text:
Vulcan salute
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Leonard Nimoy demonstrating the Vulcan salute
The Vulcan salute is a hand gesture popularized by the 1960s television series Star Trek. It consists of a raised hand with the palm forward and the thumb extended, while the fingers are parted between the middle and ring finger.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Gallery
3 "Live long and prosper"
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Background[edit]
The Vulcan salute was devised by Leonard Nimoy, who portrayed the half-Vulcan character Mr. Spock on the original Star Trek television series. A 1968 New York Times interview described the salute or greeting gesture as a "double-fingered version of Churchill's victory sign". Nimoy said in that interview that he "decided that the Vulcans were a 'hand-oriented' people".[1]
The salute first appeared in 1967 on the Star Trek second season opening episode, "Amok Time". Among other things, the gesture is known for being difficult for certain people to do properly without practice or the covert pre-positioning of the fingers, and actors on the original show reportedly had to position their fingers off-screen with the other hand before raising their hand into frame. This difficulty may stem from variations in individuals' manual dexterity. Its reputation is parodied in the motion picture Star Trek: First Contact when Zefram Cochrane, upon meeting a Vulcan for the first time in human history, is unable to return the Vulcan salute gesture and instead shakes the Vulcan's hand.
The blessing gesture which is the inspiration for the Vulcan salute
In his autobiography I Am Not Spock, Nimoy wrote that he based it on the Priestly Blessing performed by Jewish Kohanim with both hands, thumb to thumb in this same position, representing the Hebrew letter Shin (ש), which has three upward strokes similar to the position of the thumb and fingers in the salute. The letter Shin here stands for El Shaddai, meaning "Almighty (God)", as well as for Shekinah and Shalom. Nimoy wrote that when he was a child, his grandfather took him to an Orthodox synagogue, where he saw the blessing performed and was impressed by it.[2]
Others often greeted Nimoy with the salute,[3] which became so well-known that in June 2014 it was added to version 7 of the Unicode standard as U+1F596 🖖 RAISED HAND WITH PART BETWEEN MIDDLE AND RING FINGERS.[4][5]
The White House referenced the salute in its statement on Leonard Nimoy's death, calling it "the universal sign for 'Live long and prosper'."[6] The following day, NASA astronaut Terry W. Virts posted a photo on his Twitter feed from the International Space Station showing the hand gesture (with the Earth in the background) as the ISS passed over Nimoy's birthplace of Boston, Massachusetts, United States.[7]
Gallery[edit]
NASA astronaut Terry W. Virts performs the Vulcan salute from the International Space Station on February 27, 2015, shortly after hearing of Nimoy's death. Nimoy's home town of Boston is seen directly below.
ESA astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti on Feb. 28, 2015 tweeted this photo in a final salute to Leonard Nimoy.
George Takei, a colleague of Nimoy who portrayed the Star Trek character Hikaru Sulu in the original series, salutes a crowd in 2011.
Star Trek actor and writer Simon Pegg giving a Vulcan salute in 2016.
"Live long and prosper"[edit]
The accompanying spoken blessing, "live long and prosper" – "dif-tor heh smusma" in the Vulcan language (as spoken in Star Trek: The Motion Picture) – also appeared for the first time in "Amok Time", scripted by Theodore Sturgeon.[8] The less-well-known reply is "peace and long life", though it is sometimes said first, with "live long and prosper" as the reply. In science fiction, the phrase 'live long' first appeared in print in 1957 in Eric Frank Russell's science fiction novel Wasp where it was used both as a greeting and as a farewell by a species of aliens called the Sirians.[citation needed] The phrase has been seen abbreviated "LLAP".[9][10][11]
An ancient Egyptian blessing "ankh wedja seneb", while its verbatim translation is uncertain, uses the three symbols "life", "prosperity" and "health"; it has been translated as "may he live, be prosperous, be healthy."[12] The New International Version of the Bible, Deuteronomy 5:33, includes the phrase "live and prosper" as part of Moses' admonitions to the Hebrew people prior to entering Canaan; other translations include the notion of long life as well.[13] William Shakespeare's 1594 Romeo and Juliet contains the line, "Live and be prosperous: and farewell good fellow", spoken by Romeo to Balthasar, his friend and servant.[14][15] The benediction "live and prosper" is attributed to the 18th-century organized crime figure Jonathan Wild in his 1725 biography written by "H.D.," possibly a pseudonym for Daniel Defoe.[16]
In Trilby, by George du Maurier (published in 1894), a description of an art student ends with the sentence, "May he live long and prosper!"[17]
See also[edit]
Star Trek portal
Judaism portal
Vulcan changeup, baseball pitch
Open Hand Monument, conceived in 1948 by Le Corbusier, developed in 1964, and completed in 1985
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Diehl, Digby (1968-08-25). "Girls All Want To Touch The Ears". The New York Times. p. 173. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Leonard Nimoy: 'Star Trek' fans can be scary". Hero Complex. Los Angeles Times. May 11, 2009. Retrieved May 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ Burr, Ty (2015-02-27). "Leonard Nimoy, 83; was TV's iconic Mr. Spock". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
Jump up ^ West, Andrew (October 20, 2013). "What's new in Unicode 7.0?". Retrieved January 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Unicode 7.0 introduces 2,834 new characters, including 250 emoji". Ars Technica.
Jump up ^ "Statement by the President on the Passing of Leonard Nimoy". whitehouse.gov.
Jump up ^ "☀ Astronaut Pays Perfect Tribute To Spock From Outer Space ☀ - Ebuzz New - US Top News, Photos, Videos, Live Buzz & Breaking News". ebuzznew.com.
Jump up ^ "Theodore Sturgeon". Gary Westfahl's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Film. The SF Site. Archived from the original on 2009-09-13. Retrieved 2015-03-30. In that episode, [Sturgeon] also wrote one of the series' standard catchphrases, the Vulcan greeting 'Live long and prosper.'
Jump up ^ Leonard Nimoy (2015-02-22). "@TheRealNimoy". Twitter. Archived from the original on 2015-03-06. Retrieved 2015-03-04. A life is like a garden. Perfect moments can be had, but not preserved, except in memory. LLAP
Jump up ^ "Leonard Nimoy Dies at the age of 83". Renegade Cinema. 2015-02-27. Archived from the original on 2015-02-27. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
Jump up ^ "'Star Trek' Star Leonard Nimoy Dead At 83". The Huffington Post. 2015-02-27. Archived from the original on 2015-03-31. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
Jump up ^ Gardiner, Alan (1957). Egyptian Grammar. Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, p. 239
Jump up ^ New International Version, Holy Bible, Deuteronomy 5:33, copyright 2011 by Biblica, Inc.
Jump up ^ Act V. Sc iii. Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare, William. Folger Shakespeare Library Edition. 1992.
Jump up ^ Shakespeare, William (1594). "Romeo and Juliet, Act V, Scene 3 :|: Open Source Shakespeare". opensourceshakespeare.org. George Mason University. Archived from the original on 2013-09-29. Retrieved 2015-03-30. Romeo: So shalt thou show me friendship. Take thou that: Live, and be prosperous: and farewell, good fellow.
Jump up ^ Originally published in 1725 by T. Warner in London. H. D. late Clerk to Justice - H. D., Defoe, Daniel, attributed name (October 2007) [1725]. The Life of Jonathan Wild, from His Birth to His Death (2nd ed.). Ann Arbor, MI, US: University of Michigan. p. 24. Archived from the original on 2014-08-09. Retrieved 2015-03-30. Before the Sessions, Jonathan, tho' retain'd on the other Side of the Cause; visits Mr. Powell, tells him of the dangerous Circumstances he was in, and at the same Time enquires into the Value of his personal Estate; the Thief apprehended his meaning, and made him sensible that forty Pounds should not part them, (for it seems this Fellow never came into Jonathan's Books) whereupon the Bargain was struck, the Money paid down, and Mr. Wild left him with this Blessing, Live and prosper. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ George Du Maurier (2009) [1894]. Trilby. Oxford University Press. p. 99. Also, he went into good society sometimes, with a dress-coat on, and a white tie, and his hair parted in the middle! But in spite of these blemishes on his otherwise exemplary record as an art student, he was the most delightful companion - the most affectionate, helpful, and sympathetic of friends. May he live long and prosper!
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vulcan salute.
Vulcan salute at Memory Alpha (a Star Trek wiki)
Gershom, Yonassan (2009). Jewish Themes in Star Trek. Archived from the original on 2012-07-05. Retrieved 28 February 2015. A page by Rabbi Yonassan Gershom, with photos and diagrams of how the Salute forms the Hebrew letter Shin, the use of the Blessing Hands gesture on Jewish gravestones and jewelry, etc.
Yiddish Book Center (Feb 27, 2015). "Nimoy Explains Origin of Vulcan Greeting". Wexler Oral History Project. Remembering Leonard Nimoy. New York Times. Leonard Nimoy on the Jewish provenance and cultural impact of the Vulcan salute
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Manuel (name)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Manuel is a male given name originating in the Hebrew name Immanu'el (עִמָּנוּאֵל, which means "God with us."[1] It was possibly brought from the Byzantine Empire (as Μανουήλ) to Spain and Portugal, where it has been used since at least the 13th century.[2] Manuel is popular in Spanish, Portuguese and German. It is also used in Italian, French, Romanian, Greek (Latinized), Polish, Dutch and English, where Manny or Manu is used as a nickname.
Contents
[hide]
1 Middle Ages
2 Early modern
3 Modern given name
4 Surname
5 Fictional characters
6 See also
7 References
Middle Ages[edit]
Further information: Emanuel (name)
Manuel I Komnenos (1118–1180)
Manuel II Palaiologos (1350–1425)
Manuel I of Trebizond (1218–1263)
Manuel II of Trebizond (1324–1333)
Manuel III of Trebizond (1364–1417)
Manuel I of Portugal (1469–1521)
Manuel II of Portugal (1889–1932)
Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém, Portuguese prince, son of Peter II of Portugal
Manuel of Castile (1234–1283), son of Ferdinand III of Castile
Manuel I, patriarch of Constantinople in 1216–22
Manuel II, patriarch of Constantinople in 1244–55
Manuel Christonymos, birth name of Patriarch Maximus III of Constantinople, reigned 1476–1482
Early modern[edit]
Manuel da Nóbrega (1517–1570), Portuguese Jesuit and missionary in the early Colonial Brazil
Manuel, Prince of Portugal (1531–1537), son of John III of Portugal
Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage (1765–1805), Portuguese poet
Manuel Cardoso (1566–1650), Portuguese composer
Manuel Belgrano (1770–1820), Argentine politician and military leader during the Argentine War of Independence
Manuel Pinto da Fonseca (1681–1773), Portuguese nobleman and Grand Master of the Order of Malta
Modern given name[edit]
Patriarchs of Lisbon
Manuel II, 14th. cardinal-patriarch of Lisbon (1929–71)
Manuel III, 17th. cardinal-patriarch of Lisbon (since 2013) -current-
Manuel Agogo (born 1979, English-Ghanaian football player
Manuel Alegre (born 1936), Portuguese poet
Manuel Bandeira (1886–1968), Brazilian writer
Manuel Cuevas (born 1933), fashion designer, known simply as "Manuel"
Manuel Fettner (born 1985), Austrian ski jumper
Manuel Teixeira Gomes (1860–1941), Portuguese politician and writer, 7th President of Portugal
Manuel Göttsching (born 1952), German musician, member of Ash Ra Tempel
Manuel Hassassian (born 1953), is an Armenian-Palestinian professor
Manuel Machata (born 1984), German bobsledder and World Champion of 2011
Manuel Mamikonian was the real leader of Armenia after the death of King Varasdates (Varazdat).
Manuel Morales (basketball) (born 1987), Peruvian basketball player
Manuel Neuer (born 1986), German football goalkeeper
Manuel Noriega (born 1934), Panamanian dictator and criminal
Manoel de Oliveira (1908–2015), Portuguese film director
Manuel Pellegrini (born 1953), Chilean football manager
Manuel Pinho (born 1954), Portuguese politician and economist
Manuel Poppinger (born 1989), Austrian ski jumper
Manuel L. Quezón (1878–1944), first President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
Manny Ramírez (born 1972), Dominican-American Major League Baseball player
Manuel Rivera-Ortiz (born 1968), American photographer
Manuel Rocha, American diplomat
Manuel Acuña Roxas (1892–1948), first President of the Third Philippine Republic
Manuel Sanhouse (born 1975), Venezuelan football goalkeeper
Manuel Seco (born 1928), Spanish lexicographer
Manuel Tenenbaum (1934–2016), Uruguayan educator, historian and philanthropist.
Manuel Uribe (1965–2014), Mexican who was at one time considered to be the heaviest man in the world
Surname[edit]
Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena (1232–1328), Spanish noble and medieval writer, son of Infante Manuel of Castile
Niklaus Manuel (~1484–1530), Swiss painter
Louis Pierre Manuel (1751–1793), political figure of the French Revolution
Jacques-Antoine Manuel (1775–1827), French politician
Herman E. Manuel (1849–1918), American politician
Richard Manuel (1943–1986), Canadian composer, singer and multi-instrumentalist with The Band
Rob Manuel (born 1973), English developer/producer of humorous/miscellaneous web content
Rod Manuel (born 1974), American football player
Vic Manuel (born 1987), Filipino basketball player
Laurent Manuel, an American association football (soccer) player
Fictional characters[edit]
Manuel (Fawlty Towers), waiter in the BBC TV sitcom
Manny (Ice Age), a fictional bull wooly mammoth, who appears in the Ice Age movie series
Manny Calavera, protagonist of the adventure game Grim Fandango
Manny Pardo, a hard-boiled detective in the game Hotline Miami 2: Wrong Number
See also[edit]
Isaiah 7:14
List of names referring to El
This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/. JewishEncyclopedia.com
Jump up ^ http://www.behindthename.com/name/manuel
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_(name)&oldid=822543940"
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Portuguese masculine given names
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Volatility (chemistry)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In chemistry and physics, volatility is quantified by the tendency of a substance to vaporize. Volatility is directly related to a substance's vapor pressure. At a given temperature, a substance with higher vapor pressure vaporizes more readily than a substance with a lower vapor pressure.[1][2][3][4]
The term is primarily written to be applied to liquids; however, it may be used to describe the process of sublimation which is associated with solid substances, such as dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) and osmium tetroxide (OsO4), which can change directly from the solid state to a vapor, without becoming liquid.
A log-lin vapor pressure chart for various liquids
Contents
[hide]
1 Relations between vapor pressure, temperature, and boiling point
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Relations between vapor pressure, temperature, and boiling point[edit]
Main article: Vapor pressure
The vapor pressure of a substance is the pressure at which its gas phase is in equilibrium with its condensed phases (liquid or solid). It is a measure of the tendency of molecules and atoms to escape from a liquid or a solid. A liquid's atmospheric pressure boiling point corresponds to the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to the surrounding atmospheric pressure and it is often called the normal boiling point.
The higher the vapor pressure of a liquid at a given temperature, the higher the volatility and the lower the normal boiling point of the liquid. The vapor pressure chart (right hand side) displays the vapor pressures dependency for a variety of liquids as a function of temperature.[5]
For example, at any given temperature, chloromethane (methyl chloride) has the highest vapor pressure of any of the liquids in the chart. It also has the lowest normal boiling point (−24.2 °C), which is where the vapor pressure curve (the blue line) intersects the horizontal pressure line of one atmosphere (atm) of absolute vapor pressure.
See also[edit]
Clausius–Clapeyron relation
Distillation
Fractional distillation
Partial pressure
Raoult's law
Relative volatility
Vapor–liquid equilibrium
Volatile organic compound
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gases and Vapor (University of Kentucky website)
Jump up ^ Definition of Terms (University of Victoria website)
Jump up ^ James G. Speight (2006). The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum (4th ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-9067-8.
Jump up ^ Kister, Henry Z. (1992-02-01). Distillation Design (1st ed.). McGraw-hill. ISBN 978-0-07-034909-4.
Jump up ^ Perry, R.H. and Green, D.W. (Editors); Don W. Green; James O. Maloney (1997). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-049841-9. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
External links[edit]
Volatility from ilpi.com
Definition of volatile from Wiktionary
[hide]
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States of matter (list)
State
Solid
Liquid
Gas / Vapor
Plasma
Low energy
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Vaporization
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Quantities
Enthalpy of fusion
Enthalpy of sublimation
Enthalpy of vaporization
Latent heat
Latent internal energy
Trouton's ratio
Volatility
Concepts
Binodal
Compressed fluid
Cooling curve
Equation of state
Leidenfrost effect
Macroscopic quantum phenomena
Mpemba effect
Order and disorder (physics)
Spinodal
Superconductivity
Superheated vapor
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Thermo-dielectric effect
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Baby Talk (How I Met Your Mother)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.
Find sources: "Baby Talk" How I Met Your Mother – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (December 2015)
"Baby Talk"
How I Met Your Mother episode
Episode no.
Season 6
Episode 6
Directed by
Pamela Fryman
Written by
Joe Kelly
Production code
6ALH07
Original air date
October 25, 2010 (2010-10-25)
Guest appearance(s)
Laura Bell Bundy as Becky
Matt Boren as Stuart
Virginia Williams as Claudia
Bill Fagerbakke as Marvin Eriksen Sr.
Suzie Plakson as Judy Eriksen
Emily Wilson as Marshall's Daughter
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Architect of Destruction" Next →
"Canning Randy"
"Baby Talk" is the sixth episode of the sixth season of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother, and the 118th episode overall. It aired on October 25, 2010.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Critical response
3 References
4 External links
Plot[edit]
Marshall and Lily visit Stuart and Claudia, who are having trouble naming their newborn baby. When Claudia and Stuart leave the room, Marshall and Lily both come up with names for the baby, although the names are different. They both decide that to solve this problem, they would both come up with names and present them to the other later on. Marshall comes up with boy names that Lily rejects because of her past experiences with trouble-making kindergarten boys and Lily comes up with girl names that Marshall rejects because of his experience with a hot girl and a stripper. A future fantasy has an older Barney hitting on and subsequently marrying their daughter. Marshall, worried that it might be a girl, consults his father on how to ensure that it will be a boy while Lily has been searching for ways to make sure it will be a girl. When they found out, they realize that they have no control over the gender and decide to give him/her the gender-neutral name Jamie. Lily rejects the name later because of a troublemaker named Jamie.
Becky, Robin's new, overly cheery co-anchor at Come On, Get Up New York! reveals that she is dating Ted. Robin takes issue with Ted dating a girl who uses baby talk, while Ted, Barney, and Marshall defend girls using baby talk as a way for men to feel more manly and protective. Robin states that women would never fly with a man using baby talk,and Barney tries and fails the baby talk play, Robin finds out that Ted finds dependent girls attractive and found Robin's independence and assertiveness off-putting. Robin asks Barney if he felt that he was needed by Robin during their relationship, but he thought her independence was awesome. Robin points out that there is a crazy woman in his apartment — she turns out to have come by Barney as he was indulging himself in ice cream, and responding to her in a childish manner, seduced Barney. Barney asks for Robin's help to get rid of the woman, and the independent Robin grabs Barney's decorative sword and heads into the bedroom.
At the end of the episode, Ted and Becky are in a park, and as Becky licks an ice cream cone, Ted notices her shoe is untied and bends down to tie it. He then notices a nearby father tying his daughter's shoe and breaks up with Becky.
Critical response[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2015)
DeAnn Welker of Television Without Pity gave the episode a score of A−.[1] The A.V. Club's Donna Bowman gave the episode a B+ rating.[2] Robert Canning of IGN gave the episode a rating of 7.5 out of 10.[3] Chris O'Hara of TVFanatic.com gave the episode a rating of 5 out of 5.[4]
References [edit]
Jump up ^ DeAnn Welker (2010-10-27). "How I Met Your Mother: Who's Your Daddy?". Television Without Pity. NBC Universal. Archived from the original on 2010-10-28.
Jump up ^ Donna Bowman (2010-10-25). "How I Met Your Mother "Baby Talk"". The A.V. Club. The Onion.
Jump up ^ Robert Canning (2010-10-26). "How I Met Your Mother: "Baby Talk" Review". IGN. News Corporation. Archived from the original on 13 December 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-04.
Jump up ^ Chris O'Hara (2010-10-26). "How I Met Your Mother Review: Not Jaime!". TV Fanatic. Archived from the original on 30 October 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-04.
External links[edit]
"Baby Talk" on IMDb
"Baby Talk" at TV.com
[hide]
v
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How I Met Your Mother episodes
Seasons
1
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4
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6
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Season 6
"Big Days"
"Cleaning House"
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"Architect of Destruction"
"Baby Talk"
"Canning Randy"
"Natural History"
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"Blitzgiving"
"The Mermaid Theory"
"False Positive"
"Bad News"
"Last Words"
"Oh Honey"
"Desperation Day"
"Garbage Island"
"A Change of Heart"
"Legendaddy"
"The Exploding Meatball Sub"
"Hopeless"
"The Perfect Cocktail"
"Landmarks"
"Challenge Accepted"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baby_Talk_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=819553626"
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Wave-cut platform
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Wave-cut platform at Southerndown, South Wales, UK
A wave-cut platform, shore platform, coastal bench, or wave-cut cliff is the narrow flat area often found at the base of a sea cliff or along the shoreline of a lake, bay, or sea that was created by erosion . Wave-cut platforms are often most obvious at low tide when they become visible as huge areas of flat rock. Sometimes the landward side of the platform is covered by sand, forming the beach, and then the platform can only be identified at low tides or when storms move the sand.
Contents
[hide]
1 Formation
2 Use of ancient examples
3 Usage of term 'wave-cut'
4 See also
5 References
Formation[edit]
The formation of a wave cut platform
Wave-cut platforms form when destructive waves hit against the cliff face, causing undercutting between the high and low water marks, mainly as a result of abrasion, corrosion and hydraulic action, creating a wave-cut notch. This notch then enlarges into a cave. The waves undermine this portion until the roof of the cave cannot hold due to the pressure and freeze-thaw weathering acting on it, and collapses, resulting in the cliff retreating landward. The base of the cave forms the wave-cut platform as attrition causes the collapsed material to be broken down into smaller pieces, while some cliff material may be washed into the sea. This may be deposited at the end of the platform, forming an off-shore terrace.
Because of the continual wave action, a wave-cut platform represents an extremely hostile environment and only the toughest of organisms can utilize such a niche.
Abrasion, Attrition and Hydraulic Action are the most common reason behind cliff erosion.
Use of ancient examples[edit]
Ancient wave-cut platforms provide evidence of past sea and lake levels. Raised and abandoned platforms, sometimes found behind modern beaches, are evidence of higher sea levels in the geological past,[1] and have been used to identify areas of isostatic adjustment. By using scientific dating methods, or examination of marine fossils found on the platform, it is possible to work out when the platform was formed, thus giving geographers and geologists information about sea levels at known times in the past. This has been used in the United Kingdom and other previously glaciated areas to calculate the rate at which land is rising now that it is no longer covered in ice.
Where the coastline itself is changing due to seismic action, there may be a series of platforms showing earlier sea levels and indicating the amount of uplift caused by various earthquakes.
Usage of term 'wave-cut'[edit]
According to Trenhaile,[2] Sunamura,[3] and Massalink and Hughes,[4] the term 'wave-cut platform' should no longer be used as it assumes that shore platforms are the result of wave action, which is not always true. Shore platforms, like comparable river and lake platforms, are erosional features that develop when removal of saprock and other debris by waves and currents leaves behind a bedrock surface below the water table.[5]
Raised beach and shore platform, Bleik, Norway
Shore platforms from Lake Bonneville (Pleistocene), Utah, United States
Shore platform at St Bees Head, UK
Jurassic wave-cut platform at Tedbury Camp, southern England
See also[edit]
Beach
Bench (geology)
Machair
Marine terrace
Raised beach
Raised shorelines
Strandflat
Terrace (geology)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wilson, M.A., Curran, H.A. and White, B. 1998: Paleontological evidence of a brief global sea-level event during the last interglacial. Lethaia 31: 241-250. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-12. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
Jump up ^ Trenhaile, A. S. 1987: The Geomorphology of Rock Coasts. (Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.) 393 pp.
Jump up ^ Sunamura, T., 1992. Geomorphology of rocky coasts. New York: John Wiley.
Jump up ^ Masselink, G and Hughes, M. 2003. Introduction to Coastal Processes and Geomorphology. Hodder Arnold
Jump up ^ Retallack, G.J. and Roering, J.J. 2012: Wave-cut or water-table platforms of rocky coasts and rivers? GSA Today 22(6), 4-9.
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The Secret of My Success (1987 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Secret of My Success
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Herbert Ross
Produced by
Herbert Ross
Screenplay by
Jim Cash
Jack Epps, Jr.
A.J. Carothers
Story by
A.J. Carothers
Starring
Michael J. Fox
Helen Slater
Richard Jordan
Margaret Whitton
Music by
David Foster
Cinematography
Carlo Di Palma
Edited by
Paul Hirsch
Production
company
Rastar
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
April 10, 1987 (1987-04-10)
Running time
111 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$12–18 million[1]
Box office
$110,996,879
The Secret of My Success (sometimes stylized as The Secret of My Succe$s) is a 1987 American comedy film produced and directed by Herbert Ross, and starring Michael J. Fox and Helen Slater. The screenplay was written by A.J. Carothers, Jim Cash and Jack Epps, Jr. from a story written by Carothers.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Soundtrack
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Box office
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Brantley Foster (Michael J. Fox) is a recent graduate of Kansas State University who moves to New York City where he has landed an entry level job as a financier. Upon arriving, he discovers that the company for which he is supposed to work has been taken over by a rival corporation. As a result, Brantley is laid off before he even starts working.
After several unsuccessful attempts to get another job, mostly because he is either overqualified or underqualified and has little experience, Brantley ends up working in the mailroom of the Pemrose Corporation, which is directed by his uncle, Howard Prescott (Richard Jordan), the CEO. Pemrose was founded by Howard's father-in-law; Howard received presidency of the company by marrying his boss's daughter, Vera Pemrose (Margaret Whitton).
Upon inspecting company reports, Brantley realizes that Howard and most of his fellow "suits" (executives) are making ineffective or detrimental decisions. After Brantley notices an empty office in the building due to one of Howard's frequent firings, he uses his access to the mailroom and his understanding of company processes to create the identity of Carlton Whitfield, a new executive. Brantley then assumes this role.
While handling two jobs (switching between casual wear and business suits in the elevator), Brantley also falls head-over-heels for Christy Wills (Helen Slater), a fellow financial wizard who recently graduated from Harvard. Brantley meets Vera after driving her home in a company limo (at his employer's request). Vera persuades Brantley to stay for a swim and seduces him by stripping off his swimsuit and having an underwater kiss before she rips off her swimsuit and ultimately swims naked with him. Upon seeing Howard arriving, Brantley and Vera realize they are related (albeit not by blood). Vera only seduced Brantley to get back at her husband for having an affair with a woman in his office. Brantley then gets changed as fast as he can and leaves the mansion without being seen by Howard.
Howard, without Brantley's knowledge, is having an affair with Christy. When Howard asks her to spy on Carlton Whitfield, Christy falls head-over-heels for "Whitfield", not knowing he is actually Brantley. The Pemrose Corporation is preparing to merge with the infamous Davenport Corporation. If Davenport Corporation merges with Pemrose, everyone gets fired. Howard, unaware that Whitfield and Brantley are one and the same person, suspects "Whitfield" is a spy for corporate raider Donald Davenport (Fred Gwynne). Brantley’s double identity is discovered when he, Christy, Vera and Howard end up in the same bedroom after a party at Howard’s home that all 4 are attending. Brantley and Christy end their budding relationship and Brantley gets sacked from his job he did as Whitfield, as does Christy for refusing to continue the affair with Howard.
While both Christy and Brantley are moving out of their offices, they end up in the same elevator and make up, conceiving a revenge plan with Vera. In the end, they raise enough cash, bonds, and stocks to wrest ownership of the Pemrose Corporation from Howard, and to proceed with a hostile takeover bid of Davenport's Corporation. Vera, already contemptuous of Howard for his counter-productive business practices, which were driving her father's empire into the ground, tells the board about his affair as well. She promptly replaces him with Brantley, with Jean, Christy and Melrose at his side. While security guards escort Howard and his aide, Art Thomas (Gerry Bamman), from the Pemrose Building, Brantley and Christy start planning their future together, personal as well as professional.
Cast[edit]
Michael J. Fox as Brantley Foster/Carlton Whitfield
Helen Slater as Christy Wills
Richard Jordan as Howard Prescott
Margaret Whitton as Vera Pemrose Prescott
John Pankow as Fred Melrose
Fred Gwynne as Donald Davenport
Gerry Bamman as Art Thomas
Carol Ann Susi as Jean
Drew Snyder as Burt Foster
Elizabeth Franz as Grace Foster
Christopher Murney as Barney Rattigan
Mercedes Ruehl as Sheila
Soundtrack[edit]
The Secret of My Success Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by Various Artists
Released
April 10, 1987 (1987-04-10)
Genre
Soundtrack
Label
MCA Records
Producer
David Foster
Neil Geraldo
Daryl Hall
Tom "T-Bone" Wolk
Arthur Barrow
Singles from The Secret of My Success Soundtrack
"The Secret of My Success"
Released: March 28, 1987
The soundtrack was released on LP and cassette tape on April 10, 1987.[2][3] Seven of the 10 tracks were produced, and either written or co-written, by David Foster, who also scored the film and has three tracks of his own on the album.
Not all of the songs featured in the film are included on the soundtrack, or, at least not in the same version. The film version of the song "The Secret of My Success" is slightly different, and also features a mini-instrumental version. The film version of "I Burn for You" does not feature vocals, whereas the soundtrack version does. The "Restless Heart" track from the film has a different title ("Something I Gotta Do"), and different lyrics than the soundtrack version.
Popular songs "Walking on Sunshine" by Katrina & The Waves and "Oh Yeah" by Yello are heard in the film but do not appear on the soundtrack.
The soundtrack peaked at #131 on the Billboard 200.[4]
The theme from the picture "The Secret of My Success", performed by Night Ranger, was one of the songs that competed for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song in 1988. The winner in question was "(I've Had) The Time of My Life", the central theme from Dirty Dancing, performed by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes.[5]
Track listing
"The Secret of My Success" (performed by Night Ranger)
"Sometimes the Good Guys Finish First" (performed by Pat Benatar)
"I Burn for You" (performed by Danny Peck and Nancy Shanks)
"Riskin' a Romance" (performed by Bananarama)
"Gazebo" (performed by David Foster)
"The Price of Love" (performed by Roger Daltrey)
"Water Fountain" (performed by David Foster)
"Don't Ask the Reason Why" (performed by Restless Heart)
"3 Themes" (performed by David Foster)
"Heaven and the Heartaches" (performed by Taxxi)
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The film received a mixed response from critics. Roger Ebert in the Chicago Sun-Times wrote, "The Secret of My Success seems trapped in some kind of time warp, as if the screenplay had been in a drawer since the 1950s and nobody bothered to update it." He concluded "Fox provides a fairly desperate center for the film. It could not have been much fun for him to follow the movie's arbitrary shifts of mood, from sitcom to slapstick, from sex farce to boardroom brawls."[6]
However, Vincent Canby, writing in the New York Times, felt it was "close to inspired when the ambitious Brantley finds himself leading two lives", although he noted that "Hanging over The Secret of My Success is the long shadow of Frank Loesser's classic musical How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying."[7]
The film holds a 58% "rotten" rating at website Rotten Tomatoes.[8]
Box office[edit]
The film opened on April 10, 1987, and debuted at number one at the box office, taking $7.8 million in its opening weekend.[9] It stayed at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was in the top ten films for 2 months. It grossed $66,995,000 in the US,[10] becoming the 7th highest-grossing film in the United States for the year 1987, and outgrossing such films as RoboCop, Predator, Lethal Weapon and Dirty Dancing. The film went on to gross an additional $44,001,000 worldwide, giving it a total of $110,996,879.[11] Additionally, the film made US$29,856,000 through video rentals.[12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficevoodoo.com/2015/02/the-secret-of-my-success-theres-no-such.html
Jump up ^ The Secret of My Success: Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack at Amazon.com
Jump up ^ "The Secret of My Success: Music From The Motion Picture Soundtrack credits". October 17, 1990 [1987]. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ The Secret of My Success: Music From The Motion Picture Soundtrack Billboard 200 at AllMusic. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000292/1988?ref_=ttawd_ev_1
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (April 10, 1987). "The Secret of My Success,". Chicago Sun Times. rogerebert.com. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Canby, Vincent (April 10, 1987). "The Secret of My Success". New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Secret of My Success-critics rating". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster, Inc. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Secret of My Success' No. 1 at the Box Office Spot". The New York Times. April 15, 1987. Retrieved November 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Secret of My Success box office figures". Nash Information Services, LLC. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Secret of My Success". Box Office Mojo. IMdb.com,Inc. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Secret of My Success box office data". The Numbers. Nash Information Services, LLC. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Secret of My Success (1987 film)
The Secret of My Success on IMDb
The Secret of My Success at AllMovie
The Secret of My Success on YouTube
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Herbert Ross
Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969)
The Owl and the Pussycat (1970)
T.R. Baskin (1971)
Play It Again, Sam (1972)
The Last of Sheila (1973)
Funny Lady (1975)
The Sunshine Boys (1975)
The Seven-Per-Cent Solution (1976)
The Turning Point (1977)
The Goodbye Girl (1977)
California Suite (1978)
Nijinsky (1980)
Pennies from Heaven (1981)
I Ought to Be in Pictures (1982)
Max Dugan Returns (1983)
Footloose (1984)
Protocol (1984)
The Secret of My Success (1987)
Dancers (1987)
Steel Magnolias (1989)
My Blue Heaven (1990)
True Colors (1991)
Undercover Blues (1993)
Boys on the Side (1995)
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1987 films
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American comedy films
American business films
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Films set in New York City
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List of Masters Tournament champions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Jack Nicklaus, six-time Masters champion in 1963, 1965, 1966, 1972, 1975, and 1986, which is a record, and he is one of three golfers to successfully defend his title. He is also one of five champions to win wire-to-wire, in 1972.
The Masters Tournament is a golf competition that was established in 1934, with Horton Smith winning the inaugural tournament.[1] The Masters is the first of four major championships to be played each year, with the final round of the Masters always being scheduled for the second Sunday in April.[2] The Masters is the only one of the four majors to use the same course every year; the Augusta National Golf Club.[3] Masters champions are automatically invited to play in the other three majors (the U.S. Open, the Open Championship (British Open), and the PGA Championship) for the next five years, and earn a lifetime invitation to the Masters. They also receive membership on the PGA Tour for the following five seasons and invitations to the Players Championship for the five years following their victory.[4] The champion also receives the "Green Jacket", the first one being won by Sam Snead in 1949. The champion takes the jacket home for a year and returns it thereafter. A multiple-time champion will only have one jacket unless his size changes dramatically.[5]
Jack Nicklaus holds the record for the most Masters victories, winning the tournament six times during his career. Nicklaus is also the oldest winner of the Masters: he was 46 years 82 days old when he won in 1986.[6] Nicklaus, Nick Faldo, and Tiger Woods co-hold the record for most consecutive victories with two. Woods was the youngest winner of the Masters, 21 years 104 days old when he won in 1997.[6] Woods also set the record for the widest winning margin (12 strokes), and the lowest winning score, with 270, 18 below par (-18) in 1997. The latter was equaled by Jordan Spieth in 2015.[7]
The highest winning score of 289 (+1) was originally set by Sam Snead in 1954, it was equalled by Jack Burke Jr. in 1956, and Zach Johnson in 2007.[7] Five golfers have won the Masters wire-to-wire; Craig Wood in 1941, Arnold Palmer in 1960, Nicklaus in 1972, Raymond Floyd in 1976, and Jordan Spieth in 2015.[8] Other players have led wire-to-wire if ties after a round are included, most recently Trevor Immelman in the 2008 Masters Tournament.
Contents
[hide]
1 Champions
1.1 By year
1.2 Multiple champions
1.3 By nationality
2 Notes
3 References
4 External links
Champions[edit]
By year[edit]
Arnold Palmer, four-time Masters Champion 1958, 1960, 1962, and 1964. He is one of five champions to win wire-to-wire with his victory in 1960.
Tiger Woods, four-time Masters Champion in 1997, 2001, 2002, and 2005, and is one of three golfers to successfully defend his title
Sam Snead, three-time Masters Champion in 1949, 1952, 1954
Gary Player, three-time Masters Champion in 1961, 1974, and 1978
Nick Faldo, three-time Masters Champion in 1989, 1990, and 1996, and is one of three golfers to successfully defend his title
Phil Mickelson, three-time Masters Champion in 2004, 2006, and 2010
Key
Tournament won in a playoff
Masters Tournament champions
Year
Country
Champion
Total score
To Par[9][a]
1934
USA ! United States Smith, HortonHorton Smith 284 004 !−4
1935
USA ! United States Sarazen, GeneGene Sarazen [c] 282 006 !−6
1936
USA ! United States Smith, HortonHorton Smith 285 003 !−3
1937
USA ! United States Nelson, ByronByron Nelson 283 005 !−5
1938
USA ! United States Picard, HenryHenry Picard 285 003 !−3
1939
USA ! United States Guldahl, RalphRalph Guldahl 279 009 !−9
1940
USA ! United States Demaret, JimmyJimmy Demaret 280 008 !−8
1941
USA ! United States Wood, CraigCraig Wood 280 008 !−8
1942
USA ! United States Nelson, ByronByron Nelson [d] 280 008 !−8
1943
&
—
None[b] &
—
&
—
1944
&
—
None &
—
&
—
1945
&
—
None &
—
&
—
1946
USA ! United States Keiser, HermanHerman Keiser 282 006 !−6
1947
USA ! United States Demaret, JimmyJimmy Demaret 281 007 !−7
1948
USA ! United States Harmon, ClaudeClaude Harmon 279 009 !−9
1949
USA ! United States Snead, SamSam Snead 282 006 !−6
1950
USA ! United States Demaret, JimmyJimmy Demaret 283 005 !−5
1951
USA ! United States Hogan, BenBen Hogan 280 008 !−8
1952
USA ! United States Snead, SamSam Snead 286 002 !−2
1953
USA ! United States Hogan, BenBen Hogan 274 014 !−14
1954
USA ! United States Snead, SamSam Snead [e] 289 +1
1955
USA ! United States Middlecoff, CaryCary Middlecoff 279 009 !−9
1956
USA ! United States Burke Jr., JackJack Burke Jr. 289 +1
1957
USA ! United States Ford, DougDoug Ford 283 005 !−5
1958
USA ! United States Palmer, ArnoldArnold Palmer 284 004 !−4
1959
USA ! United States Wall Jr., ArtArt Wall Jr. 284 004 !−4
1960
USA ! United States Palmer, ArnoldArnold Palmer 282 006 !−6
1961
RSA ! South Africa Player, GaryGary Player 280 008 !−8
1962
USA ! United States Palmer, ArnoldArnold Palmer [f] 280 008 !−8
1963
USA ! United States Nicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus 286 002 !−2
1964
USA ! United States Palmer, ArnoldArnold Palmer 276 012 !−12
1965
USA ! United States Nicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus 271 017 !−17
1966
USA ! United States Nicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus [g] 288 0 !E
1967
USA ! United States Brewer, GayGay Brewer 280 008 !−8
1968
USA ! United States Goalby, BobBob Goalby 277 011 !−11
1969
USA ! United States Archer, GeorgeGeorge Archer 281 007 !−7
1970
USA ! United States Casper, BillyBilly Casper [h] 279 009 !−9
1971
USA ! United States Coody, CharlesCharles Coody 279 009 !−9
1972
USA ! United States Nicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus 286 002 !−2
1973
USA ! United States Aaron, TommyTommy Aaron 283 005 !−5
1974
RSA ! South Africa Player, GaryGary Player 278 010 !−10
1975
USA ! United States Nicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus 276 012 !−12
1976
USA ! United States Floyd, RaymondRaymond Floyd 271 017 !−17
1977
USA ! United States Watson, TomTom Watson 276 012 !−12
1978
RSA ! South Africa Player, GaryGary Player 277 011 !−11
1979
USA ! United States Zoeller, FuzzyFuzzy Zoeller [i] 280 008 !−8
1980
ESP ! Spain Ballesteros, SeveSeve Ballesteros 275 013 !−13
1981
USA ! United States Watson, TomTom Watson 280 008 !−8
1982
USA ! United States Stadler, CraigCraig Stadler [j] 284 004 !−4
1983
ESP ! Spain Ballesteros, SeveSeve Ballesteros 280 008 !−8
1984
USA ! United States Crenshaw, BenBen Crenshaw 277 011 !−11
1985
GER ! West Germany Langer, BernhardBernhard Langer 282 006 !−6
1986
USA ! United States Nicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus 279 009 !−9
1987
USA ! United States Mize, LarryLarry Mize [k] 285 003 !−3
1988
SCO ! Scotland Lyle, SandySandy Lyle 281 007 !−7
1989
ENG ! England Faldo, NickNick Faldo [l] 283 005 !−5
1990
ENG ! England Faldo, NickNick Faldo [m] 278 010 !−10
1991
WAL ! Wales Woosnam, IanIan Woosnam 277 011 !−11
1992
USA ! United States Couples, FredFred Couples 275 013 !−13
1993
GER ! Germany Langer, BernhardBernhard Langer 277 011 !−11
1994
ESP ! Spain Olazábal, José MaríaJosé María Olazábal 279 009 !−9
1995
USA ! United States Crenshaw, BenBen Crenshaw 274 014 !−14
1996
ENG ! England Faldo, NickNick Faldo 276 012 !−12
1997
USA ! United States Woods, TigerTiger Woods 270 018 !−18
1998
USA ! United States O'Meara, MarkMark O'Meara 279 009 !−9
1999
USA ! Spain Olazábal, José MaríaJosé María Olazábal 280 008 !−8
2000
FIJ ! Fiji Singh, VijayVijay Singh 278 010 !−10
2001
USA ! United States Woods, TigerTiger Woods 272 016 !−16
2002
USA ! United States Woods, TigerTiger Woods 276 012 !−12
2003
CAN ! Canada Weir, MikeMike Weir [n] 281 007 !−7
2004
USA ! United States Mickelson, PhilPhil Mickelson 279 009 !−9
2005
USA ! United States Woods, TigerTiger Woods [o] 276 012 !−12
2006
USA ! United States Mickelson, PhilPhil Mickelson 281 007 !−7
2007
USA ! United States Johnson, ZachZach Johnson 289 +1
2008
RSA ! South Africa Immelman, TrevorTrevor Immelman 280 008 !−8
2009
ARG ! Argentina Cabrera, ÁngelÁngel Cabrera [p] 276 012 !−12
2010
USA ! United States Mickelson, PhilPhil Mickelson 272 016 !−16
2011
RSA ! South Africa Schwartzel, CharlCharl Schwartzel 274 014 !−14
2012
USA ! United States Watson, BubbaBubba Watson [q] 278 010 !−10
2013
AUS ! Australia Scott, AdamAdam Scott [r] 279 009 !−9
2014
USA ! United States Watson, BubbaBubba Watson 280 008 !−8
2015
USA ! United States Spieth, JordanJordan Spieth 270 018 !−18
2016
ENG ! England Willett, DannyDanny Willett 283 005 !−5
2017
SPA ! Spain García, SergioSergio García [s] 279 009 !−9
2018
! United States Reed, PatrickPatrick Reed 273 015 !−15
Multiple champions[edit]
Masters Tournament multiple champions
Golfer
Total
Years
Nicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus (USA)
6 1963, 1965, 1966, 1972, 1975, 1986
Palmer, ArnoldArnold Palmer (USA)
4 1958, 1960, 1962, 1964
Woods, TigerTiger Woods (USA)
4 1997, 2001, 2002, 2005
Demaret, JimmyJimmy Demaret (USA)
3 1940, 1947, 1950
Snead, SamSam Snead (USA)
3 1949, 1952, 1954
Player, GaryGary Player (RSA)
3 1961, 1974, 1978
Faldo, NickNick Faldo (ENG)
3 1989, 1990, 1996
Mickelson, PhilPhil Mickelson (USA)
3 2004, 2006, 2010
Smith, HortonHorton Smith (USA)
2 1934, 1936
Nelson, ByronByron Nelson (USA)
2 1937, 1942
Hogan, BenBen Hogan (USA)
2 1951, 1953
Watson, TomTom Watson (USA)
2 1977, 1981
Ballesteros, SeveSeve Ballesteros (ESP)
2 1980, 1983
Langer, BernhardBernhard Langer (GER)
2 1985, 1993
Crenshaw, BenBen Crenshaw (USA)
2 1984, 1995
Olazábal, José MaríaJosé María Olazábal (ESP)
2 1994, 1999
Watson, BubbaBubba Watson (USA)
2 2012, 2014
By nationality[edit]
Masters Tournament champions by nationality
Nationality
Wins
Winners
United States
60 37
Spain
5 3
South Africa
5 3
England
4 2
Germany
2 1
Scotland
1 1
Wales
1 1
Fiji
1 1
Canada
1 1
Argentina
1 1
Australia
1 1
Notes[edit]
a Par is a predetermined number of strokes that a golfer should require to complete a hole, a round (the sum of the total pars of the played holes), or a tournament (the sum of the total pars of each round). E stands for even, which means the tournament was completed in the predetermined number of strokes.[9]
b The 1943, 1944, and 1945 Masters Tournaments were not held because of World War II.
c Gene Sarazen won in a playoff against Craig Wood.
d Byron Nelson won in a playoff against Ben Hogan.
e Sam Snead won in a playoff against Ben Hogan.
f Arnold Palmer won in a playoff against Dow Finsterwald and Gary Player.
g Jack Nicklaus won in a playoff against Gay Brewer and Tommy Jacobs.
h Billy Casper won in a playoff against Gene Littler.
i Fuzzy Zoeller won in a playoff against Ed Sneed and Tom Watson.
j Craig Stadler won in a playoff against Dan Pohl.
k Larry Mize won in a playoff against Seve Ballesteros and Greg Norman.
l Nick Faldo won in a playoff against Scott Hoch.
m Nick Faldo won in a playoff against Raymond Floyd.
n Mike Weir won in a playoff against Len Mattiace.
o Tiger Woods won in a playoff against Chris DiMarco.
p Ángel Cabrera won in a playoff against Chad Campbell and Kenny Perry.
q Bubba Watson won in a playoff against Louis Oosthuizen.
r Adam Scott won in a playoff against Ángel Cabrera.
s Sergio García won in a playoff against Justin Rose.
References[edit]
General
"Masters Champions". Masters. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2011.
Specific
Jump up ^ "Significant Dates". Masters. Archived from the original on April 16, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008.
Jump up ^ "A Special Sunday". Augusta. April 11, 1998. Archived from the original on April 19, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Augusta's Special Aura". BBC Sport. April 5, 2002. Retrieved March 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Masters". Your Golf Travel. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ "US Masters: Did You Know?". BBC Sport. April 2, 2001. Retrieved March 3, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Champions". Masters. Archived from the original on January 19, 2008. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Scoring Statistics". Masters. Archived from the original on April 24, 2008. Retrieved April 21, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Masters records". Masters. Archived from the original on July 1, 2011. Retrieved June 21, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Scoring". BBC Sport. September 16, 2005. Retrieved September 23, 2008.
External links[edit]
Masters website
Augusta website
[show]
v
t
e
Major champions
Masters Tournament
U.S. Open
The Open Championship
PGA Championship
Grand Slam (golf)
[show]
v
t
e
Masters Tournaments
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
[show]
v
t
e
Masters Tournament champions
1934 Horton Smith
1935 Gene Sarazen†
1936 Horton Smith
1937 Byron Nelson
1938 Henry Picard
1939 Ralph Guldahl
1940 Jimmy Demaret
1941‡ Craig Wood
1942 Byron Nelson†
1943–45 cancelled due to World War II
1946 Herman Keiser
1947 Jimmy Demaret
1948 Claude Harmon
1949 Sam Snead
1950 Jimmy Demaret
1951 Ben Hogan
1952 Sam Snead
1953 Ben Hogan
1954 Sam Snead†
1955 Cary Middlecoff
1956 Jack Burke Jr.
1957 Doug Ford
1958 Arnold Palmer
1959 Art Wall Jr.
1960‡ Arnold Palmer
1961 Gary Player
1962 Arnold Palmer†
1963 Jack Nicklaus
1964 Arnold Palmer
1965 Jack Nicklaus
1966 Jack Nicklaus†
1967 Gay Brewer
1968 Bob Goalby
1969 George Archer
1970 Billy Casper†
1971 Charles Coody
1972‡ Jack Nicklaus
1973 Tommy Aaron
1974 Gary Player
1975 Jack Nicklaus
1976‡ Raymond Floyd
1977 Tom Watson
1978 Gary Player
1979 Fuzzy Zoeller†
1980 Seve Ballesteros
1981 Tom Watson
1982 Craig Stadler†
1983 Seve Ballesteros
1984 Ben Crenshaw
1985 Bernhard Langer
1986 Jack Nicklaus
1987 Larry Mize†
1988 Sandy Lyle
1989 Nick Faldo†
1990 Nick Faldo†
1991 Ian Woosnam
1992 Fred Couples
1993 Bernhard Langer
1994 José María Olazábal
1995 Ben Crenshaw
1996 Nick Faldo
1997 Tiger Woods
1998 Mark O'Meara
1999 José María Olazábal
2000 Vijay Singh
2001 Tiger Woods
2002 Tiger Woods
2003 Mike Weir†
2004 Phil Mickelson
2005 Tiger Woods†
2006 Phil Mickelson
2007 Zach Johnson
2008 Trevor Immelman
2009 Ángel Cabrera†
2010 Phil Mickelson
2011 Charl Schwartzel
2012 Bubba Watson†
2013 Adam Scott†
2014 Bubba Watson
2015‡ Jordan Spieth
2016 Danny Willett
2017 Sergio García†
2018 Patrick Reed
† indicates the event was won in a playoff; ‡ indicates the event was won wire-to-wire
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