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Roxette
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For the Dr Feelgood song, see Roxette (song).
Roxette
Roxette at the Beacon Theatre in New York City on 2 September 2012
Background information
Origin
Halmstad, Sweden
Genres
Pop
pop rock
adult contemporary
Years active
1986–present
Labels
Capitol
EMI
Edel Music
Parlophone
Warner Music
Associated acts
Gyllene Tider
Website
roxette.se
Members
Marie Fredriksson
Per Gessle
Roxette are a Swedish pop rock duo, consisting of Marie Fredriksson (vocals) and Per Gessle (vocals and guitar). Formed in 1986, the duo became an international act in the late 1980s, when they released their breakthrough album Look Sharp! Their third album Joyride, which was released in 1991, became just as successful as its predecessor. Roxette went on to achieve nineteen UK Top 40 hits[1] and several US Hot 100 hits, including four US number-ones with "The Look," "Listen to Your Heart," "It Must Have Been Love," and "Joyride."[2] Other hits include "Dangerous," "Fading Like a Flower," "Spending My Time," "How Do You Do!" and "Sleeping in My Car."[1][2]
Before coming together to form the duo, Fredriksson and Gessle were already established artists in Sweden, with Fredriksson releasing a number of solo albums and Gessle being the lead singer and songwriter of Gyllene Tider, which had three No. 1 albums. On the advice of the managing director of their record label, they came together to record "Neverending Love," which became a hit single in Sweden.
After the release of Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus!, a greatest hits record, the duo took a hiatus from the mid-1990s before returning with the albums Have a Nice Day (1999) and Room Service (2001). They continued to chart in other territories, mainly in Europe and Latin America, where they earned various Gold and Platinum awards until the beginning of the new millennium. In 2002, the duo took a break from recording and touring when Fredriksson was diagnosed with a brain tumour.[3] Gessle went on to release solo albums and reunited with Gyllene Tider before Roxette took to the stage together again for the first time in 8 years, in 2009, during Gessle's European Party Crasher tour.[4] In 2011, they released Charm School, their first studio album in ten years. This was followed by Travelling a year later.
Their songs "It Must Have Been Love" and "Listen to Your Heart" continue to receive wide radio airplay, with both singles recently receiving awards from BMI for achieving five million radio plays.[5] They have sold an estimated 75 million records worldwide,[6][7][8][9] with over 10 million in certified units from Germany, the US and the UK, achieving gold and platinum certifications for Joyride and Look Sharp! in all three regions.[10][11][12]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 1979–1986: Formation
1.2 1986–1988: Pearls of Passion
1.3 1988–1990: Look Sharp!
1.3.1 "It Must Have Been Love" – Pretty Woman soundtrack
1.4 1991–1992: Joyride
1.5 1992–1993: Tourism
1.6 1994–1998: Crash! Boom! Bang! and Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus!
1.7 1999–2001: Have a Nice Day and Room Service
1.8 2002–2008: Compilations, solo albums and hiatus
1.9 2009–2010: Night of The Proms and European Tour
1.10 2011–2012: Charm School, Travelling and World Tour
1.11 2013–present: Break, RoXXXette 30th Anniversary Tour and Good Karma
2 Awards
3 Discography
4 Tours
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
1979–1986: Formation[edit]
Per Gessle and Marie Fredriksson first met in Halmstad, Sweden, in the late 1970s.[13][14] Gessle performed in Gyllene Tider, one of Sweden's most popular bands at the time, and Fredriksson in the less successful Strul and MaMas Barn (Mama's Children) before both embarked on solo careers.[15] In 1981, Fredriksson sang for the first time with Gyllene Tider on stage and was featured as a background vocalist for a Swedish-language album the band released in 1982. Gessle also worked with ex-ABBA singer Frida, for a song that appeared on her 1982 album Something's Going On, setting music to a Dorothy Parker poem.
While working on her first solo album, Het vind (Hot Wind), Fredriksson performed more background vocals for Gyllene Tider's only album in English, The Heartland Café. The 11-track album was released in February 1984 and sold 45,000 copies in Sweden.[16] According to Gessle, the group's first English-language release was in response to interest expressed by EMI's American label Capitol Records. Capitol took six of the tracks and released an extended play (EP) record in the US with an abridged title, Heartland, but the company insisted on a different name for the band. Gessle and the other members of Gyllene Tider (Swedish for "Golden Times" or "Golden Age") chose the title of a 1975 Dr. Feelgood song, "Roxette".[16][17]
"I remember that Per had written a damn good song. I thought that Per and Marie would fit in as Per writes great music and Marie can sing a phone book and get it (to) sound good. Of course I’m a bit proud of getting the idea for Roxette".
— Rolf Nygren [18]
The newly named Roxette issued one near-invisible release in the US, "Teaser Japanese", whose video reached MTV's studio but received no rotation to speak of. It, and subsequent singles, fared better in Sweden, and Gyllene Tider briefly toured the country to support the album. However, "the album died soon enough and the international career died before it even started", Gessle wrote. "We decided to put Gyllene Tider to rest... until further notice."[16] Gessle then turned solo work, recording his second Swedish-language solo album, Scener, released in 1985 and again featuring Fredriksson on background vocals. While Fredriksson recorded her second solo album, Den sjunde vågen (The Seventh Wave).
It was then that the Managing Director of EMI, Rolf Nygren, suggested that Gessle and Fredriksson should sing together.[18] Gessle translated a song called "Svarta glas" ("Black glasses") into English, which became their first single, "Neverending Love". It was released in the summer of 1986 under the name "Roxette" and reached the Swedish top 10, selling 50,000 copies.[18]
1986–1988: Pearls of Passion[edit]
...while the album was a hit in Sweden, the rest of the world failed to pay much attention at all. And listening to the album, it's not that hard to tell why: nothing here is bad, but it lacks nearly all of the elements that made albums like Joyride and Look Sharp into massive hits just a few years later.[19] —Damas of Allmusic retrospectively reviewing Passion
After the success of "Neverending Love" in Sweden, Gessle and Fredriksson quickly recorded a full-length album, translating songs Gessle had written originally for his third solo album.[20] With the release of Pearls of Passion in October 1986, Roxette maintained their commercial momentum in Sweden with their next singles "Goodbye to You" and "Soul Deep." Some singles from Passion were released in other countries,[18][20] but these international releases failed to emulate their Swedish success. The album was followed by a compilation of remixes of the same songs, titled Dance Passion.
Roxette together with Eva Dahlgren on the Rock Runt Riket tour in 1987
In 1987, Fredriksson released her third solo album Efter stormen (After the Storm). Meanwhile, Roxette released the single "I Want You" in collaboration with Eva Dahlgren and Ratata. Later in the year, they released "It Must Have Been Love (Christmas For the Broken Hearted)" after EMI Germany asked the duo to come up with an intelligent Christmas single. The holiday themed song received some attention in their native country as Roxette prepared their next album, though EMI Germany decided against releasing the single.[17] Pearls of Passion was re-released internationally in 1997, and included "It Must Have Been Love (Christmas for the Broken Hearted)" as a bonus track.
1988–1990: Look Sharp![edit]
In native Sweden, "Dressed for Success" and "Listen to Your Heart" were chosen as the first two singles from their second album Look Sharp!, as Gessle and EMI Sweden chose to highlight Fredriksson's singing. Gessle said, "I always thought we should promote the songs Marie sang. Me being a lead singer wasn't part of the plan, not for me anyway."[17] Both singles reached the top 10 of the Swedish singles chart, while the album, which was released in Sweden in October 1988, held the No. 1 position for 14 weeks.[21] Music critic Måns Ivarsson was underwhelmed by the album, writing derisively: "To consist of two such original persons as Marie Fredriksson and Per Gessle, the album sounds unbelievably conventional. Most striking are the lyrics. Gessle's once so subtle Swedish lyrics have became desolate English nonsense."[18] But the album won Roxette their first Rockbjörnen awards in Sweden and Gessle his first Grammis award in the category Best Composer.[22][23]
"The Look"
"The Look" topped the Billboard Hot 100 in the US on 8 April 1989 and would go on to top the charts in 25 other countries.
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When the third single from Look Sharp!, "The Look," became another top 10 single in their home country, Roxette were still unknown internationally. It was while studying in Sweden that an American exchange student from Minneapolis, Dean Cushman, heard "The Look" and brought a copy of Look Sharp! home for the 1988 holiday break. He gave the album to a Minneapolis radio station, KDWB 101.3 FM. The station started playing "The Look" and based on positive caller feedback, the song became very popular, quickly spreading to other radio stations. The song became a radio hit before any Roxette product had been commercially released or promoted in the US market. The story was covered by radio, newspapers and TV in the US and in Sweden, with Gessle recently telling this as the story which highlighted the beginning of their international success.[14][24][25][26] Fredriksson dismissed rumours that Cushman was paid to take the record to the radio station.[14]
EMI had previously rejected Roxette as unsuitable for the American market and they did not have a recording contract there,[14][26] but after the popularity of "The Look" in the US, EMI officials made the decision to release and market the single worldwide. "The Look" and pressed copies of Look Sharp! were issued in early 1989 to record stores and radio stations. "The Look" became their first No. 1 in the US on 8 April 1989, where it remained for one week. The breakthrough for Roxette became international when the song also topped the charts in 25 other countries,[13] and at the end of the year, Billboard named "The Look" one of the 20 biggest Hot 100 singles of the year.
"The Big Bad Ballad. This is us trying to recreate that overblown American FM-rock sound to the point where it almost becomes absurd. We really wanted to see how far we could take it. When it hit big in the States we suddenly found ourselves lumped together with bands like Heart and Starship, which wasn't the intention behind Roxette at all. But we got out of that one... I hope." --Gessle, talking about "Listen to Your Heart."[17]
"Dressed for Success," featuring Fredriksson on lead vocals with Gessle singing short parts, was the second international single. The single peaked at No. 14 on the Hot 100 as well as at No. 3 in Australia.[2][27] "Listen to Your Heart" was released thereafter; it differed from previous singles and instead resembled the guitar-heavy ballads of Heart. Spending a single week at No. 1 in the US in November 1989 it bore the distinction of being the first US Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 to be not commercially available on 7-inch vinyl.[28][29]
A fourth single, "Dangerous," was released at the end of the year, entering the Hot 100 at the end of December. The single, a duet between Gessle and Fredriksson, spent two weeks at No. 2 on the Hot 100 in February 1990, and again becoming a worldwide success by reaching the top 10 in important music markets such as Germany and Australia.[27][30] "Dangerous" was released as a double A-sided single in the UK with "Listen to Your Heart."[1]
"It Must Have Been Love" – Pretty Woman soundtrack[edit]
It was around this time that Touchstone Pictures approached EMI and Roxette about contributing a song to the soundtrack of an upcoming film, Pretty Woman, starring Richard Gere and Julia Roberts.[15] Gessle maintained that "It Must Have Been Love," by then a 2-year-old recording, was chosen because Roxette had no time to compose and record a new song.[15] The film's producers turned it down, asking for another song, but Gessle declined to produce another song.[15] Some weeks later after re-editing the film before release, the producers re-requested "It Must Have Been Love," but Roxette had to remove the Christmas lyrics.[15] Gessle and producer Clarence Öfwerman then took the old recording, had Fredriksson replace a single Christmas-referenced line in the song and added some instrumentation and background vocal overlays.
Though it was not the first single released from the soundtrack, "It Must Have Been Love" would prove to be Roxette's most successful single release. The song spent two weeks at No. 1 on the Hot 100 in June 1990, three months after the film's release, and stayed for two additional weeks at No. 2, spending a total of seventeen weeks in the top 40. Billboard named the song the No. 2 Hot 100 single of the year, behind Wilson Phillips's "Hold On."[31] The single also topped the charts in more than 20 other countries (including Australia[27]) around the world. In Germany the single spent 9 months in the top 75, and peaked at No. 3 in the UK, the duo's highest singles chart position there.[1][30] The soundtrack went on to be certified three times platinum by the RIAA.[32]
1991–1992: Joyride[edit]
As 1990 wound down, Roxette completed its tour and returned to Sweden to record its follow-up to Look Sharp! The 14-track collection titled Joyride, which was released in March 1991, became a critical and commercial success. It topped the charts in a number of countries and became Roxette's best selling album. Their record company EMI invested almost 2 million dollars on promotion for the album,[24] which stayed at No. 1 in Germany for 13 weeks, while staying on the US album chart for over a year.[33] J.D. Considine of Rolling Stone magazine reviewed Joyride: "By emphasizing its sense of personality, Roxette delivers more than just well-constructed hooks; this music has heart, something that makes even the catchiest melody more appealing."[34] The album's success brought the duo two Rockbjörnen awards for Best Swedish Album and Best Swedish Group, the second time they had achieved that feat.[23]
"Joyride" the single became Roxette's first No. 1 in their home country.[21] It also topped the charts in more than 25 countries around the world, including Germany, Australia and the US; it was their fourth and last US No. 1.[2][27][30] The single also charted well in the UK and achieved success in Canada which resulted in the song being nominated in 1992 for a Juno Award in the category, Best Selling Single by a Foreign Artist.[35] Its follow-up, "Fading Like a Flower (Every Time You Leave)", a power ballad similar to "Listen to Your Heart", with Fredriksson on lead, spent a week at No. 2 in the US in July and achieved success in other big markets as well.[1][2][27][30]
It was then that Roxette embarked on an ambitious worldwide tour.[36][37] The Join the Joyride! World Tour 1991/92 tour eventually reached more than 1.5 million fans in 107 concerts around the world,[38] including a few dates in the US. On reviewing their Universal Amphitheater performance, Dennis Hunt of the Los Angeles Times said, "Fredriksson is squandering her talents in pop's low-rent district. She's clearly superior to Roxette's uncomplicated, hook-crammed material..."[39]
"I believed this ("Spending My Time") was going to be our biggest hit ever, which might have happened if not our American record company had fired a lot of...ah, never mind."[17]
"When Charles Koppelman took over the American [record] company in 1992 more than hundred people got replaced. Those folks who got sacked were the same people who made Roxette happen in 89-90-91."[40]
—Gessle, on the downturn of Roxette in the US.
The end of 1991 saw the merger of SBK, Chrysalis and EMI record companies, to form EMI Records Group North America.[41][42] The resulting merger saw many personnel changes that resulted in a downturn in publicity for Roxette. Though Joyride was certified platinum[10] and made impressive worldwide sales, subsequent singles from the album, the ballad "Spending My Time" and "Church of Your Heart", failed to reach the heights of previous singles in the US charts.
In late 1991, the band was honoured with its own postage stamp in Sweden, along with Lena Philipsson and Jerry Williams.[43][44]
Music tastes in the U.S. were changing, with the emergence of new genres such as new jack swing, grunge, harder-core rap and hip-hop. As William Ruhlmann of AllMusic later wrote, "Americans probably lost interest [in Roxette] at about the time that Nirvana came roaring in from the Northwest."[45] In a 2009 interview with the BBC News, Gessle highlighted Nirvana and grunge music as part of the cause which contributed to Roxette's downturn of success.[25] Although Roxette's commercial momentum in America was slowing down dramatically, elsewhere, singles from the Joyride album continued to become hits when "Spending My Time" and "The Big L." charted in many countries.[1][27][30]
1992–1993: Tourism[edit]
Roxette continued the Join the Joyride tour through into 1992. It was during this tour that most of the material for Tourism: Songs from Studios, Stages, Hotelrooms & Other Strange Places was recorded. Instead of releasing an album of brand-new material, Gessle and Fredriksson re-mastered older recordings, including several slated for but not included on Look Sharp! and Joyride. They also recorded some of their live performances, recorded a country music inspired version of "It Must Have Been Love" in a Los Angeles studio, and recorded new material in various locations around the world – an empty dance club, a hotel room – and compiled everything on to the album. Released in October 1992, Gessle and Fredriksson said Tourism was meant to "capture the energy within the band".[38]
The first single off the album was "How Do You Do!" followed by the ballad "Queen of Rain" and an electrified version of the song "Fingertips", originally recorded acoustically for the album and re-titled "Fingertips '93" for single release. Singles from Tourism barely dented the American radio and record charts but in the rest of the world, the first single "How Do You Do!", hit the top 5 in most European and South American countries. The album Tourism also charted well outside of the US, reaching No. 1 in Germany and Sweden, No. 2 in the UK as well as peaking at No. 13 in Australia.[1][21][27][30] The duo's success reflected in an ECHO Award nomination for International Group of the Year.[46] At home, Roxette won a Rockbjörnen Award for Best Swedish Group. It remains the last Rockbjörnen the duo has received.[23] In October 1992, Fredriksson released her first solo album in Swedish for five years, titled Den ständiga resan (The Eternal Journey).[21]
"Almost Unreal"
Mike Schiller from Popmatters called the song "awful"; and wrote, "...not only does it sound like corporate pandering, but it's probably the most forced smash hit wannabe Roxette ever created."[47]
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In early 1993, Roxette became the first non-native-English speaking artists to be featured on MTV's Unplugged series,[13] though the songs from the performance were never released on an official Unplugged album. In the same year, Roxette recorded and released "Almost Unreal", a song originally slated for the film Hocus Pocus starring Bette Midler.[17] However, the song was moved to the soundtrack of the film based on the Nintendo video game Super Mario Bros.[17] Supported by an expensive video and ultimately receiving respectable airplay, "Almost Unreal" managed to briefly reach the lower end of the Billboard Hot 100 but charted highest in the UK reaching the top 10, the group's first time there since "Joyride" two years before.[1][2] Roxette themselves were dismissive about the song, with Fredriksson saying it was "not one of our most inspired moments."[17] On the other hand, Gessle stated: "I still like the song in a way... but if you wanted to make a parody of Roxette, it would probably sound something like this."[17] To coincide with the UK television premiere of the film Pretty Woman, "It Must Have Been Love" was re-issued in September 1993 and entered the UK and Irish singles charts for the second time.[1][48][49]
1994–1998: Crash! Boom! Bang! and Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus![edit]
"MF: It was just before Christmas '93 and we were listening to the first playback of the Crash! Boom! Bang! album and realized we were all missing something. It all sounded so... perfectly grown up. PG: We had worked for a year, much too long, endless hours of studio time... I mean, I loved it but there was too little P-O-P."[17] —Roxette, on the first playback of Crash! Boom! Bang!
Roxette changed their musical style with the 1994 release of Crash! Boom! Bang! Bryan Buss of Allmusic wrote, "They rock harder than on their pop-friendly albums prior to this, and the result shows growth but not the fun that made them so popular in the first place... Though the two have an edge on this album, they almost seem to have become a bit bored."[50]
Although Crash! Boom! Bang! saw chart success (No. 1 in Sweden, No. 2 in Germany & Australia, No. 3 in the UK[1][21][27][30]), it sold fewer copies than had their previous albums.[51] EMI America were reluctant to release the album,[51] and instead promoted a shortened 10-track Favorites CD in association with McDonald's. The Favorites of Crash! Boom! Bang! CD reportedly sold about 1 million copies.[51][52] It was noted by journalists that the McDonald's promotion CD and other CDs by Tina Turner, Garth Brooks and Elton John, led to US music retailers of the time being unhappy with the promotion on several fronts, including that it bypassed established music stores and that the price of the CD was way below normal wholesale costs. Some stores refused to sell the albums published by EMI, with one major chain protesting by temporarily pulling all products from CEMA (EMI's distribution wing) out of its sales and ad campaigns.[53][54][55][56] Relations with EMI's North American subsidiary, never on the best of terms, collapsed after the release of this album.[57] Crash! Boom! Bang! became the last Roxette release EMI would issue in the US, until Greatest Hits was released in 2011 on subsidiary label Capitol Records.
The first single release from Crash! Boom! Bang! was "Sleeping in My Car." The distortion guitar-heavy pop song, born out of anger and frustration of the album's grown up nature,[17] reached No. 2 in Canada, as well as the top 10 in 7 European countries (including No. 1 in Sweden) as well as the top 15 in the UK, Australia and Germany. However, in the US, it was less successful, reaching only the Billboard top 50. Subsequent releases--the album's title selection, "Fireworks," and "Run to You"—were less successful but managed to reach the charts in some countries.[1][30]
Roxette then embarked on another, albeit scaled-down, worldwide tour, skipping North America in the process.[58] The "Crash! Boom! Bang! Tour" saw Roxette becoming the first Western band to be allowed to perform in China (Workers' Indoor Arena, Beijing) since Wham! in 1985.[59] The procedure to get permission for this concert had taken over a year, and included self-censoring the lyrics.[60] In 2008 they were ordered to pay 4.5 million kronor in unpaid taxes to the Swedish Tax Agency, for money earned during the German part of 94/95 tour.[61][62]
In October 1995, Roxette released their first greatest hits compilation, Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus! This reached the top 5 in many European countries including the UK, as well as the top 10 in Australia.[1][27] It featured four new songs, three were released as singles, including the ballad "You Don't Understand Me," co-written by Desmond Child.[17] Also that year, a compilation of demos, B-sides and remixes, alongside some of the 1993 MTV Unplugged material, was released in Japan and parts of South America under the title Rarities.
Gessle briefly reunited with Gyllene Tider in 1996, then Roxette took instrumental masters of many of its ballads and recorded translated Spanish lyrics over them. The resulting album, Baladas En Español, sold well in Spanish speaking regions reaching 2× platinum in Spain and platinum in Argentina.[63][64] The single "Un día sin ti" ("Spending My Time") accompanied by a video directed by Jonas Åkerlund, became their first Latin Pop Airplay chart entry.[2] The duo then released solo albums, I en tid som vår (In a Time Like Ours) by Fredriksson and The World According to Gessle by Gessle, with both charting in Sweden.[21]
1999–2001: Have a Nice Day and Room Service[edit]
Gessle and Fredriksson reunited in 1998 to record material for a new Roxette album, Have a Nice Day, which was released in March 1999 and gave Roxette a comeback in continental Europe. It entered at No. 1 in Sweden and No. 2 in Germany.[21] The first single, "Wish I Could Fly", became their highest charting UK single since 1993 (No. 11). In Sweden it charted at No. 4, their best position since "Sleeping in My Car."[1][21] Although the second single, "Anyone," did not chart well in Europe, "Stars," the third single, charted well in Scandinavian and German speaking countries. NME's review called Have a Nice Day "...another clever-clever bastard of an album which defies Doctor Rock."[65] A review of "I Wish I could Fly" written by Håkan Steen of Aftonbladet said, "The come-back single is a disappointment. The lyrics which conveys a sense of distance in a relationship, are not particularly engaging."[66] The album, according to Billboard magazine, was under discussion for release in the US, but ultimately, it was not released there.[67][68]
In 2000, Fredriksson released a greatest hits compilation called Äntligen (At Last), which went on to be a big seller in Sweden, peaking at No. 1 for three weeks.[21] Meanwhile, Roxette signed a US distribution deal with Edel Music, which re-released Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus! In doing so, it replaced some non-US hits with songs from Have a Nice Day.[68] To promote the release the duo did a small tour of America, performing at the Boston Mixfest and at the Virgin Megastore in Times Square.[69][70] The single "Wish I Could Fly" included in the album reached No. 27 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart and No. 40 on the Adult Top 40 tally.[2]
Room Service followed in 2001 to a mixed response from critics. "Probably the best Roxette album since Joyride," wrote Leslie Mathew of Allmusic, "Room Service is an exciting, immediate, high-gloss pop gem that contains very little filler indeed."[71] Per Bjurman from Swedish tabloid Aftonbladet was critical of the album. "It is not very good." he wrote. He did praise the three singles, "Real Sugar," "The Centre of the Heart," and "Milk and Toast and Honey," but he ended the review with the prediction: "Roxette is not finished. But soon, I suspect."[72]
Roxette in a 2001 concert in Spain.
The album topped the Swedish charts and reached No. 3 in Germany, but it received little attention in the UK. A planned US release through Edel America Records did not happen as the label was disbanded due to financial difficulties,[73][74] though it did peak at No. 2 on CNN's Worldbeat album chart.[75] The first single, "The Centre of the Heart" topped the charts in Sweden, made the top 10 in Spain, and the top 15 in Finland.[21][76][77] The other singles, "Real Sugar," the album's opening track and "Milk and Toast and Honey" were less successful. Roxette again went on tour, this time in Europe only, as concerts planned in South Africa were cancelled after the 11 September 2001 attacks.[78] On reviewing their Löfbergs Lila Arena concert, Bjurman from Aftonbladet wrote, "Roxette succeed in all cases, to never leave the 80s."[79] His review criticised Roxette's playlist, which consisted of some of their early hits. Johan Lindqvist from Göteborgs-Posten was more positive, scoring their Munich concert four stars out of five.[80]
2002–2008: Compilations, solo albums and hiatus[edit]
In 2002, at the Grammis ceremony, Roxette received a Music Export Prize from the Swedish Government.[22] After that came a set of compilations, The Ballad Hits in late 2002 and The Pop Hits in early 2003. Each set contained a separate CD with material previously available and never heard before tracks. "A Thing About You" was released as the lead single from The Ballad Hits. The album was released in the UK on 14 February 2003 to coincide with Valentine's Day and entered the charts there at No. 23 before climbing to its peak position of No. 11 a week later. It also peaked in the top 10 in Germany and The Netherlands. The single "Opportunity Nox" was released from The Pop Hits in 2003. The Ballad Hits which sold over a million copies within a year,[81] helped the duo win a World Music Award as the Best selling Scandinavian artist in October 2003.[82] In that year, Roxette were also awarded with achievement medals by King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden "for appreciated achievements in Sweden and internationally".[83]
In September 2002, Fredriksson was hospitalised after she received concussion during a fainting spell at her home. She was then diagnosed with a brain tumor, which was later successfully removed in surgery.[3][84] Four months later, Swedish newspaper Expressen reported Fredriksson had been diagnosed with a second tumor. This turned out to be false and the newspaper issued an apology saying its report had no basis but dismissed demands from Fredriksson for compensation.[85][86] During her recovery, she recorded her first-ever English-language solo album, The Change. The album which was inspired by her brush with mortality, entered the Swedish album chart at No. 1 in October 2004.[21] With Fredriksson's illness and rehabilitation, the duo took a hiatus, allowing Gessle to release Mazarin (Cupcake) in 2003. It was his first Swedish-language solo album in 18 years and became very successful in his home country, topping the charts and winning numerous awards.[21][22][23][87] One of the tracks, "På promenad genom stan" ("Strolling Through the Town"), featured Fredriksson singing back-up. In 2004, Gessle and Gyllene Tider reunited for a 25th-anniversary celebration that included the band's first album in 20 years, Finn 5 fel!, and another successful tour in Sweden.
In 2005, Belgian dance group D.H.T.'s trance-cover of "Listen to Your Heart" became a worldwide club hit. Originally released in Belgium in 2003, by the mid-2005, the song reached the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100, and was certified gold in October by the RIAA.[88] Also that year, several songs were released as re-mixes and covers. Among them: two prominent versions of "Fading Like a Flower", one a trance cover by German group Mysterio and one a sampling by Dancing DJs that reached the UK chart.[1] In November 2005, while Gessle was in the middle of promoting his Son of a Plumber album, he and Fredriksson appeared at the Dorchester Hotel in London for an awards presentation by Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI). Gessle received two awards, the first for "It Must Have Been Love", which by that time had been played on US radio more than 4 million times,[89] while he and co-songwriter Mats Persson also received an award for Dance Song of the Year for D.H.T.'s cover of "Listen to Your Heart".[90] The ceremony marked the first time Gessle and Fredriksson had appeared in public together since before the onset of Fredriksson's brain tumour and subsequent surgery in 2002. When asked by an Aftonbladet reporter if there would be a Roxette reunion, Gessle replied, "We haven't decided yet. No doors are closed. We're still young".[91] Fredriksson returned in 2006 with an album of Swedish cover songs, titled Min bäste vän (My Best Friend), while Gessle recorded two more solo albums, En händig man (A Handy Man) (2007) and Party Crasher (2008).
"They were a legitimately popular band, but they don’t fit neatly into the story of American pop music. The Swedish duo wasn’t a boy band like New Kids on the Block, they weren’t glammy enough to be hair metal, and vocalist Marie Fredriksson didn’t have the outsize personality to be a diva like Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, or Janet Jackson. They were far from the only guitar-based pop act on the airwaves in the ‘80s, but they came too late to be mentioned alongside Journey, Survivor, or REO Speedwagon, and they didn’t have the rock legacy of Heart or Starship."
–Chris Conaton from Popmatters reviewing Greatest Hits[92]
In mid-2006, Roxette released to radio "The Rox Medley" to promote a forthcoming 20th Anniversary package. The medley included six Roxette hit singles: "The Look", "Joyride", "Listen to Your Heart", "Dangerous", "It Must Have Been Love" and "Fading Like a Flower (Everytime You Leave)". It was eventually released as b-side to the single "One Wish" and was also available to download. The 20th Anniversary package better known as The Rox Box was released on 18 October 2006 to commemorate Roxette's 20 years in the music industry. Spanning over 4 CDs and single DVD, it included two new singles, "One Wish", which was their first new single in four years, and "Reveal". Both songs were also included on a new greatest hits album, Roxette Hits, which was released at the same time as The Rox Box. Nunstedt of Expressen was disparaging of Roxette Hits, giving the album two stars and ending the review, "...the CD subtitle Their Twenty greatest songs is a matter of discussion, I can only count eight hits."[93]
2009–2010: Night of The Proms and European Tour[edit]
Rumours started of a Roxette reunion when Gessle was interviewed by the BBC in April 2009. "Yeah, we've talked about it. It's really up to Marie." Gessle said.[25] Online news sites also picked up on the possibility of a reunion.[94][95] On 5 May 2009, an announcement was made that "Roxette would re-unite after 8 years and play for the first time on the Night of the Proms in Belgium, The Netherlands and Germany". The tour started on Friday, 23 October in the Sportpaleis Antwerp.[13][96] Roxette were due to play the Night of the Proms back in 2002, but Fredriksson's illness meant they had to pull out.[96]
Roxette on stage on 6 May 2009
Despite the Night of the Proms announcement, the first appearance of Roxette after 8 years was on 6 May 2009, during Per Gessle's concert in Amsterdam as part of his Party Crasher tour. Almost at the end of the concert, Gessle said: "I'd like you all to welcome an old friend of mine: Marie Fredriksson",[4] then she joined the band to perform "It Must Have Been Love" and "The Look". Later she also appeared on stage with him in Stockholm, at the last concert of his solo tour, 9 May 2009.[13] Later in July 2009, they took part in the New Wave festival in Latvia.[13]
In January 2010, a concert at The Race Legends event in Sweden on 14 August was announced,[97] followed by confirmation of other concerts in Russia, Denmark and Norway which took place during August and September 2010. On 18 June 2010, Roxette performed a one off set at Stockholm Concert Hall, performing "The Look" in front of Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, during the gala concert on the day before her wedding.[98] On 4 August 2010, Roxette played a 2-hour secret gig at Leifs Lounge, Hotel Tylösand, just outside Halmstad. This was seen as a dress rehearsal for the upcoming European tour.[99] On 31 December 2010, Roxette performed in Poland at New Year's Eve concert, transmitted live from Warsaw internationally.
2011–2012: Charm School, Travelling and World Tour[edit]
Roxette at the Bospop festival in Weert, The Netherlands, 9 July 2011
On 23 October 2009, the Swedish newspaper Expressen reported that Roxette were recording new songs. Per stated that he had been working on new material for an upcoming album since May 2009.[100] In early November 2010, it was announced that the band would undertake their first world tour since 1995. Their eighth studio album, Charm School, was released in Europe on 11 February 2011 and peaked within the top 20 of eleven European album charts. The set also became their first since 1992's Tourism to reach No. 1 on the German album chart,[101] where it was certified gold for shipments in excess of 100,000 units.[12] The album was preceded by the single "She's Got Nothing On (But the Radio)" on 10 January 2011, which became Roxette's biggest hit in the German market since "How Do You Do!", and for several weeks was the fourth most-played song on radio in the world.[102] Charm School also received a full commercial release in South America, debuting at No. 1 on the Argentinian album chart.[103] The Charm School World Tour, their first in 15 years, started on 28 February 2011 in Kazan, Russia. The tour eventually comprised 140 concerts plus three corporate gigs and ended on 9 September 2012 in Mexico City,[104] with the band performing to over 800,000 people in the 77 concerts and two corporate gigs held in 2011 alone.[102][105] On 15 November, Roxette played their first UK gig in 17 years at London's Wembley Arena, and in March 2012, they performed two concerts in China, after the Chinese Ministry of Culture gave them permission to play.[106]
In early 2012, Gessle confirmed through his official Twitter account that recording for Roxette's ninth studio album, titled Travelling, had been completed.[107] The fifteen-track album and the first single "It's Possible" was released in March 2012.
2013–present: Break, RoXXXette 30th Anniversary Tour and Good Karma[edit]
In 2013, Gessle reunited with his former Swedish boy band Gyllene Tider. They released a new album and toured Sweden. Roxette's first Blu-ray/DVD concert titled Roxette Live Travelling The World was released. Meanwhile, Fredriksson promoted her new Swedish solo album Nu which led to a successful tour in the spring. In April 2014, succeeding the announcement of the 25th anniversary of Roxette's first United States #1 hit "The Look" they announced they will be embarking on their RoXXXette 30th Anniversary Tour starting in Russia in late October 2014. The tour ended in February 2016.
"The Look (2015 Remake)", a new recording of their 1988 single, was released on 17 July 2015. A physical 7-inch vinyl was released on 26 August 2015.
On 18 April 2016, an official statement was released, cancelling the last leg of the RoXXXette 30th Anniversary Tour due to concerns about Marie Fredriksson's health. As her doctors have advised her to refrain from playing live, there will be no further Roxette tours. Fredriksson stated: "Sadly, now my touring days are over and I want to take this opportunity to thank our wonderful fans that has followed us on our long and winding journey." Gessle added: "The joyride on the road is over now – but we sure had fun, didn't we?"[108]
Roxette has also worked in the studio on their tenth studio album, Good Karma.[109] They have worked with young producers from Sweden like Addeboy vs Cliff "to inject new blood into the Roxette sound". Remixes aside, this is the first time that they have allowed anyone outside of the Roxette canon to produce new music. On 8 April 2016, the lead single off the album, "It Just Happens", was released. The album followed on 3 June 2016.
Awards[edit]
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
1988 Look Sharp Grammis (Sweden) – Composer of the Year (Gessle)[22] Won
Rockbjörnen (Sweden) – Best Swedish Album[23] Won
Roxette Rockbjörnen (Sweden) – Best Swedish Group[23] Won
1989 "The Look" MTV Video Award (USA) – International Viewer's Choice (Europe) Won
Roxette Rockbjörnen (Sweden) – Best Swedish Group[23] Won
Silver Bravo Otto (Germany) – Best rock/pop Group[110] Won
1990 Bronze Bravo Otto – Best rock/pop group[111] Won
1991 Brit Award (UK) – Best international group[112] Nominated
Silver Bravo Otto – Best rock/pop group[113] Won
Rockbjörnen (Sweden) – Best Swedish Group[23] Won
Joyride Rockbjörnen (Sweden) – Best Swedish Album[23] Won
Grammis – Pop Group of the Year[22] Won
"Joyride" MTV Video Award – International Viewer's Choice (Europe) Won
Roxette Australian Music Awards – Most Popular International Group Won
1992 Gold Bravo Otto – Best rock/pop Group[114] Won
Rockbjörnen (Sweden) – Best Swedish Group[23] Won
"Joyride" Juno Award (Canada) – Best Selling Single by a Foreign Artist[35] Nominated
Roxette Echo (Germany) –International Group of the Year[46] Nominated
1993 Echo (Germany) –International Group of the Year[46] Nominated
1995 Echo (Germany) –International Group of the Year[46] Nominated
1999 "Wish I Could Fly" Fono Music Award (Europe) – European No. 1 Airplay hit[115] Won
2000 Roxette WMA – Best selling Scandinavian artist[116] Won
2002 Grammis (Sweden) – Government Music Export Prize[22] Won
2003 WMA – Best selling Scandinavian artist[82] Won
Discography[edit]
Main article: Roxette discography
Pearls of Passion (1986)
Look Sharp! (1988)
Joyride (1991)
Tourism (1992)
Crash! Boom! Bang! (1994)
Have a Nice Day (1999)
Room Service (2001)
Charm School (2011)
Travelling (2012)
Good Karma (2016)
Tours[edit]
Christoffer Lundquist (guitarist) and Malin Ekstrand (backing vocals), who accompanied Roxette during the 2010 European tour
Rock Runt Riket Swedish Tour (with Eva Dahlgren and Ratata) (1987)[104]
Look Sharp '88! Tour Swedish Tour (1988)[104]
Look Sharp Live! European Tour (1989)[104]
Join the Joyride! World Tour (1991/92)[104]
The Summer Joyride – European Tour (1992)[104]
Crash! Boom! Bang! World Tour (1994/95)[104]
Room Service Tour (2001)[104]
Night of the Proms (2009) (Classic meets Pop – headliner, with several artists)[104]
European Tour (2010) (Six dates as a test for a bigger tour in 2011)[104]
Charm School – The World Tour (2011/12)[104]
RoXXXette The 30th Anniversary Tour (2014/15/16)[104]
See also[edit]
Book: Roxette
Further information: List of songs recorded by Roxette
Join the Flumeride – a mockumentary of two fictional bands parodying Roxette and Gyllene Tider, and featuring a cameo appearance by Per Gessle.
List of artists who reached number one in the United States
List of bands named after other performers' songs
List of best-selling music artists
List of Billboard number-one singles
List of Swedes in music
Swedish popular music
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Sources
Lundgren, Larz; Wikström, Jan-Owe (1992). Roxette: The Book. ISBN 91-46-16211-9.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roxette.
Official website (in Swedish)
Roxette discography at MusicBrainz
[show]
v
t
e
Roxette
Per Gessle
Marie Fredriksson
Studio albums
Pearls of Passion
Look Sharp!
Joyride
Tourism
Crash! Boom! Bang!
Have a Nice Day
Room Service
Charm School
Travelling
Good Karma
Compilations
Rarities
Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus!
Baladas en español
The Ballad Hits
The Pop Hits
A Collection of Roxette Hits: Their 20 Greatest Songs!
The Rox Box/Roxette 86–06
The Biggest Hits XXX
The RoxBox!: A Collection of Roxette's Greatest Songs
Remix albums
Dance Passion
Live albums
Live: Travelling the World
Videography
Sweden Live
Look Sharp Live
The Videos
Live-Ism
Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus! – Roxette's Greatest Video Hits
Crash! Boom! Live!
All Videos Ever Made & More!
Ballad & Pop Hits
Concert tours
Rock runt riket Tour
Look Sharp! Live Tour
Join the Joyride! Tour
Crash! Boom! Bang! Tour
Room Service Tour
The Neverending World Tour
Related articles
Discography
Songs
Clarence Öfwerman
Christoffer Lundquist
Gyllene Tider
The Lonely Boys
Helena Josefsson
Dea Norberg
Book:Roxette
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Roxette singles
Pearls of Passion
"Neverending Love"
"Goodbye to You"
"Soul Deep"
"I Call Your Name"
Look Sharp!
"Dressed for Success"
"Listen to Your Heart"
"Chances"
"The Look"
"Dangerous"
Joyride
"Joyride"
"Fading Like a Flower (Every Time You Leave)"
"The Big L."
"Spending My Time"
"Church of Your Heart"
Tourism
"How Do You Do!"
"Queen of Rain"
"Fingertips '93"
Crash! Boom! Bang!
"Sleeping in My Car"
"Crash! Boom! Bang!"
"Fireworks"
"Run to You"
"Vulnerable"
Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus!
"You Don't Understand Me"
"The Look '95"
"June Afternoon"
"She Doesn't Live Here Anymore"
Baladas en español
"Un día sin ti"
"No sé si es amor"
Have a Nice Day
"Wish I Could Fly"
"Anyone"
"Stars"
"Salvation"
Room Service
"The Centre of the Heart"
"Real Sugar"
"Milk and Toast and Honey"
Charm School
"She's Got Nothing On (But the Radio)"
"Speak to Me"
"Way Out"
Travelling
"It's Possible"
Good Karma
"It Just Happens"
"Some Other Summer"
"Why Don't You Bring Me Flowers?"
Soundtrack
"It Must Have Been Love"
"Almost Unreal"
Other
"A Thing About You"
"Opportunity Nox"
"One Wish"
"Reveal"
"The Sweet Hello, the Sad Goodbye" (Bassflow Remake)
"The Look" (2015 Remake)
Related articles
Singles discography
Book: Roxette
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 142035861
LCCN: n91116086
ISNI: 0000 0001 2309 2874
GND: 2126184-2
SELIBR: 228502
SUDOC: 083488111
BNF: cb13906252c (data)
MusicBrainz: d3b2711f-2baa-441a-be95-14945ca7e6ea
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roxette&oldid=814955969"
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text:
Fibula
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the ancient jewelry type, see Fibula (brooch).
Fibula
Position of fibula in human male (shown in red)
Cross section of human lower leg, showing fibula in centre (latin terminology)
Details
Pronunciation
/ˈfɪbjʊlə/[1][2]
Articulations
Superior and inferior tibiofibular joint
Ankle
Identifiers
Latin
(os) fibula
MeSH
A02.835.232.043.650.321
TA
A02.5.07.001
FMA
24479
Anatomical terms of bone
[edit on Wikidata]
The fibula or calf bone is a leg bone located on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones, and, in proportion to its length, the slenderest of all the long bones. Its upper extremity is small, placed toward the back of the head of the tibia, below the level of the knee joint, and excluded from the formation of this joint. Its lower extremity inclines a little forward, so as to be on a plane anterior to that of the upper end; it projects below the tibia, and forms the lateral part of the ankle-joint.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Blood supply
1.2 Development
1.3 Head
1.4 Body
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Fractures
4 History
4.1 Etymology
5 Other animals
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Structure[edit]
The bone has the following components:
Lateral malleolus
Interosseous membrane connecting the fibula to the tibia, forming a syndesmosis joint
The superior tibiofibular articulation is an arthrodial joint between the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head of the fibula.
The inferior tibiofibular articulation (tibiofibular syndesmosis) is formed by the rough, convex surface of the medial side of the lower end of the fibula, and a rough concave surface on the lateral side of the tibia.
Blood supply[edit]
The blood supply is important for planning free tissue transfer because the fibula is commonly used to reconstruct the mandible. The shaft is supplied in its middle third by a large nutrient vessel from the fibular artery. It is also perfused from its periosteum which receives many small branches from the fibular artery. The proximal head and the epiphysis are supplied by a branch of the anterior tibial artery. In harvesting the bone the middle third is always taken and the ends preserved (4 cm proximally and 6 cm distally)
Development[edit]
The fibula is ossified from three centers, one for the shaft, and one for either end. Ossification begins in the body about the eighth week of fetal life, and extends toward the extremities. At birth the ends are cartilaginous.
Ossification commences in the lower end in the second year, and in the upper about the fourth year. The lower epiphysis, the first to ossify, unites with the body about the twentieth year; the upper epiphysis joins about the twenty-fifth year.
Head[edit]
The upper extremity or head of the fibula is of an irregular quadrate form, presenting above a flattened articular surface, directed upward, forward, and medialward, for articulation with a corresponding surface on the lateral condyle of the tibia. On the lateral side is a thick and rough prominence continued behind into a pointed eminence, the apex (styloid process), which projects upward from the posterior part of the head.
The prominence, at its upper and lateral part, gives attachment to the tendon of the biceps femoris and to the fibular collateral ligament of the knee-joint, the ligament dividing the tendon into two parts.
The remaining part of the circumference of the head is rough, for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. It presents in front a tubercle for the origin of the upper and anterior fibers of the peroneus longus, and a surface for the attachment of the anterior ligament of the head; and behind, another tubercle, for the attachment of the posterior ligament of the head and the origin of the upper fibers of the soleus.
Body[edit]
The body of the fibula presents four borders - the antero-lateral, the antero-medial, the postero-lateral, and the postero-medial; and four surfaces - anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral.
Borders
The antero-lateral border begins above in front of the head, runs vertically downward to a little below the middle of the bone, and then curving somewhat lateralward, bifurcates so as to embrace a triangular subcutaneous surface immediately above the lateral malleolus. This border gives attachment to an intermuscular septum, which separates the extensor muscles on the anterior surface of the leg from the peronaei longus and brevis on the lateral surface.
The antero-medial border, or interosseous crest, is situated close to the medial side of the preceding, and runs nearly parallel with it in the upper third of its extent, but diverges from it in the lower two-thirds. It begins above just beneath the head of the bone (sometimes it is quite indistinct for about 2.5 cm. below the head), and ends at the apex of a rough triangular surface immediately above the articular facet of the lateral malleolus. It serves for the attachment of the interosseous membrane, which separates the extensor muscles in front from the flexor muscles behind.
The postero-lateral border is prominent; it begins above at the apex, and ends below in the posterior border of the lateral malleolus. It is directed lateralward above, backward in the middle of its course, backward, and a little medialward below, and gives attachment to an aponeurosis which separates the peronaei on the lateral surface from the flexor muscles on the posterior surface.
The postero-medial border, sometimes called the oblique line, begins above at the medial side of the head, and ends by becoming continuous with the interosseous crest at the lower fourth of the bone. It is well-marked and prominent at the upper and middle parts of the bone. It gives attachment to an aponeurosis which separates the tibialis posterior from the soleus and flexor hallucis longus.
Surfaces
The anterior surface is the interval between the antero-lateral and antero-medial borders. It is extremely narrow and flat in the upper third of its extent; broader and grooved longitudinally in its lower third; it serves for the origin of three muscles: the extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, and peroneus tertius.
The posterior surface is the space included between the postero-lateral and the postero-medial borders; it is continuous below with the triangular area above the articular surface of the lateral malleolus; it is directed backward above, backward and medialward at its middle, directly medialward below. Its upper third is rough, for the origin of the soleus; its lower part presents a triangular surface, connected to the tibia by a strong interosseous ligament; the intervening part of the surface is covered by the fibers of origin of the flexor hallucis longus. Near the middle of this surface is the nutrient foramen, which is directed downward.
The medial surface is the interval included between the antero-medial and the postero-medial borders. It is grooved for the origin of the tibialis posterior.
The lateral surface is the space between the antero-lateral and postero-lateral borders. It is broad, and often deeply grooved; it is directed lateralward in the upper two-thirds of its course, backward in the lower third, where it is continuous with the posterior border of the lateral malleolus. This surface gives origin to the peronaei longus and brevis.
Position of fibula (shown in red)
Shape of fibula (right)
Diagram which depicts ossification of human fibula.
Lower extremity of right fibula. Medial aspect.
Ankle joint. Deep dissection.
Knee and tibiofibular joint.Deep dissection. Anterior view.
Function[edit]
The fibula does not carry any significant load (weight) of the body. It extends past the lower end of the tibia and forms the outer part of the ankle providing stability to this joint. It has grooves for certain ligaments which gives them leverage and multiplies the muscle force. It provides attachment points for the following muscles:
Muscle attachments (seen from the front)
Muscle attachments (seen from the back)
Muscle Direction Attachment[3]
Biceps femoris muscle Insertion Head of fibula
Extensor hallucis longus muscle Origin Medial side of fibula
Extensor digitorum longus muscle Origin Proximal part of the medial side of fibulua
Fibularis tertius Origin Distal part of the medial side of fibulua
Fibularis longus Origin Head and the lateral side of fibula
Fibularis brevis Origin Distal 2/3 of the lateral side of fibula
Soleus muscle Origin Proximal 1/3 of the posterior side of fibula
Tibialis posterior muscle Origin Lateral part of the posterior side of fibula
Flexor hallucis longus muscle Origin Posterior side of fibula
Clinical significance[edit]
Fractures[edit]
The most common type of fibula fracture is located at the distal end of the bone, and is classified as ankle fracture. In the Danis–Weber classification it has three categories:[4]
Type A: Fracture of the lateral malleolus, distal to the syndesmosis (the connection between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula).
Type B: Fracture of the fibula at the level of the syndesmosis
Type C: Fracture of the fibula proximal to the syndesmosis.
A Maisonneuve fracture is a spiral fracture of the proximal third of the fibula associated with a tear of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis and the interosseous membrane. There is an associated fracture of the medial malleolus or rupture of the deep deltoid ligament.
An avulsion fracture of the head of the fibula refers to the fracture of the fibular head because of a sudden contraction of the biceps femoris muscle that pulls its site of attachment on the bone. The attachment of the biceps femoris tendon on the fibular head is closely related to the lateral collateral ligament of the knee. Therefore, this ligament is prone to injury in this type of avulsion fracture.[5]
History[edit]
Etymology[edit]
The word fibula can be dated back to c. 1670 to describe a clasp or brooch – see fibula (brooch) – and was first used in English for the smaller bone in the lower leg c. 1706. It derives from Latin fībula, also meaning a clasp or brooch. The bone was so called because it resembles a clasp like a modern safety pin.[6]
Other animals[edit]
Because the fibula bears relatively little weight in comparison with the tibia, it is typically narrower in all but the most primitive tetrapods. In many animals, it still articulates with the posterior part of the lower extremity of the femur, but this feature is frequently lost (as it is in humans). In some animals, the reduction of the fibula has proceeded even further than it has in humans, with the loss of the tarsal articulation, and, in extreme cases (such as the horse), partial fusion with the tibia.[7]
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Peroneal
References[edit]
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Jump up ^ OED 2nd edition, 1989.
Jump up ^ Entry "fibula" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Bojsen-Møller, Finn; Simonsen, Erik B.; Tranum-Jensen, Jørgen (2001). Bevægeapparatets anatomi [Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus] (in Danish) (12th ed.). pp. 364–367. ISBN 978-87-628-0307-7.
Jump up ^ Mcrae, Ronald; Esser, Max. Practical Fracture Treatment (Fifth ed.). p. 382. ISBN 978-0-443-06876-8.
Jump up ^ Gottsegen, CJ; Eyer, BA; White, EA; Learch, TJ; Forrester, D (2008). "Avulsion fractures of the knee: imaging findings and clinical significance". Radiographics. 28 (6): 1755–1770. doi:10.1148/rg.286085503. PMID 18936034.
Jump up ^ etymonline.com
Jump up ^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 205. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fibula (bone).
Look up fibula in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Anatomy photo:17:st-1402 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
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