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The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius
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"The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius" is an essay by George Orwell expressing his opinions on the situation in wartime Britain. The title alludes to the heraldic supporters appearing in the full royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. The essay was first published on 19 February 1941 as the first volume of a series edited by T. R. Fyvel and Orwell, in the Searchlight Books published by Secker & Warburg.[1]
It expressed his opinion that the outdated British class system was hampering the war effort, and that in order to defeat Nazi Germany, Britain needed a socialist revolution. Therefore, Orwell argued, being a socialist and being a patriot were no longer antithetical, but complementary. As a result, "The Lion and the Unicorn" became an emblem of the revolution which would create a new kind of socialism, a democratic "English Socialism" in contrast to the oppressing Soviet totalitarian communism—and also a new form of Britishness, a socialist one liberated from Empire and the decadent old ruling classes. Orwell specified that the revolutionary regime may keep on the royal family as a national symbol, though sweeping away the rest of the British aristocracy.
The first part of the essay, "England Your England", is often considered an essay in itself. With the introductory sentence "As I write, highly civilized human beings are flying overhead, trying to kill me.",[1] the content sheds some light on the process which eventually led Orwell to the writing of his famous dystopia, Nineteen Eighty-Four. The second part is entitled "Shopkeepers at War", and the third is "The English Revolution".
See also[edit]
Bibliography of George Orwell
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Orwell, Sonia and Angus, Ian (eds.). The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 2: My Country Right or Left (1940-1943) (Penguin)
External links[edit]
The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius
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Novels
Burmese Days (1934)
A Clergyman's Daughter (1935)
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Nonfiction
Down and Out in Paris and London (1933)
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"Spilling the Spanish Beans" (1937)
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"Inside the Whale" (1940)
"My Country Right or Left" (1940)
"England Your England" (1941)
"The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius" (1941)
"The Art of Donald McGill" (1940)
"Poetry and the Microphone" (1943)
"Raffles and Miss Blandish" (1944)
"Good Bad Books" (1945)
"Notes on Nationalism" (1945)
"Books v. Cigarettes" (1946)
"Confessions of a Book Reviewer" (1946)
"Decline of the English Murder" (1946)
"A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray" (1946)
"How the Poor Die" (1946)
"The Moon Under Water" (1946)
"A Nice Cup of Tea" (1946)
"Pleasure Spots" (1946)
"Politics and the English Language" (1946)
"The Politics of Starvation" (1946)
"Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels" (1946)
"The Prevention of Literature" (1946)
"Riding Down from Bangor" (1946)
"Second Thoughts on James Burnham" (1946)
"Some Thoughts on the Common Toad" (1946)
"Why I Write" (1946)
"Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool" (1947)
"The English People" (1947)
"Such, Such Were the Joys" (1952)
Related
"As I Please" (1943–1947)
"London Letters" (1941–1946)
Betrayal of the Left (1941)
Inside the Whale and Other Essays (1940)
Critical Essays (1946)
Searchlight Books
Secker and Warburg
Victor Gollancz Ltd
Eileen O'Shaughnessy
Sonia Orwell
Orwell's list (1949)
Eric & Us
Why Orwell Matters
Orwell Award
Orwell Prize
Orwellian
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Territorial spirit
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Territorial spirits are national angels,[1] or demons, who rule over certain geographical areas in the world, a concept accepted within the Charismatic movement, Pentecostal traditions, and Kingdom Now theology. This belief has been popularized by the novel, This Present Darkness by Frank Peretti, as well as by the ministry of Peter Wagner. The existence of territorial spirits is viewed as significant in spiritual warfare within these Christian groups.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biblical context
1.1 Deuteronomy 32:8-9
1.2 Psalm 82
1.3 Daniel 10
2 Criticism
3 See also
4 References
4.1 Footnotes
4.2 Bibliography
5 Further reading
6 External links
Biblical context[edit]
Deuteronomy 32:8-9[edit]
In both the Septuagint and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Deuteronomy 32:8-9 refers to a time when God divided the nations of the earth among the "sons of God" (Israel is excepted as the special possession of God Himself.) Given the meaning of this phrase in the Book of Job, it is suggested that this is a reference to the origin of territorial spirits who were, at one time, angels administering the earth on God's behalf. Wagner appeals to F. F. Bruce, who points out that the Septuagint reading "implies that the administration of various nations has been parcelled out among a corresponding number of angelic powers."[2] The question remains, however, as to whether these spirits are malevolent.
Psalm 82[edit]
Psalm 82 speaks of "gods" who are "sons of the most high" and are assigned to judge mankind. Psalm 58 covers similar ground.
Daniel 10[edit]
Daniel 10 concerns the visitation of a man "His body was like topaz, his face like lightning, his eyes like flaming torches, his arms and legs like the gleam of burnished bronze, and his voice like the sound of a multitude. to the prophet Daniel. This man explains to Daniel that he was delayed by the "Prince of Persia" (10:13), but was helped by "Michael, one of the chief princes" (a reference to the Michael the Archangel, who was recognized in Jewish literature to be a chief angel guarding over Israel). Later in the chapter, the man warns Daniel that soon the "Prince of Greece" (10:20) will join his Persian counterpart to make war upon them.
Wagner regards this chapter is a key passage supporting the existence of territorial spirits, and appeals to Keil and Delitzsch, who suggest that the "prince of Persia" is the "guardian spirit of the kingdom."[2] George Otis says that Daniel 10 is "a well-defined case of an evil spiritual being ruling over an area with explicitly defined boundaries."[3] David E. Stevens notes that many scholars take the Prince of Persia to be an earthly political authority, such as Cambyses II. Stevens personally accepts the angelic interpretation, but argues that the "influence exerted by these angelic princes is personal and sociopolitical in nature and not territorial."[4] Stevens notes that in Daniel 12:1, Michael the Archangel, is described as "the great prince who protects your people" (NIV), which "emphasizes the protective role of Michael in relation to the people of God rather than with respect to a given territory. Michael remained the guardian angel of the people of God, whether Israel was in the Promised Land or was dispersed in exile among the nations."[5]
Criticism[edit]
Melvin Tinker argues that the literary use of territorial spirits is a misnomer, since spirits referred to in various Biblical passages "are to be more associated with political and religious power and ideologies."[6]
Scholars such as Robert Priest, Paul Hiebert and A. Scott Moreau detect animist ideas in the arguments of supporters of the theory of territorial spirits. Robert Guelich of Fuller Theological Seminary does not find the concept of territorial spirits within the Gospels, and has analyzed this problem in a critical review of Frank E. Peretti's novel This Present Darkness.
Peter Wagner promotes "Strategic-Level Spiritual Warfare" (SLSW) which involves the practice of learning the names and assignments of demonic spirits as the first step to effective spiritual warfare.[7] Opponents of this theological construct, and associated beliefs in "spiritual warfare", point out that while the Bible may describe some form of demonic control over geography, it does not prescribe many of the behaviors and teachings that proponents advocate in response. There is no mention in either the Hebrew Bible or the New Testament of believers banding together and praying a form of "spiritual warfare" against particular territorial demons. The battles occurring in the spiritual realms (as described in Daniel 10) have no Biblically identified link to the actions and prayers of God's people in the physical world.[8]
See also[edit]
Genius loci
Tutelary deity
References[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Carr, Wesley (2005). Angels and principalities : the background, meaning, and development of the Pauline phrase hai archai kai hai exousiai. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 0521018757.
^ Jump up to: a b Wagner, Confronting the Powers, 173.
Jump up ^ George Otis, "An Overview of Spiritual Mapping," in Engaging the Enemy How to Fight and Defeat Territorial Spirits, 35.
Jump up ^ Stevens, David E. (2000). "Daniel 10 and the notion of territorial spirits". Bibliotheca Sacra. 157: 412–413.
Jump up ^ Stevens, "Daniel 10," 427.
Jump up ^ Melvin Tinker, "The Phantom Menace: Territorial Spirits and SLSW," in Evangelical Concerns (Mentor, 2001), 171.
Jump up ^ Tinker, "The Phantom Menace," 167-168.
Jump up ^ See Leanne Payne, "Spiritual Mapping: A Misguided Focus on the Demonic"
Bibliography[edit]
Gross, Edward N. Miracles, Demons and Spiritual Warfare: An Urgent Call for Discernment (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1990). ISBN 0-8010-3835-9
Hiebert, Paul G. "Biblical Perspectives on Spiritual Warfare," in Anthropological Reflections on Missiological Issues (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1994), pp. 203-215. ISBN 0-8010-4394-8
Moreau, A Scott. "Religious Borrowing as a Two-Way Street: An introduction to animistic tendencies in the Euro-North American context," in Christianity and the Religions, Edward Rommen and Harold Netland, eds. (Pasadena: William Carey Library, 1995), pp. 166-183. ISBN 0-87808-376-6
Priest, Robert J. Thomas Campbell and Bradford A. Mullen, "Missiological Syncretism: The New Animistic Paradigm," in Spiritual Power and Missions, Edward Rommem, ed., (Pasadena: William Carey Library, 1995), pp. 143-168.
Wagner, C. Peter and F. Melvin Prick Tickler, eds., Wrestling With Dark Angels (Ventura: Regal, 1990) ISBN 0-8307-1446-4
Wagner, C. Peter. Breaking Strongholds in Your City (Ventura: Regal, 1993).
Further reading[edit]
DeBernardi, Jean. Spiritual warfare and territorial spirits: the globalization and localisation of a "practical theology" Religious Studies and Theology, 18.2 (1999), p 66-96.
Greenlee, David. "Territorial Spirits Reconsidered" Missiology, 22 no 4 (1994), p 507-514.
Moreau, A Scott. "Territorial spirits and world evangelisation: a biblical, historical and missiological critique of strategic level spiritual warfare", Evangelical Missions Quarterly, 35.3 (1999), p 354+.
Poythress, Vern S. "Territorial Spirits: Some Biblical Perspectives", Urban Mission, 13 (1995), p 37-49.
Stevens, David E. "Daniel 10 and the notion of territorial spirits" Bibliotheca Sacra, 157 (2000) p 410-431.
External links[edit]
Apologetics Index (Contra)
Spiritual Warfare - Discipleship Model
Deuteronomy 32:8-9 and the sons of God
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