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Just Add Magic (TV series)
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Just Add Magic
Genre
Kids & Family
Fantasy
Based on
Just Add Magic
by Cindy Callaghan
Developed by
Joanna Lewis
Kristine Songco
Starring
Olivia Sanabia
Abby Donnelly
Aubrey Miller
Judah Bellamy
Catia Ojeda
Andrew Burlinson
Dee Wallace
Amy Hill
Composer(s)
Deborah Lurie
Zack Ryan
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
2
No. of episodes
39
Production
Executive producer(s)
Joe Nussbaum
Andrew Orenstein
Co-executive producers:
Luisa Leschin
Joanna Lewis
Kristine Songco
Producer(s)
Pixie Wespiser
Cinematography
Mark Doering-Powell
Running time
23–27 minutes
Production company(s)
Amazon Studios
Pictures in a Row
Grasshopper Lane Entertainment
Distributor
Amazon.com
Release
Original network
Amazon Video
Picture format
HDTV
Audio format
Stereo; 5.1 Surround
Original release
January 15, 2015 (2015-01-15) – present
Just Add Magic is an American live-action family television series, loosely based on the book of the same name by Cindy Callaghan.[1] It was produced by Amazon Studios. A pilot was produced in 2015 and the series commissioned for a full season the following year.[2] Amazon renewed the series for a second season in June 2016 after it "set a record as the most successful Amazon Original Kids premiere weekend in terms of U.S. Prime Video streams and hours."[3]
On January 4, 2018, a trailer was released announcing more episodes,[4] which premiered on Amazon on January 19, 2018, as an extension of the second season.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
3 Series overview
4 Episodes
4.1 Season 1 (2015–16)
4.2 Season 2 (2016–18)
5 References
6 External links
Premise[edit]
Amateur preteen chefs Kelly, Darbie, and Hannah discover an ancient recipe book while searching for Kelly's brother in the attic. The recipes they find inside have strange names like "Shut'em Up Shortcake" and "Healing Hazelnut Tart" and require unusual ingredients, such as "Cedronian vanilla" and "Taurian thyme". When Kelly's brother eats a bite of the shortcake and can no longer talk, the three friends realize they are dealing with magic spells. After Darbie cannot stop talking, they also realize the spells come with a consequence.[6]
Kelly, Darbie, and Hannah investigate how the magical recipes work and face the temptations of using magic to help overcome the everyday challenges of being middle school girls. But Kelly has one overriding goal: Find the magical recipe that will fix her grandmother's mysterious illness, even if it means crossing creepy Mamma P or scary Ms. Silvers.[6]
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Olivia Sanabia as Kelly Quinn
Abby Donnelly as Darbie O'Brien
Aubrey Miller as Hannah Parker-Kent
Judah Bellamy as Jake Williams
Catia Ojeda as Terri Quinn
Andrew Burlinson as Scott Quinn
Dee Wallace as Grandma Becky Quinn
Amy Hill as Ida "Mama P" Perez
Ellen Karsten as Ms. Gina Silvers
Recurring[edit]
Mira Furlan as The Traveler
Zach Callison as Chuck
Jeremy Guskin as RJ
Series overview[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally released
First released
Last released
1 13 January 15, 2015 (2015-01-15) January 14, 2016 (2016-01-14)
2 26 13 October 14, 2016 (2016-10-14) January 12, 2017 (2017-01-12)[7]
13[5] January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)[5] January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)
Episodes[edit]
Season 1 (2015–16)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
1
1 "Just Add Magic" Joe Nussbaum Nancy Cohen, Joanna Lewis & Kristine Songco January 15, 2015 (2015-01-15)
Three friends, Kelly, Darbie, and Hannah discover a cookbook in the attic, whose recipes have magical effects. Kelly's grandmother is seemingly confused; she rarely speaks or does anything active, but no one seems to know why.
2
2 "Just Add Brains" Joe Menendez Andrew Orenstein January 14, 2016 (2016-01-14)
The girls make Brain Boosting Bolognese to help with school and to understand the cookbook. But being know-it-alls has an unfortunate downside. The girls learn that the cookbook is seemingly infinite: trying to read through it they never seem to get any nearer to the last page. Also, three pages are torn out and missing, and the cookbook sometimes flips to a page on its own when the girls express their wish to accomplish a specific purpose. The girls learn that Kelly's grandmother, Mama P, and Ms. Silvers were once young friends just like Kelly, Hannah, and Darbie, and that a strange woman named The Traveler gave them the cookbook.
3
3 "Just Add Dogs" Joe Nussbaum TBA January 14, 2016 (2016-01-14)
To find a lost dog, the three friends cook up Lost and Found-ue, but end up attracting everything that has been lost in the neighborhood. The three missing pages from the cookbook float into Kelly's bedroom. One of the items they return is a silver charm bracelet to Ms. Silvers, who says that it has been missing for many years. Later, she opens one of the charms and plants a seed from within it.
4
4 "Just Add Mom" TBA John-Paul Nickel January 14, 2016 (2016-01-14)
Wanting more information from Mama P, the girls make Bitter Truth Truffle. However, Kelly's mom eats one first. Kelly goes out with her mom to keep her from causing problems with her truth-telling. Hannah and Darbie both eat a truffle and find that telling the truth to each other isn't so bad, although they agree that without Kelly, they probably wouldn't be friends. Jake comes over, and unable to lie, they tell him all about the book and magic. They make him promise not to tell anyone. They get Mama P to eat a truffle, but before they can ask her anything, she eats a second one, which ends the spell's effect on her. Mama P cooks a spell and tries to leave town, but a mysterious wind prevents her from crossing the town border.
5
5 "Just Add Jake" Joe Menendez Lauren Thompson January 14, 2016 (2016-01-14)
Not believing in magic, Jake mentions the cookbook to Mama P, and she steals it. But when she tries to look through it, all the pages go blank. The girls try to convince Jake that magic is real by trying out three random magical recipes on him, so that he'll help them get the cookbook back.
6
6 "Just Add Birthdays" Elodie Keene Sarah Carbiener & Erica Rosbe January 14, 2016 (2016-01-14)
Kelly and Hannah make a cake for Darbie when they forget her birthday. They also make cookies with carob chips Mama P gave them several episodes earlier. Those who eat the cookies start acting much younger than normal.
7
7 "Just Add Mama P" Elodie Keene Andrew Orenstein January 14, 2016 (2016-01-14)
Convinced Mama P knows more than she's letting on, the girls whip up some Mind Peering Peppermints. They hear nothing suspicious in her thoughts, which leads them to trust her. They try to read Ms. Silvers's mind, and she immediately turns to them and tells them not to try it.
8
8 "Just Add Besties" Joe Nussbaum Luisa Leschin January 14, 2016 (2016-01-14)
Mama P mentors Kelly's magic cooking skills, while Darbie and Hannah try to get a reclusive author's autograph by cooking a spell that makes her their BFF. Mama P makes Kelly organize all the ingredients in her secret room, and then curses her and challenges her to overcome it without resorting to the cookbook. After a false start in which she invents a new spell, she does overcome the curse. The BFF spell works too well, and Darbie and Hannah's attempt to end the spell fails. When they describe what they did, Kelly intuitively knows how to end the spell, and does. Mama P tells Ms. Silvers that Kelly has "the gift" just like her grandmother did, and Ms. Silvers warns Mama P not to make her curse Kelly the way she cursed Mama P.
9
9 "Just Add Do-Overs" Keith Samples John-Paul Nickel January 14, 2016 (2016-01-14)
The girls learn that long ago The Traveler gave Mama P, Ms. Silvers, and grandma each a morbium root seed; morbium makes any recipe a thousand times more powerful. Mama P says hers is long gone, but the girls realize that Ms. Silvers's was in the charm bracelet they returned to her. Hannah takes a piano lesson from Ms. Silvers to try to recover the seed, but things go wrong: Kelly's brother breaks a lamp while under Kelly's care, Darbie's school project goes wrong, and Ms. Silvers catches Hannah and kicks her out.
So the three girls cook up a "do-over" spell that resets time so they can try again. On the third try Darbie's school project is a great success, Kelly realizes that her brother is acting out because he wants to spend time with her, and Hannah finds that Ms. Silvers's charm bracelet is empty, but also finds a scrapbook filled with newspaper clippings about bad things that have happened around town. Mama P tells the girls that it is a listing of the curses Ms. Silvers has enacted.
10
10 "Just Add Memories" Vanessa Parise Lauren Thompson January 14, 2016 (2016-01-14)
Grandma, Mama P, and Ms. Silvers all have photos of Chuck Hankins, a boy from when they were young. The girls find that he went missing a long time ago. Kelly cooks a Pho-get Me Not spell to examine her memories of the day her grandmother got sick, hoping to find some clue as to what caused it, but eating the Pho-get Me Not makes her lose time and memories. She sees that her grandmother wanted to talk to her that day, but that she was too busy to talk to her grandmother. She sees that when her grandmother was driving her to a basketball tryout, Ms. Silvers walked up holding a box of ingredients that the girls later found in the attic. Willie Thompson, a man the girls helped previously, tells Hannah that Chuck disappeared from a Ferris Wheel, and that Chuck was dating Ms. Silvers, but that he went out with Grandma. The girls trade notes, and learn that on her last good day, Kelly's grandmother went to the Cedros Forest.
11
11 "Just Add Camping" Keith Samples Sarah Carbiener & Erica Rosbe January 14, 2016 (2016-01-14)
Suspecting a clue to Kelly's grandmother's malady hides deep in the forest, the girls set up a Father/Daughter camping trip. While there they face their fears, and then meet The Traveler, who tells them that magic can heal Kelly's grandmother if they are willing to pay the price. Later, the book flips open to a recipe that can break any curse, but the negative consequences will make things much worse.
12
12 "Just Add Pluots Part 1" Joe Nussbaum Luisa Leschin January 14, 2016 (2016-01-14)
The girls consult with Mama P about the recipe that will break the curse. At first she says it's too dangerous, but then she suggests that making more and having many people eat the results will dilute the negative consequences over all of them. Hannah gets Kelly grounded by her parents, worried that the magical price will be too high. Kelly escapes grounding by cooking a spell to make Darbie look like her. Hannah and Kelly argue at Mama P's, and Hannah realizes that all the things in the scrapbook would benefit Mama P, not Ms. Silvers. She meets Ms. Silvers and they discuss Mama P's plans. Ms. Silvers reveals that she too is cursed: outside her house, no one can hear her play music.
Darbie tries to stop Mama P, but Mama P locks Darbie in her secret ingredient room and eats the first bite of the magic recipe, so her curse will be broken, rather than Kelly's grandmother's. Kelly goes home and gets yelled at by her mother, but manages to give her grandmother what she thinks is the first bite.
13
13 "Just Add Pluots Part 2" Joe Nussbaum Andrew Orenstein January 14, 2016 (2016-01-14)
In 1965, Rebecca Quinn (Kelly's grandmother) is on the Ferris Wheel with Chuck. He takes a bite of a candy apple, and disappears. The three girls argue. Gina Silvers says the spell was just supposed to keep Chuck away from magic. Ida Perez (Mama P) asks if Rebecca got the Morbium seed back, saying that Chuck stole it. Rebecca promises Gina that they'll get Chuck back.
In the present, Kelly's dad lets Kelly go to the Pluot Festival because they are sending his mother away to New York for treatment and he wants the family to be together. Ms. Silvers shows up at the Pluot festival, but won't get involved and advises Hannah to abandon her friends and run away to avoid the consequences.
Jake and Hannah free Darbie, and mix a magic protection protein shake. At the Pluot Festival, Kelly refuses to drink the shake and pours it out. She gives her grandmother what she thinks is the last bite of the recipe, but it does nothing. Mama P goes on stage and tells off the town. Jake gives Kelly his shake, so she can be protected. Mama P eats the actual last bite, and the entire town freezes in place except for the girls and Mama P – and Ms. Silvers.
The two old women bicker about who is to blame. Mama P and Ms. Silvers tell the girls that Kelly's grandmother isn't innocent either – that after they cursed each other, she threw the book over a waterfall to get rid of it, in effect making their curses permanent. Mama P steals Jake's bike to ride out of town, and Ms. Silvers leaves. The girls consult the book, which opens itself to a blank page, which the girls take to mean they need to create their own spell to break the curse. They go to Mama P's ingredient room and realize that they need the properties of three different ingredient families, but mixing them would modify those properties, so they make a layer cake, with each layer producing its own effect. As they bake, the recipe magically appears in the book, in their handwriting. They name it Last Ditch Layer Cake.
As the girls are about to serve the cake, Ms. Silvers shows up with ground Morbium root and tells the girls she was going to use it to break her own curse, but they need it to strengthen the spell. They express confidence in their work and say they don't need it. They eat the cake, and the town starts up. In addition, Grandma is back to normal and Ms. Silvers plays piano on stage and everyone can hear her.
Grandma tells them that she didn't want Kelly and the girls to be endangered by the book, but The Traveler said that the cookbook was no longer hers to give back, because it belonged to the girls. She tried to get rid of the book, tearing out the three pages, but the spell she cast backfired, and in effect she cursed herself.
Grandma and Ms. Silvers realize that if their curses are broken, Chuck's might be as well, and if he's back, no one is safe. The Ferris Wheel stops, and a young man in a leather jacket with rolled up jeans steps off and walks away through the crowd, unnoticed.
Season 2 (2016–18)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
14
1 "Just Add Halloween" Joe Nussbaum Andrew Orenstein October 14, 2016 (2016-10-14)
15
2 "Just Add Summer" Joe Nussbaum Luisa Leschin January 12, 2017 (2017-01-12)
The Miso Soup spell has no effect, so instead Kelly cooks a "Settle The Beef" spell in an effort to get Chuck to get to them so he can settle his beef with Grandma. However, the spell warns that if the beef is not settled, a bigger problem will arise. Kelly gives the spell to Grandma but after she asks Kelly not to do magic, Kelly does not tell her that the sandwich containing the Settle the Beef was magical. Immediately after eating the sandwich, their neighbor Willie comes over and expresses his anger at Grandma for not inviting her to her wedding. They settle their disagreement. At home, Kelly's mom expresses her anger about Grandma getting the "first ice cream" with Kelly, Darbie asks Grandma not to cheer so much at her basketball games, and Buddy is angry Grandma washed his lucky jersey and claims that is why they lost their most recent game. Later, Grandma is visited by Ms. Silvers who claims she will never forgive Grandma for how she used her Morbium, the magical seed the traveler gave each of them. Then Mama P comes all the way back from her job in Paris and expresses her anger at Grandma as well. She says the only one she regrets her behavior towards is Jake. Kelly realizes the bigger problem in question is the three of them, who just can't seem to be happy. There is a knock on the door, and it opens to reveal Chuck.
16
3 "Just Add Chuck" Joe Nussbaum John-Paul Nickel January 12, 2017 (2017-01-12)
Chuck seems not to remember anything, although the OC's (Original Cooks) refuse to believe anything he says. While they confer, Chuck runs away. Kelly, Darbie, and Hannah cook a trust spell to get Chuck to trust them, but the riddle warns to be sure their "friend needs it more." They help Chuck adjust to modern life, but Kelly loses all of her trust and is suspicious of everything, including Darbie's father's new friend Amy, and Hannah herself. Without her trust she confronts Grandma about how Ms. Silvers claimed she misused her Morbium. The girls manage to restore Kelly's trust, but in doing so bring back some of Chuck's memories. They explain to Grandma that Kelly was under a spell. Grandma claims Chuck stole her Morbium, but the girls realized she was lying.
17
4 "Just Add 1965" Keith Samples Lauren Thompson January 12, 2017 (2017-01-12)
Darbie suspects her parents may be getting back together. The girls use a “If These Walls Could Taco” spell to watch what happened the day the OC's prepared the Can't Recall Caramel and try to figure out why Chuck disappeared. However, everything appears to be normal. The OCs make plans to meet up at a restaurant after the Pluot festival. The girls go there and see them confer about Chuck disappearing. They begin to argue, but bring up nothing suspicious. Later, Darbie uses the spell to see if her parents are truly getting back together but she discovers that they think she's "getting the wrong idea" and that her father is dating Amy, the woman at the park. Darbie is furious and upset. Meanwhile, Chuck saves Buddy from a car, earning Kelly's parents gratitude.
18
5 "Just Add Saphrön" Keith Samples Aminta Goyel January 12, 2017 (2017-01-12)
After Kelly warns him to stay away from her family and the magic cookbook, Chuck manages to create another cookbook using a picture of the girls he obtained from the Quinn attic and begins to alter the original cookbook and steal pages from it to add to his. A new place opens up called The Saphrön, where Darbie, her father and Amy dine for lunch, but Darbie continues to be unhappy about her father and Amy being together. Chuck and Mr. Quinn are also at The Saphrön, prompting Darbie to get Kelly and Hannah over there. Needing something to break her father's trusting Chuck, Kelly looks to a magic spell to spot when someone is lying and asks Hannah to cook. With Ms. Silvers' help, Hannah makes Lemon Lie-m Mints, and though a mint was intended only for Mr. Quinn, Jake and Darbie's father also consume one. Mr. Quinn sees through Chuck's lying, while Darbie's father realizes Amy is untruthful about camping, and Jake, who is looking to work at The Saphrön after deciding to quit Mama P's, is unimpressed with the false objectives laid out by its manager, Noelle. Jake ends up returning to Mama P's but has some working demands.
19
6 "Just Add Fixings" Joe Nussbaum Marque Franklin-Williams January 12, 2017 (2017-01-12)
20
7 "Just Add 8529" Gregory Guzik Zachary Panozzo January 12, 2017 (2017-01-12)
21
8 "Just Add Muscles" Aprill Winney Taylor Cox & Jacquie Walters January 12, 2017 (2017-01-12)
22
9 "Just Add Fire" Aprill Winney Matt Goldman January 12, 2017 (2017-01-12)
23
10 "Just Add Meddling" Lily Mariye John-Paul Nickel January 12, 2017 (2017-01-12)
24
11 "Just Add Secrets" Joe Nussbaum Luisa Leschin January 12, 2017 (2017-01-12)
25
12 "Just Add History" Joe Nussbaum Lauren Thompson January 12, 2017 (2017-01-12)
26
13 "Just Add Rose" Joe Nussbaum Andrew Orenstein January 12, 2017 (2017-01-12)
27
14 "Just Add Fluffy" Keith Samples Andrew Orenstein January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)[5]
28
15 "Just Add RJ" Keith Samples Aminta Goyel January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)[5]
29
16 "Just Add Gumdrops" Adam Weissman Taylor Cox & Jacquie Walters January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)[5]
30
17 "Just Add Time" Aprill Winney Matt Goldman January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)[5]
31
18 "Just Add Telepathy" Aprill Winney John-Paul Nickel January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)[5]
32
19 "Just Add Attention" Joe Nussbaum Luisa Leschin January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)[5]
33
20 "Just Add Contagion" Joe Nussbaum Lauren Thompson January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)[5]
34
21 "Just Add Beginnings" Vanessa Parise Aminta Goyel January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)[5]
35
22 "Just Add Silvers" Vanessa Parise Taylor Cox & Jacquie Walters January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)[5]
36
23 "Just Add Barriers" Keith Samples John-Paul Nickel January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)[5]
37
24 "Just Add Betrayal" Keith Samples Luisa Leschin January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)[5]
38
25 "Just Add Caroline" Joe Nussbaum Lauren Thompson January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)[5]
39
26 "Just Add Spices" Joe Nussbaum Andrew Orenstein January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ White, Hilary. "The Kids' Book That Amazon Is Turning Into a TV Pilot". POPSUGAR Moms. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy; Andreeva, Nellie (February 18, 2015). "Amazon Orders 5 Original Series Including 'Man In The High Castle,' 'Mad Dogs'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (June 8, 2016). "Amazon's 'Just Add Magic' Renewed For Season 2". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "When the magic cookbook goes missing, it's up to..." Facebook. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Swift, Andy (January 4, 2018). "Amazon's Just Add Magic: Season 2B Trailer Threatens to Undo Everything". TV Line. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Watch Just Add Magic Season 1 Episode – Amazon Video". www.amazon.com. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Amazon.com: Just Add Magic – Season 2". www.amazon.com. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
External links[edit]
Just Add Magic on IMDb
Just Add Magic on Amazon Video
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George Gray (television personality)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other people named George Gray, see George Gray (disambiguation).
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
George Gray
Born
George Edward Gray
(1967-03-11) March 11, 1967 (age 50)
Ballwin, Missouri, U.S.
Occupation
Game show host, comedian, announcer
Years active
1987–present
Website
www.georgegray.com
George Edward Gray (born March 11, 1967) is an American game show host, announcer, and comedian.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and career
2 Hosting career
3 The Price Is Right
4 References
5 External links
Early life and career[edit]
Born in Ballwin, Missouri, Gray attended high school in Tucson, Arizona, and graduated from the University of Arizona, during which time he played drums with local band The Reason Why with his two English buddies Tony Randall and Shane Lamont. After working as a sketch and stand-up comedian, Gray's first television hosting gig was for the Fox Movie Channel doing a show called FXM Friday Nights. He then appeared as co-host of the long-running series Movies For Guys Who Like Movies on TBS.
Hosting career[edit]
Gray's first in-studio show was Extreme Gong, an updated version of The Gong Show, on GSN in the late 1990s. He also hosted the first season of the American version of Junkyard Wars, which was nominated for a prime-time Emmy.
Gray was chosen in 2001 by NBC Enterprises to host the daily syndicated American version of the game show Weakest Link, which aired from 2002-03. TV critic Steve Rogers likened Gray's hosting style to the demeanor of a "class clown", in contrast to the "severe schoolmarm" attitude of original Weakest Link host Anne Robinson.[1]
After hosting the reality series Todd TV on FX and the GSN special National Lampoon's Greek Games, in late 2004, Gray went on to become the co-host of NBC's $25 Million Dollar Hoax. He hosted ESPN's reality sports competition I'd Do Anything. Beginning in 2006, he hosted the HGTV show What's With That House? (a.k.a. That House), as well as HGTV's Manland and the building competition Summer Showdown.[citation needed]
The Price Is Right[edit]
After previously appearing with a group of rotating auditioning announcers, Gray officially became the fourth regular announcer on The Price Is Right on April 18, 2011, succeeding Rich Fields.[2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Syndicated version of 'The Weakest Link' tweaks its format". Reality TV World. 2002-09-07. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
Jump up ^ Grosvenor, Carrie. "Carrie Grosvenor The Price is Right Has a New Announcer". About.com. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
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Enabling Act of 1933
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Hitler's Reichstag speech promoting the bill was delivered at the Kroll Opera House, following the Reichstag fire.
The Enabling Act (German: Ermächtigungsgesetz) was a 1933 Weimar Constitution amendment that gave the German Cabinet – in effect, Chancellor Adolf Hitler – the power to enact laws without the involvement of the Reichstag. It passed in both the Reichstag and Reichsrat on 24 March 1933,[1][2][3] and was signed by President Paul von Hindenburg later that day. The act stated that it was to last four years unless renewed by the Reichstag, which occurred twice. The Enabling Act gave Hitler plenary powers. It followed on the heels of the Reichstag Fire Decree, which abolished most civil liberties and transferred state powers to the Reich government. The combined effect of the two laws was to transform Hitler's government into a legal dictatorship.
The formal name of the Enabling Act was Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich ("Law to Remedy the Distress of People and Reich").[4] It was enacted by the Reichstag (meeting at the Kroll Opera House), where non-Nazi members were surrounded and threatened by members of SA and SS. The Communists had already been repressed and were not able to vote, and some Social Democrats were kept away as well. In the end, most of those present voted for the act, except for the Social Democrats, who voted against it.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Preparations and negotiations
2 Text
3 Passage
4 Consequences
5 Portrayal in films
6 References
Background[edit]
After being appointed chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, Hitler asked President von Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag. A general election was scheduled for 5 March 1933. A secret meeting was held between Hitler and 20 to 25 industrialists at the official residence of Hermann Göring in the Reichstag Presidential Palace aimed at financing the election campaign of the Nazi Party.[6][7]
The burning of the Reichstag, depicted by the Nazis as the beginning of a communist revolution, resulted in the presidential Reichstag Fire Decree, which among other things suspended freedom of press and habeas corpus rights just five days before the election. Hitler used the decree to have the Communist Party's offices raided and its representatives arrested, effectively eliminating them as a political force.
Although they received five million more votes than in the previous election, the Nazis failed to gain an absolute majority in parliament, and depended on the 8% of seats won by their coalition partner, the German National People's Party, to reach 52% in total.
To free himself from this dependency, Hitler had the cabinet, in its first post-election meeting on 15 March, draw up plans for an Enabling Act which would give the cabinet legislative power for four years. The Nazis devised the Enabling Act to gain complete political power without the need of the support of a majority in the Reichstag and without the need to bargain with their coalition partners.
Preparations and negotiations[edit]
The Enabling Act allowed the cabinet to enact legislation, including laws deviating from or altering the constitution, without the consent of the Reichstag. Because this law allowed for departures from the constitution, it was itself considered a constitutional amendment. Thus, its passage required the support of two-thirds of those deputies who were present and voting. A quorum of two-thirds of the entire Reichstag was required to be present in order to call up the bill.
The Social Democrats (SPD) and the Communists (KPD) were expected to vote against the Act. The government had already arrested all Communist and some Social Democrat deputies under the Reichstag Fire Decree. The Nazis expected the parties representing the middle class, the Junkers and business interests to vote for the measure, as they had grown weary of the instability of the Weimar Republic and would not dare to resist.
Hitler believed that with the Centre Party members' votes, he would get the necessary two-thirds majority. Hitler negotiated with the Centre Party's chairman, Ludwig Kaas, a Catholic priest, finalising an agreement by 22 March. Kaas agreed to support the Act in exchange for assurances of the Centre Party's continued existence, the protection of Catholics' civil and religious liberties, religious schools and the retention of civil servants affiliated with the Centre Party. It has also been suggested that some members of the SPD were intimidated by the presence of the Nazi Sturmabteilung (SA) throughout the proceedings.[8]
Some historians, such as Klaus Scholder, have maintained that Hitler also promised to negotiate a Reichskonkordat with the Holy See, a treaty that formalised the position of the Catholic Church in Germany on a national level. Kaas was a close associate of Cardinal Pacelli, then Vatican Secretary of State (and later Pope Pius XII). Pacelli had been pursuing a German concordat as a key policy for some years but the instability of Weimar governments as well as the enmity of some parties to such a treaty rendered the project moot.[9] The day after the Enabling Act vote, Kaas went to Rome in order to, in his own words, "investigate the possibilities for a comprehensive understanding between church and state".[10] However, so far no evidence for a link between the Enabling Act and the Reichskonkordat signed on 20 July 1933 has surfaced.
Text[edit]
As with most of the laws passed in the process of Gleichschaltung, the Enabling Act is quite short, especially considering its implications. The full text, in German[11] and English, follows:
Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich Law to Remedy the Distress of the People and the Reich
Der Reichstag hat das folgende Gesetz beschlossen, das mit Zustimmung des Reichsrats hiermit verkündet wird, nachdem festgestellt ist, daß die Erfordernisse verfassungsändernder Gesetzgebung erfüllt sind: The Reichstag has enacted the following law, which is hereby proclaimed with the assent of the Reichsrat, it having been established that the requirements for a constitutional amendment have been fulfilled:
Artikel 1 Article 1
Reichsgesetze können außer in dem in der Reichsverfassung vorgesehenen Verfahren auch durch die Reichsregierung beschlossen werden. Dies gilt auch für die in den Artikeln 85 Abs. 2 und 87 der Reichsverfassung bezeichneten Gesetze. In addition to the procedure prescribed by the constitution, laws of the Reich may also be enacted by the government of the Reich. This includes the laws referred to by Articles 85 Paragraph 2 and Article 87 of the constitution.[12]
Artikel 2 Article 2
Die von der Reichsregierung beschlossenen Reichsgesetze können von der Reichsverfassung abweichen, soweit sie nicht die Einrichtung des Reichstags und des Reichsrats als solche zum Gegenstand haben. Die Rechte des Reichspräsidenten bleiben unberührt. Laws enacted by the government of the Reich may deviate from the constitution as long as they do not affect the institutions of the Reichstag and the Reichsrat. The rights of the President remain unaffected.
Artikel 3 Article 3
Die von der Reichsregierung beschlossenen Reichsgesetze werden vom Reichskanzler ausgefertigt und im Reichsgesetzblatt verkündet. Sie treten, soweit sie nichts anderes bestimmen, mit dem auf die Verkündung folgenden Tage in Kraft. Die Artikel 68 bis 77 der Reichsverfassung finden auf die von der Reichsregierung beschlossenen Gesetze keine Anwendung. Laws enacted by the Reich government shall be issued by the Chancellor and announced in the Reich Gazette. They shall take effect on the day following the announcement, unless they prescribe a different date. Articles 68 to 77 of the Constitution do not apply to laws enacted by the Reich government.[13]
Artikel 4 Article 4
Verträge des Reiches mit fremden Staaten, die sich auf Gegenstände der Reichsgesetzgebung beziehen, bedürfen für die Dauer der Geltung dieser Gesetze nicht der Zustimmung der an der Gesetzgebung beteiligten Körperschaften. Die Reichsregierung erläßt die zur Durchführung dieser Verträge erforderlichen Vorschriften. Treaties of the Reich with foreign states, which relate to matters of Reich legislation, shall for the duration of the validity of these laws not require the consent of the legislative authorities. The Reich government shall enact the legislation necessary to implement these agreements.
Artikel 5 Article 5
Dieses Gesetz tritt mit dem Tage seiner Verkündung in Kraft. Es tritt mit dem 1. April 1937 außer Kraft; es tritt ferner außer Kraft, wenn die gegenwärtige Reichsregierung durch eine andere abgelöst wird. This law enters into force on the day of its proclamation. It expires on April 1, 1937; it expires furthermore if the present Reich government is replaced by another.
Articles 1 and 4 gave the government the right to draw up the budget and approve treaties without input from the Reichstag.
Act (page 1)
Act (page 2 with signatures)
Passage[edit]
Debate within the Centre Party continued until the day of the vote, 23 March 1933, with Kaas advocating voting in favour of the act, referring to an upcoming written guarantee from Hitler, while former Chancellor Heinrich Brüning called for a rejection of the Act. The majority sided with Kaas, and Brüning agreed to maintain party discipline by voting for the Act.[14]
The Reichstag, led by its President, Hermann Göring, changed its rules of procedure to make it easier to pass the bill. Under the Weimar Constitution, a quorum of two-thirds of the entire Reichstag membership was required to be present in order to bring up a constitutional amendment bill. In this case, 432 of the Reichstag's 647 deputies would have normally been required for a quorum. However, Göring reduced the quorum to 378 by not counting the 81 KPD deputies. Despite the virulent rhetoric directed against the Communists, the Nazis did not formally ban the KPD right away. Not only did they fear a violent uprising, but they hoped the KPD's presence on the ballot would siphon off votes from the SPD. However, it was an open secret that the KPD deputies would never be allowed to take their seats; they were thrown in jail as quickly as the police could track them down. Courts began taking the line that since the Communists were responsible for the fire, KPD membership was an act of treason. Thus, for all intents and purposes, the KPD was banned as of 6 March, the day after the election.[15]
Göring also declared that any deputy who was "absent without excuse" was to be considered as present, in order to overcome obstructions. Leaving nothing to chance, the Nazis used the provisions of the Reichstag Fire Decree to detain several SPD deputies. A few others saw the writing on the wall and fled into exile.
Later that day, the Reichstag assembled under intimidating circumstances, with SA men swarming inside and outside the chamber.[14] Hitler's speech, which emphasised the importance of Christianity in German culture,[16] was aimed particularly at appeasing the Centre Party's sensibilities and incorporated Kaas' requested guarantees almost verbatim. Kaas gave a speech, voicing the Centre's support for the bill amid "concerns put aside", while Brüning notably remained silent.
Only SPD chairman Otto Wels spoke against the Act, declaring that the proposed bill could not "destroy ideas which are eternal and indestructible." Kaas had still not received the written constitutional guarantees he had negotiated, but with the assurance it was being "typed up", voting began. Kaas never received the letter.[14][page needed]
At this stage, the majority of deputies already supported the bill, and any deputies who might have been reluctant to vote in favour were intimidated by the SA troops surrounding the meeting. In the end, all parties except the SPD voted in favour of the Enabling Act. With the KPD banned and 26 SPD deputies arrested or in hiding, the final tally was 444 in favour of the Enabling Act against 94 (all Social Democrats) opposed. The Reichstag had adopted the Enabling Act with the support of 83% of the deputies. If all SPD deputies had been present, it would have still passed with 78.7% support. The same day in the evening, the Reichsrat also gave its approval, unanimously and without prior discussion.[17] The Act was then signed into law by President Hindenburg.
Consequences[edit]
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Under the Act, the government had acquired the authority to pass laws without either parliamentary consent or control. These laws could (with certain exceptions) even deviate from the Constitution. The Act effectively eliminated the Reichstag as active players in German politics. While its existence was protected by the Enabling Act, for all intents and purposes it reduced the Reichstag to a mere stage for Hitler's speeches. It only met sporadically until the end of World War II, held no debates and enacted only a few laws. Within three months of the passage of the Enabling Act, all parties except the Nazi Party were banned or pressured into dissolving themselves, followed on 14 July by a law that made the Nazi Party the only legally permitted party in the country. With this, Hitler had fulfilled what he had promised in earlier campaign speeches: "I set for myself one aim ... to sweep these thirty parties out of Germany!"[18]
During the negotiations between the government and the political parties, it was agreed that the government should inform the Reichstag parties of legislative measures passed under the Enabling Act. For this purpose, a working committee was set up, co-chaired by Hitler and Centre Party chairman Kaas. However, this committee met only three times without any major impact, and rapidly became a dead letter even before all other parties were banned.
Though the Act had formally given legislative powers to the government as a whole, these powers were for all intents and purposes exercised by Hitler himself. After its passage, there were no longer serious deliberations in Cabinet meetings. Its meetings became more and more infrequent after 1934, and it never met in full after 1938.
Due to the great care that Hitler took to give his dictatorship an appearance of legality, the Enabling Act was renewed twice, in 1937 and 1941. However, its renewal was practically assured since all other parties were banned. Voters were presented with a single list of Nazis and Nazi-approved "guest" candidates under far-from-secret conditions. In 1942, the Reichstag passed a law giving Hitler power of life and death over every citizen, effectively extending the provisions of the Enabling Act for the duration of the war.[19]
Ironically, two, and possibly three, of the penultimate measures Hitler took to consolidate his power in 1934 violated the Enabling Act. In February 1934, the Reichsrat, representing the states, was abolished even though Article 2 of the Enabling Act specifically protected the existence of both the Reichstag and the Reichsrat. It can be argued that the Enabling Act had been breached two weeks earlier by the Law for the Reconstruction of the Reich, which transferred the states' powers to the Reich and effectively left the Reichsrat impotent. Article 2 stated that laws passed under the Enabling Act could not affect the institutions of either chamber. In August, Hindenburg died, and Hitler seized the president's powers for himself in accordance with a law passed the previous day. Article 2 stated that the president's powers were to remain "undisturbed," which has long been interpreted to mean that it forbade Hitler from tampering with the presidency. A 1932 amendment to the constitution made the president of the High Court of Justice, not the chancellor, first in the line of succession to the presidency—and even then on an interim basis pending new elections.[14] However, the Enabling Act provided no remedy for any violations of Article 2, and these actions were never challenged in court.
In his book, The Coming of the Third Reich, historian Richard J. Evans argued that the Enabling Act may have been invalid. He contended that Göring's refusal to even acknowledge the Communist seats for the purposes of a quorum was an "illegal act." (It should be noted that even if the Communists had been present and voting, the Act would have still passed with, at the very least, 68.7 percent support.) He also argued that the act's passage in the Reichsrat was tainted by the overthrow of the state governments.[15]
Portrayal in films[edit]
The film Hitler: The Rise of Evil contains a scene portraying the passage of the Enabling Act. The portrayal in the film is inaccurate, with the provisions of the Reichstag Fire Decree (which in practice, as the name states, was a decree issued by President Hindenburg weeks before the Enabling Act) merged into the Act. Non-Nazi members of the Reichstag, including Vice-Chancellor von Papen, are shown objecting. In reality the Act met little resistance, with only the centre-left Social Democratic Party voting against passage.
The same film also shows Hermann Göring, the then speaker of the house, begin singing "Deutschlandlied". Nazi representatives then stand and immediately join in with Göring; bizarrely, all other party members join in too, with everyone performing the Hitler salute. In reality, this never happened.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Reichstag Fire and the Enabling Act of March 23, 1933 | Britannica Blog". blogs.britannica.com. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
Jump up ^ (www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. "The law that 'enabled' Hitler's dictatorship | Germany | DW.COM | 23.03.2013". DW.COM. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
Jump up ^ Mason, K. J. Republic to Reich: A History of Germany 1918-1945. McGraw-Hill.
Jump up ^ Rabinbach, Anson; Gilman, Sander L. (2013). The Third Reich Sourcebook. p. 52. ISBN 0520276833.
Jump up ^ Kitson, Alison. Germany, 1858-1990: Hope, Terror, and Revival, pages 153-154 (Oxford U. Press 2001).
Jump up ^ Daniela Kahn (2006). Die Steurung der Wirtschaft durch Recht im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland. Das Beispiel der Reichsgruppe Industrie. ISBN 978-3-465-04012-5.
Jump up ^ Rüdiger Jungbluth (2002). Die Quandts. Ihr leiser Aufstieg zur mächtigsten Wirtschaftsdynastie Deutschlands. ISBN 3-593-36940-0.
Jump up ^ Martin Collier, From Kaiser to Fuhrer: Germany, 1900-45, p131
Jump up ^ Klaus Scholder "The Churches and the Third Reich" volume 1 pp 160-1
Jump up ^ Letter from Kaas to von Bergen, German ambassador to the Vatican, translation quoted in Scholder, p. 247
Jump up ^ Uwe Brodersen, Gesetze des NS-Staates, p. 22
Jump up ^ Article 85 outlined the process by which the Reichstag and Reichsrat approved the Reich budget. Article 87 restricted government borrowing.
Jump up ^ Articles 68 to 77 stipulated the procedures for enacting legislation in the Reichstag.
^ Jump up to: a b c d William Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich Touchstone Edition, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990
^ Jump up to: a b Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich. New York City: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0141009759.
Jump up ^ "Adolf Hitler: Compromises with Atheism Destroy Religious, Ethical Values". about.com. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Wheaton, Eliot Barculo (1968). The Nazi Revolution 1933-35. p. 269.
Jump up ^ Nationalbibliothek, Österreichische. "ÖNB-ALEX - Deutsches Reichsgesetzblatt Teil I 1867-1945". alex.onb.ac.at. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
Jump up ^ "HITLER SEIZES LIFE AND DEATH RULE OF NAZIS (April 27, 1942)". Retrieved 2016-10-14.
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