text:
Rashidun
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Part of a series on
Islam
Beliefs[show]
Oneness of God
Prophets
Revealed books
Angels
Predestination
Day of Resurrection
Practices[show]
Profession of faith
Prayer
Fasting
Alms-giving
Pilgrimage
Texts and laws[show]
Quran
Sunnah
Hadith
Sharia (law)
Fiqh (jurisprudence)
Kalam (dialectic)
History[hide]
Timeline
Muhammad
Ahl al-Bayt
Sahabah
Rashidun
Imamate
Caliphate
Spread of Islam
Culture and society[show]
Calendar
Festivals
Academics
Art
Moral teachings
Children
Denominations
Feminism
Women
Madrasa
Mosque
Philosophy
Politics
Proselytizing
Animals
LGBT
Science
Demographics
Economics
Finance
Social welfare
Related topics[show]
Criticism of Islam
Islam and other religions
Islamism
Islamophobia
Glossary
Islam portal
v
t
e
[hide]
Part of a series on

Sunni Islam
Beliefs[show]
Monotheism
Prophets and messengers
Holy books
Angels
Judgement Day
Predestination
Five Pillars[show]
Declaration of Faith
Prayer
Charity
Fasting
Pilgrimage
Rightly-Guided Caliphs[show]
Abu Bakr
Umar ibn al-Khattab
Uthman ibn Affan
Ali ibn Abi Talib
Sunni schools of law[show]
Hanafi
Maliki
Shafi'i
Hanbali
Others
Zahiri
Awza'i
Thawri
Laythi
Jariri
Sunni schools of theology[show]
Ash'ari
Maturidi
Traditionalist
Others:
Mu'tazila
Murji'ah
Contemporary movements[show]
Ahl-i Hadith
Al-Ahbash
Barelvi
Deobandi
Islamic Modernism
Salafi movement
Wahhabism
Holy sites[show]
Jerusalem
Mecca
Medina
Mount Sinai
Lists[show]
Literature
Kutub al-Sittah
Islam portal
v
t
e
The Rashidun Caliphs (Rightly Guided Caliphs; Arabic: الخلفاء الراشدون al-Khulafāʾu ar-Rāshidūn), often simply called, collectively, "the Rashidun", is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the 30-year reign of the first four caliphs (successors) following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, namely: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali of the Rashidun Caliphate, the first caliphate. The concept of "Rightly Guided Caliphs" originated with the later Abbasid Caliphate based in Baghdad. It is a reference to the Sunni imperative "Hold firmly to my example (sunnah) and that of the Rightly Guided Caliphs" (Ibn Majah, Abu Dawood).[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Abu Bakr
1.2 Umar ibn al-Khattab
1.3 Uthman ibn Affan
1.4 Ali ibn Abi Talib
2 Military expansion
3 Social policies
3.1 Civil activities
3.2 Settlements
4 Muslim views
4.1 Sunni perspectives
4.2 Shi'ite tradition
5 Timeline
6 See also
7 Notes
8 External links
History[edit]
The names of the first four caliphs inscribed at the dome of Yeni Mosque in Eminönü, Istanbul. Construction was begun during the regency of Safiye Sultan and completed by Turhan Hatice Valide Sultan, the mother of Sultan Mehmed IV.
The first four Caliphs who ruled after the death of Muhammad are often described as the "Khulafāʾ Rāshidūn". The Rashidun were either elected by a council (see the election of Uthman and Islamic democracy) or chosen based on the wishes of their predecessor. In the order of succession, the Rāshidūn were:[2][3]
Abu Bakr (632–634 CE).
Umar ibn al-Khattab, (Umar І, 634–644 CE) – Umar is often spelled Omar in some Western scholarship.
Uthman ibn Affan (644–656 CE) – Uthman is often spelled Othman (or Osman) in some non-Arabic scholarship.
Ali ibn Abi Talib (656–661 CE) – During this period however, Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan (Muawiyah I) controlled the Levant and Egypt regions independently of Ali.
In addition to this, there are several views regarding additional rashidun:
Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib, who was the eldest son of Fatimah the daughter of Muhammad, briefly succeeded his father Ali as caliph in 661 CE and is recognized by several historians as part of the Rashidun.[4] Hasan ibn Ali abdicated his right to the caliphate in favour of Muawiyah I in order to end the potential for ruinous civil war.[2][3]
`Umar ibn `Abdul-`Aziz, who was one of the Umayyad caliphs, has often been regarded by Sunni historians as one of the Rashidun, as quoted by Taftazani. More rarely, the Ottoman caliph Fatih Sultan Mehmed (Mehmed II) is also sometimes regarded to be among the rightly guided caliphs. In the Ibadi tradition however, only the first two caliphs, Abu Bakr and Umar are considered to be the "Two Rightly Guided Caliphs".
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani also includes the Abbassid caliphs, including Harun al-Rashid, in his enumeration.
Abu Bakr[edit]
Main article: Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr (Abdullah ibn Abi Qahafa, (Arabic: عبد الله ابن أبي قحافة, translit. `Abdullāh bin Abī Quhāfah), c. 573 CE unknown exact date 634/13 AH) was a senior companion (Sahabi) and the father-in-law of Muhammad. He ruled over the Rashidun Caliphate from 632-634 CE when he became the first Muslim Caliph following Muhammad's death.[5] As caliph, Abu Bakr succeeded to the political and administrative functions previously exercised by Muhammad, since the religious function and authority of prophethood ended with Muhammad's death according to Islam. Abu Bakr was called As-Siddiq (Arabic: اَلـصِّـدِّيْـق, "The Truthful"),[6] and was known by that title among later generations of Muslims. He prevented the recently converted Muslims from dispersing, kept the community united, and consolidated Islamic grip on the region by containing the Ridda, while extending the Dar Al Islam all the way to the Red Sea.
Umar ibn al-Khattab[edit]
Main article: Umar
Umar
Family[hide]
Family tree of Umar
Umm Kulthum bint Ali (Wife)
Abdullah ibn Umar (son)
Hafsa bint Umar (Daughter)
Asim ibn Umar (son)
Views[hide]
Sunni view of Umar
Ten Promised Paradise
Shi'a view of Umar
Related articles[hide]
Rashidun Caliph
Succession to Muhammad
Succession to Abu Bakr
Military conquests
Reforms (Pact of Umar)
Category
Islam portal
v
t
e
Umar (Arabic: عمر ابن الخطاب, translit. `Umar ibn al-Khattāb, c. 586–590 – 644[6]:685) c. 2 Nov. (Dhu al-Hijjah 26, 23 Hijri[7]) was a leading companion and adviser to Muhammad, and became the second Muslim caliph after Muhammad's death and ruled for 10 years.[8] He succeeded Abu Bakr on 23 August 634 as the second caliph, and played a significant role in Islam. Under Umar the Islamic empire expanded at an unprecedented rate ruling the whole Sassanid Persian Empire and more than two thirds of the Eastern Roman Empire.[9] His legislative abilities, his firm political and administrative control over a rapidly expanding empire and his brilliantly coordinated multi-prong attacks against the Sassanid Persian Empire that resulted in the conquest of the Persian empire in less than two years, marked his reputation as a great political and military leader. Among his conquests are Jerusalem, Damascus, and Egypt.[10] He was killed by a Persian captive.
Uthman ibn Affan[edit]
Main article: Uthman ibn Affan
Uthman
The Generous – (Al Ghani)
Related articles[hide]
Rashidun Caliph
Family tree of Uthman
The election
Siege of Uthman
Uthman Quran
Military campaigns under Caliph Uthman
Category
Islam portal
v
t
e
`Uthman (Arabic: عثمان ابن عفان, translit. `Uthmān ibn `Affān) (c. 579 – 17 July 656) was one of the companions of Muhammad. Uthman was born into the Umayyad clan of Mecca, a powerful family of the Quraysh tribe. He became caliph at the age of 70. Under his leadership, the empire expanded into Fars (present-day Iran) in 650 and some areas of Khorasan (present-day Afghanistan) in 651, and the conquest of Armenia was begun in the 640s.[11] His rule ended when he was assassinated.
Uthman is perhaps best known for forming the committee which compiled the basic text of the Quran as it exists today,[12] based on text that had been gathered separately on parchment, bones and rocks during the lifetime of Muhammad and also on a copy of the Quran that had been collated by Abu Bakr and left with Muhammad's widow after Abu Bakr's death. The committee members were also reciters of the Quran and had memorised the entire text during the lifetime of Muhammad. This work was undertaken due to the vast expansion of Islam under Uthman's rule, which encountered many different dialects and languages. This had led to variant readings of the Quran for those converts who were not familiar with the language. After clarifying any possible errors in pronunciation or dialects, Uthman sent copies of the sacred text to each of the Muslim cities and garrison towns, and destroyed variant texts.[13]
Ali ibn Abi Talib[edit]
Main articles: Ali as Caliph and First Fitna
Part of a series on
Ali
Views[show]
Sunni view of Ali
Shi'a view of Ali
Life[show]
Marital life
Birthplace
First Fitna
Assassination
Timeline of Ali's life
Alids
Hadith of the pond of Khumm
Legacy[show]
Nahj al-Balagha
Al-Ghadir
Qalam-e-Mowla
Zulfiqar
Imam Ali Mosque
Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim
Perspectives[show]
Military career of Ali
Ali as Caliph
The Fourteen Infallibles
Imam (The Twelve Imams)
Ali in the Qur'an
Related articles[show]
Rashidun Caliph (Rashidun Caliph)
Succession to Muhammad
Category
Islam portal
v
t
e
Ali (Arabic: علي ابن أبي طالب, translit. `Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib) was a cousin of Muhammad. He was the second companion of Muhammad after Khadijah to accept Islam. He was only 10 years old at the time of his conversion. At the age of 21, he married Fatimah, Muhammed's youngest daughter by Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, and became a son-in-law of Muhammed. He had three sons (Hasan, Husayn, and Muhsin) and two daughters (Umm Kulthum and Zaynab) with Fatimah. He was a scribe of the Quran, who kept a written copy of it, and memorized its verses as soon as they were revealed. During the Khilafat (Arabic: خِـلَافَـة, Caliphate) of Uthman, Umar and Abu Bakr, he was part of the Majlis ash-Shura (Arabic: مَـجْـلِـس الـشُّـوْرَى) and took care of Medina in their absence.[citation needed]
After the death of Uthman, Medina was in political chaos for a number of days. After four days, when the rebels who assassinated Uthman felt that it was necessary that a new Khalifa should be elected before they left Medina, Many of the companions approached Ali to take the role of caliph, which he refused to do initially.[citation needed] The rebels then offered Khilafat to Talha and Zubair, who also refused. The Ansars also declined their offer to choose a new Khalifah. Thus, the rebels threatened to take drastic measures if a new Khalifah was not chosen within 24 hours. To resolve the issue, all Muslim leaders gathered at the mosque of the Prophet. They all agreed that the best person who fit all the qualities of a Caliph was Ali. Therefore, Ali was persuaded into taking the post. Talha and Zubair and some others then performed Bayʿah (Arabic: بَـيْـعَـة, Oath of allegiance, literally a "sale" or "commercial transaction") at Ali's hand, followed by a general Bayʿah on 25th of Dhil-Hijjah, 656 CE.
After his appointment as caliph, Ali dismissed several provincial governors, some of whom were relatives of Uthman, and replaced them with trusted aides such as Malik al-Ashtar. Ali then transferred his capital from Medina to Kufa, the Muslim garrison city in what is now Iraq. The capital of the province of Syria, that is Damascus, was governed by Mu'awiyah, who was a kinsman of Uthman, Ali's slain predecessor.[14]
His caliphate coincided with the First Fitna (civil war when Muslims were divided over who had the legitimate right to occupy the caliphate).[15] and which was ended, on the whole, by Mu'awiyah's assumption of the caliphate.
Ali was assassinated, and died on the 21st of Ramadan in the city of Kufa (Iraq) in 661 CE by Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam, a Kharijite who was later pardoned and left by Ali's son and successor, Hasan, according to Ali's will.[2][3]
Military expansion[edit]
Main article: Rashidun Caliphate § Military expansion
Further information: Arab–Byzantine wars
The Rashidun Caliphate greatly expanded Islam beyond Arabia, conquering all of Persia, besides Syria (637), Armenia (639), Egypt (639) and Cyprus (654).
Social policies[edit]
During his reign, Abu Bakr established the Bayt al-Mal (state treasury). Umar expanded the treasury and established a government building to administer the state finances.[16]
Upon conquest, in almost all cases, the caliphs were burdened with the maintenance and construction of roads and bridges in return for the conquered nation's political loyalty.[17]
Civil activities[edit]
Civil welfare in Islam started in the form of the construction and purchase of wells. During the caliphate, the Muslims repaired many of the aging wells in the lands they conquered.[18]
In addition to wells, the Muslims built many tanks and canals. Many canals were purchased, and new ones constructed. While some canals were excluded for the use of monks (such as a spring purchased by Talhah), and the needy, most canals were open to general public use. Some canals were constructed between settlements, such as the Saad canal that provided water to Anbar, and the Abi Musa Canal to provide water to Basra.[19]
During a famine, Umar ibn al-Khattab ordered the construction of a canal in Egypt connecting the Nile with the sea. The purpose of the canal was to facilitate the transport of grain to Arabia through a sea-route, hitherto transported only by land. The canal was constructed within a year by 'Amr ibn al-'As, and Abdus Salam Nadiv writes that "Arabia was rid of famine for all the times to come."[20]
After four floods hit Mecca after Muhammad's death, Umar ordered the construction of two dams to protect the Kaaba. He also constructed a dam near Medina to protect its fountains from flooding.[17]
Settlements[edit]
The area of Basra was very sparsely populated when it was conquered by the Muslims. During the reign of Umar, the Muslim army found it a suitable place to construct a base. Later the area was settled and a mosque was erected.[21][22][23]
Upon the conquest of Madyan, it was settled by Muslims. However, soon the environment was considered harsh, and Umar ordered the resettlement of the 40,000 settlers to Kufa. The new buildings were constructed from mud bricks instead of reeds, a material that was popular in the region, but caught fire easily.
During the conquest of Egypt the area of Fustat was used by the Muslim army as a base. Upon the conquest of Alexandria, the Muslims returned and settled in the same area. Initially the land was primarily used for pasture, but later buildings were constructed.[24]
Other already populated areas were greatly expanded. At Mosul, Arfaja al-Bariqi, at the command of Umar, constructed a fort, a few churches, a mosque and a locality for the Jewish population.[25]
Muslim views[edit]
The first four caliphs are particularly significant to modern intra-Islamic debates: for Sunni Muslims, they are models of righteous rule; for Shia Muslims, the first three of the four were usurpers. It is prudent to note here that accepted traditions of both Sunni and Shia Muslims detail disagreements and tensions between the four rightly guided caliphs.[citation needed]
Sunni perspectives[edit]
They were called the "Rightly-Guided" because they have been seen as model Muslim leaders by Sunni Muslims. This terminology came into a general use around the world, since Sunni Islam has been the dominant Islamic tradition, and for a long time it has been considered the most authoritative source of information about Islam in the Western world.[citation needed]
They were all close companions of Muhammad, and his relatives: the daughters of Abu Bakr and Umar were married to Muhammad, and three of Muhammad's daughters[citation needed] were married to Uthman and Ali. Likewise, their succession was not hereditary, something that would become the custom after them, beginning with the subsequent Umayyad Caliphate. Council decision or caliph's choice determined the successor originally.
Sunnis have long viewed the period of the Rashidun as exemplary and a system of governance—based upon Islamic righteousness and merit—they seek to emulate. Sunnis also equate this system with the worldly success that was promised by Allah, in the Quran and hadith, to those Muslims who pursued His pleasure; this spectacular success has further added to the emulatory appeal of the Rashidun era.[26][27][28]
Shi'ite tradition[edit]
According to Shi'ite Islam, the first caliph should have been Ali, followed by other Shi'ite Imams, like his sons Hasan and Husayn. Shi'te Muslims support this claim with ahadith like those of Ghadir Khumm (Arabic: غَـدِيْـر خُـمّ Pond of Khumm), his relationship to Muhammad being similar to that between Hārūn (Arabic: هَـارُوْن, Aaron) and Mūsā (Arabic: مُـوْسَى, Moses).
Timeline[edit]
Note that a caliph's succession does not necessarily occur on the first day of the new year.
See also[edit]
Hadith of the ten promised paradise
The Four Companions
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ admin@inter-islam.org. "Taraweeh: 8 or 20?". Inter-islam.org. Retrieved 2014-04-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c شبارو, عصام محمد (1995). First Islamic Arab State (1 – 41 AH/ 623 – 661 CE). 3. Arab Renaissance House – Beirut, Lebanon. p. 370.
^ Jump up to: a b c Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64696-0.
Jump up ^ "The Four Caliphs – SHAYKH AL ISLAM". Islam786.org. Retrieved 2014-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Abu Bakr - Muslim caliph".
^ Jump up to: a b Juan Eduardo Campo, "Encyclopedia of Islam", Infobase Publishing, 2009
Jump up ^ Ibn Kathir, "al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah", part 7.
Jump up ^ Ahmed, Nazeer, Islam in Global History: From the Death of Prophet Muhammad to the First World War, American Institute of Islamic History and Cul, 2001, p. 34. ISBN 0-7388-5963-X.
Jump up ^ Hourani, p. 23.
Jump up ^ "The Caliphate". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2014-04-16.
Jump up ^ Ochsenweld, William; Fisher, Sydney Nettleton (2004). The Middle East: a history (sixth ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-244233-6.
Jump up ^ "Hisorical Quranic Menuscript attributed to Hazrat Usman Ibn Afffan - Australian Islamic Library". Australian Islamic Library. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
Jump up ^ https://archive.org/download/MaarifulQuran/Introduction.pdf
Jump up ^ Shi'a: 'Ali Archived 2008-03-29 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Ref:
Lapidus (2002), p. 47
Holt (1977a), pp. 70–72
Tabatabaei (1979), pp.50–57
Jump up ^ Nadvi (2000), pg. 411
^ Jump up to: a b Nadvi (2000), pg. 408
Jump up ^ Nadvi (2000), pg. 403-4
Jump up ^ Nadvi (2000), pg. 405-6
Jump up ^ Nadvi (2000), pg. 407-8
Jump up ^ Netton, Ian Richard (2013-12-19). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Routledge. ISBN 9781135179601.
Jump up ^ Fidai, Rafi Ahmad; Shaikh, N. M. (2002-01-01). THE COMPANION OF THE HOLY PROPHET. Adam Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 9788174352231.
Jump up ^ Bennison, Amira K. (2011-07-30). The Great Caliphs: The Golden Age of the 'Abbasid Empire. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857720269.
Jump up ^ Nadvi (2000), pg. 416-7
Jump up ^ Nadvi (2000), pg. 418
Jump up ^ Jeffry R. Halverson (27 Apr 2010). Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 69. ISBN 9780230106581.
Jump up ^ Didier Fassin (31 Dec 2014). A Companion to Moral Anthropology (reprint ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 235. ISBN 9781118959503.
Jump up ^ Cristoffel A. O. van Nieuwenhuijze (1997). Paradise Lost: Reflections on the Struggle for Authenticity in the Middle East. BRILL. p. 28. ISBN 9789004106727.
External links[edit]
Media related to Rashidun Caliphs at Wikimedia Commons
Rashidun - Encyclopaedia Britannica
[show]
v
t
e
Rashidun Caliphs
Abu Bakr
Umar
Uthman ibn Affan
Ali
[show]
v
t
e
Islam topics
Outline of Islam
Beliefs
God in Islam
Tawhid
Muhammad
In Islam
Prophets of Islam
Five Pillars
Shahada
Salah
Sawm
Zakat
Hajj
History
Leaders
Timeline of Muslim history
Conquests
Golden Age
Historiography
Sahaba
Ahl al-Bayt
Shi'a Imams
Caliphates
Rashidun
Umayyad
Abbasid
Córdoba
Fatimid
Almohad
Sokoto
Ottoman
Religious texts
Quran
Sunnah
Hadith
Tafsir
Seerah
Denominations
Sunni
Shia
Ibadi
Black Muslims
Ahmadiyya
Quranism
Non-denominational
Life
Culture
Animals
Art
Calendar
Children
Clothing
Holidays
Mosques
Madrasas
Moral teachings
Music
Philosophy
Political aspects
Qurbani
Science
medieval
Social welfare
Women
LGBT
Islam by country
[show]
Law
Jurisprudence
Economics
Banking
Economic history
Sukuk
Takaful
Murabaha
Riba
Hygiene
Ghusl
Miswak
Najis
Tayammum
Toilet
Wudu
Marriage
Sex
Marriage contract
Mahr
Mahram
Masturbation
Nikah
Nikah Mut‘ah
Zina
Other aspects
Cleanliness
Criminal
Dhabiĥa
Dhimmi
Divorce
Diet
Ethics
Etiquette
Gambling
Gender segregation
Honorifics
Hudud
Inheritance
Jizya
Leadership
Ma malakat aymanukum
Military
POWs
Slavery
Sources of law
Theological
baligh
kalam
[show]
Islamic studies
Arts
Arabesque
Architecture
Calligraphy
Carpets
Gardens
Geometric patterns
Music
Pottery
Medieval science
Alchemy and chemistry
Astronomy
Cosmology
Geography and cartography
Mathematics
Medicine
Ophthalmology
Physics
Philosophy
Early
Contemporary
Eschatology
Theological
Other areas
Astrology
Creationism (evolution)
Feminism
Inventions
Liberalism and progressivism
Literature
poetry
Psychology
Shu'ubiyya
Conversion to mosques
Other religions
Christianity
Mormonism
Protestantism
Hinduism
Jainism
Judaism
Sikhism
Related topics
Apostasy
Criticism of Islam
Cultural Muslim
Islamism
Criticism
Post-Islamism
Qutbism
Salafi movement
Islamophobia
Incidents
Islamic terrorism
Islamic view of miracles
Domestic violence
Nursing
Persecution of Muslims
Quran and miracles
Symbolism
Islam portal
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rashidun&oldid=817549497"
Categories:
Rashidun caliphs
7th-century caliphs
People of the Rashidun Caliphate
Quartets
Rashidun Caliphate
Sunni Islam
Sahabah
Islamic terminology
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles needing additional references from June 2013
All articles needing additional references
NPOV disputes from June 2013
All NPOV disputes
Articles with multiple maintenance issues
Articles containing Arabic-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012
Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Acèh
العربية
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Bosanski
Cebuano
Čeština
Dansk
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
한국어
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
עברית
Basa Jawa
ქართული
Қазақша
Kurdî
Lietuvių
Magyar
مصرى
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
پښتو
Polski
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Tagalog
తెలుగు
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
Zazaki
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 December 2017, at 03:10.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: class role tabindex

values: mw-collapsible-toggle button 0

value: b

attrs: class href

attrs: href title

value: i

attrs: href class

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV

values:
mw-collapsible
width:95%; margin: 0.2em 0;

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values:
/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
mw-redirect
Imamah (Shia doctrine)

values: font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center;padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;

values:
/wiki/Muslim_holidays
mw-redirect
Muslim holidays

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;

values:
/wiki/File:Basmala.svg
image
Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim

values:
/wiki/Aqidah_(Islamic_theology)
mw-redirect
Aqidah (Islamic theology)

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values:
/wiki/Traditionalist_Theology_(Islam)
mw-redirect
Traditionalist Theology (Islam)

values:
/wiki/Arabic_language
mw-redirect
Arabic language

values:
/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam
mw-redirect
Prophets in Islam

values:
/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan
mw-redirect
Uthman ibn Affan

values:
/wiki/Yeni_Mosque
mw-redirect
Yeni Mosque

values:
/wiki/The_election_of_Uthman
mw-redirect
The election of Uthman

values:
/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab
mw-redirect
Umar ibn al-Khattab

values:
/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib
mw-redirect
Ali ibn Abi Talib

values:
/wiki/Muawiyah_ibn_Abi_Sufyan
mw-redirect
Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan

values:
/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Asqalani
mw-redirect
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;font-size:130%; white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Shi%27a_view_of_Umar
mw-redirect
Shi'a view of Umar

values: Hadith of the succession of Abu Bakr (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Covenant_of_Umar_I
mw-redirect
Covenant of Umar I

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;border: none;

values:
/wiki/Muslim_conquests
mw-redirect
Muslim conquests

values:
/wiki/Uthman_Quran
mw-redirect
Uthman Quran

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;border:none;

values:
/wiki/Quraysh_tribe
mw-redirect
Quraysh tribe

values: font-size: 105%; text-align: center; padding: 2px 0px 0px; display: none;

values:
/wiki/Hadith_of_the_pond_of_Khumm
mw-redirect
Hadith of the pond of Khumm

values: List of people related to Quranic verses

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;border: 0;

values:
/wiki/Khadijah_bint_Khuwaylid
mw-redirect
Khadijah bint Khuwaylid

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)

values:
/wiki/Zubair_ibn_al-Awam
mw-redirect
Zubair ibn al-Awam

values: to stop people reversing the meaning of this sentence (November 2015)

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Islam_and_science
mw-redirect
Islam and science

values:
LawJurisprudence
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
hlist hlist-separated

values:
/wiki/Muslim_hygienical_jurisprudence
mw-redirect
Muslim hygienical jurisprudence

values:
/wiki/Nikah_mut%E2%80%98ah
mw-redirect
Nikah mut‘ah

values:
/wiki/Gender_segregation_and_Muslims
mw-redirect
Gender segregation and Muslims

values:
/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence
mw-redirect
Islamic theological jurisprudence

values:
/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam
mw-redirect
Ilm al-Kalam

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup

values:
/wiki/Arabesque_(Islamic_art)
mw-redirect
Arabesque (Islamic art)

values: Geography and cartography in medieval Islam

values: List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world

values: Liberalism and progressivism within Islam

values: Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship into mosques

values:
/wiki/Islam_and_Protestantism
mw-redirect
Islam and Protestantism

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Category:People of the Rashidun Caliphate

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2013

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues

values: Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012

values: Category:Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Rashidun
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Rashidun&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: الخلفاء الراشدون – Arabic

values: খুলাফায়ে রাশেদীন – Bangla

values: خلفای راشدین – Persian

values: 정통 칼리파 – Korean

values: राशिदून ख़लीफ़ा – Hindi

values: ראשידון – Hebrew

values: ოთხი მართლმორწმუნე ხალიფა – Georgian

values: Әділетті төрт халифа – Kazakh

values: الخلفاء الراشدين – Egyptian Arabic

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun
Rashidun – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun
Rashidun – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values: راشدين خليفه گان – Pashto

values: Праведный халиф – Russian

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun
Rashidun – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun
Rashidun – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values: خەلافەتی ڕاشدین – Central Kurdish

values: Праведни калифи – Serbian

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun
Rashidun – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: రాషిదూన్ ఖలీఫాలు – Telugu

values: Праведні халіфи – Ukrainian

values: خلفائے راشدین – Urdu

values: تۆرت خەلىپە – Uyghur

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Rashidun rootpage-Rashidun skin-vector action-view


text:
It's a Jungle Out There
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
It's a Jungle Out There may refer to:
"It's a Jungle Out There" (song), a song by Randy Newman, theme song for the TV series Monk
It's a Jungle Out There!, an album by the Christian rock band Mastedon
It's a Jungle Out There, an alternate English language title for the 1995 German film After Five in the Forest Primeval
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title It's a Jungle Out There.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_a_Jungle_Out_There&oldid=430251946"
Categories:
Disambiguation pages
Hidden categories:
All article disambiguation pages
All disambiguation pages
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 21 May 2011, at 21:06.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: p

value: li

value: ul

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

attrs: class style

values:
mbox-image
padding: 2px 0 2px 0.4em;

values: padding: 0.25em 0.4em; font-style: italic;

values: metadata plainlinks dmbox dmbox-disambig

values: Category:All article disambiguation pages

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/It%27s_a_Jungle_Out_There
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-It_s_a_Jungle_Out_There rootpage-It_s_a_Jungle_Out_There vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Whale shark
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Whale shark
Temporal range: 60–0 Ma
PreЄ
Є
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
[1]
Whale shark in the Andaman Sea around Similan Islands
Size compared to an average human
Conservation status

Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Order: Orectolobiformes
Family: Rhincodontidae
J. P. Müller and Henle, 1839[5][4]
Genus: Rhincodon
A. Smith, 1829[3][4]
Species: R. typus
Binomial name
Rhincodon typus
A. Smith, 1828[6][7][4]
Range of whale shark
Synonyms
Micristodus punctatus Gill, 1865
Rhineodon Denison, 1937
Rhiniodon typus A. Smith, 1828
Rhinodon pentalineatus Kishinouye, 1901
Rhinodon typicus Müller & Henle, 1839
The whale shark (Rhincodon typus) is a slow-moving, filter-feeding carpet shark and the largest known extant fish species. The largest confirmed individual had a length of 12.65 m (41.5 ft) and a weight of about 21.5 t (47,000 lb).[8] The whale shark holds many records for sheer size in the animal kingdom, most notably being by far the largest living nonmammalian vertebrate. It is the sole member of the genus Rhincodon and the only extant member of the family Rhincodontidae which belongs to the subclass Elasmobranchii in the class Chondrichthyes. Before 1984 it was classified as Rhiniodon into Rhinodontidae. The species originated about 60 million years ago.[9]
The whale shark is found in open waters of the tropical oceans and is rarely found in water below 21 °C (70 °F).[2] Modeling suggests a lifespan of about 70 years, but measurements have proven difficult.[10] Whale sharks have very large mouths and are filter feeders, which is a feeding mode that occurs in only two other sharks, the megamouth shark and the basking shark. They feed almost exclusively on plankton and are not known to pose a threat to humans.
The species was distinguished in April 1828 after the harpooning of a 4.6 m (15 ft) specimen in Table Bay, South Africa. Andrew Smith, a military doctor associated with British troops stationed in Cape Town, described it the following year.[11] The name "whale shark" refers to the fish's size, being as large as some species of whales,[12] and also to its being a filter feeder like baleen whales.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Distribution and habitat
3 Reproduction
4 Diet
5 Interactions with humans
5.1 Behavior toward divers
5.2 Conservation status
5.3 In captivity
5.4 Human culture
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Further reading
8 External links
Description[edit]
Jaws
Teeth
21 ton whale shark caught in China in 2008
Whale sharks have a mouth that can be 1.5 m (4.9 ft) wide, containing 300 to 350 rows of tiny teeth and 10 filter pads which it uses to filter feed.[13] Whale sharks have five large pairs of gills. The head is wide and flat with two small eyes at the front. Whale sharks are grey with a white belly. Their skin is marked with pale yellow spots and stripes which are unique to each individual. The whale shark has three prominent ridges along its sides. Its skin can be up to 10 cm (3.9 in) thick. The shark has a pair of dorsal fins and pectoral fins. Juveniles' tails have a larger upper fin than lower fin, while the adult tail becomes semilunate. The whale shark's spiracles are just behind its eyes.
The whale shark is the largest non-cetacean animal in the world. The average size of adult whale sharks is estimated at 9.7 m (31.82 ft) and 9 t (20,000 lb).[8] Several specimens over 18 m (59.05 ft) in length have been reported.[14] The largest verified specimen was caught on 11 November 1947, near Baba Island, in Karachi, Pakistan. It was 12.65 m (41.50 ft) long, weighed about 21.5 t (47,000 lb), and had a girth of 7 m (23.0 ft).[8] Stories exist of vastly larger specimens – quoted lengths of 18 m (59 ft) and 45.5 t (100,000 lb) are common in the popular literature, but no scientific records support their existence. In 1868, the Irish natural scientist Edward Perceval Wright obtained several small whale shark specimens in the Seychelles, but claimed to have observed specimens in excess of 15 m (49.2 ft), and tells of shark specimens surpassing 21 m (68.9 ft).
In a 1925 publication, Hugh M. Smith described a huge animal caught in a bamboo fish trap in Thailand in 1919. The shark was too heavy to pull ashore, but Smith estimated the shark was at least 17 m (56 ft) long, and weighed around 37 t. These measurements have been exaggerated to 43 t (95,000 lb) and a more precise 17.98 m (59.0 ft) in recent years. A shark caught in 1994 off Tainan County, southern Taiwan, reportedly weighed 35.8 t (79,000 lb).[15] There have even been unverified claims of whale sharks of up to 23 metres (75 ft) and 100 tonnes (220,000 lb). In 1934, a ship named the Maurguani came across a whale shark in the southern Pacific Ocean, rammed it, and the shark became stuck on the prow of the ship, supposedly with 4.6 m (15 ft) on one side and 12.2 m (40 ft) on the other.[16] No reliable documentation exists for these claims and they remain "fish stories".
Distribution and habitat[edit]
The whale shark inhabits all tropical and warm-temperate seas. The fish is primarily pelagic, living in the open sea but not in the greater depths of the ocean, although it is known to occasionally dive to depths of as much as 1,800 metres (5,900 ft).[17] Seasonal feeding aggregations occur at several coastal sites such as the southern and eastern parts of South Africa; Saint Helena Island in the South Atlantic Ocean; Gulf of Tadjoura in Djibouti, Gladden Spit in Belize; Ningaloo Reef in Western Australia; Lakshadweep, Gulf of Kutch and Saurashtra coast of Gujarat in India;[18] Útila in Honduras; Southern Leyte; Donsol, Pasacao and Batangas in the Philippines; off Isla Mujeres and Isla Holbox in Yucatan and Bahía de los Ángeles in Baja California, México; Maamigili island, Maldives; Ujung Kulon National Park in Indonesia; Cenderawasih Bay National Park in Nabire, Papua, Indonesia; Flores Island, Indonesia; Nosy Be in Madagascar; off Tofo Beach near Inhambane in Mozambique; the Tanzanian islands of Mafia, Pemba, Zanzibar; Gulf of Tadjoura in Djibouti, the Ad Dimaniyat Islands in the Gulf of Oman and Al Hallaniyat islands in the Arabian Sea; and, very rarely, Eilat, Israel and Aqaba, Jordan. Although typically seen offshore, it has been found closer to land, entering lagoons or coral atolls, and near the mouths of estuaries and rivers. Its range is generally restricted to about 30° latitude. It is capable of diving to depths of at least 1,286 m (4,219 ft),[19] and is migratory.[10] On 7 February 2012, a large whale shark was found floating 150 kilometres (93 mi) off the coast of Karachi, Pakistan. The length of the specimen was said to be between 11 and 12 m (36 and 39 ft), with a weight of around 15,000 kg (33,000 lb).[20]
In 2011, more than 400 whale sharks gathered off the Yucatan Coast. It was one of the largest gatherings of whale sharks recorded.[21] Aggregations in that area are among the most reliable seasonal gatherings known for whale sharks, with large numbers occurring in most years between May and September. Associated ecotourism has grown rapidly to unsustainable levels.[22]
Reproduction[edit]
Neither mating nor pupping of whale sharks has been observed.
The capture of a female in July 1996 that was pregnant with 300 pups indicated whale sharks are ovoviviparous.[10][23][24] The eggs remain in the body and the females give birth to live young which are 40 to 60 cm (16 to 24 in) long. Evidence indicates the pups are not all born at once, but rather the female retains sperm from one mating and produces a steady stream of pups over a prolonged period.[25] They reach sexual maturity at around 30 years and their lifespan is an estimated 70[10] to 100 years.[26]
On 7 March 2009, marine scientists in the Philippines discovered what is believed to be the smallest living specimen of the whale shark. The young shark, measuring only 38 cm (15 in), was found with its tail tied to a stake at a beach in Pilar, Sorsogon, Philippines, and was released into the wild. Based on this discovery, some scientists no longer believe this area is just a feeding ground; this site may be a birthing ground, as well. Both young whale sharks and pregnant females have been seen in the waters of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean, where numerous whale sharks can be spotted during the summer.[27][28]
Diet[edit]
Whale shark filtering plankton in Maldives
A whale shark in the Philippines with remoras
The whale shark is a filter feeder – one of only three known filter-feeding shark species (along with the basking shark and the megamouth shark). It feeds on plankton including copepods, krill, fish eggs, Christmas Island red crab larvae [29] and small nektonic life, such as small squid or fish. It also feeds on clouds of eggs during mass spawning of fish and corals.[1] The many rows of vestigial teeth play no role in feeding. Feeding occurs either by ram filtration, in which the animal opens its mouth and swims forward, pushing water and food into the mouth, or by active suction feeding, in which the animal opens and closes its mouth, sucking in volumes of water that are then expelled through the gills. In both cases, the filter pads serve to separate food from water. These unique, black sieve-like structures are presumed to be modified gill rakers. Food separation in whale sharks is by cross-flow filtration, in which the water travels nearly parallel to the filter pad surface, not perpendicularly through it, before passing to the outside, while denser food particles continue to the back of the throat.[30] This is an extremely efficient filtration method that minimizes fouling of the filter pad surface. Whale sharks have been observed "coughing", presumably to clear a build-up of particles from the filter pads. Whale sharks migrate to feed and possibly to breed.[10][31][32]
The whale shark is an active feeder, targeting concentrations of plankton or fish. It is able to ram filter feed or can gulp in a stationary position. This is in contrast to the passive feeding basking shark, which does not pump water. Instead, it swims to force water across its gills.[10][31]
A juvenile whale shark is estimated to eat 21 kg (46 pounds) of plankton per day.[33]
The BBC program Planet Earth filmed a whale shark feeding on a school of small fish. The same documentary showed footage of a whale shark timing its arrival to coincide with the mass spawning of fish shoals and feeding on the resultant clouds of eggs and sperm.[1]
Whale sharks are known to prey on a range of planktonic and small nektonic organisms that are spatiotemporally patchy. These include krill, crab larvae, jellyfish, sardines, anchovies, mackerels, small tunas, and squid. In ram filter feeding, the fish swims forward at constant speed with its mouth fully open, straining prey particles from the water by forward propulsion. This is also called ‘passive feeding’, which usually occurs when prey is present at low density.[34]
Interactions with humans[edit]
Behavior toward divers[edit]
In Oslob, Philippines, whale sharks are fed shrimp to return every morning for tourists and divers.
Despite its size, the whale shark does not pose significant danger to humans. Whale sharks are docile fish and sometimes allow swimmers to catch a ride,[35][36][37] although this practice is discouraged by shark scientists and conservationists because of the disturbance to the sharks.[38] Younger whale sharks are gentle and can play with divers. Underwater photographers such as Fiona Ayerst have photographed them swimming close to humans without any danger.[39]
The shark is seen by divers in many places, including the Bay Islands in Honduras, Thailand, the Philippines, the Maldives close to Maamigili (South Ari Atoll), the Red Sea, Western Australia (Ningaloo Reef, Christmas Island), Taiwan, Panama (Coiba Island), Belize, Tofo Beach in Mozambique, Sodwana Bay (Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park) in South Africa,[39] the Galapagos Islands, Saint Helena, Isla Mujeres (Caribbean Sea), La Paz, Baja California Sur and Bahía de los Ángeles in Mexico, the Seychelles, West Malaysia, islands off eastern peninsular Malaysia, India, Sri Lanka, Oman, Fujairah, Puerto Rico, and other parts of the Caribbean.[35] Juveniles can be found near the shore in the Gulf of Tadjoura, near Djibouti, in the Horn of Africa.[40]
Swimming alongside an adult free diver
Conservation status[edit]
There is currently no robust estimate of the global whale shark population. The species is considered endangered by the IUCN due to the impacts of fisheries, bycatch losses, and vessel strikes, combined with its long life span and late maturation.[2] It is listed, along with six other species of sharks, under the CMS Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks.[41] In 1998, the Philippines banned all fishing, selling, importing, and exporting of whale sharks for commercial purposes,[42] followed by India in May 2001,[43] and Taiwan in May 2007.[44]
In 2010, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill resulted in 4,900,000 barrels (780,000 m3) of oil flowing into an area south of the Mississippi River Delta, where one-third of all whale shark sightings in the northern part of the gulf have occurred in recent years. Sightings confirmed that the whale sharks were unable to avoid the oil slick, which was situated on the surface of the sea where the whale sharks feed for several hours at a time. No dead whale sharks were found.[45]
This species was also added to Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in 2003 to regulate the international trade of live specimens and its parts.[46]
Hundreds of Whale Sharks are killed annually illegally in China.[47]
In captivity[edit]
A whale shark in the Georgia Aquarium
Because of its iconic status, the whale shark is popular in the few public aquariums that keep it, but its large size means that a very large tank is required and it has specialized feeding requirements.[48] Their large size and iconic status have also fuelled an opposition to keeping the species in captivity, especially after the early death of some whale sharks in captivity and certain Chinese aquariums keeping the species in relatively small tanks.[49][50]
Whale sharks at the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, Japan
The first attempt at keeping whale sharks in captivity was in 1934 when an individual was kept for about four months in a netted-off natural bay in Izu, Japan.[51] The first attempt of keeping whale sharks in an aquarium was initiated in 1980 by the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium (then Ocean Expo Park) in Japan.[48] Since 1980, several have been kept at Okinawa, mostly obtained from incidental catches in coastal nets set by fishers (none after 2009), but two were strandings. Several of these were already weak from the capture/stranding and some were released,[48] but initial captive survival rates were low.[50] After the initial difficulties in maintaining the species had been resolved, some have survived long-term in captivity.[48] The record for a whale shark in captivity is an individual that, as of 2017, has lived for more than 18 years in the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium.[48] Following Okinawa, Osaka Aquarium started keeping whale sharks and most of the basic research on the keeping of the species was made at these two institutions.[52] Since the mid-1990s, several other aquariums have kept the species in Japan (Kagoshima City Aquarium, Kinosaki Marine World, Notojima Aquarium, Oita Ecological Aquarium, and Yokohama Hakkeijima Sea Paradise), South Korea (Aquaplanet Jeju), China (Chimelong Ocean Kingdom, Dalian Aquarium, Guangzhou Aquarium in Guangzhou Zoo, Qingdao Polar Ocean World and Yantai Aquarium), Taiwan (National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium), India (Aquarium Thiruvananthapuram) and Dubai (Atlantis, The Palm), with some maintaining whale sharks for years and others only for a very short period.[51] The whale shark kept at Dubai's Atlantis, The Palm was rescued from shallow water in 2008 with extensive abrasions to the fins and after rehabilitation it was released in 2010, having lived 19 months in captivity.[53][54] Marine Life Park in Singapore had planned on keeping whale sharks, but scrapped this idea in 2009.[55][56]
Outside Asia, the first and so far only place to keep whale sharks is Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta, United States.[51] This is unusual because of the comparatively long transport time and complex logistics required to bring the sharks to the aquarium, ranging between 28 and 36 hours.[52] Georgia keeps four whale sharks: two females, Alice and Trixie, that arrived in 2006,[57] and two males, Taroko and Yushan, that arrived in 2007.[58] Two earlier males at Georgia Aquarium, Ralph and Norton, both died in 2007.[50] Georgia's whale sharks were all imported from Taiwan and were taken from the commercial fishing quota for the species, usually used locally for food.[52][59] Taiwan closed this fishery entirely in 2008.[59]
Human culture[edit]
Play media
Snorkelling with whale shark near Isla Mujeres (Mexico) 30 August 2011
In Vietnamese culture, the whale shark is referred to as "sir fish".[60]
In the Philippines, it is called butanding and balilan.[61] The whale shark is featured on the reverse of the Philippine 100-peso bill. By law snorkelers must maintain a distance of four feet from the sharks and there is a fine and possible jail time for anyone who touches the animals.[62] The whale shark is also featured on the latest 2015-2017 edition of the Maldivian 1000 rufiyaa banknote, along with the green turtle.
See also[edit]
For a topical guide to this subject, see Outline of sharks.
List of sharks
List of threatened sharks
Sharks portal
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Jurassic Shark (2000) documentary by Jacinth O'Donnell; broadcast on Discovery Channel, 5 August 2006
^ Jump up to: a b c Pierce, S. J. & Norman, B. (2016). "Rhincodon typus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2016: e.T19488A2365291. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T19488A2365291.en  . Retrieved 12 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Smith, Andrew (1829). "Contributions to the Natural History of South Africa, &c". The Zoological Journal. 4: 443–444.
^ Jump up to: a b c Melville, R. V. (1981). "Opinion 1278. The Generic Name Rhincodon A. Smith, 1829 (Pisces): Conserved". The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 41 (4): 215–217.
Jump up ^ Müller, J.; Henle, J. (1841). Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen. Berlin: Veit und Comp. p. 77.
Jump up ^ Smith, [Andrew] (November 5, 1828). "Descriptions of New or imperfectly known Objects of the Animal Kingdom, found in the South of Africa" . The South African Commercial Advertiser. 3 (145) – via Center for Research Libraries Document Delivery System. Reprinted in Penrith (1972).
Jump up ^ Penrith, M. J. (1972). "Earliest Description and Name for the Whale Shark". Copeia. 1972 (2): 362. JSTOR 1442501.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wood, Gerald L. (1976). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Guinness Superlatives. ISBN 978-0-900424-60-1.
Jump up ^ Whale shark facts, retrieved 5 August 2016
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Colman, J. G. Froese, Ranier; Pauly, Daniel, eds. "Rhincodon typus". FishBase. Retrieved 17 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Martin, R. Aidan. "Rhincodon or Rhiniodon? A Whale Shark by any Other Name". ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research.
Jump up ^ Brunnschweiler, J. M.; Baensch, H.; Pierce, S. J.; Sims, D. W. (3 February 2009). "Deep-diving behaviour of a whale shark Rhincodon typus during long-distance movement in the western Indian Ocean". Journal of Fish Biology. 74 (3): 706. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02155.x. PMID 20735591.
Jump up ^ Compagno, L. J. V. "Species Fact Sheet, Rhincodon typus". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 19 September 2006.
Jump up ^ McClain CR, Balk MA, Benfield MC, Branch TA, Chen C, Cosgrove J, Dove ADM, Gaskins LC, Helm RR, Hochberg FG, Lee FB, Marshall A, McMurray SE, Schanche C, Stone SN, Thaler AD (2015). "Sizing ocean giants: patterns of intraspecific size variation in marine megafauna". PeerJ. 3: e715. doi:10.7717/peerj.715. PMC 4304853  . PMID 25649000.
Jump up ^ Mollet, H. F. (2008). "Summary of Large Whale Shark Rhincodon typus Smith, 1828". Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. . Home Page of Henry F. Mollet, Research Affiliate, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories.
Jump up ^ Maniguet, Xavier (1992). The Jaws of Death: Shark as Predator, Man as Prey. HarperCollins Publishers Limited. ISBN 978-0-00-219960-5.
Jump up ^ Howard, Brian C. (28 June 2016). "Whale Sharks Move in Mysterious Ways: Watch Them Online". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Kaushik, Himanshu (30 August 2014). "Whale sharks found off Gujarat coast no expats, they are Indian". The Times of India. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Brunnschweiler, Juerg M.; Baensch, H.; Pierce, S. J.; Sims, D. W. (2009). "Deep-diving behaviour of a whale shark Rhincodon typus during long-distance movement in the western Indian Ocean". Journal of Fish Biology. 74 (3): 706–714. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02155.x. PMID 20735591.
Jump up ^ Hasan, Saad (10 February 2012). "Experts to cut up 40.1-foot long whale shark today". The Express Tribune.
Jump up ^ de la Parra Venegas, Rafael; Hueter, Robert; Cano, Jaime González; Tyminski, John; Remolina, José Gregorio; Maslanka, Mike; Ormos, Andrea; Weigt, Lee; Carlson, Bruce; Dove, Alistair (29 April 2011). "An Unprecedented Aggregation of Whale Sharks, Rhincodon typus, in Mexican Coastal Waters of the Caribbean Sea". PLoS ONE. 4. 6 (4): e18994. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018994. PMC 3084747  . PMID 21559508.
Jump up ^ Dove, Alistair (27 January 2015) Yucatan Whale Sharks Swimming in Troubled Waters. future500.org
Jump up ^ Joung, Shoou-Jeng; et al. (July 1996). "The whale shark, Rhincodon typus, is a livebearer: 300 embryos found in one 'megamamma' supreme". Environ. Biol. Fish. 46 (3): 219–223. doi:10.1007/BF00004997.
Jump up ^ Clark, Eugenie. "Frequently Asked Questions". Retrieved 26 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Schmidt, Jennifer V.; Chen, Chien-Chi; Sheikh, Saad I.; Meekan, Mark G.; Norman, Bradley M.; Joung, Shoou-Jeng (4 August 2010). "Paternity analysis in a litter of whale shark embryos". Endangered Species Research. 12 (2): 117–124. doi:10.3354/esr00300.
Jump up ^ "Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) Issues Paper". Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australian Government). May 2005. ISBN 0-6425-5082-4.
Jump up ^ Tan, Jose Ma. Lorenzo. "Tiny Whale shark pup caught and released in the Philippines". Wildlife Extra News. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "St Helena whale sharks cause stir in Atlanta". South Atlantic Media Services. 14 November 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Morelle, Rebecca (17 November 2008). "Shark-cam captures ocean motion". BBC News. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Motta, Philip J.; et al. (2010). "Feeding anatomy, filter-feeding rate, and diet of whale sharks Rhincodon typus during surface ram filter feeding off the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico" (PDF). Zoology. 113 (4): 199–212. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2009.12.001. PMID 20817493.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, R. Aidan. "Elasmo Research". ReefQuest. Retrieved 17 September 2006.
Jump up ^ "Whale shark". Ichthyology at the Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 17 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Schmidt, Jennifer V. (4 December 2010). "Whale Sharks are BIG eaters!". The Shark Research Institute. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Rhincodon typus (whale shark)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Compagno, Leonard J. V. (26 April 2002). Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date: Bullhead, Mackerel and Carpet Sharks. 2. Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). ISBN 978-92-5-104543-5.
Jump up ^ "Favorite Wins of 2013". Break.com. p. 1:24. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Robbins J.. 2017. Watch Iranian fisherman 'surf' on top of a whale shark across the Persian Gulf. International Business Times. Retrieved on September 29, 2017
Jump up ^ Whitehead, Darren Andrew (2014) Establishing a quantifiable model of whale shark avoidance behaviours to anthropogenic impacts in tourism encounters to inform management actions, University of Hertfordshire.
^ Jump up to: a b Pictures of the Day: Tuesday, Aug. 04, 2009. Time magazine, "A 40-foot whale shark and a brave snorkler swim off the South African coast."
Jump up ^ Hawes, Craig (2 April 2013) Snorkelling with whale sharks in Djibouti. gulfnews.com
Jump up ^ "Memorandum of understanding on the conservation of migratory sharks" (PDF). Convention on migratory species. p. 10. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Whale Sharks Receive Protection in the Philippines. hayop.0catch.com. 27 March 1998
Jump up ^ National Regulations on Whale Shark fishing. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities.
Jump up ^ COA bans fishing for whale sharks. Taipei Times, 27 May 2007, p. 4.
Jump up ^ Handwerk, Brian (24 September 2010) Whale Sharks Killed, Displaced by Gulf Oil? National Geographic News.
Jump up ^ Whale shark. cites.org
Jump up ^ http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-02-05/an-hundreds-of-sharks-killed-annually-in-illegal-trade-in-china/5239568
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Matsumoto; Toda; Matsumoto; Ueda; Nakazato; Sato; and Uchida (2017). Smith; Warmolts; Thoney; Hueter; Murray and Ezcurra, eds. Notes on Husbandry of Whale Sharks, Rhincodon typus, in Aquaria. Elasmobranch Husbandry Manual II. Special Publication of the Ohio Biological Survey. pp. 15–22. ISBN 978-0-86727-166-9. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "Whale Shark's Death Sparks Debate". wsbtv. 30 November 2007. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Moore, M. (25 October 2010). "Conservationists round on Chinese whale shark aquarium". The Telegraph. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mollet, H. (September 2012). "Whale Shark Rhincodon typus Smith, 1828 in Captivity". Retrieved 8 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Schreiber, C.; and C. Coco (2017). Smith; Warmolts; Thoney; Hueter; Murray and Ezcurra, eds. Husbandry of Whale Sharks. Elasmobranch Husbandry Manual II. Special Publication of the Ohio Biological Survey. pp. 87–98. ISBN 978-0-86727-166-9. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "Dubai hotel releases whale shark back into the wild". Associated Press. 20 March 2010. Archived from the original on 7 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Bennett; Kaiser; Selvan; Hueter; Tyminski; and Lötter (2017). Smith; Warmolts; Thoney; Hueter; Murray and Ezcurra, eds. Rescue, rehabilitation and release of a whale shark, Rhincodon typus, in the Arabian Gulf. Elasmobranch Husbandry Manual II. Special Publication of the Ohio Biological Survey. pp. 229–235. ISBN 978-0-86727-166-9. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Chua, G. (16 May 2009). "No whale sharks at Sentosa IR". Wild Singapore News. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Resorts World considering alternatives to whale shark exhibit". AsianOne Travel. 16 May 2009. Archived from the original on 9 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Moore, M. (4 June 2006). "Georgia Aquarium Whale Sharks Receive Special UPS Delivery; Two Resident Male Whale Sharks are Joined by Two Females". BusinessWire. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Aquarium gains two new whale sharks". CNN. 1 June 2007. Archived from the original on 3 June 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Sundquist, T. (18 September 2013). "Transporting the World's Largest Fish: A Whale [Shark] of a Task". Promega Connections. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Whale Shark". Discovery.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Ocean Ambassadors – Sharks. Oneocean.org. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Cannon, Marisa (21 July 2015). "Swimming with whale sharks in the Philippines". cnn.com. CNN. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
Further reading[edit]
Colman, J.G. (December 1997). "A review of the biology and ecology of the whale shark". J. Fish Biol. 51 (6): 1219–34. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1997.tb01138.x.
FAO web page on Whale shark
"Whale Sharks, Whale Shark Pictures, Whale Shark Facts". Animals, Animal Pictures, Wild Animal Facts.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Whale sharks.
Wikispecies has information related to Whale sharks
Whale Shark Photograph-identification Library
Whale Shark And Oceanic Research Center
Maldives Whale Shark Research Program
Whale Sharks: Gentle Giants of the Seas
Foundation for the Protection of Marine Megafauna
Whale shark, Rhincodon typus at marinebio.org
Whale Shark Fact Sheet, Fisheries Western Australia
Albino whale shark photographed in Galapagos
Photographs National Geographic
A whale shark recorded defecating
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q80378
ADW: Rhincodon_typus
ARKive: rhincodon-typus
BioLib: 15294
EoL: 28519
EPPO: RHNDTY
FishBase: 2081
Fossilworks: 170186
GBIF: 2417522
iNaturalist: 52188
ITIS: 159857
IUCN: 19488
NCBI: 259920
NZOR: 49350a19-d675-42ff-9984-9b0a304521aa
Plazi: 9A4F40FF-0697-93C4-39CD-E0527BB4DE82
Species+: 6257
SPRAT: 66680
WoRMS: 105847
ZooBank: 36FC5495-4A9A-4CA0-88DC-6CE5B3561C88
[show]
v
t
e
Sharks
Topics
Outline of sharks
Shark anatomy
Shark teeth
Egg case (Chondrichthyes)
Threat display
Threatened sharks
Taxonomy
Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks)
Heterodontiformes (Bullhead sharks)
Hexanchiformes
Lamniformes (Mackerel sharks)
Orectolobiformes (Carpet sharks)
Pristiophoriformes (Sawsharks)
Squaliformes
Squatiniformes (Angel sharks)
† Cladoselachiformes
† Hybodontiformes
† Symmoriida
† Xenacanthida (Xenacantiformes)
List of sharks
Human
interaction
Shark attack
Shark attack prevention
Shark net
Shark proof cage
Shark tourism
Drum lines
Category
Portal
WikiProject
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whale_shark&oldid=838430443"
Categories:
IUCN Red List endangered species
Rhincodontidae
Ovoviviparous fish
Pan-tropical fish
Selandian first appearances
Extant Paleocene first appearances
Fish described in 1828
Cartilaginous fish described in the 19th century
Hidden categories:
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter
CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter
Use dmy dates from September 2016
Articles with 'species' microformats
Good articles
Articles containing video clips
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikispecies
Languages
Acèh
Afrikaans
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Bikol Central
Български
Brezhoneg
Català
Cebuano
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
ދިވެހިބަސް
Diné bizaad
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Occitan
Oromoo
پنجابی
پښتو
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
粵語
中文
Bahasa Hulontalo
69 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 April 2018, at 23:57.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This is a good article. Follow the link for more information.

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values: /wiki/Megaannum mw-redirect Megaannum

value: span

value: small

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,170,114); left:36.892307692308px; width:18.818461538462px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,169,138); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(166,223,197); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(221,150,81); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(63,174,173); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,88,60); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,78,150); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.126830769231px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,187,231); left:151.86769230769px; width:19.055384615385px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(111,200,107); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,161,99); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,221,45); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px

values: position:absolute; height:8px; left:199.69230769231px; width:20.307692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;

values: position:absolute; height:8px; left:199.69230769231px; width:20.307692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;

values: position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:200.69230769231px; width:18.307692307692px; background-color:#6c3;

values: margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;

values: margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:13px;

values: text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)

values: Similan Dive Center - great whale shark.jpg

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values: font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;

values: min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)

values: text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%

values:
/wiki/Extant_taxon
mw-redirect
Extant taxon

values:
/wiki/Pectoral_fin
mw-redirect
Pectoral fin

values:
/wiki/Baba_Island
mw-redirect
Baba Island

values:
/wiki/Edward_Perceval_Wright
mw-redirect
Edward Perceval Wright

values:
/wiki/Ningaloo_Reef
mw-redirect
Ningaloo Reef

values:
/wiki/Flores_Island,_Indonesia
mw-redirect
Flores Island, Indonesia

values:
/wiki/Pemba,_Tanzania
mw-redirect
Pemba, Tanzania

values:
/wiki/Coiba_Island
mw-redirect
Coiba Island

values:
/wiki/Greater_St._Lucia_Wetland_Park
mw-redirect
Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park

values:
/wiki/West_Malaysia
mw-redirect
West Malaysia

values: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

values:
/wiki/Bonn_Convention
mw-redirect
Bonn Convention

values:
/wiki/Migratory_Sharks_MoU
mw-redirect
Migratory Sharks MoU

values:
/wiki/CITES_Appendix_II
mw-redirect
CITES Appendix II

values: Aquarium photograph of whale shark in profile with human-shaped shadows in foreground

values:
/wiki/Osaka_Aquarium
mw-redirect
Osaka Aquarium

values: National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium

values: File:Nadando con un Tiburón Ballena- Swimming with a Whale Shark.ogv

values: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nadando_con_un_Tibur%C3%B3n_Ballena-_Swimming_with_a_Whale_Shark.ogv/640px--Nadando_con_un_Tibur%C3%B3n_Ballena-_Swimming_with_a_Whale_Shark.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:640px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="24.99975" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Nadando_con_un_Tiburón_Ballena-_Swimming_with_a_Whale_Shark.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/Nadando_con_un_Tibur%C3%B3n_Ballena-_Swimming_with_a_Whale_Shark.ogv/Nadando_con_un_Tibur%C3%B3n_Ballena-_Swimming_with_a_Whale_Shark.ogv.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1053776" data-framerate="30.000300003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Nadando_con_un_Tibur%C3%B3n_Ballena-_Swimming_with_a_Whale_Shark.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 640 × 480 (3.86 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="640" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="3863008" data-framerate="30.000300003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/Nadando_con_un_Tibur%C3%B3n_Ballena-_Swimming_with_a_Whale_Shark.ogv/Nadando_con_un_Tibur%C3%B3n_Ballena-_Swimming_with_a_Whale_Shark.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="182432" data-framerate="30.000300003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/Nadando_con_un_Tibur%C3%B3n_Ballena-_Swimming_with_a_Whale_Shark.ogv/Nadando_con_un_Tibur%C3%B3n_Ballena-_Swimming_with_a_Whale_Shark.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="291680" data-framerate="30.000300003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/Nadando_con_un_Tibur%C3%B3n_Ballena-_Swimming_with_a_Whale_Shark.ogv/Nadando_con_un_Tibur%C3%B3n_Ballena-_Swimming_with_a_Whale_Shark.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="545496" data-framerate="30.000300003"/></video>

values:
/wiki/Green_turtle
mw-redirect
Green turtle

values:
nofollow
external text
https://dds.crl.edu/item/30451

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1442501

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20735591

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.715

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25649000

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21559508

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00004997

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sharklady.com/faq.html#A12

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3354%2Fesr00300

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.zool.2009.12.001

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20817493

values:
nofollow
external text
http://hayop.0catch.com/1998-ws.htm

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.whaleshark.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.wsorc.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://marinemegafauna.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=47

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: left;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id15294

values:
nofollow
external text
http://eol.org/pages/28519

values:
nofollow
external text
https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/RHNDTY

values: Global Biodiversity Information Facility

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.gbif.org/species/2417522

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/52188

values: National Center for Biotechnology Information

values:
/wiki/Shark_teeth
mw-redirect
Shark teeth

values:
/wiki/Angel_shark
mw-redirect
Angel shark

values:
/wiki/Shark_proof_cage
mw-redirect
Shark proof cage

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:IUCN Red List endangered species

values: Category:Extant Paleocene first appearances

values: Category:Cartilaginous fish described in the 19th century

values: Category:Use dmy dates from September 2016

values: Category:Articles with 'species' microformats

values: Category:Articles containing video clips

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Whale_shark
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ace
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: قرش الحوت – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: তিমি হাঙ্গর – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Кітовая акула – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Кітовая акула – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl
display: none;

values: Китова акула – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvalhaj
Hvalhaj – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walhai
Walhai – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values: ފެހުރިހި – Divehi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nv
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaalhai
Vaalhai – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Φαλαινοκαρχαρίας – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: کوسه‌نهنگ – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitopsina
Kitopsina – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiu_paus
Hiu paus – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: כריש לווייתני – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: ვეშაპისებრი ზვიგენი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Кит тәрізді акула – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhincodon
Rhincodon – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walhai
Walhai – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: തിമിംഗല സ്രാവ് – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_paus
Yu paus – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ms
display: none;

values: Халиман аврага загас – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvalhai
Hvalhai – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-om
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values: نهنگی شارک – Pashto

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ps
display: none;

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waalhai
Waalhai – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Китовая акула – Russian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitovec
Kitovec – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Кит ајкула – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitopsina
Kitopsina – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valashai
Valashai – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valhaj
Valhaj – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isdantuko
Isdantuko – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: திமிங்கலச் சுறா – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Китсыман акула – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: ปลาฉลามวาฬ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Акула китова – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: وہیل شارک – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gor
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Whale_shark rootpage-Whale_shark skin-vector action-view