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Vehicle registration plates of Washington, D.C.
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Current Washington, D.C. license plate
The U.S. federal district of Washington, D.C. first required its residents to register their motor vehicles in 1903. Registrants had to provide their own license plates for display until 1907, when the district began to supply plates.[1]
All motor vehicles registered in Washington, D.C. require a front and rear license plate, except for motorcycles.
Contents
[hide]
1 Passenger baseplates
1.1 1907 to 1966
1.2 1966 to present
2 Non-passenger types
3 Optional types
4 Political types
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Passenger baseplates[edit]
1907 to 1966[edit]
In 1956, the U.S. states and Canadian provinces came to an agreement with the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators, the Automobile Manufacturers Association and the National Safety Council that standardized the size for license plates for vehicles (except those for motorcycles) at 6 inches (15 cm) in height by 12 inches (30 cm) in width, with standardized mounting holes.[2] The first Washington, D.C. license plate that complied with these standards was issued three years beforehand, in 1953 (dated March 31, 1954).
Image
Dates issued
Design
Slogan
Serial format
Serials issued
Notes
1907–17 White numbers on black porcelain plate; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" at top none 12345 1 to approximately 65000, with gaps Some serial blocks believed to be reserved for motorcycles.[3]
1918 Embossed black numbers on yellow plate; "DC 18" at right none 12-345 1 to approximately 38-000
1919 Embossed white numbers on green plate with border line; "D.C. 1919" at right none 12-345 1 to approximately 46-000
1920 Embossed black numbers on white plate with border line; "D.C. 1920" at right none 12-345 1 to approximately 55-000
1921 Embossed blue numbers on white plate with border line; "D.C. 1921" at right none 12-345 1 to approximately 67-500
1922 Embossed white numbers on red plate with border line; "D.C. 1922" at right none 12-345 1 to approximately 80-000
1923 Embossed white numbers on brown plate with border line; "D.C. 1923" at right none 123-456 1 to approximately 112-000
1924 Embossed white numbers on black plate with border line; "DIST. COL. 1924" centered at top none 12-345 1 to approximately 91-000
1925 Embossed white numbers on dark gray plate with border line; "DIST. COL. 1925" centered at top none 123-456 1 to approximately 114-000
1926 Embossed black numbers on orange plate with border line; "DIST. COL. 1926" centered at top none 123-456 1 to approximately 112-000
1927 Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate with border line; "DIST. COL. 1927" centered at top none A-1234 E-1 to approximately V-1000 Letters A, B, C, D, H and R used on non-passenger vehicles. This practice continued until 1935.[4]
1928 Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate; "DIST. OF COLUMBIA - 1928" at bottom none A-1234 E-1 to approximately W-9000
1929 Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate; "DIST. OF COLUMBIA - 1929" at bottom none A-1234 E-1 to approximately Z-8000
1930 As 1928 base, but with "DIST. OF COLUMBIA - 1930" at bottom none A-1234 E-1 to approximately Y-3000
1931 As 1929 base, but with "DIST. OF COLUMBIA - 1931" at bottom none A-1234 E-1 to approximately Z-3000
1932 As 1928 base, but with "DIST. OF COLUMBIA - 1932" at bottom none A-1234 E-1 to approximately W-1000
1933 As 1929 base, but with "DIST. OF COLUMBIA - 1933" at bottom none A-1234 E-1 to approximately X-4000
1934 As 1928 base, but with "DIST. OF COLUMBIA - 1934" at bottom none A-1234 E-1 to approximately X-3000
1935 Embossed green numbers on white plate with border line; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA - 1935" at bottom none 123-456 57-001 to approximately 191-000
1936 Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate with border line; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" and "1936" centered at top and bottom respectively none 123-456 54-001 to approximately 202-000
1937 Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate with border line; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" and "1937" centered at top and bottom respectively none 123-456 46-001 to approximately 193-000
1938 Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate with border line; "1938" and "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" centered at top and bottom respectively none 123-456 46-001 to approximately 182-000
January 1, 1939 – February 29, 1940 Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate with border line; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" and "EX-2-29-40" centered at top and bottom respectively none 123-456 46-001 to approximately 174-000
March 1, 1940 – March 31, 1941 Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate with border line; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" and "EX-3-31-41" centered at top and bottom respectively none 123-456 52-000 to approximately 182-000
April 1, 1941 – March 31, 1942 Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate with border line; "EX-3-31-42" and "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" centered at top and bottom respectively none 123-456 46-001 to approximately 183-000
April 1, 1942 – March 31, 1945 As 1940–41 base, but with "EX-3-31-43" at bottom none 123-456 52-001 to approximately 216-000 Revalidated until March 31, 1944 with black tabs, then until March 31, 1945 with white tabs, due to metal conservation for World War II.
April 1, 1945 – March 31, 1946 As 1941–42 base, but with "EX-3-31-46" at top none 123-456 45-001 to approximately 136-000 Only rear plates issued due to ongoing metal shortage.
April 1, 1946 – March 31, 1948 As 1940–41 base, but with "EX-3-31-47" at bottom none 123-456 50-001 to approximately 181-000 Revalidated until March 31, 1948 with white tabs.
April 1, 1948 – March 31, 1949 Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate; "19 D.C. 48" at top none 1234 1 to 9999 Letters B, C, D, H, L, M, R and T used on non-passenger vehicles. This practice continued until 1955.[4]
1-2345 1-1000 to
9-9999
A-1234 A-1 to approximately N-1000
April 1, 1949 – March 31, 1950 Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate; "19 D.C. 49" at bottom none 1234 1 to 9999
1-2345 1-1000 to
9-9999
A-1234 A-1 to approximately P-7000
April 1, 1950 – March 31, 1951 Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate with border line; "19 D.C. 50" at bottom none 1234 1 to 9999
1-2345 1-1000 to
9-9999
A-1234 A-1 to approximately S-5000
April 1, 1951 – March 31, 1952 Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate with border line; "19 D.C. 51" at top none 1234 1 to 9999
1-2345 1-1000 to
9-9999
A-1234 A-1 to approximately S-2000
April 1, 1952 – March 31, 1953 Embossed golden yellow numbers on black plate with border line; "19 D.C. 52" at bottom none 1234 1 to 9999
1-2345 1-1000 to
9-9999
A-1234 A-1 to approximately P-1000
April 1, 1953 – March 31, 1955 Embossed dark green numbers on white plate with border line; "DIST. OF COLUMBIA" centered at top; "3-31" at top left and "54" at top right "THE NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at bottom 1234 1 to 9999 Revalidated until March 31, 1955 with dark green tabs.
1-2345 1-1000 to
9-9999
A-1234 A-1 to
Z-9999
AB-123 AA-1 to approximately AB-999
April 1, 1955 – March 31, 1956 Embossed white numbers on dark green plate with border line; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" centered at bottom; "3-31" at top left and "56" at top right "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at top AB♦12♦34 AA♦10♦00 to AY♦99♦99; EA♦10♦00 to approximately EA♦99♦99 Serials with B, C, D, H and L as the first letter used on non-passenger vehicles. This practice continued until 1964.[4]
April 1, 1956 – March 31, 1957 Embossed black numbers on golden yellow plate with border line; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" centered at bottom; "3-31" at top left and "57" at top right "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at top AB♦12♦34 AA♦10♦00 to AY♦99♦99; EA♦10♦00 to approximately EA♦99♦99
April 1, 1957 – March 31, 1958 Embossed golden yellow numbers on royal blue plate with border line; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" centered at bottom; "3-31" at top left and "58" at top right "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at top AB♦123 AA♦100 to approximately SZ♦999
April 1, 1958 – March 31, 1959 Embossed royal blue numbers on golden yellow plate with border line; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" centered at bottom; "3-31" at top left and "59" at top right "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at top AB♦123 AA♦100 to approximately WB♦999
April 1, 1959 – March 31, 1960 As 1957–58 base, but with "60" at top right "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at top AB♦123 AA♦100 to approximately WK♦999
April 1, 1960 – March 31, 1961 As 1958–59 base, but with "61" at top right "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at top AB♦123 AA♦100 to approximately WP♦999
April 1, 1961 – March 31, 1962 As 1957–58 base, but with "62" at top right "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at top AB♦123 AA♦100 to approximately WV♦999
April 1, 1962 – March 31, 1963 Embossed dark green numbers on reflective white plate with border line; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" centered at bottom; "3-31" at top left and "63" at top right "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at top AB♦123 AA♦100 to approximately WV♦999
April 1, 1963 – March 31, 1964 Embossed black numbers on reflective yellow plate with border line; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" centered at bottom; "3-31" at top left and "64" at top right "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at top AB♦123 AA♦100 to approximately XJ♦999
April 1, 1964 – March 31, 1965 Embossed red numbers on reflective white plate with border line; "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" centered at bottom; "3-31" at top left and "65" at top right "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at top 1A234 1A101 to 9Z999
1A23 1A01 to approximately 2T99
April 1, 1965 – March 31, 1966 Embossed black numbers on reflective golden yellow plate with border line; "WASHINGTON, D.C." centered at bottom; "3-31" at top left and "66" at top right "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at top 1AB23 1AA01 to approximately 2MH99
1966 to present[edit]
Since November 2000, the standard Washington, D.C. license plate design has featured the slogan "Taxation Without Representation," referring to the unique circumstance that the district's residents face, in which they must pay federal income tax but cannot elect a voting member of the United States Congress.[5]
Image
Dates issued
Design
Slogan
Serial format
Serials issued
Notes
April 1, 1966 – March 31, 1967 Embossed black numbers on reflective white plate with border line; "WASHINGTON, D.C." centered at top; "3-31" at bottom left and "67" at bottom right "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at bottom 123-456 100-001 to 300-000 Validated from April 1, 1967 through March 31, 1968 with stickers.
April 1, 1967 – March 31, 1968 As above, but without "67" 300-001 to approximately 368-000
April 1, 1968 – March 31, 1974 Embossed black numbers on reflective white plate with border line; "WASHINGTON, D.C." centered at bottom "NATION'S CAPITAL" centered at top 123-456 500-001 to 999-999
April 1, 1974 – March 31, 1978 Embossed blue numbers on reflective white plate; embossed blue U.S. Capitol dome graphic used as separator; screened red stripes above and below numbers; "WASHINGTON, D.C." embossed in blue block letters centered at bottom; "3-31" embossed in bottom left corner and sticker box debossed in bottom right corner "BICENTENNIAL" embossed in blue block letters centered at top, with "1776" to the left and "1976" to the right 123-456 100-001 to 500-000 Staggered registration introduced August 1, 1983. All plates replaced between 1984 and 1986.
April 1, 1978 – March 31, 1979 As above, but with "3-31" on sticker in bottom left corner (applied during production) "NATION'S CAPITAL" embossed in blue block letters centered at top 500-001 to 562-000
April 1, 1979 – September 1984 As above, but without "3-31" sticker 562-001 to 925-000
October 1984 – August 1991 Embossed blue numbers on reflective white plate; screened district flag used as separator; screened red stripes above and below numbers; "Washington, D.C." screened in blue cursive letters centered at bottom; debossed sticker boxes in bottom corners "A Capital City" screened in blue cursive letters centered at top 123-456 925-001 to 999-999;
010-001 to 501-750 Validated until April 2016.
August 1991 – April 1997 "Celebrate & Discover" screened in blue cursive letters centered at top 501-751 to approximately 853-000 Slogan changed in honor of the district's bicentennial.
April 1997 – November 2000 As above, but with "Washington, D.C." and sticker boxes at top rather than bottom "Celebrate & Discover" as above, but at bottom AB-1234 AA-0000 to AY-9999
November 2000 – October 2001 "TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION" screened in blue block letters at bottom AZ-0000 to BA-9999;
BC-0000 to approximately BG-1999
January 2001 – January 2002 "WWW.Washingtondc.gov" screened in blue cursive letters centered at bottom BB-0000 to approximately BB-1999 Alternative issue.
October 2001 – October 2002 As above, but with numbers screened rather than embossed, and without debossed sticker boxes "TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION" as above BG-2000 to BH-9999;
BK-0000 to approximately BP-1399
January 2002 – present "www.washingtondc.gov" screened in blue cursive letters centered at bottom BJ-0000 to BJ-9999;
EA-0000 to present Alternative issue. EA series began in mid-2010.
October 2002 – July 2013 As above, but with "WASHINGTON, DC" in blue block letters at top "TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION" as above BP-1400 to DZ-9999;
EB-0000 to EJ-9999
July 2013 – April 2017 As above, but with "DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA" in blue block letters at top EK-0000 to FN-3999
April 2017 – present As above, but with "WASHINGTON, DC" in blue block letters at top "END TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION" as above FN-4000 to FT-8999 (as of April 4, 2017)
Non-passenger types[edit]
Image
Type
Dates issued
Design
Serial format
Notes
Annual Special Permit Annual plates; unique design each year. 1234-65
TC-1234
TT-123[a] 2009: black on blue
2010: white on green
2011: black on magenta
2012: white on black
2013: black on white
2014: black on orange
2015: black on yellow
Apportioned AP-1234[a]
Bus B-12345[a]
Commercial vehicle C 12345
Dealer Annual plates; unique design each year. DLR-1234[a] 2005: white on red
2006: white on blue
2007: black on yellow
2008: black on pink
2009: black on teal
2010: white on light blue
2011: black on yellow
2012: white on dark green
DLR12345 2013: black on blue
2014: black on maroon
D.C. Government Fleet GT-1234[a]
-DC 1234[b]
-DC 12345[b]
7-digit plates began in August 2013.
District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority WASA 1234
DCW 1234 D.C. Water plates replaced WASA plates in October 2011.
Livery L-1234[a]
Manufacturer Annual plates; unique design each year. MFR-1234[a]

Motorcycle 1234M
MC123
MT 1234
MR 1234
MC 1234 MT series began in 2002.
MR series began in 2010 but was not issued to completion.
MC series began in 2012.
Rental vehicle R-12345[a] Rental plates have generally been phased out in favor of regular passenger or commercial plates
Taxi H-12345
12345-H[a] H suffix series began in 2011.
Temporary registration Orange-red on white cardboard. 12345DA
K 12345
N 12345 K series began in 2007.
N series began in 2011.
Temporary registration — motorcycle Black on white cardboard. MM 1234
Trailer White with blue letter/number T 12345 Generally used for truck trailers
WMATA Transit police White with black lettering 12345 The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority issues these to itself replacing standard passenger plates on WMATA-owned transit police cars
Optional types[edit]
Image
Type
Dates issued
Design
Serial format
Notes
Passenger—low number Annual plates; unique design each year 2001 to present. 1
12
123
1234 Serials issued: 1 to 1250
Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority AKA 1234
Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity APA 1234
Anacostia River environmental protection ENV 1234
Bad Boys Club BBC 1234
Blue Knights unknown
The Children First Foundation October 23, 2013–present CFF 1234
D.C. Firefighters Local 36 FFA 1234
Delta Sigma Theta Sorority DST 1234
Disabled American Veteran DAV123
DAV 123
DAV-1234
Disabled American Veteran—Disabled ♿DAV 123
DV♿-1234
DV♿-123[a]
Florida A&M University FAM 1234
Fraternal Order of Police District of Columbia Lodge FOP 123
FOP 1234
George Washington University unknown
Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity KAP 1234
Morehouse College Alumni MCA 1234
National Association of Black Scuba Divers UAS 1234
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Alumni ATU 1234
Omega Psi Phi Fraternity QUE 1234
Porsche Club of America PCA 1234
Prince Hall Family (Order of the Eastern Star) OES 1234
Prince Hall Masonic Family PHA 1234
Purple Heart Veteran PH-1234[a]
Spirit of Faith Christian Center SOF 1234
University of Michigan UMI 1234
St. John's College SJC 1234
Veterans of Foreign Wars VFW 1234
Washington Nationals June 2013–present NAT 123
White Stars unknown
Political types[edit]
Image
Type
Dates issued
Design
Serial format
Notes
Richard Nixon First Inaugural
Jimmy Carter First Inaugural
Ronald Reagan First Inaugural
City Council
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k The flag of the District of Columbia is used as a serial divider.
^ Jump up to: a b The flag of Washington, D.C., is appended at the front of the license plate.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Old District of Columbia License Plates". LeatherLicensePlates.com. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Garrish, Christopher (October 2016). "Reconsidering the Standard Plate Size". Plates. Vol. 62 no. 5. Automobile License Plate Collectors Association.
Jump up ^ "District of Columbia Archive". PorcelainPlates.net. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "District Of Columbia License Plates". allaboutlicenseplates.com. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chan, Sewell (November 5, 2000). "Message Gets Rolling; D.C. Government Enlists Residents' Vehicles In Campaign for Congressional Representation". The Washington Post. p. C01. Retrieved August 6, 2008.
External links[edit]
District of Columbia License Plates, Permits, and Vehicle Registration History
Washington, D.C. license plates 1969-present
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Washington,_D.C.&oldid=837525514"
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Columbian Exchange
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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New World native plants. Clockwise, from top left: 1. Maize (Zea mays) 2. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) 3. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) 4. Vanilla (Vanilla) 5. Pará rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) 6. Cacao (Theobroma cacao) 7. Tobacco (Nicotiana rustica)
Old World native plants. Clockwise, from top left: 1. Citrus (Rutaceae); 2. Apple (Malus domestica); 3. Banana (Musa); 4. Mango (Mangifera); 5. Onion (Allium); 6. Coffee (Coffea); 7. Wheat (Triticum spp.); 8. Rice (Oryza sativa)
The Columbian Exchange was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade after Christopher Columbus's 1492 voyage.[1] Invasive species, including communicable diseases, were a byproduct of the Exchange. The changes in agriculture significantly altered and changed global populations. However, the most significant immediate impact of the Columbian Exchange was the cultural exchanges and the transfer of people between continents. Furthermore, a byproduct of the Columbian Exchange was the Atlantic slave trade, where as many as 12.5 million enslaved African people were forcibly transferred as a labor source to other regions.[2]
The new contact between the global population circulated a wide variety of crops and livestock, which supported increases in population in both hemispheres, although diseases initially caused precipitous declines in the numbers of indigenous peoples of the Americas. Traders returned to Europe with maize, potatoes, and tomatoes, which became very important crops in Europe by the 18th century.
The term was first used in 1972 by American historian Alfred W. Crosby in his environmental history book The Columbian Exchange.[3] It was rapidly adopted by other historians and journalists and has become widely known.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin of the term
2 Influence
2.1 Crops
2.1.1 Tomatoes
2.2 Livestock
2.3 Disease
2.4 Columbian Exchange and the trans-Atlantic slave trade
2.4.1 Context and relevant history
2.4.2 The beginning of the trans-Atlantic slave trade
2.5 Cultural exchanges
3 Organism examples
4 Later history
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Origin of the term[edit]
In 1972 Alfred W. Crosby, an American historian at the University of Texas at Austin, published The Columbian Exchange.[3] This book covers the environmental impact of Columbus' landing in the new world.[4]
The term has become popular among historians and journalists, such as Charles C. Mann, whose book 1493 expands and updates Crosby's original research.[5]
Influence[edit]
Inca-era terraces on Taquile are used to grow traditional Andean staples such as quinoa and potatoes, alongside wheat, a European introduction.
Crops[edit]
Portuguese trading animals in Japan; detail of Nanban panel (1570–1616)
Before 1500, potatoes were not grown outside of South America. By the 1840s, Ireland was so dependent on the potato that the proximate cause of the Great Famine was a potato disease.[6] Potatoes eventually became an important staple of the diet in much of Europe. Many European rulers, including Frederick the Great of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia, encouraged the cultivation of the potato.[7]
Maize and cassava, introduced to the Portuguese from South America in the 16th century,[8] have replaced sorghum and millet as Africa's most important food crops.[9] 16th-century Spanish colonizers introduced new staple crops to Asia from the Americas, including maize and sweet potatoes, and thereby contributed to population growth in Asia.[10]
Tomatoes, which came to Europe from the New World via Spain, were initially prized in Italy mainly for their ornamental value (see below). From the 19th century tomato sauces became typical of Neapolitan cuisine and, ultimately, Italian cuisine in general.[11] Coffee (introduced in the Americas circa 1720) from Africa and the Middle East and sugarcane (introduced from South Asia) from the Spanish West Indies became the main export commodity crops of extensive Latin American plantations. Introduced to India by the Portuguese, chili and potatoes from South America have become an integral part of Indian cuisine.[12]
Before the Columbian Exchange, there were no oranges in Florida, no bananas in Ecuador, no paprika in Hungary, no potatoes in Ireland, no coffee in Colombia, no pineapples in Hawaii, no rubber trees in Africa, no chili peppers in Thailand, no tomatoes in Italy, and no chocolate in Switzerland.
Tomatoes[edit]
It took three centuries after their introduction in Europe for tomatoes to become widely accepted. Of all the New World plants introduced to Italy, only the potato took as long as the tomato to gain acceptance. In large part this was due to 16th-century physicians believing that this native Mexican fruit was poisonous and the generator of "melancholic humours." In 1544, Pietro Andrea Mattioli, a Tuscan physician and botanist, suggested that tomatoes might be edible, but no record exists of anyone consuming them at this time. On October 31, 1548 the tomato was given its first name anywhere in Europe when a house steward of Cosimo I de' Medici, Duke of Florence, wrote to the De' Medici's private secretary that the basket of pomi d'oro "had arrived safely." At this time, the label pomi d'oro was also used to refer to figs, melons, and citrus fruits in treatises by scientists.[13]
In the early years, tomatoes were mainly grown as ornamentals in Italy. For example, the Florentine aristocrat Giovan Vettorio Soderini wrote how they "were to be sought only for their beauty" and were grown only in gardens or flower beds. Tomatoes were grown in elite town and country gardens in the fifty years or so following their arrival in Europe and were only occasionally depicted in works of art. However, in 1592 the head gardener at the botanical garden of Aranjuez near Madrid, under the patronage of Philip II of Spain wrote, "it is said [tomatoes] are good for sauces." Besides this account, tomatoes remained exotic plants grown for ornamental purposes, but rarely for culinary use. The combination of pasta with tomato sauce was developed only in the late nineteenth century. Today around 32,000 acres (12,950 ha) of tomatoes are cultivated in Italy, although there are still areas where relatively few tomatoes are grown and consumed.[13]
Livestock[edit]
Further information: Plains Indians § The horse
Initially, at least, the Columbian exchange of animals largely went through one route, from Europe to the New World, as the Eurasian regions had domesticated many more animals. Horses, donkeys, mules, pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, large dogs, cats and bees were rapidly adopted by native peoples for transport, food, and other uses.[14] One of the first European exports to the Americas, the horse, changed the lives of many Native American tribes in the mountains. They shifted to a nomadic lifestyle, as opposed to agriculture, based on hunting bison on horseback and moved down to the Great Plains. The existing Plains tribes expanded their territories with horses, and the animals were considered so valuable that horse herds became a measure of wealth.[15]
Still, the effects of the introduction of European livestock on the environments and peoples of the New World were not always positive. In the Caribbean, the proliferation of European animals had large effects on native fauna and undergrowth and damaged conucos, plots managed by indigenous peoples for subsistence.[16]
Disease[edit]
Further information: Influx of disease in the Caribbean
European exploration of tropical areas was aided by the New World discovery of quinine, the first effective treatment for malaria. Europeans suffered from this disease, but some indigenous populations had developed at least partial resistance to it. In Africa, resistance to malaria has been associated with other genetic changes among sub-Saharan Africans and their descendants, which can cause sickle-cell disease.[1]:164
Before regular communication had been established between the two hemispheres, the varieties of domesticated animals and infectious diseases that jumped to humans, such as smallpox, were substantially more numerous in the Old World than in the New due to more extensive long-distance trade networks. Many had migrated west across Eurasia with animals or people, or were brought by traders from Asia, so diseases of two continents were suffered by all occupants. While Europeans and Asians were affected by the Eurasian diseases, their endemic status in those continents over centuries resulted in many people gaining acquired immunity.
By contrast, "Old World" diseases had a devastating effect when introduced to Native American populations via European carriers, as the people in the Americas had no natural immunity to the new diseases. Measles caused many deaths. The smallpox epidemics are believed to have caused the largest death tolls among Native Americans, surpassing any wars[17] and far exceeding the comparative loss of life in Europe due to the Black Death.[1]:164 It is estimated that upwards of 80–95 percent of the Native American population died in these epidemics within the first 100–150 years following 1492. Many regions in the Americas lost 100%.[1]:165 The beginning of demographic collapse on the North American continent has typically been attributed to the spread of a well-documented smallpox epidemic from Hispaniola in December 1518.[16] At that point in time, approximately only 10,000 indigenous people were still alive in Hispaniola.[16]
Similarly, yellow fever is thought to have been brought to the Americas from Africa via the Atlantic slave trade. Because it was endemic in Africa, many people there had acquired immunity. Europeans suffered higher rates of death than did African-descended persons when exposed to yellow fever in Africa and the Americas, where numerous epidemics swept the colonies beginning in the 17th century and continuing into the late 19th century. The disease caused widespread fatalities in the Caribbean during the heyday of slave-based sugar plantation.[16] The replacement of native forests by sugar plantations and factories facilitated its spread in the tropical area by reducing the number of potential natural predators.[16] Yet, the means of the transmission was unknown until 1881, when Carlos Finlay suggested that the disease was transmitted through mosquitoes, now known to be female mosquitoes of the species Aedes aegypti.[16]
The history of syphilis has been well-studied, but the exact origin of the disease is unknown and remains a subject of debate.[18] There are two primary hypotheses: one proposes that syphilis was carried to Europe from the Americas by the crew of Christopher Columbus in the early 1490s, while the other proposes that syphilis previously existed in Europe but went unrecognized.[19] These are referred to as the "Columbian" and "pre-Columbian" hypotheses.[19] The first written descriptions of the disease in the Old World came in 1493.[20] The first large outbreak of syphilis in Europe occurred in 1494/1495 in Naples, Italy, among the army of Charles VIII, during their invasion of Naples.[19][21][22][23]
Columbian Exchange and the trans-Atlantic slave trade[edit]
Context and relevant history[edit]
Main article: Atlantic slave trade
Prior to the trans-Atlantic slave trade, Columbus directly participated in and championed the slave trade. Upon landing in what is now known and assumed to be San Salvador Island, Columbus encountered the Taíno. In his journal of 1492, Columbus noted that
It appears to me, that the people are ingenious and would be good servants and I am of opinion that they would very readily become Christians, as they appear to have no religion. They very quickly learn such words as are spoken to them. If it please our Lord, I intend at my return to carry home six of them to your Highnesses, that they may learn our language.[24]
The idea of enslaving the Tainos had instantly struck Columbus as plausible, even desirable. "They ought to be good servants," he continued, "and of good skill, for I see they repeat very quickly whatever was said to them."[25] As part of his journey,
Columbus had planned to inaugurate a regular slave trade between the Indies and Spain. With gold in short supply, the slave trade gradually took on greater urgency. Portugal and Genoa had their slave trade, why not Spain? Columbus set about establishing a slave trade including both Caribs and Tainos.[26]
However, it was not until the colonized lands emerged as profitable plantation lands that the use of West African people as slaves transformed the globe.
Following Columbus were a series of Spaniards seeking to expand the Spanish empire while at the same time increasing their own power and wealth. Such an example was explorer Hernán Cortés. Cortés was interested in expanding the Spanish-controlled lands and often disobeyed his rulers in the process. However, the Spanish royalty was struggling to accurately define the policy related to the enslavement of the Taínos and other Caribbean people. Mann notes that "obtaining the wealth of the Americas would involve subjugating people who had committed no offense against Spain".[27] Like Cortez, Columbus angered the Spanish royalty through subjugating and enslaving the native people. For example, Columbus sent 550 Taíno to Seville in 1495.[28] The parade of enslaved Taíno in Seville angered Queen Isabella to the point that she ordered the Spanish to send the enslaved people back to the Americas.[citation needed] By 1503, the Spanish solidified their policy through the implementation of the encomienda system. This system was supposed to ensure the safety and freedom of the Taíno and other indigenous populations, while also converting them to Christianity. To achieve these goals, Spaniards were appointed as trustees who oversaw the religious instruction and treatment of the people. However, the trustees did not like working with the Taíno, and the Taíno resisted the efforts of the Spaniards. For the Taíno, this system represented a "legal justification for slavery" and the Spaniards justified the enslavement of the people through arguing that the Taíno were "less human than Europeans".[29]
These earlier forays into the enslavement of people laid the foundation for the future trans-Atlantic slave trade. Like other enslaved people, the Taíno and other enslaved Indians had periods of rebellion. Indigenous peoples in what is now known as New Mexico resisted early Spanish colonization and enslavement, resulting in the Acoma Massacre under Juan de Oñate at Acoma Pueblo. In recounting this event, it was said,
[W]hat had happened was that the Indians, as soon as they saw that the forces were divided, began to attack and kill. So this witness fell back immediately with his soldiers to rejoin the maese de campo, followed by the Indians who had hitherto accompanied this witness. They paused the Spaniards in large groups, and began to hurl countless stones, arrows, and clubs, not only from the ground but from the terraces, both men and women participating in the attack.[30]
When the colonized lands emerged as profitable plantation lands, the Spanish and other colonizers increased the importation of Africans as enslaved laborers, altering global demographics.
The beginning of the trans-Atlantic slave trade[edit]
The trans-Atlantic Slave Trade represents the largest migration in human history. While many Europeans migrated to the Americas, it was enslaved Africans that dominated the North and South American continents. The Columbian Exchange saw the rise of luxury goods which necessitated cheap or free labor to produce the largest potential profit. One of these luxury goods was sugar. In the early history of sugar, Islamic and European-owned plantations paid relatively high wages for this labor-intensive and profitable crop. However, as time progressed the European-sugar plantation owners reconsidered the use of highly paid labor and made the transition to the exploitation of people to meet the growing global sugar demand.[31] In the 1440s, the Portuguese discovered that the Madeira Islands were suited not to the growth of wheat but rather sugarcane. It was in Madeira that the early system of Iberian slavery was transformed. Originally, the enslaved people who worked on the Madeira sugarcane plantations were convicts, Guanches (persons from the Canary Islands), Berbers (individuals from Northwest Africa), and Conversos (Iberian Jewish people). As time passed, these early enslaved people were replaced by enslaved Africans from the West-Central African regions [32]). Eventually, by the 1560s and 1570s sugarcane plantations in Brazil dominated the sugar industry and Madeira switched from sugarcane production to wine.
The use of slave labor was not regulated to only the sugarcane plantations. Rather, slave labor was used in coffee, tobacco and even grains such as rice. In these systems, the enslaved people had little power, however, they did have some influence in agricultural methods. For example, in the rice production there is some evidence that slaves from Africa utilized traditional methods in the production of rice. Furthermore, enslaved Africans were responsible for growing their own food. In these cases, the enslaved people preferred rice that was part of their culture as opposed to the European preference for Carolina rice. However, in a system of power and control the slaves were eventually banned from using their preferred rice [33] Therefore, the system of slavery transmitted not only the people but also their cultures to new regions.
Cultural exchanges[edit]
One of the influences related to the migration of people were cultural exchanges. For example, in the article "The Myth of Early Globalization: The Atlantic Economy, 1500–1800" Pieter Remmer makes the point that "from 1500 onward, a 'clash of cultures' had begun in the Atlantic".[34] This clash of culture transferred European values to indigenous cultures. For example, the emergence of private property in regions where there were little to no rights to lands, the concepts of monogamy and the nuclear family, the role of women and children in the family system, and the "superiority of free labor".[35] An example of this type of cultural exchange occurred during the 1500s in North America. When these early European colonizers first entered North America, they encountered fence-less lands which indicated to them that this land was unimproved. For these Europeans, they were seeking economic opportunities, therefore, land and resources were important for the success of the mission. When these colonizers entered North America they encountered a fully established culture of people called the Powhatan. The Powhatan farmers in Virginia scattered their farm plots within larger cleared areas. These larger cleared areas were a communal place for naturally growing and useful plants. As the Europeans viewed fences as "hallmarks of civilization" they set about transforming "the land into something more suitable for themselves".[36] In implementing their practices, the Europeans enslaved, murdered, and exploited indigenous populations. Furthermore, in cases of enslaved peoples (and in particular, enslaved Africans) the Europeans simultaneously implemented their value system while at the same time justifying enslaving people through a philosophy which reduced the enslaved people to property. Thus, the slave traders and some of the plantation owners used the concept of family to exploit and control the enslaved people. In other subtle ways, which had a large impact the cultural exchanges involved sharing practices and traditions. An example of this can be found in the Tobacco industry.
Tobacco was one of the luxury goods which was spread as a direct result of the Columbian Exchange. As is discussed in regard to the trans-Atlantic Slave trade, the Tobacco Industry resulted in increased demands for free labor and the spread of Tobacco worldwide. In discussing the widespread uses of tobacco, the Spanish physician Nicolas Monardes (1493–1588) noted that "The black people that have gone from these parts to the Indies, has taken the same manner and use of the Tobacco, that the Indians have".[37] As the European colonizers and enslaved Africans traveled the globe and came into contact with indigenous people they took the cultural practices related to tobacco, adopted them, and then spread them to additional regions. As such, there were growing demands for tobacco which were linked to the cultural exchanges and increased contact between people.
Organism examples[edit]
See also: New World crops, Agriculture in Mesoamerica, and Muisca agriculture
Post-Columbian transfers of native organisms with close ties to humans
Type of organism
Old World to New World
New World to Old World
Domesticated animals
cat (domestic – wild species already present)
cattle
chicken
donkey
goat (the goats of the Old World, genus Capra, are different from the mountain goat of the New World, genus Oreamnos)
guineafowl
honey bee (European honey bee – other wild and domesticated species already present)
horse
rabbit (domestic)
pig
sheep (domestic)
water buffalo
alpaca
guinea pig
llama
Muscovy duck
turkey
Cultivated plants
almond
apple
apricot
asparagus
banana (including cooking banana)
barley
basil
beetroot
Brassica oleracea-derived vegetables
broccoli
Brussels sprout
cabbage
cauliflower
collard greens
kale
cantaloupe
carrot
celery
chickpea
citrus (orange, lemon, etc.)
coffee
common fig
coriander (also known as cilantro)
cucumber
cumin
eggplant
Elaeis (oil palm)
fennel
flax
garlic
ginger
hemp (including cannabis)
leek
lentil
lettuce
mango
millet
Momordica charantia (bitter melon)
oat
okra
olive
onion
opium
oregano
pea
peach
pear
pistachio
pomegranate
radish
rice
rye
sesame
sorghum
soybean
spinach
sugarcane and sugar beet
turmeric
turnip
watermelon
wheat
yam (sometimes misnamed "sweet potato")
Acca sellowiana (feijoa, pineapple guava, Brazilian guava, guavasteen)
Annona reticulata (custard apple)
agave
allspice
amaranth (as grain)
arrowroot or Maranta arundinacea
avocado
bell pepper
Calathea allouia (leren)
Canna indica (achira)
cashew
cassava (manioc, tapioca, yuca)
chili pepper
cherimoya
cocoa bean
cotton (long-staple species)
cranberry (large cranberry, or bearberry species)
cucurbita (squash)
Eryngium foetidum (culantro, Mexican coriander)
guava (common)
Helianthus (sunflower)
Jerusalem artichoke
Pachyrhizus erosus (jícama)
maize (corn)
Manilkara zapota (sapodilla)
Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear)
papaya
passionfruit
peanut
pecan
Phaseolus vulgaris (beans: pinto, lima, kidney, etc.)
pineapple
pitaya (dragon fruit)
potato
pumpkin
quinoa
soursop
stevia
strawberry (commercial varieties)
sugar-apple
sweet potato
tobacco
tomato
vanilla
yerba mate
yucca
zucchini (courgette)
Infectious diseases
bubonic plague
chickenpox
cholera
diphtheria
influenza
leprosy
malaria
measles
pertussis
scarlet fever
smallpox
typhoid fever
typhus
yaws
yellow fever
Chagas disease
Nonvenereal endemic syphilis
pinta
syphilis (disputed)
Later history[edit]
Further information: Introduced species, Invasive species, and Lists of invasive species
Plants that arrived by land, sea, or air in the times before 1492 are called archaeophytes, and plants introduced to Europe after those times are called neophytes. Invasive species of plants and pathogens also were introduced by chance, including such weeds as tumbleweeds (Salsola spp.) and wild oats (Avena fatua). Some plants introduced intentionally, such as the kudzu vine introduced in 1894 from Japan to the United States to help control soil erosion, have since been found to be invasive pests in the new environment.
Fungi have also been transported, such as the one responsible for Dutch elm disease, killing American elms in North American forests and cities, where many had been planted as street trees. Some of the invasive species have become serious ecosystem and economic problems after establishing in the New World environments.[38][39] A beneficial, although probably unintentional, introduction is Saccharomyces eubayanus, the yeast responsible for lager beer now thought to have originated in Patagonia.[40]
In addition to these, many animals were introduced to new habitats on the other side of the world either accidentally or incidentally. These include such animals as brown rats, earthworms (apparently absent from parts of the pre-Columbian New World), and zebra mussels, which arrived on ships.[41] Escaped and feral populations of non-indigenous animals have thrived in both the Old and New Worlds, often negatively impacting or displacing native species. In the New World, populations of feral European cats, pigs, horses and cattle are common, and Burmese pythons are considered problematic. In the Old World, Eastern gray squirrel have been particularly successful in colonising Great Britain and populations of raccoons can now be found in some regions of Germany, the Caucasus and Japan. Fur farm escapees such as coypu and American mink have extensive populations. Canada geese are also common.
See also[edit]
Agriculture and agronomy portal
Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
New Spain portal
Alfred W. Crosby
Domestication
Great American Interchange
Glossary of invasion biology terms
Guns, Germs, and Steel
Indian Givers: How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World
List of food plants native to the Americas
Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories
Transformation of culture
1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created
1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 (2): 163–188. JSTOR 25703506. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.163.
Jump up ^ Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database (2013). Accessed June 29, 2017. http://www.slavevoyages.org/
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/alfred-w-crosby-on-the-columbian-exchange-98116477/?no-ist
Jump up ^ Crosby, Alfred W. The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1972
Jump up ^ de Vorsey, Louis (2001). "The Tragedy of the Columbian Exchange". In McIlwraith, Thomas F; Muller, Edward K. North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 27. Thanks to…Crosby's work, the term 'Columbian exchange' is now widely used…
Jump up ^ "The Impact of the Potato", History Magazine
Jump up ^ Crosby, Alfred (2003). The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p. 184.
Jump up ^ "Super-Sized Cassava Plants May Help Fight Hunger In Africa" Archived December 8, 2013, at the Wayback Machine., The Ohio State University
Jump up ^ "Maize Streak Virus-Resistant Transgenic Maize: an African solution to an African Problem", Scitizen, August 7, 2007
Jump up ^ "China's Population: Readings and Maps", Columbia University, East Asian Curriculum Project
Jump up ^ Riley, Gillian, ed. (2007). "Tomato". The Oxford Companion to Italian Food. Oxford University Press. pp. 529–530. ISBN 978-0-19-860617-8.
Jump up ^ Collingham, Lizzie (2006). "Vindaloo: the Portuguese and the chilli pepper". Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 47–73. ISBN 978-0-19-988381-3.
^ Jump up to: a b A History of the Tomato in Italy Pomodoro!, David Gentilcore (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2010).
Jump up ^ Michael Francis, John, ed. (2006). "Columbian Exchange—Livestock". Iberia and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 303–308. ISBN 978-1-85109-421-9.
Jump up ^ This transfer reintroduced horses to the Americas, as the species had died out there prior to the development of the modern horse in Eurasia.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Palmié, Stephan (2011). The Caribbean: A History of the Region and Its Peoples. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226645087.
Jump up ^ "The Story Of... Smallpox – and other Deadly Eurasian Germs", Guns, Germs and Steel, PBS Archived 17 January 2010 at WebCite
Jump up ^ Kent ME, Romanelli F (February 2008). "Reexamining syphilis: an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management". Ann Pharmacother. 42 (2): 226–36. PMID 18212261. doi:10.1345/aph.1K086.
^ Jump up to: a b c Farhi, D; Dupin, N (Sep–Oct 2010). "Origins of syphilis and management in the immunocompetent patient: facts and controversies.". Clinics in dermatology. 28 (5): 533–8. PMID 20797514. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.011.
Jump up ^ Smith, Tara C. (December 23, 2015). "Thanks Columbus! The true story of how syphilis spread to Europe". Quartz. Retrieved 1 September 2016. The first cases of the disease in the Old World were described in 1493.
Jump up ^ Franzen, C (December 2008). "Syphilis in composers and musicians—Mozart, Beethoven, Paganini, Schubert, Schumann, Smetana.". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 27 (12): 1151–7. PMID 18592279. doi:10.1007/s10096-008-0571-x.
Jump up ^ A New Skeleton and an Old Debate About Syphilis; The Atlantic; Cari Romm; February 18, 2016
Jump up ^ Choi, Charles Q. (December 27, 2011). "Case Closed? Columbus Introduced Syphilis to Europe". Scientific American. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Columbus, Christopher. "Journal of 1492." Fordham University. Accessed June 1, 2017. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/columbus1.asp, par. 28
Jump up ^ Bergreen p. 14
Jump up ^ Bergreen p. 196
Jump up ^ Mann, loc. 5518
Jump up ^ Thomas, Hugh (2005). Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan (2005 Random House Trade pbk. ed.). New York: Random House Trade paperbacks. p. 155. ISBN 0812970551. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Mann, loc. 5553
Jump up ^ Hammond, George P. and Agapito Rey (editors and translators). Don Juan de Oñate, Colonizer of New Mexico, 1595–1628. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1953). Volume 5, pages 428–479
Jump up ^ Mann, Charles. 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. New York, New York: Vintage Books, 2011. loc. 5359)
Jump up ^ Mann, Charles. 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. New York, New York: Vintage Books, 2011. 5407-54239)
Jump up ^ Hawthorne, Walter "Labor Over 'Brown' Rice", in From Africa to Brazil, p. 137-72
Jump up ^ Emmer, Pieter. "The Myth of Early Globalization: The Atlantic Economy, 1500–1800." European Review 11, no. 1. Feb. 2003. p. 45-46
Jump up ^ Emmer, Pieter. "The Myth of Early Globalization: The Atlantic Economy, 1500–1800." European Review 11, no. 1. Feb. 2003. p. 46
Jump up ^ Mann, Charles. 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. New York, New York: Vintage Books, 2011. loc. 1094 and 1050
Jump up ^ Monardes, Nicholas. "Of the Tabaco and of his Greate Vertues." Frampton, John trans, Wolf, Michael, ed. Taboacco.org. Accessed June 1, 2017 http://archive.tobacco.org/History/monardes.html
Jump up ^ Simberloff, Daniel (2000). "Introduced Species: The Threat to Biodiversity & What Can Be Done". American Institute of Biological Sciences: Bringing biology to informed decision making.
Jump up ^ Fernández Pérez, Joaquin and Ignacio González Tascón (eds.) (1991). La agricultura viajera. Barcelona, Spain: Lunwerg Editores, S. A.
Jump up ^ Elusive Lager Yeast Found in Patagonia, Discovery News, August 23, 2011
Jump up ^ Hoddle, M. S. "Quagga & Zebra Mussels". Center for Invasive Species Research, University of California, Riverside . Retrieved June 29, 2010.
External links[edit]
The Columbian Exchange: Plants, Animals, and Disease between the Old and New Worlds by Alfred W. Crosby (2009)
Worlds Together, Worlds Apart by Jeremy Adelman, Stephen Aron, Stephen Kotkin, et al.
Foods that Changed the World by Steven R. King from the Wayback Machine
The Columbian Exchange video, study guide, analysis, and teaching guide
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text:
Seven Seas of Rhye
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Seven Seas of Rhye"
Cover art (Germany)
Single by Queen
from the album Queen and Queen II
B-side
See What a Fool I've Been
Funny How Love Is (UK 3" CD Single)
The Loser in the End (Japan)
Released
23 February 1974
Format
7"
Recorded
1972-73 at Trident Studios
Genre
Hard rock[1]
Length
2:47 (Queen II)
1:15 (Queen - instrumental)
Label
EMI Records (UK), Elektra (US)
Songwriter(s)
Freddie Mercury
Producer(s)
Roy Thomas Baker, Queen
Queen singles chronology
"Liar"
(1974) "Seven Seas of Rhye"
(1974) "Killer Queen" / "Flick of the Wrist"
(1974)
"Liar"
(1974) "Seven Seas of Rhye"
(1974) "Killer Queen" /
"Flick of the Wrist"
(1974)
"Seven Seas of Rhye" is a song by the British rock band Queen. It was primarily written by Freddie Mercury, with Brian May contributing the second middle-eight. The song is officially credited to Mercury only. A rudimentary instrumental version appears as the final track on the group's debut album Queen (1973), with the final version on the follow-up Queen II (1974).[2] The completed version served as the band's third single, the earliest-released song to appear on their Greatest Hits album, with the exception of some versions where their first single, "Keep Yourself Alive", is included.
Initially "Seven Seas of Rhye" was simply an "instrumental musical sketch closing their first album".[3] An expanded rendition, planned for inclusion on the album Queen II, was publicly premiered when Queen was offered a sudden chance to appear on Top of the Pops in February 1974, and was rushed to vinyl two days later on 23 February.[3] It became their first chart entry after gaining airtime on BBC Radio 1,[3] peaking at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart,[4] which in turn persuaded Freddie Mercury to take up Queen as his full-time career.[3]
The song was dropped from the live set in 1976 and was not played in concert again until The Works Tour eight years later.[citation needed]
It was the opening song of the set[5] at the first performance of the Queen + Adam Lambert's tour of Asia in Tel Aviv’s Park HaYarkon in Israel.
Contents
[hide]
1 Style, construction and interpretation
2 Personnel
3 References
4 External links
Style, construction and interpretation[edit]
The song features a distinctive arpeggiated piano introduction. These piano runs are sampled in "It's a Beautiful Day (reprise)", on the album Made in Heaven.[6]
The version on Queen II ends with a cross fade, instruments blending into the band singing "I Do Like To be Beside the Seaside", accompanied by a stylophone played by Roy Thomas Baker, which was a sole exception to their "no synths" statement.[7] Its inclusion here on the final track of Queen II is briefly mirrored via whistling during the first few seconds of "Brighton Rock", which opens their next album, Sheer Heart Attack.
In a 1977 radio interview, Freddie Mercury described the subject of the song as a "figment of his imagination". In the Queen musical We Will Rock You, the Seven Seas of Rhye is a place where the Bohemians are taken after they are brain-drained by Khashoggi.[8]
Personnel[edit]
Queen[9][10]
Freddie Mercury - lead and backing vocals, piano
Brian May - electric guitar, backing vocals
Roger Taylor - drums, gong, percussion
John Deacon - bass guitar
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fowles, Paul (2009). A Concise History of Rock Music. Mel Bay Publications, Inc. p. 244. ISBN 978-0786666430. the intricately-woven hard rock single Seven Seas of Rhye from the Queen II album
Jump up ^ Seven Seas of Rhye Allmusic. Retrieved 5 July 2011
^ Jump up to: a b c d Rivadavia, Ed. "Seven Seas of Rhye: Review". allmusic.com. Retrieved 2012-10-03.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums. London: Guinness World Records Limited
Jump up ^ "Queen + Adam Lambert Set List / Reviews: Hayarkon Park, Tel Aviv, Israel (Updated)". Queen online. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
Jump up ^ M. Felsani; M. Primi; M. Saita, Queen. Tutti i testi con traduzione a fronte edited
Jump up ^ Jackson, Laura (2011). Brian May: The definitive biography. Hachette UK. p. 30. ISBN 9781405513722.
Jump up ^ We Will Rock You - Plot & Photo Gallery Ultimate Queen. Retrieved 5 July 2011
Jump up ^ Blake, Mark (12 September 2016). "Freddie Mercury: A Kind of Magic". Omnibus Press. Retrieved 21 December 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Queen - Seven Seas Of Rhye (multitrack)". multitrackmaster.com. 2 March 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of version from debut album Queen at Queen official website
Queenpedia - detailed worldwide release information
"Seven Seas of Rhye" Song Review at Allmusic
[hide]
Queen songs
Discography
Queen
"Keep Yourself Alive"
"Liar"
Queen II
"Seven Seas of Rhye"
Sheer Heart Attack
"Killer Queen"/"Flick of the Wrist"
"Now I'm Here"
"Lily of the Valley"
"Stone Cold Crazy"
A Night at the Opera
"Bohemian Rhapsody"
"You're My Best Friend"
"Love of My Life"
A Day at the Races
"Somebody to Love"
"Tie Your Mother Down"
"Teo Torriatte (Let Us Cling Together)"
"Long Away"
"Good Old-Fashioned Lover Boy"
News of the World
"We Are the Champions"/"We Will Rock You"
"Spread Your Wings"
"It's Late"
Jazz
"Bicycle Race"/"Fat Bottomed Girls"
"Don't Stop Me Now"
"Jealousy"
"Mustapha"
Live Killers
"Love of My Life" (Live)
"We Will Rock You" (Live)
The Game
"Crazy Little Thing Called Love"
"Save Me"
"Play the Game"
"Another One Bites the Dust"
"Need Your Loving Tonight"
Flash Gordon
"Flash"
Hot Space
"Under Pressure" (with David Bowie)
"Body Language"
"Las Palabras de Amor"
"Calling All Girls"
"Staying Power"
"Back Chat"
The Works
"Radio Ga Ga"
"I Want to Break Free"
"It's a Hard Life"
"Hammer to Fall"
A Kind of Magic
"One Vision"
"A Kind of Magic"
"Princes of the Universe"
"Friends Will Be Friends"
"Pain Is So Close to Pleasure"
"Who Wants to Live Forever"
"One Year of Love"
The Miracle
"I Want It All"
"Breakthru"
"The Invisible Man"
"Scandal"
"The Miracle"
Innuendo
"Innuendo"
"I'm Going Slightly Mad"
"Headlong"
"I Can't Live with You"
"The Show Must Go On"
"These Are the Days of Our Lives"
Made in Heaven
"Heaven for Everyone"
"A Winter's Tale"
"I Was Born to Love You"
"Too Much Love Will Kill You"
"Let Me Live"
"You Don't Fool Me"
Queen Rocks
"No-One but You (Only the Good Die Young)"/"Tie Your Mother Down"
Greatest Hits III
"Under Pressure (Rah Mix)"
Non-album singles
"Thank God It's Christmas"
"Another One Bites the Dust (Small Soldiers Remix)"
"We Will Rock You" (with Five)
"We Are the Champions" (with Robbie Williams)
"Flash (Vanguard Mix)"
"Another One Bites the Dust (The Miami Project Remixes)"
"Bohemian Rhapsody" (with The Muppets)
Other songs
"See What a Fool I've Been"
"Death on Two Legs"
"Lazing on a Sunday Afternoon"
"I'm in Love with My Car"
"'39"
"Sweet Lady"
"Seaside Rendezvous"
"The Prophet's Song"
"Good Company"
"Sheer Heart Attack"
"Is This the World We Created...?"
"Ride the Wild Wind"
"Delilah"
"Made in Heaven"
"Mother Love"
"Let Me in Your Heart Again"
"Love Kills"
"There Must Be More To Life Than This"
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_Seas_of_Rhye&oldid=824466047"
Categories:
1973 songs
1974 singles
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British hard rock songs
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