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I Walk the Line
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For other uses, see I Walk the Line (disambiguation).
"I Walk the Line"
Single by Johnny Cash
from the album With His Hot and Blue Guitar, Sings the Songs That Made Him Famous, Sings Hank Williams, and I Walk the Line
B-side
"Get Rhythm"
Released
May 1, 1956
Format
7-inch & 10-inch singles[1]
Recorded
April 2, 1956, Sun Studio, Memphis, Tennessee
Genre
Country,[2] rockabilly[3]
Length
2:45
Label
Sun
Songwriter(s)
Johnny Cash
Producer(s)
Sam Phillips
Johnny Cash singles chronology
"Folsom Prison Blues"
(1955) "I Walk the Line"
(1956) "There You Go"
(1956)
"Folsom Prison Blues"
(1955) I Walk the Line"
(1956) "There You Go"
(1956)
"I Walk the Line" excerpt
From the album With His Hot and Blue Guitar (1957)
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"I Walk the Line" is a song written and recorded in 1956 by Johnny Cash. After three attempts with moderate chart ratings, it became Cash's first number one hit on the Billboard charts. It reached number 17 on the US pop charts. It remained on the record charts for over 43 weeks, and sold over 2 million copies.[4] It has also been used on many LP's released from Sun Records, such as With His Hot and Blue Guitar, Sings the Songs That Made Him Famous, and Sings Hank Williams. It was the title song for a 1970 film starring Gregory Peck.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background of the song
2 Writing and composition
3 Legacy
4 Covers
5 Chart positions
6 Laurent Wolf version
6.1 Track listings
6.2 Charts
7 References
Background of the song[edit]
The unique chord progression for the song was inspired by backwards playback of guitar runs on Cash's tape recorder[5] while he was in the Air Force stationed in Germany. Later in a telephone interview, Cash stated, “I wrote the song backstage one night in 1956 in Gladewater, Texas. I was newly married at the time, and I suppose I was laying out my pledge of devotion."[6] After the writing of the song Cash had a discussion with fellow performer [Carl Perkins] who encouraged him to adopt "I Walk the Line" as the song title. Cash originally intended the song as a slow ballad, but producer Sam Phillips preferred a faster arrangement,[7] which Cash grew to like as the uptempo recording met with success.
Once while performing the song on his TV show, Cash told the audience, with a smile, "People ask me why I always hum whenever I sing this song. It's to get my pitch." The humming was necessary since the song required Cash to change keys several times while singing it.
The song's lyrics refer to marital fidelity, personal responsibility, and avoiding temptation and criminal behavior.[8]
The song was originally recorded at Sun Studio on April 2, 1956, and was released on May 1. It spent six weeks at the top spot on the U.S. country Juke Box charts that summer, one week on the C&W Jockey charts and number two on the C&W Best Seller charts.[9] "I Walk the Line" crossed over and reached number 19 on the pop music charts.[10]
It was performed with the help of Marshall Grant and Luther Perkins, two mechanics that his brother introduced him to following his discharge from the Air Force. Cash and his wife, Vivian, were living in Memphis, Tennessee, at the time. Cash became the front man for the group and precipitated the introduction of the group to Sam Phillips of Sun Records. In 1955, they began recording under the Sun label.
The song was re-recorded four times during Cash's career. In 1964 for the I Walk the Line album, again in 1969 for the At San Quentin album (a live performance), in 1970 for the I Walk the Line soundtrack, and finally in 1988 for the Classic Cash: Hall of Fame Series album. Additional live performances have been released since Cash's death, along with a demo version recorded prior to the formal 1956 recording session that was released on Bootleg Vol. II: From Memphis to Hollywood (Columbia/Legacy) in 2011.
Writing and composition[edit]
The song is very simple and like most Cash songs, the lyrics tell more of a story than the music conveys. (You've got a way to keep me on your side/You give me cause for love that I can't hide/For you I know I'd even try to turn the tide).
It is based upon the "boom-chicka-boom" or "freight train" rhythm common in many of Cash's songs. In the original recording of the song, there is a key change between each of the five verses, and Cash hums the new root note before singing each verse. The final verse, a reprise of the first, is sung a full octave lower than the first verse.
When performing this song on record, and in later live and television appearances, Cash would place a piece of paper under the strings of his guitar towards the tuning end. As he explained during a 1990s appearance on The Nashville Network, he did this in order to simulate the sound of a snare drum, an instrument to which he did not have access during the original Sun session.
Johnny, with the Temptations outside his door and a new wife at home, wanted the lyrics to say, "I'm going to be true to those who believe in me and depend on me to myself and God. Something like I’m still being true, or I’m 'Walking The Line.' The lyrics came as fast as I could write," says Johnny. "In 20 minutes, I had it finished."[11]
Legacy[edit]
The song is included in "The 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll", a permanent exhibit at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[12][13] In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked the song at No. 30 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[14] In June 2014, Rolling Stone ranked it #1 on its list of the 100 greatest country songs of all time.[15]
Covers[edit]
Everly Brothers recorded the song in 1963 on their album The Everly Brothers Sing Great Country Hits.
Dolly Parton included a cover of the song on her 1984 album of covers The Great Pretender.
Glen Campbell recorded an infamously unreleased cover of the song. It was finally released in 1994 on his The Essential Glen Campbell Volume One album.
In 1998, Cash's former son-in-law Rodney Crowell covered the song as a duet with Cash on Crowell's album The Houston Kid. This version was titled "I Walk the Line Revisited" and peaked at No. 61 on the country music charts.[16] The cover does not utilize the original melody of the song, instead lyrics from the song, sung by Cash to a different melody, are incorporated into a new song by Crowell.
Jaye P. Morgan covered the song in 1960, the single charting at No. 66.
In 2004, the American rock band Live released a cover on their greatest hits album Awake: The Best of Live.
In 2014, Craig Wayne Boyd covered this song during season 7 of The Voice. The cover reached the Top 15 on the iTunes US Country charts.[17]
Frank Iero released their cover of this as part of his EP For Jamia.
In 2015, Halsey released her cover as part of the deluxe edition of her debut album Badlands. It appeared in the official teaser trailer for Power Rangers.
Tapio Rautavaara made a Finnish-language version of the song, called "Yölinjalla". The Finnish lyrics tell about the hard life of truck drivers. The melody was originally credited as Rautavaara's own composition but this was later revised.
Chart positions[edit]
Chart (1957)
Peak
position
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[18] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[19] 17
Laurent Wolf version[edit]
"Walk the Line Remix"
Single by Laurent Wolf
from the album Harmony
Released
22 August 2009
Format
CD maxi, Digital download
Genre
House
Length
2:53
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Johnny Cash
Producer(s)
Laurent Wolf
Laurent Wolf singles chronology
"Explosion"
(2009) "Walk the Line Remix"
(2009) "Survive"
(2010)
"Explosion"
(2009) "Wash My World"
(2009) "Survive"
(2010)
The song was covered by French house music DJ and producer Laurent Wolf and released in August 2009 as Walk the Line Remix.
Track listings[edit]
CD single
No.
Title
Length
1. "Walk the Line" (Radio Edit Version) 2:53
2. "Walk the Line" (Club Version) 6:59
3. "No Stress" (Zen @ Acoustic) 7:35
4. "Colombia" 5:06
Charts[edit]
Chart (2008-2009)
Peak
position
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[20] 18
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[21] 23
France (SNEP)[22] 8
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[23] 83
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Johnny Cash And Tennessee Two* - Get Rhythm / I Walk The Line". Discogs. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "I Walk the Line - Johnny Cash - Song Info - AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Cash". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Johnny Cash - Biography.” CMT.com. MTV Networks. Web. http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/cash_johnny/bio.jhtml%7C Retrieved on 2010-07-11
Jump up ^ "Johnny then in the Air Force, discovered that his buddies had borrowed his reel-to-reel tape recorder. When he turned it on, he heard a haunting, organ-like sound. In Truth, it was guitar runs recorded with a tape running one direction and played back in the other ..." Johnny Cash, I Walk The Line - Through the eyes of a fan
Jump up ^ Horstman, Dorothy (1976). Sing Your Heart Out, Country Boy, Country Music Foundation. p. 144.
Jump up ^ Grant, Marshall (2006). I Was There When It Happened: My Life With Johnny Cash, Cumberland House Publishing. p. 54.
Jump up ^ Winkler, Alice. "I Walk the Line." NPR. "All Things Considered." 14 Feb 2017 <https://www.npr.org/2000/12/23/1115971/npr-100-i-walk-the-line>
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944-2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 74.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits: Eighth Edition. Record Research. p. 110.
Jump up ^ ""I Walk the Line" - Reverse Speech". theopenscroll.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Henke, James. "500 Songs That Shaped Rock" (pdf). Infoplease. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll: I Walk the Line". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. August 23, 2016. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". RollingStone.com. Retrieved 2007-06-02.
Jump up ^ "100 Greatest Country Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 109. ISBN 0-89820-177-2.
Jump up ^ "Digital Downloads". roughstock.com. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Cash Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Cash Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Laurent Wolf – Walk the Line Remix" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Laurent Wolf – Walk the Line Remix" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Laurent Wolf – Walk the Line Remix" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Laurent Wolf – Walk the Line Remix" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
[show]
v
t
e
Johnny Cash
Studio albums
With His Hot and Blue Guitar
Sings the Songs That Made Him Famous
The Fabulous Johnny Cash
Greatest!
Songs of Our Soil
Sings Hank Williams
Now, There Was a Song!
Now Here's Johnny Cash
The Sound of Johnny Cash
All Aboard the Blue Train
Ring of Fire: The Best of Johnny Cash
The Original Sun Sound of Johnny Cash
I Walk the Line
Orange Blossom Special
Everybody Loves a Nut
Happiness Is You
Old Golden Throat
More of Old Golden Throat
Hello, I'm Johnny Cash
The World of Johnny Cash
Man in Black
A Thing Called Love
Any Old Wind That Blows
Ragged Old Flag
The Junkie and the Juicehead Minus Me
John R. Cash
Look at Them Beans
One Piece at a Time
The Last Gunfighter Ballad
I Would Like to See You Again
Gone Girl
Silver
Rockabilly Blues
The Baron
The Adventures of Johnny Cash
Johnny 99
Rainbow
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Classic Cash: Hall of Fame Series
Water from the Wells of Home
Boom Chicka Boom
The Mystery of Life
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Unchained
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American IV: The Man Comes Around
Personal File
American V: A Hundred Highways
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Out Among the Stars
Concept albums
Ride This Train
Blood, Sweat and Tears
Bitter Tears: Ballads of the American Indian
Sings the Ballads of the True West
From Sea to Shining Sea
America: A 200-Year Salute in Story and Song
The Johnny Cash Children's Album
The Rambler
Gospel albums
Hymns by Johnny Cash
Hymns from the Heart
The Holy Land
The Gospel Road
Sings Precious Memories
A Believer Sings the Truth
Believe in Him
Return to the Promised Land
My Mother's Hymn Book
Christmas albums
The Christmas Spirit
The Johnny Cash Family Christmas
Classic Christmas
Johnny Cash Country Christmas
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The Lure of the Grand Canyon
Carryin' On with Johnny Cash and June Carter
Johnny Cash and His Woman
The Legend of Jesse James
Million Dollar Quartet
The Survivors Live
Highwayman
Class of '55
Heroes
Highwayman 2
The Road Goes on Forever
VH1 Storytellers
Live albums
At Folsom Prison
At San Quentin
The Johnny Cash Show
På Österåker
Strawberry Cake
Koncert v Praze (In Prague–Live)
At Madison Square Garden
A Concert Behind Prison Walls
Non-gospel soundtracks
I Walk the Line
Little Fauss and Big Halsy
Compilations
Greatest Hits, Vol. 1
Heart of Cash
Greatest Hits, Vol. 2
Sunday Morning Coming Down
International Superstar
Five Feet High and Rising
Destination Victoria Station
Greatest Hits, Vol. 3
The Unissued Johnny Cash
Johnny & June
Tall Man
Encore
Biggest Hits
The Man in Black 1954–1958
The Man in Black 1959–1962
Come Along and Ride This Train
The Essential Johnny Cash (1992)
Wanted Man
The Man in Black 1963–1969
The Man in Black – His Greatest Hits
16 Biggest Hits
Love, God, Murder
The Essential Johnny Cash (2002)
Unearthed
The Legend
The Legend of Johnny Cash
Johnny Cash: Patriot
16 Biggest Hits: Johnny Cash & June Carter Cash
The Legend of Johnny Cash Vol. II
The Complete Columbia Album Collection
Songs
"25 Minutes to Go"
"Seasons of My Heart"
"Any Old Wind That Blows"
"A Wonderful Time Up There"
"The Ballad of Boot Hill"
"The Ballad of Ira Hayes"
"Ballad of a Teenage Queen"
"Big River"
"Blistered"
"A Boy Named Sue"
"Busted"
"Cat's in the Cradle"
"Cocaine Blues"
"Cry! Cry! Cry!"
"Daddy Sang Bass"
"Dark as a Dungeon"
"Don't Take Your Guns to Town"
"Engine 143"
"Flesh and Blood"
"The Folk Singer"
"Folsom Prison Blues"
"Forty Shades of Green"
"Get Rhythm"
"Give My Love to Rose"
"Goodnight, Irene"
"Green, Green Grass of Home"
"Greystone Chapel"
"Guess Things Happen That Way"
"Hey, Porter"
"Home of the Blues"
"Hurt"
"I Couldn't Keep from Crying"
"I Love You Because"
"I Still Miss Someone"
"I Walk the Line"
"If I Had a Hammer"
"If I Were a Carpenter"
"In My Life"
"In the Jailhouse Now"
"It Ain't Me Babe"
"Jackson"
"Kate"
"The Man Comes Around"
"Man in Black"
"The Matador"
"Oh Lonesome Me"
"One Piece at a Time"
"Oney"
"Orange Blossom Special"
"The One on the Right Is on the Left"
"Remember the Alamo"
"(Ghost) Riders in the Sky"
"Ring of Fire"
"Rock Island Line"
"So Doggone Lonesome"
"Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down"
"Tennessee Flat Top Box"
"There Ain't No Good Chain Gang"
"A Thing Called Love"
"Understand Your Man"
"What Is Truth"
"What'd I Say"
Television
The Johnny Cash Show
Family
June Carter Cash
John Carter Cash
Rosanne Cash
Carlene Carter
Tommy Cash
Carter Family
Related
Albums discography
Singles discography
Sun Records discography
The Highwaymen
Carter Family Fold
Man in Black: His Own Story in His Own Words
Cash: The Autobiography
Johnny Cash! The Man, His World, His Music
Walk the Line
We Walk the Line: A Celebration of the Music of Johnny Cash
Ring of Fire (2013 film)
Ring of Fire (musical)
My Father and the Man in Black
Forever Words
Dyess, Arkansas
The Tennessee Three
Book
[show]
v
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Rodney Crowell
Studio albums
Ain't Living Long Like This
But What Will the Neighbors Think
Rodney Crowell
Street Language
Diamonds & Dirt
Keys to the Highway
Life Is Messy
Let the Picture Paint Itself
Jewel of the South
The Houston Kid
Fate's Right Hand
The Outsider
Sex & Gasoline
Old Yellow Moon
Tarpaper Sky
The Traveling Kind
Close Ties
Compilation albums
The Rodney Crowell Collection
Greatest Hits
Singles
"Elvira"
"(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I"
"Ashes by Now"
"Ain't No Money"
"It's Such a Small World"
"I Couldn't Leave You If I Tried"
"She's Crazy for Leavin'"
"After All This Time"
"Above and Beyond"
"Many a Long and Lonesome Highway"
"If Looks Could Kill"
"My Past Is Present"
"Now That We're Alone"
"Lovin' All Night"
"What Kind of Love"
"Please Remember Me"
"I Walk the Line Revisited"
Other songs
"The Answer Is Yes"
"Heartbroke"
"I Ain't Living Long Like This"
"Leaving Louisiana in the Broad Daylight"
"Making Memories of Us"
"Queen of Hearts"
"Song for the Life"
"Voilá, An American Dream"
Related articles
Discography
The Notorious Cherry Bombs
The Notorious Cherry Bombs
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text:
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the novel by C.S. Lewis, see The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe. For other uses, see The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (disambiguation).
The Chronicles of Narnia:
The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Andrew Adamson
Produced by
Mark Johnson
Phillip Steuer
Screenplay by
Ann Peacock
Andrew Adamson
Christopher Markus
Stephen McFeely
Based on
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
by C. S. Lewis
Starring
Georgie Henley
Skandar Keynes
William Moseley
Anna Popplewell
Tilda Swinton
James McAvoy
Jim Broadbent
Liam Neeson
Music by
Harry Gregson-Williams
Cinematography
Donald McAlpine
Edited by
Sim Evan-Jones
Production
company
Walden Media
Walt Disney Pictures
Distributed by
Buena Vista Pictures
Release date
December 7, 2005 (2005-12-07) (Royal Film Performance)
December 8, 2005 (2005-12-08) (United Kingdom)
December 9, 2005 (2005-12-09) (United States)
Running time
145 minutes
Country
United Kingdom[1]
United States[1]
Language
English
Budget
$180 million[2]
Box office
$745 million[2]
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a 2005 British-American high fantasy film directed by Andrew Adamson and based on The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, the first published and second chronological novel in C. S. Lewis's children's epic fantasy series, The Chronicles of Narnia. It was co-produced by Walden Media and Walt Disney Pictures and distributed by Buena Vista Pictures. William Moseley, Anna Popplewell, Skandar Keynes and Georgie Henley play Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy, four British children evacuated during the Blitz to the countryside, who find a wardrobe that leads to the fantasy world of Narnia. There they ally with the Lion Aslan (voiced by Liam Neeson) against the forces of Jadis, the White Witch (Tilda Swinton).
The film was released on December 9, 2005, in both Europe and North America to positive reviews and was highly successful at the box office grossing more than $745 million worldwide, making it 2005's third most successful film. It won the 2005 Academy Award for Best Makeup and various other awards. An Extended Edition was released on December 12, 2006, and was only made available on DVD until January 31, 2007, when it was discontinued. It was the best selling DVD in North America in 2006 taking in $332.7 million that year.[3]
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was the first of three adaptations of C. S. Lewis' series thus far released, and was followed by Prince Caspian in 2008 and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader in 2010. The three films have grossed over $1.5 billion worldwide among them.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Pre-production
3.2 Filming
3.3 Music
4 Reception
4.1 Release
4.2 Box office
4.3 United States and Canada
4.4 Critical reception
4.5 Accolades
5 DVD and Blu-ray release
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
In the London suburb of Finchley, the Pevensie children, Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy, are endangered by a Second World War attack of German bombers by Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe. They are then evacuated to the country home of Professor Digory Kirke, who is not accustomed to having children in his house, as Mrs Macready, the strict housekeeper, explains.
While the Pevensies are playing hide-and-seek, Lucy discovers a wardrobe and enters a wintry fantasy world called Narnia. Seeing a lamppost, Lucy encounters the faun Mr. Tumnus, who explains the land she has entered and invites her to his home. He puts Lucy to sleep by playing a lullaby on his flute. When Lucy wakes up, she finds Tumnus grieving, and he explains that Jadis, the White Witch, has cursed Narnia and it has been winter for 100 years. If a human is encountered they are to be brought to her. Tumnus cannot bring himself to kidnap Lucy, so he sends her home. When she returns to Professor Kirke's house, hardly any time has passed in the normal world; her siblings do not believe her story, and when they look in the wardrobe to see only a normal back.
One night, Edmund follows Lucy into the wardrobe. He enters Narnia as well, and after searching for Lucy he meets the White Witch, who claims to be Queen of Narnia. She offers him Turkish Delight as well as the prospect of becoming king and having power over his siblings if he brings them to her castle. After she departs, Edmund and Lucy meet again and return; Lucy tells Peter and Susan what happened, but unfortunately, Edmund lies. Professor Kirke talks with Peter and Susan and suggests she is telling the truth, though they are unconvinced.
While running away from Mrs. Macready after accidentally breaking a window, the four siblings retreat to the wardrobe and enter Narnia. They discover Mr. Tumnus has been taken by the Witch, and meet Mr. and Mrs. Beaver, who tell them about Aslan. According to the beavers, Aslan intends to take control of Narnia from the Witch. The four must help Aslan; it has been prophesied that if two sons of Adam and two daughters of Eve sit in the four thrones, the White Witch's reign will end.
Edmund sneaks off to visit the Witch. When he arrives at her castle, she is angry that he did not deliver his siblings. The Witch sends wolves to hunt down the children and the beavers, who barely escape. Edmund is chained in the Witch's dungeon, where he meets Tumnus. The Witch demands that Edmund reveal where his siblings are. After Tumnus claims that Edmund does not know anything, The Witch tells Mr. Tumnus that Edmund betrayed him, then turns Tumnus to stone.
While Peter, Lucy, Susan and the beavers travel, they hide from what they believe to be the White Witch. It is really Father Christmas, a sign that the Witch's reign is ending. Father Christmas gives Lucy a healing cordial, a drop of which will bring back to life anyone injured, and a dagger to defend herself. Susan receives a bow and arrows and a magical horn that will summon help when blown, and Peter a sword and shield.
After evading wolves led by Maugrim, the group reaches Aslan's camp. Aslan is revealed as a huge and noble lion who promises to help Edmund. Later, two wolves ambush Lucy and Susan. When Peter intervenes, Maugrim attacks him, and Peter kills him. Some of Aslan's troops follow the other wolf to the witch's camp and rescue Edmund. Peter is knighted by Aslan.
The White Witch journeys to Aslan's camp and claims Edmund, but Aslan secretly offers to sacrifice himself instead. That night, as Lucy and Susan covertly watch, Aslan is killed by the White Witch. In the morning he is resurrected because "there is a magic deeper still the Witch does not know". Aslan takes Susan and Lucy to the Witch's castle, where he frees the prisoners that the White Witch turned to stone.
Edmund persuades Peter to lead Aslan's army to fight the White Witch's forces. To stop the Witch from attacking and killing Peter, Edmund attacks the White Witch and destroys her wand, but is gravely wounded by her. As the Witch fights Peter, Aslan arrives with reinforcements and kills her. After Edmund is revived by Lucy's cordial, the Pevensies become Kings and Queens.
Fifteen years later, the Pevensie children have grown into young men and women. While chasing a white stag through the forest, they encounter the lamppost that Lucy saw on her first trip to Narnia. They make their way through trees, suddenly tumbling out of the wardrobe at the same time and day they left, becoming children again. Lucy later attempts to return to Narnia via the wardrobe, but Professor Kirke tells her he has tried for many years, and they will probably return to Narnia when they least expect it.
Cast[edit]
Further information: List of Chronicles of Narnia cast members
William Moseley as Peter Pevensie, the eldest of the four Pevensie children.
Noah Huntley as the adult Peter Pevensie, who has grown up as a king in Narnia.
Anna Popplewell as Susan Pevensie, the second eldest child of the four Pevensie children.
Sophie Winkleman as the adult Susan Pevensie, who has grown up as a queen in Narnia.
Skandar Keynes as Edmund Pevensie, the third of the four Pevensie children.
Mark Wells as the adult Edmund Pevensie, who has grown up as a king in Narnia.
Georgie Henley as Lucy Pevensie, the youngest of the four Pevensie children.
Rachael Henley as the adult Lucy Pevensie, who has grown up as a queen in Narnia.
Liam Neeson voices Aslan, the great lion who was responsible for creating Narnia.
Tilda Swinton as Jadis, the White Witch, who holds Narnia under an eternal winter without Christmas or Spring or Summer.
James McAvoy as Mr. Tumnus, a faun who at first works for the White Witch, but befriends Lucy Pevensie and joins Aslan's forces.
Ray Winstone voices Mr. Beaver, a beaver who helps lead the children to Aslan.
Dawn French voices Mrs. Beaver, a beaver who helps lead the children to Aslan.
Kiran Shah as Ginarrbrik, the White Witch's servant dwarf.
Jim Broadbent as Professor Digory Kirke, an old professor. He lets the children stay at his country estate during the war.
Elizabeth Hawthorne as Mrs. Macready, Kirke's strict housekeeper.
James Cosmo as Father Christmas. He gives Peter, Susan, and Lucy their Christmas gifts.
Michael Madsen as the voice of Maugrim, a wolf who is captain of the White Witch's secret police.
Patrick Kake as Oreius, a centaur who is second-in-command of Aslan's army.
Shane Rangi as General Otmin, a minotaur who is second-in-command of the White Witch's army.
Morris Cupton as Train Guard, the guard of the train Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy ride.
Judy McIntosh as Helen Pevensie, the mother of the four Pevensie children.
Rupert Everett as the voice of Mr. Fox, a fox who helps the children along their way to Aslan.
Cameron Rhodes as the voice of a Gryphon who helps Peter in the war.
Producer Philip Steuer voices Phillip, Edmund's talking horse.
The radio-announcer that Peter listens to on the rainy day near the beginning of the film is played by Douglas Gresham, co-producer of the movie and C. S. Lewis's stepson.[4] Keynes' voice broke during filming, so some of his voice track had to be re-looped by his sister Soumaya.[4] Mr. Pevensie is only glimpsed in a photo which Edmund tries to retrieve during the bombing, which is of Sim-Evan Jones' father.[5]
With the exception of Tilda Swinton, who was the first choice to play Jadis, the White Witch,[6] casting was a long process. Beginning in 2002,[7] Adamson went through 2500 audition tapes, met 1800 children and workshopped 400 before coming down to the final four actors for the Pevensies. Moseley and Popplewell came from the very start of casting, whilst Henley and Keynes were cast relatively late.[8] Moseley was cast because casting director Pippa Hall remembered she cast him as an extra in a 1998 dramatization of Cider with Rosie. He quit school to learn all his lines and beat 3000 boys to the role of Peter.[9]
Aslan's voice was a contention point. Brian Cox was originally cast in the role on December 9, 2004,[10] but Adamson changed his mind.[11] Liam Neeson sought out the role,[7] and was announced as the voice on July 17, 2005.[12]
Production[edit]
Pre-production[edit]
During the early 1990s, producers Frank Marshall and Kathleen Kennedy were planning a film version.[13] They could not find a space in Britain to shoot the film during 1996,[14] and their plans to set the film in modern times[15] made Douglas Gresham oppose the film,[16] in addition to his feeling that technology had yet to catch up.[15] Perry Moore began negotiations with the C. S. Lewis Estate in 2000.[17] On December 7, 2001, Walden Media announced that they had acquired the rights to The Chronicles of Narnia.[18]
The success of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone prompted the producers to feel they could make a faithful adaptation of the novel set in Britain. "Harry Potter came along, and all those cultural or geographical lines were broken," Mark Johnson explained. "When The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe was being developed at Paramount, the imperative was to set it in the U.S., and it just doesn't hold. [...] It's not the book."[19] Guillermo del Toro turned down the offer to direct due to his commitment on Pan's Labyrinth.[20] Following an Academy Award win for Shrek, director Andrew Adamson began adapting the source material with a 20-page treatment based on his memories of the book.[6] As such the film begins with the Luftwaffe bombing and concludes with an enormous battle, although they do not take up as much time in the novel.[17]
In the novel, the battle is not seen until Aslan, Susan, Lucy and their reinforcements arrive. This was changed in the movie because Adamson said he could vividly remember a huge battle,[8] an example of how Lewis left a lot to the readers' imagination. Other small changes include the reason all four children come to Narnia, in that an accident breaks a window and forces them to hide. Tumnus also never meets Edmund until the end in the novel. Minor details were added to the Pevensies, such as their mother's name, Helen, being the actual first name of Georgie Henley's mother.[4] Finchley as the home of the Pevensies was inspired by Anna Popplewell, who actually is from Finchley.[21] Adamson also changed the circumstances in which Lucy first comes into Narnia. He felt it was more natural that she first see the wardrobe while looking for a hide-and-seek hiding place, rather than just chance upon it exploring the house.[8] The film also hints at Professor Kirke's role in The Magician's Nephew, such as the engravings on the wardrobe, when it is a simple one in the novel, and the Professor's surprise and intrigue when Peter and Susan mention Lucy's discovery in the wardrobe. When Lewis wrote the novel, it was the first of the series and the back-story later outlined by the subsequent books in the series did not exist. Additionally in the novel, the father of the Pevensie children is in London with their mother, but in the film, their father is fighting in the war as Lucy states to Mr. Tumnus when they first meet in Narnia.
Weta Workshop head Richard Taylor cited Hieronymus Bosch's The Garden of Earthly Delights as an inspiration on the film. He felt Narnia had to be less dark and gritty than their depiction of Middle-earth in The Lord of the Rings because it is a new world.[22] Many of Weta's creature designs were designed for digital creation, so when Howard Berger and KNB FX inherited the practical effects work, they had to spend three months retooling approved designs for animatronics.[23] Berger's children would comment and advise upon his designs; they suggested the White Witch's hair be changed from black to blonde, which Berger concurred with as he realized Swinton's wig looked too Gothic.[24]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography began in New Zealand on June 28, 2004,[25] shooting in primarily chronological order.[5] Adamson did this in order to naturally create a sense of mature development from his young actors, which mirrored their real life development.[16] Georgie Henley and Skandar Keynes[7] were never shown the set before filming scenes of their characters entering Narnia, nor had Henley seen James McAvoy in his Mr. Tumnus costume before shooting their scenes together.[4]
The first scene shot was at the disused Hobsonville Air Base for the railway scene.[26] Afterwards, they shot the Blitz scene, which Adamson called their first formal day of shooting.[8]
The filmmakers asked permission to bring in twelve reindeer to New Zealand to pull the Ice Queen's sled. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry denied, citing the potentially deadly Q fever from which the North American reindeer population suffers as the reason. However, ten wolves and wolf hybrids were allowed in for filming in Auckland.[27] To replace the denied live reindeer Mark Rappaport's Creature Effects, Inc. created four animatronic reindeer that were used in shots where the deer were standing in place. The reindeer were designed with replaceable skins to get the most usage; brown for Father Christmas's and white for those of the White Witch.
The cast and crew spent their time in New Zealand in Auckland before moving in November to the South Island. Shooting locations on the South Island included the area known as Elephant Rocks near Duntroon in North Otago, which was transformed into Aslan's camp.[28] The castle scene was filmed in Purakaunui Bay, in The Catlins district, not far from the most southern point in New Zealand.[29]
They filmed in the Czech Republic (Prague and National Park České Švýcarsko), Slovenia and Poland after the Christmas break,[5] before wrapping in February.[30]
Music[edit]
Main articles: The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (soundtrack) and Music Inspired by The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
The soundtrack was composed by Harry Gregson-Williams. Gregson-Williams had previously worked with Adamson on Shrek (2001) and Shrek 2 (2004). In addition there are three original songs in the film; Can't Take It In by Imogen Heap, Wunderkind by Alanis Morissette and Winter Light by Tim Finn. Evanescence lead singer Amy Lee also wrote a song for the film, but it was not included in the soundtrack.[31]
The soundtrack was recorded at Abbey Road Studios, London, England, and in Los Angeles, CA. Gregson-Williams employed the 75-piece Hollywood Studio Symphony Orchestra, along with a 140-member choir (mostly members of The Bach Choir) and numerous other solo musicians such as electric violinist Hugh Marsh and vocalist Lisbeth Scott (at his Wavecrest Studio).[32] He composed the original score and then spent late September through early November 2005 conducting the Hollywood Orchestra and overseeing the recording of the English choir.[32] For "colour", he employed instruments used in ancient folk music, and to underscore critical dramatic moments, he added choral textures and, occasionally, a solo voice. The score includes instances of electronic music.[33]
The soundtrack received two Golden Globe Award nominations: "Best Original Score" and "Best Original Song" (for "Wunderkind").
EMI also released a compilation soundtrack entitled Music Inspired by The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was released on September 2005. The album features songs by Contemporary Christian music artists, such as Bethany Dillon, Kutless, and Nichole Nordeman. It released Waiting For The World To Fall by Jars of Clay as a single. The album went on to win the Special Event Album of the Year at the GMA Music Awards.
Reception[edit]
Release[edit]
On December 7, 2005, the film premiered in London, going on general release the following day. The film was released December 8, 2005, in the United Kingdom and December 9, 2005, in North America and the rest of Europe.
Box office[edit]
Worldwide, Narnia earned $745,013,115 marking it the 55th highest-grossing film of all-time worldwide. It had a worldwide opening of $107.1 million, marking Disney's fifth largest opening worldwide (at the time it was the largest).[34] It is the third-largest movie worldwide among those released in 2005[35] and it currently still remains the highest-grossing movie of the Narnia franchise worldwide, and separately in North America and overseas.[36] Finally, it is also the most successful film of Walden Media worldwide.[37]
United States and Canada[edit]
First Lady of the United States Laura Bush hosts a screening of the film at the White House
The film opened with $23,006,856 in 3,616 theatres on its opening day (Friday, December 9, 2005), averaging $6,363 per location. The film took in a total of $65,556,312 on its opening weekend (December 9–11, 2005),[38] the 24th best opening weekend at the time (now 54th). It was also Disney's third largest opening weekend at the time (now the 8th largest)[39] as well as the second biggest December opening, behind The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. It is now fourth following the 2012 opening of The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey, the 2007 release of I Am Legend, and the 2009 release of Avatar as well.[40] Additionally, it made the third largest opening weekend of 2005.[41] It grossed $291,710,957 in total becoming the second highest-grossing film of 2005 behind Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith.[42] It surpassed the gross of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire by only $1.7 million, although the latter grossed $895.9 million worldwide, ahead of The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe. It is the highest-grossing film of the 2005 holiday period,[43] the second highest grossing Christian film,[44] the 6th largest family – children's book adaptation,[45] the 9th highest-grossing fantasy – live action film[46] and the 10th highest-grossing film overall in Disney company history.[47] Finally, it is the largest film of Walden Media worldwide. Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 45 million tickets in North America.[48]
Critical reception[edit]
Film
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe 76% (209 reviews)[49] 75 (39 reviews)[50]
The film received positive reviews from critics, with a 76% "certified fresh" on Rotten Tomatoes and 159 of the listed 209 reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.9/10. Metacritic gives the movie a 75 out of 100, based on 39 reviews.[51] Critic Roger Ebert also gave the film 3 out of 4 stars. Ebert and Roeper gave the movie "Two Thumbs Up". Movie critic Leonard Maltin gave the film 3 out of four stars, calling it, "an impressive and worthwhile family film," though he also said, "it does go on a bit and the special effects are extremely variable."[52] Duane Dudak of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel gave the movie 3 out of 4 stars. Stuart Klawans of The Nation said, "All ticket buyers will get their money's worth."[53] Elizabeth Weitzman of New York Daily News gave it 4 out of 4 stars and said: "A generation-spanning journey that feels both comfortingly familiar and excitingly original." Critic Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle listed it as the second best film of the year.[54] Kit Bowen (Hollywood.com) gives this film 3 out of 4 stars.[55] CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade.[56]
However, John Anderson from Newsday, reacted negatively to the film, stating, "…there's a deliberateness, a fastidiousness and a lack of daring and vision that marks the entire operation."[57]
Accolades[edit]
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe won several awards including the Academy Award for Makeup; the BeliefNet Film Award for Best Spiritual film; the Movieguide Faith & Values Awards: Most Inspiring Movie of 2005 and Best Family Movie of 2005; and the CAMIE (Character and Morality In Entertainment) Award. Others include the British Academy Film Awards for Makeup and Hair and Orange Rising Star (James McAvoy); Outstanding Motion Picture, Animated or Mixed Media; the Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Performance by a Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role (Georgie Henley, Female); the Costume Designers Guild Award for Excellence in Fantasy Film (Isis Mussenden); and the Saturn Award for Costumes (Isis Mussenden) and Make-up (Howard Berger, Greg Nicotero, and Nikki Gooley).
Georgie Henley, in her performance as Lucy Pevensie earned critical acclaim for her performance. She won several awards, including the Phoenix Film Critics Society award for Best Actress in a Leading Role and Best Performance by a Youth. She also won another awards either for Best Young Performance or Best Actress in a Leading Role.
Year
Award
Category/Recipient
Result
Reference
2005 Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Performance by a Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role – Female
(Georgie Henley) Won [58]
Satellite Awards Outstanding Motion Picture, Animated or Mixed Media Won
2006 Best DVD Extras Nominated
78th Academy Awards[59] Best Makeup
(Howard Berger)
(Tami Lane) Won
Best Sound Mixing
Terry Porter
(Dean A. Zupancic)
(Tony Johnson) Nominated
Best Visual Effects Nominated
Annie Awards Best Character Animation
Matt Shumway Nominated
Australian Film Institute Excellence in Filmmaking
(Roger Ford) (Production design) Nominated
Excellence in Filmmaking
(Donald McAlpine) (Cinematography) Nominated
59th BAFTA Awards Best Makeup and Hair
Howard Berger
Greg Nicotero
Nikki Gooley Won
Best Achievement in Special Visual Effects
Dean Wright
Bill Westenhofer
Jim Berney
Scott Farrar Nominated
Best Costume Design
Isis Mussenden Nominated
Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Best Family Film (Live Action) Won
Best Young Actress
Georgie Henley Nominated
CAMIE Awards (no name for this award was given)
Charlie Nelson (Walt Disney Pictures)
Brigham Taylor (Disney vice-president productions)
Mark Johnson (producer)
Philip Steuer (producer)
Douglas Gresham (co-producer)
Andrew Adamson (director)
Ann Peacock (screenwriter)
Christopher Markus (screenwriter)
Stephen McFeely (screenwriter)
Georgie Henley (actor)
William Moseley (actor)
Skandar Keynes (actor)
Anna Popplewell (actor)
(Walden Media) Won
CFCA Awards Most Promising Performer
Georgie Henley Nominated
Costume Designers Guild Awards Fantasy Film
Isis Mussenden Won
11th Empire Awards Best Newcomer
Georgie Henley Nominated
Best Newcomer
James McAvoy Nominated
Best Sci-Fi / Fantasy Nominated
63rd Golden Globe Awards Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score
Harry Gregson-Williams Nominated
Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song
Alanis Morissette
"Wunderkind" Nominated
Hugo Awards Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation Nominated
Humanitas Prize Feature Film Category
Ann Peacock
Andrew Adamson
Christopher Markus
Stephen McFeely Nominated
London Film Critics Circle Awards 2005 British Supporting Actor of the Year (James McAvoy) Nominated
British Supporting Actress of the Year (Tilda Swinton) Nominated
MTV Movie Awards MTV Movie Award for Best Villain (Tilda Swinton) Nominated
Motion Picture Sound Editors Best Sound Editing in Feature Film – Dialogue and Automated Dialogue Replacement
George Watters II (supervising sound editor)
Kimberly Harris (supervising adr editor)
Richard Beggs (sound designer)
David Bach (supervising dialogue editor)
David V. Butler (dialogue editor)
Laura Graham (adr editor)
Michele Perrone (adr editor) Nominated
Best Sound Editing in Feature Film – Sound Effects & Foley
Richard Beggs (supervising sound editor)
George Watters II (supervising sound editor)
Victoria Martin (supervising foley editor)
F. Hudson Miller (sound editor)
R.J. Palmer (sound editor)
John Morris (sound editor)
Suhail Kafity (sound editor)
Chuck Michael (sound editor)
Todd Toon (sound editor)
Gary Wright (sound editor)
Heather Gross (sound editor)
Matthew Harrison (foley editor)
James Likowski (foley editor)
Dan O'Connell (foley artist)
John T. Cucci (foley artist) Nominated
MovieGuide Awards Best Film for Families Won
Epiphany Prize Won
Online Film Critics Society Awards Best Breakthrough Performance(Georgie Henley) Nominated
Visual Effects Society Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Motion Picture
Richard Baneham
Erik-Jan de Boer
Matt Logue
Joe Ksander
For "Aslan"
Nominated
Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects Driven Motion Picture
Dean Wright
Randy Starr
Bill Westenhofer
Jim Berney Nominated
World Soundtrack Awards Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film
Harry Gregson-Williams (music)
Imogen Heap (music/lyrics/performer)
For the song "Can't Take It In" Nominated
27th Young Artist Awards Best Family Feature Film – Drama Won
Best Performance in a Feature Film – Young Actress Age Ten or Younger
Georgie Henley
Won
Best Performance in a Feature Film (Comedy or Drama) – Leading Young Actor
William Moseley
Nominated
2007 Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, USA Best DVD Special Edition Release
For the "Extended Edition" Nominated
49th Grammy Awards Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media (Harry Gregson-Williams) Nominated
Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media
(Imogen Heap)
For the song "Can't Take It In"
Nominated
DVD and Blu-ray release[edit]
The DVD for The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe was released on April 4, 2006. It is available in a standard one-disc set (with separate fullscreen and widescreen editions), and a deluxe widescreen two-disc boxed set with additional artwork and other materials from Disney and Walden Media. The DVD sold four million copies on its first day of release[60] and overtook Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire to become the top selling DVD in North America for 2006.[61] As of December 2008 it has grossed $353.5 million in DVD sales, equivalent to 12,458,637 units sold.[62][63]
Disney later issued a four-disc extended cut of the film on DVD. It was released on December 12, 2006, and was available commercially until January 31, 2007, after which Disney put the DVD on moratorium.[64] The extended cut of the film runs approximately 150 minutes. The set includes all of the features previously released on the two-disc special edition. The two additional discs include a segment called "The Dreamer of Narnia", a previously unreleased feature-length film about C. S. Lewis, and additional production featurettes.[65] Most of the extended footage, besides the extended battle sequence, is longer establishing shots of Narnia and footage of the Pevensies walking in Narnia.[66]
The high-definition Blu-ray Disc version was released on May 13, 2008, in the United States, and on June 16, 2008, in the United Kingdom.[67]
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b "The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Narnia dvd sales". the-numbers.com. December 20, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Andrew Adamson, William Moseley, Anna Popplewell, Skandar Keynes, Georgie Henley (2006). The Chronicles of Narnia:The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe Cast Commentary (DVD).
^ Jump up to: a b c Richard Taylor, Howard Berger, Isis Mussendun, Roger Ford, Donald McAlpine, Sim-Evan Jones, Harry Gregson-Williams, Mark Johnson (2006). Cinematic Storytellers (DVD). Buena Vista.
^ Jump up to: a b Chronicles of a Director (DVD). Buena Vista. 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c Visualizing The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe: The Complete Production Experience (DVD). Buena Vista. 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Andrew Adamson, Mark Johnson, Roger Ford (2006). Commentary (DVD). Buena Vista.
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Jump up ^ Marilyn Beck; Stacy Jenel Smith (October 18, 1996). "Soundstage space crunch alters filmmaker Marshall's plans". Los Angeles Daily News. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Potts, Kimberly. "20 Secrets about Narnia (Page 2)". Movies.com. Retrieved January 13, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Fisher, Paul (November 21, 2005). "Interview: Andrew Adamson "Chronicles of Narnia – Lion, Witch & Wardrobe"". Dark Horizons. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Faraci, Devin (August 11, 2005). "The Coverage of Narnia – Part 1". CHUD. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
Jump up ^ Davidson, Paul (December 7, 2001). "Move Over, Harry – A Real Fantasy Classic Is Coming to Town". IGN. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
Jump up ^ Sam Adams (December 10, 2007). "Fantasy films? There's truth in there too". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Del Toro crafts a harrowing fairy tale". Star Beacon. December 29, 2006. Retrieved March 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ Simon Thompson (July 6, 2006). "Popplewell Gives Narnia Sequel Update". Comingsoon.net. Retrieved February 24, 2007.
Jump up ^ Joanna Cohen (December 2, 2008). "Richard Taylor on the Weta Workshop and Prince Caspian". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ George Rousch (December 2, 2008). "Prince Caspian DVD Interview: Creature Effects Wizard Howard Berger". Latino Review. Retrieved December 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ Mike Szymanski (December 3, 2008). "More Caspian Clips, Creatures". SCI FI Wire. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved December 3, 2008.
Jump up ^ Perry Moore; Anna Popplewell; Georgie Henley; Andrew Adamson; Roger Ford; Ben Wooten; Richard Taylor; Howard Berger; Dean Wright; Douglas Gresham (2005). The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe – The Official Illustrated Movie Companion. Harpercollins. pp. 104–113. ISBN 0-00-720817-0.
Jump up ^ "Narnia Filming Underway!". NarniaWeb. June 28, 2004. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
Jump up ^ Alan, Perrott (August 26, 2004). "Animatronic reindeer replace living variety in Narnia film". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved November 22, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Filming at Elephant Rocks". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ The Children's Magical Journey (DVD). Buena Vista. 2006.
Jump up ^ "Narnia Shooting Ends". IGN. February 16, 2005. Retrieved January 6, 2007.
Jump up ^ Mouth, Blabber (November 26, 2004). "BLABBERMOUTH.NET – Film Producers: EVANESCENCE-Penned Score Is Figment Of AMY LEE'S Imagination". roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net.
^ Jump up to: a b Brennan, Mike. "Exclusive - The Chronicles of Narnia - First Listen". SoundtrackNet. November 14, 2005.
Jump up ^ Burlingame, Jon. "Harry Gregson-Williams: A 21st Century Man". Music World via BMI. October 5, 2006.
Jump up ^ "WORLDWIDE OPENINGS". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2005 WORLDWIDE GROSSES". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "'Narnia' Vs. 'Narnia'". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Walden Media". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "OPENING WEEKENDS". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "2005 OPENING GROSSES". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2005 DOMESTIC GROSSES". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Holiday 2005: 'Kong' vs. 'Narnia' vs. 'Goblet'". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Christian". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Family – Children's Book Adaptation". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Fantasy – Live Action". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "BUENA VISTA". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved August 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005): Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved August 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Metacritic reviews". Retrieved October 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Leonard Maltin's 2009 movie and video guide page 245
Jump up ^ Stuart Klawans. Imitation of Art.
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Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock (August 19, 2011). "Why CinemaScore Matters for Box Office". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Newsday – Long Island's & NYC's News Source".
Jump up ^ "The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe". IMDb. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The 78th Academy Awards (2006) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Narnia DVD Sales Dominate First Week – ComingSoon.net". April 13, 2006.
Jump up ^ "The Chronicles of Narnia is the Top Selling DVD for 2006". MovieWeb.com. May 17, 2006. Retrieved October 24, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Narnia total dvd numbers". the-numbers.com. December 20, 2008.
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Jump up ^ McCutcheon, David (September 29, 2006). "Disney Closes the Vault: Four films locked away by Disney after December". IGN. Retrieved January 3, 2007.
Jump up ^ "DVD Press Release". Retrieved October 5, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Disney Sets 'Chronicles of Narnia' Blu-ray for May". High-Def Digest.
External links[edit]
Narnia portal
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
Wikinews has related news: 2006 Oscars handed out at Kodak Theatre
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The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe on IMDb
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The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe at Rotten Tomatoes
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe at Metacritic
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Octet rule
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The bonding in carbon dioxide (CO2): all atoms are surrounded by 8 electrons, fulfilling the octet rule.
The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects observation that atoms of main-group elements tend to combine in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electron configuration as a noble gas. The rule is especially applicable to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and the halogens, but also to metals such as sodium or magnesium.
The valence electrons can be counted using a Lewis electron dot diagram as shown at the right for carbon dioxide. The electrons shared by the two atoms in a covalent bond are counted twice, once for each atom. In carbon dioxide each oxygen shares four electrons with the central carbon, two (shown in red) from the oxygen itself and two (shown in black) from the carbon. All four of these electrons are counted in both the carbon octet and the oxygen octet.
Contents
[hide]
1 Example: sodium chloride
2 History
3 Explanation in quantum theory
4 Exceptions
5 Three-electron bonds
6 Hypervalent molecules
7 See also
8 References
Example: sodium chloride[edit]
Ionic bonding is common between pairs of atoms, where one of the pair is a metal of low electronegativity (such as sodium) and the second a nonmetal of high electronegativity (such as chlorine).
A chlorine atom has seven electrons in its outer electron shell, the first and second shells being filled with two and eight electrons respectively. The first electron affinity of chlorine (the energy release when chlorine gains an electron) is +328.8 kJ per mole of chlorine atoms. Adding a second electron to chlorine requires energy, energy that cannot be recovered by formation of a chemical bond. The result is that chlorine will very often form a compound in which it has eight electrons in its outer shell (a complete octet).
A sodium atom has a single electron in its outermost electron shell, the first and second shells again being full with two and eight electrons respectively. To remove this outer electron requires only the first ionization energy, which is +495.8 kJ per mole of sodium atoms, a small amount of energy. By contrast, the second electron resides in the deeper second electron shell, and the second ionization energy required for its removal is much larger: +4562.4 kJ per mole. Thus sodium will, in most cases, form a compound in which it has lost a single electron and have a full outer shell of eight electrons, or octet.
The energy required to transfer an electron from a sodium atom to a chlorine atom (the difference of the 1st ionization energy of sodium and the electron affinity of chlorine) is small: +495.8 − 328.8 = +167 kJ mol−1. This energy is easily offset by the lattice energy of sodium chloride: −787.3 kJ mol−1. This completes the explanation of the octet rule in this case.
History[edit]
In the late 19th century it was known that coordination compounds (formerly called “molecular compounds”) were formed by the combination of atoms or molecules in such a manner that the valencies of the atoms involved apparently became satisfied. In 1893, Alfred Werner showed that the number of atoms or groups associated with a central atom (the “coordination number”) is often 4 or 6; other coordination numbers up to a maximum of 8 were known, but less frequent. In 1904 Richard Abegg was one of the first to extend the concept of coordination number to a concept of valence in which he distinguished atoms as electron donors or acceptors, leading to positive and negative valence states that greatly resemble the modern concept of oxidation states. Abegg noted that the difference between the maximum positive and negative valences of an element under his model is frequently eight.[1] In 1916, Gilbert N. Lewis referred to this insight as Abegg's rule and used it to help formulate his cubical atom model and the "rule of eight", which began to distinguish between valence and valence electrons.[2] In 1919 Irving Langmuir refined these concepts further and renamed them the "cubical octet atom" and "octet theory".[3] The "octet theory" evolved into what is now known as the "octet rule".
Explanation in quantum theory[edit]
The quantum theory of the atom explains the eight electrons as a closed shell with an s2p6 electron configuration. A closed-shell configuration is one in which low-lying energy levels are full and higher energy levels are empty. For example, the neon atom ground state has a full n = 2 shell (2s2 2p6) and an empty n = 3 shell. According to the octet rule, the atoms immediately before and after neon in the periodic table (i.e. C, N, O, F, Na, Mg and Al), tend to attain a similar configuration by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons.
The argon atom has an analogous 3s2 3p6 configuration. There is also an empty 3d level, but it is at considerably higher energy than 3s and 3p (unlike in the hydrogen atom), so that 3s2 3p6 is still considered a closed shell for chemical purposes. The atoms immediately before and after argon tend to attain this configuration in compounds. There are, however, some hypervalent molecules in which the 3d level may play a part in the bonding, although this is controversial (see below).
For helium there is no 1p level according to the quantum theory, so that 1s2 is a closed shell with no p electrons. The atoms before and after helium (H and Li) follow a duet rule and tend to have the same 1s2 configuration as helium.
Exceptions[edit]
Incomplete valence shell:
Seven-electron species are free radicals with unpaired electrons. For example, the methyl radical (CH3) has an unpaired electron in a non-bonding orbital on the carbon atom, and no electron of opposite spin in the same orbital. Another example is the chlorine radical produced by CFCs, known to be harmful to the ozone layer.
Six-electron species are highly reactive and short lived. An example is the carbenes, which have two unshared valence electrons on the same carbon atom in a triplet or singlet state. Another example is BH3, which dimerizes into diborane (B2H6) to achieve stability.
Other rules:
The duet rule of the first shell—the noble gas helium has two electrons in its outer shell, which is very stable. (Since there is no 1p subshell, 1s is followed immediately by 2s, and thus shell 1 can only have at most 2 valence electrons). Hydrogen only needs one additional electron to attain this stable configuration, while lithium needs to lose one.
For transition metals, some classes of molecule tend to obey the 18-electron rule which corresponds to the utilization of valence-shell s, p and d orbitals to form bonding and non-bonding orbitals. However newer theoretical treatments support a model with the duodectet rule (12 electrons) using mainly the d and s valence orbitals.[4] The exclusion of p orbitals for transition metal atoms is analogous to the exclusion of d orbitals for hypervalent molecules of main group atoms. (See hypervalent molecules below).
Three-electron bonds[edit]
Comparison of the electronic structure of the three-electron bond to the conventional covalent bond.
Some stable molecular radicals (e.g. nitric oxide, NO) obtain octet configurations by means of a three-electron bond which contributes one shared and one unshared electron to the octet of each bonded atom.[5] In NO, the octet on each atom is completed by four electrons from two two-electron bonds, plus a lone pair of non-bonding electrons on that atom alone. The bond order is 2.5, since each two-electron bond counts as one bond while the three-electron bond has only one shared electron and therefore corresponds to a half-bond.
Dioxygen is sometimes represented as obeying the octet rule with a double bond (O=O) containing two pairs of shared electrons.[6] However the ground state of this molecule is paramagnetic, indicating the presence of unpaired electrons. Pauling proposed that this molecule actually contains two three-electron bonds and one normal covalent (two-electron) bond.[7] The octet on each atom then consists of two electrons from each three-electron bond, plus the two electrons of the covalent bond, plus one lone pair of non-bonding electrons.
Hypervalent molecules[edit]
Main article: Hypervalent molecule
Main-group elements in the third and later rows of the periodic table can form hypercoordinate or hypervalent molecules in which the central main-group atom is bonded to more than four other atoms, such as phosphorus pentachloride, PCl5, and sulfur hexafluoride, SF6. For example, in PCl5, if it is supposed that there are five true covalent bonds in which five distinct electron pairs are shared, then the phosphorus would be surrounded by 10 valence electrons in violation of the octet rule. In the early days of quantum mechanics, Pauling proposed that third-row atoms can form five bonds by using one s, three p and one d orbitals, or six bonds by using one s, three p and two d orbitals.[8] To form five bonds, the one s, three p and one d orbitals combine to form five sp3d hybrid orbitals which each share an electron pair with a halogen atom, for a total of 10 shared electrons, two more than the octet rule predicts. Similarly to form six bonds, the six sp3d2 hybrid orbitals form six bonds with 12 shared electrons.[9] In this model the availability of empty d orbitals is used to explain the fact that third-row atoms such as phosphorus and sulfur can form more than four covalent bonds, whereas second-row atoms such as nitrogen and oxygen are strictly limited by the octet rule.[10]
However other models describe the bonding using only s and p orbitals in agreement with the octet rule. A valence bond description of PF5 uses resonance between different PF4+ F− structures, so that each F is bonded by a covalent bond in four structures and an ionic bond in one structure. Each resonance structure has eight valence electrons on P.[11] A molecular orbital theory description considers the highest occupied molecular orbital to be a non-bonding orbital localized on the five fluorine atoms, in addition to four occupied bonding orbitals, so again there are only eight valence electrons on the phosphorus.[citation needed] The validity of the octet rule for hypervalent molecules is further supported by ab initio molecular orbital calculations, which show that the contribution of d functions to the bonding orbitals is small.[12][13]
See also[edit]
Lewis structure
Electron counting
18-Electron rule
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Abegg, R. (1904). "Die Valenz und das periodische System. Versuch einer Theorie der Molekularverbindungen (Valency and the periodic system – Attempt at a theory of molecular compounds)". Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie. 39 (1): 330–380. doi:10.1002/zaac.19040390125.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Gilbert N. (1916). "The Atom and the Molecule". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 38 (4): 762–785. doi:10.1021/ja02261a002.
Jump up ^ Langmuir, Irving (1919). "The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 41 (6): 868–934. doi:10.1021/ja02227a002.
Jump up ^ Frenking, Gernot; Shaik, Sason, eds. (May 2014). "Chapter 7: Chemical bonding in Transition Metal Compounds". The Chemical Bond: Chemical Bonding Across the Periodic Table. Wiley -VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-33315-8.
Jump up ^ Harcourt, Richard D., ed. (2015). "Chapter 2: Pauling "3-Electron Bonds", 4-Electron 3-Centre Bonding, and the Need for an "Increased-Valence" Theory". Bonding in Electron-Rich Molecules: Qualitative Valence-Bond Approach via Increased-Valence Structures. Springer. ISBN 9783319166766.
Jump up ^ For example, General chemistry by R.H.Petrucci, W.S.Harwood and F.G.Herring (8th ed., Prentice-Hall 2002, ISBN 0-13-014329-4, p.395) writes the Lewis structure with a double bond, but adds a question mark with the explanation that there is some doubt about the validity of this structure because it fails to account for the observed paramagnetism.
Jump up ^ L. Pauling The Nature of the Chemical Bond (3rd ed., Oxford University Press 1960) chapter 10.
Jump up ^ L. Pauling The Nature of the Chemical Bond (3rd ed., Oxford University Press 1960) p.63. In this source Pauling considers as examples PCl5 and the PF6− ion. ISBN 0-8014-0333-2
Jump up ^ R.H. Petrucci, W.S. Harwood and F.G. Herring, General Chemistry (8th ed., Prentice-Hall 2002) p.408 and p.445 ISBN 0-13-014329-4
Jump up ^ Douglas B.E., McDaniel D.H. and Alexander J.J. Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed., John Wiley 1983) pp.45-47 ISBN 0-471-21984-3
Jump up ^ Housecroft C.E. and Sharpe A.G., Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed. (Pearson Education Ltd. 2005), p.390-1
Jump up ^ Miessler D.L. and Tarr G.A., Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed. (Prentice-Hall 1999), p.48
Jump up ^ Magnusson, E., J.Am.Chem.Soc. (1990), v.112, p.7940-51 Hypercoordinate Molecules of Second-Row Elements: d Functions or d Orbitals?
[hide]
v
t
e
Electron configuration
Introduction to quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics
Quantum numbers
Principal quantum number (n)
Azimuthal quantum number (ℓ)
Magnetic quantum number (m)
Spin quantum number (s)
Periodic table
Periodic table (electron configurations)
Others
Pauli exclusion principle
Hund's rule
Octet rule
Aufbau principle
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