text:
Gimme Gimme Gimme (TV series)
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Gimme Gimme Gimme
Part of the Gimme Gimme Gimme title sequence.
Genre
Sitcom
Created by
Jonathan Harvey
Developed by
Jonathan Harvey
Kathy Burke
Starring
Kathy Burke
James Dreyfus
Brian Bovell
Beth Goddard
Rosalind Knight
Opening theme
"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)"
Ending theme
"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)"
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
3
No. of episodes
19 (+1 Comic Relief sketch) (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Jon Plowman
Peter Bennett-Jones
Mark Chapman
Producer(s)
Sue Vertue
Matthew Francis
Running time
29 minutes
Production company(s)
Tiger Aspect Productions
Distributor
Endemol UK
Release
Original network
BBC Two (series 1-2)
BBC One (series 3)
Picture format
16:9
Original release
8 January 1999 (1999-01-08) – 14 December 2001 (2001-12-14)
External links
Website
Gimme Gimme Gimme is a BBC television sitcom by Tiger Aspect Productions that was first aired in three series from 1999 to 2001. It was written by Jonathan Harvey, who developed the series with Kathy Burke.
The title from the show stems from both the main characters' continual search for a male partner, and the theme music is a cover of ABBA's "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)". The first two series were originally shown on BBC Two and were deemed successful enough for the third series to be shown on BBC One.
The series is repeated on Gold.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast
3 Characters
3.1 Regular
3.2 Recurring
4 Production
5 Episodes
6 Ratings
7 Home media
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Premise[edit]
Gimme Gimme Gimme centres around loudmouthed Londoner Linda La Hughes (played by comedian and director Kathy Burke) and her gay flatmate, actor Tom Farrell (played by James Dreyfus). A modern twist on the traditional "odd couple" format, much of Gimme Gimme Gimme's humour springs from its lubricious innuendo subplot, which comes from the mouths of both Tom and Linda.
Linda is characterised by her red perm, white glasses, and plump, lycra-clad figure. Boorish, unattractive Linda is convinced she is a "stunner"; in series three she is finally diagnosed with reversed body dysmorphic disorder. It is suggested that Linda and Tom first met at a nightclub, bonded instantly (due to both being on ecstasy), and decided to live together. What follows is, as writer Jonathan Harvey describes, "one long comedown". Linda often tells humorous anecdotes about her family and childhood which suggest abuse or neglect (such as how she apparently slept on a doormat as a baby, lived in a kennel as a child, and was left in a car-boot for the two weeks her aunt went on holiday), but she always thinks of these as positive experiences. She also claims that her Daddy now lives in an iron lung, although the only proof she has is a photo of a sideboard. Linda also lived in a convent and a borstal as a teenager. She has crushes on Liam Gallagher (in whom she lost interest after series one as she "couldn't bring up another bird's child"), Robbie Williams, and both male members of Hear'Say. She also imagines having sex with Dale Winton in a toilet cubicle.
Tom is melodramatic yet fails in his desire to get acting roles. He believes himself to be truly gifted in the art of acting, and often blames his failures on his agent or society itself. He did appear in one episode of EastEnders and often brags about it, delaying for as long as he can the fact that he was in one scene, had one line, and did nothing but buy a cagoule from Bianca Jackson's market stall. He also appeared in Daylight Robbery as an extra, standing in a queue in the background. He had one line but it was cut due to timekeeping. He insists that the entire series was ruined due to the axing of his line. Tom has an obsession with appearing to be middle-class even though he hails from a working-class background, possibly because he also hates his parents. It is often suggested that Tom has no friends whatsoever (apart from Linda and his housemates) but unlike Linda he usually tries to pretend he is popular. Tom is in love with the actor Simon Shepherd.
Although they appear to loathe each other, Tom and Linda are beholden to each other due to the simple fact that nobody else can tolerate them. They are in many ways alike: selfish, unsuccessful, and physically and personally unattractive - although Tom less so. The hapless duo live in a Kentish Town flat (69 Paradise Passage, Kentish Town) rented from elderly ex-prostitute Beryl Merit (Rosalind Knight). Other regular characters are the middle-class, horny married couple Jez (Brian Bovell) and Suze (Beth Goddard). Many of the storylines revolve around the fact that Tom and Linda find Jez sexually attractive and (particularly Linda) despise the oblivious Suze. Another recurring character is Sugar Walls (Elaine Lordan), Linda's celebrity sister. Many of the other characters can be just as hapless as Tom and Linda; Beryl still engages in sexual activities such as S&M and picking up young and married men, while Jez and Suze generally lack common sense. For example, they once cancelled their holiday to the Algarve and paid £500 to stay in their own back garden after Linda opened it up as a campsite.
Simon Shepherd, Su Pollard, Charlie Condou, and Rose Keegan have made guest appearances. Su Pollard played a character called Heidi Honeycombe; when she appeared, Linda greeted her with "Heidi! Hi!" (a reference to Pollard's character in the sitcom Hi-de-Hi!).
At the end of series three, Tom finally got his big break in TV soap opera Crossroads. The last episode ended with Tom leaving the flat and Linda taking off her hair (revealing it to be a wig) and sitting in the flat alone.
Cast[edit]
Kathy Burke as Linda La Hughes (19 episodes)
James Dreyfus as Tom Farrell (19 episodes)
Beth Goddard as Suze Littlewood (14 episodes)
Brian Bovell as Jez Littlewood (13 episodes)
Rosalind Knight as Beryl Merit (13 episodes)
Doña Croll as Norma (4 episodes, inc 2 voice appearances)
Simon Shepherd as Himself (3 episodes)
Elaine Lordan as Sugar Walls (2 episodes)
Jonathan Harvey as Man on sofa & Louie (2 episodes)
Characters[edit]
Regular[edit]
Linda La Hughes – Linda is an unattractive middle-aged woman who usually wears skin tight, colourful clothing. Linda grabs any opportunity to bluntly flirt with any man she sees. She is delusional about her appearance; in the Series 3 episode "Trauma," she's finally diagnosed with reversed body dysmorphic disorder. Her age is uncertain as she has announced different ages through the three series e.g. 16, 18, 19, 23 and 28. In the Series 2 episode "Dirty Thirty", her birth certificate reveals that she is 39 – but in the Series 3 episode "Secrets and Flies" she is unexpectedly reunited with her 28-year-old son; she says she was 15 when she gave birth to him, meaning she must be 43. Linda has a large family consisting of a son named Zippy, two cousins, Simon who has a wonky eye, Velma who works in Soho who has an act called "Snatch and Ladders", two aunties, Nitty and Ivy, an uncle called Tyrone and a sister called Sharon La Hughes who changed her name to Sugar Walls. Her Mother, called "Queenie" (and oddly referred to in one episode as "Dolly") died when Linda was a child but there is some uncertainty as to the cause; Linda tells Tom’s mum that she collapsed in a paddling pool in Pinner, but her sister Sugar Walls states that she electrocuted herself on her own Slendertone pads. Her Daddy hides from her, although she thinks he's in an iron lung, but he does send her Christmas Presents. When Linda is asked what her father's name is by her son Zippy, she replies "Daddy".
Thomas Thessalonius "Tom" Farrell – Tom is a 30-year-old wannabe (but bad) actor who has only had small roles on TV and on stage. Tom is openly gay and seizes every possible opportunity to get a boyfriend. Throughout Series 1, he often refers to using drugs once at home when he mistook a sleeping tablet for an E, the other when reading what "middle class" people should do "the middle class person will not go to sleazy night club and get off his tits on ecstasy" He also tends to exaggerate a lot. Series 3 concludes with him moving to Nottingham to join the cast of Crossroads.
Beryl Merit – Beryl is the elderly landlady of 69 Paradise Passage. She is a retired prostitute but stays involved in criminal activities such as shoplifting and bootlegging; in the Series 2 episode "Glad to be Gay?" she's seen to be an escort. Her best friend is Reenie, a fellow former prostitute whom she often mentions and is seen chatting to on the phone, but who never appears.
Jez Littlewood – Jez is Tom and Linda's hunky middle-class neighbour. When Tom and Linda first meet Jez, they think one of them has slept with him, but actually he had just slept on the sofa. Both Tom and Linda constantly lust after him; whilst Tom tends to be subtle about his feelings, Linda boorishly propositions Jez at every opportunity – even in Suze's presence. However, Jez is devoted to his wife.
Suze Littlewood – Suze is Jez's ditzy wife. She can sometimes be nice but on other occasions she can be hyperactive and rather irritating, unintentionally coming off as a burden. Tom and Linda loathe Suze for standing in the way of their pursuit of Jez. Linda, especially, showers her with vicious insults, most of which go way over her head. She and Jez have a voracious – often vociferous – sex life. In the Series 3 episode "Secrets and Flies" (featuring Linda's own long-lost son), she gives birth to their baby boy, Lee-on-Solent "Lee" Littlewood. Suze has also stated that she is a "committed vegetarian", with a liking for spinach pie and quorn placenta.
Recurring[edit]
Norma – Norma is Tom's agent and appears throughout all three of the series.
Sugar Walls – Sugar (Birthname Sharon La Hughes) is Linda's famous sister. She is a model, but is more famous for her promiscuity than her modelling career. She appears once in series 1 and again in series 2.
Simon Shepherd – Simon is Tom's celebrity crush. Simon is famous for starring in Peak Practice. He appears in every series.
Production[edit]
The series was filmed in front of a live studio audience in Studio 2 at The London Studios, South Bank, London
Writer Jonathan Harvey appeared in three episodes; as a guest at the series 1 wedding, once as make-up artist Louis, and then as a customer in a sofa store.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Gimme Gimme Gimme episodes
Gimme Gimme Gimme has broadcast three series and 19 episodes in total. The first series premiered on BBC Two on 8 January 1999 and lasted for six episodes, concluding on 12 February 1999. Following this, a Millennium special was screened at the end of the year on 29 December 1999. A second series commenced on 14 January 2000 and finished on 18 February 2000, again including six episodes. A short sketch included as part of Comic Relief was broadcast on 16 March 2001. Due to the high viewing figures and success the show received, it was moved to BBC One for a six-episode third series which was the last. Each episode was written by Jonathan Harvey and directed by Liddy Oldroyd for the first two series and the special; the third series was directed by Tristram Shapeero.
Ratings[edit]
Series
Episode
Viewers
1 1 6,550,000
2 6,290,000
3 5,950,000
4 6,100,000
5 5,840,000
6 5,350,000
Series
Episode
Viewers
2 Millennium special 3,980,000
1 6,790,000
2 5,420,000
3 5,570,000
4 6,160,000
5 4,720,000
6 7,100,000
Series
Episode
Viewers
3 1 6,790,000
2 underneath 6,150,000
3 underneath 5,830,000
4 underneath 5,960,000
5 underneath 5,920,000
6 underneath 5,550,000
Home media[edit]
Title
Episodes
No. of discs
Release date
VHS / Region 2 DVD
Region 2 DVD (re-release)
Region 4 DVD
The Complete First Series 6 1 1 October 2001 30 April 2007 22 April 2003[1]
The Complete Second Series 7 1 17 November 2003 27 August 2007 3 June 2009[2]
The Complete Third Series 6 1 11 November 2002 27 August 2007 TBA
The Complete Collection 19 3 17 November 2003 20 November 2006 / 2011* TBA
The Complete Collection was re-released again in 2011 in standard DVD case, as the 2006 box set went out of print. The UK DVD releases have both Region 2 and Region 4 encoding on each season and the complete set.
References[edit]
Brown, David (2015) The BBC would never make Gimme Gimme Gimme today, says its writer Jonathan Harvey Radio Times
Harvey, Jonathan (2002). Gimme Gimme Gimme: The Book Boxtree. ISBN 978-0752272689.
Jump up ^ "Gimme Gimme Gimme Series 1 on DVD". dvdorachar.com.au. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gimme Gimme Gimme Series 2 on DVD". dvdorachar.com.au. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Padva. Gilad (2005). Desired Bodies and Queer Masculinities in Three Popular TV Sitcoms. In Lorek-Jezinska, Edyta and Wieckowska, Katarzyna (Eds.), Corporeal Inscriptions: Representations of the Body in Cultural and Literary Texts and Practices(pp. 127–138). Torun, Poland: Nicholas Copernicus University Press.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Gimme Gimme Gimme
Gimme Gimme Gimme at BBC Online
Gimme Gimme Gimme at BBC Programmes
Gimme Gimme Gimme on IMDb
Gimme Gimme Gimme at British Comedy Guide
Gimme Gimme Gimme at TV.com
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gimme_Gimme_Gimme_(TV_series)&oldid=835714625"
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Microsporidia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about parasitic fungi group. For the ascomycete fungi genus, see Microsporum. For the green algae genus, see Microspora. For the beetle family, see Microsporidae.
Microsporidia
Sporoblast of
Fibrillanosema crangonycis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Microsporidia
Balbiani, 1882[1]
Classes and orders
See text.
Synonyms
Microsporidiida Labbé, 1899
Microsporea Delphy, 1936 [1963], Levine et al., 1980[2][3]
Microsporidea Corliss & Levine, 1963[4]
Microspora Sprague, 1969, 1977[5]
Microsporida Tuzet at al. 1971
Microsporidia are a group of spore-forming unicellular parasites. They were once considered protozoans or protists, but are now known to be fungi,[6] or a sister group to fungi.[7] Loosely 1500 of the probably more than one million[8] species are named now. Microsporidia are restricted to animal hosts, and all major groups of animals host microsporidia. Most infect insects, but they are also responsible for common diseases of crustaceans and fish. The named species of microsporidia usually infect one host species or a group of closely related taxa. Several species, most of which are opportunistic, also infect humans.
Approximately 10 percent of the species are parasites of vertebrates—including humans, in which they can cause microsporidiosis.
After infection they influence their hosts in various ways and all organs and tissues are invaded, though generally by different species of microsporidia. Some species are lethal, and a few are used in biological control of insect pests. Parasitic castration, gigantism, or change of host sex are all potential effects of microsporidian parasitism (in insects). In the most advanced cases of parasitism the microsporidium rules the host cell completely and controls its metabolism and reproduction, forming a xenoma.[9]
Replication takes place within the host's cells, which are infected by means of unicellular spores. These vary from 1–40 μm, making them some of the smallest eukaryotes.[citation needed] Microsporidia that infect mammals are 1.0–4.0 μm.[10] They also have the smallest eukaryotic genomes.
The terms "microsporidium" (pl. "microsporidia") and "microsporidian" are used as vernacular names for members of the group. The name Microsporidium Balbiani, 1884[11] is also used as a catchall genus for incertae sedis members.[12]
Xenoma on flatfish caused by Glugea stephani
Contents
[hide]
1 Morphology
2 Infection
3 Medical implications
3.1 Clinical
4 As hyperparasites
5 Genomes
6 Classification
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Morphology[edit]
Dictyocoela diporeiae.[13] A, meront and spore; B, spore wall; C, polar filament
Microsporidia lack mitochondria, instead possessing mitosomes. They also lack motile structures, such as flagella.
Microsporidia produce highly resistant spores, capable of surviving outside their host for up to several years. Spore morphology is useful in distinguishing between different species. Spores of most species are oval or pyriform, but rod-shaped or spherical spores are not unusual. A few genera produce spores of unique shape for the genus.
The spore is protected by a wall, consisting of three layers:
an outer electron-dense exospore
a median, wide and seemingly structureless endospore, containing chitin
a thin internal plasma membrane
In most cases there are two closely associated nuclei, forming a diplokaryon, but sometimes there is only one.
The anterior half of the spore contains a harpoon-like apparatus with a long, thread-like polar filament, which is coiled up in the posterior half of the spore. The anterior part of the polar filament is surrounded by a polaroplast, a lamella of membranes. Behind the polar filament, there is a posterior vacuole.[9]
Infection[edit]
In the gut of the host the spore germinates, it builds up osmotic pressure until its rigid wall ruptures at its thinnest point at the apex. The posterior vacuole swells, forcing the polar filament to rapidly eject the infectious content into the cytoplasm of the potential host. Simultaneously the material of the filament is rearranged to form a tube which functions as a hypodermic needle and penetrates the gut epithelium.
Once inside the host cell, a sporoplasm grows, dividing or forming a multinucleate plasmodium, before producing new spores. The life cycle varies considerably. Some have a simple asexual life cycle,[14] while others have a complex life cycle involving multiple hosts and both asexual and sexual reproduction. Different types of spores may be produced at different stages, probably with different functions including autoinfection (transmission within a single host).
Medical implications[edit]
In animals and humans, microsporidia often cause chronic, debilitating diseases rather than lethal infections. Effects on the host include reduced longevity, fertility, weight, and general vigor. Vertical transmission of microsporidia is frequently reported. In the case of insect hosts, vertical transmission often occurs as transovarial transmission, where the microsporidian parasites pass from the ovaries of the female host into eggs and eventually multiply in the infected larvae. Amblyospora salinaria n. sp. which infects the mosquito Culex salinarius Coquillett, and Amblyospora californica which infects the mosquito Culex tarsalis Coquillett, provide typical examples of transovarial transmission of microsporidia.[15][16][17][18]
Microsporidia, specifically the mosquito-infecting Vavraia culicis, are being explored as a possible 'evolution-proof' malaria-control method.[19] Microsporidian infection of Anopheles gambiae (the principal vector of Plasmodium falciparum malaria) reduces malarial infection within the mosquito, and shortens the mosquito lifespan.[20] As the majority of malaria-infected mosquitoes naturally die before the malaria parasite is mature enough to transmit, any increase in mosquito mortality through microsporidian-infection may reduce malaria transmission to humans.
Clinical[edit]
Main article: Microsporidiosis
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2013)
Microsporidian infections of humans sometimes cause a disease called microsporidiosis. At least 14 microsporidian species, spread across eight genera, have been recognized as human pathogens. These include Trachipleistophora hominis.[21]
As hyperparasites[edit]
A hyperparasitic microsporidian, Nosema podocotyloidis, a parasite of a digenean which is itself a parasite of a fish [22]
Microsporidia can infect a variety of hosts, including hosts which are themselves parasites. In that case, the microsporidian species is an hyperparasite, i.e. a parasite of a parasite. As an example, more than eighteen species are known which parasitize digeneans (parasitic flatworms). These digeneans are themselves parasites in various vertebrates and molluscs. Eight of these species belong to the genus Nosema.[22]
Genomes[edit]
Microsporidia have the smallest known (nuclear) eukaryotic genomes. The parasitic lifestyle of microsporidia has led to a loss of many mitochondrial and Golgi genes, and even their ribosomal RNAs are reduced in size compared with those of most eukaryotes. As a consequence, the genomes of microsporidia are much smaller than those of other eukaryotes. Currently known microsporidial genomes are 2.5 to 11.6 Mb in size, encoding from 1,848 to 3,266 proteins which is in the same range as many bacteria.[23]
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) seems to have occurred many times in microsporidia. For instance, the genomes of Encephalitozoon romaleae and Trachipleistophora hominis contain genes that derive from animals and bacteria, and some even from fungi.[23]
Classification[edit]
Further information: Wikispecies:Microsporidia
The first described microsporidian genus, Nosema, was initially put by Nägeli in the fungal group Schizomycetes together with some bacteria and yeasts.[24][25] For some time microsporidia were considered as very primitive eukaryotes, placed in the protozoan group Cnidospora.[4] Later, especially because of the lack of mitochondria, they were placed along with the other Protozoa such as diplomonads, parabasalids and archamoebae in the protozoan-group Archezoa.[26] More recent research has falsified this theory of early origin (for all of these). Yet microsporidia are proposed to be highly developed and specialized organisms, which just dispensed functions that are needed no longer, because they are supplied by the host.[27] Furthermore, spore-forming organisms in general do have a complex system of reproduction, both sexual and asexual, which look far from primitive.
Nowadays microsporidia are placed within the Fungi or as a sister-group of the Fungi with a common ancestor.[28][29][30][31]
Forming of clades is largely based on habitat and host. Three classes of Microsporidia are proposed by Vossbrinck and Debrunner-Vossbrinck, based on the habitat: Aquasporidia, Marinosporidia and Terresporidia.[32]
Another classification could be:[33]
Class Metchnikovellea Weiser 1977 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1993 [Manubrispora Cavalier-Smith 1998]
Order Metchnikovellida Vivier 1977
Family Amphiacanthidae
Family Metchnikovellidae Caullery & Mesnil 1897
Class Microsporea Delphy 1936 ex Levine & Corliss 1963
Family Cougourdellidae Poisson 1953
Family Facilisporidae
Family Heterovesiculidae Lange et al. 1995
Family Myosporidae
Family Nadelsporidae
Family Neonosemoidiidae
Family Ordosporidae
Family Pseudonosematidae
Family Telomyxidae Leger & Hesse 1910
Family Toxoglugeidae
Family Tubulinosematidae
Subclass Haplophasea Sprague, Becnel & Hazard 1992
Order Chytridiopsida Weiser 1974
Family Chytridiopsidae Sprague, Ormieres & Manier 1972
Family Buxtehudiidae Larsson 1980
Family Enterocytozoonidae
Family Burkeidae Sprague 1977
Family Hesseidae Ormierees & Sprague 1973
Order Glugeida Issi 1986
Family Glugeidae Thelohan 1892 [Pleistophoridae Stempell 1909]
Family Gurleyidae Sprague 1977
Family Encephalitozoonidae
Family Abelsporidae
Family Tuzetiidae Sprague, Tuzet & Maurand 1977
Family Microfilidae
Family Unikaryonidae Sprague 1977
Subclass Dihaplophasea Sprague, Becnel & Hazard 1992
Order Meiodihaplophasida Sprague, Becnel & Hazard 1992
Superfamily Thelohanioidea Hazard & Oldacre 1975
Family Thelohaniidae Hazard & Oldacre 1975 [Coccosporidae]
Family Duboscqiidae Sprague 1977
Family Janacekiidae
Family Pereziidae Loubes et al. 1977
Family Striatosporidae
Family Cylindrosporidae
Superfamily Burenelloidea Jouvenaz & Hazard 1978
Family Burenellidae Jouvenaz & Hazard 1978
Superfamily Amblyosporoidea Weiser 1977
Family Amblyosporidae Weiser 1977
Order Dissociodihaplophasida Sprague, Becnel & Hazard 1992
Superfamily Nosematoidea Labbe
Family Nosematidae Labbe 1899
Family Ichthyosporidiidae
Family Caudosporidae Weiser 1958
Family Pseudopleistophoridae Sprague 1977
Family Mrazekiidae Leger & Hesse 1922
Superfamily Culicosporoidea Weiser 1977
Family Culicosporidae Weisser 1977
Family Culicosporellidae
Family Golbergiidae
Family Spragueidae Weissenberg 1976
Superfamily Ovavesiculoidea Sprague, Becnel & Hazard 1992
Family Ovavesiculidae
Family Tetramicridae
A third classification by Cavalier-Smith 1993:[34]
Subphyla Rudimicrospora Cavalier-Smith 1993
Class Minisporea Cavalier-Smith 1993
Order Minisporida Sprague, 1972
Class Metchnikovellea Weiser, 1977
Order Metchnikovellida Vivier, 1975
Subphyla Polaroplasta Cavalier-Smith 1993
Class Pleistophoridea Cavalier-Smith 1993
Order Pleistophorida Stempell 1906
Class Disporea Cavalier-Smith 1993
Subclass Unikaryotia Cavalier-Smith 1993
Subclass Diplokaryotia Cavalier-Smith 1993
See also[edit]
List of Microsporidian genera
Glugea, a genus of microsporidia
Nosema apis, a microsporidian parasite of bees
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Balbiani, G. 1882. Sur les microsporidies ou psorospermies des Articulés. C. R. Acad. Sci. 95:1168–71, [1].
Jump up ^ Delphy, J. 1936. Sous-règne des Protozoaires. In: Perrier, R. (ed.). La Faune de la France en tableaux synoptiques illustrés, v. 1A. Delagrave: Paris.
Jump up ^ Levine, N. D. et al. (1980). A Newly Revised Classification of the Protozoa. The Journal of Protozoology 27: 37-58, [2].
^ Jump up to: a b Corliss JO, Levine ND (1963). "Establishment of the Microsporidea as a new class in the protozoan subphylum Cnidospora". The Journal of Protozoology. 10 (Suppl.): 26–27.
Jump up ^ Sprague, V. (1977). Classification and phylogeny of the Microsporidia. In: Comparative pathobiology. vol. 2, Systematics of the Microsporidia. Lee A. Bulla & Thomas C. Cheng (ed.). pp. 1-30. New York: Plenum Press, [3].
Jump up ^ Hibbett, D.S. et al. (2007) A higher level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. Mycological Research 111 (5): 509–47, [4].
Jump up ^ Silar, Philippe (2016). "Protistes Eucaryotes : Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes". HAL: 462. ISBN 978-2-9555841-0-1.
Jump up ^ Hawksworth, David (2001). "The magnitude of fungal diversity: The 1.5 million spices estimate revisited". Mycological Research: 1422.
^ Jump up to: a b Ronny Larsson, Lund University (Department of Cell and Organism Biology) Cytology and taxonomy of the microsporidia 2004.
Jump up ^ Didier, ES. (Apr 2005). "Microsporidiosis: an emerging and opportunistic infection in humans and animals". Acta Trop. 94 (1): 61–76. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.01.010. PMID 15777637.
Jump up ^ Balbiani, G. 1884. Les Psorospermies des Articulés ou Microsporidies, pp. 150-168, 184. In: Leçons sur les sporozoaires. Paris: Doin, [5].
Jump up ^ Hoffman, G. (1999). Parasites of North American Freshwater Fishes, 2nd edn, University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA, p. 89, [6].
Jump up ^ Winters, A. D., Faisal, M. 2014. Molecular and ultrastructural characterization of Dictyocoela diporeiae n. sp. (Microsporidia), a parasite of Diporeia spp. (Amphipoda, Gammaridea). Parasite, 21, 26 doi:10.1051/parasite/2014028
Jump up ^ Ironside JE (2007). "Multiple losses of sex within a single genus of Microsporidia". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 48. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-48. PMC 1853083  . PMID 17394631.
Jump up ^ Andreadis TG, Hall DW; Hall (August 1979). "Development, ultrastructure, and mode of transmission of Amblyospora sp. (Microspora) in the mosquito". The Journal of Protozoology. 26 (3): 444–52. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1979.tb04651.x. PMID 536933.
Jump up ^ Andreadis TG, Hall DW; Hall (September 1979). "Significance of transovarial infections of Amblyospora sp. (Microspora:Thelohaniidae) in relation to parasite maintenance in the mosquito Culex salinarius". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 34 (2): 152–7. doi:10.1016/0022-2011(79)90095-8. PMID 536610.
Jump up ^ Jahn GC, Hall DW, Zam SG (1986). "A comparison of the life cycles of two Amblyospora (Microspora: Amblyosporidae) in the mosquitoes Culex salinarius and Culex tarsalis Coquillett". Journal of the Florida Anti-Mosquito Association. 57 (1): 24–27.
Jump up ^ Becnel JJ, Andreadis TG; Andreadis (May 1998). "Amblyospora salinaria n. sp. (Microsporidia: amblyosporidae), parasite of Culex salinarius (Diptera: culicidae): its life cycle stages in an intermediate host". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 71 (3): 258–62. doi:10.1006/jipa.1998.4729. PMID 9538031.
Jump up ^ Koella, Jacob C.; Lorenz, Lena; Bargielowski, Irka (2009). "Chapter 12 Microsporidians as Evolution-Proof Agents of Malaria Control?". Advances in Parasitology. Advances in Parasitology. 68: 315–327. doi:10.1016/S0065-308X(08)00612-X. ISBN 978-0-12-374787-7. PMID 19289199. Retrieved 2009-12-10.
Jump up ^ Bargielowski I, Koella JC; Koella (2009). Baylis, Matthew, ed. "A Possible Mechanism for the Suppression of Plasmodium berghei Development in the Mosquito Anopheles gambiae by the Microsporidian Vavraia culicis". PLoS ONE. 4 (3): e4676. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004676. PMC 2651578  . PMID 19277119.
Jump up ^ Heinz, E; Williams, TA; Nakjang, S; Noël, CJ; Swan, DC; Goldberg, AV; Harris, SR; Weinmaier, T; Markert, S; et al. (Oct 2012). "The genome of the obligate intracellular parasite Trachipleistophora hominis: New insights into microsporidian genome dynamics and reductive evolution". PLoS Pathog. 8 (10): e1002979. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002979. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Toguebaye, B. S.; Quilichini, Y.; Diagne, P. M.; Marchand, B. (2014). "Ultrastructure and development of Nosema podocotyloidis n. sp. (Microsporidia), a hyperparasite of Podocotyloides magnatestis (Trematoda), a parasite of Parapristipoma octolineatum (Teleostei)". Parasite. 21: 44. doi:10.1051/parasite/2014044. PMC 4150386  . PMID 25174849.
^ Jump up to: a b Corradi, N.; Selman, M. (2013). "Latest Progress in Microsporidian Genome Research". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 60 (3): 309–312. doi:10.1111/jeu.12030. PMID 23445243.
Jump up ^ Nägeli, C. von (1857). Über die neue Krankheit der Seidenraupe und verwandte Organismen. pp. 760–61. In: Caspary, R. (ed.). Bericht über die Verhandlungen der 33. Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte, gehalten in Bonn von 18 bis 24 September 1857. Botanische Zeitung 15: 749–776, [7].
Jump up ^ Keeling, P. J., & Fast, N. M. (2002). Microsporidia: biology and evolution of highly reduced intracellular parasites. Annual Reviews in Microbiology, 56(1), 93-116, [8].
Jump up ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1993). Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla. Microbiological Reviews 57 (4): 953–994, [9].
Jump up ^ Keeling PJ, Slamovits CH; Slamovits (December 2004). "Simplicity and Complexity of Microsporidian Genomes". Eukaryotic Cell. 3 (6): 1363–9. doi:10.1128/EC.3.6.1363-1369.2004. PMC 539024  . PMID 15590811.
Jump up ^ Fischer WM, Palmer JD; Palmer (September 2005). "Evidence from small-subunit ribosomal RNA sequences for a fungal origin of Microsporidia". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 36 (3): 606–22. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.031. PMID 15923129.
Jump up ^ Liu YJ, Hodson MC, Hall BD; Hodson; Hall (2006). "Loss of the flagellum happened only once in the fungal lineage: phylogenetic structure of Kingdom Fungi inferred from RNA polymerase II subunit genes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 6: 74. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-6-74. PMC 1599754  . PMID 17010206. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Gill EE, Fast NM; Fast (June 2006). "Assessing the microsporidia-fungi relationship: Combined phylogenetic analysis of eight genes". Gene. 375: 103–9. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2006.02.023. PMID 16626896.
Jump up ^ Lee SC, Corradi N, Byrnes EJ, et al. (November 2008). "Microsporidia evolved from ancestral sexual fungi". Current Biology. 18 (21): 1675–9. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.09.030. PMC 2654606  . PMID 18976912.
Jump up ^ Vossbrinck CR, Debrunner-Vossbrinck BA; Debrunner-Vossbrinck (May 2005). "Molecular phylogeny of the Microsporidia: ecological, ultrastructural and taxonomic considerations". Folia Parasitologica. 52 (1–2): 131–42; discussion 130. doi:10.14411/fp.2005.017. PMID 16004372.
Jump up ^ Alimov, A. F. ed. (May 2007). "Protista 2: Handbook on zoology". Nauka: 1141. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Cavalier-Smith (1993). "Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla" (PDF).
External links[edit]
Data related to Microsporidia at Wikispecies
BioHealthBase Bioinformatics Resource Center Database of microspordia sequences and related information.
Microsporidia at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microsporidia.
[show]
v
t
e
Opisthokont: True fungi classification, fungal orders
Domain
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryota
(Supergroup
Plant
Hacrobia
Heterokont
Alveolata
Rhizaria
Excavata
Amoebozoa
Opisthokonta
Animal
Fungi)
Dikarya
Ascomycota
(sac fungi)
Pezizomycotina
Leotiomyceta
Dothideomyceta
Coniocybomycetes
Lichinomycetes
Arthoniomycetes
Dothideomycetes
Eurotiomycetes
Lecanoromycetes
Sordariomyceta
Xylonomycetes
Geoglossomycetes
Leotiomycetes
Laboulbeniomycetes
Sordariomycetes
Other
Orbiliomycetes
Pezizomycetes
Saccharomycotina
Saccharomycetes
Taphrinomycotina
Archaeorhizomycetes
Neolectomycetes
Pneumocystidomycetes
Schizosaccharomycetes
Taphrinomycetes
Basidiomycota
(with basidia)
Pucciniomycotina
Tritirachiomycetes
Mixiomycetes
Agaricostilbomycetes
Cystobasidiomycetes
Microbotryomycetes
Classiculomycetes
Cryptomycocolacomycetes
Atractiellomycetes
Pucciniomycetes
Ustilaginomycotina
Monilielliomycetes
Malasseziomycetes
Ustilaginomycetes
Exobasidiomycetes
Agaricomycotina
Hymenomycete
Dacrymycetales
Agaricomycetes
Other
Wallemiomycetes
Bartheletiomycetes
Tremellomycetes
Entorrhizomycota
Entorrhizomycetes
Glomeromycota
Glomeromycetes
Zygomycota
(paraphyletic)
Mucoromycotina
Mortierellomycetes
Mucoromycetes
Kickxellomycotina
Zoopagomycetes
Kickxellomycetes
Entomophthoromycotina
Neozygitomycetes
Basidiobolomycetes
Entomophthoromycetes
Zoosporic fungi
(paraphyletic)
Olpidiomycota
Olpidiomycetes
Blastocladiomycota
Blastocladiomycetes
Chytridiomycota
Neocallimastigomycetes
Hyaloraphidiomycetes
Monoblepharidomycetes
Chytridiomycetes
Fungal phyla are underlined. See also: fungi imperfecti (polyphyletic group).
[show]
v
t
e
Opisthokonta
Domain
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryota
(Supergroup
Plant
Hacrobia
Heterokont
Alveolata
Rhizaria
Excavata
Amoebozoa
Opisthokonta
Animal
Fungi)
Holomycota
Cristidiscoidea
Nucleariida
Nucleariidae
Fonticulida
Fonticulaceae
O+F
Opisthosporidia
Aphelida
Aphelidea
Aphelidida
C+M
Cryptomycota
Rozellidea
Rozellida
Microsporidia
Metchnikovellea
Metchnikovellida
Microsporea
Chytridiopsida
Glugeida
Meiodihaplophasida
Dissociodihaplophasida
True Fungi
Neocallimastigomycota
Chytridiomycota
Blastocladiomycota
Olpidiomycota
Entomophthoromycota
Kickxellomycota
Mucoromycota
Glomeromycota
Entorrhizomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Holozoa
Ichthyosporea
Dermocystida
Rhinosporidiaceae
Ichthyophonida
Sphaeroformina
Psorospermidae
Piridae
Creolimacidae
Trichomycina
Ichthyophonidae
Amoebidiidae
Palavasciaceae
Parataeniellaceae
Eccrinaceae
P+F
Pluriformea
Corallochytrea
Corallochytriida
Corallochytriidae
Syssomonas multiformis
Filozoa
Filasterea
Ministeriida
Capsasporidae
Ministeriidae
Apoikozoa
Choanoflagellate
Acanthoecida
Stephanoecidae
Acanthoecidae
Craspedida
Codonosigidae
Salpingoecidae
Metazoa (Animalia)
Porifera
Ctenophora
Placozoa
Cnidaria
Xenacoelomorpha
Deuterostome
chordates
echinoderms
Protostome
Ecdysozoa inc. arthropods and nematodes
Spiralia inc. molluscs and annelids
Sources and alternative views: Wikispecies.
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q132652
EoL: 5006395
EPPO: 1MICRP
Fungorum: 99056
MycoBank: 99056
NCBI: 6029
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsporidia&oldid=836265598"
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