text:
Bledisloe Cup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bledisloe Cup
Bledisloe Cup on display in Sydney 2014.
Sport
Rugby union
Instituted
1931
Number of teams
2
Country
Australia
New Zealand
Holders
New Zealand
Most titles
New Zealand (46 titles)
The Bledisloe Cup is a rugby union competition between the national teams of Australia and New Zealand that has been competed for since the 1930s. The frequency at which the competition has been held and the number of matches played has varied, but as of 2016[update], it consists of an annual three-match series, with two of the matches also counting towards The Rugby Championship. New Zealand have had the most success, winning the trophy for the 45th time in 2017, while Australia have won 12 times.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Results
3 By Year
4 Media coverage
5 See also
6 Notes
History[edit]
Bledisloe Cup Festival Day 2014 in Sydney
There is some dispute as to when the first Bledisloe Cup match was played. The Australian Rugby Union (ARU) contend that the one-off 1931 match played at Eden Park was first. However, no firm evidence has been produced to support this claim, and minutes from a New Zealand union management meeting several days later record Lord Bledisloe wishing to present a cup for the All Blacks and Wallabies to play for. The New Zealand Rugby Union (NZRU) believe that the first match was when New Zealand toured Australia in 1932.
Between 1931 and 1981 it was contested irregularly in the course of rugby tours between the two countries. New Zealand won it 19 times and Australia four times in this period including in 1949 when Australia won it for the first time on New Zealand soil. The trophy itself was apparently 'lost' during this period and reportedly rediscovered in a Melbourne store room. In the years 1982 to 1995 it was contested annually, sometimes as a series of three matches (two in 1995) and other times in a single match. During these years New Zealand won it 11 times and Australia three times.
Since 1996 the cup has been contested as part of the annual Tri Nations tournament. Until 1998 the cup was contested in a three match series: the two Tri Nations matches between these sides and a third match. New Zealand won these series in 1996 and 1997, and Australia won it in 1998.
In 1996 and from 1999 through 2005, the third match was not played; during those years, Australia and New Zealand played each other twice as part of the Tri Nations for the cup. If both teams won one of these games, or if both games were drawn, the cup was retained by its current holder. The non-holder had to win the two games 2–0 or 1–0 (with a draw) to regain the Cup. A criticism of this system was that with the closeness in the level of ability between the two sides, years where each team won one game each were very common (1999, 2000, 2002, 2004) and in these years, many rugby fans felt dissatisfied with one team keeping the cup in a series tied at 1–1.
2006 saw the return of the 3-game contest for the Bledisloe Cup as the Tri Nations series was extended so that each team played each other 3 times. The 2007 Cup, however, reverted to the two-game contest because the Tri Nations was abbreviated that year to minimise interference with the teams' preparations for the World Cup.
In 2008 it was announced that the Bledisloe Cup would be contested over an unprecedented four matches, with three games played in Australia and New Zealand and a fourth and potentially deciding game in Hong Kong in an effort to promote the game in Asia (the first time Australia and New Zealand played in a third country outside the World Cup).[1] The Hong Kong match, which drew a crowd of 39,000 to see the All Blacks (which had already clinched the Bledisloe Cup) defeat the Wallabies 19–14,[2] proved to be a financial success for the two unions, generating a reported £5.5 million.[3] Even before the match, the two countries' rugby federations were considering taking Cup matches to the United States and Japan in 2009 and 2010. Japan hosted a fourth Bledisloe Test match on 31 October 2009. Each team is expected to clear at least A$3.8 million/NZ$5 million from the Tokyo match.[4] However a 2010 fourth match was set in Hong Kong and has struggled to attract crowds.[5]
The three-match format for the Bledisloe Cup continued in 2012, with the first two matches taking place as part of the 2012 Rugby Championship.
Results[edit]
Year
Date
Venue
Home
Score
Away
Trophy
Winner
2017 21 October Lang Park, Brisbane Australia 23–18 New Zealand
26 August Forsyth Barr Stadium, Dunedin New Zealand 35–29 Australia
19 August Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 34–54 New Zealand
2016 22 October Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 37–10 Australia
27 August Westpac Stadium, Wellington New Zealand 29–9 Australia
20 August Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 8–42 New Zealand
2015 15 August Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 41–13 Australia
8 August Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 27–19 New Zealand
2014 18 October Lang Park, Brisbane Australia 28–29 New Zealand
23 August Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 51–20 Australia
16 August Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 12–12 New Zealand
2013 19 October Forsyth Barr Stadium, Dunedin New Zealand 41–33 Australia
24 August Westpac Stadium, Wellington New Zealand 27–16 Australia
17 August Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 29–47 New Zealand
2012 20 October Lang Park, Brisbane Australia 18–18 New Zealand
25 August Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 22–0 Australia
18 August Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 19–27 New Zealand
2011 27 August Lang Park, Brisbane Australia 25–20 New Zealand
6 August Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 30–14 Australia
2010 30 October Hong Kong Stadium, Hong Kong Australia 26–24 New Zealand
11 September Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 22–23 New Zealand
7 August Lancaster Park, Christchurch New Zealand 20–10 Australia
31 July Docklands Stadium, Melbourne Australia 28–49 New Zealand
2009 31 October National Stadium, Tokyo New Zealand 32–19 Australia
19 September Westpac Stadium, Wellington New Zealand 33–6 Australia
22 August Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 18–19 New Zealand
18 July Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 22–16 Australia
2008 1 November Hong Kong Stadium, Hong Kong New Zealand 19–14 Australia
13 September Lang Park, Brisbane Australia 24–28 New Zealand
2 August Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 39–10 Australia
26 July Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 34–19 New Zealand
2007 21 July Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 26–12 Australia
30 June MCG, Melbourne Australia 20–15 New Zealand
2006 19 August Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 34–27 Australia
29 July Lang Park, Brisbane Australia 9–13 New Zealand
8 July Lancaster Park, Christchurch New Zealand 32–12 Australia
2005 3 September Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 34–24 Australia
13 August Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 13–30 New Zealand
2004 7 August Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 23–18 New Zealand
17 July Westpac Stadium, Wellington New Zealand 16–7 Australia
2003 16 August Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 21–17 Australia
26 July Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 21–50 New Zealand
2002 3 August Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 16–14 New Zealand
13 July Lancaster Park, Christchurch New Zealand 12–6 Australia
2001 1 September Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 29–26 New Zealand
11 August Carisbrook, Dunedin New Zealand 15–23 Australia
2000 5 August Westpac Stadium, Wellington New Zealand 23–24 Australia
15 July Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 35–39 New Zealand
1999 28 August Stadium Australia, Sydney Australia 28–7 New Zealand
24 July Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 34–15 Australia
1998 29 August Sydney Football Stadium, Sydney Australia 19–14 New Zealand
1 August Lancaster Park, Christchurch New Zealand 23–27 Australia
11 July MCG, Melbourne Australia 24–16 New Zealand
1997 16 August Carisbrook, Dunedin New Zealand 36–24 Australia
26 July MCG, Melbourne Australia 18–33 New Zealand
5 July Lancaster Park, Christchurch New Zealand 30–13 Australia
1996 27 July Lang Park, Brisbane Australia 25–32 New Zealand
6 July Athletic Park, Wellington New Zealand 43–6 Australia
1995 29 July Sydney Football Stadium, Sydney Australia 23–34 New Zealand
22 July Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 28–16 Australia
1994 17 August Sydney Football Stadium, Sydney Australia 20–16 New Zealand
1993 17 July Carisbrook, Dunedin New Zealand 25–10 Australia
1992 25 July Sydney Football Stadium, Sydney Australia 23–26 New Zealand
19 July Ballymore Stadium, Brisbane 19–17
4 July Sydney Football Stadium, Sydney 16–15
1991 24 August Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 6–3 Australia
10 August Sydney Football Stadium, Sydney 21–12
1990 18 August Athletic Park, Wellington New Zealand 9–21 Australia
4 August Eden Park, Auckland 27–17
21 July Lancaster Park, Christchurch 21–6
1989 5 August Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 24–12 Australia
1988 30 July Concord Oval, Sydney Australia 9–30 New Zealand
16 July Ballymore Stadium, Brisbane 19–19
3 July Concord Oval, Sydney 7–32
1987 25 July Concord Oval, Sydney Australia 16–30 New Zealand
1986 6 September Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 9–22 Australia
23 August Carisbrook, Dunedin 13–12
9 August Athletic Park, Wellington 12–13
1985 29 June Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 10–9 Australia
1984 18 August SCG, Sydney Australia 24–25 New Zealand
4 August Ballymore Stadium, Brisbane 15–19
21 July SCG, Sydney 16–9
1983 20 August SCG, Sydney Australia 8–18 New Zealand
1982 11 September Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 33–18 Australia
28 August Athletic Park, Wellington 16–19
14 August Lancaster Park, Christchurch 23–16
1980 12 July SCG, Sydney Australia 26–10 New Zealand
28 June Ballymore Stadium, Brisbane 9–12
21 June SCG, Sydney 13–9
1979 28 July SCG, Sydney Australia 12–6 New Zealand
1978 9 September Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 16–30 Australia
26 August Lancaster Park, Christchurch 22–6
19 August Athletic Park, Wellington 13–12
1974 8 June 1974 SCG, Sydney Australia 6–16 New Zealand
1 June 1974 Ballymore Stadium, Brisbane 16–16
25 May 1974 SCG, Sydney 6–11
1972 16 September 1972 Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 38–3 Australia
2 September 1972 Lancaster Park, Christchurch 30–17
19 August 1972 Athletic Park, Wellington 29–6
1968 22 June 1968 Ballymore Stadium, Brisbane Australia 18–19 New Zealand
15 June 1968 SCG, Sydney 11–27
1967 19 August 1967 Athletic Park, Wellington New Zealand 29–9 Australia
1964 29 August 1964 Athletic Park, Wellington New Zealand 5–20 Australia
22 August 1964 Lancaster Park, Christchurch 18–3
15 August 1964 Carisbrook, Dunedin 14–9
1962 22 September 1962 Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 16–8 Australia
8 September 1962 Carisbrook, Dunedin 3–0
25 August 1962 Athletic Park, Wellington 9–9
4 June 1962 SCG, Sydney Australia 5–14 New Zealand
26 May 1962 Exhibition Ground, Brisbane 6–20
1958 20 September 1958 Epsom Showgrounds, Auckland New Zealand 17–8 Australia
6 September 1958 Lancaster Park, Christchurch 3–6
23 August 1958 Athletic Park, Wellington 25–3
1957 1 June 1957 Exhibition Ground, Brisbane Australia 9–22 New Zealand
25 May 1957 SCG, Sydney 11–25
1955 17 September 1955 Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 3–8 Australia
3 September 1955 Carisbrook, Dunedin 8–0
20 August 1955 Athletic Park, Wellington 16–8
1952 13 September 1952 Athletic Park, Wellington New Zealand 15–8 Australia
6 September 1952 Lancaster Park, Christchurch 9–14
1951 21 July 1951 The Gabba, Brisbane Australia 6–16 New Zealand
7 July 1951 SCG, Sydney 11–17
23 June 1951 SCG, Sydney 0–8
1949 24 September 1949 Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 9–16 Australia
3 September 1949 Athletic Park, Wellington 6–11
1947 28 June 1947 SCG, Sydney Australia 14–27 New Zealand
14 June 1947 Exhibition Ground, Brisbane 5–13
1946 28 September 1946 Eden Park, Auckland New Zealand 14–10 Australia
14 September 1946 Carisbrook, Dunedin 31–8
1938 13 August SCG, Sydney Australia 6–14 New Zealand
6 August Exhibition Ground, Brisbane 14–20
23 July SCG, Sydney 9–24
1936 12 September Carisbrook, Dunedin New Zealand 38–13 Australia
5 September Athletic Park, Wellington 11–6
1934 25 August SCG, Sydney Australia 3–3 New Zealand
11 August SCG, Sydney 25–11
1932 23 July 1932 SCG, Sydney Australia 13–21 New Zealand
16 July Exhibition Ground, Brisbane 3–21
2 July SCG, Sydney 22–17
By Year[edit]
For more details on this topic, see History of rugby union matches between Australia and New Zealand.
Media coverage[edit]
In Australia, the Bledisloe Cup was televised between 1992 to 1995 by Network Ten. Since 1996, Fox Sports has televised it. They jointly televised it with Seven Network between 1996 to 2010, Nine Network in 2011 and 2012 and Network Ten since 2013.
See also[edit]
Rugby union portal
Australia portal
New Zealand portal
History of rugby union matches between Australia and New Zealand
Laurie O'Reilly Cup
Rugby union trophies and awards
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hong Kong to host NZ v Australia". BBC Sport. 3 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Australia 14–19 New Zealand". BBC Sport. 1 November 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
Jump up ^ "US & Japan may host Bledisloe Cup". BBC Sport. 31 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
Jump up ^ AAP (1 July 2009). "Wallabies to take on All Blacks in Tokyo". The Roar. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
Jump up ^ "Rugby: Bledisloe test locked in for Hong Kong". Otago Daily Times. 13 September 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2011.

[show]
v
t
e
Rugby union national trophies and awards
[show]
Six Nations Championship
Calcutta Cup
England vs. Scotland
Centenary Quaich
Ireland vs. Scotland
Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy
France vs. Italy
Millennium Trophy
England vs. Ireland
[show]
The Rugby Championship
Bledisloe Cup
Australia vs. New Zealand
Freedom Cup
New Zealand vs. South Africa
Mandela Challenge Plate
Australia vs. South Africa
Puma Trophy
Australia vs. Argentina
[show]
Inter-Hemisphere matches
Admiral Brown Cup
Argentina vs. Ireland 2017
Cook Cup
Australia vs. England 2017
Dave Gallaher Trophy
France vs. New Zealand 2017
Hillary Shield
England vs. New Zealand 2014
Hopetoun Cup
Australia vs. Scotland 2017
James Bevan Trophy
Australia vs. Wales 2017
Lansdowne Cup
Australia vs. Ireland 2016
Prince William Cup
South Africa vs. Wales 2017
Tom Richards Cup
Australia vs. British and Irish Lions 2013
Trophée des Bicentenaires
Australia vs. France 2016
indicates holders
[show]
v
t
e
Australia national rugby union team
Rugby Australia
History
Records
Players
All Players
Captains
Team of the Decade
Giteau's law
Home stadium
Stadium Australia
Competitions and trophies
Rugby World Cup
The Rugby Championship
Bledisloe Cup
James Bevan Trophy
Cook Cup
Hopetoun Cup
Lansdowne Cup
Mandela Challenge Plate
Puma Trophy
Tom Richards Cup
Trophée des Bicentenaires
Related teams
Sevens
Australia A
U21s
U20s
U19s
Schoolboys
Matches
World Cup finals
1991
1999
2003
2015
By opponent
Argentina
Barbarians
British and Irish Lions
England
Fiji
France
Ireland
Italy
New Zealand
Samoa
Scotland
South Africa
United States
Wales
Tours
Argentina
1979
1987
1997
2002
New Zealand
1905
1913
1921
1923
1925
1928
1931
1936
1946
1949
1952
1955
1958
1962
1964
1967
1972
1978
1982
1986
1990
1991
South Africa
1933
1953
1961
1963
1969
1992
Europe
1908–09
1927–28
1939-40
1947–48
1957–58
1966–67
1968
1971
1973
1975–76
1976
1983
1981–82
1984
1988
1989
1992
1993
1996
1997
1998
2000
2001
2002
2004
2005
2006
2008
2009
2013
Oceania
1972
1980
1984
North America
1909
1912
1928
1948
1958
1967
1976
1989
1993
Asia
2000
2008
2009
2010
See also
Wally
[show]
v
t
e
New Zealand national rugby union team
New Zealand Rugby
History and Records
The Original All Blacks
Haka performances
Physical records
Player records
Players
All Players
Tries by Christian Cullen
Tries by Jonah Lomu
Competitions and trophies
Rugby World Cup
The Rugby Championship
Bledisloe Cup
Freedom Cup
Dave Gallaher Trophy
Hillary Shield
Related teams
Sevens
Junior All Blacks
Māori All Blacks
Heartland XV
Classic All Blacks
U21s
U20s
U19s
Schoolboys
Matches
World Cup finals
1987
1995
2011
2015
By opponent
Argentina
Australia
Barbarians
British and Irish Lions
England
France
Ireland
Italy
Munster
Scotland
South Africa
Wales
See also
1888–89 matches
Barbarians (1973)
NZRFU Centenary Matches
South Africa (1992)
Tours
Australia
1884
1893
1897
1903
1905
1907
1910
1914
1920
1922
1924
1925
1926
1929
1932
1934
1938
1947
1951
1957
1960
1962
1968
1974
1979
1980
1984
1988
1991
1992
South Africa
1928
1949
1960
1970
1976
1992
1996
Europe
1905-06
1924–25
1935–36
1953–54
1963–64
1967
1972–73
1974
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1983
1986
1989
1990
1993
1995
1997
2000
2001
2002
2004
2005
2006
2008
Asia and Oceania
1968
1974
1980
1984
1987
North and South America
1906
1913
1925
1936
1953–54
1964
1967
1972
1976
1980
1985
1989
1991
2001
2006
Māori All Blacks tours
1888–89
1926–27
1949
1982
2012
2013
2014
See also
"All Blacks" term
Alone it Stands
Invictus
Old Scores
Sonny Wool
[show]
v
t
e
Head-to-head records of Tier 1 rugby union national teams
Argentina
Argentina
Australia
England
France
Ireland
Italy
New Zealand
Scotland
South Africa
Wales
Australia
Argentina
Australia
England
France
Ireland
Italy
New Zealand
Scotland
South Africa
Wales
England
Argentina
Australia
England
France
Ireland
Italy
New Zealand
Scotland
South Africa
Wales
France
Argentina
Australia
England
France
Ireland
Italy
New Zealand
Scotland
South Africa
Wales
Ireland
Argentina
Australia
England
France
Ireland
Italy
New Zealand
Scotland
South Africa
Wales
Italy
Argentina
Australia
England
France
Ireland
Italy
New Zealand
Scotland
South Africa
Wales
New Zealand
Argentina
Australia
England
France
Ireland
Italy
New Zealand
Scotland
South Africa
Wales
Scotland
Argentina
Australia
England
France
Ireland
Italy
New Zealand
Scotland
South Africa
Wales
South Africa
Argentina
Australia
England
France
Ireland
Italy
New Zealand
Scotland
South Africa
Wales
Wales
Argentina
Australia
England
France
Ireland
Italy
New Zealand
Scotland
South Africa
Wales
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bledisloe_Cup&oldid=812029630"
Categories:
History of rugby union matches between Australia and New Zealand
International rugby union competitions hosted by Australia
International rugby union competitions hosted by New Zealand
1931 establishments in Australia
1931 establishments in New Zealand
The Rugby Championship trophies
Recurring sporting events established in 1931
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from May 2016
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
Català
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 November 2017, at 15:06.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

values: Bledisloe Cup on display in Sydney 2014.jpg

attrs: colspan style

value: th

value: span

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values:
/wiki/Australian_Rugby_Union
mw-redirect
Australian Rugby Union

values: Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe

values:
/wiki/New_Zealand_Rugby_Union
mw-redirect
New Zealand Rugby Union

values:
/wiki/Tri_Nations_(rugby_union)
mw-redirect
Tri Nations (rugby union)

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template:Rugby union national trophies and awards

values: Template talk:Rugby union national trophies and awards

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values: British and Irish Lions national rugby union team

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: background:#FFCC33; color:#005100; border:solid #005100 1px;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;

values: Template:Australia national rugby union team

values: Template talk:Australia national rugby union team

values: background:#FFCC33; color:#005100; border:solid #005100 1px

values: background:#FFCC33; color:#005100; border:solid #005100 1px;width:1%

values: List of Australia national rugby union team records

values: List of Australia national rugby union players

values: List of Australia national rugby union team captains

values: Australia national under-21 rugby union team

values: Australia national under-20 rugby union team

values: Australia national under-19 rugby union team

values: List of Australia national rugby union team test match results

values: width:1%;background:#FFCC33; color:#005100; border:solid #005100 1px

values: History of rugby union matches between Argentina and Australia

values: History of rugby union matches between Australia and the Barbarians

values: History of rugby union matches between Australia and the British and Irish Lions

values: History of rugby union matches between Australia and England

values: History of rugby union matches between Australia and Fiji

values: History of rugby union matches between Australia and France

values: History of rugby union matches between Australia and Ireland

values: History of rugby union matches between Australia and Italy

values: History of rugby union matches between Australia and Samoa

values: History of rugby union matches between Australia and Scotland

values: History of rugby union matches between Australia and South Africa

values: History of rugby union matches between Australia and United States

values: History of rugby union matches between Australia and Wales

values: 1979 Australia rugby union tour of Argentina

values: 1987 Australia rugby union tour of Argentina

values: 1905 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand

values: 1913 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand

values: 1931 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand

values: 1936 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand

values: 1946 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand

values: 1949 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand

values: 1952 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand

values: 1955 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand

values: 1958 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand

values: 1962 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand

values: 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand

values: 1967 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand (page does not exist)

values: 1972 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand and Fiji

values: 1978 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand

values: 1982 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand

values: 1986 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand

values: 1990 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand

values: 1991 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand

values: 1933 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa and Rhodesia

values: 1953 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa and Rhodesia

values: 1961 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa

values: 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa

values: 1969 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa

values: 1992 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa

values: 1908–09 Australia rugby union tour of Britain

values: 1927–28 Waratahs tour of the British Isles, France and Canada

values: 1939–40 Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland

values: 1947–48 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland, France and North America

values: 1957–58 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France

values: 1966–67 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France

values: 1968 Australia rugby union tour of British Isles

values: 1971 Australia rugby union tour of France

values: 1973 Australia rugby union tour of Europe

values: 1975–76 Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland

values: 1976 Australia rugby union tour of Europe

values: 1983 Australia rugby union tour of Italy and France

values: 1981–82 Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland

values: 1984 Australia rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland

values: 1988 Australia rugby union tour of England, Scotland and Italy

values: 1992 Australia rugby union tour of Europe

values:
/wiki/1996_Australia_rugby_union_tour
mw-redirect
1996 Australia rugby union tour

values:
/wiki/1998_Australia_rugby_union_tour
mw-redirect
1998 Australia rugby union tour

values:
/wiki/2001_Australia_rugby_union_tour
mw-redirect
2001 Australia rugby union tour

values:
/wiki/2004_Australia_rugby_union_tour
mw-redirect
2004 Australia rugby union tour

values:
/wiki/2005_Australia_rugby_union_tour
mw-redirect
2005 Australia rugby union tour

values:
/wiki/2006_Australia_rugby_union_tour
mw-redirect
2006 Australia rugby union tour

values: 2009 Australia national rugby union team tour of Japan, Great Britain and Ireland

values: 2013 Australia national rugby union team tour of Great Britain, Ireland and Italy

values: 1912 Australia rugby union tour of Canada and the U.S.

values: 2010 Wallabies Spring tour (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:New Zealand national rugby union team

values: Template talk:New Zealand national rugby union team

values:
col
navbox-title
2
background:black; color:white;

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background:black; color:white;

values:
row
navbox-group
background:black; color:white;;width:1%

values: List of New Zealand rugby union haka performances

values: List of physical records held by the New Zealand national rugby team

values: List of New Zealand national rugby union team player records

values: List of New Zealand national rugby union players

values: List of international rugby union tries by Christian Cullen

values: List of international rugby union tries by Jonah Lomu

values: New Zealand national under-21 rugby union team

values: New Zealand national under-20 rugby union team

values: New Zealand national under-19 rugby union team

values: New Zealand national schoolboy rugby union team

values: List of New Zealand rugby union Test matches

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background:black; color:white;

values: History of rugby union matches between Argentina and New Zealand

values: History of rugby union matches between New Zealand and the Barbarians

values: History of rugby union matches between New Zealand and the British and Irish Lions

values: History of rugby union matches between England and New Zealand

values: History of rugby union matches between France and New Zealand

values: History of rugby union matches between Ireland and New Zealand

values: History of rugby union matches between Italy and New Zealand

values: History of rugby union matches between Munster and New Zealand

values: History of rugby union matches between New Zealand and Scotland

values: History of rugby union matches between New Zealand and South Africa

values: History of rugby union matches between New Zealand and Wales

values: List of 1888–89 New Zealand Native football team matches

values: 1992 South Africa vs New Zealand rugby union match

values: 1884 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales

values: 1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia

values: 1897 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia

values: 1903 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia

values: 1905 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand

values: 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia

values: 1910 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia

values: 1914 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia

values: 1920 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales

values: 1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales

values: 1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales

values: 1925 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales

values: 1926 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales

values: 1929 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia

values: 1932 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia

values: 1934 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia

values: 1938 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia

values: 1947 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia

values: 1951 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia

values: 1957 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia

values: 1960 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia and South Africa

values: 1962 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia

values: 1968 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia and Fiji

values: 1974 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia and Fiji

values: 1979 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia

values: 1980 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia and Fiji

values: 1984 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia

values: 1988 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia

values: 1991 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia

values: 1992 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia and South Africa

values: 1928 New Zealand rugby union tour of South Africa

values: 1949 New Zealand rugby union tour of South Africa

values: 1970 New Zealand rugby union tour of South Africa

values: 1976 New Zealand rugby union tour of South Africa

values: 1996 New Zealand rugby union tour of South Africa

values: 1924–25 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France

values: 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and Canada

values: 1953–54 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland, France and North America

values: 1963–64 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland, France and North America

values: 1967 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, France and Canada

values: 1972–73 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland, France and North America

values: 1974 New Zealand rugby union tour of Ireland, Wales and England

values: 1977 New Zealand rugby union tour of Italy and France

values: 1978 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland

values: 1979 New Zealand rugby union tour of England, Scotland and Italy

values: 1980 New Zealand rugby union tour of North America and Wales

values: 1981 New Zealand rugby union tour of Romania and France

values: 1983 New Zealand rugby union tour of Scotland and England

values: 1986 New Zealand rugby union tour of France

values: 1990 New Zealand rugby union tour of France

values: 1993 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain

values: 1995 New Zealand rugby union tour of Italy and France

values: 1997 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland

values: 2000 New Zealand rugby union tour of France and Italy

values: 2002 New Zealand rugby union tour of Europe

values: 2004 New Zealand rugby union tour of Europe

values: 2005 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain and Ireland

values: 1984 New Zealand rugby union tour of Fiji

values: 1987 New Zealand rugby union tour of Japan

values: 1913 New Zealand rugby union tour of North America

values: 1976 New Zealand rugby union tour of South America

values: 1985 New Zealand rugby union tour of Argentina

values: 1991 New Zealand rugby union tour of Argentina

values: 1888–89 New Zealand Native football team

values: 1926–27 New Zealand Māori rugby union tour

values: 1949 New Zealand Māori rugby union tour of Australia

values: 1982 New Zealand Māori rugby union tour of Wales and Spain

values: 2013 Māori All Blacks tour of North America

values: New Zealand national team nomenclature based on the "All Blacks"

values: History of rugby union matches between Argentina and England

values: History of rugby union matches between Argentina and France

values: History of rugby union matches between Argentina and Ireland

values: History of rugby union matches between Argentina and Italy

values: History of rugby union matches between Argentina and Scotland

values: History of rugby union matches between Argentina and South Africa

values: History of rugby union matches between Argentina and Wales

values: History of rugby union matches between England and France

values: History of rugby union matches between England and Ireland

values: History of rugby union matches between England and Italy

values: History of rugby union matches between England and Scotland

values: History of rugby union matches between England and South Africa

values: History of rugby union matches between England and Wales

values: History of rugby union matches between France and Ireland

values: History of rugby union matches between France and Italy

values: History of rugby union matches between France and Scotland

values: History of rugby union matches between France and South Africa

values: History of rugby union matches between France and Wales

values: History of rugby union matches between Ireland and Italy

values: History of rugby union matches between Ireland and Scotland

values: History of rugby union matches between Ireland and South Africa

values: History of rugby union matches between Ireland and Wales

values: History of rugby union matches between Italy and Scotland

values: History of rugby union matches between Italy and South Africa

values: History of rugby union matches between Italy and Wales

values: History of rugby union matches between Scotland and South Africa

values: History of rugby union matches between Scotland and Wales

values: History of rugby union matches between South Africa and Wales

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:History of rugby union matches between Australia and New Zealand

values: Category:International rugby union competitions hosted by Australia

values: Category:International rugby union competitions hosted by New Zealand

values: Category:1931 establishments in Australia

values: Category:1931 establishments in New Zealand

values: Category:The Rugby Championship trophies

values: Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1931

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Bledisloe_Cup
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: ブレディスローカップ – Japanese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Bledisloe_Cup rootpage-Bledisloe_Cup skin-vector action-view


text:
High Middle Ages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
High Middle Ages
Europe and Mediterranean region
Large map
Europe and the Mediterranean region, c. 1190
British Isles
Lordship of Ireland
Principality of Wales
Kingdom of England
Kingdom of Scotland
Earldom of Orkney (Norway)
Kingdom of Man and the Isles (Norway)
Northern Europe
Norwegian Empire
Kingdom of Sweden
Kingdom of Denmark
Terra Mariana
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Eastern Europe
Principalities of Polotsk
Territory of Novgorod
Kievan Rus'
Viatka
Kama-Bulgarians
Cumans or Polovtsians
Kingdom of Poland
Kingdom of Hungary
Prussia
Iberian Peninsula
Kingdom of Portugal
Kingdom of León
Kingdom of Castile
Kingdom of Navarre
Crown of Aragon
Central Europe
Kingdom of Germany
Kingdom of Bohemia
Kingdom of France
Holy Roman Empire
Italian Peninsula
Kingdom of Italy
Corsica
Sardinia
Norman Kingdom of Sicily
Republic of Venice
The Balkans
Kingdom of Serbia
Second Bulgarian Empire
Byzantine Empire
Kingdom of Cyprus
Caucasia
Kingdom of Armenia
Khazar Empire
Alania
Kassogs
Kingdom of Georgia
Atabegs of Azerbaijan
Arabia
Seljuks of Rum
Dominion of Shaharmen
Kurdistan
Dominion of Saladin
Principality of Antioch
County of Tripoli
North Africa
Almohad Caliphate
The Crusades
(Solid Line) Second Crusade of Louis VII and Conrad III
(Line and dot) Third Crusade of Richard I, Phillip II, and Fredrick I
Small map
Central Europe
Guelf, Hohenstaufen, and Ascanian domains in Germany about 1176
Duchy of Saxony
Margravate of Brandenburg
Duchy of Franconia
Duchy of Swabia
Duchy of Bavaria
The High Middle Ages or High Medieval Period was the period of European history lasting from AD 1000 to 1250. The High Middle Ages are preceded by the Early Middle Ages and followed by the Late Middle Ages, which by convention end around 1500.[1]
Key historical trends of the High Middle Ages include the rapidly increasing population of Europe, which brought about great social and political change from the preceding era, and the Renaissance of the 12th century, including the first developments of rural exodus and urbanization. By 1250 the robust population increase greatly benefited the European economy, reaching levels that would not be seen again in some areas until the 19th century. This trend faltered in the Late Middle Ages due to a series of calamities, notably the Black Death but also including numerous wars and economic stagnation.
From about 780 onwards, Europe saw the last of the barbarian invasions[2][not in citation given] and became more socially and politically organized.[3] The Carolingian Renaissance led to scientific and philosophical revivals in Europe. The first universities started operating – in Bologna, Paris, Oxford and Modena. The Vikings settled in the British Isles, France and elsewhere, whilst Norse Christian kingdoms started developing in their Scandinavian homelands. The Magyars ceased their expansion in the 10th century, and by the year 1000 a Christian Kingdom of Hungary had become a recognized state in Central Europe, forming alliances with regional powers. With the brief exception of the Mongol invasions in the 13th century, major nomadic incursions ceased. The powerful Byzantine Empire of the Macedonian and Komnenos dynasties gradually gave way to the resurrected Serbia and Bulgaria and to a successor Crusader state (1204 to 1261), while countering the continuous threat of the Seljuk Turks in Asia Minor.
In the 11th century, populations north of the Alps began a more intensive settlement, targeting "new" lands, some of which areas had reverted to wilderness after the end of the Roman Empire. In what is known as the "great clearances",[4] Europeans cleared and cultivated vast forests and marshes of their continent. At the same time some settlers moved beyond the traditional boundaries of the Frankish Empire to new frontiers in Europe, beyond the Elbe River, tripling the size of Germany in the process. The Catholic Church, reaching the peak of its political power at this time, called armies from across Europe to a series of Crusades against the Seljuk Turks. The crusaders occupied the Holy Land and founded the Crusader States in the Levant. Other wars led to the Northern Crusades, while Christian kingdoms took much of the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim control, and the Normans colonized southern Italy, all part of the major population increases and resettlement patterns of the era.
The High Middle Ages produced many different forms of intellectual, spiritual and artistic works. This age saw the rise of ethnocentrism, which evolved later into modern civic nationalisms in most of Europe, the ascent of the great Italian city-states, and the rise and fall of the Muslim civilization of Al-Andalus. The rediscovery of the works of Aristotle led Thomas Aquinas and other thinkers of the period to expand Scholasticism, a combination of Catholicism and ancient philosophy. For much of the time period Constantinople remained Europe's most populous city and Byzantine art reached a peak in the 12th century. In architecture, many of the most notable Gothic cathedrals were built or completed during this period.
The Crisis of the Late Middle Ages, beginning at the start of the 14th century, marked the end of this era.
Contents
[hide]
1 Historical events and politics
1.1 Great Britain and Ireland
1.2 Spain and Italy
1.3 Scandinavia
1.4 France and Germany
1.5 Georgia
1.6 Hungary
1.7 Poland and Lithuania
1.8 Southeastern Europe
1.9 Climate and agriculture
1.10 The rise of chivalry
2 Religion
2.1 Christian Church
2.2 Crusades
2.2.1 Military orders
2.3 Scholasticism
2.4 Golden age of monasticism
2.5 Mendicant orders
2.6 Heretical movements
2.6.1 Cathars
2.6.2 Waldensians
3 Trade and commerce
4 Science
4.1 Technology
5 Arts
5.1 Visual arts
5.2 Architecture
5.3 Literature
5.4 Music
5.5 Theatre
6 Timeline
7 See also
8 Notes
9 Further reading
10 External links
11 External links
Historical events and politics[edit]
Bayeux Tapestry depicting the Battle of Hastings during the Norman invasion of England
Great Britain and Ireland[edit]
Main articles: England in the Middle Ages, Scotland in the High Middle Ages, and History of Gwynedd during the High Middle Ages
The painted effigies of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II of England from the Fontevraud Abbey in Anjou, France, which no longer houses their remains
In England, the Norman Conquest of 1066 resulted in a kingdom ruled by a Francophone nobility. The Normans invaded Ireland by force in 1169 and soon established themselves throughout most of the country, although their stronghold was the southeast. Likewise, Scotland and Wales were subdued to vassalage at about the same time, though Scotland later asserted its independence and Wales remained largely under the rule of independent native princes until the death of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd in 1282.[5] The Exchequer was founded in the 12th century under King Henry I, and the first parliaments were convened. In 1215, after the loss of Normandy, King John signed the Magna Carta into law, which limited the power of English monarchs.
Spain and Italy[edit]
Main articles: Spain in the Middle Ages and Italy in the Middle Ages
Much of the Iberian peninsula had been occupied by the Moors after 711, although the northernmost portion was divided between several Christian states. In the 11th century, and again in the thirteenth, the Christian kingdoms of the north gradually drove the Muslims from central and most of southern Iberia.
In Italy, independent city states grew affluent on eastern maritime trade. These were in particular the thalassocracies of Pisa, Amalfi, Genoa and Venice.
The Pontic steppes, c. 1015
Scandinavia[edit]
Main articles: History of Denmark § Christianity, expansion and the establishment of the Kingdom of Denmark; History of Norway § The Viking kings; and Early Swedish history
From the mid-tenth to the mid-11th centuries, the Scandinavian kingdoms were unified and Christianized, resulting in an end of Viking raids, and greater involvement in European politics. King Cnut of Denmark ruled over both England and Norway. After Cnut's death in 1035, England and Norway were lost, and with the defeat of Valdemar II in 1227, Danish predominance in the region came to an end. Meanwhile, Norway extended its Atlantic possessions, ranging from Greenland to the Isle of Man, while Sweden, under Birger Jarl, built up a power-base in the Baltic Sea. However, the Norwegian influence started to decline already in the same period, marked by the Treaty of Perth of 1266. Also, civil wars raged in Norway between 1130 and 1240.
France and Germany[edit]
Main articles: France in the Middle Ages and Germany in the Middle Ages
By the time of the High Middle Ages, the Carolingian Empire had been divided and replaced by separate successor kingdoms called France and Germany, although not with their modern boundaries. Germany was under the banner of the Holy Roman Empire, which reached its high-water mark of unity and political power.
Georgia[edit]
Main article: Georgian Golden Age
During the successful reign of King David IV of Georgia (1089–1125), Kingdom of Georgia grew in strength and expelled the Seljuk Empire from its lands. David's decisive victory in the Battle of Didgori (1121) against the Seljuk Turks, as a result of which Georgia recaptured its lost capital Tbilisi, marked the beginning of the Georgian Golden Age. David's granddaughter Queen Tamar continued the upward rise, successfully neutralizing internal opposition and embarking on an energetic foreign policy aided by further decline of the hostile Seljuk Turks. Relying on a powerful military élite, Tamar was able to build on the successes of her predecessors to consolidate an empire which dominated vast lands spanning from present-day southern Russia on the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea. Georgia remained a leading regional power until its collapse under the Mongol attacks within two decades after Tamar's death.
Hungary[edit]
Main article: Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages
King Saint Stephen I of Hungary.
In the High Middle Ages, the Kingdom of Hungary (founded in 1000), became one of the most powerful medieval states in central Europe and Western Europe. King Saint Stephen I of Hungary introduced Christianity to the region; he was remembered by the contemporary chroniclers as a very religious monarch, with wide knowledge in Latin grammar, strict with his own people but kind to the foreigners. He eradicated the remnants of the tribal organisation in the Kingdom and forced the people to sedentarize and adopt the Christian religion, ethics, way of life and founded the Hungarian medieval state, organising it politically in counties using the Germanic system as a model.
The following monarchs usually kept a close relationship with Rome like Saint Ladislaus I of Hungary, and a tolerant attitude with the pagans that escaped to the Kingdom searching for sanctuary (for example Cumans in the 13th century), which eventually created certain discomfort for some Popes. With entering in Personal union with the Kingdom of Croatia and annexation of other small states, Hungary became a small empire that extended its control over the Balkans and all the Carpathian region. The Hungarian royal house was the one that gave the most saints to the Catholic Church during medieval times.
Poland and Lithuania[edit]
Main articles: History of Poland in the Middle Ages and Grand Duchy of Lithuania
During the High Middle Ages Poland emerged as a kingdom. It decided to bond itself with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, confirmed by the Union of Krewo and later treaties, leading to a personal union in 1569.
Southeastern Europe[edit]
Main articles: Byzantine Empire, Second Bulgarian Empire, Serbian Grand Principality, Principality of Arbanon, Banate of Bosnia, and Kingdom of Croatia
The High Middle Ages saw the height and decline of the Slavic state of Kievan Rus' and emergence of Cumania. Later, the Mongol invasion in the 13th century had great impact on the east of Europe, as many countries of the region were invaded, pillaged, conquered and/or vassalized.
During the first half of this period (c. 1025—1185) the Byzantine Empire dominated the Balkans, and under the Komnenian emperors there was a revival of prosperity and urbanization; however, their domination of Southeastern Europe came to an end with a successful Vlach-Bulgarian rebellion in 1185, and henceforth the region was divided between the Byzantines in Greece, some parts of Macedonia, and Thrace, the Bulgarians in Moesia and most of Thrace and Macedonia, and the Serbs to the northwest. Eastern and Western churches had formally split in the 11th century, and despite occasional periods of co-operation during the 12th century, in 1204 the Fourth Crusade treacherously captured Constantinople. This severely damaged the Byzantines, and their power was ultimately weakened by the Seljuks and the rising Ottoman Empire in the 14-15th century. The power of the Latin Empire, however, was short lived after the Crusader army was routed by Bulgarian Emperor Kaloyan in the Battle of Adrianople (1205).
Climate and agriculture[edit]
The Medieval Warm Period, the period from 10th century to about the 14th century in Europe, was a relatively warm and gentle interval ended by the generally colder Little Ice Age. Farmers grew wheat well north into Scandinavia, and wine grapes in northern England, although the maximum expansion of vineyards appears to occur within the Little Ice Age period. During this time, a high demand for wine and steady volume of alcohol consumption inspired a viticulture revolution of progress.[6] This protection from famine allowed Europe's population to increase, despite the famine in 1315 that killed 1.5 million people. This increased population contributed to the founding of new towns and an increase in industrial and economic activity during the period. They also established trade and a comprehensive production of alcohol. Food production also increased during this time as new ways of farming were introduced, including the use of a heavier plow, horses instead of oxen, and a three-field system that allowed the cultivation of a greater variety of crops than the earlier two-field system—notably legumes, the growth of which prevented the depletion of important nitrogen from the soil.
The rise of chivalry[edit]
Household heavy cavalry (knights) became common in the 11th century across Europe, and tournaments were invented. Although the heavy capital investment in horse and armor was a barrier to entry, knighthood became known as a way for serfs to earn their freedom.[citation needed] In the 12th century, the Cluny monks promoted ethical warfare and inspired the formation of orders of chivalry, such as the Templar Knights. Inherited titles of nobility were established during this period. In 13th-century Germany, knighthood became another inheritable title, although one of the less prestigious, and the trend spread to other countries.
Religion[edit]
A limestone statue depicting Aaron, brother of Moses in the Old Testament, from the Cathedral of Noyon, c. 1170
Christian Church[edit]
The East–West Schism of 1054 formally separated the Christian church into two parts: Western Catholicism in Western Europe and Eastern Orthodoxy in the east. It occurred when Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael I excommunicated each other, mainly over disputes as to the existence of papal authority over the four Eastern patriarchs, as well as disagreement over the filioque.
Crusades[edit]
Main article: Crusades
The Crusades occurred between the 11th and 13th centuries. They were conducted under papal authority with the intent of reestablishing Christian rule in The Holy Land by taking the area from the Muslim Fatimid Caliphate. The Fatimids had captured Palestine in AD 970, lost it to the Seljuk Turks in 1073 and recaptured it in 1098, just before they lost it again in 1099 as a result of the First Crusade.
Military orders[edit]
In the context of the crusades, monastic military orders were founded that would become the template for the late medieval chivalric orders.
The Knights Templar were a Christian military order founded after the First Crusade to help protect Christian pilgrims from hostile locals and highway bandits. The order was deeply involved in banking, and in 1307 Philip the Fair (Philippine le Bel) had the entire order arrested in France and dismantled on charges of heresy.
The Knights Hospitaller were originally a Christian organization founded in Jerusalem in 1080 to provide care for poor, sick, or injured pilgrims to the Holy Land. After Jerusalem was taken in the First Crusade, it became a religious/military order that was charged with the care and defence of the Holy Lands. After the Holy Lands were eventually taken by Muslim forces, it moved its operations to Rhodes, and later Malta.
The Teutonic Knights were a German religious order formed in 1190, in the city of Acre, to both aid Christian pilgims on their way to the Holy Lands and to operate hospitals for the sick and injured in Extremer. After Muslim forces captured the Holy Lands, the order moved to Transylvania in 1211 and later, after being expelled, invaded pagan Prussic with the intention of Christianizing the Baltic region. Yet, before and after the Order's main pagan opponent, Lithuania, converted to Christianity, the Order had already attacked other Christian nations such as Novgorod and Poland. The Teutonic Knights' power hold, which became considerable, was broken in 1410, at the Battle of Grunwald, where the Order suffered a devastating defeat against a joint Polish-Lithuanian army. After Grunwald, the Order declined in power until 1809 when it was officially dissolved. There were ten crusades in total.
Scholasticism[edit]
Main article: Scholasticism
The new Christian method of learning was influenced by Anselm of Canterbury (1033–1109) from the rediscovery of the works of Aristotle, at first indirectly through Medieval Jewish and Muslim Philosophy (Maimonides, Avicenna, and Averroes) and then through Aristotle's own works brought back from Byzantine and Muslim libraries; and those whom he influenced, most notably Albertus Magnus, Bonaventure and Abélard. Many scholastics believed in empiricism and supporting Roman Catholic doctrines through secular study, reason, and logic. They opposed Christian mysticism, and the Platonist-Augustinian belief that the mind is an immaterial substance. The most famous of the scholastics was Thomas Aquinas (later declared a "Doctor of the Church"), who led the move away from the Platonic and Augustinian and towards Aristotelianism. Aquinas developed a philosophy of mind by writing that the mind was at birth a tabula rasa ("blank slate") that was given the ability to think and recognize forms or ideas through a divine spark. Other notable scholastics included Roscelin, Abélard, Peter Lombard, and Francisco Suárez. One of the main questions during this time was the problem of universals. Prominent opponents of various aspects of the scholastic mainstream included Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, Peter Damian, Bernard of Clairvaux, and the Victorines. [1]
Golden age of monasticism[edit]
The late 11th century/early-mid 12th century was the height of the golden age of Christian monasticism (8th-12th centuries).
Benedictine Order - black-robed monks
Cistercian Order - white-robed monks
Bernard of Clairvaux
Mendicant orders[edit]
The 13th century saw the rise of the Mendicant orders such as the:
Franciscans (Friars Minor, commonly known as the Grey Friars), founded 1209
Carmelites (Hermits of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Carmel, commonly known as the White Friars), founded 1206–1214
Dominicans (Order of Preachers, commonly called the Black Friars), founded 1215
Augustinians (Hermits of St. Augustine, commonly called the Austin Friars), founded 1256
Heretical movements[edit]
Christian heresies existed in Europe before the 11th century but only in small numbers and of local character: in most cases, a rogue priest, or a village returning to pagan traditions. Beginning in the 11th century, however mass-movement heresies appeared. The roots of this can be partially sought in the rise of urban cities, free merchants, and a new money-based economy. The rural values of monasticism held little appeal to urban people who began to form sects more in tune with urban culture. The first large-scale heretical movements in Western Europe originated in the newly urbanized areas such as southern France and northern Italy and were probably influenced by the Bogomils and other dualist movements. These heresies were on a scale the Catholic Church had never seen before; the response was one of elimination for some (such as the Cathars), and acceptance and integration of others (such as the veneration of Francis of Assisi, the son of an urban merchant who renounced money).
Cathars[edit]
Cathars being expelled from Carcassonne in 1209
Main article: Catharism
Catharism was a movement with Gnostic elements that originated around the middle of the 10th century, branded by the contemporary Roman Catholic Church as heretical. It existed throughout much of Western Europe, but its origination was in Languedoc and surrounding areas in southern France.
The name Cathar stems from Greek katharos, "pure". One of the first recorded uses is Eckbert von Schönau who wrote on heretics from Cologne in 1181: "Hos nostra Germania catharos appellat."
The Cathars are also called Albigensians. This name originates from the end of the 12th century, and was used by the chronicler Geoffroy du Breuil of Vigeois in 1181. The name refers to the southern town of Albi (the ancient Albiga). The designation is hardly exact, for the centre was at Toulouse and in the neighbouring districts.
The Albigensians were strong in southern France, northern Italy, and the southwestern Holy Roman Empire.
The Bogomils were strong in Balkans, and became the official religion supported by the Bosnian kings.
Dualists believed that historical events were the result of struggle between a good force and an evil force and that evil ruled the world, though it could be controlled or defeated through asceticism and good works.
Albigensian Crusade, Simon de Montfort, Montségur, Château de Quéribus
Waldensians[edit]
Peter Waldo of Lyon was a wealthy merchant who gave up his riches around 1175 after a religious experience and became a preacher. He founded the Waldensians which became a Christian sect believing that all religious practices should have scriptural basis. Waldo was denied the right to preach his sermons by the Third Lateran Council in 1179, which he did not obey and continued to speak freely until he was excommunicated in 1184. Waldo was critical of the Christian clergy saying they did not live according to the word. He rejected the practice of selling indulgences, as well as the common saint cult practices of the day.
Waldensians are considered a forerunner to the Protestant Reformation, and they melted into Protestantism with the outbreak of the Reformation and became a part of the wider Reformed tradition after the views of John Calvin and his theological successors in Geneva proved very similar to their own theological thought. Waldensian churches still exist, located on several continents.
Trade and commerce[edit]
In Northern Europe, the Hanseatic League, a federation of free cities to advance trade by sea, was founded in the 12th century, with the foundation of the city of Lübeck, which would later dominate the League, in 1158—1159. Many northern cities of the Holy Roman Empire became hanseatic cities, including Amsterdam, Cologne, Bremen, Hanover and Berlin. Hanseatic cities outside the Holy Roman Empire were, for instance, Bruges and the Polish city of Gdańsk (Danzig), as well as Königsberg, capital of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. In Bergen, Norway and Veliky Novgorod, Russia the league had factories and middlemen. In this period the Germans started colonising Europe beyond the Empire, into Prussia and Silesia.
In the late 13th century, a Venetian explorer named Marco Polo became one of the first Europeans to travel the Silk Road to China. Westerners became more aware of the Far East when Polo documented his travels in Il Milione. He was followed by numerous Christian missionaries to the East, such as William of Rubruck, Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, André de Longjumeau, Odoric of Pordenone, Giovanni de' Marignolli, Giovanni di Monte Corvino, and other travellers such as Niccolò de' Conti.
Science[edit]
Main articles: Science in the Middle Ages and Medieval medicine
Further information: List of medieval European scientists
Philosophical and scientific teaching of the Early Middle Ages was based upon few copies and commentaries of ancient Greek texts that remained in Western Europe after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. Most of them were studied only in Latin as knowledge of Greek was very limited.
This scenario changed during the Renaissance of the 12th century. The intellectual revitalization of Europe started with the birth of medieval universities. The increased contact with the Islamic world in Spain and Sicily during the Reconquista, and the Byzantine world and Muslim Levant during the Crusades, allowed Europeans access to scientific Arabic and Greek texts, including the works of Aristotle, Alhazen, and Averroes. The European universities aided materially in the translation and propagation of these texts and started a new infrastructure which was needed for scientific communities.
Detail of a portrait of Hugh de Provence (wearing spectacles), painted by Tomasso da Modena in 1352
At the beginning of the 13th century there were reasonably accurate Latin translations of the main works of almost all the intellectually crucial ancient authors,[7] allowing a sound transfer of scientific ideas via both the universities and the monasteries. By then, the natural science contained in these texts began to be extended by notable scholastics such as Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon, Albertus Magnus and Duns Scotus. Precursors of the modern scientific method can be seen already in Grosseteste's emphasis on mathematics as a way to understand nature, and in the empirical approach admired by Bacon, particularly in his Opus Majus.
Technology[edit]
Main articles: Medieval technology and Artes Mechanicae
During the 12th and 13th century in Europe there was a radical change in the rate of new inventions, innovations in the ways of managing traditional means of production, and economic growth. In less than a century there were more inventions developed and applied usefully than in the previous thousand years of human history all over the globe. The period saw major technological advances, including the adoption or invention of windmills, watermills, printing (though not yet with movable type), gunpowder, the astrolabe, glasses, scissors of the modern shape, a better clock, and greatly improved ships. The latter two advances made possible the dawn of the Age of Discovery. These inventions were influenced by foreign culture and society.
Alfred W. Crosby described some of this technological revolution in The Measure of Reality: Quantification in Western Europe, 1250-1600 and other major historians of technology have also noted it.
Ships of the world in 1460, according to the Fra Mauro map.
The earliest written record of a windmill is from Yorkshire, England, dated 1185.
Paper manufacture began in Italy around 1270.
The spinning wheel was brought to Europe (probably from India) in the 13th century.
The magnetic compass aided navigation, first reaching Europe some time in the late 12th century.
Eye glasses were invented in Italy in the late 1280s.
The astrolabe returned to Europe via Islamic Spain.
Fibonacci introduces Arabic numerals to Europe with his book Liber Abaci in 1202.
The West's oldest known depiction of a stern-mounted rudder can be found on church carvings dating to around 1180.
Arts[edit]
Visual arts[edit]
A fresco from the Boyana Church depicting Emperor Constantine Tikh Asen. The murals are among the finest achievements of the Bulgarian culture in the 13th century.
Main article: Medieval art
Art in the High Middle Ages includes these important movements:
Anglo-Saxon art was influential on the British Isles until the Norman Invasion of 1066
Romanesque art continued traditions from the Classical world (not to be confused with Romanesque architecture)
Gothic art developed a distinct Germanic flavor (not to be confused with Gothic architecture).
Byzantine art continued earlier Byzantine traditions, influencing much of Eastern Europe.
Illuminated manuscripts gained prominence both in the Catholic and Orthodox churches
Architecture[edit]
Interior of Nôtre Dame de Paris
Main article: Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture superseded the Romanesque style by combining flying buttresses, gothic (or pointed) arches and ribbed vaults. It was influenced by the spiritual background of the time, being religious in essence: thin horizontal lines and grates made the building strive towards the sky. Architecture was made to appear light and weightless, as opposed to the dark and bulky forms of the previous Romanesque style. Saint Augustine of Hippo taught that light was an expression of God. Architectural techniques were adapted and developed to build churches that reflected this teaching. Colorful glass windows enhanced the spirit of lightness. As color was much rarer at medieval times than today, it can be assumed that these virtuoso works of art had an awe-inspiring impact on the common man from the street. High-rising intricate ribbed, and later fan vaultings demonstrated movement toward heaven. Veneration of God was also expressed by the relatively large size of these buildings. A gothic cathedral therefore not only invited the visitors to elevate themselves spiritually, it was also meant to demonstrate the greatness of God. The floor plan of a gothic cathedral corresponded to the rules of scholasticism: According to Erwin Panofsky's Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism, the plan was divided into sections and uniform subsections. These characteristics are exhibited by the most famous sacral building of the time: Notre Dame de Paris.
Literature[edit]
Main article: Medieval literature
John the Apostle and Marcion of Sinope in an Italian illuminated manuscript, painting on vellum, 11th century
A variety of cultures influenced the literature of the High Middle Ages, one of the strongest among them being Christianity. The connection to Christianity was greatest in Latin literature, which influenced the vernacular languages in the literary cycle of the Matter of Rome. Other literary cycles, or interrelated groups of stories, included the Matter of France (stories about Charlemagne and his court), the Acritic songs dealing with the chivalry of Byzantium's frontiersmen, and perhaps the best known cycle, the Matter of Britain, which featured tales about King Arthur, his court, and related stories from Brittany, Cornwall, Wales and Ireland. An anonymous German poet tried to bring the Germanic myths from the Migration Period to the level of the French and British epics, producing the Nibelungenlied. There was also a quantity of poetry and historical writings which were written during this period, such as Historia Regum Britanniae by Geoffrey of Monmouth.
Despite political decline during the late 12th and much of the 13th centuries, the Byzantine scholarly tradition remained particularly fruitful over the time period. One of the most prominent philosophers of the 11th century, Michael Psellos, reinvigorated Neoplatonism on Christian foundations and bolstered the study of ancient philosophical texts, along with contributing to history, grammar, and rhetorics. His pupil and successor at the head of Philosophy at the University of Constantinople Ioannes Italos continued the Platonic line in Byzantine thought and was criticized by the Church for holding opinions it considered heretical, such as the doctrine of transmigration. Two Orthodox theologians important in the dialogue between the eastern and western churches were Nikephoros Blemmydes and Maximus Planudes. Byzantine historical tradition also flourished with the works of the brothers Niketas and Michael Choniates in the beginning of the 13th century and George Akropolites a generation later. Dating from 12th century Byzantine Empire is also Timarion, an Orthodox Christian anticipation of Divine Comedy. Around the same time the so-called Byzantine novel rose in popularity with its synthesis of ancient pagan and contemporaneous Christian themes.
At the same time southern France gave birth to Occitan literature, which is best known for troubadours who sang of courtly love. It included elements from Latin literature and Arab-influenced Spain and North Africa. Later its influence spread to several cultures in Western Europe, notably in Portugal and the Minnesänger in Germany. Provençal literature also reached Sicily and Northern Italy laying the foundation of the "sweet new style" of Dante and later Petrarca. Indeed, the most important poem of the Late Middle Ages, the allegorical Divine Comedy, is to a large degree a product of both the theology of Thomas Aquinas and the largely secular Occitan literature.
Music[edit]
Main article: Medieval music
Musicians playing the Spanish vihuela, one with a bow, the other plucked by hand, in the Cantigas de Santa Maria of Alfonso X of Castile, 13th century
Men playing the organistrum, from the Ourense Cathedral, Spain, 12th century
The surviving music of the High Middle Ages is primarily religious in nature, since music notation developed in religious institutions, and the application of notation to secular music was a later development. Early in the period, Gregorian chant was the dominant form of church music; other forms, beginning with organum, and later including clausulae, conductus, and the motet, developed using the chant as source material.
During the 11th century, Guido of Arezzo was one of the first to develop musical notation, which made it easier for singers to remember Gregorian chants.
It was during the 12th and 13th centuries that Gregorian plainchant gave birth to polyphony, which appeared in the works of French Notre Dame School (Léonin and Pérotin). Later it evolved into the ars nova (Philippe de Vitry, Guillaume de Machaut) and the musical genres of late Middle Ages. An important composer during the 12th century was the nun Hildegard of Bingen.
The most significant secular movement was that of the troubadours, who arose in Occitania (Southern France) in the late 11th century. The troubadours were often itinerant, came from all classes of society, and wrote songs on a variety of topics, though with a particular focus on courtly love. Their style went on to influence the trouvères of northern France, the minnesingers of Germany, and the composers of secular music of the Trecento in northern Italy.
Theatre[edit]
Main article: Medieval theatre
Economic and political changes in the High Middle Ages led to the formation of guilds and the growth of towns, and this would lead to significant changes for theatre starting in this time and continuing into in the Late Middle Ages. Trade guilds began to perform plays, usually religiously based, and often dealing with a biblical story that referenced their profession. For instance, a baker's guild would perform a reenactment of the Last Supper.[8] In the British Isles, plays were produced in some 127 different towns during the Middle Ages. These vernacular Mystery plays were written in cycles of a large number of plays: York (48 plays), Chester (24), Wakefield (32) and Unknown (42). A larger number of plays survive from France and Germany in this period and some type of religious dramas were performed in nearly every European country in the Late Middle Ages. Many of these plays contained comedy, devils, villains and clowns.[9]
There were also a number of secular performances staged in the Middle Ages, the earliest of which is The Play of the Greenwood by Adam de la Halle in 1276. It contains satirical scenes and folk material such as faeries and other supernatural occurrences. Farces also rose dramatically in popularity after the 13th century. The majority of these plays come from France and Germany and are similar in tone and form, emphasizing sex and bodily excretions.[10]
Timeline[edit]
Further information: Timeline of the Middle Ages
The cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris, whose construction began in 1163, is one of the finer examples of the High Middle Ages architecture
1003 — death of Pope Sylvester II
1018 — the First Bulgarian Empire is conquered by the Byzantine Empire under Basil II.
1027 — the Salian Conrad II succeeds the last Ottonian Henry II the Saint
1054 — East–West Schism
1066 — Battle of Hastings
1066–1067 Bayeux Tapestry
1073–1085 — Pope Gregory VII
1071 — Battle of Manzikert
1077 — Henry IV's Walk to Canossa
1086 — Domesday Book
1086 — Battle of az-Zallaqah
1088 — University of Bologna founded
1091 — Battle of Levounion
1096–1099 — First Crusade
1123 — First Lateran Council
1139 — Second Lateran Council
1145–1149 — Second Crusade
1147 — Wendish Crusade
c. 1150 — University of Paris founded
1155–1190 — Frederick I Barbarossa
1158 — foundation of the Hanseatic League
1167 — University of Oxford founded
1185 — reestablishment of the Bulgarian Empire
1189–1192 — Third Crusade
1200–1204 — Fourth Crusade
1205 — battle of Adrianople
1209 — University of Cambridge founded
1209 — foundation of the Franciscan Order
1209–1229 — Albigensian Crusade
1212 — Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
1215 — Magna Carta
1216 — recognition of the Dominican Order
1215 — Fourth Lateran Council
1217–1221 — Fifth Crusade
1218 — University of Salamanca founded
1220–1250 — Frederick II
1222 — University of Padua founded
1223 — approval of the Franciscan Rule of Life
1228–1229 — Sixth Crusade
1230 — Prussian Crusade
1230 — battle of Klokotnitsa
1237–1242 — Mongol invasion of Europe
1241 — Battle of Legnica
1242 — Battle of the Ice
1248–1254 — Seventh Crusade
1257 — foundation of the Collège de Sorbonne
1261 — the Byzantine Empire reconquers Constantinople.
1274 — death of Thomas Aquinas; Summa Theologica published
1277-1280 — Uprising of Ivaylo — Medieval Europe's only successful peasant uprising
1280 — death of Albertus Magnus
1291 — Acre, the last European outpost in the Middle East, is captured by the Mamluks under Khalil.
1299 — Peak of Mongol supremacy in Southeastern Europe with Chaka of Bulgaria
1299 — Osman I founds the Ottoman Empire.
See also[edit]
Middle Ages portal
History portal
Crusades portal
Early Middle Ages
Late Middle Ages
Middle Ages
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ John H. Mundy, Europe in the high Middle Ages, 1150-1309 (1973) online
Jump up ^ http://www.fafich.ufmg.br/hist_discip_grad/barbarians_inavsions_halsall.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item1173036/?site_locale=en_GB
Jump up ^ See ffor example: Aberth, John (2012). "The early medieval woodland". An Environmental History of the Middle Ages: The Crucible of Nature. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 9780415779456. Retrieved 2017-08-17. The French historian of the early medieval forest, Charles Higounet, produced a map in the 1960s, which has been much reproduced since, that purports to show the distribution of the forest cover in Europe on the eve of the so-called 'great clearances' (les grands défrichements) between 1000 and 1300.
Jump up ^ Davies, Rees (2001-05-01). "Wales: A Culture Preserved". bbc.co.uk/history. p. 3. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
Jump up ^ Jellinek, E. M. 1976. "Drinkers and Alcoholics in Ancient Rome." Edited by Carole D. Yawney andRobert E. Popham. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 37 (11): 1718-1740.
Jump up ^ Franklin, J., "The Renaissance myth", Quadrant 26 (11) (Nov, 1982), 51-60. (Retrieved on-line at 06-07-2007)
Jump up ^ A History of English literature for Students, by Robert Huntington Fletcher, 1916: pp. 85-88
Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy (2003, 86)
Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy (2003, 96)
Further reading[edit]
Fuhrmann, Horst. Germany in the high Middle Ages: c. 1050-1200 (Cambridge UP, 1986).
Jordan, William C. Europe in the high middle ages (2nd ed. Penguin, 2004).
Mundy, John H. Europe in the High Middle Ages, 1150-1309 (2014)--online
Power, Daniel, ed. The Central Middle Ages: Europe 950-1320 (Oxford UP, 2006).
External links[edit]
Music of the Middle Ages: 475-1500
Middle Ages: The High Middle Ages on Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia at infoplease
Provençal literature on Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia at infoplease
External links[edit]
Media related to High Middle Ages at Wikimedia Commons
[show]
v
t
e
European Middle Ages
Early
Middle Ages
Migration Period
Decline of the Western Roman Empire
Late antiquity
Decline of Hellenistic religion
Christianization
Rise of Islam
First Bulgarian Empire
Frankish Empire
Kingdom of Croatia
Anglo-Saxon England
Viking Age
Carolingian Empire
Old Church Slavonic
Civitas Schinesghe
Kievan Rus'
Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
High
Middle Ages
Holy Roman Empire
Second Bulgarian Empire
Georgian Empire
Kingdom of Poland
Feudalism
Great Schism
Investiture Controversy
Crusades
Scholasticism
Monasticism
Communalism
Manorialism
Medieval Warm Period
Mongol invasion of Europe
Late
Middle Ages
Hundred Years' War
Wars of the Roses
Hussite Wars
Burgundy
House of Habsburg
Western Schism
Fall of Constantinople
Rise of the Ottoman Empire
Swiss mercenaries
Chivalry
Renaissance Humanism
Universities
Crisis of the Late Middle Ages
Little Ice Age
Culture
Architecture
Art
Church and State
Cuisine
Demography
Household
Literature
Medicine
Music
Philosophy
Poetry
Science
Slavery
Technology
Warfare
See also
Dark Ages
Disability in the Middle Ages
Basic topics list
Medievalism
Medieval reenactment
Medieval studies
Neo-medievalism
Timeline
Global history of same period of time
[show]
v
t
e
Periods of the history of Europe
Prehistoric Europe
Classical antiquity
Late antiquity
Middle Ages
Renaissance
Early modern
Modern
[show]
v
t
e
History of Europe
Prehistory
Paleolithic Europe
Neolithic Europe
Bronze Age Europe
Iron Age Europe
Classical antiquity
Classical Greece
Roman Republic
Hellenistic period
Roman Empire
Early Christianity
Crisis of the Third Century
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Late antiquity
Middle Ages
Early Middle Ages
Migration Period
Christianization
Francia
Byzantine Empire
Maritime republics
Viking Age
Kievan Rus'
Holy Roman Empire
High Middle Ages
Feudalism
Crusades
Mongol invasion
Late Middle Ages
Hundred Years' War
Kalmar Union
Renaissance
Early modern
Reformation
Age of Discovery
Baroque
Thirty Years' War
Absolute monarchy
Ottoman Empire
Portuguese Empire
Spanish Empire
Early modern France
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Swedish Empire
Dutch Republic
British Empire
Habsburg Monarchy
Russian Empire
Age of Enlightenment
Modern
Great Divergence
Industrial Revolution
French Revolution
Napoleonic Wars
Nationalism
Revolutions of 1848
World War I
Russian Revolution
Interwar period
World War II
Cold War
European integration
See also
Art of Europe
Genetic history of Europe
History of the Mediterranean region
History of the European Union
History of Western civilization
Maritime history of Europe
Military history of Europe
Authority control
GND: 7503822-5
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_Middle_Ages&oldid=838365575"
Categories:
High Middle Ages
Middle Ages
11th century in Europe
12th century in Europe
13th century in Europe
11th-century establishments in Europe
13th-century disestablishments in Europe
Hidden categories:
All articles with failed verification
Articles with failed verification from August 2017
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013
Pages using div col with deprecated parameters
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Беларуская
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Македонски
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Português
Rumantsch
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Svenska
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
25 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 April 2018, at 15:19.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: b

value: dt

value: dl

values: background-color:#b6d462; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

attrs: href title

value: li

values: background-color:#aeaaab; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#e0afb2; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#eaccce; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#ddc98a; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Norwegian_Empire
mw-redirect
Norwegian Empire

values: background-color:#d6bac9; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sweden
mw-redirect
Kingdom of Sweden

values: background-color:#ecfe92; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Kingdom_of_Denmark
mw-redirect
Kingdom of Denmark

values: background-color:#e8d7ab; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#b6c486; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#b7d08c; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#c5b091; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#f2ced0; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Cuman_people
mw-redirect
Cuman people

values: background-color:#dbe3aa; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#debca3; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#b4a784; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#e0e2a1; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#91b88c; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#b4cd68; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#abc9d1; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#b3d6d8; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#c0b9c1; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#deb5b1; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#de979d; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#cedd98; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#bec373; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#669966; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#dfec7a; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(Middle_Ages)
mw-redirect
Kingdom of Armenia (Middle Ages)

values: background-color:#ecefc0; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Khazar_Empire
mw-redirect
Khazar Empire

values: background-color:; color:; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#dbc7a2; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Atabegs_of_Azerbaijan
mw-redirect
Atabegs of Azerbaijan

values: background-color:#b7a98f; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Seljuks_of_Rum
mw-redirect
Seljuks of Rum

values: background-color:#e6c0b7; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#dac198; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#b479a4; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#67828b; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#e8cecd; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values: background-color:#c9c6b5; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#a4a192; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#93bb5b; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#c3d6a8; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#c4a1a8; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Margravate_of_Brandenburg
mw-redirect
Margravate of Brandenburg

values: background-color:#ea8fa0; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values: background-color:#e8cac8; color:black; border:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Barbarian_invasions
mw-redirect
Barbarian invasions

values: The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2017)

values:
/wiki/Medieval_universities
mw-redirect
Medieval universities

values:
/wiki/Mongol_invasions
mw-redirect
Mongol invasions

values: Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty

values: Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty

values:
/wiki/Serbian_Grand_Principality
mw-redirect
Serbian Grand Principality

values:
/wiki/Frankish_Empire
mw-redirect
Frankish Empire

values:
/wiki/Seljuk_Turks
mw-redirect
Seljuk Turks

values:
/wiki/Crusader_States
mw-redirect
Crusader States

values: Byzantine civilization in the twelfth century

values: Edit section: Historical events and politics

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: History of Gwynedd during the High Middle Ages

values:
/wiki/Norman_Conquest
mw-redirect
Norman Conquest

values:
/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffydd
mw-disambig
Llywelyn ap Gruffydd

values:
/wiki/John_of_England
mw-redirect
John of England

values:
/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_England
mw-redirect
List of monarchs of England

values:
/wiki/Iberian_peninsula
mw-redirect
Iberian peninsula

values:
/wiki/Pontic_steppe
mw-redirect
Pontic steppe

values:
/wiki/Early_Swedish_history
mw-redirect
Early Swedish history

values:
/wiki/Canute_the_Great
mw-redirect
Canute the Great

values:
/wiki/Germany_in_the_Middle_Ages
mw-redirect
Germany in the Middle Ages

values:
/wiki/Russian_Federation
mw-redirect
Russian Federation

values:
/wiki/History_of_Poland_(966-1385)
mw-redirect
History of Poland (966-1385)

values:
/wiki/Croatia_in_the_union_with_Hungary
mw-redirect
Croatia in the union with Hungary

values:
/wiki/Southeastern_Europe
mw-redirect
Southeastern Europe

values:
/wiki/Seljuq_Empire
mw-redirect
Seljuq Empire

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Roman_Catholicism
mw-redirect
Roman Catholicism

values:
/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy
mw-redirect
Eastern Orthodoxy

values:
/wiki/Michael_Cerularius
mw-redirect
Michael Cerularius

values:
/wiki/Military_order_(society)
mw-redirect
Military order (society)

values:
/wiki/Chivalric_order
mw-redirect
Chivalric order

values:
/wiki/Teutonic_Knights
mw-redirect
Teutonic Knights

values:
/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)
mw-redirect
Dualism (philosophy of mind)

values:
/wiki/Benedictine_Order
mw-redirect
Benedictine Order

values:
/wiki/Cistercian_Order
mw-redirect
Cistercian Order

values:
/wiki/Mendicant_order
mw-redirect
Mendicant order

values:
/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church
mw-redirect
Roman Catholic Church

values: Eckbert von Schönau (page does not exist)

values: Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester

values:
/wiki/Protestant_Reformation
mw-redirect
Protestant Reformation

values:
/wiki/Reformed_tradition
mw-redirect
Reformed tradition

values:
/wiki/Science_in_the_Middle_Ages
mw-redirect
Science in the Middle Ages

values:
/wiki/Medieval_medicine
mw-redirect
Medieval medicine

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Tomasso_da_Modena
mw-redirect
Tomasso da Modena

values:
/wiki/Magnetic_compass
mw-redirect
Magnetic compass

values:
/wiki/Constantine_Tikh_of_Bulgaria
mw-redirect
Constantine Tikh of Bulgaria

values:
/wiki/Illuminated_manuscripts
mw-redirect
Illuminated manuscripts

values:
/wiki/N%C3%B4tre_Dame_de_Paris
mw-redirect
Nôtre Dame de Paris

values:
/wiki/Ribbed_vault
mw-redirect
Ribbed vault

values:
/wiki/Saint_Augustine_of_Hippo
mw-redirect
Saint Augustine of Hippo

values:
/wiki/Glass_window
mw-redirect
Glass window

values:
/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris
mw-redirect
Notre Dame de Paris

values:
/wiki/Literature_cycle
mw-redirect
Literature cycle

values:
/wiki/Dolce_Stil_Nuovo
mw-redirect
Dolce Stil Nuovo

values:
/wiki/Music_notation
mw-redirect
Music notation

values:
/wiki/Notre_Dame_School
mw-redirect
Notre Dame School

values: Itinerant entertainer (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Mystery_plays
mw-redirect
Mystery plays

values:
/wiki/Folk_culture
mw-redirect
Folk culture

values:
/wiki/Henry_II_the_Saint
mw-redirect
Henry II the Saint

values:
/wiki/Walk_to_Canossa
mw-redirect
Walk to Canossa

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_az-Zallaqah
mw-redirect
Battle of az-Zallaqah

values:
/wiki/First_Lateran_Council
mw-redirect
First Lateran Council

values:
/wiki/Second_Lateran_Council
mw-redirect
Second Lateran Council

values:
/wiki/Frederick_I_Barbarossa
mw-redirect
Frederick I Barbarossa

values:
/wiki/Franciscan_Order
mw-redirect
Franciscan Order

values:
/wiki/Fourth_Lateran_Council
mw-redirect
Fourth Lateran Council

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ice
mw-redirect
Battle of the Ice

values:
/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Sorbonne
mw-redirect
Collège de Sorbonne

values: -moz-column-width: 33em; -webkit-column-width: 33em; column-width: 33em;

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Ages
mw-redirect
Template talk:Middle Ages

values: Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire

values: Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Periods of the History of Europe

values: Template talk:Periods of the History of Europe

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/7503822-5

values: Category:11th-century establishments in Europe

values: Category:13th-century disestablishments in Europe

values: Category:All articles with failed verification

values: Category:Articles with failed verification from August 2017

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013

values: Category:Pages using div col with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/High_Middle_Ages
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: عصور وسطى متوسطة – Arabic

values: Высокае Сярэдневякоўе – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Развито Средновековие – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: قرون وسطای میانه – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: שיא ימי הביניים – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: მაღალი შუა საუკუნეები – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Развиен среден век – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rm
display: none;

values: Высокое Средневековье – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: Високе середньовіччя – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-High_Middle_Ages rootpage-High_Middle_Ages skin-vector action-view