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Mission: Impossible (film series)
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Mission: Impossible
Blu-ray box set of the five films
Directed by
Brian De Palma (1)
John Woo (2)
J. J. Abrams (3)
Brad Bird (4)
Christopher McQuarrie (5–6)
Produced by
Tom Cruise (1–6)
Paula Wagner (1–3)
J. J. Abrams (4–6)
Bryan Burk (4–6)
David Ellison (5–6)
Screenplay by
David Koepp (1)
Robert Towne (1–2)
Alex Kurtzman (3)
Roberto Orci (3)
J. J. Abrams (3)
André Nemec (4)
Josh Appelbaum (4)
Christopher McQuarrie (5–6)
Story by
David Koepp (1)
Steven Zaillian (1)
Ronald D. Moore (2)
Brannon Braga (2)
Christopher McQuarrie (5)
Drew Pearce (5)
Based on
Mission: Impossible
by Bruce Geller
Starring
Tom Cruise (1–present)
Ving Rhames (1–present)
Simon Pegg (3–present)
(See below)
Music by
Danny Elfman (1)
Hans Zimmer (2)
Michael Giacchino (3–4)
Joe Kraemer (5)
Lorne Balfe (6)
Cinematography
Stephen H. Burum (1)
Jeffrey L. Kimball (2)
Dan Mindel (3)
Robert Elswit (4–5)
Rob Hardy (6)
Edited by
Paul Hirsch (1, 4)
Steven Kemper (2)
Christian Wagner (2)
Maryann Brandon (3)
Mary Jo Markey (3)
Eddie Hamilton (5–6)
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date
1996 – present
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$650 million
Box office
$2.779 billion[1]
Mission: Impossible is a series of action spy films based on the television series of the same name, produced by and starring Tom Cruise as an agent of the fictional Impossible Missions Force (IMF), Ethan Hunt.
Beginning in 1996, the films follow the missions of the IMF's main field team under the leadership of Hunt, who is forced to take over after the team is betrayed from within in the first film. The series focuses on Hunt as the lead character as opposed to the ensemble cast structure of the television series, although some characters, such as Luther Stickell (played by Ving Rhames) and Benji Dunn (played by Simon Pegg) have recurring roles in the films.
The series is the 20th-highest-grossing film series of all time, with a worldwide gross of over $2.7 billion to date.[2] A sixth film, titled Mission: Impossible – Fallout is set to be released in July 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Films
1.1 Mission: Impossible (1996)
1.2 Mission: Impossible 2 (2000)
1.3 Mission: Impossible III (2006)
1.4 Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol (2011)
1.5 Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation (2015)
1.6 Mission: Impossible – Fallout (2018)
2 Principal cast
3 Crew
4 Reception
4.1 Box office performance
4.2 Critical and public response
4.3 Controversy
5 Change to theme music
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Films[edit]
Mission: Impossible (1996)[edit]
Main article: Mission: Impossible (film)
Ethan Hunt is framed for the murder of his fellow IMF agents during a Prague Embassy mission gone wrong and falsely accused of selling government secrets to a mysterious international criminal known only as "Max". The action spy film was directed by Brian De Palma, and was produced by and starred Tom Cruise. Work on the script had begun early with filmmaker Sydney Pollack on board, before De Palma, Steven Zaillian, David Koepp, and Robert Towne were brought in. Mission: Impossible went into pre-production without a shooting script. De Palma came up with some action sequences, but Koepp and Towne were dissatisfied with the story that led up to those events. U2 band members Larry Mullen, Jr. and Adam Clayton produced an electronic dance version of the original theme song. The song went into top ten of music charts around the world, and was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance. The film was the third-highest-grossing of the year and received positive reviews from film critics.
Mission: Impossible 2 (2000)[edit]
Main article: Mission: Impossible 2
Ethan sends international thief Nyah Nordoff-Hall (Thandie Newton) undercover to stop rogue IMF agent, and Nyah's former lover, Sean Ambrose (Dougray Scott) from stealing a deadly virus to start a pandemic and sell the antidote to the highest bidder. The film was directed by John Woo.
Mission: Impossible III (2006)[edit]
Main article: Mission: Impossible III
Ethan, retired from being an IMF team leader and engaged to be married, assembles a team to face the elusive arms and information broker Owen Davian (Philip Seymour Hoffman) who intends to sell a mysterious dangerous object known as "The Rabbit's Foot". The film was directed by J.J. Abrams.
Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol (2011)[edit]
Main article: Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol
Ethan and the entire IMF are blamed for the bombing of the Kremlin while investigating an individual known only as "Cobalt" (Michael Nyqvist). He and three other agents are left to stop him from starting a global nuclear war. The film was directed by Brad Bird.
Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation (2015)[edit]
Main article: Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation
Ethan Hunt comes under threat from the Syndicate, a near-mythical organization of rogue agents who kill to order. Faced with the IMF's disbandment, Hunt assembles his team for their mission to prove the Syndicate's existence and bring the organization down by any means necessary. The film was directed by Christopher McQuarrie.
Mission: Impossible – Fallout (2018)[edit]
Main article: Mission: Impossible – Fallout
When an IMF mission ends badly, the world is faced with dire consequences. As Ethan Hunt takes it upon himself to fulfill his original briefing, the CIA begins to question his loyalty and his motives. Hunt finds himself in a race against time, hunted by assassins and former allies while trying to prevent a global catastrophe. The film was directed by Christopher McQuarrie.
Principal cast[edit]
Character
Films
Mission: Impossible
Mission: Impossible 2
Mission: Impossible III
Mission: Impossible –
Ghost Protocol
Mission: Impossible –
Rogue Nation
Mission: Impossible –
Fallout
1996
2000
2006
2011
2015
2018
Ethan Hunt
Tom Cruise
Luther Stickell
Ving Rhames
Jim Phelps
Jon Voight
Claire Phelps
Emmanuelle Béart
Eugene Kittridge
Henry Czerny
Franz Krieger
Jean Reno
Sarah Davies
Kristin Scott Thomas
Jack Harmon
Emilio Estevez
Max
Vanessa Redgrave
Sean Ambrose
Dougray Scott
Ulrich
Dominic Purcell
Nyah Nordoff-Hall
Thandie Newton
Hugh Stamp
Richard Roxburgh
Billy Baird
John Polson
John C. McCloy
Brendan Gleeson
Dr. Nekhorvich
Rade Šerbedžija
Owen Davian
Philip Seymour Hoffman
Benji Dunn
Simon Pegg
Julia Meade
Michelle Monaghan Michelle Monaghan[3]
John Musgrave
Billy Crudup
Declan Gormley
Jonathan Rhys Meyers
Lindsey Farris
Keri Russell
Zhen Lei
Maggie Q
Theodore Brassel
Laurence Fishburne
William Brandt
Jeremy Renner
Jane Carter
Paula Patton
Kurt Hendricks
Michael Nyqvist
Trevor Hanaway
Josh Holloway
Marius Wistrom
Samuli Edelmann
Sabine Moreau
Lea Seydoux
Ilsa Faust
Rebecca Ferguson
Solomon Lane
Sean Harris
Janik Vinter
Jens Hultén
Alan Hunley
Alec Baldwin
August Walker
Henry Cavill
Crew[edit]
Crew/detail
Film
Mission: Impossible
Mission: Impossible 2
Mission: Impossible III
Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol
Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation
Mission: Impossible – Fallout
1996 2000 2006 2011 2015 2018
Director
Brian De Palma John Woo J. J. Abrams Brad Bird Christopher McQuarrie
Producer
Tom Cruise
Paula Wagner Tom Cruise
J. J. Abrams
Bryan Burk Tom Cruise
J. J. Abrams
Bryan Burk
David Ellison
Dana Goldberg
Don Granger Tom Cruise
J. J. Abrams
Bryan Burk
David Ellison
Dana Goldberg
Don Granger
Christopher McQuarrie
Writer
David Koepp,
Robert Towne
(screenplay);
David Koepp,
Steven Zaillian
(story) Robert Towne
(screenplay);
Ronald D. Moore,
Brannon Braga
(story) Alex Kurtzman & Roberto Orci & J. J. Abrams Josh Appelbaum & André Nemec Christopher McQuarrie (screenplay);
Christopher McQuarrie & Drew Pearce (story) Christopher McQuarrie
Composer
Danny Elfman Hans Zimmer Michael Giacchino Joe Kraemer Lorne Balfe
Editor
Paul Hirsch Steven Kemper
Christian Wagner
Tony Ciccone
Stuart Baird Maryann Brandon
Mary Jo Markey Paul Hirsch Eddie Hamilton
Cinematographer
Stephen H. Burum Jeffrey L. Kimball Dan Mindel Robert Elswit Rob Hardy
Production companies
Cruise/Wagner Productions Bad Robot Productions
Skydance Productions Bad Robot Productions
Odin
Alibaba Pictures
China Movie Channel
Skydance Productions Skydance Media
Bad Robot Productions
Distributor
Paramount Pictures
Release date
May 22, 1996 May 24, 2000 May 5, 2006 December 16, 2011 July 31, 2015 July 27, 2018
Running time
110 minutes 123 minutes 125 minutes 133 minutes 131 minutes TBA
Reception[edit]
For more details on the reception of each film, see the "Reception" section on each film's article.
Box office performance[edit]
Film
Release date
Box office gross
Box office ranking
Budget
Ref(s)
Opening weekend
(North America)
North America
Other territories
Worldwide
All time
North America
All time
worldwide
Mission: Impossible May 22, 1996 $45,436,830 $180,981,856 $276,714,503 $457,696,359 #198
#158(A) #170 $80,000,000 [4]
Mission: Impossible 2 May 24, 2000 $57,845,297 $215,409,889 $330,978,216 $546,388,105 #136
#168(A) #123 $125,000,000 [5]
Mission: Impossible III May 5, 2006 $47,743,273 $134,029,801 $263,820,211 $397,850,012 #362 #213 $150,000,000 [6]
Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol December 16, 2011 $29,556,629 $209,397,903 $485,315,477 $694,713,380 #143 #78 $145,000,000 [7]
Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation July 31, 2015 $55,520,089 $195,042,377 $487,671,890 $682,714,267 #169 #80 $150,000,000 [8]
Total
$7008236102118000000♠236,102,118
$7008934861826000000♠934,861,826
$7009184450029700000♠1,844,500,297
$7009277936212300000♠2,779,362,123
#23
#20
$650,000,000
[9]
Average
$47.2 million
$187.0 million
$368.8 million
$555.0 million
$130 millon
List indicator(s)
(A) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices (calculated by Box Office Mojo).
Critical and public response[edit]
Film
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic
CinemaScore
Mission: Impossible 62% (52 reviews)[10] 59 (29 reviews)[11] B+[12]
Mission: Impossible 2 57% (144 reviews)[13] 59 (40 reviews)[14] B[12]
Mission: Impossible III 70% (221 reviews)[15] 66 (42 reviews)[16] A-[12]
Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol 93% (237 reviews)[17] 73 (47 reviews)[18] A-[12]
Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation 93% (291 reviews)[19] 75 (46 reviews)[20] A-[12]
Controversy[edit]
Some fans of the TV series were upset that Jim Phelps, team leader in the series, became a traitor in the first film, selling the details of government agents to an arms dealer. Actor Greg Morris, who portrayed Barney Collier in the original television series, was so disgusted with the film's treatment of the Phelps character that he walked out of the theater before the film ended.[21] Martin Landau, who portrayed Rollin Hand in the original series, was equally negative concerning the films. In an MTV interview in October 2009, Landau stated: "When they were working on an early incarnation of the first one – not the script they ultimately did – they wanted the entire team to be destroyed, done away with one at a time, and I was against that", he said. "It was basically an action-adventure movie and not 'Mission.' 'Mission' was a mind game. The ideal mission was getting in and getting out without anyone ever knowing we were there. So the whole texture changed. Why volunteer to essentially have our characters commit suicide? I passed on it. The script wasn't that good either."[22] Peter Graves turned down an offer to portray Jim Phelps in the 1996 film because of Phelps being an antagonist.[23]
Change to theme music[edit]
The television version is in a rarely used 5/4 (five quarter-notes to a measure) time and is difficult to dance to,[24] as was proven by a memorable segment of American Bandstand in which teenage dancers were caught off-guard by Dick Clark's playing of the Lalo Schifrin single release.
The opening theme music for the first six films are stylized renditions of Schifrin's original iconic theme, preserving the 5/4 rhythm, by Danny Elfman, Hans Zimmer, Michael Giacchino, Joe Kraemer and Lorne Balfe respectively by the films' chronology. Most of the versions included in the score also retained the 5/4 time signature.[24]
However, for Adam Clayton and Larry Mullen, Jr.'s remix featured on the first film's motion picture soundtrack, the time signature was changed to standard pop 4/4 (four quarter-notes to a measure) time to make it more dance-friendly, although the intro is still in 5/4 time.[24] Also, the Limp Bizkit song "Take a Look Around" from the soundtrack to the second film was set to a similar 4/4 modification of the theme, with an interlude in 5/4.
See also[edit]
Film in the United States portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Mission Impossible Moviesat the Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible Movies at the Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ Patrick Hipes. "Michelle Monaghan Returning For 'Mission: Impossible 6'". Deadline.com. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible (1996)". Box Office Mojo. August 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible II (2000)". Box Office Mojo. August 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible III (2006)". Box Office Mojo. August 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol (2011)". Box Office Mojo. August 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation (2015)". Box Office Mojo. August 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mission Impossible Moviesat the Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mission Impossible". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible". Metacritic. CBS. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Cinemascore". Cinemascore.com. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mission Impossible 2". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible II". Metacritic. CBS. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mission Impossible III". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible III". Metacritic. CBS. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible Ghost Protocol". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible Ghost Protocol". Metacritic. CBS. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible Rogue Nation". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mission: Impossible Rogue Nation". Metacritic. CBS. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ 'Mission: Impossible' TV stars disgruntled. CNN. May 29, 1996.
Jump up ^ Martin Landau Discusses 'Mission: Impossible' Movies, MTV Movies Blog, October 29, 2009
Jump up ^ Eric Ditzian (March 15, 2010). "Peter Graves And The Legacy Of 'Mission: Impossible'". MTV.com. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c They Shot, He Scored by Dave Karger. Published June 7, 1996. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
External links[edit]
Latest Mission Impossible trailer: http://www.missionimpossible.com/
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mission: Impossible (film series).
[hide]
v
t
e
Mission: Impossible
Television
Mission: Impossible (1966–73)
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Mission: Impossible (1988–90)
Episodes
Season 1
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Films
Mission: Impossible
soundtrack
2
soundtrack
score
III
score
Ghost Protocol
Rogue Nation
Fallout
Characters
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Film
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Luther Stickell
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Video games
Mission: Impossible (1990)
Mission: Impossible (1998)
Mission: Impossible (2000)
Mission: Impossible – Operation Surma
Miscellaneous
Mission: Impossible vs. the Mob
Impossible Missions Force
Theme (Lalo Schifrin)
Music from Mission: Impossible
"I Disappear"
"Scum of the Earth"
"Take a Look Around"
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Hold Back the River (James Bay song)
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This article is about the James Bay song. For the Wet Wet Wet song, see Hold Back the River (Wet Wet Wet song).
"Hold Back the River"
Single by James Bay
from the album Chaos and the Calm
B-side
"Wait in Line" (CD)
Released
17 November 2014
Format
CD
digital download
Recorded
2013–14 in Nashville, Tennessee
Genre
Indie rock
folk rock
Length
4:01
Label
Republic
Songwriter(s)
Iain Archer
James Bay
Producer(s)
Jacquire King
James Bay singles chronology
"Let It Go"
(2014) "Hold Back the River"
(2014) "Scars"
(2015)
"Let It Go"
(2014) "Hold Back the River"
(2014) "Scars"
(2015)
"Hold Back the River" is a song by the English singer-songwriter James Bay. It was released in the United Kingdom on 17 November 2014 by [no] as the second single from Bay's first studio album Chaos and the Calm (2015). The song was written by the Ivor Novello award winner Iain Archer with Bay and produced by Jacquire King. The song peaked at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart. It was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Song, after the success of "Let It Go", it was planned to go for adds on 27 September 2016, but it was cancelled.
Contents
[hide]
1 Music video
2 Track listing
3 Chart performance
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Certifications
5 Release history
6 References
Music video[edit]
A music video to accompany the release of "Hold Back the River" was first released onto YouTube on 24 October 2014 at a total length of four minutes and six seconds.[1]
Track listing[edit]
Digital download
No.
Title
Length
1. "Hold Back the River" 4:01
2. "Sparks" 3:06
3. "Wait In Line" 4:00
4. "Hold Back the River" (Live At The Hotel Cafe) 3:59
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2014–15)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[2]
4
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[3]
4
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[4]
7
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[5]
3
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[6]
56
Colombia (National-Report Top Rock)[7]
2
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[8]
50
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[9]
19
Denmark (Tracklisten)[10]
20
Europe (Euro Digital Songs)[11]
2
France (SNEP)[12]
72
Germany (Official German Charts)[13]
4
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[14]
27
Hungary (Single Top 40)[15]
32
Ireland (IRMA)[16]
1
Italy (FIMI)[17]
7
Japan (Japan Hot 100)[18]
76
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[19]
14
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[20]
12
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[21]
8
Norway (VG-lista)[22]
24
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100) [23]
16
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[24]
2
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[25]
14
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[26]
16
Slovenia (SloTop50)[27]
5
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[28]
25
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[29]
17
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[30]
4
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[31]
2
US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[32]
1
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[33]
16
US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[34]
9
US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[35]
8
US Rock Airplay (Billboard)[36]
13
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2015)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[37]
19
Germany (Official German Charts)[38]
33
Italy (FIMI)[39]
43
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[40]
24
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[41]
8
US Billboard Adult Alternative Songs[42]
24
US Billboard Alternative Songs[43]
40
US Billboard Hot Rock Songs[44]
19
US Billboard Rock Digital Songs[45]
44
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[46]
3× Platinum 210,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[47]
Gold 15,000*
Canada (Music Canada)[48]
Gold 40,000^
Germany (BVMI)[49]
Gold 200,000^
Italy (FIMI)[50]
2x Platinum 100,000
Netherlands (NVPI)[51]
2× Platinum 80,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[52]
Platinum 15,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[53]
2× Platinum 1,200,000
United States (RIAA)[54]
Gold 500,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
United Kingdom 17 November 2014[55] Digital download Republic
United States 3 March 2015[56] Modern rock radio Republic
References[edit]
Jump up ^ James Bay - Hold Back The River - YouTube
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – James Bay – Hold Back The River". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – James Bay – Hold Back The River" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – James Bay – Hold Back The River" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – James Bay – Hold Back The River" (in French). Ultratip.
Jump up ^ "James Bay Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "ROCK" (in Spanish). National-Report. 27 April 2015. Archived from the original on 7 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201503 into search. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201510 into search. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – James Bay – Hold Back The River". Tracklisten.
Jump up ^ "James Bay – Chart history" Billboard Euro Digital Songs for James Bay. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – James Bay – Hold Back The River" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – James Bay – Hold Back The River". GfK Entertainment Charts.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 13, 2015". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – James Bay – Hold Back The River". Top Digital Download.
Jump up ^ "James Bay Chart History (Japan Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – James Bay" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – James Bay – Hold Back The River" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – James Bay – Hold Back The River". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – James Bay – Hold Back The River". VG-lista. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201510 into search. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201510 into search. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "SloTop50 – Slovenian official singles chart". slotop50.si. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – James Bay – Hold Back The River" Canciones Top 50.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – James Bay – Hold Back The River". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – James Bay – Hold Back The River". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Bubbling Under Hot 100 : July 11, 2015". Billboard. 11 July 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2015. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "James Bay Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "James Bay Chart History (Alternative Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "James Bay Chart History (Hot Rock Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "James Bay Chart History (Rock Airplay)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts". offiziellecharts.de (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Classifiche "Top of the Music" 2015 FIMI-GfK: La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top Selling Singles of 2015". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2015 revealed". Retrieved 4 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Adult Alternative Songs : Dec 31, 2015e". Billboard. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Alternative Songs : Dec 31, 2015". Billboard. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hot Rock Songs : Dec 31, 2015". Billboard. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Rock Digital Songs : Dec 31, 2015". Billboard. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Gavin (15 August 2015). "ARIA Singles: Delta Goodrem 'Wings' Tops Australian Chart". Noise11. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Austrian single certifications – James Bay – Hold Back The River" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved 12 January 2018. Enter James Bay in the field Interpret. Enter Hold Back The River in the field Titel. Select single in the field Format. Click Suchen
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – James Bay – Hold Back The River". Music Canada. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (James Bay; 'Hold Back The River')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 6 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – James Bay – Hold Back the River" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dutch single certifications – James Bay – Hold Back the River" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand single certifications – James Bay – Hold Back the River". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – James Bay – Hold Back the River". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 13 May 2016. Enter Hold Back the River in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – James Bay – Hold Back the River". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ iTunes - Music - Hold Back the River - EP by James Bay
Jump up ^ "AllAccess.com Alternative eWeekly". AllAccess. 3 March 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
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text:
Vikram Samvat
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
It has been requested that the title of this article be changed to Bikram Sambat. Please see the relevant discussion on the discussion page. Do not move the page until the discussion has reached consensus for the change and is closed.
It has been suggested that Bikrami calendar be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since October 2017.
Vikram Samvat (Hindi: विक्रम सम्वत्, Nepali: विक्रम सम्वत्) (abbreviated as V.S. (or VS) or B.S. (or BS)); Listen (help·info))is the historical Hindu calendar of India and Nepal. It uses lunar months and solar sidereal year (see: Vedic time keeping). It is used as the official calendar in Nepal.
The Vikram Samvat has two alternative systems. It started in 56 BCE in southern (purnimanta) and 57–56 BCE in northern (amanta) systems of Hindu calendar. The Shukla Paksha in both systems coincides, most festivals occur in the Shukla Paksha. The era is named after King Vikramaditya of India.[1][2]
The lunisolar Vikram Samvat calendar is 56.7 years ahead (in count) of the solar Gregorian calendar. For example, the year 2074 VS began in 2017 CE and will end in 2018 CE.
The Rana rulers of Nepal made Vikram Samvat the official Hindu calendar in 1901 CE, which started as Samvat 1958.[3] In Nepal, the new year begins with the first day of the month of Baishakh, which usually falls within the months of April–May in the Gregorian calendar. The first day of the new year is passionately celebrated in a historical carnival that takes place every year in Bhaktapur, called Bisket Jatra.As before, from 2007 AD Nepal Sambat is recognized as the national calender.
In India, the reformulated Saka Calendar is officially used (although not for computing the dates of the traditional festivals), although in the Hindi version of the Preamble of the Constitution of India, the date of adoption of the constitution, 26 November 1949, is presented in Vikram Samvat (Margsheersh Shukla Saptami Samvat 2006). There have been calls for the Vikram Samvat to replace Saka as India's official calendar.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Divisions of a year
1.1 Lunar metrics
2 History
2.1 Vikramaditya legends
2.2 Historicity of the legends
3 Culture
4 Converting Vikram Samvat to CE
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
Divisions of a year[edit]
The classical Vikram Samvat uses lunar months and solar sidereal years. Because 12 months do not match a sidereal year exactly, correctional months (adhika māsa) are added, or occasionally subtracted (kshaya masa).
Lunar metrics[edit]
A Tithi or lunar day is defined as the time it takes for the longitudinal angle between the moon and the Sun to increase by 12°.[5] Tithis begin at varying times of day and vary in duration from approximately 19 to approximately 26 hours.[citation needed]
A Paksa (also Pakṣa) or lunar fortnight consists of 15 tithis.
A Māsa or lunar month (approximately 29.5 days) is divided into 2 Pakṣas: the one between new moon and full moon (waxing) is called gaura (bright) or Śukla Pakṣa; the one between full moon and new moon (waning) Kṛiṣhṇa (dark) or Vadhya Pakṣa
A Ṛitu (or season) is 2 Māsa[6]
An Ayana is 3 Ṛitus
A year is two Ayanas [1][7]
Months of the Nepali Bikram Samvat: In North India India the Vikram samvat starts from Chaitra.
No.
Name
Nepali
Hindi
Days
Corresponding Gregorian months
1 Baishakh बैशाख बैशाख 30 / 31(30.950 exactly) mid-April to mid-May
2 Jestha जेठ जेष्ठ 31 / 32(31.429 exactly) mid-May to mid-June
3 Ashadh असार आषाढ़ 31 / 32(31.638 exactly) mid-June to mid-July
4 Shrawan साउन श्रावण or सावन 31 / 32(31.463 exactly) mid-July to mid-August
5 Bhadra भदौ भाद्र or भादो 31 / 32(31.012 exactly) mid-August to mid-September
6 Ashwin असोज आश्विन or कुआर/क्वार 30 / 31(30.428 exactly) mid-September to mid-October
7 Kartik कार्तिक कार्तिक 29 / 30(29.879 exactly) mid-October to mid-November
8 Mangsir मंसिर मार्ग or मंसिर/अगहन 29 / 30(29.475 exactly) mid-November to mid-December
9 Poush पुष पौष or पुष/पूस 29 / 30(29.310 exactly) mid-December to mid-January
10 Magh माघ माघ 29 / 30(29.457 exactly) mid-January to mid-February
11 Falgun फागुन फाल्गुन 29 / 30(29.841 exactly) mid-February to mid-March
12 Chaitra चैत चैत्र 30 / 31(30.377 exactly) mid-March to mid-April
The exact length of each month is the time taken by the Sun to move through a full zodiac sign.
History[edit]
Vikramaditya legends[edit]
The Jain monk Kalakacharya and the Saka King (Kalakacharya Katha manuscript, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya, Mumbai)
According to popular tradition, the legendary king Vikramaditya of Ujjain established the Vikrama Samvat era after defeating the Śakas.
Kalakacharya Kathanaka ("An account of the monk Kalakacharya") by the Jain sage Mahesarasuri gives the following account: Gandharvasena, the then-powerful king of Ujjain, abducted a nun called Sarasvati, who was the sister of the monk(citation missing). The enraged monk sought the help of the Śaka ruler King Sahi in Sistan. Despite heavy odds but aided by miracles, the Śaka king defeated Gandharvasena and made him a captive. Sarasvati was repatriated, although Gandharvasena himself was forgiven. The defeated king retired to the forest, where he was killed by a tiger. His son, Vikramaditya, being brought up in the forest, had to rule from Pratishthana (modern Paithan in Maharashtra). Later on, Vikramaditya invaded Ujjain and drove away the Śakas. To commemorate this event, he started a new era called the "Vikrama era". The Ujjain calendar started around 58–56 BCE, and the subsequent Shaka era calendar was started in 78 CE at Pratishthana.
Historicity of the legends[edit]
The association of the era beginning in 57 BCE with Vikramaditya is not found in any source before the 9th century CE. The earlier sources call this era by various names, including Kṛṭa (343 CE and 371 CE), Kritaa (404 CE), the era of the Malava tribe (424 CE), or simply, Samvat.[2][8]
The earliest known inscription that calls the era "Vikrama" is from 842 CE. This inscription of Chauhana ruler Chandamahasena was found at Dholpur, and is dated Vikrama Samvat 898, Vaishakha Shukla 2, Chanda (16 April 842 CE). The earliest known inscription that associates this era with a king called Vikramaditya is dated 971 CE. The earliest literary work that connects the era to Vikramaditya is Subhashita-Ratna-Sandoha (993-994 CE) by the Jain author Amitagati.[8]
For this reason, multiple authors believe that the Vikram Samvat was not started by Vikramaditya, who might be a purely legendary king or the title adopted by a later king who renamed the era after himself. V. A. Smith and D. R. Bhandarkar believed that Chandragupta II adopted the title Vikramaditya, and changed the name of the era to "Vikrama Samvat". According to Rudolf Hoernlé, the king responsible for this change was Yashodharman: Hoernlé also believed that he conquered Kashmir, and is same person as the "Harsha Vikramaditya" mentioned in Kalhana's Rajatarangini.[8]
Earlier, some scholars believed that the Vikrama Samavat corresponded to the Azes era of the Indo-Scythian (Śaka) king King Azes. However, this was disputed by Robert Bracey following discovery of an inscription of Vijayamitra, which is dated in two eras.[9] The theory seems to be now thoroughly discredited by Falk and Bennett, who place the inception of the Azes era in 47–46 BCE.[10]
Culture[edit]
The traditional New Year of Vikram Samvat is one of the many festivals of Nepal, marked by parties, family gatherings, the exchange of good wishes, and participation in rituals to ensure good fortune in the coming year. It occurs in mid-April each year, and coincides with the traditional new year in Assam, Bengal, Burma, Cambodia, Kerala, Kashmir, Manipur, Odisha, Punjab, Sri Lanka, Tamil Nadu and Thailand.
In addition to Nepal, the Vikram Samvat calendar is also recognized in North and East India, and in Gujarat among Hindus. In Buddhist communities, the month of Baishakh is associated with Vesak or Buddha's Birthday. It commemorates the birth, Enlightenment and passing of Gautama Buddha on the first full moon day in May, except in a leap year when the festival is held in June. Although this festival is not held on the same day as Pahela Baishakh, the holidays typically fall in the same month (Baishakh) of the Bengali, Hindu, and Theravada Buddhist calendars, and are related historically through the spread of Hinduism and Buddhism in South Asia.
In Gujarat, the second day of Diwali is celebrated as the first day of the Vikram Samvat calendar which is the first day of the month Kartik.[11]
Converting Vikram Samvat to CE[edit]
While an approximate conversion can be made by subtracting 56 or 57, a precise computation requires identification of the version of Vikam Samvat that was used:
Year expired (default) or current
Kartikadi (older or western India) or Chaitradi (modern Northern India). Kartikadi starts 7 months later in Kartika. Until 12th century Kartikadi year was common even in North India.
Months Amanta (south) or Purminata (North). Amanta Chaitra Krishna Paksha is Purminata Vaishakh Krishna Paksha. For the Shukla Paksh, the month is the same.
Software named Pancanga is available to make the calculations.[12]
Thus the date Vikram 1208 (Kartikadi, expired), Vaishakh Krishna 5 (Purnimanta), Thursday, is equivalent to Vikram 1209 (Chaitradi, expired), Chaitra Krishna 5 (Amanta), and to Thursday March 27, 1152.[13]
See also[edit]
Bikrami calendar
Hindu calendars
Vira Nirvana Samvat
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Richard Salomon (1398). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 181–183. ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Ashvini Agrawal (1989). Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 174–175. ISBN 978-81-208-0592-7.
Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of New Year's Holidays Worldwide, William D. Crump, Publisher McFarland, 2014 p.38
Jump up ^ "Vikram Samvat should be declared national calendar". The Free Press Journal. 15 February 2012. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Burgess, Ebenezer Translation of the Sûrya-Siddhânta: A text-book of Hindu astronomy, with notes and an appendix Originally published: Journal of the American Oriental Society 6 (1860) 141–498 Chapter 14, Verse 12
Jump up ^ Burgess, Chapter 14, Verse 10
Jump up ^ Burgess, Ebenezer Translation of the Sûrya-Siddhânta: A text-book of Hindu astronomy, with notes and an appendix Originally published: Journal of the American Oriental Society 6 (1860) 141–498, Chapter 14, Verse 9
^ Jump up to: a b c M. Srinivasachariar (1974). History of Classical Sanskrit Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 94–111. ISBN 9788120802841.
Jump up ^ Alf Hiltebeitel (2011). Reading the Fifth Veda: Studies on the Mahābhārata. BRILL. p. 103. ISBN 90-04-18566-6.
Jump up ^ Falk and Bennett (2009), pp. 197-215.
Jump up ^ "Gujarat CM to exchange Diwali-New Year greetings with people". 19 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Pancanga (version 3.14)
Jump up ^ On a Jain Statue in the Horniman Museum, F. Kielhorn, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1898, p. 101-102
Further reading[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Vikramaditya.
Harry Falk and Chris Bennett (2009). "Macedonian Intercalary Months and the Era of Azes." Acta Orientalia 70, pp. 197–215.
"The Dynastic Art of the Kushan", John Rosenfield.
"Samvat". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

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Field of Dreams
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Field of Dreams (disambiguation).
Field of Dreams
Promotional poster by Olga Kaljakin
Directed by
Phil Alden Robinson
Produced by
Lawrence Gordon
Charles Gordon
Screenplay by
Phil Alden Robinson
Based on
Shoeless Joe
by W.P. Kinsella
Starring
Kevin Costner
Amy Madigan
James Earl Jones
Ray Liotta
Burt Lancaster
Music by
James Horner
Cinematography
John Lindley
Edited by
Ian Crafford
Distributed by
Universal Pictures (USA)
TriStar Pictures/Carolco Pictures (International)
Release date
April 21, 1989 (1989-04-21)
Running time
107 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$15 million[2][3]
Box office
$84.4 million[4]
Field of Dreams is a 1989 American fantasy-drama sports film directed by Phil Alden Robinson, who also wrote the screenplay, adapting W. P. Kinsella's novel Shoeless Joe. It stars Kevin Costner, Amy Madigan, James Earl Jones, Ray Liotta and Burt Lancaster in his final role. It was nominated for three Academy Awards, including for Best Original Score, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Picture.
In 2017, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Casting
3.2 Filming
3.3 Field
3.4 Music
4 Historical connections
5 Release and reception
6 Honors
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Ray Kinsella is a novice Iowa farmer who lives with his wife, Annie, and daughter, Karin. In the opening narration, he explains how he had a troubled relationship with his father, John Kinsella, who had been a devoted baseball fan. While walking through his cornfield one evening, he hears a voice whispering, "If you build it, he will come." He continues hearing this before finally seeing a vision of a baseball diamond in his field. Annie is skeptical, but she allows him to plow the corn under in order to build a baseball field. As he builds, he tells Karin the story of the 1919 Black Sox Scandal. Months pass and nothing happens; his family faces financial ruin until, one night, Karin spots a uniformed man on the field. Ray recognizes him as Shoeless Joe Jackson, a deceased baseball player idolized by John. Thrilled to be able to play baseball again, he asks to bring others to the field to play. He later returns with the seven other players banned as a result of the 1919 scandal.
Ray's brother-in-law, Mark, can't see the players and warns him that he will go bankrupt unless he replants his corn. While in the field, Ray hears the voice again, this time urging him to "ease his pain."
Ray attends a PTA meeting at which the possible banning of books by radical author Terence Mann is discussed. He decides the voice was referring to Mann. He comes across a magazine interview dealing with Mann's childhood dream of playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers. After Ray and Annie both dream about him and Mann attending a baseball game together at Fenway Park, he convinces her that he should seek out Mann. He heads to Boston and persuades a reluctant, embittered Mann to attend a game with him at Fenway Park. While there, he hears the voice again, this time urging him to "go the distance." At the same time, the scoreboard "shows" statistics for a player named Archibald "Moonlight" Graham, who played one game for the New York Giants in 1922, but never had a turn at bat. After the game, Mann eventually admits that he, too, saw it.
Ray and Mann then travel to Chisholm, Minnesota where they learn that Graham had become a doctor and had died sixteen years earlier. During a late night walk, Ray finds himself back in 1972 and encounters the then-living Graham, who states that he had moved on from his baseball career. He also says that the greater disappointment would have been not having a medical career. He declines Ray's invitation to fulfill his dream; however, during the drive back home, Ray picks up a young hitchhiker who introduces himself as Archie Graham. While Archie sleeps, Ray reveals to Mann that John had wanted him to live out his dream of being a baseball star. He stopped playing catch with him after reading one of Mann's books at 14. At 17, he had denounced Shoeless Joe as a criminal to John and that was the reason for the rift between them. Ray expresses regret that he didn't get a chance to make things right before John died. When they arrive back at Ray's farm, they find that enough players have arrived to field two teams. A game is played and Archie finally gets his turn at bat.
The Field of Dreams, Dyersville, Iowa—May 2006
The next morning, Mark returns and demands that Ray sell the farm. Karin says that they will not need to because people will pay to watch the ballgames. Mann agrees, saying that "people will come" in order to relive their childhood innocence. Ray, after much thought, refuses and a frustrated Mark scuffles with him, during which Karin is accidentally knocked off the bleachers. The young Graham runs from the field to help, becoming old Graham, complete with Gladstone bag, the instant he steps off of it, and saves Karin from choking (she had been eating a hot dog when she fell). Ray realizes that Graham sacrificed his young self in order to save her. After reassuring Ray that his true calling was medicine and being commended by the other players, Graham leaves, disappearing into the corn. Suddenly, Mark is able to see the players and urges Ray not to sell the farm.
After the game, Shoeless Joe invites Mann to enter the corn; he accepts and disappears into it. Ray is angry at not being invited, but Shoeless Joe rebukes him: if he really wants a reward for having sacrificed so much, then he had better stay on the field. Shoeless Joe then glances towards a player at home plate, saying "If you build it, he will come." The player then removes his mask, and Ray recognizes him to be John as a young man. Shocked, Ray realizes that "ease his pain" referred to John, and believes that Shoeless Joe was the voice all along; however, Joe implies that the voice was Ray himself. Joe then disappears into the corn.
Ray introduces John to Annie and Karin. As he heads towards the corn, Ray asks him if he wants to play a game of catch. They begin to play and Annie happily watches. Meanwhile, hundreds of cars can be seen approaching the baseball field, fulfilling Karin and Mann's prophecy that people will come to watch baseball.
Cast[edit]
Kevin Costner as Ray Kinsella
Amy Madigan as Annie Kinsella
James Earl Jones as Terence Mann
Timothy Busfield as Mark
Kelly Coffield Park as Dee
Frank Whaley as Archie Graham
Gaby Hoffmann as Karin Kinsella
Dwier Brown as John Kinsella
Fern Persons as Annie's mother
Ray Liotta as Shoeless Joe Jackson
Burt Lancaster as Archibald "Moonlight" Graham
Art LaFleur as Chick Gandil
Michael Milhoan as Buck Weaver
Steve Eastin as Eddie Cicotte
Charles Hoyes as Swede Risberg
Ben Affleck as Baseball Fan At Fenway Park
Matt Damon as Baseball Fan At Fenway Park
Production[edit]
Phil Alden Robinson read Shoeless Joe in 1981 and liked it so much that he brought it to producers Lawrence Gordon and Charles Gordon. Lawrence Gordon worked for 20th Century Fox, part of the time as its president, and repeatedly mentioned that the book should be adapted into a film. The studio, however, always turned down the suggestion because they felt the project was too esoteric and noncommercial. Meanwhile, Robinson went ahead with his script, frequently consulting W. P. Kinsella, the book's author, for advice on the adaptation. Lawrence Gordon left Fox in 1986 and started pitching the adaptation to other studios. Universal Studios accepted the project in 1987 and hired USC coach Rod Dedeaux as baseball advisor. Dedeaux brought along World Series champion and USC alumnus Don Buford to coach the actors.[6]
The film was shot using the novel's title; eventually, an executive decision was made to rename it Field of Dreams. Robinson did not like the idea saying he loved Shoeless Joe, and that the new title was better suited for one about dreams deferred. Later, Kinsella told Robinson that his originally chosen title for the book had been The Dream Field and that the title Shoeless Joe had been imposed by the publisher.[7]
Casting[edit]
Robinson and the producers did not originally consider Kevin Costner for the part of Ray because they did not think that he would want to follow Bull Durham with another baseball film. He, however, did end up reading the script and became interested in the project, stating that he felt it would be "this generation's It's a Wonderful Life". Since Robinson's directing debut In the Mood had been a commercial failure, Costner also said that he would help him with the production. Amy Madigan, a fan of the book, joined the cast as Ray's wife, Annie. In the book, the writer Ray seeks out is real-life author J.D. Salinger. When Salinger threatened the production with a lawsuit if his name was used, Robinson decided to rewrite the character as reclusive Terence Mann. He wrote with James Earl Jones in mind because he thought it would be fun to see Ray trying to kidnap such a big man. Robinson had originally envisioned Shoeless Joe Jackson as being played by an actor in his 40s, someone who would be older than Costner and who could thereby act as a father surrogate. Ray Liotta did not fit that criterion, but Robinson thought he would be a better fit for the part because he had the "sense of danger" and ambiguity which Robinson wanted in the character. Burt Lancaster had originally turned down the part of Moonlight Graham, but changed his mind after a friend, who was also a baseball fan, told him that he had to work on the film.[6]
Filming[edit]
Filming began on May 25, 1988. The shooting schedule was built around Costner's availability because he would be leaving in August to film Revenge. Except for some weather delays and other time constraints, production rolled six days a week. The interior scenes were the first ones shot because the cornfield planted by the filmmakers was taking too long to grow. Irrigation had to be used to quickly grow the corn to Costner's height. Primary shot locations were in Dubuque County, Iowa; a farm near Dyersville was used for the Kinsella home; an empty warehouse in Dubuque was used to build various interior sets. Galena, Illinois served as Moonlight Graham's Chisholm, Minnesota.[6] One week was spent on location shots in Boston, most notably Fenway Park.[8]
Robinson, despite having a sufficient budget as well as the cast and crew he wanted, constantly felt tense and depressed during filming. He felt that he was under too much pressure to create an outstanding film, and that he was not doing justice to the original novel. Lawrence Gordon convinced him that the end product would be effective.[6]
During a lunch with the Iowa Chamber of Commerce, Robinson broached his idea of a final scene in which headlights could be seen for miles along the horizon. The Chamber folks replied that it could be done and the shooting of the final scene became a community event. The film crew was hidden on the farm to make sure the aerial shots did not reveal them. Dyersville was then blacked out and local extras drove their vehicles to the field. In order to give the illusion of movement, the drivers were instructed to continuously switch between their low and high beams.
Field[edit]
The baseball field from the film
Scenes of the Kinsella farm were taken on the property of Don Lansing; some of the baseball field scenes were shot on the neighboring farm of Al Ameskamp. Because the shooting schedule was too short for grass to naturally grow, the experts on sod laying responsible for Dodger Stadium and the Rose Bowl were hired to create the baseball field. Part of the process involved painting the turf green. [6]
After shooting, Ameskamp again grew corn on his property; Lansing maintained his as a tourist destination.[6] He did not charge for admission or parking, deriving revenue solely from the souvenir shop. By the film's twentieth anniversary, approximately 65,000 people visited annually.[9] In July 2010, the farm containing the "Field" was listed as for sale.[10] It was sold on October 31, 2011, to Go The Distance Baseball, LLC, for an undisclosed fee, believed to be around $5.4 million.[11]
In January 2018, a man went off-roading on the field, causing large tire gashes and damaging the sprinkler system. The following week, he turned himself in and was charged with felony mischief. [12]
Music[edit]
At first, James Horner was unsure if he could work on the film due to scheduling restrictions. Then he watched a rough cut and was so moved that he accepted the job of scoring it. Robinson had created a temp track which was disliked by Universal executives. When the announcement of Horner as composer was made, they felt more positive because they expected a big orchestral score, similar to Horner's work for An American Tail. Horner, in contrast, liked the temporary score, finding it "quiet and kind of ghostly." He decided to follow the idea of the temp track, creating an atmospheric soundtrack which would "focus on the emotions".[6] In addition to Horner's score, portions of several pop songs are heard during the film. They are listed in the following order in the closing credits:
"Crazy", written by Willie Nelson and performed by Beverly D'Angelo
"Daydream", written by John Sebastian and performed by The Lovin' Spoonful
"Jessica", written by Dickey Betts and performed by The Allman Brothers Band
"China Grove", written by Tom Johnston and performed by The Doobie Brothers
"Lotus Blossom", written by Billy Strayhorn and performed by Duke Ellington
Historical connections[edit]
The character played by Burt Lancaster and Frank Whaley, Archibald "Moonlight" Graham, is based on an actual baseball player with the same name. His character is largely true to life except for a few factual liberties taken for artistic reasons. For instance, the real Graham's lone major league game occurred in June 1905,[13] rather than on the final day of the 1922 season. The real Graham also died in 1965, as opposed to 1972 as the film depicts. In the film, Terence Mann interviews a number of people about Graham. The DVD special points out that the facts they gave him were taken from articles written about the real one.
Release and reception[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2017)
Universal scheduled the film to open in the U.S. on April 21, 1989.It debuted in just a few theaters and was gradually released to more screens so that it would have a spot among the summer blockbusters. It ended up playing until December.[6]
As of June 2017, review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes rates the film 86%, based on 57 reviews with an average score of 7.9 out of 10. The consensus states: "Field of Dreams is sentimental, but in the best way; it's a mix of fairy tale, baseball, and family togetherness."[14]
Honors[edit]
In June 2008, after having polled over 1,500 people in the creative community, AFI revealed its "Ten Top Ten" — the best ten films in ten "classic" American film genres. The film was acknowledged as the sixth best one in the fantasy genre.[15][16]
American Film Institute Lists
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies—nominated[17]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
"If you build it, he will come."—#39
AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores—nominated[18]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers—#28
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)—nominated[19]
AFI's 10 Top 10—#6 Fantasy Film
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
Film in the United States portal
List of ghost films
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Field of Dreams (1989)". IMDb. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Laff at the Movies (April 20, 2012). "Review: "Touchback" Is an Inspiring Drama that Will Make You Smile". Grand Rapids, MI: WOOD-TV. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Field of Dreams'". JeffCarneyFilms.com. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Box Office Information for 'Field of Dreams'". Box Office Mojo. August 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "2017 National Film Registry Is More Than a 'Field of Dreams'". Retrieved December 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "The 'Field of Dreams' Scrapbook". Field of Dreams (DVD). [full citation needed]
Jump up ^ Easton, Nina J. (April 21, 1989). "Diamonds Are Forever : Director Fields the Lost Hopes of Adolescence". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Production Notes". Field of Dreams (DVD). [full citation needed]
Jump up ^ King, Susan (December 15, 2009). "'Field of Dreams' Screens to Mark 20th Anniversary". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Grossfeld, Stan (July 20, 2010). "Living in a Dream World?". Boston Globe. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Greg (October 31, 2011). "'Field of Dreams' Iowa Farm Sold for Millions". Chicago: WMAQ-TV. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/mlb/man-who-tore-up-field-of-dreams-identified-and-arrested/ar-BBIAgm3?li=BBnba9I
Jump up ^ "Moonlight Graham". Retrosheet.org. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "'Field of Dreams'". Rotten Tomatoes.
Jump up ^ "AFI Crowns Top 10 Films in 10 Classic Genres" (Press release). American Film Institute. June 17, 2008. Retrieved June 18, 2008 – via ComingSoon.net.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Fantasy". American Film Institute. Archived from the original on June 19, 2008. Retrieved June 18, 2008.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies Nominees" (PDF). American Film Institute. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores: Honoring America's Greatest Film Music" (PDF) (Official ballot). American Film Institute. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies" (PDF) (Official ballot) (10th Anniversary ed.). American Film Institute. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Field of Dreams
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Field of Dreams.
Official website
Field of Dreams on IMDb
Field of Dreams at the TCM Movie Database
Field of Dreams at AllMovie
Field of Dreams at Rotten Tomatoes
Field of Dreams at Box Office Mojo
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