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Pokémon (video game series)
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Pokémon
Genres
Adventure
Augmented reality
Fighting
Puzzle
Role-playing
Strategy
Developer(s)
Ambrella
Bandai Namco Entertainment
Chunsoft
Creatures Inc.
Game Freak
Genius Sonority
HAL Laboratory
Hudson Soft
Intelligent Systems
Niantic Labs
Nintendo
Tecmo Koei
Publisher(s)
Nintendo
Creator(s)
Satoshi Tajiri
Platforms
Android
Arcade
Game Boy
Game Boy Advance
Game Boy Color
GameCube
iOS
Nintendo 3DS
Nintendo 64
Nintendo DS
Nintendo Switch
Wii
Wii U
Platform of origin
Game Boy
Year of inception
1996
First release
Pokémon Red and Blue
February 27, 1996
Latest release
Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon
November 17, 2017
Pokémon is a series of video games developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo as part of the Pokémon media franchise. First released in 1996 in Japan for the Game Boy, the main series of role-playing video games (RPGs) has continued on each generation of Nintendo's handhelds.
The games are commonly released in pairs—each with slight variations—with an enhanced remake of the games usually released a few years after the original versions. While the main series consists of role-playing games, spinoffs encompass other genres, such as action role-playing, puzzle, and digital pet games.
As November 24, 2017, more than 300 million Pokémon games have been sold worldwide, across 76 titles.[1] This makes Pokémon the second best-selling video game franchise, behind Nintendo's own Mario franchise. The franchise's mascot is Pikachu.
Contents
[hide]
1 Generations
1.1 First generation (1996–1999)
1.2 Second generation (1999–2002)
1.3 Third generation (2002–2006)
1.4 Fourth generation (2006–2010)
1.5 Fifth generation (2010–2013)
1.6 Sixth generation (2013–2016)
1.7 Seventh generation (2016–present)
1.8 Future
1.9 Summary of core series titles
2 Gameplay
3 List of main Pokémon games
3.1 Handheld games
3.2 Console games
3.3 Arcade games
3.4 Mobile games
4 Appearances in other games
4.1 Super Smash Bros. series
5 Reception and legacy
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Generations
Timeline of release years
1996 Red and Green
Blue
1997
1998 Yellow
Red and Blue
1999 Gold and Silver
2000 Crystal
2001
2002 Ruby and Sapphire
2003
2004 FireRed and LeafGreen
Emerald
2005
2006 Diamond and Pearl
2007
2008 Platinum
2009 HeartGold and SoulSilver
2010 Black and White
2011
2012 Black 2 and White 2
2013 X and Y
2014 Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire
2015
2016 Sun and Moon
2017 Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon
All of the licensed Pokémon properties overseen by The Pokémon Company are divided roughly by generation. These generations are roughly chronological divisions by release; when an official sequel in the main role-playing game series is released that features new Pokémon, characters, and possibly new gameplay concepts, that sequel is considered the start of a new generation of the franchise. The main games and their spin-offs, the anime, manga and trading card game are all updated with the new Pokémon properties each time a new generation begins. The franchise began its seventh generation with Pokémon Sun and Moon, which were released worldwide on November 18, 2016.
First generation (1996–1999)
The original Pokémon games are Japanese role-playing video games (RPGs) with an element of strategy, and were created by Satoshi Tajiri for the Game Boy. These role-playing games, and their sequels, remakes, and English language translations, are still considered the "main" 'Pokémon' games, and the games with which most fans of the series are familiar.
The Pokémon series began with the release of Pocket Monsters Red and Green for the Game Boy in Japan. When these games proved extremely popular, an enhanced Blue version was released sometime after, and the Blue version was reprogrammed as Pokémon Red and Blue for international release. The original Green version was never released outside Japan.[2] Afterwards, a second enhanced remake, Pokémon Yellow, was released to use the color palette of the Game Boy Color and more of a stylistic resemblance to the popular Pokémon anime. This first generation of games introduced the original 151 species of Pokémon (in National Pokédex order, encompassing all Pokémon from Bulbasaur to Mew), as well as the basic game concepts of capturing, training, battling and trading Pokémon with both computer and human players. These versions of the games take place within the fictional Kanto region, though the name "Kanto" was not used until the second generation. Spin-off first-generation titles include Pokémon Pinball; an adaptation of the Pokémon Trading Card Game for Game Boy Color; an on-rails photography simulator for Nintendo 64 titled Pokémon Snap; a Nintendo 64 Pokémon-themed adaptation of Tetris Attack, Pokémon Puzzle League. A 3D Nintendo 64 incarnation of the handheld RPGs' battle system, Pokémon Stadium; and a co-starring role for several species in the Nintendo 64 fighting game Super Smash Bros..[3] At the Nintendo Space World in 2000, a game was revealed briefly with Meowth and Team Rocket singing a song. This was one of the earliest introductions of the Pokémon Togepi and Bellossom. This game was called Meowth's Party, but was never turned into a playable game. Instead, the song/video was played at the end of one Pokémon episode, and a CD was made for retail in Japan for a limited time.
Second generation (1999–2002)
The second generation of Pokémon video games began in 1999 with the Japanese release of Pokémon Gold and Silver for the Game Boy Color, with Australia and North America getting the game in October 2000 and European release date of April 2001. Like the previous generation, an enhanced version titled Pokémon Crystal was later released.
This generation introduced 100 new species of Pokémon (starting with Chikorita and ending with Celebi), for a total of 251 Pokémon to collect, train, and battle. New gameplay features include a day-and-night system (reflecting the time of the day in the real world) which influences events in the game; full use of the Game Boy Color's color palette; an improved interface and upgraded inventory system; better balance in the collection of Pokémon and their moves, statistics and equippable items (a new addition); the addition of two new Pokémon types (Dark and Steel) to better balance the strengths and weaknesses of each Pokémon; Pokémon breeding; and a new region named Johto. After exploring Johto, the player can travel east to explore the adjacent Kanto region.
Spin-off games in the second-generation include Pokémon Puzzle Challenge, the adaptation of Pokémon Puzzle League—a puzzle game created by Zoppf industries—made specifically for the Game Boy Color; the Nintendo 64 pet simulator Hey You, Pikachu!; the Pokémon Stadium sequel, Pokémon Stadium 2, for Nintendo 64; several Pokémon mini-games for the e-Reader; and a co-starring role for several Pokémon species in the Super Smash Bros. sequel Super Smash Bros. Melee for the GameCube.[4] The Pokémon mini was a handheld game console released in December 2001 in Japan and 2002 in Europe and North America.
This generation started an unofficial tradition among even numbered generations, giving the Pokémon Eevee new type evolutions beyond the original three of the first generation.
Third generation (2002–2006)
A screenshot of Pokémon Emerald featuring an enemy Pupitar and Solrock fighting in a double battle against a player's Aggron and Smeargle
Pokémon entered its third generation with the 2002 release of Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire for Game Boy Advance and continued with the Game Boy Advance remakes of Pokémon Red and Green, Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen (Red and Green representing the original Japanese first generation games; territories outside Japan instead saw releases of Red and Blue). An enhanced remake of Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire titled Pokémon Emerald followed after.
The third generation introduced 135 new Pokémon (starting with Treecko and ending with Deoxys) for a total of 386 species. It also features a more visually detailed environment compared to previous games, "natures" which affect Pokémon stats, a new 2-on-2 Pokémon battling mechanic, a special ability system applying to each Pokémon in battle, the Pokémon Contest sub-game, the new region of Hoenn, the ability to select the protagonist's gender and Secret Bases: customizable "rooms" where the player can display items they have collected in game and battle against real friends. Secret Bases can be found in bushes, trees or small cave openings in landscapes by using the Pokémon move, Secret Power, which can be taught to virtually all pokémon. However, this generation also garnered some criticism for leaving out several gameplay features, including the day-and-night system introduced in the previous generation (which was removed due to internal-battery save problems), and it was also the first installment that encouraged the player to collect merely a selected assortment of the total number of Pokémon rather than every existing species (202 out of 386 species are catchable in the Ruby and Sapphire versions).
Third-generation spin-off titles include Pokémon Pinball: Ruby & Sapphire for Game Boy Advance; Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team and Red Rescue Team for Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS; Pokémon Dash, Pokémon Trozei! and Pokémon Ranger for Nintendo DS; Pokémon Channel and Pokémon Box: Ruby & Sapphire for GameCube; and two RPGs for the GameCube, consisting of the games Pokémon Colosseum and Pokémon XD: Gale of Darkness.
Fourth generation (2006–2010)
In 2006, Japan began the fourth generation of the franchise with the release of Pokémon Diamond and Pearl for Nintendo DS. The games were subsequently released in North America on April 22, 2007 and in Australia on June 21, 2007. The game was then later released in the UK and Europe on July 27, 2007.[5] Other main series games in the fourth generation include Pokémon Platinum, a director's cut version of Diamond and Pearl in the same vein as Pokémon Yellow, Crystal, and Emerald.[6][7] It was released for the Nintendo DS in Japan on September 13, 2008,[8] in North America on March 22, 2009,[9][10] and in Australia and Europe on May 14, 2009[11] and May 22, 2009[12] respectively. It was also announced that the Generation II games Pokémon Gold and Silver would be remade for the Nintendo DS as Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver.[13] First released in Japan on September 12, 2009, the games were later released to North America, Australia, and Europe during March 2010.[14][15][16]
The fourth generation introduces another 107 new species of Pokémon (starting with Turtwig and ending with Arceus), bringing the number of Pokémon species to 493. This generation is the first to have 3D graphics in a main series game, although it is still a mixture of both 3D graphics and sprites. New gameplay concepts include a restructured move-classification system, online multiplayer trading and battling via Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection, the return (and expansion) of the second generation's day-and-night system, the expansion of the third generation's Pokémon Contests into "Super Contests", and the new region of Sinnoh, which has an underground component for multiplayer gameplay in addition to the main overworld. Secret Bases also appear in Sinnoh but can only be created and housed in Sinnoh's underground. HeartGold and SoulSilver also introduced the Pokéathlon to the Johto region, which consists of many Pokémon based sporting events making use of the stylus.
Spin-off games in the fourth generation include the Pokémon Stadium follow-up Pokémon Battle Revolution for Wii (which has Wi-Fi connectivity as well[17]), Pokémon Ranger: Shadows of Almia and Pokémon Ranger: Guardian Signs for Nintendo DS, Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time and Explorers of Darkness and their sister game, Explorers of Sky all for the Nintendo DS, and a co-starring role for Pikachu, Jigglypuff, Lucario, and a Pokémon Trainer (who uses Squirtle, Ivysaur, and Charizard for fighting) in the 2008 Wii fighter Super Smash Bros. Brawl.
Fifth generation (2010–2013)
The fifth generation of Pokémon began on September 18, 2010 with the release of Pokémon Black and White in Japan. They were then released in North America, Europe, and Australia in March 2011. They were released on the Nintendo DS, the same console as its predecessing generation.
The games take place in the Unova region. New features include the C-Gear, a feature where players can use Wi-Fi options and customizations; two new battle methods ("Triple Battles", where three Pokémon are sent out at once, and Rotation Battles, where three Pokémon are also sent out at the same time, but the trainer can switch one Pokémon out of the three that are present); "Battle Tests", where trainers battle each other to see who has stronger Pokémon; the Pokémon Musicals (similar to Pokémon Contests), which have trainers use their Pokémon to dance in a theater with other Pokémon; and the ability to never waste Technical Machines (TMs), even when found the first time.
This generation introduced a total of 156 new Pokémon (beginning with Victini and ending with Genesect), the most of any generation so far. It was also the first generation where the first new Pokémon in National Pokédex order (Victini) is not a starter. It also introduced another new feature, the seasons, from which two Pokémon (Deerling and Sawsbuck) represent them. Unlike previous generations, which would introduce some species of Pokémon that were evolutionary relatives of older-generation Pokémon, the fifth generation's selection was all-original, in an attempt to make the primary versions feel like a brand-new game.
The other core series games, and the additions to Black and White, titled Pokémon Black 2 and White 2, are direct sequels. They take place in the Unova region two years later, and were released in Japan on June 23, 2012 and in North America, Australia, and Europe in October of that year for Nintendo DS. They are somewhat different of their predecessors; there are different protagonist trainers, and many of the other important characters have changed as well. The games also introduced a new feature, the "Pokémon World Tournament", where trainers can battle gym leaders and champions from older regions, including Unova. The games also broke the tradition of releasing a third version as the addition to the primary versions.
Spin-off fifth generation games include sequels Pokémon Rumble Blast and Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Gates to Infinity for Nintendo 3DS, PokéPark 2: Wonders Beyond for Wii, and Pokémon Rumble U for Wii U, a downloadable game. Others include Learn with Pokémon: Typing Adventure (a typing game) and Pokémon Conquest (a crossover game) for Nintendo DS, and downloadable reference applications Pokédex 3D, Pokédex 3D Pro (for Nintendo 3DS), and Pokédex for iOS (for iOS devices), which allows players to view information of Pokémon species while they have 3D models.
Sixth generation (2013–2016)
On December 24, 2012, Japanese magazine Nintendo Dream posted a greetings card sent out by Game Freak. In the card, Junichi Masuda exclaimed that during 2013, they intend to further evolve the world of Pokémon. On December 29, 2012, a new Pokémon Black 2 and White 2 commercial aired in Japan, and ending with a message, informing Pokémon fans that the latest news would be announced on January 8, 2013. On January 4, 2013, both the Japanese and English official Pokémon website confirmed that an announcement would be made on January 8. On January 7, 2013, the official Japanese website explained that the Nintendo president, Satoru Iwata would hold a 10-minute "Pokémon Direct" video conference to announce the big Pokémon news. On January 8, 2013, Satoru Iwata announced the sixth generation of Pokémon, with the new paired games, Pokémon X and Y, which were released on the Nintendo 3DS on October 12, 2013 worldwide.[18] The X and Y games are rendered in full 3D;[19] however, only select parts of the game can be displayed in stereoscopic 3D.[20] The video introduced the player characters, the starter Pokémon; Grass-type Chespin (Japanese: Harimaron (ハリマロン)), the Fire-type Fennekin (Japanese: Fokko (フォッコ)), and the Water-type Froakie (Japanese: Keromatsu (ケロマツ)), and two other Pokémon, not named until later; a bird-like Pokémon called Yveltal (イベルタル, Iberutaru) having a shape similar to the letter Y and a deer-like Pokémon called Xerneas (ゼルネアス, Zeruneasu) with X-shapes in its eyes. A month later, Sylveon (Japanese: Nymphia (ニンフィア, Ninfia)), a new evolved form of Eevee belonging to the games' new Fairy Type was revealed.[21][22]
This generation introduced a total of 72 new Pokémon, the new Fairy type, Mega Evolution, the Kalos region, Trainer customization, Super Training, and three new battle modes: Sky Battles, Horde Encounters, and Inverse Battle. This generation is also the first to be compatible with Pokémon Bank.
Greninja, the final evolved form of Froakie, would later go on to represent the sixth generation of Pokémon in the hit fighting game, Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U.
On May 7, 2014, Nintendo revealed the games Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire in a teaser trailer, remakes of the third generation games Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire. They were released worldwide in November 2014.[23]
On August 26, 2014, Pokkén Tournament was announced and was released on July 16, 2015 in Japanese arcades and was released on March 18, 2016 worldwide for Wii U. It was developed by Bandai Namco Entertainment.[24] In July 2016, Niantic and Nintendo released a free-to-play AR game titled Pokémon Go which was released for Android and iOS devices.
Seventh generation (2016–present)
During a Nintendo Direct presentation on February 26, 2016, two new Pokémon titles were announced, titled Pokémon Sun and Moon. The games were released on November 18, 2016 in Japan, North America and Australia, and in Europe on November 23, 2016.[25] The games were the first since the second generation to be backwards-compatible with other titles, including Pokémon X and Y; Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire; and the Virtual Console re-releases of Pokémon Red, Blue and Yellow. On June 6, 2017, Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon were announced. The two games offer new additions to the story of Pokémon Sun and Moon, including new features, and was released worldwide on November 17, 2017.[26]
In total, this generation introduced 84 new Pokémon, Alolan forms, trials, Z-moves, Poké Pelago and Festival Plaza. It was also the first one to introduce Pokémon mid-generation, with three new Pokémon making their debut in Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon.
Future
During E3 2017, Nintendo and The Pokémon Company announced that Game Freak was developing a new core Pokémon game set for release on the Nintendo Switch, though it may not be available before mid-2018 at the earliest.[27]
Summary of core series titles
[show]Summary of core series titles
System Generation Main titles Derivative titles Upper versions Remake titles
Game Boy First
Red & Green
(1996)
Blue
(1996)
Yellow
(1998)
Game Boy Color Second
Gold & Silver
(1999)
Crystal
(2000)
Game Boy Advance Third
Ruby & Sapphire
(2002)
Emerald
(2004)
FireRed & LeafGreen
(2004)
Fourth
Diamond & Pearl
(2006)
Platinum
(2008)
HeartGold & SoulSilver
(2009)
Nintendo DS
Fifth
Black & White
(2010)
Black 2 & White 2
(2012)
Sixth
X & Y
(2013)
Omega Ruby & Alpha Sapphire
(2014)
Nintendo 3DS
Seventh
Sun & Moon
(2016)
Ultra Sun & Ultra Moon
(2017)
Gameplay
Main article: Gameplay of Pokémon
One of the consistent aspects of most "Pokémon" games—spanning from Pokémon Red and Blue on the Game Boy to the Nintendo 3DS games Pokémon Sun and Moon—is the choice of one of three different Pokémon at the start of the player's adventures; these three are often labeled "starter Pokémon". Players can choose a Grass-type, a Fire-type, or a Water-type, Pokémon indigenous to that particular region.[28] For example, in Pokémon Red and Blue, the player has the choice of starting with Bulbasaur, Charmander, or Squirtle. The exception to this rule is Pokémon Yellow, where players are given a Pikachu, an Electric-type mouse Pokémon, famous for being the mascot of the Pokémon media franchise; unique to Pokémon Yellow, the three starter Pokémon from Red and Blue can be obtained during the quest by a single player.[29]
Another consistent aspect is that the player's rival will always choose the type that has a type advantage over the player's chosen Pokémon as his or her starter Pokémon(excluding Sun and Moon). For instance, if the player picks the Fire-type Charmander, the rival will always pick the Water-type Squirtle. This does not affect the first battle between the rivals, as they can only use Normal-type attacks at this point, meaning that they cannot exploit weaknesses. The exception to this is again Pokémon Yellow, in which the rival picks Eevee, a Normal-type Pokémon with multiple evolutions. Sun and Moon also is an exception is this rule, as the rival picks the starter weak toward the player's starter, with the Pokémon that has the type advantage going to a trainer in the Champion battle.
However, in Pokémon Black and White, there are two rivals; one picks the Pokémon with a type advantage over the player's chosen Pokémon, while the other chooses the Pokémon with the type disadvantage. In Pokémon Diamond, Pearl and Platinum, another Trainer chooses the Pokémon with a type disadvantage to the player's chosen Pokémon, but never battles the player; instead, this character battles alongside the player as a tag partner in certain situations.
The situation is similar in Pokémon X and Y, but there are four rivals. Two of them receive the starter Pokémon in an arrangement similar to Pokémon Black and White, but the other two have completely different Pokémon.
List of main Pokémon games
Main article: List of Pokémon video games
Handheld games
Generation I (Game Boy)
Pocket Monsters: Red and Green (JPFebruary 27, 1996)
Pocket Monsters: Blue (JPOctober 15, 1996)
Pokémon Red and Blue (NASeptember 28, 1998, AUSOctober 23, 1998, EUOctober 5, 1999)
Pokémon Yellow (JPSeptember 12, 1998, NAOctober 19, 1999, EUJune 16, 2000, AUSSeptember 3, 1999)
Pokémon Trading Card Game (JPDecember 18, 1998, NAApril 4, 2000, EUDecember 8, 2000)
Generation II (Game Boy Color)
Pokémon Gold and Silver (JPNovember 21, 1999, AUSOctober 13, 2000, NAOctober 14, 2000, EUApril 6, 2001, KOApril 23, 2002)
Pokémon Puzzle Challenge (JPSeptember 21, 2000, NADecember 4, 2000, EUJune 8, 2001, AUSJune 15, 2001)
Pokémon Crystal (JPDecember 14, 2000, NAJuly 29, 2001, AUSSeptember 30, 2001, EUNovember 2, 2001)
Generation III
(Game Boy Advance)
Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire (JPNovember 21, 2002, NAMarch 18, 2003, AUSApril 3, 2003, EUJuly 25, 2003)
Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen (JPJanuary 29, 2004, NASeptember 7, 2004, AUSSeptember 23, 2004, EUOctober 1, 2004)
Pokémon Emerald (JPSeptember 16, 2004, NAApril 30, 2005, AUSJune 9, 2005, EUOctober 21, 2005)
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Red Rescue Team (JPNovember 17, 2005, NASeptember 18, 2006, AUSSeptember 28, 2006, EUNovember 10, 2006)
(Nintendo DS)
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team (JPNovember 17, 2005, NASeptember 18, 2006, AUSSeptember 28, 2006, EUNovember 10, 2006, KOAugust 30, 2007)
Pokémon Dash (JPDecember 2, 2004, EUMarch 11, 2005, NAMarch 14, 2005, AUSApril 7, 2005, KOMarch 22, 2007)
Pokémon Trozei! (JPOctober 20, 2005, NAMarch 6, 2006, EUMay 5, 2006, AUSJune 3, 2006, KOMay 17, 2007)
Pokémon Ranger (JPMarch 23, 2006, NAOctober 30, 2006, AUSDecember 6, 2006, EUApril 13, 2007)
Generation IV (Nintendo DS)
Pokémon Diamond and Pearl (JPSeptember 28, 2006, NAApril 22, 2007, AUSJune 21, 2007, EUJuly 27, 2007, KOFebruary 14, 2008)
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time and Explorers of Darkness (JPSeptember 13, 2007, NAApril 20, 2008, AUSJune 19, 2008, EUJuly 4, 2008)
Pokémon Ranger: Shadows of Almia (JPMarch 20, 2008, NANovember 10, 2008, AUSNovember 13, 2008, EUNovember 21, 2008)
Pokémon Platinum (JPSeptember 13, 2008, NAMarch 22, 2009, AUSMay 14, 2009, EUMay 22, 2009, KOJuly 2, 2009)
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Sky (JPApril 18, 2009, NAOctober 12, 2009, AUSNovember 12, 2009, EUNovember 20, 2009)
Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver (JPSeptember 12, 2009, KOFebruary 4, 2010, NAMarch 14, 2010, AUSMarch 25, 2010, EUMarch 26, 2010)
Pokémon Ranger: Guardian Signs (JPMarch 6, 2010 NAOctober 4, 2010, EUNovember 5, 2010, AUSNovember 25, 2010)
Generation V
(Nintendo DS)
Pokémon Black and White (JPSeptember 18, 2010, EUMarch 4, 2011, NAMarch 6, 2011, AUSMarch 10, 2011, KOApril 21, 2011)
Learn with Pokémon: Typing Adventure (JPApril 21, 2011, EUSeptember 21, 2012)
Pokémon Conquest (JPMarch 17, 2012, NAJune 18, 2012, AUSJune 21, 2012, EUJuly 27, 2012)
Pokémon Black 2 and White 2 (JPJune 23, 2012, NAOctober 7, 2012, AUSOctober 11, 2012, EUOctober 12, 2012)
(Nintendo 3DS)
Pokémon Rumble Blast (JPAugust 11, 2011, NAOctober 24, 2011, EUDecember 2, 2011, AUSDecember 8, 2011)
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Gates to Infinity (JPNovember 23, 2012, NAMarch 24, 2013, EUMay 17, 2013, AUSMay 18, 2013)
Generation VI (Nintendo 3DS)
Pokémon X and Y (WWOctober 12, 2013)
Pokémon Battle Trozei (JPMarch 12, 2014, EUMarch 13, 2014, AUSMarch 14, 2014, NAMarch 20, 2014)
Pokémon Art Academy (JPJune 19, 2014, EUJuly 4, 2014, AUSJuly 5, 2014, NAOctober 24, 2014)
Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire (JP/NA/AUSNovember 21, 2014, EUNovember 28, 2014)
Pokémon Shuffle (WWFebruary 18, 2015)
Pokémon Rumble World (WWApril 8, 2015)
Pokémon Super Mystery Dungeon (JPSeptember 17, 2015, NANovember 20, 2015, EUFebruary 19, 2016, AUSFebruary 20, 2016)
Pokémon Picross (JPDecember 2, 2015, NA/EUDecember 3, 2015, AUSDecember 4, 2015)
Great Detective Pikachu (JPFebruary 3, 2016)
Generation VII
(Nintendo 3DS)
Pokémon Sun and Moon (JP/NA/AUSNovember 18, 2016, EUNovember 23, 2016)
Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon (WWNovember 17, 2017)
(Nintendo Switch)
Pokkén Tournament DX (WWSeptember 22, 2017)
Pokémon RPG for Nintendo Switch (temp) (WW2018 or later)
Console games
Generation I (Nintendo 64)
Pokémon Stadium (ポケモンスタジアム, Pokémon Sutajiamu) (JPAugust 1, 1998)
Pokémon Stadium (ポケモンスタジアム2, Pokémon Sutajiamu 2) (JPApril 30, 1999, NAFebruary 29, 2000, AUSMarch 23, 2000, EUApril 7, 2000)
Pokémon Snap (JPMarch 21, 1999, NAJune 30, 1999, EUSeptember 15, 2000, AUSMarch 23, 2000)
Pokémon Puzzle League (NASeptember 1, 2000, EUMarch 16, 2001, AUSMay 30, 2008)
Hey You, Pikachu! (JPDecember 12, 1998, NANovember 5, 2000)
Generation II (Nintendo 64)
Pokémon Stadium 2 (ポケモンスタジアム金銀, Pokémon Sutajiamu Kin Gin) (JPDecember 14, 2000, NAMarch 28, 2001, EUOctober 19, 2001)
Generation III (GameCube)
Pokémon Colosseum (JPNovember 21, 2003, NAFebruary 10, 2004, EUMarch 22, 2004)
Pokémon Box: Ruby and Sapphire (JPMay 30, 2003, NAJuly 12, 2004, EUMarch 22, 2004)
Pokémon Channel (JPJuly 18, 2003, NADecember 1, 2003, EUApril 2, 2004)
Pokémon XD: Gale of Darkness (JPAugust 4, 2005, NASeptember 28, 2005, EUNovember 18, 2005)
Generation IV (Wii)
Pokémon Battle Revolution (JPDecember 14, 2006, NAJune 25, 2007, AUSNovember 22, 2007, EUDecember 7, 2007)
My Pokémon Ranch (JPMarch 25, 2008, NAJune 9, 2008, EUJuly 4, 2008, AUSJuly 4, 2008)
Pokémon Rumble (JPJune 16, 2009, NANovember 16, 2009, EUNovember 20, 2009)
PokéPark Wii: Pikachu's Adventure (JPDecember 5, 2009, EUJuly 9, 2010, AUSSeptember 23, 2010, NANovember 1, 2010)
Generation V (Wii and Wii U)
PokéPark 2: Wonders Beyond (JPNovember 12, 2011, NAFebruary 27, 2012, EUMarch 23, 2012, AUSMarch 29, 2012)
Pokémon Rumble U (JPApril 24, 2013, NAAugust 29, 2013, EUAugust 15, 2013, AUSAugust 16, 2013)
Generation VI (Wii U)
Pokkén Tournament (WWMarch 18, 2016)
Generation VII (Nintendo Switch)
Pokkén Tournament DX (WWSeptember 22, 2017)
Pokémon RPG for Nintendo Switch (temp) (WW2018 or later)
Arcade games
Generation VI
Pokkén Tournament (JPJuly 16, 2015)
Mobile games
Generation VI
Pokémon Shuffle Mobile (JPAugust 24, 2015, WWAugust 31, 2015)
Pokémon Go (JP/NA/AUSJuly 6, 2016,EUJuly 13, 2016)[30]
Pokémon Duel (JPApril 12, 2016,NA/PALJanuary 24, 2017)[31]
Appearances in other games
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Several Pokémon PC games were released for Microsoft Windows and Macintosh. Games from the franchise were also released exclusively in Japan for Sega consoles Pico and Advanced Pico Beena. Pokémon are also in Mario Artist: Paint Studio for Nintendo 64DD as pasteable stickers,[32] and they also appear in Picross NP Vol. 1 for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System.
Super Smash Bros. series
In the Super Smash Bros. series, Pikachu, Ivysaur, Squirtle, Charizard, Jigglypuff, Pichu, Mewtwo, Lucario and Greninja have been playable characters. Pikachu and Jigglypuff are introduced in Super Smash Bros., and are also featured in Super Smash Bros. Melee for the GameCube, alongside Pichu and Mewtwo. In Super Smash Bros. Brawl, Mewtwo and Pichu are not featured as playable characters, although Squirtle, Ivysaur, and Charizard make their first playable appearances as part of the Pokémon Trainer character, while Lucario appears as a separate character. Greninja made its first appearance in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, Charizard is a standalone character, and Mewtwo returns as a downloadable content character. Rayquaza is featured as a boss enemy in Super Smash Bros. Brawl. The series features Poké Balls as items, which, when used by a player, make a random Pokémon appear including Piplup, Bonsly, and Munchlax, with various effects on the game, and Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U have Master Balls, which function like Poké Balls but only summon a rare Pokémon (like Mew, Palkia, and Genesect) or Goldeen. Several Pokémon also appear as stage hazards/in stages, including Rayquaza, Ho-Oh and Manaphy.
Reception and legacy
Main article: Pokémon
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2014)
The series has sold over 279 million units (inclusive of spin-off titles; 210 million for the mainline Pokémon games) as of February 29, 2016,[33] giving it the distinction of being one of the best-selling video game series in history.[34] Guinness World Records awarded the Pokémon series eight records in Guinness World Records: Gamer's Edition 2008, including "Most Successful RPG Series of All Time", "Game Series With the Most Spin-Off Movies" and "Most Photosensitive Epileptic Seizures Caused by a TV Show".[35] The Pokémon video game series is the basis of the Pokémon franchise, which includes the Pokémon anime, the Pokémon Trading Card Game, the Pokémon manga, and various toys. The anime series has run for over 900 episodes, accompanied by 19 feature films, with a twentieth in production. The trading card game and its expansion sets have grown to around 3,000 unique cards in total, and continue to draw a healthy player base to its official international tournaments. The extent of global toy and merchandise sales since 1996 cover such broad markets and high quantities that they are simply beyond estimation.[36]
IGN ranked Pokémon as the 17th greatest desired game series: "the basic gameplay premise boasts solid, addictive play mechanics, and several of the handheld RPGs deserve to be in every gamer's collection.[37] GamesRadar listed Pokémon as the No. 1 Nintendo game "not made by Nintendo", stating that having to catch each Pokémon made the games addictive.[38]
See also
List of Japanese role-playing game franchises
References
Jump up ^ Schmidt, Alex (November 24, 2017). "Pokemon games sold over 300 million games worldwide". WholesGame. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pokémon Green Info on GameFAQs" gamefaqs.com. Retrieved February 23, 2007.
Jump up ^ Super Smash Bros. Product Information .ASIN B00000J2W7. Retrieved April 19, 2006.
Jump up ^ Super Smash Bros. Melee Unlockable character guide Nintendo.com. Retrieved April 19, 2006.
Jump up ^ "New Pokémon to Make Diamond-and-Pearl-Studded Debut". Retrieved February 7, 2007.
Jump up ^ Vore, Bryan (April 2009). "Pokémon Platinum review". Game Informer (192): 90.
Jump up ^ "Pokemon Platinum revealed, set for fall release in Japan – Joystiq". Retrieved May 26, 2008.
Jump up ^ Gifford, Kevin (September 3, 2008). "Running the Gamut of Famitsu RPG Reviews". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Pokémon Platinum Version". pokemon.com. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Pokémon Platinum Version". Nintendo. Retrieved March 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Pokemon Platinum hits Australia this May". GoNintendo. March 24, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ East, Tom (December 2, 2009). "News: Pokemon Platinum Release Date Confirmed". Official Nintendo Magazine. Retrieved March 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ Tanaka, John (May 7, 2009). "New Pokemon Games Confirmed". IGN. Retrieved August 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Nintendo unveils its video game lineup for early 2010". Nintendo Canada. December 14, 2009. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Pokémon HeartGold Version and Pokémon SoulSilver Version release date announced!". Nintendo of Australia. January 22, 2010. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "News: Pokémon HeartGold/SoulSilver UK release date revealed". Official Nintendo Magazine. January 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Cubed3 Pokémon Battle Revolution Confirmed for Wii" Cubed3.com. Retrieved June 7, 2006.
Jump up ^ Goldfarb, Andrew (June 11, 2013). "E3 2013: Pokemon X & Y Release Date Announced". IGN. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pokémon X and Pokémon Y announcement on Nintendo Direct". nintendo.com.
Jump up ^ Quillen, Dustin (October 4, 2013). "Pokémon X & Y Versions Revie". US Gamer. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ CoroCoro Comic, March 2013 Issue, Shogakukan.
Jump up ^ "Meet Sylveon, Pokémon X And Pokémon Y′s Eighth Eeevee Evolution". Siliconera. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Scullion, Chris (May 7, 2014). "Pokemon Ruby & Sapphire remakes coming to 3DS". CVG Online. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Pokkén Tournament, A Pokémon Fighting Game, Announced For Arcades". Siliconera. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Frank, Allegra (February 26, 2016). "Pokémon Sun and Moon officially unveiled, out later this year". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on February 27, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pokémon Ultra Sun and Pokémon Ultra Moon | Pokémon Video Games". www.pokemon.com. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
Jump up ^ Gartenberg, Chaim (June 13, 2017). "A proper Pokémon game is coming to the Nintendo Switch". The Verge. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pokémon Ruby review (page 1) Archived March 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Gamespy.com. Accessed May 30, 2006.
Jump up ^ Pokémon Yellow Critical Review Archived September 29, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Ign.com. Retrieved March 27, 2006.
Jump up ^ Reilly, Luke (September 10, 2015). "Pokémon GO Coming to Smartphones". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Skrebels, Joe (24 January 2017). "New Pokemon Mobile Game Gets Surprise Release". IGN. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Virtually Overlooked: Mario Artist". Engadget. Retrieved 2018-01-08.
Jump up ^ "The Total Sales for Pokémon Are Staggering". Kotaku. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Whitehead, Thomas. "The Pokémon Company Confirms Outstanding Lifetime Sales For The Franchise". Retrieved 18 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Clodfelter, Tim (April 17, 2008). "Record Book Focused on the Gamers". Winston-Salem Journal. p. 1. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2008.
Jump up ^ Carlisle, Rodney P (2009). "Pokémon." Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society. SAGE Publications. pp. 563–564. ISBN 9781412966702.
Jump up ^ The News & Features Team (December 4, 2006). "The Top 25 Videogame Franchises". IGN. Archived from the original on June 8, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Henry Gilbert (August 30, 2010). "The Top 7... Nintendo games not made by Nintendo, Pokémon Black / White DS Features". GamesRadar. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
External links
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[show]
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text:
Field-effect transistor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"FET" redirects here. For other uses, see FET (disambiguation).
The field-effect transistor (FET) is a transistor that uses an electric field to control the electrical behaviour of the device. FETs are also known as unipolar transistors since they involve single-carrier-type operation. Many different implementations of field effect transistors exist. Field effect transistors generally display very high input impedance at low frequencies. The conductivity between the drain and source terminals is controlled by an electric field in the device, which is generated by the voltage difference between the body and the gate of the device.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Basic information
3 More about terminals
3.1 Effect of gate voltage on current
3.1.1 n-channel
3.1.2 p-channel
3.2 Effect of source/drain voltage on channel
4 Composition
5 Types
6 Advantages
7 Disadvantages
8 Failure Modes
9 Uses
10 Source-gated transistor
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of the transistor
The field-effect transistor was first patented by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in 1926 and by Oskar Heil in 1934, but practical semiconducting devices (the junction field-effect transistors [JFETs]) were developed later after the transistor effect was observed and explained by the team of William Shockley at Bell Labs in 1947, immediately after the 20-year patent period eventually expired.
The first type of JFET was the static induction transistor (SIT), invented by Japanese engineers Jun-ichi Nishizawa and Y. Watanabe in 1950. The SIT is a type of JFET with a short channel length.[1] The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), which largely superseded the JFET and had a profound effect on digital electronic development, was invented by Dawon Kahng and Martin Atalla in 1959.[2]
Basic information[edit]
See also: Charge carrier § Majority and minority carriers
FETs can be majority-charge-carrier devices, in which the current is carried predominantly by majority carriers, or minority-charge-carrier devices, in which the current is mainly due to a flow of minority carriers.[3] The device consists of an active channel through which charge carriers, electrons or holes, flow from the source to the drain. Source and drain terminal conductors are connected to the semiconductor through ohmic contacts. The conductivity of the channel is a function of the potential applied across the gate and source terminals.
The FET's three terminals are:[4]
source (S), through which the carriers enter the channel. Conventionally, current entering the channel at S is designated by IS.
drain (D), through which the carriers leave the channel. Conventionally, current entering the channel at D is designated by ID. Drain-to-source voltage is VDS.
gate (G), the terminal that modulates the channel conductivity. By applying voltage to G, one can control ID.
More about terminals[edit]
Cross section of an n-type MOSFET
All FETs have source, drain, and gate terminals that correspond roughly to the emitter, collector, and base of BJTs. Most FETs have a fourth terminal called the body, base, bulk, or substrate. This fourth terminal serves to bias the transistor into operation; it is rare to make non-trivial use of the body terminal in circuit designs, but its presence is important when setting up the physical layout of an integrated circuit. The size of the gate, length L in the diagram, is the distance between source and drain. The width is the extension of the transistor, in the direction perpendicular to the cross section in the diagram (i.e., into/out of the screen). Typically the width is much larger than the length of the gate. A gate length of 1 µm limits the upper frequency to about 5 GHz, 0.2 µm to about 30 GHz.
The names of the terminals refer to their functions. The gate terminal may be thought of as controlling the opening and closing of a physical gate. This gate permits electrons to flow through or blocks their passage by creating or eliminating a channel between the source and drain. Electron-flow from the source terminal towards the drain terminal is influenced by an applied voltage. The body simply refers to the bulk of the semiconductor in which the gate, source and drain lie. Usually the body terminal is connected to the highest or lowest voltage within the circuit, depending on the type of the FET. The body terminal and the source terminal are sometimes connected together since the source is often connected to the highest or lowest voltage within the circuit, although there are several uses of FETs which do not have such a configuration, such as transmission gates and cascode circuits.
Effect of gate voltage on current[edit]
I–V characteristics and output plot of a JFET n-channel transistor.
Simulation result for right side: formation of inversion channel (electron density) and left side: current-gate voltage curve(transfer characteristics) in an n-channel nanowire MOSFET. Note that the threshold voltage for this device lies around 0.45 V.
FET conventional symbol types
The FET controls the flow of electrons (or electron holes) from the source to drain by affecting the size and shape of a 'conductive channel' created and influenced by voltage (or lack of voltage) applied across the gate and source terminals. (For simplicity, this discussion assumes that the body and source are connected.) This conductive channel is the "stream" through which electrons flow from source to drain.
n-channel[edit]
In an n-channel 'depletion-mode' device, a negative gate-to-source voltage causes a depletion region to expand in width and encroach on the channel from the sides, narrowing the channel. If the active region expands to completely close the channel, the resistance of the channel from source to drain becomes large, and the FET is effectively turned off like a switch (see right figure, when there is very small current). This is called 'pinch-off', and the voltage at which it occurs is called the 'pinch-off voltage'. Conversely, a positive gate-to-source voltage increases the channel size and allows electrons to flow easily (see right figure, when there is a conduction channel and current is large).
In an n-channel 'enhancement-mode' device, a conductive channel does not exist naturally within the transistor, and a positive gate-to-source voltage is necessary to create one. The positive voltage attracts free-floating electrons within the body towards the gate, forming a conductive channel. But first, enough electrons must be attracted near the gate to counter the dopant ions added to the body of the FET; this forms a region with no mobile carriers called a depletion region, and the voltage at which this occurs is referred to as the threshold voltage of the FET. Further gate-to-source voltage increase will attract even more electrons towards the gate which are able to create a conductive channel from source to drain; this process is called inversion.
p-channel[edit]
In a p-channel 'depletion-mode' device, a positive voltage from gate to body creates a depletion layer by forcing the positively charged holes to the gate-insulator/semiconductor interface, leaving exposed a carrier-free region of immobile, negatively charged acceptor ions. Conversely, in a p-channel 'enhancement-mode' device, a conductive region does not exist and negative voltage must be used to generate a conduction channel.
Effect of source/drain voltage on channel[edit]
For either enhancement- or depletion-mode devices, at drain-to-source voltages much less than gate-to-source voltages, changing the gate voltage will alter the channel resistance, and drain current will be proportional to drain voltage (referenced to source voltage). In this mode the FET operates like a variable resistor and the FET is said to be operating in a linear mode or ohmic mode.[5][6]
If drain-to-source voltage is increased, this creates a significant asymmetrical change in the shape of the channel due to a gradient of voltage potential from source to drain. The shape of the inversion region becomes "pinched-off" near the drain end of the channel. If drain-to-source voltage is increased further, the pinch-off point of the channel begins to move away from the drain towards the source. The FET is said to be in saturation mode;[7] although some authors refer to it as active mode, for a better analogy with bipolar transistor operating regions.[8][9] The saturation mode, or the region between ohmic and saturation, is used when amplification is needed. The in-between region is sometimes considered to be part of the ohmic or linear region, even where drain current is not approximately linear with drain voltage.
Even though the conductive channel formed by gate-to-source voltage no longer connects source to drain during saturation mode, carriers are not blocked from flowing. Considering again an n-channel enhancement-mode device, a depletion region exists in the p-type body, surrounding the conductive channel and drain and source regions. The electrons which comprise the channel are free to move out of the channel through the depletion region if attracted to the drain by drain-to-source voltage. The depletion region is free of carriers and has a resistance similar to silicon. Any increase of the drain-to-source voltage will increase the distance from drain to the pinch-off point, increasing the resistance of the depletion region in proportion to the drain-to-source voltage applied. This proportional change causes the drain-to-source current to remain relatively fixed, independent of changes to the drain-to-source voltage, quite unlike its ohmic behavior in the linear mode of operation. Thus, in saturation mode, the FET behaves as a constant-current source rather than as a resistor, and can effectively be used as a voltage amplifier. In this case, the gate-to-source voltage determines the level of constant current through the channel.
Composition[edit]
FETs can be constructed from various semiconductors, with silicon being by far the most common. Most FETs are made by using conventional bulk semiconductor processing techniques, using a single crystal semiconductor wafer as the active region, or channel.
Among the more unusual body materials are amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon or other amorphous semiconductors in thin-film transistors or organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) that are based on organic semiconductors; often, OFET gate insulators and electrodes are made of organic materials, as well. Such FETs are manufactured using a variety of materials such as silicon carbide (SiC), gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium nitride (GaN), and indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs).
In June 2011, IBM announced that it had successfully used graphene-based FETs in an integrated circuit.[10][11] These transistors are capable of about 2.23 GHz cutoff frequency, much higher than standard silicon FETs.[12]
Types[edit]
Depletion-type FETs under typical voltages: JFET, poly-silicon MOSFET, double-gate MOSFET, metal-gate MOSFET, MESFET.
Depletion
Electrons
Holes
Metal
Insulator
Top: source, bottom: drain, left: gate, right: bulk. Voltages that lead to channel formation are not shown.
The channel of a FET is doped to produce either an n-type semiconductor or a p-type semiconductor. The drain and source may be doped of opposite type to the channel, in the case of enhancement mode FETs, or doped of similar type to the channel as in depletion mode FETs. Field-effect transistors are also distinguished by the method of insulation between channel and gate. Types of FETs include:
The JFET (junction field-effect transistor) uses a reverse biased p–n junction to separate the gate from the body.
The MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) utilizes an insulator (typically SiO2) between the gate and the body.
The MNOS Metal-Nitride-Oxide-Semiconductor transistor utilizes an nitride-oxide layer insulator between the gate and the body.
The DGMOSFET (Dual-gate MOSFET), a FET with two insulated gates.
The DEPFET is a FET formed in a fully depleted substrate and acts as a sensor, amplifier and memory node at the same time. It can be used as an image (photon) sensor.
The FREDFET (fast-reverse or fast-recovery epitaxial diode FET) is a specialized FET designed to provide a very fast recovery (turn-off) of the body diode.
The HIGFET (heterostructure insulated gate field-effect transistor) is now used mainly in research.[13]
The MODFET (modulation-doped field-effect transistor) is a high-electron-mobility transistor using a quantum well structure formed by graded doping of the active region.
The TFET (tunnel field-effect transistor) is based on band-to-band tunneling.[14]
The IGBT (insulated-gate bipolar transistor) is a device for power control. It has a structure akin to a MOSFET coupled with a bipolar-like main conduction channel. These are commonly used for the 200–3000 V drain-to-source voltage range of operation. Power MOSFETs are still the device of choice for drain-to-source voltages of 1 to 200 V.
The HEMT (high-electron-mobility transistor), also called a HFET (heterostructure FET), can be made using bandgap engineering in a ternary semiconductor such as AlGaAs. The fully depleted wide-band-gap material forms the isolation between gate and body.
The ISFET (ion-sensitive field-effect transistor) can be used to measure ion concentrations in a solution; when the ion concentration (such as H+, see pH electrode) changes, the current through the transistor will change accordingly.
The BioFET (Biologically sensitive field-effect transistor) is a class of sensors/biosensors based on ISFET technology which are utilized to detect charged molecules; when a charged molecule is present, changes in the electrostatic field at the BioFET surface result in a measurable change in current through the transistor. These include EnFETs, ImmunoFETs, GenFETs, DNAFETs, CPFETs, BeetleFETs, and FETs based on ion-channels/protein binding.[15]
The MESFET (metal–semiconductor field-effect transistor) substitutes the p–n junction of the JFET with a Schottky barrier; and is used in GaAs and other III-V semiconductor materials.
The NOMFET is a nanoparticle organic memory field-effect transistor.[16]
The GNRFET (graphene nanoribbon field-effect transistor) uses a graphene nanoribbon for its channel.[17]
The VeSFET (vertical-slit field-effect transistor) is a square-shaped junctionless FET with a narrow slit connecting the source and drain at opposite corners. Two gates occupy the other corners, and control the current through the slit.[18]
The CNTFET (carbon nanotube field-effect transistor).
The OFET (organic field-effect transistor) uses an organic semiconductor in its channel.
The DNAFET (DNA field-effect transistor) is a specialized FET that acts as a biosensor, by using a gate made of single-strand DNA molecules to detect matching DNA strands.
The QFET (quantum field effect transistor) takes advantage of quantum tunneling to greatly increase the speed of transistor operation by eliminating the traditional transistor's area of electron conduction.
Advantages[edit]
One advantage of the FET is its high gate to main current resistance, on the order of 100 MΩ or more, thus providing a high degree of isolation between control and flow. Because base current noise will increase with shaping time,[19] a FET typically produces less noise than a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), and is thus found in noise sensitive electronics such as tuners and low-noise amplifiers for VHF and satellite receivers. It is relatively immune to radiation. It exhibits no offset voltage at zero drain current and hence makes an excellent signal chopper. It typically has better thermal stability than a BJT.[4] Because they are controlled by gate charge, once the gate is closed or opened, there is no additional power draw, as there would be with a bipolar junction transistor or with non-latching relays in some states. This allows extremely low-power switching, which in turn allows greater miniaturization of circuits because heat dissipation needs are reduced compared to other types of switches.
Disadvantages[edit]
It has a relatively low gain–bandwidth product compared to a BJT. The MOSFET has a drawback of being very susceptible to overload voltages, thus requiring special handling during installation.[20] The fragile insulating layer of the MOSFET between the gate and channel makes it vulnerable to electrostatic discharge or changes to threshold voltage during handling. This is not usually a problem after the device has been installed in a properly designed circuit.
FETs often have a very low 'on' resistance and have a high 'off' resistance. However the intermediate resistances are significant, and so FETs can dissipate large amounts of power while switching. Thus efficiency can put a premium on switching quickly, but this can cause transients that can excite stray inductances and generate significant voltages that can couple to the gate and cause unintentional switching. FET circuits can therefore require very careful layout and can involve trades between switching speed and power dissipation. There is also a trade-off between voltage rating and 'on' resistance, so high voltage FETs have a relatively high 'on' resistance and hence conduction losses.
Failure Modes[edit]
FETs are relatively robust, especially when operated within the temperature and electrical limitations defined by the manufacturer (proper derating). However, modern FET devices can often incorporate a body diode as part of the overall functionality. If the characteristics of the body diode are not taken into consideration, the FET can experience slow body diode behavior, where a parasitic transistor will turn on and allow high current to be drawn from drain to source when the FET is off.[21]
Uses[edit]
The most commonly used FET is the MOSFET. The CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) process technology is the basis for modern digital integrated circuits. This process technology uses an arrangement where the (usually "enhancement-mode") p-channel MOSFET and n-channel MOSFET are connected in series such that when one is ON, the other is OFF.
In FETs, electrons can flow in either direction through the channel when operated in the linear mode. The naming convention of drain terminal and source terminal is somewhat arbitrary, as the devices are typically (but not always) built symmetrically from source to drain. This makes FETs suitable for switching analog signals between paths (multiplexing). With this concept, one can construct a solid-state mixing board, for example.
A common use of the FET is as an amplifier. For example, due to its large input resistance and low output resistance, it is effective as a buffer in common-drain (source follower) configuration.
IGBTs are used in switching internal combustion engine ignition coils, where fast switching and voltage blocking capabilities are important.
Source-gated transistor[edit]
Source-gated transistors are more robust to manufacturing and environmental issues in large-area electronics such as display screens, but are slower in operation than FETs.[22]
See also[edit]
Chemical field-effect transistor
FET amplifier
FlowFET
Multigate device, especially FinFET
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Junction Field-Effect Devices, Semiconductor Devices for Power Conditioning, 1982
Jump up ^ 1960 - Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated - The Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum
Jump up ^ Jacob Millman (1985). Electronic devices and circuits. Singapore: McGraw-Hill International. p. 397. ISBN 0-07-085505-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Millman (1985). Electronic devices and circuits. Singapore: McGraw-Hill. pp. 384–385. ISBN 0-07-085505-6.
Jump up ^ C Galup-Montoro; Schneider MC (2007). MOSFET modeling for circuit analysis and design. London/Singapore: World Scientific. p. 83. ISBN 981-256-810-7.
Jump up ^ Norbert R Malik (1995). Electronic circuits: analysis, simulation, and design. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 315–316. ISBN 0-02-374910-5.
Jump up ^ RR Spencer; Ghausi MS (2001). Microelectronic circuits. Upper Saddle River NJ: Pearson Education/Prentice-Hall. p. 102. ISBN 0-201-36183-3.
Jump up ^ A. S. Sedra; K.C. Smith (2004). Microelectronic circuits (Fifth ed.). New York: Oxford. p. 552. ISBN 0-19-514251-9.
Jump up ^ PR Gray; PJ Hurst; SH Lewis; RG Meyer (2001). Analysis and design of analog integrated circuits (Fourth ed.). New York: Wiley. pp. §1.5.2 p. 45. ISBN 0-471-32168-0.
Jump up ^ IBM creates first graphene based integrated circuit
Jump up ^ Lin, Y.-M.; Valdes-Garcia, A.; Han, S.-J.; Farmer, D. B.; Sun, Y; Wu, Y; Dimitrakopoulos, C.; Grill, A; Avouris, P & Jenkins, K. A. (2011). "Wafer-Scale Graphene Integrated Circuit". Science. 332: 1294–1297. doi:10.1126/science.1204428. PMID 21659599.
Jump up ^ Flexible graphene transistor sets new records - physicsworld.com
Jump up ^ freepatentsonline.com, HIGFET and method - Motorola
Jump up ^ Ionescu, A. M.; Riel, H. (2011). "Tunnel field-effect transistors as energy-efficient electronic switches". Nature. 479 (7373): 329–337. doi:10.1038/nature10679. PMID 22094693.
Jump up ^ Poghossianb, Arshak (2002). "Recent advances in biologically sensitive field-effect transistors (BioFETs)". Analyst. 127: 1137–1151. doi:10.1039/B204444G.
Jump up ^ sciencedaily.com
Jump up ^ Sarvari H, et al. (2011). "Frequency analysis of graphene nanoribbon FET by Non-Equilibrium Green's Function in mode space". Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures. 43 (8): 1509–1513. doi:10.1016/j.physe.2011.04.018.
Jump up ^ Jerzy Ruzyllo (2016-09-15). Semiconductor Glossary: A Resource for Semiconductor Community. World Scientific. pp. 244–. ISBN 978-981-4749-56-5.
Jump up ^ physics.lbl.gov
Jump up ^ Allen Mottershead (2004). Electronic devices and circuits. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India. ISBN 81-203-0124-2.
Jump up ^ Slow Body Diode Failures of Field Effect Transistors (FETs): A Case Study, https://www.dfrsolutions.com/hubfs/Resources/Slow_Body_Diode_Failures.pdf?t=1513022462214
Jump up ^ "Source-gated transistors for order-of-magnitude performance improvements in thin-film digital circuits"
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Field-effect Transistors.
PBS The Field Effect Transistor
Junction Field Effect Transistor
CMOS gate circuitry
Winning the Battle Against Latchup in CMOS Analog Switches
Field Effect Transistors in Theory and Practice
The Field Effect Transistor as a Voltage Controlled Resistor
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Nick Bakay
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Nick Bakay
Born
Nicholas Bakay
(1959-10-08) October 8, 1959 (age 58)
Buffalo, New York, U.S.
Occupation
Actor, voice actor, writer, comedian, sportscaster
Years active
1984–present
Spouse(s)
Robin Bakay (m. 1994)
Nicholas "Nick" Bakay (/bəˈkeɪ/ bə-KAY;[1] born October 8, 1959) is an American actor, voice actor, writer, comedian and sportscaster. He is known as the voice of Salem Saberhagen on ABC/The WB's Sabrina the Teenage Witch and Sabrina: The Animated Series, and Norbert Beaver on The Angry Beavers. He played Karl on the Fox series 'Til Death as well as serving as a producer of the show until it was cancelled by Fox.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early career
2 Career
2.1 Guest appearances
3 Personal life
4 References
5 External links
Early career[edit]
Nicholas Bakay was born on October 8, 1959 in Buffalo, New York, where he attended Nichols School. He graduated from Kenyon College in 1981.[citation needed] He has Hungarian roots (his surname means "from Baka").[2]
Career[edit]
Bakay served as a writer of Sabrina the Teenage Witch, in which he also voiced Salem Saberhagen, a warlock who has been transformed into the Spellman family's pet cat for trying to take over the world. Bakay also served as a writer for the cartoon series Sabrina: The Animated Series, also providing his voice as Salem in this series as well, and as the voice of Norbert on The Angry Beavers.
Bakay is also an avid sport writer and commentator. He writes a weekly column for NFL.com called "Nick Bakay's Manly House of Football", as well as occasional columns for ESPN.com and ESPN The Magazine. He appears on SportsCenter on ESPN Wednesday and Thursday mornings during NFL season, and has frequently done segments on NFL Total Access on NFL Network. Bakay also has guest hosted numerous episodes of Up Close and Talk2, as well as contributed to Jim Rome Is Burning and numerous other sports shows.
Early in his career he wrote the storylines for the Evil Clown Comics series which appeared in National Lampoon magazine. From 1993–1994, he was a writer for the comedy sketch series In Living Color, and appeared as Stu Dunfy, the host of the fictional game show The Dirty Dozens. He worked at Comedy Central, writing and appearing on numerous shows, including Night After Night with Allan Havey and Sports Monster.[3]
Beginning in 2000, Bakay worked as a producer on the CBS hit comedy, The King of Queens, where he also wrote and acted in several episodes. He co-wrote the 2009 comedy film Paul Blart: Mall Cop with King of Queens star Kevin James, as well as its sequel, Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2 (2015).
In 2006, Bakay created, wrote, and voiced a cartoon for Comedy Central called The Adventures of Baxter and McGuire, which was nominated for an Emmy in the "Best Broadband Comedy" category.[4]
In 2013, Bakay began as a producer for the series Mom. Bakay also voiced the self-help radio announcer throughout the series.
From 2006 to 2010, Bakay served as a producer for and acted in the Fox comedy, 'Til Death.[1]
Guest appearances[edit]
Bakay has guest-starred on numerous TV sitcoms. He appeared on In Living Color in a semi-recurring role as Stu Dunfy, guest-host of the sketch "The Dirty Dozens" (and other voice work). He also appeared on the Seinfeld episode ("The Smelly Car"), Bakay plays Elaine's boyfriend who in the beginning of the episode is so great because he "pillages and plunders," but later on, he can't bear being with Elaine because of the intense body odor she acquired from being in Jerry's car.
In the That '70s Show episode "Ski Trip", Bakay played Gus, a gay truck driver attracted to Kelso. He also stars in another episode of That '70s Show as the voice of Donna's journal, and in "An Eric Forman Christmas" as the voice of Santa Claus in Kelso's Rankin-Bass-modeled dream.
Bakay had numerous recurring roles (such as Father McDaniel, Gus and miscellaneous voice work) on the show The King of Queens, which he also served as a producer and writer on. In the popular sitcom Ellen, Bakay starred as bookstore employee Lloyd in the 10th episode of the 2nd series, alongside comedian Ellen DeGeneres.
He also had roles on The Simpsons and Sabrina the Teenage Witch, playing Salem. He was the side-kick on two late night talk shows, Night After Night with Allan Havey and Dennis Miller's short-lived show.
Personal life[edit]
Bakay met his wife Robin while working at Comedy Central, where she was writing and producing on-air promos. They married in February 1994 and have two children together.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "About Nick". nickbakay.com. Retrieved 2007-07-15.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (December 7, 2010). "Kevin James And Adam Sandler Drive Nick Bakay Laugher 'Valet Guys' For Sony". Deadline Hollywood.
Jump up ^ "About Robin". nickbakay.com. Retrieved 2007-07-15.
Jump up ^ "Daytime Emmy Broadband Nominees". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. May 31, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2007.
External links[edit]
Listen to this article (info/dl)

This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Nick Bakay" dated 2007-12-03, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
More spoken articles
Nick Bakay on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 100950819
LCCN: n2003119544
GND: 1019423366
BNF: cb16708657r (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nick_Bakay&oldid=805868445"
Categories:
1959 births
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