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Red giant
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For other meanings see Red giant (disambiguation).
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A red giant is a luminous giant star of low or intermediate mass (roughly 0.3–8 solar masses (M☉)) in a late phase of stellar evolution. The outer atmosphere is inflated and tenuous, making the radius large and the surface temperature around 5,000 K (8,540 °F) or lower. The appearance of the red giant is from yellow-orange to red, including the spectral types K and M, but also class S stars and most carbon stars.
The most common red giants are stars on the red-giant branch (RGB) that are still fusing hydrogen into helium in a shell surrounding an inert helium core. Other red giants are the red-clump stars in the cool half of the horizontal branch, fusing helium into carbon in their cores via the triple-alpha process; and the asymptotic-giant-branch (AGB) stars with a helium burning shell outside a degenerate carbon–oxygen core, and a hydrogen burning shell just beyond that.
Contents
[hide]
1 Characteristics
2 Evolution
2.1 Stars that do not become red giants
3 Planets
3.1 Prospects for habitability
3.2 Enlargement of planets
4 Well known examples
4.1 Red-giant branch
4.2 Red-clump giants
4.3 Asymptotic giant branch
5 The Sun as a red giant
6 References
7 External links
Characteristics[edit]
Mira, a variable asymptotic giant branch red giant
Red giants are stars that have exhausted the supply of hydrogen in their cores and have begun thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen in a shell surrounding the core. They have radii tens to hundreds of times larger than that of the Sun. However, their outer envelope is lower in temperature, giving them a reddish-orange hue. Despite the lower energy density of their envelope, red giants are many times more luminous than the Sun because of their great size. Red-giant-branch stars have luminosities up to nearly three thousand times that of the Sun (L☉), spectral types of K or M, have surface temperatures of 3,000–4,000 K, and radii up to about 200 times the Sun (R☉). Stars on the horizontal branch are hotter, with only a small range of luminosities around 75 L☉. Asymptotic-giant-branch stars range from similar luminosities as the brighter stars of the red giant branch, up to several times more luminous at the end of the thermal pulsing phase.
Among the asymptotic-giant-branch stars belong the carbon stars of type C-N and late C-R, produced when carbon and other elements are convected to the surface in what is called a dredge-up.[1] The first dredge-up occurs during hydrogen shell burning on the red-giant branch, but does not produce a large carbon abundance at the surface. The second, and sometimes third, dredge up occurs during helium shell burning on the asymptotic-giant branch and convects carbon to the surface in sufficiently massive stars.
The stellar limb of a red giant is not sharply defined, contrary to their depiction in many illustrations. Rather, due to the very low mass density of the envelope, such stars lack a well-defined photosphere, and the body of the star gradually transitions into a 'corona'.[2] The coolest red giants have complex spectra, with molecular lines, emission features, and sometimes masers, particularly from thermally pulsing AGB stars.[3]
Another noteworthy feature of red giants is that, unlike Sun-like stars whose photospheres have a large number of small convection cells (solar granules), red-giant photospheres, as well as those of red supergiants, have just a few large cells, the features of which cause the variations of brightness so common on both types of stars.[4]
Evolution[edit]
Main article: Stellar evolution § Mid-sized stars
This image tracks the life of a Sun-like star, from its birth on the left side of the frame to its evolution into a red giant on the right after billions of years.
Red giants are evolved from main-sequence stars with masses in the range from about 0.3 M☉ to around 8 M☉.[5] When a star initially forms from a collapsing molecular cloud in the interstellar medium, it contains primarily hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of "metals" (in stellar structure, this simply refers to any element that is not hydrogen or helium i.e. atomic number greater than 2). These elements are all uniformly mixed throughout the star. The star reaches the main sequence when the core reaches a temperature high enough to begin fusing hydrogen (a few million kelvin) and establishes hydrostatic equilibrium. Over its main sequence life, the star slowly converts the hydrogen in the core into helium; its main-sequence life ends when nearly all the hydrogen in the core has been fused. For the Sun, the main-sequence lifetime is approximately 10 billion years. More-massive stars burn disproportionately faster and so have a shorter lifetime than less massive stars.[6]
When the star exhausts the hydrogen fuel in its core, nuclear reactions can no longer continue and so the core begins to contract due to its own gravity. This brings additional hydrogen into a zone where the temperature and pressure are adequate to cause fusion to resume in a shell around the core. The outer layers of the star then expand greatly, thus beginning the red-giant phase of the star's life. As the star expands, the energy produced in the burning shell of the star is spread over a much larger surface area, resulting in a lower surface temperature and a shift in the star's visible light output towards the red – hence it becomes a red giant. At this time, the star is said to be ascending the red-giant branch of the Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) diagram.[6]
Mira A is an old star, already shedding its outer layers into space.
The evolutionary path the star takes as it moves along the red-giant branch, that ends finally with the complete collapse of the core, depends on the mass of the star. For the Sun and stars of less than about 2 M☉[7] the core will become dense enough that electron degeneracy pressure will prevent it from collapsing further. Once the core is degenerate, it will continue to heat until it reaches a temperature of roughly 108 K, hot enough to begin fusing helium to carbon via the triple-alpha process. Once the degenerate core reaches this temperature, the entire core will begin helium fusion nearly simultaneously in a so-called helium flash. In more-massive stars, the collapsing core will reach 108 K before it is dense enough to be degenerate, so helium fusion will begin much more smoothly, and produce no helium flash.[6] The core helium fusing phase of a star's life is called the horizontal branch in metal-poor stars, so named because these stars lie on a nearly horizontal line in the H–R diagram of many star clusters. Metal-rich helium-fusing stars instead lie on the so-called red clump in the H–R diagram.[8]
An analogous process occurs when the central helium is exhausted and the star collapses once again, causing helium in a shell to begin fusing. At the same time hydrogen may begin fusion in a shell just outside the burning helium shell. This puts the star onto the asymptotic giant branch, a second red-giant phase.[9] The helium fusion results in the build up of a carbon–oxygen core. A star below about 8 M☉ will never start fusion in its degenerate carbon–oxygen core.[7] Instead, at the end of the asymptotic-giant-branch phase the star will eject its outer layers, forming a planetary nebula with the core of the star exposed, ultimately becoming a white dwarf. The ejection of the outer mass and the creation of a planetary nebula finally ends the red-giant phase of the star's evolution.[6] The red-giant phase typically lasts only around a billion years in total for a solar mass star, almost all of which is spent on the red-giant branch. The horizontal-branch and asymptotic-giant-branch phases proceed tens of times faster.
If the star has about 0.2 to 0.5 M☉,[7] it is massive enough to become a red giant but does not have enough mass to initiate the fusion of helium.[5] These "intermediate" stars cool somewhat and increase their luminosity but never achieve the tip of the red-giant branch and helium core flash. When the ascent of the red-giant branch ends they puff off their outer layers much like a post-asymptotic-giant-branch star and then become a white dwarf.
Stars that do not become red giants[edit]
Very low mass stars are fully convective[10][11] and may continue to fuse hydrogen into helium for up to a trillion years[12] until only a small fraction of the entire star is hydrogen. Luminosity and temperature steadily increase during this time, just as for more-massive main-sequence stars, but the length of time involved means that the temperature eventually increases by about 50% and the luminosity by around 10 times. Eventually the level of helium increases to the point where the star ceases to be fully convective and the remaining hydrogen locked in the core is consumed in only a few billion more years. Depending on mass, the temperature and luminosity continue to increase for a time during hydrogen shell burning, the star can become hotter than the Sun and tens of times more luminous than when it formed although still not as luminous as the Sun. After some billions more years, they start to become less luminous and cooler even though hydrogen shell burning continues. These become cool helium white dwarfs.[5]
Very-high-mass stars develop into supergiants that follow an evolutionary track that takes them back and forth horizontally over the HR diagram, at the right end constituting red supergiants. These usually end their life as a type II supernova. The most massive stars can become Wolf–Rayet stars without becoming giants or supergiants at all.[13][14]
Planets[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2015)
Red giants with known planets: the M-type HD 208527, HD 220074 and, as of February 2014, a few tens[15] of known K-giants including Pollux, Gamma Cephei and Iota Draconis.
Prospects for habitability[edit]
Although traditionally it has been suggested the evolution of a star into a red giant will render its planetary system, if present, uninhabitable, some research suggests that, during the evolution of a 1 M☉ star along the red-giant branch, it could harbor a habitable zone for several times 109 years at 2 AU out to around 108 years at 9 AU out, giving perhaps enough time for life to develop on a suitable world. After the red-giant stage, there would for such a star be a habitable zone between 7 and 22 AU for an additional 109 years.[16] Later studies have refined this scenario, showing how for a 1 M☉ star the habitable zone lasts from 108 years for a planet with an orbit similar to that of Mars to 7015662709600000000♠2.1×108 yr for one that orbits at Saturn's distance to the Sun, the maximum time (7016116763120000000♠3.7×108 yr) corresponding for planets orbiting at the distance of Jupiter. However, for planets orbiting a 0.5 M☉ star in equivalent orbits to those of Jupiter and Saturn they would be in the habitable zone for 7017183034080000000♠5.8×109 yr and 7016662709600000000♠2.1×109 yr respectively; for stars more massive than the Sun, the times are considerably shorter.[17]
Enlargement of planets[edit]
As of June 2014, 50 giant planets have been discovered around giant stars. However, these giant planets are more massive than the giant planets found around solar-type stars. This could be because giant stars are more massive than the Sun (less massive stars will still be on the main sequence and will not have become giants yet) and more massive stars are expected to have more massive planets. However, the masses of the planets that have been found around giant stars do not correlate with the masses of the stars; therefore, the planets could be growing in mass during the stars' red giant phase. The growth in planet mass could be partly due to accretion from stellar wind, although a much larger effect would be Roche lobe overflow causing mass-transfer from the star to the planet when the giant expands out to the orbital distance of the planet.[18]
Well known examples[edit]
Many of the well known bright stars are red giants, because they are luminous and moderately common. The asymptotic giant branch variable star Gamma Crucis is the nearest M class giant star at 88 light years.[19] The K0 red giant branch star Arcturus is 36 light years away.[20]
Red-giant branch[edit]
Aldebaran (α Tauri)
Arcturus (α Bootis)
Gacrux (γ Crucis)
Red-clump giants[edit]
Hamal (α Arietis)
κ Persei
δ Andromedae[21]
Asymptotic giant branch[edit]
Mira (ο Ceti)
χ Cygni
α Herculis
The Sun as a red giant[edit]
See also: Sun § Life phases
The current size of the Sun (now in the main sequence) compared to its estimated maximum size during its red-giant phase in the future
In about 5 to 6 billion years, the Sun will have depleted the hydrogen fuel in its core and will begin to expand. At its largest, its surface (photosphere) will approximately reach the current orbit of Earth. It will then lose its atmosphere completely; its outer layers forming a planetary nebula and the core a white dwarf. The evolution of the Sun into and through the red-giant phase has been extensively modelled, but it remains unclear whether Earth will be engulfed by the Sun or will continue in orbit. The uncertainty arises in part because as the Sun burns hydrogen, it loses mass causing Earth (and all planets) to orbit farther away. There are also significant uncertainties in calculating the orbits of the planets over the next 5–6.5 billion years, so the fate of Earth is not well understood. At its brightest, the red-giant Sun will be several thousand times more luminous than today but its surface will be at about half the temperature.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Boothroyd, A. I.; Sackmann, I. ‐J. (1999). "The CNO Isotopes: Deep Circulation in Red Giants and First and Second Dredge‐up". The Astrophysical Journal. 510: 232–250. Bibcode:1999ApJ...510..232B. doi:10.1086/306546.
Jump up ^ Suzuki, Takeru K. (2007). "Structured Red Giant Winds with Magnetized Hot Bubbles and the Corona/Cool Wind Dividing Line". The Astrophysical Journal. 659 (2): 1592. arXiv:astro-ph/0608195  . Bibcode:2007ApJ...659.1592S. doi:10.1086/512600.
Jump up ^ Habing, Harm J.; Olofsson, Hans (2003). "Asymptotic giant branch stars". Asymptotic giant branch stars. Bibcode:2003agbs.conf.....H.
Jump up ^ Schwarzschild, Martin (1975). "On the scale of photospheric convection in red giants and supergiants". Astrophysical Journal. 195: 137–144. Bibcode:1975ApJ...195..137S. doi:10.1086/153313.
^ Jump up to: a b c Laughlin, G.; Bodenheimer, P.; Adams, F. C. (1997). "The End of the Main Sequence". The Astrophysical Journal. 482: 420. Bibcode:1997ApJ...482..420L. doi:10.1086/304125.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Zeilik, Michael A.; Gregory, Stephan A. (1998). Introductory Astronomy & Astrophysics (4th ed.). Saunders College Publishing. pp. 321–322. ISBN 0-03-006228-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fagotto, F.; Bressan, A.; Bertelli, G.; Chiosi, C. (1994). "Evolutionary sequences of stellar models with new radiative opacities. IV. Z=0.004 and Z=0.008". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 105. Bibcode:1994A&AS..105...29F.
Jump up ^ Alves, David R.; Sarajedini, Ata (1999). "The Age-dependent Luminosities of the Red Giant Branch Bump, Asymptotic Giant Branch Bump, and Horizontal Branch Red Clump". The Astrophysical Journal. 511: 225. arXiv:astro-ph/9808253  . Bibcode:1999ApJ...511..225A. doi:10.1086/306655.
Jump up ^ Sackmann, I. -J.; Boothroyd, A. I.; Kraemer, K. E. (1993). "Our Sun. III. Present and Future". The Astrophysical Journal. 418: 457. Bibcode:1993ApJ...418..457S. doi:10.1086/173407.
Jump up ^ Reiners, A.; Basri, G. (2009). "On the magnetic topology of partially and fully convective stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 496 (3): 787. arXiv:0901.1659  . Bibcode:2009A&A...496..787R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200811450.
Jump up ^ Brainerd, Jerome James (2005-02-16). "Main-Sequence Stars". Stars. The Astrophysics Spectator. Retrieved 2006-12-29.
Jump up ^ Richmond, Michael. "Late stages of evolution for low-mass stars". Retrieved 2006-12-29.
Jump up ^ Crowther, P. A. (2007). "Physical Properties of Wolf-Rayet Stars". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 45 (1): 177–219. arXiv:astro-ph/0610356  . Bibcode:2007ARA&A..45..177C. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.45.051806.110615.
Jump up ^ Georges Meynet; Cyril Georgy; Raphael Hirschi; Andre Maeder; et al. (12–16 July 2010). G. Rauw; M. De Becker; Y. Naz\'e; J.-M. Vreux; et al., eds. "Red Supergiants, Luminous Blue Variables and Wolf-Rayet stars: The single massive star perspective". Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege, Bulletin (Proceedings of the th Liege Astrophysical Colloquium). v1. Li'ege. 80 (39): 266–278. arXiv:1101.5873  . Bibcode:2011BSRSL..80..266M.
Jump up ^ http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/ExoTables/nph-exotbls?dataset=planets
Jump up ^ Lopez, Bruno; Schneider, Jean; Danchi, William C. (2005). "Can Life Develop in the Expanded Habitable Zones around Red Giant Stars?". The Astrophysical Journal. 627 (2): 974–985. arXiv:astro-ph/0503520  . Bibcode:2005ApJ...627..974L. doi:10.1086/430416.
Jump up ^ Ramirez, Ramses M.; Kaltenegger, Lisa (2016). "Habitable Zones of Post-Main Sequence Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 823 (1): 6. arXiv:1605.04924  . Bibcode:2016ApJ...823....6R. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/6.
Jump up ^ Jones, M. I.; Jenkins, J. S.; Bluhm, P.; Rojo, P.; Melo, C. H. F. (2014). "The properties of planets around giant stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 566: A113. arXiv:1406.0884  . Bibcode:2014A&A...566A.113J. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201323345.
Jump up ^ Ireland, M. J.; et al. (May 2004). "Multiwavelength diameters of nearby Miras and semiregular variables". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 350 (1): 365–374. arXiv:astro-ph/0402326  . Bibcode:2004MNRAS.350..365I. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07651.x.
Jump up ^ Abia, C.; Palmerini, S.; Busso, M.; Cristallo, S. (2012). "Carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios in Arcturus and Aldebaran. Constraining the parameters for non-convective mixing on the red giant branch". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 548: A55. arXiv:1210.1160  . Bibcode:2012A&A...548A..55A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220148.
Jump up ^ Alves, David R. (2000). "K-Band Calibration of the Red Clump Luminosity". The Astrophysical Journal. 539 (2): 732. arXiv:astro-ph/0003329  . Bibcode:2000ApJ...539..732A. doi:10.1086/309278.
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Help! (album)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Beatles album. For other albums, see Help (disambiguation).
Help!
Studio album / soundtrack by the Beatles
Released
6 August 1965 (1965-08-06)
Recorded
15 February – 17 June 1965[1]
Studio
EMI Studios, London
Genre
Folk rock[2]
pop rock[3]
Length
34:20
Label
Parlophone
Producer
George Martin
The Beatles chronology
Beatles for Sale
(1964) Beatles for Sale1964 Help!
(1965) Help!1965 Rubber Soul
(1965) Rubber Soul1965
Singles from Help!
"Ticket to Ride"
Released: 9 April 1965
"Help!"
Released: 23 July 1965
Help! is the fifth studio album by English rock band the Beatles, the soundtrack from their film Help!, and released on 6 August 1965. Produced by George Martin, it was the fifth UK album release by the band, and contains fourteen songs in its original British form. Seven of these, including the singles "Help!" and "Ticket to Ride", appeared in the film and took up the first side of the vinyl album. The second side contained seven other releases including the most-covered song ever written, "Yesterday".[4]
The American release was a true soundtrack album, mixing the first seven songs with instrumental material from the film. Of the other seven songs that were on the British release, two were released on the US version of the next Beatles album, Rubber Soul, two were back-to-back on the next US single and then appeared on Yesterday and Today, and three had already been on Beatles VI.
In 2012, Help! was voted 331st on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time".[5] In September 2013, after the British Phonographic Industry changed their sales award rules, the album was declared as having gone platinum.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Music
1.1 Rejected songs
2 Album cover
3 Compact disc release
4 Reception and legacy
5 Track listing
6 North American Capitol release
6.1 Track listing
7 Charts and certifications
7.1 Charts
7.2 Certifications
8 Personnel
9 Surround versions
10 Release history
11 References
12 External links
Music[edit]
The album includes Paul McCartney's "Yesterday", arranged for guitar and string quartet and recorded without the other group members. John Lennon's "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" indicates the influence of Bob Dylan and includes flutes. McCartney's "I've Just Seen a Face" had a country flavour.[7]
"Ticket to Ride", also released as a single, was felt by Lennon to be "heavy" in its sound compared to the group's previous output[8] and daring in its reference to a boy and girl living together. McCartney called the arrangement "quite radical".
George Harrison contributed "I Need You" and "You Like Me Too Much", his first compositions to be included on a Beatles album since "Don't Bother Me" on 1963's With the Beatles.
The record contained two cover versions and a few tracks more closely related to the group's previous pop output, but still marked a decisive step forward. The record sleeve-note shows that Lennon and McCartney made more extensive and prominent use of keyboards, previously played unobtrusively by Martin. Four-track overdubbing technology encouraged this. Lennon, for his part, made much greater use of acoustic guitar, forsaking his famous Rickenbacker.
The original LP's format of featuring songs from the soundtrack on side one and non-soundtrack songs on side two follows the format of A Hard Day's Night.
When "Help!" came out in '65, I was actually crying out for help. Most people think it's just a fast rock-'n'-roll song. I didn't realize it at the time; I just wrote the song because I was commissioned to write it for the movie … It was my fat Elvis period.
John Lennon[9]
In later years, Lennon stated that the album's title track was a sincere cry for help; he regretted changing it from a downbeat, piano-driven ballad to an uptempo pop song, which was done only as a result of commercial pressures.[10]
The Beatles at a press conference during their August 1965 US tour
Help! was the band's final British album (aside from the late 1966 compilation A Collection of Beatles Oldies) to feature any cover songs until 1970's Let It Be (which included a performance of the traditional folk song "Maggie Mae"). In 1966, Capitol would release "Act Naturally", already on the British Help! album, on Yesterday and Today. "Bad Boy" and "Dizzy Miss Lizzy" (both written by Larry Williams and recorded on 10 May 1965, Williams' birthday) were both aimed at the American market and originally not intended to appear on Help!, but "Dizzy Miss Lizzy" ultimately did.[11] Both songs appeared on Beatles VI, released in the US in June 1965. "Bad Boy" was not released in the UK until A Collection of Beatles Oldies, and was that album's only cover song.[12]
Rejected songs[edit]
A few songs that were recorded and intended for the film were not used because of the Beatles' suggestions. Lennon and McCartney wrote "If You've Got Trouble" for Ringo Starr to sing, but the song was rejected and Starr sang "Act Naturally" (which is not in the film but is about being in the movies) instead.[13] "That Means a Lot" was written for the film, but the Beatles were not satisfied with their performance of the song and they gave it to P.J. Proby, who released it as a single.[14] Lennon said "Yes It Is" was "me trying a rewrite of 'This Boy', but it didn't work";[15] it was released as the B-side of "Ticket to Ride" and was also on Beatles VI. "You Like Me Too Much" and "Tell Me What You See" were rejected for use in the film by its director, Richard Lester, though they did appear on the album (and also on Beatles VI).[citation needed]
Much later, in June 1965, the song "Wait" was recorded for the album. However, "Wait" (with some newly added overdubs) ended up on Rubber Soul when another song was needed to complete that album.
Album cover[edit]

H
E
L
P

N
U
J
V

N
V
U
J
The album cover shows the Beatles with their arms positioned to spell out a word in flag semaphore. According to cover photographer Robert Freeman, "I had the idea of semaphore spelling out the letters 'HELP'. But when we came to do the shot, the arrangement of the arms with those letters didn't look good. So we decided to improvise and ended up with the best graphic positioning of the arms."[16]
On the UK Parlophone release, the letters formed by the Beatles appear to be "NUJV", whilst the slightly re-arranged US release on Capitol Records appeared to indicate the letters "NVUJ", with McCartney's left hand pointing to the Capitol logo.[17] The Capitol LP was issued in a "deluxe" gatefold sleeve with several photos from the film and was priced $1 more than standard Capitol releases at the time.
Compact disc release[edit]
There have been four CD releases of Help! The first was on 30 April 1987, using the 14-song UK track line-up. Having been available only as an import in the US in the past, the original 14-track UK version replaced the original US version with its release on LP and cassette as well on 21 July 1987. As with the CD release of the 1965 Rubber Soul album, the Help! CD featured a contemporary stereo digital remix of the album prepared by Martin in 1986. Martin had expressed concern to EMI over the original 1965 stereo remix, claiming it sounded "very woolly, and not at all what I thought should be a good issue". Martin went back to the original four-track tapes and remixed them for stereo.[18] One of the most notable changes is the echo added to "Dizzy Miss Lizzy", something that was not evident on the original mix of the LP.
When the album was originally released on CD in Canada, pressings were imported from other countries, and used the 1987 remix. However, when the Disque Améric and Cinram plants in Canada started pressing the album, the original 1965 stereo mix was used by mistake. This was the only source for the 1965 stereo mix in its entirety until the release of the mono box set in 2009.[19]
The 2009 remastered stereo CD was released on 9 September. It was "created from the original stereo digital master tapes from Martin's CD mixes made in 1986".[20] The original 1965 stereo mix was included as a bonus on the mono CD contained in The Beatles in Mono boxed set.
The 1965 stereo mix was reissued again on the Help! CD contained in the Beatles collection The Japan Box released in 2014.
Reception and legacy[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [21]
The A.V. Club A[22]
Chicago Sun-Times [23]
Consequence of Sound B[24]
The Daily Telegraph [25]
Encyclopedia of Popular Music [26]
MusicHound 3.5/5[27]
Paste 100/100[28]
Pitchfork 9.2/10[29]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide [30]
Writing in The Rolling Stone Album Guide, Rob Sheffield said that the US version of Help! was "utterly ruined" through the replacement of the Beatles songs with the soundtrack music, and that, as a result, the album remained relatively overlooked. He described the full album as "a big step forward" and "the first chapter in the astounding creative takeoff the Beatles were just beginning".[31]
Mark Kemp of Paste considers it to be the equal of A Hard Day's Night and cites "Help!", "Ticket to Ride" and "Act Naturally" as highlights, along with Harrison's return as a songwriter. Kemp identifies "Yesterday" as "the album's masterpiece" and a song that "set the stage for one of the most groundbreaking and innovative periods in The Beatles' career, not to mention pop music in general".[28] Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph says that the album evokes "a band in transition, shifting slightly uncomfortably from the pop thrills of Beatlemania to something more mature", with Lennon's writing increasingly autobiographical and the group's sound growing more sophisticated. McCormick concludes: "Help! may not be their greatest album, but it contains some of their greatest early songs."[25]
In 2012, Help! was voted 331st on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time".[5]
Track listing[edit]
All tracks written by Lennon–McCartney, except where noted.
Side one (soundtrack to the 1965 United Artists film Help!)
No.
Title
Lead vocals
Length
1. "Help!" Lennon 2:18
2. "The Night Before" McCartney 2:34
3. "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" Lennon 2:09
4. "I Need You" (George Harrison) Harrison 2:28
5. "Another Girl" McCartney 2:05
6. "You're Going to Lose That Girl" Lennon 2:18
7. "Ticket to Ride" Lennon 3:09
Side two
No.
Title
Lead vocals
Length
1. "Act Naturally" (Johnny Russell, Voni Morrison) Starr 2:30
2. "It's Only Love" Lennon 1:56
3. "You Like Me Too Much" (George Harrison) Harrison 2:36
4. "Tell Me What You See" McCartney with Lennon 2:37
5. "I've Just Seen a Face" McCartney 2:05
6. "Yesterday" McCartney 2:05
7. "Dizzy Miss Lizzy" (Larry Williams) Lennon 2:54
North American Capitol release[edit]
Help!
Soundtrack album by the Beatles and Ken Thorne
Released
13 August 1965[32]
Recorded
15–19 February, 13 April, 10 May & 14–17 June 1965
Studio
EMI Studios, London
Genre
Rock
instrumental
Length
28:43
Label
Capitol
Producer
George Martin, Dave Dexter, Jr.[33]
The Beatles North American chronology
Beatles VI
(1965)Beatles VI1965 Help!
(1965) Rubber Soul
(1965)Rubber Soul1965
Singles from Help!
"Ticket to Ride"
Released: 19 April 1965
"Help!"
Released: 19 July 1965[32]
"Yesterday"
Released: 13 September 1965
The North American version, the band's eighth Capitol Records album and tenth overall, includes the songs in the film plus selections from the film's orchestral score composed and conducted by Ken Thorne, which contains one of the first uses of the Indian sitar on a rock/pop album. "Ticket to Ride" is the only song on the American release in duophonic stereo (also known as "fake stereo") reprocessed from the mono mix. Help! is available on CD as part of The Capitol Albums, Volume 2 box set. This CD contains both the stereo and mono versions of the American release. A second CD release of this album, which contains the seven songs in true mono was issued in 2014 individually and as part of the Beatles The U.S. Albums boxed set.
All of the non-movie tracks from Side 2 of the British album were spread out through three American albums. Three were already issued on the previously released Beatles VI: "You Like Me Too Much", "Tell Me What You See", and "Dizzy Miss Lizzy". "I've Just Seen A Face" and "It's Only Love" were placed on Rubber Soul with its follow-up album Yesterday and Today receiving the remaining two tracks: "Yesterday" and "Act Naturally".
The American version of Help! reached the number one spot on the Billboard album charts for nine weeks starting on 11 September 1965.
Track listing[edit]
All tracks written by Lennon–McCartney, except where noted.
Side one
No.
Title
Lead vocals
Length
1. "Help!" (preceded by an uncredited instrumental intro based on "The James Bond Theme") Lennon 2:39
2. "The Night Before" McCartney 2:36
3. "From Me to You Fantasy" (Lennon–McCartney; arranged by Thorne) instrumental 2:08
4. "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" Lennon 2:12
5. "I Need You" (Harrison) Harrison 2:31
6. "In the Tyrol" (Ken Thorne) instrumental 2:26
Side two
No.
Title
Lead vocals
Length
1. "Another Girl" McCartney 2:08
2. "Another Hard Day's Night" (Lennon–McCartney; arranged by Thorne) instrumental 2:31
3. "Ticket to Ride" Lennon with McCartney 3:07
4. "Medley: The Bitter End (Ken Thorne)/You Can't Do That" (Lennon–McCartney; arranged by Thorne) instrumental 2:26
5. "You're Gonna Lose That Girl" Lennon 2:19
6. "The Chase" (Ken Thorne) instrumental 2:31
Charts and certifications[edit]
Charts[edit]
Chart (1965)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[34] 1
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[35] 1
UK Albums (OCC)[36] 1
US Billboard 200[37] 1
Chart (1987)
Peak
position
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[38] 62
UK Albums Chart[39] 61
Chart (2009)
Peak
position
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[40] 62
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[41] 48
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[42] 62
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[38] 64
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[43] 26
Italian Albums (FIMI)[44] 50
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[45] 35
Portuguese Albums (AFP)[46] 18
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[47] 53
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[48] 30
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[49] 53
UK Albums Chart[39] 29
Certifications[edit]
In the US, the album sold 1,314,457 copies by 31 December 1965 and 1,594,032 copies by the end of the decade.[50]
Original release
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[51]
Gold 35,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[52]
Platinum 300,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
BPI certification awarded only for sales since 1994.[53]
North American release
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[54]
2× Platinum 200,000^
United States (RIAA)[55]
3× Platinum 3,000,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Personnel[edit]
According to Mark Lewisohn[56][57] and Alan W. Pollack.[58]
The Beatles
John Lennon – lead, harmony and background vocals; rhythm and acoustic guitars; electric piano; tambourine on "Tell Me What You See"
Paul McCartney – lead, harmony and background vocals; bass, acoustic and lead guitars; piano, electric piano
George Harrison – harmony and background vocals; lead, acoustic and rhythm guitars; lead vocals on "I Need You" and "You Like Me Too Much"; guiro on "Tell Me What You See"
Ringo Starr – drums and miscellaneous percussion; claves on "Tell Me What You See"; lead vocals on "Act Naturally"
Additional musicians
George Martin – producer, piano on "You Like Me Too Much"
John Scott – tenor and alto flutes on "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away"
String quartet on "Yesterday", arranged by Martin in association with McCartney
Surround versions[edit]
The songs included in the soundtrack of the film Help! were mixed into 5.1 surround sound for the film's 2007 DVD release, that is, tracks 1—7, accounting for half of the original album's songs.
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Label
Format
Catalog
United Kingdom 6 August 1965 Parlophone mono LP PMC 1255
stereo LP PCS 3071
United States 13 August 1965 Capitol mono LP MAS 2386
stereo LP SMAS 2386
Worldwide reissue 15 April 1987 Apple, Parlophone, EMI Compact Disc CDP 7 46439 2
United States 21 July 1987 Capitol stereo LP CLJ 46439
Japan 11 March 1998 Toshiba-EMI CD TOCP 51115
Japan 21 January 2004 Toshiba-EMI Remastered LP TOJP 60135
Worldwide reissue 11 April 2006 Apple/Capitol/EMI CD reissue of US LP CDP 0946 3 57500 2 7
Worldwide reissue 9 September 2009 Apple/Capitol/EMI CD stereo remaster CDP 0946 3 82415 2 2
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Help! beatlesbible.com Retrieved 22 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Unterberger, Richie (2002). Turn! Turn! Turn!: The '60s Folk-Rock Revolution. San Francisco: Backbeat Books. p. 272. ISBN 0-87930-703-X.
Jump up ^ Spignesi, Stephen J.; Lewis, Michael (2004). Here, There, and Everywhere: The 100 Best Beatles Songs. New York: Black Dog. ISBN 978-1-57912-369-7. ...after the unabashed more-or-less traditional pop rock of A Hard Day's Night and Help!...
Jump up ^ "Most Recorded Song". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 10 September 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b "500 Greatest Albums of All Time: the Beatles, 'Help'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Beatles albums finally go platinum". BBC News. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Unterberger 2009.
Jump up ^ Beatles Interview Database 2009.
Jump up ^ "Playboy Interview: John Lennon And Yoko Ono". Recmusicbeatles.com. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Help! by The Beatles". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Keith Badman and Barry Miles, The Beatles Diary: The Beatles Years (Omnibus Press, 2001), 248.
Jump up ^ Liner notes, Past Masters vol.1
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, pp. 55,60.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988, pp. 56–57.
Jump up ^ Sheff 2000, p. 196.
Jump up ^ Freeman, p. 62.
Jump up ^ Spizer, Bruce (2000). The Beatles' Story on Capitol Records – Part Two: The Albums. 498 Productions. pp. 88, 93.
Jump up ^ Kozinn 1987.
Jump up ^ "Rubber Soul CD – Canadian Pressing Featuring Original UK Mixes?". Steve Hoffman Music Forums. 9 April 2006. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Apple Records 2009.
Jump up ^ AllMusic review
Jump up ^ Klosterman, Chuck (8 September 2009). "Chuck Klosterman Repeats The Beatles". The A.V. Club. Chicago. Archived from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
Jump up ^ McLeese, Don (30 April 1987). "CDs `Help!' restore Beatles' intent". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Young, Alex (18 September 2009). "The Beatles – Help! (Remastered)". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b McCormick, Neil (7 September 2009). "The Beatles – Revolver, review". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Larkin, Colin (2006). Encyclopedia of Popular Music. 1. Muze. p. 489. ISBN 0-19-531373-9.
Jump up ^ Graff, Gary; Durchholz, Daniel (eds) (1999). MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Visible Ink Press. p. 88. ISBN 1-57859-061-2. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Kemp, Mark (8 September 2009). "The Beatles: The Long and Winding Repertoire". Paste. p. 59. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pitchfork review". Pitchfork. 8 September 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Brackett & Hoard 2004, p. 51.
Jump up ^ Brackett & Hoard 2004, pp. 52–53.
^ Jump up to: a b Stannard 1982, p. 141.
Jump up ^ Ruhlmann 2009.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (2005). Australian Chart Book (1940–1969). Turramurra: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-44439-5.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – The Beatles – Help!" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Beatles | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Beatles Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dutchcharts.nl – The Beatles – Beatles for Sale" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Help (1987 Version)" > "Chart Facts". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – The Beatles – Beatles for Sale" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – The Beatles – Beatles for Sale" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – The Beatles – Beatles for Sale" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Beatles: Beatles for Sale" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – The Beatles – Beatles for Sale". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – The Beatles – Beatles for Sale". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Portuguesecharts.com – The Beatles – Beatles for Sale". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – The Beatles – Beatles for Sale". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – The Beatles – Beatles for Sale". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – The Beatles – Beatles for Sale". Hung Medien. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "How Many Records did the Beatles actually sell?". Deconstructing Pop Culture by David Kronemyer. 29 April 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2009 Albums". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "British album certifications – The Beatles – Help". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 15 September 2013. Enter Help in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "Beatles albums finally go platinum". British Phonographic Industry. BBC News. 2 September 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Canadian album certifications – The Beatles – Help". Music Canada. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Beatles, The – Help!". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 15 September 2013. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1996.
Jump up ^ Pollack 2009.
Sources
Help! (CD liner notes). The Beatles. Apple Records. 2009.
"'Help'". Beatles Interview Database. 2009. Retrieved 21 November 2009.
Brackett, Nathan; with Hoard, Christian (eds) (2004). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th edn). New York, NY: Fireside/Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Freeman, Robert. The Beatles: A Private View. NY: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 1-59226-176-0.
Kozinn, Allan (8 March 1987). "Interview with George Martin". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
Lewisohn, Mark (1988). The Beatles Recording Sessions. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-57066-1.
Lewisohn, Mark (1996). The Complete Beatles Chronicle. Chancellor Press. ISBN 0-7607-0327-2.
Pollack, Alan W. (2009). "Notes on ... series". Retrieved 21 November 2009.
"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone. 1 November 2003. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
Spignesi, Stephen J.; Lewis, Michael (2004). Here, There, and Everywhere: The 100 Best Beatles Songs. New York: Black Dog. ISBN 978-1-57912-369-7. ...after the unabashed more-or-less traditional pop rock of A Hard Day's Night and Help!...
Sheff, David (2000). All We Are Saying: The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-25464-4.
Stannard, Neville (24 June 1982). Tobler, John, ed. The Long and Winding Road: A History of The Beatles on Record. London: Virgin Books. ISBN 0-907080-46-4.
Unterberger, Richie (2009). "Review of "I've Just Seen a Face"". AllMusic. Retrieved 21 November 2009.
External links[edit]
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Help! (album)
Help! (the movie) on IMDb
The Beatles' comments on each song
Recording data and notes on mono/stereo mixes and remixes
Discussion of Canadian CD copies of Help! and Rubber Soul
[show]
Chart succession
Preceded by
Out of Our Heads by The Rolling Stones Billboard 200 number-one album
11 September – 12 November 1965 Succeeded by
The Sound of Music (soundtrack)
by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II
Preceded by
The Sound of Music (soundtrack)
by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II Australian Kent Music Report number-one album
18 September – 19 November 1965
29 January – 4 February 1966
12–18 February 1966 Succeeded by
Rubber Soul by The Beatles
Preceded by
The Sound of Music (soundtrack) by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II UK Albums Chart number-one album
14 August 1965 – 16 October 1965 Succeeded by
The Sound of Music (soundtrack) by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II
[show]
v
t
e
Help!
Songs
Side one
"Help!"
"The Night Before"
"You've Got to Hide Your Love Away"
"I Need You"
"Another Girl"
"You're Going to Lose That Girl"
"Ticket to Ride"
Side two
"Act Naturally"
"It's Only Love"
"You Like Me Too Much"
"Tell Me What You See"
"I've Just Seen a Face"
"Yesterday"
"Dizzy Miss Lizzy"
Non-album tracks
"I'm Down"
"Yes It Is"
"Bad Boy"
Outtakes
"If You've Got Trouble"
"That Means a Lot"
"Wait"
Related article
Help! (film)
The Beatles discography
Help! (George Martin album)
Please Please Me
With the Beatles
A Hard Day's Night
Beatles for Sale
Help!
Rubber Soul
Revolver
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Magical Mystery Tour
The Beatles (White Album)
Yellow Submarine
Abbey Road
Let It Be
Past Masters
[show]
v
t
e
The Beatles album discography
Albums in the core catalogue are marked in bold.
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With the Beatles
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Box sets
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2
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text:
Canada small business tax rate
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In Canada, the small business tax rate is the tax rate paid by a small business. As of 2016, the small business tax rate is 10.5%.
Definitions[edit]
A small business in Canada is defined as a Canadian-based corporation with less than 100 employees and under $500,000 in annual income.[1]
The general corporate tax rate is 28%.[2] Small businesses are allowed to claim a "small business deduction" under the Income Tax Act;[3] the deduction enumerated in that Act is deducted from the 28% general tax rate and means the net small business tax rate is as follows:
Tax rate by year[edit]
Year
Tax Rate (%)
2006 12
2007 12
2008 11
2009 11
2010 11
2011 11
2012 11
2013 11
2014 11
2015 11
2016 10.5
2017 10.5
2018 10
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.fin.gc.ca/taxexp-depfisc/2013/taxexp1303-eng.asp
Jump up ^ http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/bsnss/tpcs/crprtns/rts-eng.html
Jump up ^ http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/i-3.3/FullText.html
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada_small_business_tax_rate&oldid=822909240"
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