are peacekeepers compensated?
Jump up ^ "Enough with the Pessimism about Peacekeeping". Political Violence @ a Glance. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
Jump up ^ Lundgren, Magnus (2016). "Which international organizations can settle civil wars?". Review of International Organizations. DOI 10.1007/s11558-016-9253-0.
Jump up ^ "Peacekeepers in name only". The Economist. Retrieved 2017-11-14.
Jump up ^ Sambanis, Nicholas (2008). "Short- and Long-Term Effects of United Nations Peace Operations". The World Bank Economic Review. 22: 9–32.
Jump up ^ "Evaluating the conflict-reducing effect of UN peacekeeping operations" (PDF).
Jump up ^ The Impact of Armed Conflict on Children
Jump up ^ "Sex charges haunt UN forces; In places like Congo and Kosovo, peacekeepers have been accused of abusing the people they're protecting," Christian Science Monitor, 26 November 2004, accessed 16 February 2010
Jump up ^ 1 : compiled from the corresponding Wikipedia articles. When a range was given, the median was used.
Jump up ^ 2 http://www.unwire.org/unwire/20030411/33133_story.asp United Nations Foundation.
Jump up ^ 3https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A52333-2005Mar20.html Congo's Desperate 'One-Dollar U.N. Girls'
Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6195830.stm UN troops face child abuse claims
Jump up ^ http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/081zxelz.asp The U.N. Sex Scandal
Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/un-troops-buy-sex-from-teenage-refugees-in-congo-camp-756666.html UN troops buy sex from teenage refugees in Congo camp
Jump up ^ http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/199/40816.html UN Peacekeepers Criticized
Jump up ^ http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/190/32956.html Global Rules Now Apply to Peacekeepers
Jump up ^ http://law.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3113&context=expresso Victims of Peace: Current Abuse Allegations against U.N. Peacekeepers and the Role of Law in Preventing Them in the Future
Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/27_05_08_savethechildren.pdf No One to Turn To - BBC Analysis
Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1538476/UN-staff-accused-of-raping-children-in-Sudan.html UN staff accused of raping children in Sudan
Jump up ^ https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/2002/bosnia/ TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN AND GIRLS TO POST-CONFLICT BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA FOR FORCED PROSTITUTION - Human Rights Watch
Jump up ^ Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations, 2000.
Further reading[edit]
Bureš, Oldřich (June 2006). "Regional Peacekeeping Operations: Complementing or Undermining the United Nations Security Council?". Global Change, Peace & Security. 18 (2): 83–99. doi:10.1080/14781150600687775.
Fortna, Virginia Page (2004). "Does Peacekeeping Keep Peace? International Intervention and the Duration of Peace After Civil War". International Studies Quarterly. 48 (2): 269–292. doi:10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00301.x.
Goulding, Marrack (July 1993). "The Evolution of United Nations Peacekeeping". International Affairs. International Affairs, Vol. 69, No. 3. 69 (3): 451–64. doi:10.2307/2622309. JSTOR 2622309.
Pushkina, Darya (June 2006). "A Recipe for Success? Ingredients of a Successful Peacekeeping Mission". International Peacekeeping. 13 (2): 133–149. doi:10.1080/13533310500436508.
Worboys, Katherine (2007). "The Traumatic Journey from Dictatorship to Democracy: Peacekeeping Operations and Civil-Military Relations in Argentina, 1989-1999". Armed Forces & Society. 33 (2): 149–168. doi:10.1177/0095327X05283843.
Dandeker, Christopher; Gow, James (1997). "The Future of Peace Support Operations: Strategic Peacekeeping and Success". Armed Forces & Society. 23 (3): 327–347. doi:10.1177/0095327X9702300302.
Blocq, Daniel. 2009. "Western Soldiers and the Protection of Local Civilians in UN Peacekeeping Operations: Is a Nationalist Orientation in the Armed Forces Hindering Our Preparedness to Fight?" Armed Forces & Society,abstract
Bridges, Donna and Debbie Horsfall. 2009. "Increasing Operational Effectiveness in UN Peacekeeping: Toward a Gender-Balanced Force." Armed Forces & Society, May 2009. abstract
Howard, Lise Morjé. 2008. UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.abstract
Fortna, Virginia Page; Lise Morjé, Howard (2008). "Pitfalls and Prospects in the Peacekeeping Future". Annual Review of Political Science. 11: 283–301. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.041205.103022.
Reed, Brian; Segal, David (2000). "The Impact of Multiple Deployments on Soldiers' Peacekeeping Attitudes, Morale and Retention". Armed Forces & Society. 27: 57–78. doi:10.1177/0095327X0002700105.
Sion, Liora (2006). "'Too Sweet and Innocent for War'?: Dutch Peacekeepers and the Use of Violence". Armed Forces & Society. 32 (3): 454–474. doi:10.1177/0095327X05281453.
Anna Powles, Negar Partow, Nelson (eds), United Nations Peacekeeping Challenge: The Importance of the Integrated Approach, Routledge, 2015

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