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Climate of Antarctica
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Surface temperature of Antarctica in winter and summer from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
Antarctica has the coldest climate on the Earth. Antarctica's lowest air temperature record was set on 21 July 1983, with −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station.[1] Satellite measurements have identified even lower ground temperatures, down to −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) at the cloud free East Antarctic Plateau on 10 August 2010.[2] It is also extremely dry (technically a desert), averaging 166 mm (6.5 in) of precipitation per year. On most parts of the continent the snow rarely melts and is eventually compressed to become the glacier ice that makes up the ice sheet. Weather fronts rarely penetrate far into the continent, because of the katabatic winds. Most of Antarctica has an ice cap climate (Köppen EF) with very cold, generally extremely dry weather.
Contents
[hide]
1 Temperature
2 Precipitation
2.1 Weather condition classification
3 Ice cover
3.1 Ice shelves
4 Global warming
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
8.1 Climate
8.2 Climate change in Antarctica
8.3 Antarctic ice
Temperature[edit]
The Antarctic temperature changes during the last several glacial and interglacial cycles of the present ice age
The lowest reliably measured temperature of a continuously occupied station on Earth of −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) was on 21 July 1983 at Vostok Station.[3][4] For comparison, this is 10.7 °C (19.3 °F) colder than subliming dry ice (at sea level pressure). The altitude of the location is 3,900 meters (12,800 feet).
The lowest recorded temperature of any location on Earth's surface was −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) at 81°48′S 63°30′E / 81.8°S 63.5°E / -81.8; 63.5, which is on an unnamed Antarctic plateau between Dome A and Dome F, on 10 August 2010. The temperature was deduced from radiance measured by the Landsat 8 satellite, and discovered during a National Snow and Ice Data Center review of stored data in December, 2013.[5][6] This temperature is not directly comparable to the -89.2 quoted above, since it is a skin temperature deduced from satellite-measured upwelling radiance, rather than a thermometer-measured temperature of the air 1.5 m (4.9 ft) above the ground surface.
On the coast Antarctic average temperatures are around -10°c (in the warmest parts of Antarctica) and in the elevated inland they average about -55°C in Vostok.[7][8][9]
The highest temperature ever recorded in Antarctica was 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) at Esperanza Base, on the Antarctic Peninsula, on 24 March 2015.[10] The mean annual temperature of the interior is −57 °C (−70.6 °F). The coast is warmer. Monthly means at McMurdo Station range from −26 °C (−14.8 °F) in August to −3 °C (26.6 °F) in January.[11] At the South Pole, the highest temperature ever recorded was −12.3 °C (9.9 °F) on 25 December 2011.[12] Along the Antarctic Peninsula, temperatures as high as 15 °C (59 °F) have been recorded,[clarification needed] though the summer temperature is below 0 °C (32 °F) most of the time. Severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean. East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation.[citation needed] The Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate. Higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing.
Precipitation[edit]
Map of average annual precipitation on Antarctica (mm liquid equivalent)
The total precipitation on Antarctica, averaged over the entire continent, is about 166 millimetres (6.5 inches) per year (Vaughan et al., J Climate, 1999). The actual rates vary widely, from high values over the Peninsula (15 to 25 inches a year) to very low values (as little as 50 millimetres (2.0 inches) in the high interior (Bromwich, Reviews of Geophysics, 1988). Areas that receive less than 250 millimetres (9.8 inches) of precipitation per year are classified as deserts. Almost all Antarctic precipitation falls as snow.[13] Rainfall is rare and mainly occurs during the summer in coastal areas and surrounding islands.[13] Note that the quoted precipitation is a measure of its equivalence to water, rather than being the actual depth of snow. The air in Antarctica is also very dry. The low temperatures result in a very low absolute humidity, which means that dry skin and cracked lips are a continual problem for scientists and expeditioners working in the continent.
Weather condition classification[edit]
See also: Antarctica Weather Danger Classification
The weather in Antarctica can be highly variable, and the weather conditions can often change dramatically in short periods of time. There are various classifications for describing weather conditions in Antarctica; restrictions given to workers during the different conditions vary by station and nation. In Antarctic, there are different stations scattered everywhere in Antarctica, 16 total in Antarctica (Amery, Burger Hills, Cape Poinsett, Casey, Davis, Dumont D'urville, Haupt Nunatak, Law Dome, Mawson, McMurdo, Mirnyj, Novolazarevskaja, Skiway South, Syowa, Whoop Whoop and Wilkins Runway) and one in sub-Antarctica (Macquarie Island). The three places that have the lowest temperature are Amery, Law Dome and Wilkins Runway (temperature in order: -24.1, -12.8,-10.2).[14][15][16][17]
Ice cover[edit]
Nearly all of Antarctica is covered by a sheet of ice that is, on average, a mile thick or more (1.6 km). Antarctica contains 90% of the world's ice and more than 70% of its fresh water. If all the land-ice covering Antarctica were to melt — around 30 million cubic kilometres (7.2 million cubic miles) of ice — the seas would rise by over 60 metres (200 feet).[18] This is, however, very unlikely within the next few centuries. The Antarctic is so cold that even with increases of a few degrees, temperatures would generally remain below the melting point of ice. Higher temperatures are expected to lead to more snow, which would increase the amount of ice in Antarctica, offsetting approximately one third of the expected sea level rise from thermal expansion of the oceans.[19] During a recent decade, East Antarctica thickened at an average rate of about 1.8 centimetres per year while West Antarctica showed an overall thinning of 0.9 centimetres per year.[20] For the contribution of Antarctica to present and future sea level change, see sea level rise. Because ice flows, albeit slowly, the ice within the ice sheet is younger than the age of the sheet itself.
Morphometric data for Antarctica (from Drewry, 1983)
Surface
Area
(km²)
Percent
Mean ice thickness
(m)
Volume
(km³)
Percent
Inland ice sheet 11,965,700 85.97 2,450 29,324,700 97.00
Ice shelves 1,541,710 11.08 475 731,900 2.43
Ice rises 78,970 .57 670 53,100 .18
Glacier ice (total)
13,586,380 2,160 30,109,800¹
Rock outcrop 331,690 2.38
Antarctica (total)
13,918,070 100.00 2,160 30,109,800¹ 100.00
¹The total ice volume is different from the sum of the component parts because individual figures have been rounded.
Regional ice data (from Drewry and others, 1982; Drewry, 1983)
Region
Area
(km²)
Mean ice
thickness
(m)
Volume
(km³)
East Antarctica
Inland ice 9,855,570 2,630 25,920,100
Ice shelves 293,510 400 117,400
Ice rises 4,090 400 1,600
West Antarctica (excluding Antarctic Peninsula)
Inland ice sheet 1,809,760 1,780 3,221,400
Ice shelves 104,860 375 39,300
Ice rises 3,550 375 1,300
Antarctic Peninsula
Inland ice sheet 300,380 610 183,200
Ice shelves 144,750 300 43,400
Ice rises 1,570 300 500
Ross Ice Shelf
Ice shelf 525,840 427 224,500
Ice rises 10,320 500 5,100
Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf
Ice shelf 472,760 650 307,300
Ice rises 59,440 750 44,600
Ice shelves[edit]
This section needs attention from an expert in glaciers. The specific problem is: unintelligible English and lack of clarity. WikiProject Glaciers may be able to help recruit an expert. (April 2017)
Antarctic ice shelves, 1998
About 75% of the coastline of Antarctica is ice shelves. The utmost parts consist of floating ice until the grounding line of land based glaciers is reached, which is determined through affords such as Operation IceBridge. Ice shelves lose mass through iceberg breakup (calving), or basal melting (at the foot of the glacier, when warm ocean water impacts), and this can affect ice sheet stability when the land based glaciers start to retreat; melting or breakup of floating shelf ice does not directly affect global sea levels, however, when sea ice freezes, it preferentially expels salt, in the process becoming purer than the sea water it is floating in. Pure water is less dense than salty water, so when the ice melts it will overflow the 'hole in the water' that the ice had occupied, and when it overflows, it raises the water level.[21][22]
Known changes in coastline ice:
Around the Antarctic Peninsula:
1936–1989: Wordie Ice Shelf significantly reduced in size.
1995: Ice in the Prince Gustav Channel disintegrated.
Parts of the Larsen Ice Shelf broke up in recent decades.
1995: The Larsen A ice shelf disintegrated in January 1995.
2001: 3,250 square kilometres (1,250 square miles) of the Larsen B ice shelf disintegrated in February 2001. It had been gradually retreating before the breakup event.
2015: A study concluded that the remaining Larsen B ice-shelf will disintegrate by the end of the decade, based on observations of faster flow and rapid thinning of glaciers in the area.[23]
The George VI Ice Shelf, which may be on the brink of instability,[24] has probably existed for approximately 8,000 years, after melting 1,500 years earlier.[25] Warm ocean currents may have been the cause of the melting.[26] Not only the ice sheets are losing mass, but they are losing mass at an accelerating rate.[27]
Global warming[edit]
Main article: Global warming in Antarctica
Antarctic Skin Temperature Trends between 1981 and 2007, based on thermal infrared observations made by a series of NOAA satellite sensors. Skin temperature trends do not necessarily reflect air temperature trends.
The continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is positive and significant at >0.05 °C/decade since 1957.[28][29][30][31] The West Antarctic ice sheet has warmed by more than 0.1 °C/decade in the last 50 years, and is strongest in winter and spring. Although this is partly offset by fall cooling in East Antarctica, this effect is restricted to the 1980s and 1990s.[28][29][30]
Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s, a finding consistent with the influence of man-made climate change:
"We can't pin it down, but it certainly is consistent with the influence of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels", said NASA scientist Drew Shindell, another study co-author. Some of the effects also could be natural variability, he said.[32]
The British Antarctic Survey, which has undertaken the majority of Britain's scientific research in the area, stated in 2009:[33]
West Antarctic ice loss could contribute to 1.4 metres (4 feet 7 inches) sea level rise
Antarctica predicted to warm by around 3 °C (5.4 °F) over this century
10% increase in sea ice around the Antarctic
Rapid ice loss in parts of the Antarctic
Warming of the Southern Ocean will cause changes in Antarctic ecosystem
Hole in ozone layer, which has shielded most of Antarctica from global warming
0 September 2007 NASA map showing previously un-melted snowmelt
The area of strongest cooling appears at the South Pole, and the region of strongest warming lies along the Antarctic Peninsula. A possible explanation is that loss of UV-absorbing ozone may have cooled the stratosphere and strengthened the polar vortex, a pattern of spinning winds around the South Pole. The vortex acts like an atmospheric barrier, preventing warmer, coastal air from moving into the continent's interior. A stronger polar vortex might explain the cooling trend in the interior of Antarctica.[34]
In their latest study (20 September 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.[35]
There is also evidence for widespread glacier retreat around the Antarctic Peninsula.[36]
Researchers reported on 21 December 2012 in Nature Geoscience that from 1958 to 2010, the average temperature at the mile-high Byrd Station rose by 2.4 °C (4.3 °F), with warming fastest in its winter and spring. The spot which is in the heart of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is one of the fastest-warming places on Earth. In 2015, the temperature showed changes but in a stable manner and the only months that have drastic change in that year are August and September. It also did show that the temperature was very stable throughout the year.[37][38][39][40]
See also[edit]
Antarctica cooling controversy
Climate of the Arctic
Effects of global warming
Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Polar amplification
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ The Coldest Place on Earth: -90°C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors, Ted Scambos, Allen Pope, Garrett Campbell, and Terry Haran, American Geophysical Union fall meeting, 9 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite, Jonathan Amos, BBC News, 9 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Budretsky, A.B. (1984). "New absolute minimum of air temperature". Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (in Russian). Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat (105).
Jump up ^ "World: Lowest Temperature - ASU World Meteorological Organization". asu.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-06-16.
Jump up ^ Natasha Vizcarra (2013-12-09). "Landsat 8 helps unveil the coldest place on Earth". National Snow and Ice Data Center. Retrieved 2013-12-27.
Jump up ^ Jonathan Amos (2013-12-09). "Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite". BBC News Science & Environment. Retrieved 2013-12-27.
Jump up ^ "Antarctic weather". www.antarctica.gov.au.
Jump up ^ "Climate statistics for Australian locations". www.bom.gov.au.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-05-07. Retrieved 2008-05-07.
Jump up ^ "WMO Region VII (Antarctica mainland & adjoining islands): Highest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 1 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Antarctica Climate data and graphs, South Pole, McMurdo and Vostok". coolantarctica.com.
Jump up ^ Matthew A. Lazzara (2011-12-28). "Preliminary Report: Record Temperatures at South Pole (and nearby AWS sites…)". Retrieved 2011-12-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "La Antártida" (in Spanish). Dirección Nacional del Antártico. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Latest Weather Observations for Antarctica". www.bom.gov.au.
Jump up ^ "Weathering The Conditions" (PDF). The Antarctic Sun. 18 October 1997. p. 8. Retrieved June 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jim Scott. "Weather and Travel" (PDF). Welcome to McMurdo Station. McMurdo Station. p. 6. Retrieved June 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Field Manual" (PDF). Antarctica New Zealand. New Zealand Government. p. 37. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 15, 2015. Retrieved June 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis". Grida.no. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
Jump up ^ "Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis". Grida.no. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
Jump up ^ Davis; et al. (2005). "Snowfall-Driven Growth in East Antarctic Ice Sheet Mitigates Recent Sea-Level Rise,". Science. 308 (5730): 1898–1901. Bibcode:2005Sci...308.1898D. doi:10.1126/science.1110662. PMID 15905362.
Jump up ^ "Does Melting Sea Ice Raise Sea Levels? - Peace Legacy". peacelegacy.org.
Jump up ^ E. Rignot; S. Jacobs; J. Mouginot; B. Scheuchl. "Ice-Shelf Melting Around Antarctica". Science. 341: 266–270. Bibcode:2013Sci...341..266R. doi:10.1126/science.1235798. PMID 23765278.
Jump up ^ NASA (14 May 2015). "NASA Study Shows Antarctica's Larsen B Ice Shelf Nearing Its Final Act".
Jump up ^ Mike Bentley; Dominic Hodgson. "Millennial-scale variability of George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula". Natural Environment Research Council. Archived from the original on 12 September 2002. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Bentley, M.J. (1), Hjort, C. (2) Ingolfsson, O. (3) and Sugden, D.E. (4). "Holocene Instability of the George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula". Archived from the original on 20 October 2004. Retrieved June 8, 2015. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Press Release – New Year?s Honours for British Antarctic Survey Personnel". British Antarctic Survey. 2006-01-05. Retrieved 2011-03-27.
Jump up ^ "NASA - Is Antarctica Melting?". www.nasa.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b Tenney Naumer. "Climate Change: The Next Generation". climatechangepsychology.blogspot.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Retrieved=2009-01-22 Archived December 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v457/n7228/full/nature07669.html Retrieved=2009-01-22
Jump up ^ "Global warming hitting all of Antarctica: scientists". The Sydney Morning Herald.
Jump up ^ Antarctica study challenges warming skeptics, Jan 21, 2009
Jump up ^ http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/press/press_releases/press_release.php?id=1065
Jump up ^ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17257
Jump up ^ "NASA - NASA Researchers Find Snowmelt in Antarctica Creeping Inland". nasa.gov.
Jump up ^ IPCC 2007, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, 2007, page 376.
Jump up ^ Nicolas, Julien. "Reconstructed Byrd temperature record". polarmet.osu.edu.
Jump up ^ Witze, Alexandra (14 April 2014). "West Antarctica warming fast".
Jump up ^ "Map of Antarctica and annual spatial footprint of the Byrd temperature record. : Central West Antarctica among the most rapidly warming regions on Earth". Nature Geoscience. 6: 139–145. Bibcode:2013NatGe...6..139B. doi:10.1038/ngeo1671.
Jump up ^ Bromwich, D. H.; Nicolas, J. P.; Monaghan, A. J.; Lazzara, M. A.; Keller, L. M.; Weidner, G. A.; Wilson, A. B. (2012). "Central West Antarctica among the most rapidly warming regions on Earth". Nature Geoscience. 6 (2): 139–145. Bibcode:2013NatGe...6..139B. doi:10.1038/ngeo1671.
Sources
D. G. Vaughan; G. J. Marshall; W. M. Connolley; J. C. King; R. M. Mulvaney (2001). "Devil in the detail". Science. 293 (5536): 1777–9. doi:10.1126/science.1065116. PMID 11546858.
M.J. Bentley; D.A. Hodgson; D.E. Sugden; S.J. Roberts; J.A. Smith; M.J. Leng; C. Bryant (2005). "Early Holocene retreat of the George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula". Geology. 33 (3): 173–6. Bibcode:2005Geo....33..173B. doi:10.1130/G21203.1.
Further reading[edit]
Warm Snap Turned Antarctica Green Around the Edges; Thawed-out continent was lined with trees 15 million years ago, study says. June 20, 2012 National Geographic
Taking Antarctica's temperature; Frozen continent may not be immune to global warming July 27, 2013; Vol.184 #2 Science News
External links[edit]
Climate[edit]
Climate data from Antarctic surface stations with trends
Temperature data from the READER project
A pamphlet about the weather and climate of Antarctica
Antarctica's central ice cap grows while glaciers melt
"AWS and AMRC Real-Time Weather Observations and Data". University of Wisconsin-Madison's Antarctic Weather Stations Project and Antarctic Meteorological Research Center. Retrieved May 31, 2005.
Antarctica Climate and Weather
Climate change in Antarctica[edit]
Western Antarctica warming confirmed December 23, 2012 USA Today
NASA experts explain ice melt in Antarctica (2014)
Antarctic ice[edit]
"Sea Ice Index – Trends in extent – Southern Hemisphere (Antarctic)". National Snow and Ice Data Center. Retrieved Jan 9, 2009.
"Coastal-Change and Glaciological Maps of Antarctica". USGS Fact Sheet 2005–3055. Retrieved May 31, 2005.
"Coastal-Change and Glaciological Maps of Antarctica". USGS Fact Sheet 050–98. Retrieved February 28, 2005.
"Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Eights Coast area, Antarctica; 1972–2001". U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Series Map, I-2600-E. Retrieved February 28, 2005.
"Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Bakutis Coast area, Antarctica; 1972–2002". U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Series Map, I-2600-F. Retrieved February 28, 2005.
"Coastal-change and glaciological map of the Saunders Coast area, Antarctica; 1972–1997". U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Series Map, I-2600-G. Retrieved February 28, 2005.
"Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World – Antarctica". U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-B. Retrieved February 28, 2005.
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Talk:Coleman fuel
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Contents
[hide]
1 Fuel?
2 No merger with "naphtha"
3 inaccurate information
4 External links modified
5 External links modified
Fuel?[edit]
Coleman fuel is simply Octane; plus possibly some Heptane or others. It is white gas--or, unleaded gasoline. Like what they sold in the 'sixties sans tetraethyl lead. Used to be big stickers warning you of it: "For use as a motor fuel only..."; etc.It is Not Naphtha; that is Lighter Fluid. At least, in the United states. What they call Naphtha or Kerosene varies from country to country. The "paraffin", for example, in British texts means Lamp Oil--Kerosene (Rock or Petroleum oil, sometimes, here), or Whale Oil, etc; not the paraffin wax as it means in the U.S. Unleaded modern gasoline will work in a Coleman stove; but the original Coleman fuel is better. It has no lead or other additives for anti-knock--that is why you shouldn't use it in internal combustion engines; not that it is "naphtha".68.231.189.108 ,talk) 15:45, 4 December 2009 (UTC)
The discussion above about the differences between the various fuels - white gas, unleaded gas, octane, naphtha and Coleman fuel - is sort of right, but also a little off the mark. It can get a little confusing because some of the terms have different usages over time and/or in different contexts.
It's correct that white gas (or "white gasoline") at one time referred to pure automobile gasoline - that is, gasoline without lead or other additives. It's not the same as unleaded gasoline sold today, which has different properties than "white gasoline" (notably a higher octane rating than "white gasoline," as well as a number of other additives). "White gas" as that term is commonly used today generally refers to naphtha or Coleman fuel.
Naphtha is a general term that covers a range of light petroleum distillates. Naphtha has a number of applications in the refining process ("light" naphtha is used as a feedstock for production of olefins, for example, and "heavy" naphtha (a low octane product) is converted into higher octane "reformates" using a catalytic reforming process). The type of naphtha typically available at the retail level is VM&P ("Varnish Makers & Painters") naphtha, which is used as a light solvent and thinner for oil-based paints. And (as noted above) naphtha is used as a lighter fluid for wick-type lighters.
Coleman fuel (CAS No. 68410-97-9) is not "simply octane," but is a blend of light petroleum distillates that includes octane, nonane, cyclohexane, pentane and heptane. Its properties (volatility, vapor density, etc.) are similar to naphtha (VM&P naphtha) and both are suitable for use in liquid fuel campstoves and lanterns. In the UK, naphtha is sold under the trade name "Panel Wipe," and is often used in campstoves due to the high cost of Coleman fuel there. Unleaded gasoline can sometimes be used in stoves and lanterns that are designed for Coleman fuel or naphtha, but not always.
Kerosene is a totally different beast from naphtha - significant differences in vapor pressure, density, boiling point, etc. It is correct that what is called "kerosene" in the US is called "paraffin" in the UK, and is not to be confused with "paraffin wax." Stoves designed for Coleman fuel generally cannot use kerosene, without modification (e.g., different burner jets). John Fogarty (talk) 17:48, 9 October 2010 (UTC)
A casuistic remark. In the 1980's I toured the United States on a motorbike that ran on regular unleaded fuel. I also had a gallon can of Coleman fuel for my stove. On two occasions I have had to use Coleman Fuel to run my bike to get to the nearest gas station. So it is possible but not very sensible (if only because Coleman fuel at that time was much more expensive than unleaded gasoline). 77.167.212.162 16:11, 22 February 2014 (UTC) Say thank you for telling you!!!
No merger with "naphtha"[edit]
Coleman fuel is a specific range of hydrocarbon mixture, a "clean fuel" used around households as an emergency fuel.
Naphtha is a huge range of hydrocarbon mixtures with various impurities. To reduce confusion, avoid substitution of the wrong naphtha mixture, I strongly suggest no merger. When the lights are flickering near stores closing time in a storm, one doesn't want to wade through a refining or pedagogical article. My side of town recently spent 3-5 days without power. A specific fuel article addresses common confusions that helps prevent economic loss and safety problems. Please leave this stand alone article as is.--Incogm (talk) 22:27, 2 October 2012 (UTC)
I pulled all the merger tags. If someone proposes a merger, they need to try to make a case on this page. They didn't even try.JSR (talk) 22:39, 2 October 2012 (UTC)
inaccurate information[edit]
"Its high combustion temperature and lack of octane boosting additives like tetraethyllead will destroy engine valves"

tetraethyllead has not been used in over 40 years (its page says so) yet it is used as an example of something Coleman fuel is lacking that would prevent it from being used in a gasoline engine.
as I am not a seasoned Wikipedia contributor so I would rather point it out than attempt to fix it but not be up to editing standards
80.5.128.19 (talk) 23:43, 20 April 2014 (UTC)
Tetraethyllead is an example of an Antiknock agent; it's just used to refer to any anti-knocking agent here, as it's the best known one. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:8B0:9FC:739E:91EB:677A:168A:EFE3 (talk) 20:44, 14 October 2014 (UTC)
External links modified[edit]
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External links modified[edit]
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I have just modified one external link on Coleman fuel. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090207015102/http://www.coleman.com/coleman/colemancom/choose_fuel.asp to http://www.coleman.com/coleman/colemancom/choose_fuel.asp
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Eric Forman
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the character on the TV series "That '70s Show". For the character on the TV series "House", see Eric Foreman.
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Unclear writing, see talk page for more details Please help improve this article if you can. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Eric Forman
That '70s Show character
First appearance
"That '70s Pilot"
(episode 1.01)
Last appearance
"That '70s Finale"
(episode 8.22)
Portrayed by
Topher Grace
Broc Benedict (Eric at 13)
Brett Buford (Eric at 7)
Information
Nickname(s)
Snicklefritz (by Kitty and Hyde)
Forman (by Hyde and Kelso)
Dumbass, Hophead, Dopehead, Jim Beam, Twitchy, President of Turd Town, rainbow,Mr. Nude, Mr. Smartmouth (by Red)
Porky mouth (by Kitty)
Foreplay (by Casey)
Foreskin (by Donna)
Scrawny Little Neighbor Boy, Skinny Dillhole, Erica, Esmerelda (also by Hyde)
Doctor Pee Pee (by Laurie)
Forehead, Johnny Cubscout, Zitty Stardust, Pimply Longstocking, Twizzler, Boy, Archie, Opie, For-MAN, Blow Pop, The Flash, Stringbean
Occupation
High school student (formerly; graduated)
Fatso Burger employee (formerly)
Stock boy (formerly)
Coupon liaison (formerly)
Waiter (formerly)
Teacher (currently)
Family
Red Forman (father)
Kitty Forman (mother)
Laurie Forman (sister)
Fez(Former Brother in-law)
Jake Forman (brother, alternate reality)
Significant other(s)
Donna Pinciotti (girlfriend), Chloe/"Girl Who Sells Slurpees" (ex-girlfriend)
Relatives
Albert Forman (paternal grandfather, deceased)
Bernice Forman (paternal grandmother, deceased)
Marty Forman (paternal uncle)
Jerry Forman (paternal uncle)
Burt Sigurdson (maternal grandfather, deceased)
Bea Sigurdson (maternal grandmother)
Paula Sigurdson (maternal aunt)
Penny (maternal cousin)
Corey Howard (cousin)
Pearl (maternal great aunt)
Fez (ex brother-in-law)
Religion
Presbyterian
Nationality
American
Eric Albert Forman (born March 5, 1960) is a fictional character in Fox Network's That '70s Show, portrayed by Topher Grace. Eric is based on the adolescence of show creator Mark Brazill.[1] Most of the show takes place at the Formans' home, particularly in the basement, where he and his five friends hang out.
Contents
[hide]
1 Storylines
1.1 Season eight
2 Personality
3 Relationships
4 Other appearances
5 References
Storylines[edit]
Being the show's main character for the first seven seasons, Eric appears in many storylines. The show opens with Eric, a scrawny, socially awkward 16-year-old, dealing with his ever-evident and growing crush on the girl next door, Donna Pinciotti. During this time, Eric obtains the signature 1969 Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser and takes it out of town, despite his father's warnings not to. This, evidently, impresses Donna and leads to the pair's first kiss.[2] The next episode, Eric's Birthday set on May 18, 1976 (originally making him born in 1959), sees the pair dealing with their kiss as well as Eric's long-awaited 17th birthday. As the series progresses, Eric's friends' influence over him begins to surface as he finds himself arrested due to Kelso being caught driving a stolen car while he was a passenger, due to an earlier ban on his Vista Cruiser. Eric and Donna soon share a first date, but all goes awry as Donna becomes intoxicated due to a mix-up with the drink order, causing an awkward and uncomfortable experience for Eric.[3] During the high school prom, the two decide to rent a nearby motel room for after, though ultimately decide not to engage in intercourse after receiving the attention of fellow students.[4]
Coinciding with the beginning of his relationship with Donna, (he secretly has a crush on Veronica Russell) Eric must deal with the death of his grandmother, sharing a rare bonding moment with his father Red and his best friend Hyde's abandonment. It is Eric who ultimately decides that Hyde should move in with them. Season 2's episode, "Halloween" revealed that it was Eric who causes Hyde's downward spiral to rebellious stoner due to Eric framing Hyde for the destruction of a classmates school work. The pair end up in an argument, but all is resolved as they choose to forget it ever happened. Eric is suspended from school for smoking on school property after taking the blame but is allowed to return to school when the truth is later revealed. He also received his first steady job from his father at PriceMart[5] and Donna and Eric lose their virginity to each other at Midge and Bob's renewal wedding vows.[6]
Throughout season three, the pair's relationship holds a steady foundation despite Eric's constant awkward antics, such as accidental sexism and pantsing Donna. However, things take a turn for the worse as Eric's offer for a promise ring is rejected by Donna and he decides that if she doesn't see a future with him they should break up.[7] Despite it being his decision, this leads him to spiral into depression, dreaming at one point what it would be like if he had never dated Donna. He is angered on several occasions as Donna deals with their breakup and the downfall of her parents' marriage by acting insultingly toward him, even publishing in the school's newspaper a story that parallels their relationship.[8] He is also resentful of her relationship with Michael Kelso's older brother Casey, who is offensive and smug. When Donna begins acting out due to Casey's influence, Eric becomes concerned but refuses to take her back the evening Casey breaks up with her.
Regretting it instantly, Eric goes to find her to once again reconcile, and learns that she and Michael have taken off for California where they spend the remainder of the summer. Despite his parents foreboding, Eric takes off after Donna and they reconcile instantly and continue their relationship. Later, Eric contemplates in front of his friends the idea of proposing to Donna, something they all instantly point out the idiocy. However, the two do get engaged as he proposes, somewhat awkwardly, atop the water tower. After taking the SAT's he realizes he got the lowest score of the group, even getting a worse score than Kelso,[9] prompting him to work harder in order to marry Donna. Eric also thinks hard about his future, choosing to move to Madison with Donna. In the fifth season, Eric and Donna become engaged, despite widespread discouragement (and anger, in the case of Red). However, they refuse to call off the engagement and remain engaged until the end of the sixth season. Eventually, they both begin to experience pre-wedding jitters and Eric, acting upon these feelings, skips his wedding rehearsal. He then returns in the next episode and Donna forgives him.
After spending much of 1978–79 lazing around, Eric eventually decides he needs to do something with his life. This prompts many attempts to find a long-term career. It is not until a conversation with friends that he realizes his passion is in teaching. However, Red has spent Eric's college money on his muffler shop, but the guidance counselor at Eric's former high school offers him the choice of a fully paid education if he first spends a year teaching in Africa. Eric accepts, much to his mother and Donna's dismay. After a few weeks of preparation and receiving the cold treatment from Kitty and Donna, Eric packs his bags and prepares to leave. With the blessing from Red and forgiveness from his mother and Donna, he drives off with the Vista Cruiser to a hearty farewell.
Eric's family includes his doting mother, Kitty Forman, who has impending separation anxiety and menopause, his crabby father, Red Forman, who is a strict Korean War military veteran, and his older sister, Laurie Forman, who is a promiscuous blonde who uses her looks to get what she wants. Eric's best friend, Steven Hyde, who was essentially abandoned by his parents, later becomes his foster brother. Eric was the show's protagonist from seasons one through seven until he was written out due to Grace's departure from the series. However, despite Eric's absence, he is mentioned at least once in all 22 episodes of season eight. He makes a brief cameo appearance in the final episode titled "That '70s Finale."
Season eight[edit]
Due to Eric's departure from the show at the beginning of its eighth season, Eric was no longer the central focus of the show, though his character was still heavily used to influence elements of it, and he's mentioned in every episode of the season. Picking up a month after the seventh season's finale, Eric is revealed to have successfully become accustomed to his job teaching in Africa. As Donna's relationship with a new character Randy begins to intensify, it becomes apparent that Eric has broken up with her yet again. Eric returns home on New Year's Eve to reconcile with Donna, welcome the new year in with his friends and continue his teaching career.
Personality[edit]
A nice guy at heart, Eric is generally geeky, physically weak and somewhat clumsy. He is not athletic and shows little interest in sports. He is a smart-aleck teenager with a lightning-fast wit and a sarcastic and deadpan sense of humor. He also lights "incense" with his friends in his basement. Eric is also known to screw things up a lot, which is parodied throughout the series.
Eric is often picked on for his slight stature and other characters have likened him to "Opie" (for the character Opie Taylor, from The Andy Griffith Show), and Archie Andrews. Other unfortunate nicknames include "Foreplay" (by Casey Kelso), "Foreskin" (by Donna), "Zitty Stardust" (in reference to him being unable to take a zit-free yearbook photo), "Scrawny Little Neighbor Boy" (by Hyde), and "Dumbass" (by Red).
His girlfriend Donna is physically stronger, smarter and larger than he is, a fact which is cause for many jokes by all who know them. Donna is seen beating everyone individually on more than one occasion.
Though physically weak, Eric can show a surprising amount of courage and even physical power when necessary. When incensed enough he will stand up to anyone, including his father and during these moments he can be surprisingly eloquent. He stood up to Red when he was troubled about Kitty's apparent pregnancy and told him to be a man for her. He also stands up to both of his parents in his insistence on marrying Donna, despite their repeated attempts to stop him. He threatens Casey Kelso with serious injury if he hurt Donna and even defended his father by punching another teenager (David Milbank) who had informed him that Red will eventually lose his job at the auto parts plant. He also beat a Green Bay Packers fan up during a game, after the fan (along with Red) repeatedly insult Eric for wearing a Chicago Bears jersey; however, Eric turns to violence only when the fan insults Red for telling him to stop arguing once the game was over, as Red only saw the argument as being appropriate banter between opposing fans during the game. This made Red proud enough to remark that his son had the "Forman Rage."
Eric's best friend is rebel Steven Hyde. When Hyde's mother leaves town at the end of the first season, Eric tries to persuade his parents to do something about his best friend's living conditions and thus Hyde is invited to live with the Formans, which he does for most of the series. When Red is quick to throw Hyde out after an arrest for drug possession, Eric attempts to help him by proving Red's hypocrisy.
Of his group of friends, Eric seemed to dislike Jackie the most in the beginning, though as the series progresses, they develop a friendship. Throughout, the two have a clear "frenemy" relationship. They demonstrate their annoyance with each other, but show compassion for each other many times, and through it all, are close. At the series' beginning, Jackie admits to trusting and liking Eric, confiding in him that she might be pregnant. In "The Pill," for example, she says to Eric's surprise, "Look, I've always been able to trust you—and, god, you are such a nice guy." Later in the episode, once Kelso threatens to break up with Jackie, Eric yells at him, having developed protective feelings towards her. This proves that their burning of each other throughout the show is only for laughs and friendly bickering, as none of their hostility is ever serious. Eric is consistent in ignoring Jackie as an object of sexual desire, but this changes in "What Is and What Should Never Be" where Hyde helps Eric realize that Jackie is "hot." After this, Eric has shown to have a sexual attraction to her, as shown in many episodes. Jackie is, at times, demeaning towards Eric due to his effeminate qualities, dorkiness and physical weakness. They have been known to occasionally help each other out. In the episode "Jackie's Cheese Squeeze," Eric admits that they are "friends," as long as they don't refer to each other as such in public, and in the season seven finale, Jackie calls Eric from Chicago and admits that she's always cared for him, and that he was always very special to her.
Eric is a well-known fan of science fiction, such as Star Trek and especially Star Wars, in which he compares himself to Luke Skywalker. This is cause for much ridicule at the hands of his exasperated family and friends. He is known to keep a collection of Star Wars models and figurines. He is also known to have a large, beloved collection of G.I. Joe. He listens to artists such as Led Zeppelin, KISS, Aerosmith, Pink Floyd, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Deep Purple, Queen, Styx and Rush. He is also a Beatles fan and has been known to liken his group of friends to them, accusing Jackie of "breaking up the band" with her romantic entanglements with Kelso and Hyde (calling her Yoko, in reference to Yoko Ono). It is also hinted that he is both a Batman and Spider-Man fan, having Spider-Man bed sheets and a considerable number of comic books, most of them bearing the Marvel Comics logo with the titular character on the covers. When he fights a fan at the Packers game, he tells Red that he learned his moves from Spider-Man; coincidentally, Topher Grace starred as Eddie Brock, a character who obtains powers very similar to Spider-Man, thus transforming him into the monstrous Venom in Spider-Man 3 in 2007.
Eric has had many typical teenage jobs over the series. He has worked at Fatso Burger, PriceMart, a dog food factory and as a waiter at the Holiday Hotel. In the beginning of the series, Red vehemently opposes Eric's attempts to get a job during the second season citing that it would interfere with his schoolwork and make it harder for him to get into a good college located far away. Kitty supports Red by saying Eric's job is being her "precious little baby boy." When Eric announces his marriage proposal to Red and Kitty, Red fires him from his job at PriceMart so he couldn't make the money to get married. Kitty costs him a potential job at a bank for the same reason. Red and Kitty even go so far as to revoke their offer to pay for Eric's college tuition in a final act of desperation to put a stop to the wedding but are unsuccessful. In season seven, Eric is ridiculed by his father when he takes a year off from school and work to contemplate his future and enjoy being lazy. Eric takes pleasure in the contempt Red has for this decision.
Eric is usually very supportive of his friends, even though it is very rarely reciprocated. On several occasions, when the group find themselves in a predicament as the result of a prank gone awry or some other unforeseen circumstance, the rest of the group would take off, leaving Eric to absorb the brunt of the trouble, after which the group (mainly Hyde) would hassle and tease Eric for getting into trouble (as in "Stolen Car," "Eric Gets Suspended," "Eric's Hot Cousin" and "Rip This Joint"). This has much to do with Eric's trusting nature and indicates that what he lacks in physical strength and courage, he more than makes up for in strength of character. Eric however, has been known to get his revenge on his backstabbing friends from time to time, such as when Kelso took the group on a "dine-and-dash" without telling them and the group eventually abandoning Donna and Eric at the restaurant. Eric and Donna get their revenge by serving a batch of brownies which they referred to as "special" brownies. However, in this case, the "special" ingredient that Eric and Donna include is a chocolate-flavored laxative. This was a particular problem for Fez, whose girlfriend had arrived to make amends with him, just as he was running for the bathroom. At times, however, Eric's friends will come to his aid when he's truly at the end of his rope. His less morally inclined friends are quick to take advantage of him and sometimes take his willingness to help them for granted. However, Eric is also quick to stand up for himself whenever he feels he has been wronged by his friends' actions. Although in later episodes, he seems to become more selfish, babied by his mother and lazy.
Eric is also quite stubborn, which has on several occasions brings bad luck to himself. For example, when Donna calls from California and when Kitty tries to tell him, Eric refuses to even listen to his mother and (when he finds out the call) later scolds her for not telling him. Also, when Hyde is about to get kicked out of the Forman's house for his drug use, Eric tells Red that he also does drugs (despite Donna telling him not to), only to find out that Hyde is allowed to stay. Another prime example is during his first break-up with Donna: he refuses to see the signs that she is hesitant to say they will always be together, even when Hyde tries to explain it to him, and when faced with the truth chooses to end the relationship rather than accept Donna is not ready. (However, he would later on acknowledge it was unfair for him to pressure Donna.)
Relationships[edit]
Eric's relationship with his parents is characterized by his attempts to prove to them that he is mature and independent. Eric's father, Red, is a notorious authoritarian and often refers to Eric as "dumbass" and "boy." He frequently threatens "to put his foot in Eric's ass." Red finds Eric lacking the qualities which he feels a grown man should possess, including physical strength, sportsmanship, and interest in manly pursuits, like hunting and fishing. Despite the fact that Red's strict parenting often prevents intimate father-son moments, Red truly cares for his son. On rare occasions, Red displays genuine fatherly love such as in "That Wresting Show" and "Street Fighting Man," as well as when he learns that Eric is a good hunter and chose not to shoot a deer because he didn't want to. Oddly, Eric is, in many ways, a younger version of his father. Both display a dry sense of humor and tend to be the sanest people in their circle of friends.
Eric's mother, Kitty, typically supports Eric against the wishes of her husband and she often scolds Red for being too hard on him. However, she also does not consider Eric to be a man and often refers to him as her "precious little baby boy." Eric appreciates his mom's support but her overblown displays of affection often leave him feeling embarrassed. At times, Kitty's love for Eric borders on Hitchcockian. His mother is often insecure about being replaced by Donna as the woman in Eric's life. Their rivalry is played up in many episodes (often comically, but sometimes to the point of it being problematic). In theory, she's okay with a sexual relationship between Donna and Eric (even pressing the two to discuss it with her); however, in reality, she goes into a depression after learning that Eric and Donna had sex and considers Donna a harlot who has stolen her baby boy away from her. Eric reassured Kitty that he would always need her because, "[Red]'s going to be riding [his] ass for the rest of [his] life". When Eric tells his parents about his plan to spend a year teaching in Africa, his mother is less than thrilled. This is most notably and comically presented when, the morning after his announcement, Kitty fixes everyone at the breakfast table a smiley-face breakfast with eggs and bacon and then hands Eric a plain pancake and says, "nothing smiling up at you, nothing". Even with a couple of days before his departure, Kitty reveals that she hid mailed notifications that Eric must receive certain vaccinations before he can leave. Eric protests his mom's actions but she still tries to dissuade him, stating that the needles used for the vaccinations are "as big as sausages" and "will hurt a lot."
In the episode "Eric's Birthday," the gang is acutely aware that Kitty has planned a surprise party for Eric, despite her claims to the contrary. This annoys Eric because he believes that surprise parties are for kids, which indicates that Kitty won't accept the fact that he is becoming a man. However, throughout the episode "Magic Bus," Eric expects Kitty to throw him a surprise party even though she and the gang constantly tell him that there is no surprise party. He becomes upset when he realizes that his mother is telling the truth. After Eric disobeys his parents' orders not to go forward with his plans to marry Donna, Red finally deems Eric a man and offers his blessing while a devastated Kitty turns on Red for allowing her "precious baby boy" to get married. Though Eric and Donna call off the wedding, they decide to move, which causes Kitty even more grief. She's even less pleased when she learns that Red is fine with it.
Eric's relationship with his older sister, Laurie, is based on mutual ridicule and contempt. Eric repeatedly mocks Laurie for being a whore while she chides him for being weak and less favored by their father. On several occasions, Eric and Laurie have tolerated each other and have even shown a brother-sister bond. When Eric saw his parents having sex, Laurie tried to comfort him, which included hugging him and stroking his hand. In the middle of a fight between the two, Hyde tried to break it up, and the two teamed up on him, complimenting each other's insults. Eric once even defended Laurie from Red. After discovering that Laurie moved out and was living with a man, Red, having been forced to face reality about his daughter's behavior and reputation, attempted to alienate her. Sympathizing with her, Eric attempted to defend Laurie, saying that Red was being too hard on her. Laurie once told Eric and Donna to move away after they got married and even cried during her apology. Eric tasted the tear and, having deemed it legitimate, replied "I have a sister!" and hugged her. Laurie appeared to have turned a new leaf but soon regressed back to her old habits of mean-spirited and lascivious behavior.
Other appearances[edit]
Topher Grace briefly reprised the role in a Robot Chicken skit, featuring the That '70s Show characters. The skit was titled "That '00s Show".
Eric Forman was portrayed by Max Wrottesley in the short-lived British adaption, Days Like These.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Meisler, Andy (October 10, 1999). "Clothes and Hairstyles Do Not a Decade Make". The New York Times. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Season 1, Episode 1
Jump up ^ Season 1; First Date
Jump up ^ Season 1; Prom Night
Jump up ^ Red Gets A Job
Jump up ^ The First Time
Jump up ^ The Promise Ring
Jump up ^ Donna's Story
Jump up ^ The SATs
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