text:
Model year
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This article is about the production date of a product. For the use in computer modeling, see model year (computer modeling).
The model year (MY) of a product is a number used worldwide, but with a high level of prominence in North America, to describe approximately when a product was produced, and it usually indicates the coinciding base specification (design revision number) of that product.
The model year and the actual calendar year of production rarely coincide. For example, a 2015 model year automobile is available during most of the 2015 calendar year, but is usually also available from the third quarter of 2014 because production of the 2015 model began in July or August 2014. When a new model is introduced there may be an additional delay to retool and retrain for production of the new model.[citation needed]
The variables of build date and design revision number are semi-independent. There is no natural law that forces one to be strictly correlated to the other, other than that:
future design revisions cannot have been built in the past, and
most products, in most contexts, tend to be built to the design revision that was the latest one at the time of building.
Contents
[hide]
1 Automobiles
1.1 Europe
1.2 United States
2 Other products
3 See also
4 Notes
Automobiles[edit]
Alfred P. Sloan extended the idea of yearly fashion-change from clothing to automobiles in the 1920s. His company, General Motors, was the first to introduce planned obsolescence (in cars) by means of making the production date, and thus the car's newness or lack of it, visually discernible.[citation needed]
European and Japanese automakers can utilise the term "model year" in respect of model availability dates in North American markets: these often receive updated models significantly later than domestic markets, especially in the event of unforeseen slow sales causing an inventory build-up of earlier versions.
The practice of identifying revisions of automobiles by their model year is strongest in Canada and the United States.[citation needed] Typically, complete vehicle redesigns of long-standing models occur in cycles of at least five years, with one or two facelifts during the model cycle, and manufacturers introduce such redesigns at various times throughout a calendar year.
Introductions of new models are often phased in around the world, meaning that a 2004 model of a particular vehicle may actually refer to two entirely different vehicles in different countries. Therefore, the more common practice for enthusiasts and motoring writers in other countries is to identify major revisions using the manufacturer's identifier for each revision.
For instance, aficionados will classify the Holden Commodore (a popular Australian car) according to the following series: VB (introduced in 1978), VC (1980), VH (1981), VK (1984), VL (1986), VN (1988), VP (1991), VR (1993), VS (1995), VT (1997), VX (2000), VY (2002), VZ (2004), VE (2006) and VF (2013). This is done for the simple reason of making the cars more easily distinguished.
Further information: Vehicle Identification Number § Model year encoding
Europe[edit]
In the automotive industry the model year is absolutely defined only by the manufacturer, and not by any local vehicle registration practices or marketing opinions.
Industry practice varies between markets according both to the level of exports to North America, and to the extent to which US-owned subsidiaries dominate the domestic automarket.[citation needed] In the 1960s and 1970s, many new models were traditionally introduced at the London or Paris motor shows during October, and manufacturers owned by US corporations as well as domestically controlled UK auto-makers tended to follow US auto-industry conventions in respect of model years. The concept was never so universally applied in Europe as in North America, however, and since the 1980s, the more commercially critical European Motor Shows have been the March Geneva Motor Show and the September Frankfurt Motor Show or Paris Motor Show. New models have increasingly been launched in June or July even in the UK, where the two remaining US-owned subsidiaries no longer design and build distinctively British Ford and Vauxhall models. All this has left the US-style model-year concept increasingly absent from the European domestic automarkets.
An automotive model year is categorically defined by the 10th digit of the vehicle identification number (VIN), and simply indicates any manufacturer-specified evolution in mid-cycle of a model range - such as revised paint options, trim options or any other minor specification change. The 10th VIN digit does not relate to the calendar year which the car is built, although the two may coincide. For example, a vehicle produced between July 2006 and June 2007 may have a 7 as the 10th digit of the VIN, and another vehicle produced between July 2007 and June 2008 may have an 8 in the 10th digit - with the change-over date varying depending on manufacturer, model and year.
United States[edit]
In the United States, automobile model-year sales traditionally begin with the fourth quarter of the preceding year. So model year refers to the sales model year; for example, vehicles sold during the period from October 1 to September 30 of the following year belong to a single model year.[citation needed] In addition, the launch of the new model-year has long been coordinated to the launch of the traditional new television season (as defined by A.C. Nielsen) in late September, because of the heavy dependence between television to offer products from automakers to advertise, and the car companies to launch their new models at a high-profile time of year.[1]
In other cases, products of a previous model year can continue production, especially if a newer model hasn't yet been released. In that case, the model year remains the same until a new model is introduced. This is to ensure that the model will be seen by the public, and will actually sell a number of vehicles before a new vehicle-model is produced, and people will look at the newer model rather than the previous one.
In the United States, for regulation purposes, government authorities allow cars of a given model year to be sold starting on January 1 of the previous calendar year. For example, this means that a 2019 model year vehicle can legally go on sale on January 1, 2018.[2] This has resulted in a few cars in the following model year being introduced in advertisements during the NFL's Super Bowl in February.
Other products[edit]
In addition to automobiles and bicycles, some other products that often have model years include:
Airplanes
All-terrain vehicles
Golf carts
Heavy equipment
Mobile homes
Motorcycles
Recreational vehicles
Semi-trailer trucks
Snowmobiles
Tractors
Trailers
Watercraft
See also[edit]
Car model
Emission standard
United States Code
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Carter, Bill (September 23, 2008). "A Television Season That Lasts All Year". The New York Times. Retrieved April 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ For legal purposes, various definitions for "model year" are given in US federal laws, including 42 USC 7521(b)(3)(A), 26 USC 4064(b)(4), and 49 USC 32901(a)(15)
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Kickstarter
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the crowdfunding site. For the motor kickstarter, see kick start and starter (engine). For other uses, see Kickstart (disambiguation).
Kickstarter, PBC
show
Screenshot
Type of business
Public-benefit corporation
Type of site
Crowdfunding
Headquarters
Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Founder(s)
Perry Chen
Yancey Strickler
Charles Adler
Industry
Financial services
Internet
Website
kickstarter.com
Alexa rank
508 (October 2017)[1]
Launched
April 28, 2009; 8 years ago (2009-04-28)
Kickstarter is an American public-benefit corporation[2] based in Brooklyn, New York, that maintains a global crowdfunding platform focused on creativity and merchandising.[3] The company's stated mission is to "help bring creative projects to life".[4] Kickstarter has reportedly received more than $1.9 billion in pledges from 9.4 million backers to fund 257,000 creative projects, such as films, music, stage shows, comics, journalism, video games, technology and food-related projects.[5]
People who back Kickstarter projects are offered tangible rewards or experiences in exchange for their pledges.[6] This model traces its roots to subscription model of arts patronage, where artists would go directly to their audiences to fund their work.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Model
2.1 Projects
2.2 Categories
2.3 Guidelines
3 Notable projects and creators
3.1 Top projects by funds raised
3.2 Project cancellations
4 Controversies
5 Patent disputes
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Kickstarter HQ library, Brooklyn
Kickstarter launched on April 28, 2009, by Perry Chen, Yancey Strickler, and Charles Adler.[8] The New York Times called Kickstarter "the people's NEA".[9] Time named it one of the "Best Inventions of 2010"[10] and "Best Websites of 2011".[11] Kickstarter reportedly raised $10 million funding from backers including NYC-based venture firm Union Square Ventures and angel investors such as Jack Dorsey, Zach Klein and Caterina Fake.[12] The company is based in Greenpoint, Brooklyn.[13]
Andy Baio served as the site's CTO until November 2010, when he joined Expert Labs.[14] Lance Ivy has been Lead Developer since the website launched.[15] On February 14, 2013, Kickstarter released an iOS app called Kickstarter for the iPhone.[16] The app is aimed at users who create and back projects and is the first time Kickstarter has had an official mobile presence.[17]
On October 31, 2012, Kickstarter opened projects based in the United Kingdom,[18] followed by projects based in Canada on September 9, 2013,[19] Australia and New Zealand on November 13, 2013,[20] the Netherlands on April 28, 2014, Denmark, Ireland, Norway, and Sweden on September 15, 2014,[21] Germany on April 28, 2015, France and Spain on May 19, 2015,[22] Austria, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg and Switzerland on June 16, 2015, Singapore and Hong Kong on August 30, 2016,[23] Mexico on November 15, 2016 and Japan on September 12, 2017. In July 2017, Strickler announced his resignation.[24]
Model[edit]
Kickstarter is one of a number of crowdfunding platforms for gathering money from the public, which circumvents traditional avenues of investment.[25][26] Project creators choose a deadline and a minimum funding goal. If the goal is not met by the deadline, no funds are collected (a kind of assurance contract).[27] The platform is open to backers from anywhere in the world and to creators from the US, UK,[28] Canada,[29] Australia, New Zealand,[20] The Netherlands, Denmark, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Spain, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland and Mexico.
Kickstarter applies a 5% fee on the total amount of the funds raised.[30] Their payments processor applies an additional 3–5% fee.[31] Unlike many forums for fundraising or investment, Kickstarter claims no ownership over the projects and the work they produce. The web pages of projects launched on the site are permanently archived and accessible to the public. After funding is completed, projects and uploaded media cannot be edited or removed from the site.[32]
There is no guarantee that people who post projects on Kickstarter will deliver on their projects, use the money to implement their projects, or that the completed projects will meet backers' expectations. Kickstarter advises backers to use their own judgment on supporting a project. They also warn project leaders that they could be liable for legal damages from backers for failure to deliver on promises.[33] Projects might also fail even after a successful fundraising campaign when creators underestimate the total costs required or technical difficulties to be overcome.[34][35]
Asked what made Kickstarter different from other crowdfunding platforms, co-founder Perry Chen said: "I wonder if people really know what the definition of crowdfunding is. Or, if there’s even an agreed upon definition of what it is. We haven’t actively supported the use of the term because it can provoke more confusion. In our case, we focus on a middle ground between patronage and commerce. People are offering cool stuff and experiences in exchange for the support of their ideas. People are creating these mini-economies around their project ideas. So, you aren’t coming to the site to get something for nothing; you are trying to create value for the people who support you. We focus on creative projects—music, film, technology, art, design, food and publishing—and within the category of crowdfunding of the arts, we are probably ten times the size of all of the others combined."[36]
Projects[edit]
On June 21, 2012, Kickstarter began publishing statistics on its projects.[37] As of February 13, 2015, there were 207,135 launched projects (7,802 in progress), with a success rate of 40%.[clarification needed] The total amount pledged was $1,523,718,656.[38]
The business grew quickly in its early years. In 2010 Kickstarter had 3,910 successful projects and $27,638,318 pledged. The corresponding figures for 2011 were 11,836 successfully funded projects and $99,344,381 pledged; and there were 18,109 successfully funded projects, $319,786,629 pledged in 2012.[39][40]
On February 9, 2012, Kickstarter hit a number of milestones. A dock made for the iPhone designed by Casey Hopkins became the first Kickstarter project to exceed one million dollars in pledges. A few hours later, a new adventure game project started by computer game developers, Double Fine Productions, reached the same figure, having been launched less than 24 hours earlier, and finished with over $3 million pledged.[41] This was also the first time Kickstarter raised over a million dollars in pledges in a single day.[42] On August 30, 2014, the "Coolest Cooler", an icebox created by Ryan Grepper, became the most funded Kickstarter project in history, with US$13.28 million in funding, breaking the record previously held by the Pebble smart watch.[43]
In July 2012, Wharton professor Ethan Mollick and Jeanne Pi conducted research into what contributes to a project’s success or failure on Kickstarter. Some key findings from the analysis were that increasing goal size is negatively associated with success, projects that are featured on the Kickstarter homepage have an 89% chance of being successful, compared to 30% without, and that for an average $10,000 project, a 30-day project has a 35% chance of success, while a 60-day project has a 29% chance of success, all other things being constant.[44]
The ten largest Kickstarter projects by funds raised are listed below. Among successful projects, most raise between $1,000 and $9,999. These dollar amounts drop to less than half in the Design, Games, and Technology categories. However, the median amount raised for the latter two categories remains in the four-figure range. There is substantial variation in the success rate of projects falling under different categories. Over two thirds of completed dance projects have been successful. In contrast, fewer than 30% of completed fashion projects have reached their goal. Most failing projects fail to achieve 20% of their goals and this trend applies across all categories. Indeed, over 80% of projects that pass the 20% mark reach their goal.[38]
Categories[edit]
Creators categorize their projects into one of 13 categories and 36 subcategories.[45] They are: Art, Comics, Dance, Design, Fashion, Film and Video, Food, Games, Music, Photography, Publishing, Technology and Theater. Of these categories, Film & Video and Music are the largest categories and have raised the most amount of money. These categories, along with Games, account for over half the money raised.[38] Video games and tabletop games alone account for more than $2 out of every $10 spent on Kickstarter.[46]
Guidelines[edit]
To maintain its focus as a funding platform for creative projects, Kickstarter has outlined three guidelines for all project creators to follow: creators can fund projects only; projects must fit within one of the site's 13 creative categories; and creators must abide by the site's prohibited uses, which include charity and awareness campaigns. Kickstarter has additional requirements for hardware and product design projects. These include[47][48]
Banning the use of photorealistic renderings and simulations demonstrating a product
Banning projects for genetically modified organisms.[49]
Limiting awards to single items or a "sensible set" of items relevant to the project (e.g., multiple light bulbs for a house)
Requiring a physical prototype
Requiring a manufacturing plan
The guidelines are designed to reinforce Kickstarter’s position that people are backing projects, not placing orders for a product. To underscore the notion that Kickstarter is a place in which creators and audiences make things together, creators across all categories are asked to describe the risks and challenges a project faces in producing it. This educates the public about the project goals and encourages contributions to the community.[50]
Notable projects and creators[edit]
At $8.5 million, the Ouya is the 8th largest successful Kickstarter campaign.
Several creative works have gone on to receive critical acclaim and accolades after being funded on Kickstarter. Others, such as the Ouya console, have resulted in commercial failure.[51] The documentary short "Sun Come Up" and documentary short "Incident in New Baghdad" were each nominated for an Academy Award;[52][53] contemporary art projects "EyeWriter" and "Hip-Hop Word Count" were both chosen to exhibit in the Museum of Modern Art in 2011;[54] filmmaker Matt Porterfield was selected to screen his film Putty Hill at the Whitney Biennial In 2012;[55] author Rob Walker's Hypothetical Futures project exhibited at the 13th International Venice Architecture Biennale;[56] musician Amanda Palmer's album "Theatre is Evil" debuted at No. 10 on the Billboard 200;[57] designer Scott Wilson won a National Design Award from Smithsonian’s Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum following the success of his TikTok + LunaTik project;[58] the Kickstarter funded GoldieBlox toy gained nationwide distribution in 2013;[59] and approximately 10% of the films accepted into the Sundance, SXSW and Tribeca Film Festivals are projects funded on Kickstarter.[60][61]
Numerous well-known creators have used Kickstarter to produce their work, including: musicians Jennifer Paige,[62] Paula Cole,[63] TLC,[64] Amanda McBroom,[65] De La Soul,[66] Amanda Palmer,[67] Daniel Johnston,[68] Stuart Murdoch[69] and Tom Rush;[70] filmmakers and actors Kevin Sorbo,[71] Alyson Hannigan,[72] Zach Braff,[73] Bret Easton Ellis,[74] Colin Hanks,[75] Ed Begley, Jr.,[76] Gary Hustwit,[77] Hal Hartley,[78] Jennie Livingston,[79] Mark Duplass,[80] Matthew Modine,[81] Paul Schrader,[82] Ricki Lake,[83] Whoopi Goldberg,[84] Kristen Bell, John de Lancie and Zana Briski; authors and writers Dan Harmon,[85] Kevin Kelly,[86] Neal Stephenson,[87] Steve Altes,[88] and Seth Godin;[89] photographers Spencer Tunick,[90] Shane Lavalette,[91] and Gerd Ludwig;[92] game developers Tim Schafer,[93] Keiji Inafune, Brian Fargo,[94] and Rand Miller;[95] designer Stefan Sagmeister;[96] animator John Kricfalusi; comedian Eugene Mirman;[97] animators Don Bluth and Gary Goldman;[98] entrepreneurs Tim Ferriss,[99] Samuel Agboola[100] and Craig Mod;[101] and custom guitar maker Moniker.[102]
The Glowing Plant project was the first and only Kickstarter project to fund the development of a genetically modified organism (GMO).[citation needed]
Top projects by funds raised[edit]
See also: List of highest funded crowdfunding projects
Ten largest successfully completed Kickstarter projects by total funds pledged (only closed fundings are listed)[103]
Rank
Total USD
Project name
Creator
Category
% funded
Backers
Closing date
1 20,338,986 Pebble Time – Awesome Smartwatch, No Compromises[104] Pebble Technology Product design 4,067 78,471 2015-03-27
2 13,285,226 Coolest Cooler: 21st Century Cooler that's Actually Cooler[105] Ryan Grepper Product design 26,570 62,642 2014-08-30
3 12,779,843 Pebble 2, Time 2 + All-New Pebble Core[106] Pebble Technology Product design 1,277 66,673 2016-06-30
4 12,393,139 Kingdom Death: Monster 1.5[107] Kingdom Death/Adam Poots Tabletop games 12,393 19,264 2017-01-07
5 10,266,845 Pebble: E-Paper Watch for iPhone and Android[108] Pebble Technology Product design 10,266 68,929 2012-05-18
6 9,192,055 The World's Best Travel Jacket with 15 Features || BAUBAX[109] BAUBAX LLC Product design 45,960 44,949 2015-09-03
7 8,782,571 Exploding Kittens[110] Elan Lee Playing cards 87,825 219,382 2015-02-20
8 8,596,474 OUYA: A New Kind of Video Game Console[111] Ouya Inc. Video games 904 63,416 2012-08-09
9 7,072,757 THE 7th CONTINENT – What Goes Up, Must Come Down[112] Serious Poulp Board game 17,681 43,733 2017-10-19
10 6,565,782 The Everyday Backpack, Tote, and Sling[113] Peak Design Product design 1,313 26,359 2016-09-10
Project cancellations[edit]
Both Kickstarter and project creators have canceled projects that appeared to have been fraudulent. Questions were raised about the projects in internet communities related to the fields of the projects. The concerns raised were: apparent copying of graphics from other sources; unrealistic performance or price claims; and failure of project sponsors to deliver on prior Kickstarter projects.
A small list of canceled projects includes:
Eye3 camera drone helicopter for unrealistic performance promises, photos copied from other commercial products, and failure of creators to deliver on an earlier Kickstarter project.[114]
Mythic: The Story of Gods and Men adventure game for copying graphics from other games and unrealistic performance promises; the creator had raised $4,739 on an $80,000 goal before canceling the project.[115]
Tech-Sync Power System for failing to provide photos of the prototype and sudden departure of project creator.[116]
Tentacle Bento, a card game intended to satirize Japanese school girl tentacle rape comics, after being criticized in the online media for having inappropriate content.[117]
Kobe Red, a project for jerky made from Kobe beef, was canceled after raising $120,309. The project was allegedly fraudulent.[118]
iFind claimed to be a battery-free item locating tag. Critics of the project raised serious doubts about its viability, focussing on its claimed EM harvesting capability and the lack of a working prototype. Kickstarter suspended funding after $546,852 had been raised.[119]
Controversies[edit]
In the Huffington Post article "Why Kickstarter is Corrupted[120]" Nathan Resnick[121] blames the rise of paid advertising, investor-backed campaigns, and crowdfunding agencies for the decline of Kickstarter as a useful tool for small inventors and creators.
Resnick cites Nebia,[122] backed by Tim Cook and Eric Schmidt, as an example of a well funded, investor-backed project using Kickstarter purely for publicity, thus drawing donations from smaller teams.
He goes on to note the highest profile crowdfunding marketing agency, "Funded Today", charges a 35% commission on all monies raised, regardless of their contribution, while reserving the right to abandon projects they've pledged to support and claims such huge fees can make it impossible for successful projects to survive even if they hit their targets. Funded Today can collect as much as 50% of the total amount a campaign raised as fees, when the four-figure up-front charges they levy are accounted for.[123]
In addition, many individual projects caused controversy.
In May 2014, Kickstarter blocked fundraising for a TV film about late-term abortionist Kermit Gosnell. Producer Phelim McAleer claimed Kickstarter censored the project because of its graphic content and espousing a "liberal agenda".[124] In June 2014 the project received approval for fundraising from rival site Indiegogo, raising more than $2.3 million.[125]
On November 6, 2013, writer/director Hal Hartley launched a Kickstarter campaign to produce his upcoming film Ned Rifle, seeking a total of $384,000.[126] On November 25, Hartley added a $9,000 reward tier offering the film's distribution rights for seven years in the United States and other countries, making his Kickstarter campaign the first to propose offering film distribution rights.[127] Subsequently, Kickstarter notified Hartley selling distribution rights is a form of investment, which is forbidden by Kickstarter's terms and conditions, forcing Hartley to remove the option.[128]
In June 2013, there was controversy over the book Above the Game, a guidebook on seducing women. Outlets pointed how the advice in the book seemed to encourage sexual assault.[129][130][131] Although Kickstarter received a significant alert, they failed to pull the project. The site eventually wrote a letter of apology and placed a blanket ban on "Seduction guides" [132]
In April 2013, filmmaker Zach Braff used Kickstarter to fund his film Wish I Was Here and raised $2 million in three days, citing the success of Rob Thomas' Veronica Mars Kickstarter as his inspiration. Braff received criticism for using the site, saying his celebrity status would draw attention from other creatives who lack celebrity recognition,[133] the same kind of criticism regarding big figures in the gaming industry using Kickstarter. (One example is Richard Garriott, who created a successful $1+ million Kickstarter despite his personal fortune).[134] Kickstarter disputed these arguments by claiming, according to their metrics, big name projects attract new visitors, who in turn pledge to lesser known projects.[135][136]
Since 2013, several crowdfunding campaigns have been accused of creating fake contributors to fool the public into thinking the campaigns were successful, and to defraud potential sources of matching funds.[137]
In 2012, Amanda Palmer raised $1.2 million on Kickstarter. She wrote about how she used the money, however several other musicians reviewed these expenses and said they were extravagant and possibly fraudulent. She was further criticized for attempting to have musicians play with her for free on tour, after raising such a large sum.[138]
In May 2011, a New York University film student, Matias Shimada, raised $1,726 to make a film, but plagiarized another film. He later apologized to the public.[139][140]
Patent disputes[edit]
On September 30, 2011, Kickstarter filed a declaratory judgment suit against ArtistShare in an attempt to invalidate U.S. crowd-funding[141] patent US 7885887 , "Methods and apparatuses for financing and marketing a creative work". Kickstarter asked that the patent be invalidated, or, at the very least, that the court find that Kickstarter is not liable for infringement.[142] In February 2012, ArtistShare and Fan Funded responded to Kickstarter's complaint by filing a motion to dismiss the lawsuit. They asserted that patent infringement litigation was never threatened, that "ArtistShare merely approached Kickstarter about licensing their platform, including patent rights", and that "rather than responding to ArtistShare's request for a counter-proposal, Kickstarter filed this lawsuit."[143] The judge ruled that the case could go forward. ArtistShare then responded by filing a counterclaim alleging that Kickstarter was indeed infringing its patent.[144] In June 2015, Kickstarter won its lawsuit with the judge declaring ArtistShare's patent invalid.[145]
On November 21, 2012, 3D Systems filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Formlabs and Kickstarter for infringing its 3D printer patent US 5,597,520 , ”Simultaneous multiple-layer curing in stereolithography.” Formlabs had raised $2.9 million in a Kickstarter campaign to fund its own competitive printer.[146] The company said that Kickstarter caused "irreparable injury and damage" to its business by promoting the Form 1 printer, and taking a 5% cut of pledged funds.[147] A six-month stay was granted by the judge for settlement talks in which Kickstarter did not participate.[148]
On January 23, 2015, Alphacap Ventures LLC filed a patent infringement lawsuit against multiple crowdfunding platforms, including Indiegogo, CircleUp, GoFundMe, Kickstarter, Gust, RocketHub & Innovational Funding, for three patents — US 7848976 , US 7908208 and US 8433630 . According to Bloomberg, Alphacap Ventures provides strategic, operations, and financial advisory services in the United States along with other financial services[149]
See also[edit]
Civic crowdfunding
Comparison of crowd funding services
List of video game crowdfunding projects
Open-source hardware
Tech companies in the New York City metropolitan region
GoFundMe
Indiegogo
References[edit]
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text:
Figure skating at the Olympic Games
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Figure skating at the Olympic Games
Governing body
ISU
Events
5 (men: 1; women: 1; mixed: 3)
Games
1908
1920 (at the Summer Olympics)
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Medalists
Figure skating was first contested in the Olympic Games at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Since 1924, the sport has been a part of the Winter Olympic Games.
Men's singles, ladies' singles, and pair skating have been held most often. Ice dance joined as a medal sport in 1976 and a team event debuted at the 2014 Olympics. Special figures were contested at only one Olympics, in 1908. Synchronized skating has never appeared at the Olympics but aims to be included.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Qualifying
3 Events
4 Medal table
5 Participating nations
5.1 Medals per year
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Figure skating was first contested as an Olympic sport at the 1908 Summer Olympics, in London, United Kingdom. As this traditional winter sport could be conducted indoors, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) approved its inclusion in the Summer Olympics program.[2] It was featured a second time at the Antwerp Games,[3] after which it was permanently transferred to the program of the Winter Olympic Games, first held in 1924 in Chamonix, France.[2]
In London, figure skating was presented in four events: men's singles, women's singles, men's special figures, and mixed pairs. The special figures contest was won by Russian Nikolai Panin, who gave his country its first ever Olympic gold medal.[4] He remains the event's sole winner, as it was subsequently dropped from the program.
Ice dance joined as a medal sport in 1976, after appearing as a demonstration event at Grenoble 1968.[3]
A team event debuted at the 2014 Olympics.[5] It consists of two segments: qualification and finals. During qualification each team has one men's single skater, one ladies' single skater, one pair, and one ice dance couple skate their short program/dance. Before the finals, each team is allowed to replace up to two skaters/couples. The final consists of each skater/couple skating their short program/dance. Results are determined by placement points.[6]
Qualifying[edit]
The number of entries for the figure skating events at the Olympic Games is limited by a quota set by the International Olympic Committee. There are 30 participants in each singles events (ladies and men), 20 pairs, and 24 ice dance duos.
Skaters must represent a member nation of the International Skating Union and reach the age of fifteen before July 1 of the previous year. They are also required to be citizens of the country they are representing.[7] Competitors have until just before the Olympics to receive citizenship. Since nationality rules are less strict for the ISU Championships, sometimes skaters who have competed at World or European championships are not eligible for the Olympics.
80% of the Olympic spots (24 men/ladies, 19 dance couples, 16 pairs) are allotted to countries according to the results of the previous year's World Figure Skating Championships. A country may have a maximum of three entries per discipline. Countries earn two or three entries by earning points through their skaters' placements. The points are equal to the sum of the placements of the country's skaters (top two if they have three). If a country only has one skater/couple, that skater/couple must place in the top ten to earn two entries and in the top two to earn three entries. If a country has two skaters/teams, the combined placement of those teams must be 13 or less to qualify 3 entries, and 28 or less to qualify two entries. The remaining places are awarded to one skater/couple each from countries that failed to get multiple places, in order of their skaters' placement in the world championships.
Following the World Championships, countries that have not qualified an entry in a particular discipline receive another opportunity in an international competition held in the autumn (usually the Nebelhorn Trophy) prior to the Olympic Games. Six spots are available in men's singles, six in ladies' singles, four in pairs, and five in ice dance. At some Olympics, the host country is automatically entitled to one entry in each discipline, e.g. in 1994,[8] 2010,[9] and 2018 if minimum scores are achieved.[10] If a country receives a spot by being the host, one fewer spot is available in the autumn qualifying competition.
The selection of representatives is at the national governing body's discretion. Some countries rely on the results of their national championships while others have more varied criteria. This may include reaching a certain placement at the European Figure Skating Championships and the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships.[8]
Events[edit]
Event
08
12
20
24
28
32
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
94
98
02
06
10
14
18
Years
Men's singles • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 25
Men's special figures • 1
Ladies' singles • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 25
Pair skating • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
25
Ice dance • • • • • • • • • • • • 12
Mixed team • • 2
Total events 4 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5
Medal table[edit]
See also: List of Olympic medalists in figure skating
Updated after the 2018 Winter Olympics.
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 United States (USA) 15 16 20 51
2 Russia (RUS) 14 9 3 26
3 Soviet Union (URS) 10 9 5 24
4 Austria (AUT) 7 9 4 20
5 Canada (CAN) 6 11 12 29
6 Great Britain (GBR) 5 3 7 15
7 Sweden (SWE) 5 3 2 10
8 Germany (GER) 4 2 3 9
9 France (FRA) 3 3 7 13
10 East Germany (GDR) 3 3 4 10
11 Japan (JPN) 3 3 1 7
12 Norway (NOR) 3 2 1 6
13 Unified Team (EUN) 3 1 1 5
14 China (CHN) 1 3 4 8
15 Netherlands (NED) 1 2 0 3
Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) 1 2 0 3
United Team of Germany (EUA) 1 2 0 3
18 Czechoslovakia (TCH) 1 1 3 5
19 Finland (FIN) 1 1 0 2
South Korea (KOR) 1 1 0 2
21 Belgium (BEL) 1 0 1 2
Ukraine (UKR) 1 0 1 2
23 Russian Empire (RU1) 1 0 0 1
24 Hungary (HUN) 0 2 4 6
25 Switzerland (SUI) 0 2 1 3
26 Italy (ITA) 0 0 2 2
West Germany (FRG) 0 0 2 2
28 Kazakhstan (KAZ) 0 0 1 1
Spain (ESP) 0 0 1 1
Total
91
90
90
271
Participating nations[edit]
The number in each box represents the number of figure skaters the nation sent.
Nation
08
20
24
28
32
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
94
98
02
06
10
14
18
Years
Argentina 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Armenia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 3 2 - - - 3
Australia - - - - - - - 3 2 6 - - - 2 2 2 4 3 2 4 2 1 1 4 4 15
Austria - - 4 9 2 12 10 4 8 6 10 8 3 6 3 - 2 1 - 1 - 1 2 4 2 20
Azerbaijan - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 3 2 - 2 - 4
Belgium - 2 3 2 1 4 3 - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - 1 1 2 1 2 13
Belarus - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 2 2 1 - - - 4
Brazil - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2
Bulgaria - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 1 1 4 3 5 - - - 7
Canada - - 2 5 6 6 4 6 7 8 12 10 7 11 6 15 17 13 13 10 12 13 12 17 17 23
China - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 6 6 4 4 4 11 9 9 9 11 11
Chinese Taipei - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 - 1 - - - - - 3
Croatia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - 1 1 1 - - - 4
Czechoslovakia - - 1 3 1 3 7 - 4 2 8 8 1 6 2 3 6 6 - - - - - - - 15
Czech Republic - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 5 4 1 4 3 5 7
Denmark - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1 2 1 1 - - - - - 6
Estonia - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 1 3 5 2 - 8
Finland - 3 2 3 1 1 - 2 1 - - - - 1 2 - - 3 3 1 1 2 3 - 1 16
France - 2 5 3 2 - 3 2 3 4 5 5 5 1 1 5 6 12 9 14 8 8 8 9 8 23
Georgia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 3 1 1 5
Germany 3 - - 8 1 6 - - - - - - - - - - - 6 10 6 4 5 8 10 8 12
United Team of Germany - - - - - - - 8 4 11 12 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4
East Germany - - - - - - - - - - - 8 7 10 7 8 5 - - - - - - - - 6
West Germany - - - - - - - - - - - 11 5 4 7 9 8 - - - - - - - - 6
Great Britain 11 6 6 6 4 12 9 8 8 4 5 7 5 12 9 10 9 7 6 1 2 2 7 6 2 25
Hungary - - - - 4 7 6 6 2 - 2 2 1 3 2 2 3 5 3 2 2 5 3 - 1 19
Israel - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 3 4 4 2 3 7 7
Italy - - - - - 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 7 2 3 4 7 - 6 9 7 9 11 11 19
Japan - - - - 2 5 - - - 3 4 5 4 3 3 4 5 6 4 7 4 6 8 10 9 18
Kazakhstan - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 5 - - 2 2 3 5
South Korea - - - - - - - - - - - 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 4 - 2 3 7 15
North Korea - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 6 - - - 4 1 - 2 5
Latvia - - - - - 4 - - - - - - - - - - - 2 3 - - - - - 2 4
Lithuania - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 - 6
Luxembourg - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - 2
Malaysia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1
Mexico - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 - - - - - - - 2
Netherlands - - - - - - - 1 2 2 1 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 6
Norway - 6 1 3 1 4 3 4 - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 9
Philippines - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2
Poland - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2 3 - 1 3 2 3 5 4 4 4 - 2 12
Romania - - - - - 3 - - - - - 1 1 - - - - 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 - 10
South Africa - - - - - - - - - 4 - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - 3
Russia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15 17 16 16 16 15 - 6
Russian Empire 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Olympic Athletes from Russia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15 1
Serbia and Montenegro - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1
Slovakia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 3 - 1 1 3 5
Slovenia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - 1 1 1 2 - - 5
Spain - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - 1 - 1 1 - - 2 4 4 8
Sweden 4 4 1 1 2 1 - 2 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 2 2 1 - 1 - 1 1 2 1 20
Switzerland - 1 1 2 - 3 7 5 4 3 8 1 1 3 2 2 2 - 1 1 4 3 4 - 1 21
Turkey - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 2 4
Soviet Union - - - - - - - - - 4 4 10 10 16 16 17 17 - - - - - - - - 8
Ukraine - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 10 11 11 7 6 4 7
Unified Team - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 17 - - - - - - - 1
United States 1 2 3 6 12 9 9 10 10 12 12 12 11 15 14 18 16 16 12 13 14 16 15 15 14 25
Uzbekistan - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 2 4 3 1 1 1 7
Yugoslavia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 1 - - - - - - - - 3
Skaters
21 26 29 51 39 84 64 63 59 71 88 96 67 105 83 112 128 133 129 145 143 147 146 149 153
Nations
6 8 11 12 13 17 12 15 15 14 15 17 18 18 20 20 26 28 28 37 31 35 31 30 32
Year
08
20
24
28
32
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
94
98
02
06
10
14
18
25
Medals per year[edit]
# Number of medals won by the NOC at these Games – NOC did not win medals at these Games NOC did not participate at these Games (in 1912, there was no figure skating)
NOC
08
12
20
24
28
32
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
94
98
02
06
10
14[11]
Total
Austria (AUT) 0 !– -1 ! -1 ! 3 4 2 3 2 1 2 0 !– 1 1 1 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 20
Belgium (BEL) 0 !– -1 ! 0 !– 0 !– 1 0 !– 0 !– 1 0 !– 0 !– -1 ! 0 !– -1 ! 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 2
Canada (CAN) 0 !– -1 ! 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 1 0 !– 2 0 !– 1 2 2 0 !– 1 1 0 !– 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 25
China (CHN) -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 1 1 1 2 2 0 !– 7
Czechoslovakia (TCH) -1 ! -1 ! 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 1 0 !– 1 1 0 !– 0 !– 1 0 !– 1 -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! 5
East Germany (GDR) -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! 1 1 3 3 1 1 -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! 10
Finland (FIN) 0 !– -1 ! 1 1 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 2
France (FRA) 0 !– -1 ! 0 !– 1 1 1 0 !– 0 !– 1 0 !– 0 !– 1 1 1 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 1 1 2 1 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 12
Germany (GER) 2 -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! 0 !– 0 !– 2 -1 ! 1 -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! 0 !– 0 !– 1 0 !– 0 !– 1 1 8
United Team of Germany (EUA) -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! 0 !– 1 2 -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! 3
Great Britain (GBR) 6 -1 ! 1 1 0 !– 0 !– 1 1 1 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 1 1 1 0 !– 0 !– 1 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 15
Hungary (HUN) 0 !– -1 ! -1 ! 0 !– 0 !– 1 1 1 1 1 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 1 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 6
Italy (ITA) 0 !– -1 ! 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 1 0 !– 0 !– 1 2
Japan (JPN) -1 ! -1 ! 0 !– -1 ! 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– -1 ! 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 1 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 1 2 1 5
Kazakhstan (KAZ) -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 1 1
Netherlands (NED) 0 !– -1 ! 0 !– -1 ! 0 !– -1 ! 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 1 1 0 !– 0 !– 1 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 3
Norway (NOR) 0 !– -1 ! 3 0 !– 1 1 1 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 6
Russia (RUS) -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! 5 5 5 4 2 5 26
Russian Empire (RU1) 1 -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! 1
South Korea (KOR) -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– -1 ! 1 1 2
Soviet Union (URS) -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! 0 !– 0 !– 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! 24
Sweden (SWE) 3 -1 ! 3 1 1 1 1 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 10
Switzerland (SUI) 0 !– -1 ! 0 !– 1 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 1 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 0 !– 1 0 !– 0 !– 3
Ukraine (UKR) -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! 1 0 !– 0 !– 1 0 !– 0 !– 2
Unified Team (EUN) -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! 5 -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! 5
United States (USA) 0 !– -1 ! 1 1 1 2 0 !– 1 4 5 4 1 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 1 2 3 2 2 2 48
West Germany (FRG) -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! 1 0 !– 0 !– 1 0 !– 0 !– -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! -1 ! 2
Year 08 12 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 –
See also[edit]
List of Olympic venues in figure skating
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Chernoff, Allan (28 February 2013). "A Move to the Front of the Line". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b "Figure Skating". Official website of the Olympic Movement. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved July 14, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Figure Skating: History". Official website of the Olympic Movement. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved July 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ Windhausen, John D. (1976). "Russia's First Olympic Victor" (PDF). Journal of Sport History. United States of America: North American Society for Sport History. 3 (1): 35–44. Retrieved July 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ Sarkar, Pritha (29 March 2012). "Figure skating-New team event at Sochi Olympics will begin early". Reuters. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
Jump up ^ https://www.pyeongchang2018.com/en/game-time/results/OWG2018/resOWG2018/pdf/OWG2018/FSK/OWG2018_FSK_C00_FSK-------------------------------.pdf
Jump up ^ "2012 Constitution and General Regulations: Rule 108" (PDF). International Skating Union.
^ Jump up to: a b Hersh, Phil (26 January 1994). "Hard To Figure: No Norwegian Skaters". Chicago Tribune.
Jump up ^ "Special Regulations & Technical Rules" (PDF). International Skating Union. June 2008. pp. 36–38. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "55th ISU Ordinary Congress". International Skating Union. 13 June 2014.
Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.com/sport/winter-olympics/2014/medals/sports/figure-skating#figure-skating
"ISU Results: Men" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2013-05-13. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) (7.81 KiB)
"ISU Results: Ladies" (PDF). (8.87 KiB)
"ISU Results: Pairs" (PDF). (9.26 KiB)
"ISU Results: Dance" (PDF). (7.23 KiB)
External links[edit]
Media related to Figure skating at the Olympics at Wikimedia Commons
2002 Olympic Games at the International Skating Union
2006 Olympic Games at the International Skating Union
2010 Olympic Games at the International Skating Union
[show]
v
t
e
Figure skating at the Olympic Games
1908
1912
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
List of medalists
List of venues
[show]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figure_skating_at_the_Olympic_Games&oldid=837690484"
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Figure skating at the Olympic Games
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