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Michigan State–Notre Dame football rivalry
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Michigan State–Notre Dame football rivalry
Michigan State Spartans
Notre Dame Fighting Irish
First meeting
November 25, 1897
Latest meeting
September 23, 2017
Next meeting
2026
Trophy
Megaphone Trophy (from 1949)
Statistics
Meetings total
78
All-time series
Notre Dame leads, 49–29–1
Trophy series
Notre Dame leads, 35–27–1
Largest victory
Notre Dame, 53–0 (1898)
Longest win streak
Notre Dame, 8 (1897–1909, 1987–94), Michigan State, 8 (1955–63)
Current win streak
Notre Dame, 1 (2017)
The Michigan State–Notre Dame football rivalry is an American college football rivalry between the Michigan State Spartans and Notre Dame Fighting Irish. The first game between the teams took place in 1897. Notre Dame leads the all-time series 49–29–1.
Beginning in 1949, the teams competed for the Megaphone Trophy, a trophy introduced by the Alumni Clubs of Notre Dame and Michigan State to be presented to the winner of the game.[1] Notre Dame leads the Megaphone Trophy series 35–27–1.[2]
The Notre Dame side of the trophy is blue, while the Michigan State side is green, and the year of the game and teams' respective scores running down the middle. The current trophy is the third trophy as the prior two trophies no longer have space for the respective games to be included.[1]
The rivalry includes several notable games, such as the 1966 game, arguably one of the greatest college football games ever played. Notre Dame currently leads the series. Games played prior to 1949 also appear on the trophy to commemorate the entire series.[3] Notre Dame is the current holder of the trophy, with a 38–18 victory on September 23, 2017. They will hold the Megaphone Trophy until 2026 when the two teams are scheduled to play again.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Recent games
2 Game results
3 See also
4 References
Recent games[edit]
After an 8–0 series run by Notre Dame from 1987 to 1994, tying the series win streak set by Michigan State from 1955 to 1963 (they didn't meet in 1958), Michigan State won five games in a row. Michigan State won 44–41 in double overtime at Notre Dame in 2005. Notre Dame pulled out a thrilling come from behind 40–37 victory in East Lansing in 2006. The trend continued in 2007 for Michigan State under new head coach Mark Dantonio who defeated the Fighting Irish 31–14, recording MSU's sixth straight victory at Notre Dame. On September 20, 2008, MSU defeated Notre Dame 23–7 in East Lansing, ending the series "jinx" of home teams always losing since 2001. Notre Dame returned the favor the following year by defeating MSU at Notre Dame. The 2010 meeting had one of the most exciting finishes to the start of the college football season. A back and forth battle the entire game, Notre Dame took the lead in overtime off of a field goal. After Spartans quarterback Kirk Cousins was sacked on third down, Michigan State lined up for a field goal to tie the game at 31. They faked it, and the holder Aaron Bates tossed a game-winning touchdown pass to Charlie Gantt to win it 34–31 for the Spartans. In 2011, the Irish reclaimed the trophy with a 31–13 victory in which they led all the way.[5] Notre Dame's 17–13 victory in South Bend in 2013 made it three wins in a row for the Irish and was perhaps the most controversial game in memory.[6] The teams renewed the rivalry in 2016, as No. 12 Michigan State reclaimed the trophy by defeating No. 18 Notre Dame in South Bend 36–28.[7]
In 2017, Notre Dame traveled to East Lansing to take on the Spartans once again. Notre Dame quarterback Brandon Wimbush threw for a touchdown and ran for another as Notre Dame routed Michigan State 38–18.[8][9] Notre Dame's defense forced three turnovers in the game, including an interception return for a touchdown by Irish defensive back Julian Love on MSU's first possession, which gave the Irish an early 14–0 lead.
Game results[edit]
Michigan State victories Notre Dame victories Tie games
No.
Date
Location
Winner
Score
1 1897 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 34–6
2 1898 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 53–0
3 1899 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 40–0
4 1902 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 33–0
5 1903 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 12–0
6 1905 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 28–0
7 1906 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 5–0
8 1909 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 17–0
9 1910 East Lansing, MI Michigan Agricultural 17–0
10 1916 East Lansing, MI Notre Dame 14–0
11 1917 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 23–0
12 1918 East Lansing, MI Michigan Agricultural 13–7
13 1919 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 13–0
14 1920 East Lansing, MI Notre Dame 25–0
15 1921 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 48–0
16 1948 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 26–7
17 1949 East Lansing, MI Notre Dame 34–21
18 1950 South Bend, IN Michigan State 36–33
19 1951 East Lansing, MI Michigan State 35–0
20 1952 East Lansing, MI Michigan State 21–3
21 1954 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 20–19
22 1955 East Lansing, MI Michigan State 21–7
23 1956 South Bend, IN Michigan State 47–14
24 1957 East Lansing, MI Michigan State 34–6
25 1959 East Lansing, MI Michigan State 19–0
26 1960 South Bend, IN Michigan State 21–0
27 1961 East Lansing, MI Michigan State 17–7
28 1962 South Bend, IN Michigan State 31–7
29 1963 East Lansing, MI Michigan State 12–7
30 1964 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 34–7
31 1965 South Bend, IN Michigan State 12–3
32 1966 East Lansing, MI Tie 10–10
33 1967 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 24–12
34 1968 East Lansing, MI Michigan State 21–17
35 1969 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 42–28
36 1970 East Lansing, MI Notre Dame 29–0
37 1971 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 14–2
38 1972 East Lansing, MI Notre Dame 16–0
39 1973 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 14–10
40 1974 East Lansing, MI Notre Dame 19–14
No.
Date
Location
Winner
Score
41 1975 South Bend, IN Michigan State 10–3
42 1976 East Lansing, MI Notre Dame 24–6
43 1977 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 16–6
44 1978 East Lansing, MI Notre Dame 29–25
45 1979 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 27–3
46 1980 East Lansing, MI Notre Dame 26–21
47 1981 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 20–7
48 1982 East Lansing, MI Notre Dame 11–3
49 1983 South Bend, IN Michigan State 28–23
50 1984 East Lansing, MI Notre Dame 24–20
51 1985 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 27–10
52 1986 East Lansing, MI Michigan State 20–15
53 1987 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 31–8
54 1988 East Lansing, MI Notre Dame 20–3
55 1989 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 21–13
56 1990 East Lansing, MI Notre Dame 20–19
57 1991 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 49–10
58 1992 East Lansing, MI Notre Dame 52–31
59 1993 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 36–14
60 1994 East Lansing, MI Notre Dame 21–20
61 1997 South Bend, IN Michigan State 23–7
62 1998 East Lansing, MI Michigan State 45–23
63 1999 South Bend, IN Michigan State 23–13
64 2000 East Lansing, MI Michigan State 27–21
65 2001 South Bend, IN Michigan State 17–10
66 2002 East Lansing, MI Notre Dame 21–17
67 2003 South Bend, IN Michigan State 22–16
68 2004 East Lansing, MI Notre Dame 31–24
69 2005 South Bend, IN Michigan State 44–412OT
70 2006 East Lansing, MI Notre Dame 40–37
71 2007 South Bend, IN Michigan State 31–14
72 2008 East Lansing, MI Michigan State 23–7
73 2009 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 33–30
74 2010 East Lansing, MI Michigan State 34–31OT
75 2011 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 31–13
76 2012 East Lansing, MI Notre Dame 20–3
77 2013 South Bend, IN Notre Dame 17–13
78 2016 South Bend, IN Michigan State 36–28
79 2017 East Lansing, MI Notre Dame 38–18
Series: Notre Dame leads 49–29–1
See also[edit]
1966 Notre Dame vs. Michigan State football game
List of NCAA college football rivalry games
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Vowles, Joshua (2016-09-14). "Notre Dame vs Michigan State: The Battle For The Megaphone". One Foot Down. Retrieved 2016-09-20.
Jump up ^ "Michigan State vs. Notre Dame series history". College Football Data Warehouse. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
Jump up ^ College Football's Unusual Trophies Sports Illustrated
Jump up ^ http://www.freep.com/story/sports/college/michigan-state/spartans/2017/09/22/michigan-state-notre-dame-rivalry-history/691141001/
Jump up ^ Gano, Rick (September 17, 2011). "Irish get first win, beat No. 15 Spartans 31–13". Associated Press.
Jump up ^ "Notre Dame edges Michigan State on controversial call". Retrieved 2016-09-20.
Jump up ^ "Michigan State vs. Notre Dame: RECAP, score, stats (9/17/16), College Football Week 3". Retrieved 2016-09-20.
Jump up ^ Trister, Noah. "Opportunistic Notre Dame handles Michigan State 38-18". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
Jump up ^ "Notre Dame vs. Michigan State - Game Summary - September 23, 2017 - ESPN". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
[show]
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United States presidential election, 1876
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United States presidential election, 1876
← 1872 November 7, 1876 (1876-11-07) 1880 →
All 369 electoral votes of the Electoral College
185 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout
81.8%[1] 10.5 pp
Nominee
Rutherford B. Hayes Samuel J. Tilden
Party
Republican Democratic
Home state
Ohio New York
Running mate
William A. Wheeler Thomas A. Hendricks
Electoral vote
185 184
States carried
21 17
Popular vote
4,034,311 4,288,546
Percentage
47.9% 50.9%
Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Hayes/Wheeler, blue denotes those won by Tilden/Hendricks. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state.
President before election
Ulysses S. Grant
Republican
Elected President
Rutherford B. Hayes
Republican
The United States presidential election of 1876 was the 23rd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 7, 1876. It was one of the most contentious and controversial presidential elections in American history, and is known for being the catalyst for the end of Reconstruction. After a controversial post-election process, Republican nominee Rutherford B. Hayes defeated Democrat Samuel Tilden.
After President Ulysses S. Grant declined to seek a third term, Congressman James G. Blaine emerged as the front-runner for the Republican nomination. However, Blaine was unable to win a majority at the 1876 Republican National Convention, which settled on Govenor Hayes of Ohio as a compromise candidate. The 1876 Democratic National Convention nominated Governor Tilden of New York on the second ballot.
The results of the election remain among the most disputed ever, although it is not disputed that Tilden outpolled Hayes in the popular vote. After a first count of votes, Tilden won 184 electoral votes to Hayes's 165, with 20 votes from four states unresolved. In the case of Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina, each party reported its candidate had won the state, while in Oregon one elector was replaced after being declared illegal for being an "elected or appointed official". The question of who should have been awarded these electoral votes is the source of the continued controversy. An informal deal was struck to resolve the dispute: the Compromise of 1877, which awarded all 20 electoral votes to Hayes. In return for the Democrats' acquiescence to Hayes's election, the Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South, ending Reconstruction. The Compromise effectively ceded power in the Southern states to the Democratic Redeemers, who proceeded to disenfranchise black voters in subsequent years.
The 1876 election is one of five presidential elections in which the person who won the most popular votes did not win the election, and the only such election in which the popular vote winner received a majority (rather than a plurality) of the popular vote. To date, it remains the election that recorded the smallest electoral vote victory (185–184) and the election that yielded the highest voter turnout of the eligible voting age population in American history, at 81.8%.[1][2] It was also the first presidential election since 1856 in which the Democratic candidate won the popular vote.
Contents
[hide]
1 Nominations
1.1 Republican Party nomination
1.2 Democratic Party nomination
1.3 Greenback Party nomination
1.3.1 Candidates gallery
1.4 Prohibition Party nomination
1.5 American National Party nomination
2 General election
2.1 Campaign
2.2 Colorado
2.3 Electoral disputes
2.4 Results
2.5 Geography of results
2.5.1 Cartographic gallery
2.6 Results by state
2.7 Close states
3 Cultural references
4 See also
5 References
6 Sources and further reading
6.1 Primary sources
7 External links
Nominations[edit]
Republican Party nomination[edit]
Main article: 1876 Republican National Convention
Republican Party Ticket, 1876
Rutherford B. Hayes
William A. Wheeler
for President for Vice President
29th & 32nd
Governor of Ohio
(1868–1872 & 1876–1877) U.S. Representative
for New York's 19th
(1861-1863 and 1869–1877)
Campaign
Governor Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio
Senator James G. Blaine from Maine
Secretary of the Treasury Benjamin Bristow
Senator Oliver P. Morton from Indiana
Senator Roscoe Conkling from New York
Governor John F. Hartranft of Pennsylvania
Postmaster General Marshall Jewell
Ambassador Elihu B. Washburne from Illinois
Representative
William A. Wheeler from New York
President Ulysses S. Grant[3][4]
(declined in 1875)
Hayes/Wheeler campaign poster
It was widely assumed during the year 1875 that incumbent President Ulysses S. Grant would run for a third term as president in spite of the poor economic conditions, the numerous political scandals that had developed since he assumed office in 1869, and a long-standing tradition set by the first president, George Washington, not to stay in office longer than two terms. Grant's inner circle advised him to go for a third term and he almost did, but the House, by a sweeping 233 to 18 vote, passed a resolution declaring that the two-term tradition was to prevent a dictatorship. Late in the year, the president withdrew from the running for 1876.
When the Sixth Republican National Convention assembled on June 14, 1876, it appeared that James G. Blaine would be the nominee. On the first ballot, Blaine was just 100 votes short of a majority. His vote began to slide after the second ballot, however, as many Republicans feared that Blaine could not win the general election. Anti-Blaine delegates could not agree on a candidate until Blaine's total rose to 41% on the sixth ballot. Leaders of the reform Republicans met privately and considered alternatives. Their choice was Ohio's reform governor, Rutherford B. Hayes. On the seventh ballot, Hayes was nominated with 384 votes to 351 for Blaine and 21 for Benjamin Bristow. William A. Wheeler was nominated for vice-president by a much larger margin (366–89) over his chief rival, Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, who later served as a member of the electoral commission that awarded the election to Hayes.
Presidential Ballot
Ballot
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
James G. Blaine
285
296
293
292
286
308
351
Oliver P. Morton
124
120
113
108
95
85
0
Benjamin Bristow
113
114
121
126
114
111
21
Roscoe Conkling
99
93
90
84
82
81
0
Rutherford B. Hayes
61
64
67
68
104
113
384
John F. Hartranft
58
63
68
71
69
50
0
Marshall Jewell
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
William A. Wheeler
3
3
2
2
2
2
0
Elihu B. Washburne
0
1
1
3
3
4
0
Republican Presidential Nomination Vote by State Delegation By Ballot [show]
1st Presidential Ballot
2nd Presidential Ballot
3rd Presidential Ballot
4th Presidential Ballot
5th Presidential Ballot
6th Presidential Ballot
7th Presidential Ballot
Vice Presidential Ballot [5]
Ballot
1st Partial
William A. Wheeler
366
Frederick T. Frelinghuysen
89
Marshall Jewell
86
Stewart L. Woodford
70
Joseph R. Hawley
25
Republican Vice Presidential Nomination Vote by State Delegation [show]
Recorded Vice Presidential Ballot
Democratic Party nomination[edit]
Main article: 1876 Democratic National Convention
Democratic Party Ticket, 1876
Samuel J. Tilden
Thomas A. Hendricks
for President for Vice President
25th
Governor of New York
(1875–1876) 16th
Governor of Indiana
(1873–1877)
Campaign
Democratic candidates:
Samuel J. Tilden, governor of New York
Thomas A. Hendricks, governor of Indiana
Winfield Scott Hancock, United States Army major general from Pennsylvania
William Allen, former governor of Ohio
Thomas F. Bayard, U.S. senator from Delaware
Joel Parker, former governor of New Jersey
Governor Samuel J. Tilden of New York
Governor Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana
Major General Winfield Scott Hancock from Pennsylvania
William Allen from Ohio
Senator Thomas F. Bayard from Delaware
Joel Parker from New Jersey
Interior of the Merchants Exchange Building of St. Louis, Missouri, during the announcement of Samuel J. Tilden as the Democratic presidential nominee
Tilden/Hendricks campaign poster
The 12th Democratic National Convention assembled in St. Louis, Missouri, in June 1876, the first political convention held by one of the major American parties west of the Mississippi River. Five thousand people jammed the auditorium in St. Louis with hopes for the first presidential victory for the Democratic Party in 20 years. The platform called for immediate and sweeping reforms in response to the scandals that had plagued the Grant administration. Tilden won more than 400 votes on the first ballot and the nomination by a landslide on the second.
Tilden defeated Thomas A. Hendricks, Winfield Scott Hancock, William Allen, Thomas F. Bayard, and Joel Parker for the presidential nomination. Although Tilden was strongly opposed by "Honest John" Kelly, the leader of New York's Tammany Hall, he was still able to obtain the nomination. Thomas Hendricks was nominated for vice-president, since he was the only person put forward for the position.
The Democratic platform pledged to replace the corruption of the Grant administration with honest, efficient government and to end "the rapacity of carpetbag tyrannies" in the South. It also called for treaty protection for naturalized United States citizens visiting their homelands, restrictions on Asian immigration, tariff reform, and opposition to land grants for railroads.[6]
It has been claimed that Tilden's nomination was received by the voting Democrats with more enthusiasm than any leader since Andrew Jackson.[7]
Presidential Ballot
1st Before Shifts
1st After Shifts
2nd Before Shifts
2nd After Shifts
Unanimous
Samuel J. Tilden
401.5
417.5
535
534
738
Thomas A. Hendricks
140.5
140.5
85
60
Winfield Scott Hancock
75
75
58
59
William Allen
54
54
54
54
Thomas F. Bayard
33
33
4
11
Joel Parker
18
18
0
18
James Broadhead
16
0
0
0
Allen G. Thurman
0
0
2
2
Democratic Presidential Nomination Vote by State Delegation By Ballot [show]
1st Presidential Ballot
Before Shifts
1st Presidential Ballot
After Shifts
Estimated 2nd Presidential Ballot
Source: Official proceedings of the National Democratic convention, held in St. Louis, Mo., June 27th, 28th and 29th, 1876. (September 3, 2012).
Vice Presidential Ballot
1st
Thomas A. Hendricks
730
Blank
8
Source: Official proceedings of the National Democratic convention, held in St. Louis, Mo., June 27th, 28th and 29th, 1876. (September 3, 2012).
Greenback Party nomination[edit]
Greenback candidates:
Peter Cooper, U.S. philanthropist from New York
Andrew Curtin, former governor of Pennsylvania
William Allen, former governor of Ohio
Alexander Campbell, U.S. representative from Illinois
Candidates gallery[edit]
Philanthropist Peter Cooper from New York
Andrew Curtin from Pennsylvania
William Allen from Ohio
The Greenback Party had been organized by agricultural interests in Indianapolis in 1874 to urge the federal government to inflate the economy through the mass issuance of paper money called greenbacks. Its first national nominating convention was held in Indianapolis in the spring of 1876. Peter Cooper was nominated for president with 352 votes to 119 for three other contenders. The convention nominated anti-monopolist Senator Newton Booth of California for vice-president; after Booth declined to run, the national committee chose Samuel Fenton Cary as his replacement on the ticket.[citation needed]
Presidential Ballot
Ballot
1st
Peter Cooper
352
Andrew Curtin
58
William Allen
31
Alexander Campbell
30
Source: US President - G Convention. Our Campaigns. (February 10, 2012).
Prohibition Party nomination[edit]
The Prohibition Party, in its second national convention, nominated Green Clay Smith as its presidential candidate and Gideon T. Stewart as its vice-presidential candidate.
American National Party nomination[edit]
This small political party used several different names, often with different names in different states. It was a continuation of the Anti-Masonic Party that met in 1872 and nominated Charles Francis Adams for president. When Adams declined to run, the party did not contest the 1872 election.
The convention was held from June 8 to 10, 1875, in Liberty Hall, Pittsburgh. B.T. Roberts of New York served as chairman, and Jonathan Blanchard was the keynote speaker.
The platform supported the Reconstruction Amendments to the Constitution, international arbitration, the reading of the scriptures in public schools, specie payments, justice for Native Americans, abolition of the Electoral College, and prohibition of the sale of alcoholic beverages. It declared the first day of the week to be a day of rest for the United States. The platform opposed secret societies and monopolies.
The convention considered three potential presidential nominees: Charles F. Adams, Jonathan Blanchard, and James B. Walker. When Blanchard declined to run, Walker was unanimously nominated. The convention then nominated Donald Kirkpatrick of New York unanimously for vice-president.[8]
General election[edit]
Campaign[edit]
The election was hotly contested, as can be seen by this poster published in 1877
A certificate for the electoral vote for Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler for the State of Louisiana
"A truce - not a compromise, but a chance for high-toned gentlemen to retire gracefully from their very civil declarations of war." By Thomas Nast in Harper's Weekly, 1877 Feb 17, p. 132.
Tilden, who had prosecuted machine politicians in New York and sent legendary political boss William M. Tweed to jail, ran as a reform candidate against the background of the corruption of the Grant administration. Both parties backed civil service reform and an end to Reconstruction. Both sides mounted mud-slinging campaigns, with Democratic attacks on Republican corruption being countered by Republicans raising the Civil War issue, a tactic ridiculed by Democrats who called it "waving the bloody shirt". Republicans chanted, "Not every Democrat was a rebel, but every rebel was a Democrat."
Hayes was a virtual unknown outside his home state of Ohio, where he had served two terms as a Congressman and then two terms as governor. Henry Adams wrote "[Hayes] is a third-rate nonentity whose only recommendations are that he is obnoxious to no one." He had served in the Civil War with distinction as colonel of the 23rd Ohio Regiment and was wounded several times, which made him marketable to veterans. He had been brevetted as a Major General. Hayes's most important asset was the help he provided the Republican ticket in carrying the crucial swing state of Ohio. On the other side, newspaper man John D. Defrees described Tilden as "a very nice, prim, little, withered-up, fidgety old bachelor, about one-hundred and twenty-pounds avoirdupois, who never had a genuine impulse for many nor any affection for woman."[9]
The Democratic strategy for victory in the South was highly reliant on paramilitary groups such as the Red Shirts and the White League. Using the strategy of the Mississippi Plan, these groups actively suppressed black and white Republican voter turnouts by disrupting meetings and rallies and even using violence and intimidation. They saw themselves as the military wing of the Democratic Party.
Because it was considered improper for a candidate to pursue the presidency actively, neither Tilden nor Hayes actively stumped as part of the campaign, leaving that job to surrogates.
Colorado[edit]
Colorado was admitted to the Union as the 38th state on August 1, 1876. With insufficient time or money to organize a presidential election in the new state, Colorado's state legislature selected the state's electors. These electors in turn gave their three votes to Hayes and the Republican Party. This was the last election in which any state chose electors through its state legislature.
Electoral disputes[edit]
Further information: Electoral Commission (United States)
In Florida (with 4 electoral votes), Louisiana (with 8), and South Carolina (with 7), reported returns favored Tilden, but election results in each state were marked by fraud and threats of violence against Republican voters. The most egregious case was in South Carolina, where an impossible 101 percent of all eligible voters in the state had their votes counted.[10] One of the points of contention revolved around the design of ballots. At the time, parties would print ballots or "tickets" to enable voters to support them in the open ballots. To aid illiterate voters the parties would print symbols on the tickets. In this election, many Democratic ballots were printed with the Republican symbol, Abraham Lincoln, on them.[11] The Republican-dominated state electoral commissions subsequently disallowed a sufficient number of Democratic votes to award their electoral votes to Hayes.
In two southern states, the governor recognized by the United States had signed the Republican certificates. The Democratic certificates from Florida were signed by the state attorney-general and the new Democratic governor. Those from Louisiana were signed by the Democratic gubernatorial candidate, and those from South Carolina by no state official. In the latter state, the Tilden electors simply claimed that they were chosen by the popular vote, and they were rejected by the state election board.[12]
Meanwhile, in Oregon, the vote of a single elector was disputed. The statewide result clearly favored Hayes, but the state's Democratic governor, La Fayette Grover, claimed that one elector, former postmaster John Watts, was ineligible under Article II, Section 1, of the United States Constitution, since he was a "person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States." Grover then substituted a Democratic elector in his place. The two Republican electors dismissed Grover's action and each reported three votes for Hayes, while the Democratic elector, C.A. Cronin, reported one vote for Tilden and two votes for Hayes. The two Republican electors presented a certificate signed by the secretary of state of Oregon. Cronin and the two electors he appointed (Cronin voted for Tilden while his associates voted for Hayes) used a certificate signed by the governor and attested by the secretary of state.[12] Ultimately, all three of Oregon's votes were awarded to Hayes.
Hayes thus had a majority of one in the Electoral College. The Democrats cried fraud. Suppressed excitement pervaded the country. Threats were even muttered that Hayes would never be inaugurated. In Columbus, Ohio, a shot was fired at Governor Hayes's residence as he sat down to dinner. Supporters marched to his home, calling for the "president". Hayes urged the crowd that, "it is impossible, at so early a time, to obtain the result."[13] President Grant quietly strengthened the military force in and around Washington.[12]
The Constitution provides that "the President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the [electoral] certificates, and the votes shall then be counted." Certain Republicans held that the power to count the votes lay with the President of the Senate, the House and Senate being mere spectators. The Democrats objected to this construction, since Mr. Ferry, the Republican President of the Senate, could then count the votes of the disputed states for Hayes. The Democrats insisted that Congress should continue the practice followed since 1865, which was that no vote objected to should be counted except by the concurrence of both houses. The House had a solid Democratic majority; by throwing out the vote of one state, it could elect Tilden.[12]
Facing an unprecedented constitutional crisis, the Congress of the United States passed a law on January 29, 1877 that formed a 15-member Electoral Commission to settle the result. Five members were selected from each house of Congress, and they were joined by five members of the Supreme Court. William M. Evarts served as counsel for the Republican Party. The Compromise of 1877 might have helped the Democrats accept this electoral commission as well.
The majority party in each house named three members and the minority party two. As the Republicans controlled the Senate and the Democrats the House of Representatives, this yielded five Democratic and five Republican members of the Commission. Of the Supreme Court justices, two Republicans and two Democrats were chosen, with the fifth to be selected by these four.
The justices first selected a political independent, Justice David Davis. According to one historian, "[n]o one, perhaps not even Davis himself, knew which presidential candidate he preferred."[13] Just as the Electoral Commission Bill was passing Congress, the legislature of Illinois elected Davis to the Senate. Democrats in the Illinois legislature believed that they had purchased Davis's support by voting for him. However, they had made a miscalculation; instead of staying on the Supreme Court so that he could serve on the Commission, he promptly resigned as a Justice in order to take his Senate seat.[14] All the remaining available justices were Republicans, so the four justices already selected chose Justice Joseph P. Bradley, who was considered the most impartial remaining member of the court. This selection proved decisive.
Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage of the winning candidate in each county. Shades of blue are for Tilden (Democratic) and shades of red are for Hayes (Republican).
It was drawing perilously near to Inauguration Day. The commission met on the last day of January. The cases of Florida, Louisiana, Oregon, and South Carolina were in succession submitted to it by Congress. Eminent counsel appeared for each side. There were double sets of returns from every one of the states named.[12]
The commission first decided not to question any returns that were prima facie lawful.[12] Bradley joined the other seven Republican committee members in a series of 8–7 votes that gave all 20 disputed electoral votes to Hayes, giving Hayes a 185–184 electoral vote victory. The commission adjourned on March 2; two days later Hayes was inaugurated without disturbance.[12]
During intense closed-door meetings, Democratic leaders agreed with reluctance to accept Hayes as president in return for the withdrawal of Federal troops from the last two still-occupied Southern states, South Carolina and Louisiana. Republican leaders in return agreed on a number of handouts and entitlements, including Federal subsidies for a transcontinental railroad line through the South. Although some of these promises were not kept, in particular the railroad proposal, it was enough for the time being to avert a dangerous standoff.
The returns accepted by the Commission put Hayes' margin of victory in South Carolina at 889 votes, the second-closest popular vote margin in a decisive state in U.S. history, after the election of 2000, which was decided by 537 votes in Florida (though in 2000, the declared margin of victory in the Electoral College for George W. Bush was five votes, as opposed to Hayes' one vote).
It is not possible to conclude definitively what the result would have been if a fair election had been held without the violence and intimidation throughout the South that disenfranchised many African Americans made eligible to vote under the 15th Amendment.[15] Nevertheless, in the likeliest fair scenario, Hayes would have won the election with 189 electoral votes to Tilden's 180 by winning all of the states that he did ultimately carry, plus Mississippi, but minus Florida.[15] In a truly fair election, it seems probable that South Carolina, Mississippi, and Louisiana, which all had majority black populations, would have gone Republican.[15] Regardless, Hayes would be the last Republican until Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1956 to win the electoral votes of Louisiana and the last Republican until Barry M. Goldwater in 1964 to carry South Carolina. Florida, with a majority white population, would have likely gone to Tilden in a fair election.[15] It is therefore likely that Hayes would have won appreciably more of the popular vote in a fair election, perhaps even a plurality or majority.[15]
Upon his defeat, Tilden said, "I can retire to public life with the consciousness that I shall receive from posterity the credit of having been elected to the highest position in the gift of the people, without any of the cares and responsibilities of the office." Hayes paid off those who helped him win the electoral college with government sinecures.
Results[edit]
According to the Commission's rulings, of the 2,249 counties and independent cities making returns, Tilden won in 1,301 (57.85%) while Hayes carried only 947 (42.11%). One county (0.04%) in Nevada split evenly between Tilden and Hayes.
The election of 1876 was the last one held before the end of the Reconstruction era, which sought to protect the rights of African Americans in the South who usually voted for Republican presidential candidates. No antebellum slave state would be carried by a Republican again until the 1896 realignment, and it was not until the election of 1920 that one of the states of the Confederacy was ever again carried by a Republican presidential candidate. In that case, it was Tennessee, a state that never experienced a long period of occupation by Federal troops and was completely “reconstructed” well before the first presidential election of the Reconstruction period (1868). None of the Southern states that experienced long periods of occupation by Federal troops was carried by a Republican again until the election of 1928 (Texas, Florida, North Carolina, and Virginia). This proved the last election in which the Republicans won Louisiana until 1956 and the last in which the Republicans won South Carolina until 1964. The next time those two states voted against the Democrats was when they supported the Dixiecrats in 1948; Louisiana also voted against the Democrats in 1968 by voting for Wallace.
Although 1876 marked the last competitive two party election in the South before Democratic dominance of the South through 1948 and of the border states through 1896, it was also the last election (as of 2017) in which the Democrats won the pro-union counties of Mitchell in North Carolina,[16] Wayne and Henderson in Tennessee, and Lewis County, Kentucky.[17] The election was also the last time a Republican won the presidency without carrying Indiana.
Presidential candidate
Party
Home state
Popular vote[18]
Electoral
vote[19]
Running mate
Count
Percentage
Vice-presidential candidate
Home state
Electoral vote[19]
Rutherford B. Hayes Republican Ohio 4,034,142 47.92% 185 William A. Wheeler New York 185
Samuel J. Tilden Democratic New York 4,286,808 50.92% 184 Thomas A. Hendricks Indiana 184
Peter Cooper Greenback New York 83,726 0.99% 0 Samuel Fenton Cary Ohio 0
Green Clay Smith Prohibition Kentucky 6,945 0.08% 0 Gideon T. Stewart Ohio 0
James Walker American National Party Illinois 463 0.01% 0 Donald Kirkpatrick New York 0
Other 6,575 0.08% — Other —
Total
8,418,659 100% 369 369
Needed to win
185 185
Popular vote
Tilden
50.92%
Hayes
47.92%
Cooper
0.99%
Others
0.17%
Electoral vote
Hayes
50.14%
Tilden
49.86%
Geography of results[edit]
Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote
Cartographic gallery[edit]
Map of presidential election results by county
Map of Democratic presidential election results by county
Map of Republican presidential election results by county
Map of "other" presidential election results by county
Cartogram of presidential election results by county
Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county
Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county
Cartogram of "other" presidential election results by county
Results by state[edit]
Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836-1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.[20]
States won by Tilden/Hendricks
States won by Hayes/Wheeler
Samuel J. Tilden
Democratic
Rutherford B. Hayes
Republican
Peter Cooper
Greenback
Green Smith
Prohibition
Margin
State Total
State
electoral
votes
#
%
electoral
votes
#
%
electoral
votes
#
%
electoral
votes
#
%
electoral
votes
#
%
#
Alabama 10 102,989 59.98 10 68,708 40.02 - - - - - - - -34,281 -19.97 171,699 AL
Arkansas 6 58,086 59.92 6 38,649 39.87 - 211 0.22 - - - - -19,437 -20.05 96,946 AR
California 6 76,460 49.08 - 79,258 50.88 6 47 0.03 - - - - 2,798 1.80 155,784 CA
Colorado* 3 3 CO
Connecticut 6 61,927 50.70 6 59,033 48.33 - 774 0.63 - 374 0.31 - -2,894 -2.37 122,134 CT
Delaware 3 13,381 55.45 3 10,752 44.55 - - - - - - - -2,629 -10.89 24,133 DE
Florida 4 22,927 49.01 - 23,849 50.99 4 - - - - - - 922 1.97 46,776 FL
Georgia 11 130,157 72.03 11 50,533 27.97 - - - - - - - -79,624 -44.07 180,690 GA
Illinois 21 258,611 46.66 - 278,232 50.20 21 17,207 3.10 - - - - 19,621 3.54 554,227 IL
Indiana 15 213,526 48.65 15 208,011 47.39 - 17,233 3.93 - 141 0.03 - -5,515 -1.26 438,911 IN
Iowa 11 112,121 38.28 - 171,326 58.50 11 9,431 3.22 - - - - 59,205 20.21 292,878 IA
Kansas 5 37,902 30.53 - 78,324 63.10 5 7,770 6.26 - 110 0.09 - 40,422 32.56 124,134 KS
Kentucky 12 160,060 61.41 12 97,568 37.44 - - - - - - - -62,492 -23.98 260,626 KY
Louisiana 8 70,508 48.35 - 75,315 51.65 8 - - - - - - 4,807 3.30 145,823 LA
Maine 7 49,917 42.65 - 66,300 56.64 7 - - - - - - 16,383 14.00 117,045 ME
Maryland 8 91,779 56.05 8 71,980 43.95 - - - - - - - -19,799 -12.09 163,759 MD
Massachusetts 13 108,777 41.90 - 150,064 57.80 13 - - - - - - 41,287 15.90 259,620 MA
Michigan 11 141,685 44.49 - 166,901 52.41 11 9,023 2.83 - 766 0.24 - 25,216 7.92 318,450 MI
Minnesota 5 48,587 39.16 - 72,955 58.80 5 2,389 1.93 - 144 0.12 - 24,368 19.64 124,075 MN
Mississippi 8 112,173 68.08 8 52,603 31.92 - - - - - - - -59,570 -36.15 164,776 MS
Missouri 15 202,086 57.64 15 145,027 41.36 - 3,497 1.00 - - - - -57,059 -16.27 350,610 MO
Nebraska 3 17,413 35.30 - 31,915 64.70 3 - - - - - - 14,502 29.40 49,328 NE
Nevada 3 9,308 47.27 - 10,383 52.73 3 - - - - - - 1,075 5.46 19,691 NV
New Hampshire 5 38,510 48.05 - 41,540 51.83 5 - - - - - - 3,030 3.78 80,141 NH
New Jersey 9 115,962 52.66 9 103,517 47.01 - 714 0.32 - - - - -12,445 -5.65 220,193 NJ
New York 35 521,949 51.40 35 489,207 48.17 - 1,978 0.19 - 2,369 0.23 - -32,742 -3.22 1,015,503 NY
North Carolina 10 125,427 53.62 10 108,484 46.38 - - - - - - - -16,943 -7.24 233,911 NC
Ohio 22 323,182 49.07 - 330,698 50.21 22 3,057 0.46 - 1,636 0.25 - 7,516 1.14 658,649 OH
Oregon 3 14,157 47.38 - 15,214 50.92 3 510 1.71 - - - - 1,057 3.54 29,881 OR
Pennsylvania 29 366,204 48.25 - 384,184 50.62 29 7,204 0.95 - 1,318 0.17 - 17,980 2.37 758,993 PA
Rhode Island 4 10,712 40.23 - 15,787 59.29 4 68 0.26 - 60 0.23 - 5,075 19.06 26,627 RI
South Carolina 7 90,897 49.76 - 91,786 50.24 7 - - - - - - 889 0.49 182,683 SC
Tennessee 12 133,177 59.79 12 89,566 40.21 - - - - - - - -43,611 -19.58 222,743 TN
Texas 8 104,755 70.04 8 44,800 29.96 - - - - - - - -59,955 -40.09 149,555 TX
Vermont 5 20,254 31.38 - 44,091 68.30 5 - - - - - - 23,837 36.93 64,553 VT
Virginia 11 140,770 59.58 11 95,518 40.42 - - - - - - - -45,252 -19.15 236,288 VA
West Virginia 5 56,546 56.75 5 41,997 42.15 - 1,104 1.11 - - - - -14,549 -14.60 99,647 WV
Wisconsin 10 123,926 48.19 - 130,067 50.57 10 1,509 0.59 - 27 0.01 - 6,141 2.39 257,177 WI
TOTALS:
369
4,286,808
50.92
184
4,034,142
47.92
185
83,726
0.99
-
6,945
0.08
-
-252,666
-3.00
8,418,659
US
Close states[edit]
Margin of victory less than 5% (171 electoral votes):
South Carolina, 0.49%
Ohio, 1.14%
Indiana, 1.26%
California, 1.80%
Florida, 1.97%
Pennsylvania, 2.37%
Connecticut, 2.37%
Wisconsin, 2.39%
New York, 3.22%
Louisiana, 3.30%
Oregon, 3.54%
Illinois, 3.54%
New Hampshire, 3.78%
Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (33 electoral votes):
Nevada, 5.46%
New Jersey, 5.65%
North Carolina, 7.24%
Michigan, 7.92%
Cultural references[edit]
The presidential election of 1876 is a major theme of Gore Vidal's novel 1876.
See also[edit]
American election campaigns in the 19th century
History of the United States (1865–1918)
Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes
United States House elections, 1876
United States Senate elections, 1876
Third Party System
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Between 1828-1928: "Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections: 1828 - 2008". The American Presidency Project. UC Santa Barbara. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
Jump up ^ Between 1932 and 2008: "Table 397. Participation in Elections for President and U.S. Representatives: 1932 to 2010" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012. U.S. Census Bureau.
Jump up ^ Presidential election of 1876
Jump up ^ Was Grant a candidate?
Jump up ^ https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsrepu00nelsgoog#page/n112/mode/2up
Jump up ^ DeGregorio, William (1997). The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents. New York: Gramercy. ISBN 0-517-18353-6.
Jump up ^ They Also Ran
Jump up ^ "US President - American National Convention Race - Jun 08, 1875". Our Campaigns. 2010-06-21. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
Jump up ^ Holt, Michael F., By One Vote, University Press of Kansas, 2008, pg. 129
Jump up ^ Holt, Michael F, By One Vote, University Press of Kansas, 2008, pg. 167, pg. 255
Jump up ^ "Flashback to 1876: History repeats itself". BBC News. London. December 12, 2000. Retrieved November 28, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Andrews, E. Benjamin (1912). History of the United States. Charles Scribner's Sons.
^ Jump up to: a b Morris, Roy, Jr. (2003). Fraud Of The Century: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel Tilden And The Stolen Election Of 1876. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 168, 239. ISBN 978-0-7432-5552-3
Jump up ^ "Hayes v. Tilden: The Electoral College Controversy of 1876–1877." Archived February 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. HarpWeek
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Who Won the 1876 Election? Issue 9 of Buttons and Ballots, in Spring 1997.
Jump up ^ The Political Graveyard; Mitchell County, North Carolina
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016
Jump up ^ Leip, David. "1876 Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved July 27, 2005.
Jump up ^ "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 31, 2005.
Jump up ^ "1876 Presidential General Election Data - National". Retrieved May 7, 2013.
Sources and further reading[edit]
Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia ...for 1876 (1885), comprehensive world coverage
John Bigelow, Author, Edited by, Nikki Oldaker, The Life of Samuel J. Tilden. (2009 Revised edition-retype-set-new photos). 444 pages, Full Color. ISBN 978-0-9786698-1-2
Holt, Michael F. By One Vote: The Disputed Presidential Election of 1876. (2008). 304 pages, ISBN 978-0-7006-1608-4
Flick, Alexander C. (1939). Samuel J. Tilden — A Study In Political Sagacity.
Haworth, Paul Leland (1906). The Hayes-Tilden Disputed Presidential Election of 1876.
Hoogenboom, Ari (1995). Rutherford B. Hayes: Warrior and President. ISBN 0-7006-0641-6.
Morris, Roy, Jr. (2004). Fraud Of The Century: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel Tilden And The Stolen Election Of 1876.
Authors Nikki Oldaker with John Bigelow, 2006, "Samuel Tilden the Real 19th President" 288 pages ISBN 978-0-9786698-0-5
Polakoff, Keith Ian (1973). The Politics of Inertia: The Election of 1876 and the End of Reconstruction.
Rehnquist, William H. (2004). The Centennial Crisis: The Disputed Election of 1876. Knopf Publishing Group. ISBN 0-375-41387-1. , popular account
Summers, Mark Wahlgren.The Press Gang: Newspapers and Politics, 1865-1878 (1994)
Summers, Mark Wahlgren. The Era of Good Stealings (1993), covers corruption 1868-1877
Richard White, "Corporations, Corruption, and the Modern Lobby: A Gilded Age Story of the West and the South in Washington, D.C." Southern Spaces, April 16, 2009
Woodward, C. Vann (1951). Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction.
Primary sources[edit]
Democratic National Committee (1876). The Campaign Text Book: Why the People Want a Change. The Republican Party Reviewed….
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election, 1876.
United States presidential election of 1876 at Encyclopædia Britannica
Presidential Election of 1876: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
Rutherford B. Hayes On The Election of 1876: Original Letter Shapell Manuscript Foundation
1876 popular vote by counties
Hayes Presidential Library with essays by historians
Hayes vs. Tilden: The Electoral College Controversy of 1876-1877
Samuel Tilden
How close was the 1876 election? at the Wayback Machine (archived August 25, 2012) — Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Booknotes interview with Roy Morris, Jr. on Fraud of the Century: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel Tilden, and the Stolen Election of 1876, April 6, 2003.
Election of 1876 in Counting the Votes
[show]
v
t
e
(1872 ←) United States presidential election, 1876 (1880 →)
Republican Party
Convention
Nominee
Rutherford B. Hayes
VP nominee
William A. Wheeler
Candidates
James G. Blaine
Benjamin Bristow
Oliver P. Morton
Roscoe Conkling
John F. Hartranft
Marshall Jewell
Elihu B. Washburne
William A. Wheeler
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Joel Parker
[show]
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James Walker
VP nominee
Donald Kirkpatrick
See also: Electoral Commission
Other 1876 elections: House
Senate
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values: Präsidentschaftswahl in den Vereinigten Staaten 1876 – German

values: Elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 1876 – Spanish

values: Élection présidentielle américaine de 1876 – French

values: Elezioni presidenziali negli Stati Uniti d'America del 1876 – Italian

values: הבחירות לנשיאות ארצות הברית 1876 – Hebrew

values: Uchaguzi wa Rais wa Marekani, 1876 – Swahili

values: Amerikaanse presidentsverkiezingen 1876 – Dutch

values: 1876年アメリカ合衆国大統領選挙 – Japanese

values: Wybory prezydenckie w Stanach Zjednoczonych w 1876 roku – Polish

values: Eleição presidencial nos Estados Unidos em 1876 – Portuguese

values: Президентские выборы в США (1876) – Russian

values: Yhdysvaltain presidentinvaalit 1876 – Finnish

values: Президентські вибори у США 1876 – Ukrainian

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