text:
Kaley Cuoco
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Kaley Cuoco
Cuoco in July 2017
Born
Kaley Christine Cuoco
(1985-11-30) November 30, 1985 (age 32)
Camarillo, California, U.S.
Other names
Kaley Cuoco-Sweeting
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1992–present
Spouse(s)
Ryan Sweeting (m. 2013; div. 2016)
Kaley Christine Cuoco (/ˈkeɪli ˈkwoʊkoʊ/ KAY-lee KWOH-koh; born November 30, 1985)[1] is an American actress. After a series of supporting film and television roles in the late 1990s, she landed her breakthrough role as Bridget Hennessy on the ABC sitcom 8 Simple Rules, on which she starred from 2002 to 2005. Thereafter, Cuoco appeared as Billie Jenkins on the final season of the television series Charmed (2005–2006). Since 2007, she has starred as Penny on the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory, for which she has received Satellite, Critics' Choice, and People's Choice Awards. Cuoco's film work includes roles in To Be Fat like Me (2007), Hop (2011) and Authors Anonymous (2014). She received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2014.[2] In October 2017, Cuoco founded Yes, Norman Productions.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Early life
Cuoco was born in Camarillo, California, the elder daughter of Layne Ann (Wingate), a homemaker, and Gary Carmine Cuoco, a realtor.[3] Her father is of Italian descent while her mother is of English and German ancestry.[4] Her sister, Briana, competed on the fifth season of The Voice. As a child, Cuoco was a regionally ranked amateur tennis player,[5] a sport she took up when she was 3 years old. She stopped playing at the age of 16.[6]
Career
Cuoco made her first feature film appearance as the young Karin Carter in the 1995 action thriller Virtuosity.[7] From 2000 to 2001, Cuoco appeared on the CBS sitcom Ladies Man and in 2000 she portrayed former The Brady Bunch star Maureen McCormick in the TV movie Growing Up Brady as well as starring in the Disney Channel original film Alley Cats Strike. In September 2002, Cuoco began a starring role as Bridget Hennessy on the ABC sitcom 8 Simple Rules. Bridget was the oldest child, despite Cuoco being six years younger than Amy Davidson, who played her younger sister. Because of low ratings, ABC canceled the series on May 17, 2005.
Cuoco at the San Diego Comic-Con in July 2009
In addition to the final season of 8 Simple Rules, Cuoco had starring roles on the NBC miniseries 10.5, the ABC Family original movie Crimes of Fashion, the independent film Debating Robert Lee,[8] and in the film The Hollow at the same time She also voiced the character of Brandy Harrington, a 14-year-old anthropomorphic mixed-breed dog, on the Disney Channel cartoon Brandy and Mr. Whiskers. Cuoco voiced the character of Kirstee Smith in Bratz from 2004 to 2005. In the eighth season of the TV show Charmed, Cuoco appeared as Billie Jenkins, a powerful young witch with the powers of telekinesis and projection. Executive producer Brad Kern stated that Cuoco's character was initially brought in as a possible spin-off.
In September 2007, Cuoco began starring in the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory, playing Penny, a Cheesecake Factory employee and aspiring actress who lives across the hall from physicists Dr. Leonard Hofstadter and Dr. Sheldon Cooper. Prior to the 2010–2011 season, she earned $60,000 an episode for the series, the same as her co-stars. In 2010, the cast negotiated a raise for each actor to make $200,000 per episode.[9] On September 13, 2010, she broke her leg in a horse-riding accident and missed two episodes of the series.[10] In late October 2012, Cuoco enlisted the help of her sister Briana to organize a flash mob on the set of the show, in which she and the cast and crew surprised the studio audience by suddenly lip syncing and dancing to Carly Rae Jepsen's song "Call Me Maybe". A video of the event was posted on YouTube and became a viral success.[11][12] A clip from the performance was also played during Cuoco's January 8, 2013 appearance on the late night talk show Conan.[13] As of August 2014, Cuoco and her co-stars from The Big Bang Theory Johnny Galecki and Jim Parsons, each earn an estimated $1 million per episode.[14]
Cuoco at PaleyFest in March 2013
Cuoco starred in the Lifetime film To Be Fat like Me, which premiered on January 8, 2007.[15] She played a minor role in the Prison Break episodes "The Message" and "Chicago", as well as starring in the comedy horror spoof Killer Movie in 2008. She also appeared in the 2010 film The Penthouse. In 2011, Cuoco appeared in Allure magazine's annual "Naked Truth" feature.[16] That same year, she appeared in the films Hop and The Last Ride.[17] She was also chosen to host the Teen Choice Awards in 2011,[18] as well as the People's Choice Awards in 2012 and 2013.[19][20] Cuoco is a regular on Priceline.com commercials as the daughter of William Shatner's character.[21]
In October 2017, Cuoco founded Yes, Norman Productions, a film and television production company which entered an exclusive multi-year first look production deal with Warner Bros. Television. The company optioned the rights to The Flight Attendant, a book written by author Chris Bohjalian, which will be developed into an limited series, with Cuoco to star and executive produce.[22]
Personal life
While working on The Big Bang Theory, Cuoco privately dated co-star Johnny Galecki for roughly two years until December 2009, while their characters on the show were also dating. She told CBS Watch in September 2010 that they have remained on good terms since ending their relationship.[23] She became engaged to addiction specialist Josh Resnik in October 2011, but they ended their engagement by March 2012.[24] Cuoco subsequently became engaged to professional tennis player Ryan Sweeting in September 2013, after three months of dating. They married on December 31, 2013, in Santa Susana, California.[25] On September 25, 2015, it was announced that the two decided to divorce.[26] The divorce was finalized in May 2016.[27] Following the split, she began dating equestrian Karl Cook in late 2015.[28] They became engaged on November 30, 2017, Cuoco's 32nd birthday.[29]
Cuoco received significant media attention surrounding a remark she made in an interview with Redbook magazine. When asked if she considered herself a feminist, Cuoco responded:
Is it bad if I say no? I was never that feminist girl demanding equality, but maybe that's because I've never really faced inequality...I cook for Ryan five nights a week: it makes me feel like a housewife. I love that. I know it sounds old-fashioned, but I like the idea of women taking care of their men.[30][31]
In subsequent interviews, Cuoco has apologized for and retracted these statements, telling Cosmopolitan magazine, "of course I'm a fucking feminist. Look at me. I bleed feminism."[32][33]
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1992 Quicksand: No Escape Connie Reinhardt
1995 Virtuosity Karin Carter
1997 Picture Perfect Little girl
1997 Toothless Lori
1998 Mr. Murder Charlotte Stillwater
2000 Alley Cats Strike Elisa Bowers
2000 Growing Up Brady Maureen McCormick
2000 Can't Be Heaven Teresa Powers
2003 Merry Mickey Celebration, AA Merry Mickey Celebration Herself
2004 Debating Robert Lee Maralee Rodgers
2004 Crimes of Fashion Brooke Sarto
2004 Hollow, TheThe Hollow Karen
2005 Lucky 13 Sarah Baker
2006 Separated at Worth Gabby
2006 Wasted Katie Cooning
2006 Bratz: Passion 4 Fashion – Diamondz Kirstee Smith Voice
2007 To Be Fat like Me Alyson Schmidt
2007 Cougar Club Amanda
2008 Killer Movie Blanca Champion
2010 Penthouse, TheThe Penthouse Erica Roc
2011 Hop Samantha O'Hare
2011 Last Ride, TheThe Last Ride Wanda
2014 Authors Anonymous Hannah Rinaldi
2015 The Wedding Ringer Gretchen Palmer
2015 Burning Bodhi Katy
2015 Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip Eleanor Voice
2016 Why Him? Justine (AI) Voice
2017 Handsome: A Netflix Mystery Movie Herself
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1994 My So-Called Life Young Angela Chase Episode: "Father Figures"
1994 Northern Exposure Miranda Episode: "Hello, I Love You"
1996 Ellen Little Ellen Morgan Episode: "The Bubble Gum Incident"
2000 Don't Forget Your Toothbrush Ashley Episode: "12 March 2000"
2000 Homewood PI Lauren Crane Episode: "Pilot"
2000–01 Ladies Man Bonnie Stiles Main role (Season 2); 8 episodes
2001 7th Heaven Lynn Episode: "Relationships"
2002 First Monday Alyssa Episode: "Pilot"
2002 Ellen Show, TheThe Ellen Show Vanessa Episode: "Shallow Gal"
2002 Nightmare Room, TheThe Nightmare Room Kristin Ferris Episode: "My Name is Evil"
2002–05 8 Simple Rules Bridget Hennessy Main role; 76 episodes
2004 The Help Carly Michaels Episode: "Pilot"
2004 Complete Savages Erin Episode: "For Whom the Cell Tolls"
2004 Punk'd Herself Episode: "9 May 2004"
2004 10.5 Amanda Williams Main role; 2 episodes
2004–06 Brandy & Mr. Whiskers Brandy Harrington (voice) Main role; 77 episodes
2005–06 Bratz Kirstee Smith (voice) Main role (Season 1); 17 episodes
2005–07 Loonatics Unleashed Paula Hayes / Weather Vane (voice) Recurring role; 3 episodes
2005–06 Charmed Billie Jenkins Main role (Season 8); 22 episodes
2006 Secrets of a Small Town Misty Anders Unsold ABC pilot
2007 Prison Break Sasha Murray Episodes: "The Message" and "Chicago"
2007–present Big Bang Theory, TheThe Big Bang Theory Penny Main role
2012 Peterson: Untouchable, DrewDrew Peterson: Untouchable Stacy Peterson Television film
2016 Comedy Bang! Bang! Herself Episode: "Kaley Cuoco Wears a Black Blazer and Slip on Sneakers"
Awards and nominations
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
1993 Young Artist Award Best Young Actress in a Cable Movie Quicksand: No Escape Nominated
2000 YoungStar Award Best Young Actress in a Mini-Series/Made for TV Film Growing Up Brady Nominated
2003 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) – Leading Young Actress 8 Simple Rules Nominated
2003 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress: Comedy 8 Simple Rules Nominated
2003 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Breakout Star: Female 8 Simple Rules Won
2004 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress: Comedy 8 Simple Rules Nominated
2004 Young Artist Awards Best Young Adult Performer in a Teenage Role 8 Simple Rules Nominated
2010 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress: Comedy The Big Bang Theory Nominated
2011 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress: Comedy The Big Bang Theory Nominated
2012 People's Choice Awards Favorite TV Comedy Actress The Big Bang Theory Nominated
2012 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress: Comedy The Big Bang Theory Nominated
2012 Satellite Award Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy[34] The Big Bang Theory Won
2013 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress: Comedy The Big Bang Theory Nominated
2013 People's Choice Awards Favorite TV Comedy Actress The Big Bang Theory Nominated
2013 Critics' Choice Television Award Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series (tied with Eden Sher) The Big Bang Theory Won
2014 People's Choice Awards Favorite TV Comedy Actress The Big Bang Theory Won
2014 Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Funny Star The Big Bang Theory Nominated
2014 Critics' Choice Television Award Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series The Big Bang Theory Nominated
2015 People's Choice Awards Favorite Comedic TV Actress The Big Bang Theory Won
2015 Kids' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress The Big Bang Theory Nominated
2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress: Comedy The Big Bang Theory Nominated
2016 Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Supporting Actress The Wedding Ringer Won
References
Jump up ^ "8 Interesting Facts About Kaley Cuoco-Sweeting: Actor Spotlight". CBS. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lombardi, Ken (October 30, 2014). "Kaley Cuoco-Sweeting gets emotional over Hollywood Walk of Fame star". CBS News. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Kaley Cuoco". Yahoo!. Retrieved November 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "5 Things You Don't Know About Kaley Cuoco". ET Online. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Southern California Tennis Association 1998 Year-End Junior Rankings – Girls'_14_Singles". californiatennis.com. Retrieved October 7, 2012. No. 54 in Girls' 14 Singles.
Jump up ^ Acuna, Kirsten (March 2, 2012). "25 Things You Don't Know About Newly Single Kaley Cuoco—CBS' 'Big Bang Theory' Sweetheart". Business Insider. Retrieved October 7, 2012. Cuoco has been an ace in Hollywood and on the tennis court, playing the sport since she was three years old. She finally made the full switch to acting in 2002
Jump up ^ Entertainment Tonight. CBS. November 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Debating Robert Lee (2006)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Kaley Cuoco". kaleycuoco.org. Archived from the original on September 21, 2010. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ Masters, Megan (October 12, 2010). "Kaley Cuoco Returns to Big Bang Theory After Injury as a-Pregnant Amputee Bartender?!". E!. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ratledge, Ingela (December 3, 2012) "Big Bang's Flash Mob Mentality". TV Guide. p. 6
Jump up ^ "The Big Bang Theory Flash mob! [Full version compilation]". NommiXproductions. YouTube. November 16, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Guy Who Drove a Hummer and Wasn't a Total A-Hole". Conan. Season 3. Episode 25. January 8, 2013. TBS.
Jump up ^ "Big Bang Theory stars sign new contracts". BBC News. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Movies — To Be Fat Like Me". lifetimetv.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2007.
Jump up ^ Brown, Robyn (May 2011). "The Naked Truth: 4 Celebrities Go Nude for Allure". Allure. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Kaley Cuoco Signs For "I Hop," "Last Ride" – March 31, 2010". Dark Horizons. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Kaley Cuoco to Host 2011 Teen Choice Awards". J-14. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Kaley Cuoco to Host 2012 People's Choice Awards". People's Choice. Archived from the original on October 1, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Kaley Cuoco to host People's Choice Awards". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Kaley Cuoco joins Shatner in Priceline ads". USA Today. January 9, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (27 October 2017). "Kaley Cuoco Launches Company, Inks Pod Deal With Warner Bros. TV & Set First Project – Limited Series She Would Star In". Deadline.
Jump up ^ Morgan, Hudson (September 2010). "Justify Her Love". CBS Watch. Archived from the original on February 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Weiner, David (March 2, 2012). "ET Exclusive: Kaley Cuoco No Longer Engaged". ET Online.
Jump up ^ "'Big Bang Theory' star Kaley Cuoco gets married". Associated Press via Newsday. Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Krauser, Emily (September 25, 2015). "Kaley Cuoco Divorcing Ryan Sweeting After 21 Months of Marriage". Entertainment Tonight.
Jump up ^ Ungerman, Alex (May 9, 2016). "Kaley Cuoco Finalizes Divorce From Ryan Sweeting, Actress to Pay $165,000 in Spousal Support". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kile, Meredith B. (December 18, 2016). "EXCLUSIVE: Kaley Cuoco Gushes Over 'Perfect' Boyfriend Karl Cook at 'Why Him?' Premiere". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mizoguchi, Karen (November 30, 2017). "Kaley Cuoco Is Engaged to Boyfriend Karl Cook — Watch Her Emotional Reaction to the Proposal". People. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kaley Cuoco-Sweeting Does Not Consider Herself a Feminist: I Love Feeling Like a Housewife". Dec 30, 2014. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kaley Cuoco: I'm Not a Feminist and I Love Feeling Like a Housewife". Dec 30, 2014. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kaley Cuoco-Sweeting apologizes for saying she's not a feminist". Jan 2, 2015. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "KKaley Cuoco: "Of Course I'm a F*cking Feminist"". Mar 4, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kilday, Gregg. "'Silver Linings Playbook' Wins Five Satellite Awards, Including Best Picture". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kaley Cuoco.
Kaley Cuoco on IMDb
Kaley Cuoco at Rotten Tomatoes
Media offices
Preceded by
Queen Latifah People's Choice Awards host
2012–2013 Succeeded by
Beth Behrs & Kat Dennings
Preceded by
Katy Perry Teen Choice Awards host
2011 Succeeded by
Demi Lovato & Kevin McHale
[show]
Awards for Kaley Cuoco
[show]
v
t
e
Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Busy Philipps (2011)
Julie Bowen (2012)
Kaley Cuoco / Eden Sher (2013)
Allison Janney / Kate Mulgrew (2014)
Allison Janney (2015)
Mayim Bialik (2016)
Jane Krakowski (2016)
Mayim Bialik (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Satellite Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Jane Curtin (1996)
Tracey Ullman (1997)
Ellen DeGeneres (1998)
Illeana Douglas (1999)
Lisa Kudrow (2000)
Debra Messing (2001)
Debra Messing (2002)
Jane Kaczmarek (2003)
Portia de Rossi (2004)
Felicity Huffman / Mary-Louise Parker (2005)
Marcia Cross (2006)
America Ferrera (2007)
Tracey Ullman (2008)
Lea Michele (2009)
Laura Linney (2010)
Martha Plimpton (2011)
Kaley Cuoco (2012)
Taylor Schilling (2013)
Mindy Kaling (2014)
Taylor Schilling (2015)
Taylor Schilling (2016)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 120774532
LCCN: no2009114716
ISNI: 0000 0001 1086 3852
GND: 101457420X
SUDOC: 157441261
BNF: cb16205740q (data)
BNE: XX5154775
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaley_Cuoco&oldid=822042536"
Categories:
1985 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from California
American child actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
People from Camarillo, California
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Use mdy dates from November 2016
Articles with hCards
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
تۆرکجه
Български
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Қазақша
Latina
Latviešu
Magyar
मैथिली
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Norsk
Occitan
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Vèneto
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 January 2018, at 02:01.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Growing_Up_Brady_(TV_film)
mw-redirect
Growing Up Brady (TV film)

values:
/wiki/The_Hollow_(2004_film)
mw-redirect
The Hollow (2004 film)

values:
/wiki/Brandy_and_Mr._Whiskers
mw-redirect
Brandy and Mr. Whiskers

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Bridget_Hennessy
mw-redirect
Bridget Hennessy

values: background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress Comedy

values: background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.darkhorizons.com/news/16773

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0192505/
external text

values: Template:Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series

values: Template talk:Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Satellite Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy

values: Template talk:Satellite Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/120774532

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000110863852

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/101457420X

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/157441261

values: Category:People from Camarillo, California

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

values: Category:Use mdy dates from November 2016

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Kaley_Cuoco
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: كالي كوكو – Arabic

values: Кейли Куоко – Bulgarian

values: Κέιλι Κουόκο – Greek

values: کیلی کوئوکو – Persian

values: 케일리 쿼코 – Korean

values: Քեյլի Կուոկո – Armenian

values: केली क्वोकोह – Hindi

values: קיילי קווקו – Hebrew

values: Кейли Куоко – Kazakh

values: केली क्वोकोह – Maithili

values: കെയ്ലി കൂവോക്കോ – Malayalam

values: Кейли Куоко – Mongolian

values: केली क्वोकोह – Nepali

values: ケイリー・クオコ – Japanese

values: ਕੇਲੀ ਕੋੱਕੋ – Punjabi

values: Куоко, Кейли – Russian

values: Кејли Квоко – Serbian

values: கலே கியூகோ – Tamil

values: เคลีย์ โควโค – Thai

values: Кейлі Куоко – Ukrainian

values: کیلی کوکو – Urdu

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Kaley_Cuoco rootpage-Kaley_Cuoco skin-vector action-view


text:
Endoplasmic reticulum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Cell biology
The animal cell
Components of a typical animal cell:
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Ribosome (little dots)
Vesicle
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus (or "Golgi body")
Cytoskeleton
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondrion
Vacuole
Cytosol (fluid that contains organelles, comprising the cytoplasm)
Lysosome
Centrosome
Cell membrane
Micrograph of rough endoplasmic reticulum network around the nucleus (shown in lower right-hand side of the picture). Dark small circles in the network are mitochondria.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures known as cisternae. The membranes of the ER are continuous with the outer nuclear membrane. The endoplasmic reticulum occurs in most types of eukaryotic cells, but is absent from red blood cells and spermatozoa. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum: rough and smooth. The outer (cytosolic) face of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes that are the sites of protein synthesis. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is especially prominent in cells such as hepatocytes. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes and functions in lipid manufacture and metabolism, the production of steroid hormones, and detoxification.[1] The smooth ER is especially abundant in mammalian liver and gonad cells. The lacy membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were first seen in 1945 using electron microscopy.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Structure
2.1 Rough endoplasmic reticulum
2.2 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
2.2.1 Sarcoplasmic reticulum
3 Functions
3.1 Protein transport
4 Clinical significance
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The lacy membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were first seen in 1945 by Keith R. Porter, Albert Claude, Brody Meskers and Ernest F. Fullam, using electron microscopy.[2] The word reticulum, which means "network", was applied to describe this fabric of membranes.
Structure[edit]
1 Nucleus 2 Nuclear pore 3 Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) 4 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) 5 Ribosome on the rough ER 6 Proteins that are transported 7 Transport vesicle 8 Golgi apparatus 9 Cis face of the Golgi apparatus 10 Trans face of the Golgi apparatus 11 Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus
3D rendering of endoplasmic reticulum
The general structure of the endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes called cisternae. These sac-like structures are held together by the cytoskeleton. The phospholipid membrane encloses the cisternal space (or lumen), which is continuous with the perinuclear space but separate from the cytosol. The functions of the endoplasmic reticulum can be summarized as the synthesis and export of proteins and membrane lipids, but varies between ER and cell type and cell function. The quantity of both rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a cell can slowly interchange from one type to the other, depending on the changing metabolic activities of the cell. Transformation can include embedding of new proteins in membrane as well as structural changes. Changes in protein content may occur without noticeable structural changes.[3][4][citation needed]
Rough endoplasmic reticulum[edit]
An animation showing how a protein destined for the secretory pathway is synthesized into the rough endoplasmic reticulum (which appears at upper right in animation when approximately half of animation is done). The total animation time is about 2 minutes.
The surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (often abbreviated RER or Rough ER) (also called granular endoplasmic reticulum) is studded with protein-manufacturing ribosomes giving it a "rough" appearance (hence its name).[5] The binding site of the ribosome on the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the translocon.[6] However, the ribosomes are not a stable part of this organelle's structure as they are constantly being bound and released from the membrane. A ribosome only binds to the RER once a specific protein-nucleic acid complex forms in the cytosol. This special complex forms when a free ribosome begins translating the mRNA of a protein destined for the secretory pathway.[7] The first 5–30 amino acids polymerized encode a signal peptide, a molecular message that is recognized and bound by a signal recognition particle (SRP). Translation pauses and the ribosome complex binds to the RER translocon where translation continues with the nascent (new) protein forming into the RER lumen and/or membrane. The protein is processed in the ER lumen by an enzyme (a signal peptidase), which removes the signal peptide. Ribosomes at this point may be released back into the cytosol; however, non-translating ribosomes are also known to stay associated with translocons.[8]
The membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum forms large double membrane sheets that are located near, and continuous with, the outer layer of the nuclear envelope.[9] The double membrane sheets are stacked and connected through several right or left-handed helical ramps, the so-called Terasaki ramps, giving rise to a structure resembling a multi-storey car park.[10][11] Although there is no continuous membrane between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, membrane-bound transport vesicles shuttle proteins between these two compartments.[12] Vesicles are surrounded by coating proteins called COPI and COPII. COPII targets vesicles to the Golgi apparatus and COPI marks them to be brought back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The rough endoplasmic reticulum works in concert with the Golgi complex to target new proteins to their proper destinations. A second method of transport out of the endoplasmic reticulum involves areas called membrane contact sites, where the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and other organelles are held closely together, allowing the transfer of lipids and other small molecules.[13][14]
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is key in multiple functions:
Manufacture of lysosomal enzymes with a mannose-6-phosphate marker added in the cis-Golgi network.[citation needed]
Manufacture of secreted proteins, either secreted constitutively with no tag or secreted in a regulatory manner involving clathrin and paired basic amino acids in the signal peptide.
Integral membrane proteins that stay embedded in the membrane as vesicles exit and bind to new membranes. Rab proteins are key in targeting the membrane; SNAP and SNARE proteins are key in the fusion event.
Initial glycosylation as assembly continues. This is N-linked (O-linking occurs in the Golgi).
N-linked glycosylation: If the protein is properly folded, Oligosaccharyltransferase recognizes the AA sequence NXS or NXT (with the S/T residue phosphorylated) and adds a 14-sugar backbone (2-N-acetylglucosamine, 9-branching mannose, and 3-glucose at the end) to the side-chain nitrogen of Asn.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum[edit]
Electromicrograph showing smooth ER (arrow) in mouse tissue, at 110,510 x magnification.
In most cells the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (abbreviated SER) is scarce. Instead there are areas where the ER is partly smooth and partly rough, this area is called the transitional ER. The transitional ER gets its name because it contains ER exit sites. These are areas where the transport vesicles that contain lipids and proteins made in the ER, detach from the ER and start moving to the Golgi apparatus. Specialized cells can have a lot of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and in these cells the smooth ER has many functions.[15] It synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids. Cells which secrete these products, such as those in the testes, ovaries, and sebaceous glands have an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.[16] It also carries out the metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of natural metabolism products and of alcohol and drugs, attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins, and steroid metabolism.[17] In muscle cells, it regulates calcium ion concentration. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is found in a variety of cell types (both animal and plant), and it serves different functions in each. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum also contains the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, which converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose, a step in gluconeogenesis. It is connected to the nuclear envelope and consists of tubules that are located near the cell periphery. These tubes sometimes branch forming a network that is reticular in appearance.[9] In some cells, there are dilated areas like the sacs of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum allows for an increased surface area to be devoted to the action or storage of key enzymes and the products of these enzymes.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum[edit]
Main article: Sarcoplasmic reticulum
See also: Calcium-induced calcium release
Skeletal muscle fiber, with sarcoplasmic reticulum colored in blue.
The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), from the Greek σάρξ sarx ("flesh"), is smooth ER found in myocytes. The only structural difference between this organelle and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the medley of proteins they have, both bound to their membranes and drifting within the confines of their lumens. This fundamental difference is indicative of their functions: The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes molecules, while the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium ions and pumps them out into the sarcoplasm when the muscle fiber is stimulated.[18][19] After their release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium ions interact with contractile proteins that utilize ATP to shorten the muscle fiber. The sarcoplasmic reticulum plays a major role in excitation-contraction coupling.[20]
Functions[edit]
The endoplasmic reticulum serves many general functions, including the folding of protein molecules in sacs called cisternae and the transport of synthesized proteins in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus. Correct folding of newly made proteins is made possible by several endoplasmic reticulum chaperone proteins, including protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), ERp29, the Hsp70 family member BiP/Grp78, calnexin, calreticulin, and the peptidylpropyl isomerase family. Only properly folded proteins are transported from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus – unfolded proteins cause an unfolded protein response as a stress response in the ER. Disturbances in redox regulation, calcium regulation, glucose deprivation, and viral infection[21] or the over-expression of proteins[22] can lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ER stress), a state in which the folding of proteins slows, leading to an increase in unfolded proteins. This stress is emerging as a potential cause of damage in hypoxia/ischemia, insulin resistance, and other disorders.[23]
Protein transport[edit]
Secretory proteins, mostly glycoproteins, are moved across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Proteins that are transported by the endoplasmic reticulum throughout the cell are marked with an address tag called a signal sequence. The N-terminus (one end) of a polypeptide chain (i.e., a protein) contains a few amino acids that work as an address tag, which are removed when the polypeptide reaches its destination. Nascent peptides reach the ER via the translocon, a membrane-embedded multiprotein complex. Proteins that are destined for places outside the endoplasmic reticulum are packed into transport vesicles and moved along the cytoskeleton toward their destination. In human fibroblasts, the ER is always co-distributed with microtubules and the depolymerisation of the latter cause its co-aggregation with mitochondria, which are also associated with the ER.[24]
The endoplasmic reticulum is also part of a protein sorting pathway. It is, in essence, the transportation system of the eukaryotic cell. The majority of its resident proteins are retained within it through a retention motif. This motif is composed of four amino acids at the end of the protein sequence. The most common retention sequences are KDEL for lumen located proteins and KKXX for transmembrane protein.[25] However, variations of KDEL and KKXX do occur, and other sequences can also give rise to endoplasmic reticulum retention. It is not known whether such variation can lead to sub-ER localizations. There are three KDEL (1, 2 and 3) receptors in mammalian cells, and they have a very high degree of sequence identity. The functional differences between these receptors remain to be established.[26]
Clinical significance[edit]
Abnormalities in XBP1 lead to a heightened endoplasmic reticulum stress response and subsequently causes a higher susceptibility for inflammatory processes that may even contribute to Alzheimer's disease.[27] In the colon, XBP1 anomalies have been linked to the inflammatory bowel diseases including Crohn's disease.[28]
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular stress response related to the endoplasmic reticulum.[29] The UPR is activated in response to an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. The UPR functions to restore normal function of the cell by halting protein translation, degrading misfolded proteins, and activating the signaling pathways that lead to increasing the production of molecular chaperones involved in protein folding. Sustained overactivation of the UPR has been implicated in prion diseases as well as several other neurodegenerative diseases and the inhibition of the UPR could become a treatment for those diseases.[30]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and Smooth)". Retrieved 21 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter KR, Claude A, Fullam EF (March 1945). "A study of tissue culture cells by electron microscopy". J Exp Med. 81 (3): 233–246. doi:10.1084/jem.81.3.233. PMC 2135493  . PMID 19871454.
Jump up ^ Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2002). Molecular biology of the cell (4th ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3218-1.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Geoffrey M. (2000). The cell : a molecular approach (2nd ed.). Washington (DC): ASM Press. ISBN 0-87893-106-6.
Jump up ^ "reticulum". The Free Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Görlich D, Prehn S, Hartmann E, Kalies KU, Rapoport TA (Oct 1992). "A mammalian homolog of SEC61p and SECYp is associated with ribosomes and nascent polypeptides during translocation". Cell. 71 (3): 489–503. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90517-G. PMID 1423609.
Jump up ^ Lodish, Harvey; et al. (2003). Molecular Cell Biology (5th ed.). W. H. Freeman. pp. 659–666. ISBN 0-7167-4366-3.
Jump up ^ Seiser, R. M. (2000). "The Fate of Membrane-bound Ribosomes Following the Termination of Protein Synthesis". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (43): 33820–33827. doi:10.1074/jbc.M004462200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10931837.
^ Jump up to: a b Shibata, Yoko; Voeltz, Gia K.; Rapoport, Tom A. (2006). "Rough Sheets and Smooth Tubules". Cell. 126 (3): 435–439. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.019. ISSN 0092-8674.
Jump up ^ Terasaki, Mark; Shemesh, Tom; Kasthuri, Narayanan; Klemm, Robin W.; Schalek, Richard; Hayworth, Kenneth J.; Hand, Arthur R.; Yankova, Maya; Huber, Greg; Lichtman, Jeff W.; Rapoport, Tom A.; Kozlov, Michael M. (2013). "Stacked Endoplasmic Reticulum Sheets Are Connected by Helicoidal Membrane Motifs". Cell. 154 (2): 285–296. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.031. PMC 3767119  . PMID 23870120.
Jump up ^ Guven, J; Huber, G; Valencia, DM (31 October 2014). "Terasaki spiral ramps in the rough endoplasmic reticulum". Physical Review Letters. 113 (18): 188101. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.188101. PMID 25396396.
Jump up ^ Endoplasmic reticulum. (n.d.). McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. Retrieved September 13, 2006, from Answers.com Web site: http://www.answers.com/topic/endoplasmic-reticulum
Jump up ^ Levine T (September 2004). "Short-range intracellular trafficking of small molecules across endoplasmic reticulum junctions". Trends Cell Biol. 14 (9): 483–90. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2004.07.017. PMID 15350976.
Jump up ^ Levine T, Loewen C (August 2006). "Inter-organelle membrane contact sites: through a glass, darkly". Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 18 (4): 371–8. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2006.06.011. PMID 16806880.
Jump up ^ Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin Peter Walter.; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2002). Molecular biology of the cell (4th ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3218-1.
Jump up ^ "Functions of Smooth ER". University of Minnesota Duluth.
Jump up ^ Maxfield FR, Wüstner D (October 2002). "Intracellular cholesterol transport". J. Clin. Invest. 110 (7): 891–8. doi:10.1172/JCI16500. PMC 151159  . PMID 12370264.
Jump up ^ Toyoshima C, Nakasako M, Nomura H, Ogawa H (2000). "Crystal structure of the calcium pump of sarcoplasmic reticulum at 2.6 A resolution". Nature. 405 (6787): 647–55. doi:10.1038/35015017. PMID 10864315.
Jump up ^ Medical Cell Biology 3rd/ed. Academic Press. p. 69.
Jump up ^ Martini, Frederick; Nath, Judi; Bartholomew, Edwin (2014). Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology (10th ed.). ISBN 978-0321909077.
Jump up ^ Xu, C; et al. (2005). "Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress: Cell Life and Death Decisions". J. Clin. Invest. 115 (10): 2656–2664. doi:10.1172/JCI26373. PMC 1236697  . PMID 16200199.
Jump up ^ Kober L, Zehe C, Bode J (October 2012). "Development of a novel ER stress based selection system for the isolation of highly productive clones". Biotechnol. Bioeng. 109 (10): 2599–611. doi:10.1002/bit.24527. PMID 22510960.
Jump up ^ Ozcan, U.; Cao, Q; Yilmaz, E; Lee, AH; Iwakoshi, NN; Ozdelen, E; Tuncman, G; Görgün, C; Glimcher, LH; Hotamisligil, GS (2004). "Endoplasmic reticulum stress links obesity, insulin action, and type 2 diabetes". Science. 306 (5695): 457–461. doi:10.1126/science.1103160. PMID 15486293.
Jump up ^ Soltys, BJ; Gupta, RS. "Interrelationships of endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, intermediate filaments, and microtubules—a quadruple fluorescence labeling study". Biochem Cell Biol. 70 (10–11): 1174–86. doi:10.1139/o92-163. PMID 1363623.
Jump up ^ Mariano Stornaiuolo; Lavinia V. Lotti; Nica Borgese; Maria-Rosaria Torrisi; Giovanna Mottola; Gianluca Martire; Stefano Bonatti (March 2003). "KDEL and KKXX Retrieval Signals Appended to the Same Reporter Protein Determine Different Trafficking between Endoplasmic Reticulum, Intermediate Compartment, and Golgi Complex". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 14 (3): 889–902. doi:10.1091/mbc.E02-08-0468. PMC 151567  . PMID 12631711.
Jump up ^ Raykhel, I; Alanen, H; Salo, K; Jurvansuu, J; Nguyen, VD; Latva-Ranta, M; Ruddock, L (2007). "A molecular specificity code for the three mammalian KDEL receptors". J. Cell Biol. 179 (6): 1193–204. doi:10.1083/jcb.200705180. PMC 2140024  . PMID 18086916.
Jump up ^ Casas-Tinto, S; Zhang, Y; Sanchez-Garcia, J; Gomez-Velazquez, M; Rincon-Limas, DE; Fernandez-Funez, P (25 March 2011). "The ER stress factor XBP1s prevents amyloid-{beta} neurotoxicity". Human Molecular Genetics. 20 (11): 2144–60. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr100. PMC 3090193  . PMID 21389082.
Jump up ^ Kaser A, Lee AH, Franke A, Glickman JN, Zeissig S, Tilg H, Nieuwenhuis EE, Higgins DE, Schreiber S, Glimcher LH, Blumberg RS (September 2008). "XBP1 links ER stress to intestinal inflammation and confers genetic risk for human inflammatory bowel disease". Cell. 134 (5): 743–56. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.07.021. PMC 2586148  . PMID 18775308.
Jump up ^ Walter, Peter. "Peter Walter's short talk: Unfolding the UPR". iBiology.
Jump up ^ Moreno, J. A.; Halliday, M.; Molloy, C.; Radford, H.; Verity, N.; Axten, J. M.; Ortori, C. A.; Willis, A. E.; Fischer, P. M.; Barrett, D. A.; Mallucci, G. R. (2013). "Oral Treatment Targeting the Unfolded Protein Response Prevents Neurodegeneration and Clinical Disease in Prion-Infected Mice". Science Translational Medicine. 5 (206): 206ra138. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3006767. PMID 24107777.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Endoplasmic reticulum.
Lipid and protein composition of Endoplasmic reticulum in OPM database
Animations of the various cell functions referenced here
[hide]
v
t
e
Structures of the cell / organelles (TH H1.00.01.2-3)
Endomembrane system
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Parenthesome
Autophagosome
Vesicles
Exosome
Lysosome
Endosome
Phagosome
Vacuole
Acrosome
Cytoplasmic granules
Melanosome
Microbody
Glyoxysome
Peroxisome
Weibel–Palade body
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
MTOCs
Centrosome
Centriole
Basal body
Spindle pole body
Myofibril
Endosymbionts
Mitochondrion
Plastids
Chloroplast
Chromoplast
Gerontoplast
Leucoplast
Amyloplast
Elaioplast
Proteinoplast
Tannosome
Other internal
RNA
Ribosome
Spliceosome
Vault
Cytoplasm
Proteasome
External
Undulipodium
Cilium
Flagellum
Axoneme
Radial spoke
Extracellular matrix
Cell wall
Authority control
NDL: 00572072
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endoplasmic_reticulum&oldid=819484846"
Categories:
Endoplasmic reticulum
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaelg
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Қазақша
Kreyòl ayisyen
Kurdî
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
پنجابی
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 January 2018, at 16:45.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: span

attrs: href title

value: th

attrs: colspan style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background: rgba(0,0,0,0.1); padding: 5px; width: 290px;

value: tr

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Animal_cell
mw-redirect
Animal cell

value: td

values: text-align:center;font-weight:bold; font-size:125%; background-color: #0073CF; color: #FFF;

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: li

values:
/wiki/Rough_endoplasmic_reticulum
mw-redirect
Rough endoplasmic reticulum

values:
/wiki/Smooth_endoplasmic_reticulum
mw-redirect
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

values: text-align:left; padding: 10px; background: rgba(0,0,0,0.02);

values: width:22em;width: 300px; padding: 0; border-collapse:collapse; background:transparent;

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Protein_synthesis
mw-redirect
Protein synthesis

values:
/wiki/Electron_microscopy
mw-redirect
Electron microscopy

values:
/wiki/Vesicle_(biology)
mw-redirect
Vesicle (biology)

values:
/wiki/Phospholipid_membrane
mw-redirect
Phospholipid membrane

values:
/wiki/Perinuclear_space
mw-redirect
Perinuclear space

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Rough endoplasmic reticulum

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Secretory_pathway
mw-redirect
Secretory pathway

values:
/wiki/Nuclear_envelope
mw-redirect
Nuclear envelope

values:
/wiki/Golgi_complex
mw-redirect
Golgi complex

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)

values:
/wiki/Integral_membrane_proteins
mw-redirect
Integral membrane proteins

values: Edit section: Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

values:
/wiki/Steroid_metabolism
mw-redirect
Steroid metabolism

values:
/wiki/Excitation-contraction_coupling
mw-redirect
Excitation-contraction coupling

values:
/wiki/Protein_disulfide_isomerase
mw-redirect
Protein disulfide isomerase

values:
/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)
mw-redirect
Colon (anatomy)

values:
/wiki/Translation_(genetics)
mw-redirect
Translation (genetics)

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1084%2Fjem.81.3.233

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19871454

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1423609

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M004462200

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9258

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10931837

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.07.019

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2013.06.031

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23870120

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25396396

values: McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tcb.2004.07.017

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15350976

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ceb.2006.06.011

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16806880

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI16500

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12370264

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F35015017

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10864315

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI26373

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16200199

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fbit.24527

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22510960

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1103160

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15486293

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1139%2Fo92-163

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1363623

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1091%2Fmbc.E02-08-0468

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12631711

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.200705180

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18086916

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2Fddr100

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21389082

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2008.07.021

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18775308

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24107777

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/OPM_database
mw-redirect
OPM database

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

values: Category:Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: شبكة إندوبلازمية – Arabic

values: এন্ডোপ্লাজমিক রেটিকুলাম – Bangla

values: Эндаплазматычная сетка – Belarusian

values: Ендоплазмен ретикулум – Bulgarian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: Ενδοπλασματικό δίκτυο – Greek

values: شبکه آندوپلاسمی – Persian

values: Էնդոպլազմային ցանց – Armenian

values: आंतरद्रव्यजालिका – Hindi

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frymisnet
Frymisnet – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values: רשתית תוך-פלזמית – Hebrew

values: ಎಂಡೊಪ್ಲಾಸ್ಮಿಕ್ ರೆಟಿಕ್ಯುಲಮ್ – Kannada

values: ენდოპლაზმური ბადე – Georgian

values: Эндоплазмалық тор – Kazakh

values: Endoplasmatescht Retikulum – Luxembourgish

values: Ендоплазматичен ретикулум – Macedonian

values: അന്തർദ്രവ്യജാലിക – Malayalam

values: Endoplasmatisk retikulum – Norwegian Nynorsk

values: عنڈوپلازمک ریٹیکولم – Western Punjabi

values: Эндоплазматический ретикулум – Russian

values: අන්තඃප්ලාස්මීය ජාලිකා – Sinhala

values: ناوە پلازمە تۆڕ – Central Kurdish

values: Ендоплазматични ретикулум – Serbian

values: Endoplazmatski retikulum – Serbo-Croatian

values: அகக்கலவுருச் சிறுவலை – Tamil

values: ร่างแหเอนโดพลาซึม – Thai

values: Ендоплазматичний ретикулум – Ukrainian

values: انڈوپلازمک ریٹکولم – Urdu

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Endoplasmic_reticulum rootpage-Endoplasmic_reticulum skin-vector action-view