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List of Korean War weapons
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This is a list of Korean War weapons.
Contents
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1 Footmobile weaponry
1.1 Sidearm Pistols
1.1.1 United Nations Command
1.1.1.1 United States
1.1.1.2 Commonwealth
1.1.2 Communist States
1.2 Rifles
1.2.1 United Nations Command
1.2.1.1 United States
1.2.1.2 Commonwealth
1.2.2 Communist states
1.3 Carbines
1.3.1 United Nations Command
1.3.1.1 United States
1.3.1.2 Commonwealth
1.3.2 Communist states
1.4 Shotguns
1.4.1 United States
1.4.2 Communist states
1.5 Automatic weapons
1.5.1 United Nations Command
1.5.1.1 United States
1.5.1.2 Commonwealth
1.5.2 Communist states
1.6 Machine guns
1.6.1 United Nations Command
1.6.1.1 United States
1.6.1.2 Commonwealth
1.6.2 Communist states
1.7 Hand grenades & Rifle grenades
1.7.1 United Nations Command
1.7.1.1 United States
1.7.1.2 Commonwealth
1.7.2 Communist states
1.8 Rocket launchers, recoilless rifles & flamethrower
1.8.1 United Nations Command
1.8.1.1 Commonwealth
1.8.2 Communist states
1.9 Mortars
1.9.1 United Nations Command
1.9.1.1 United States
1.9.1.2 Commonwealth
1.9.2 Communist states
2 Artillery
3 Vehicles
3.1 Armor
3.1.1 United Nations Command
3.1.1.1 USA
3.1.1.2 Commonwealth
3.1.2 Communist states
3.2 Light Vehicles
3.2.1 United Nations Command
3.2.2 Communist states
3.3 Aircraft
3.3.1 United Nations Command
3.3.1.1 USA
3.3.1.2 Commonwealth
3.3.2 Communist states
3.4 Helicopters
3.4.1 United Nations Command
3.4.1.1 USA
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Footmobile weaponry[edit]
Sidearm Pistols[edit]
United Nations Command[edit]
None
United States[edit]
M1911 pistol
M1917 revolver
Smith & Wesson Model 10
Colt New Service
Commonwealth[edit]
Browning 9 mm FN GP35
Enfield No.II Mk.I**
Webley No.IV
Communist States[edit]
TT-33
Nagant M1895
Mauser C96
Nambu Type 14
Walther P38
Luger P08
Rifles[edit]
United Nations Command[edit]
United States[edit]
Springfield M1903A3
Springfield M1903A4
M1917 Enfield rifle
M1 Garand
M1C/D Garand
Commonwealth[edit]
Lee–Enfield No.1 Mk.III* (Australian only)
Lee–Enfield No.4 Mk.I
Lee–Enfield No.4 Mk.I(T)
Communist states[edit]
Hanyang 88
Vz. 24
Type 38
Type 97 rifle
Type 99
Mosin–Nagant M1891/30
Mosin–Nagant M1891/30 Sniper Rifle
Gewehr 98
Gewehr 43
Gewehr 41
PTRD-41
PTRS-41
Tokarev SVT-40
Chiang Kai-shek rifle (PVA)
M1917 Enfield (PVA)
Springfield M1903 (PVA)
Karabiner 98k(PVA)
M1 Garand (Captured)
Carbines[edit]
United Nations Command[edit]
United States[edit]
M1 Carbine
M2 Carbine
M1 Carbine (Infrared)
M3 Carbine (Infrared)
Commonwealth[edit]
Lee-Enfield No.5 Mk. I
Communist states[edit]
Type 38 cavalry rifle
Type 44 carbine
Mosin–Nagant M1944 Carbine
M1 carbine (Captured)
Shotguns[edit]
United States[edit]
Winchester Model 1897
Browning Auto-5 (Limited)
Ithaca 37
Winchester Model 1912
Stevens M520-30
Stevens M620
Communist states[edit]
IZH-43 double barrel shotguns
Automatic weapons[edit]
United Nations Command[edit]
United States[edit]
M1918A2 BAR (Browning Automatic Rifle)
M3A1 "Grease Gun"
Thompson M1928A1
Thompson M1A1
M2 Carbine
Commonwealth[edit]
Machine Carbine, 9 mm Owen, Mark 1
PPSh-41
Sten Mk.II
Sten Mk.V
Thompson M1928A1
Thompson M1A1
Madsen M-50 Used by Thai troops.
Communist states[edit]
PPS-43
PPSh-41
Type 50, PPSh-41 Copy
Type 100 submachine gun
Sten (PVA)
Thompson M1928A1 (PVA)
MP-40
MP-38
MP-41
Type 36, M3 Copy
Suomi KP/-31
Machine guns[edit]
United Nations Command[edit]
United States[edit]
Browning M1917A1
Browning M1919A4
Browning M1919A6
Browning M2HB heavy machine gun
Commonwealth[edit]
Bren light machine gun
Degtyarev DP-28 light machine gun
Maxim PM1910
Vickers medium machine gun
Browning M2HB heavy machine gun
M1919 Browning machine gun
Lewis gun
Communist states[edit]
Type 96 light machine gun
Type 97 light machine gun
Type 99 light machine gun
Type 92 heavy machine gun
Degtyarev DP-28 light machine gun
Degtyarev DPM light machine gun
Degtyarev RP-46 light machine gun
SG-43 Gorunov
Maxim PM1910
ZB vz. 26 (PVA)
Type 24 machine gun (PVA)
Hand grenades & Rifle grenades[edit]
United Nations Command[edit]
United States[edit]
M62 Fragmentation hand grenade
Mk.2 Fragmentation hand grenade
Mk.I illumination hand grenade
M7A1 rifle grenade launcher for M1 Garand
M8 rifle grenade launcher for M1 carbine
Adapter, grenade M1A2
M9/A1 HEAT (High Explosive Anti-Tank) rifle grenade
M17A1 illumination rifle grenade
M18A1 illumination rifle grenade
M28 rifle grenade (copy of the Energa)
Commonwealth[edit]
No.36M Mk.I fragmentation hand grenade "Mills Bomb"
Communist states[edit]
F1 fragmentation hand grenade
M17 stick grenade
RG-42 fragmentation hand grenade
RGD-33 fragmentation hand grenade
RPG-43 HEAT (High Explosive Anti-Tank) hand grenade
Type 23 grenade (PVA)
Rocket launchers, recoilless rifles & flamethrower[edit]
United Nations Command[edit]
Rocket launcher, M9A1 2.36" "Bazooka"
Rocket launcher, M20 3.5" "Super Bazooka"
M18 57 mm recoilless rifle
M20 75 mm recoilless rifle
M25 3.5-in Repeating rocket Launcher (Limited combat testing only)
M2 flamethrower
Commonwealth[edit]
"Projector, Infantry, Anti Tank" (Australian troops only, used in the early stages of the war.)
Communist states[edit]
Type 36 57mm recoilless rifle (Chinese copy of US M18 Recoilless Rifle)
Type 51 90mm rocket launcher (Chinese copy of US M20 Super Bazooka)
Mortars[edit]
United Nations Command[edit]
United States[edit]
M1 81 mm mortar
M2 60 mm mortar
M2 4.2 inch mortar
M19 60 mm mortar
M30 107 mm mortar
Commonwealth[edit]
Ordnance SBML 2-inch mortar
Ordnance ML 3-inch mortar
Ordnance ML 4.2 inch Mortar
Communist states[edit]
82-PM-41
120-PM-43 mortar
Granatwerfer 34 mortar
Type 31 mortar (PVA)
Artillery[edit]
USA
M2 90mm Gun
M101 105 mm howitzer (then designated M2A1 towed)
M114 155 mm howitzer (then designated M1A1 towed)
M59 155 mm field-gun (then designated M1/M2 'Long Tom')
M115 203 mm howitzer (then designated M2 towed)
240 mm howitzer M1
Commonwealth
Ordnance QF 25 pounder
BL 5.5 inch Medium Gun
Ordnance QF 17 pounder
Communist states
Katyusha rocket launcher
45 mm anti-tank gun M1942 (M-42)
37 mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K)
57 mm anti-tank gun M1943 (ZiS-2)
76 mm divisional gun M1942 (ZiS-3)
85 mm air defense gun (M1939 52-K)
100 mm air defense gun (KS-19)
100 mm field gun (BS-3)
122 mm gun (A-19)
122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30)
152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20)
Vehicles[edit]
Armor[edit]
United Nations Command[edit]
USA[edit]
Medium Tank M4A3 "Sherman"
Medium Tank M4A3E8 "Sherman"
Light Tank M24 "Chaffee"
Heavy Tank M26 Pershing
M46 Patton
M18 Hellcat
M36 tank destroyer
Commonwealth[edit]
Tank, Cruiser, Cromwell (A27M) (Royal Tank Regiment, 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars)
Tank, Cruiser, Centurion Mk.3 (5th Royal Tank Regiment, 5th Royal Inniskilling Dragoon Guards, 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars)
Tank, Infantry, Churchill (A22) (C Squadron 7th Royal Tank Regiment, 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars)
Medium Tank M4A3 "Sherman" (Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) (2nd Armoured Regiment))
Medium Tank M4A3E8 "Sherman" (Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) (2nd Armoured Regiment))
Tank, Cruiser, Comet (A34)
M10 Achilles
Communist states[edit]
T-34
T-34-85
M4A2E8 Sherman "Emcha", 76 mm with HVSS (from the Soviets through Lend-Lease Act during World War II)
M5A1 Stuart (PVA)
IS-2 (PVA)
Light Vehicles[edit]
United Nations Command[edit]
105 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage M7B1/B2 Priest
105 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage M37
155 mm Gun Motor Carriage M40
203 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage M43
155 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage M41 (Gorilla)
M19 Gun Motor Carriage
M8 Greyhound Armoured Car
M29C Weasel Cargo Carrier
Armored Utility Vehicle M39
M20 Armored Utility Car
Willys Overland Jeep MB
Carrier, Personnel, Half-track M3A2
Multiple Gun Motor Carriage M16
Universal Carrier
AEC Armoured Car
Daimler Armoured Car
Daimler Dingo
Communist states[edit]
BA-64 light armoured car
SU-76 self-propelled gun
GAZ-67 jeep
BTR-40 Armored Personnel Carrier
Aircraft[edit]
United Nations Command[edit]
USA[edit]
Attack Aircraft
Douglas AD-1 Skyraider (USMC, United States Navy)
Douglas AD-4 Skyraider (USMC, USN)
Douglas AD-4W Skyraider (USMC, USN)
Grumman AF-2W Guardian (USN)
Chance Vought AU-1 Corsair (USMC)
North American F-51D Mustang (USAF)
Grumman/General Motors TBM-3S (USN)
Fighter Aircraft
McDonnell F2H-2 Banshee (USMC, USN)
Douglas F3D-2N Skyknight Night Fighter (USMC, USN)
Chance Vought F4U-4B Corsair (USMC, USN)
Chance Vought F4U-4C Corsair (USMC, USN)
Chance Vought F4U-5N Corsair Night Fighter (USMC)
Grumman F7F-3N Tigercat Night Fighter (USMC)
Grumman F9F-2 Panther (USMC, USN)
Grumman F9F-3 Panther (USMC, USN)
Grumman F9F-5 Panther (USMC, USN)
North American F-51D Mustang (USAF)
Lockheed F-80C Shooting Star (USAF)
North American F-82G Twin Mustang (USAF)
Republic Aviation F-84E Thunderjet (USAF)
North American F-86A Sabre (USAF)
Lockheed F-94B Starfire (USAF)
Bomber Aircraft
Douglas B-26 Invader (USAF)
Boeing B-29 Superfortress (USAF)
Boeing B-50 Superfortress (USAF)
Utility/Transport Aircraft
Beechcraft C-45 Expediter (USAF)
Curtiss C-46 Commando (USAF)
Douglas C-47 Skytrain (USAF)
Douglas R4D Skytrain (USMC)
Douglas C-54 Skymaster (USAF)
Douglas R5D Skymaster (USMC)
Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar (USAF)
Douglas C-124A Globemaster II (USAF)
Grumman/General Motors TBM-3R Light Cargo/Ambulance (USMC)
Grumman/General Motors TBM-3E Light Cargo/Ambulance (USMC)
Grumman/General Motors TBM-3U Utility (USN)
Liaison/Observation/Reconnaissance Aircraft
Piper L-4 (USAF)
Stinson L-5 Sentinel (USAF, US Army, USMC)
Aeronca L-16 (USAF)
North American/Ryan L-17 Navion (USAF, Army)
Cessna L-19 Bird Dog (USAF, Army, USMC)
De Havilland Canada L-20 Beaver (USAF)
McDonnell F2H-2P Banshee (USMC, USN)
Chance Vought F4U-4P Corsair (USMC)
Grumman F9F-2P Panther (USMC, USN)
Boeing RB-17 Flying Fortress (USAF)
Douglas RB-26 Invader (USAF)
Boeing RB-29 Superfortress (USAF)
Convair RB-36 Peacemaker (USAF)
North American RB-45C Tornado (USAF)
Boeing RB-50B Superfortress (USAF)
North American LT-6G Texan (USAF)
North American RF-51 Mustang (USAF)
Lockheed RF-80C Shooting Star (USAF)
North American RF-86A Sabre (USAF)
North American T-6C/F Texan (USAF)
North American T-6G Texan (USAF)
Douglas WB-26 Invader (USAF)
Boeing WB-29 Superfortress (USAF)
Patrol/Search & Rescue Aircraft
Consolidated OA-10 Catalina (USAF)
Martin PBM-5 Mariner (USN)
Lockheed P2V Neptune (USN)
Consolidated P4Y Privateer (USN)
Boeing SB-17 Flying Fortress (USAF)
Boeing SB-29 Superfortress (USAF)
Grumman SA-16A Albatross (USAF)
Tanker Aircraft
Boeing KB-29 Superfortress (USAF)
Republic Of Korea
Attack Aircraft
North American F-51D Mustang (ROKAF)
North American T-6 Texan
Fighter Aircraft
North American F-51D Mustang (ROKAF)
Transport Aircraft
Douglas C-47 Skytrain (ROKAF)
Liaison/Observation/Reconnaissance Aircraft
Piper L-4 Grasshopper (ROKAF)
Stinson L-5 Sentinel (ROKAF)
Aeronca L-16 (ROKAF)
North American/Ryan L-17 Navion (ROKAF)
Cessna L-19 Bird Dog (ROKAF)
North American T-6 Texan (ROKAF)
Commonwealth[edit]
Attack Aircraft
Fairey Firefly Mk.5 (Royal Navy - 800 Naval Air Squadron), (Royal Australian Navy)
Hawker Sea Fury FB Mk.11 (Royal Navy - 800, 810 Naval Air Squadron), (Royal Australian Navy)
Fighter Aircraft
Supermarine Seafire Mk.47 (Royal Navy - 800, 801 Naval Air Squadrons)
Fairey Firefly Mk.5 Night Fighter (Royal Navy - 800, 801 Naval Air Squadrons, Royal Australian Navy)
North American Mustang IV (Royal Australian Air Force, South African Air Force)
Gloster Meteor F. Mk.8 (Royal Australian Air Force)
North American F-86F Sabre (South African Air Force)
Liaison/Observation/Reconnaissance Aircraft
Auster AOP.6 (Royal Air Force)
Cessna Bird Dog (Royal Australian Air Force)
Patrol/Search & Rescue Aircraft
Short S.25 Sunderland (Royal Air Force)
Supermarine Sea Otter ASR.II (Royal Navy - 825 Naval Air Squadron)
Transport Aircraft
Douglas Dakota (Royal Australian Air Force)
Douglas C-54GM North Star Mk 1 (Royal Canadian Air Force)
Communist states[edit]
Fighter Aircraft
Yakovlev Yak-9P (KPAF, PLAAF)
Lavochkin La-9 (KPAF, PLAAF)
Lavochkin La-11
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9 (PLAAF)
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 (KPAF, PLAAF, Soviet Air Force)
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15bis (KPAF, PLAAF, Soviet Air Force)
Attack Aircraft
Ilyushin Il-10 Shturmovik (KPAF, PLAAF)
Bomber Aircraft
Polikarpov Po-2 (KPAF)
Yakovlev Yak-18 (KPAF)
Tupolev Tu-2S (PLAAF)
Transport Aircraft
Antonov An-2 (Soviet air force) (PLAAF)
Lisunov Li-2 (KPAF) (PLAAF) (Soviet air force)
C-47 Skytrain (KPAF) (PLAAF) (Soviet air force)
Ilyushin Il-12 (PLAAF) (Soviet air force)
Helicopters[edit]
United Nations Command[edit]
USA[edit]
Sikorsky H-5 (USAF, USMC, USN)
Bell H-13 (Army, USMC)
Sikorsky H-19 Chickasaw (USAF, Army, USMC)
Hiller OH-23 Raven (Army)
See also[edit]
List of U.S. Army weapons by supply catalog designation
List of military equipment used in the Korean War
References[edit]
Rottman, Gordon L. Korean War Order of Battle. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishing, 2002.
External links[edit]
Korean War weapons
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Local government
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A local government is a form of public administration which, in a majority of contexts, exists as the lowest tier of administration within a given state. The term is used to contrast with offices at state level, which are referred to as the central government, national government, or (where appropriate) federal government and also to supranational government which deals with governing institutions between states. Local governments generally act within powers delegated to them by legislation or directives of the higher level of government. In federal states, local government generally comprises the third (or sometimes fourth) tier of government, whereas in unitary states, local government usually occupies the second or third tier of government, often with greater powers than higher-level administrative divisions.
The question of municipal autonomy is a key question of public administration and governance. The institutions of local government vary greatly between countries, and even where similar arrangements exist, the terminology often varies. Common names for local government entities include state, province, region, department, county, prefecture, district, city, township, town, borough, parish, municipality, shire, village, and local service district.
Contents
[hide]
1 Africa
1.1 Egypt
1.2 Mali
1.3 South Africa
2 Asia
2.1 Afghanistan
2.2 Bangladesh
2.3 India
2.4 Indonesia
2.5 Israel
2.6 Japan
2.7 Malaysia
2.8 Nepal
2.9 Pakistan
2.10 Palestinian Authority
2.11 The Philippines
2.12 The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
2.13 Taiwan
2.14 Thailand
2.15 Turkey
2.16 Vietnam
3 Europe
3.1 Albania
3.2 Andorra
3.3 Bulgaria
3.4 Croatia
3.5 The Czech Republic
3.6 Denmark
3.7 Estonia
3.8 Finland
3.9 France
3.10 Germany
3.11 Greece
3.12 Hungary
3.13 Iceland
3.14 Ireland
3.15 The Isle of Man
3.16 Italy
3.17 Latvia
3.18 Liechtenstein
3.19 Lithuania
3.20 Malta
3.21 The Netherlands
3.22 Norway
3.23 Portugal
3.24 Poland
3.25 Spain
3.26 Sweden
3.27 Ukraine
3.28 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
3.28.1 England
3.28.2 Northern Ireland
3.28.3 Wales
3.28.4 Scotland
4 North America
4.1 Canada
4.2 Mexico
4.3 The United States of America
5 Oceania
5.1 Australia
5.2 New Zealand
6 South America
6.1 Argentina
6.2 Brazil
6.3 Paraguay
6.4 Peru
6.5 Uruguay
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Africa[edit]
Egypt[edit]
Local government traditionally had limited power in Egypt's highly centralized state. Under the central government were twenty-six governorates (sing., muhafazah; pl., muhafazat). These were subdivided into districts (sing., markaz; pl., marakaz) and villages (sing., qaryah; pl., qura) or towns. At each level, there was a governing structure that combined representative councils and government-appointed executive organs headed by governors, district officers, and mayors, respectively. Governors were appointed by the president, and they, in turn, appointed subordinate executive officers. The coercive backbone of the state apparatus ran downward from the Ministry of Interior through the governors' executive organs to the district police station and the village headman (sing., umdah; pl., umadah).[citation needed]
Before the revolution, state penetration of the rural areas was limited by the power of local notables, but under Nasser, land reform reduced their socioeconomic dominance, and the incorporation of peasants into cooperatives transferred mass dependence from landlords to government. The extension of officials into the countryside permitted the regime to bring development and services to the village. The local branches of the ruling party, the Arab Socialist Union (ASU), fostered a certain peasant political activism and coopted the local notables—in particular the village headmen—and checked their independence from the regime.[citation needed]
State penetration did not retreat under Sadat and Mubarak. The earlier effort to mobilize peasants and deliver services disappeared as the local party and cooperative withered, but administrative controls over the peasants remained intact. The local power of the old families and the headmen revived but more at the expense of peasants than of the state. The district police station balanced the notables, and the system of local government (the mayor and council) integrated them into the regime.[citation needed]
Sadat took several measures to decentralize power to the provinces and towns. Governors acquired more authority under Law Number 43 of 1979, which reduced the administrative and budgetary controls of the central government over the provinces. The elected councils acquired, at least formally, the right to approve or disapprove the local budget. In an effort to reduce local demands on the central treasury, local government was given wider powers to raise local taxes. But local representative councils became vehicles of pressure for government spending, and the soaring deficits of local government bodies had to be covered by the central government. Local government was encouraged to enter into joint ventures with private investors, and these ventures stimulated an alliance between government officials and the local rich that paralleled the infitah alliance at the national level. Under Mubarak decentralization and local autonomy became more of a reality, and local policies often reflected special local conditions. Thus, officials in Upper Egypt often bowed to the powerful Islamic movement there, while those in the port cities struck alliances with importers.[citation needed]
Mali[edit]
In recent years, Mali has undertaken an ambitious decentralization program, which involves the capital district of Bamako, seven regions subdivided into 46 cercles, and 682 rural community districts (communes). The state retains an advisory role in administrative and fiscal matters, and it provides technical support, coordination, and legal recourse to these levels. Opportunities for direct political participation, and increased local responsibility for development have been improved.[citation needed]
In August–September 1998, elections were held for urban council members, who subsequently elected their mayors. In May/June 1999, citizens of the communes elected their communal council members for the first time. Female voter turnout was about 70% of the total, and observers considered the process open and transparent. With mayors, councils, and boards in place at the local level, newly elected officials, civil society organizations, decentralized technical services, private sector interests, other communes, and donor groups began partnering to further development.[citation needed]
Eventually, the cercles will be reinstituted (formerly grouping arrondissements) with a legal and financial basis of their own. Their councils will be chosen by and from members of the communal councils. The regions, at the highest decentralized level, will have a similar legal and financial autonomy, and will comprise a number of cercles within their geographical boundaries. Mali needs to build capacity at these levels, especially to mobilize and manage financial resources.[citation needed]
South Africa[edit]
Main article: Local government in South Africa
South Africa has a two tiered local government system comprising local municipalities which fall into district municipalities, and metropolitan municipalities which span both tiers of local government.
Asia[edit]
Afghanistan[edit]
Afghanistan was traditionally divided into provinces governed by centrally appointed governors with considerable autonomy in local affairs. There are currently 34 provinces. During the Soviet occupation and the development of country-wide resistance, local areas came increasingly under the control of mujaheddin groups that were largely independent of any higher authority; local commanders, in some instances, asserted a measure of independence also from the mujaheddin leadership in Pakistan, establishing their own systems of local government, collecting revenues, running educational and other facilities, and even engaging in local negotiations. Mujaheddin groups retained links with the Peshawar parties to ensure access to weapons that were doled out to the parties by the government of Pakistan for distribution to fighters inside Afghanistan.[citation needed]
The Taliban set up a shura (assembly), made up of senior Taliban members and important tribal figures from the area. Each shura made laws and collected taxes locally. The Taliban set up a provisional government for the whole of Afghanistan, but it did not exercise central control over the local shuras.[citation needed]
The process of setting up the transitional government in June 2002 by the Loya Jirga took many steps involving local government. First, at the district and municipal level, traditional shura councils met to pick electors—persons who cast ballots for Loya Jirga delegates. Each district or municipality had to choose a predetermined number of electors, based on the size of its population. The electors then traveled to regional centers and cast ballots, to choose from amongst themselves a smaller number of loya jirga delegates— according to allotted numbers assigned to each district. The delegates then took part in the Loya Jirga.[citation needed]
The warlords who rule various regions of the country exert local control. The transitional government is attempting to integrate local governing authorities with the central government, but it lacks the loyalty from the warlords necessary to its governing authority. More traditional elements of political authority—such as Sufi networks, royal lineage, clan strength, age-based wisdom, and the like—still exist and play a role in Afghan society. Karzai is relying on these traditional sources of authority in his challenge to the warlords and older Islamist leaders. The deep ethnic, linguistic, sectarian, tribal, racial, and regional cleavages present in the country create what is called "Qawm" identity, emphasizing the local over higher-order formations. Qawm refers to the group to which the individual considers himself to belong, whether a subtribe, village, valley, or neighborhood. Local governing authority relies upon these forms of identity and loyalty.[citation needed]
Bangladesh[edit]
Main article: Local government in Bangladesh
Bangladesh is divided into eight administrative divisions,[1] each named after their respective divisional headquarters: Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, Sylhet, Rangpur and Mymensingh Division.
Divisions are subdivided into districts (zila). There are 64 districts in Bangladesh, each further subdivided into upazila (subdistricts) or thana. The area within each police station, except for those in metropolitan areas, is divided into several unions, with each union consisting of multiple villages. In the metropolitan areas, police stations are divided into wards, which are further divided into mahallas. There are no directly elected officials at the divisional or district levels, although elected chairs of subdistricts also sit on district councils.[2] Direct elections are held for each union (or ward), electing a chairperson and a number of members. In 1997, a parliamentary act was passed to reserve three seats (out of 12) in every union for female candidates.[3][4]
Dhaka is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh. The cities with a city corporation, having mayoral elections, include Dhaka South, Dhaka North, Chittagong, Khulna, Sylhet, Rajshahi, Barisal, Rangpur, Comilla and Gazipur. Other major cities, these and other municipalities electing a mayor and councilors for each ward, include Mymensingh, Gopalganj, Jessore, Bogra, Dinajpur, Saidapur, Narayanganj, Naogaon and Rangamati. Both the municipal heads are elected for a span of five years.
India[edit]
Main article: Local self-government in India
Indonesia[edit]
Main article: Subdivisions of Indonesia
Israel[edit]
Main article: Local government in Israel
The Israeli Ministry of Interior recognizes four types of local government in Israel:[citation needed]
Cities: 71 single-level urban municipalities, usually with populations exceeding 20,000 residents.
Local councils: 141 single-level urban or rural municipalities, usually with populations between 2,000 and 20,000.
Regional Councils: 54 bi-level municipalities which govern multiple rural communities located in relative geographic vicinity. The number of residents in the individual communities usually does not exceed 2000. There are no clear limits to the population and land area size of Israeli regional councils.
Industrial councils: Two single-level municipalities which govern large and complex industrial areas outside cities. The local industrial councils are Tefen in Upper Galilee (north of Karmiel) and Ramat Hovav in the Negev (south of Beer Sheva).
Japan[edit]
Main article: Administrative divisions of Japan
Since the Meiji restoration, Japan has had a local government system based on prefectures. The national government oversees much of the country. Municipal governments were historical villages. Now mergers are common for cost effective administration. There are 47 prefectures. They have two main responsibilities. One is mediation between national and municipal governments. The other is area wide administration.
Malaysia[edit]
Main article: Local government in Malaysia
Local government is the lowest level in the system of government in Malaysia—after federal and state. It has the power to collect taxes (in the form of assessment tax), to create laws and rules (in the form of by-laws) and to grant licenses and permits for any trade in its area of jurisdiction, in addition to providing basic amenities, collecting and managing waste and garbage as well as planning and developing the area under its jurisdiction.
Nepal[edit]
Main article: Local governance in Nepal
Pakistan[edit]
Main article: Local government in Pakistan
Local government is the third tier of government in Pakistan, after Federal Government and Provincial Government.There are three types of administrative unit of local government in Pakistan:
District Government Administrations
Town Municipal Administrations
Union Council Administrations
There are over five thousand local governments in Pakistan. Since 2001, these have been led by democratically elected local councils, each headed by a Nazim (the word means "supervisor" in Urdu, but is sometimes translated as Mayor). Some districts, incorporating large metropolitan areas, are called City Districts. A City District may contain subdivisions called Towns and Union Councils. Council elections are held every four years. District Governments also include a District Coordination Officer (DCO), who is a civil servant in-charge of all devolved departments. Currently, the Powers of Nazim are also held by the DCO.
Palestinian Authority[edit]
Local government in the Palestinian National Authority-controlled areas are divided into three main groups: Municipal councils, village council and local development committees.
Municipality (Palestinian Authority): Depends on size of locality. Localities that serve as the centers of governorates and populations over 15,000 have 15-member councils. Localities with populations over 15,000 residents have 13-member councils and localities with populations between 4,000 and 15,000 have 9-member councils.
Village Council (Palestinian Authority): Localities with populations between 800 and 1,500 have 3-member councils while those between 1,500 and −4,000 residents have 7-member councils.
The Philippines[edit]
Main article: Local government in the Philippines
See also: Philippines § Regions and Provinces
The Local Government Code of 1991 provides for the three levels of Local Government Units or LGUs in the Philippines: (1) the province (2) city and municipality, and (3) the barangay. The country remains a unitary state and the National Government continues to have strong influence over local government units.
A province is led by a governor along with the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (Provincial Council) composed of board members. A mayor leads a city or municipality while the Sangguniang Panlungsod (City Council) and the Sangguniang Bayan (Municipal Council) constitute the legislative branches of a city and municipality, respectively. A barangay is headed by the Barangay Captain and the Barangay Council. Barangays can be further divided into puroks and sitios but their leadership is unelected.
The 1987 Philippine Constitution also provides for the existence of autonomous regions. The Autonomous Region for Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) is the only autonomous region in the Philippines. There was an attempt to institute an autonomous region in the Cordillera, but that failed and instead the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) was established.
Local governments have limited taxing authority. Most of their funds come from the national government via the Internal Revenue Allotment
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia[edit]
There are three levels of local government in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: the city council, the municipal council and the municipality.
The city council is the highest level of local government. The municipal councils began in 2005 and is the second level of local government. The municipality is the third level of local government. There are 178 municipalities across the kingdom. The first began in Jeddah during the Othmanic period. Each municipality is run by its city's mayor. As a collective the kingdom's municipalities make up the Ministry of Municipality and Rural Affairs (MoMRA).
Taiwan[edit]
Taipei City Government
The Republic of China government in Taiwan consists of special municipality governments, provincial city governments and county governments for their local governments. They also have councils in each of those three local government levels.
Thailand[edit]
Main article: Administrative divisions of Thailand
Turkey[edit]
Main article: List of districts in Turkey
Turkey has two levels of local government; provinces (Turkish: iller ) and districts (Turkish: ilçeler ).
The territory of Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces for administrative purposes. The provinces are organized into 7 regions for census purposes; however, they do not represent an administrative structure. Each province is divided into districts, for a total of 957 districts.
Vietnam[edit]
Vietnam has 3 levels of local government:
First tier: provinces and municipalities
Second tier: provincial cities, towns, urban districts and rural districts
Third tier: wards, communes and townships
Each level has a People's Committee (executive - up to third tier), a People's Council (legislative - up to third tier) and a People's Court (judiciary - up to second tier)
Europe[edit]
See also: European Charter of Local Self-Government
Albania[edit]
Main articles: Counties of Albania, Districts of Albania, and Municipalities of Albania
Albania has 3 levels of local government :
12 administrative counties (Albanian: qark or prefekturë).
36 districts (Albanian: rreth).
373 municipalities (Albanian: bashki or komunë), 72 of which have city status (Albanian: qytet).
There are overall 2980 villages/communities (Albanian: fshat) in all Albania. Each district has its council which is composed of a number of municipalities. The municipalities are the first level of local governance, responsible for local needs and law enforcement.[5]
Andorra[edit]
Andorra is formed by seven parishes (parròquies, singular – parròquia); Andorra la Vella, Canillo, Encamp, La Massana, Escaldes-Engordany, Ordino, Sant Julia de Loria.
Some parishes have a further territorial subdivision. Ordino, La Massana and Sant Julià de Lòria are subdivided into quarts (quarters), while Canillo is subdivided into 10 veïnats (neighborhoods). Those mostly coincide with villages, which are found in all parishes. Each parish has its own elected mayor who is the nominal head of the local government known as a comú in Catalan.
Bulgaria[edit]
Main articles: Provinces of Bulgaria and Municipalities of Bulgaria
Since the 1880s, the number of territorial management units in Bulgaria has varied from seven to 26.[6] Between 1987 and 1999 the administrative structure consisted of nine provinces (oblasti, singular oblast). A new administrative structure was adopted in parallel with the decentralisation of the economic system.[7] It includes 27 provinces and a metropolitan capital province (Sofia-Grad). All areas take their names from their respective capital cities. The provinces subdivide into 264 municipalities.
Municipalities are run by mayors, who are elected to four-year terms, and by directly elected municipal councils. Bulgaria is a highly centralised state, where the national Council of Ministers directly appoints regional governors and all provinces and municipalities are heavily dependent on it for funding.[8]
Croatia[edit]
Main articles: Counties of Croatia, List of cities in Croatia, and Municipalities of Croatia
Croatia is divided into 20 counties and the capital city of Zagreb, the latter having the authority and legal status of a county and a city at the same time. The counties subdivide into 127 cities and 429 municipalities.[9]
The Czech Republic[edit]
Main articles: Regions of the Czech Republic and Districts of the Czech Republic
The highest tier of local government in the Czech Republic are the thirteen regions (Czech: kraje, singular kraj) and the capital city of Prague. Each region has its own elected Regional Assembly (krajské zastupitelstvo) and hejtman (usually translated as hetman or governor). In Prague, their powers are executed by the city council and the mayor.
The regions are divided into seventy-six districts (okresy, singular okres) including three "statutory cities" (without Prague, which had special status). The districts lost most of their importance in 1999 in an administrative reform; they remain as territorial divisions and seats of various branches of state administration.[10] A further reform in effect since January 2003 created 204 Municipalities with Extended Competence (obce s rozšířenou působností); also obce III. stupně – third-level municipalities, unofficially also called "little districts" (Czech: 'malé okresy') which took over most of the administration of the former district authorities. Some of these are further divided between Municipalities with Commissioned Local Authority (obce s pověřeným obecním úřadem, shortened to pověřená obec, pl. pověřené obce; "second-level municipalities"). In 2007 the borders of the districts were slightly adjusted and 119 municipalities are now within different districts.
Denmark[edit]
Main articles: Regions of Denmark and Municipalities of Denmark
For local government purposes, Denmark is divided into five regions (Danish: regioner), with their most important area of responsibility being the public health service. They are also responsible for employment policies, and some regions are responsible for public mass transit. Regions are not entitled to levy their own taxes., and they rely entirely on central state funding (around 70%) and funding coming from the municipalities (around 30%). Regions are led by directly elected councils (regionsråd). They consist of 41 members each.
The regions are further divided into 98 municipalities (kommuner). Elections for the municipalities are held on the third Tuesday of November every four years.
Estonia[edit]
Main articles: Counties of Estonia and Municipalities of Estonia
Estonia is divided into fifteen counties (Estonian: maakonnad), each led by a county governor (maavanem), who represents the national government at the regional level. Governors are appointed by the government, and so the regions do not have full self-government. The regions are further divided into 227 municipalities (omavalitsus), and each municipality is a unit of self-government with its representative and executive bodies.
Finland[edit]
Main articles: Regions of Finland, Sub-regions of Finland, and Municipalities of Finland
The most important administrative layer of local government in Finland are the 311 municipalities, which may also call themselves towns or cities. They account for half of public spending. Spending is financed by municipal income tax, property tax, state subsidies, and other revenue.
In addition to municipalities, there are two intermediate levels of local government. Municipalities co-operate in seventy-four sub-regions and nineteen regions. These are governed by the member municipalities and have only limited powers. However, the autonomous province of Åland has a directly elected regional council, and the Sami people have a semi-autonomous Sami Domicile Area in Lapland for issues on language and culture.
France[edit]
Main articles: Decentralisation in France and Administrative divisions of France
According to its Constitution of 1958, France has 3 levels of local government:
13 Régions (including Corsica) and 5 Régions d'outre-mer (Réunion, Martinique, Mayotte, Guadeloupe and French Guiana). Corsica is not referred to as a "région" but simply as a "collectivité territoriale", that merely means "local government area".
96 départements and 5 départements d'outre-mer (Réunion, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte and French Guiana). Paris is both a commune and a département.
There are 36,679 municipalities (in French: Communes).
However, in addition to the constitutional clauses of 1958, there now exist specificities:
Intercommunalities are now a level of government between municipalities and departments.
There exist 2 "pays d'outre-mer": French Polynesia and New Caledonia. The expression "pays d'outre-mer" is convenient as it can be understood in French as both "overseas country" and "overseas county/traditional area" (as evidenced by Pays de la Loire that is a home région, not a home "country"). French Polynesia works as an autonomous région, whereas New Caledonia has a sui generis local government status with specific institutions and even more autonomy.
Germany[edit]
Main articles: Federalism in Germany and States of Germany § Subdivisions
Greece[edit]
Main articles: Modern regions of Greece and Municipalities and communities of Greece
Since 1 January 2011, Greece consists of thirteen regions subdivided into a total of 325 municipalities and communities. The regions have their own elected governors and regional councils, however there are seven decentralized administrations, which group from one to three regions under a government-appointed general secretary. There is also one autonomous area, Mount Athos.
Hungary[edit]
Main articles: Counties of Hungary and Subregions of Hungary
For local government, Hungary is divided into 19 counties. In addition, the capital (főváros), Budapest, is independent of any county government
The counties are further subdivided into 174 subregions (kistérségek), and Budapest is its own subregion.
There are also 23 towns with county rights (singular megyei jogú város). The local authorities of these towns have extended powers, but these towns belong to the territory of the respective county instead of being independent territorial units.
Iceland[edit]
Main article: Municipalities of Iceland
The Municipalities of Iceland are local administrative areas in Iceland that provide a number of services to their inhabitants such as kindergartens, elementary schools, waste management, social services, public housing, public transportation, services to senior citizens and handicapped people. They also govern zoning and can voluntarily take on additional functions if they have the budget for it. The autonomy of municipalities over their own matters is guaranteed by the constitution of Iceland.
The municipalities are governed by municipal councils which are directly elected every four years. The sizes of these councils vary from five members in the smallest municipalities to fifteen in the largest one. Most municipalities except for the very small ones hire an executive manager who may or may not be a member of the municipal council. These managers are usually referred to as mayors (bæjarstjóri / borgarstjóri) in the mostly urban municipalities but "commune manager" (sveitarstjóri) in the rural or mixed municipalities.
Ireland[edit]
Main article: Local government in the Republic of Ireland
Local government in Ireland is mainly based on a structure of thirty-one local authorities, termed County, City or City and County Councils. By far the main source of funding is national government. Other sources include rates on commercial and industrial property, council housing rents, service charges and borrowing. Local policy decisions are sometimes heavily influenced by the TDs who represent the local constituency in Dáil Éireann (the main chamber of parliament), and may be dictated by national politics rather than local needs.
The Isle of Man[edit]
Main article: Local government in the Isle of Man
Local government on the Isle of Man is based on the concept of ancient parishes. There are three types of local authorities: a borough corporation, town commissions, and parish commissions.
Italy[edit]
The Italian Constitution defines three levels of local government:
Regions: At present 5 of them (Valle d'Aosta, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trentino-Alto Adige, Sardinia and Sicily) have a special status and are given more power than the others. The constitutional reform of 2001 gave more power to regions.
Provinces: They mostly care to roads, forests, and education. They had more power in the past.
Communes: The Mayor and staff, caring for the needs of a single town or of a village and neighbouring minor towns or villages.
Major cities also have an extra tier of local government named Circoscrizione di Decentramento Comunale or, in some cities (e.g. Rome) Municipio.
Latvia[edit]
Main article: Administrative divisions of Latvia
Latvia is a unitary state, currently divided into 110 municipalities (Latvian: novadi) and 9 republican cities (Latvian: republikas pilsētas) with their own council.
Liechtenstein[edit]
Liechtenstein is divided into eleven municipalities (Gemeinden – singular Gemeinde), most consisting of only a single town.
Lithuania[edit]
Main articles: Counties of Lithuania, Municipalities of Lithuania, and Elderships of Lithuania
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2013)
Lithuania has a three-tier division of local government: the country is divided into 10 counties (Lithuanian: singular – apskritis, plural – apskritys) that are further subdivided into 60 municipalities (Lithuanian: singular – savivaldybė, plural – savivaldybės) which consist of over 500 elderships (Lithuanian: singular – seniūnija, plural – seniūnijos).
The counties are ruled by county governors (Lithuanian: apskrities viršininkas) appointed by the central government, and effectively oversee the two lower tiers of local government.
Municipalities are the most important administrative unit of local government. Each municipality has its own government and council, with elections taking place every four years. The council elects the mayor and appoints elders to govern the elderships.
Elderships, numbering over 500, are the smallest units of local government. They provide public services such as registering births and deaths and identifying individuals or families in need of welfare.
Malta[edit]
Malta is a unitary city state divided into 68 municipalities (local councils), according to the constitution of the Malta.
The Netherlands[edit]
Main articles: Municipal politics in the Netherlands and Provincial politics in the Netherlands
The Netherlands has three tiers of government. There are two levels of local government in the Netherlands, the provinces and the municipalities. The water boards are also part of the local government.
The Netherlands is divided into twelve provinces (provincie, pl. provincies). They form the tier of administration between the central government and the municipalities. Each province is governed by a provincial council, the States-Provincial (Provinciale Staten, abbr. to PS). Its members are elected every four years. The day-to-day management of the province is in the hands of the provincial executive, the States Deputed (Gedeputeerde Staten, abbr. to GS). Members of the executive are chosen by the provincial council from among its own members and like the members of the provincial council serve for a period of four years. Members elected to the executive have to give up their membership of the provincial council. The size of the executive varies from one province to another. In Flevoland, the smallest of the Dutch provinces, it has four members, while most other provinces have six or seven. Meetings of the provincial executive are chaired by the King's Commissioner (Commissaris van de Koning(in), abbr. to CvdK). The King's Commissioner is not elected by the residents of the province, but appointed by the Crown (the King and government ministers). The appointment is for six years and may be extended by a second term. The King's Commissioner can be dismissed only by the Crown. King's Commissioners play an important part in the appointment of municipal mayors. When a vacancy arises, the King's Commissioner first asks the municipal council for its views as to a successor, then writes to the Minister of the Interior recommending a candidate.
Municipalities (gemeente, pl. gemeenten) form the lowest tier of government in the Netherlands, after the central government and the provinces. There are 415 of them (1 January 2012). The municipal council (gemeenteraad) is the highest authority in the municipality. Its members are elected every four years. The role of the municipal council is comparable to that of the board of an organisation or institution. Its main job is to decide the municipality's broad policies and to oversee their implementation. The day-to-day administration of the municipality is in the hands of the municipal executive (college van burgemeester en wethouders, abbr. to (college van) B&W), made up of the mayor (burgemeester) and the aldermen (wethouder, pl. wethouders). The executive implements national legislation on matters such as social assistance, unemployment benefits and environmental management. It also bears primary responsibility for the financial affairs of the municipality and for its personnel policies. Aldermen are appointed by the council. Councillors can be chosen to act as aldermen. In that case, they lose their seats on the council and their places are taken by other representatives of the same political parties. Non-councillors can also be appointed. Unlike councillors and aldermen, mayors are not elected (not even indirectly), but are appointed by the Crown. Mayors chair both the municipal council and the executive. They have a number of statutory powers and responsibilities of their own. They are responsible for maintaining public order and safety within the municipality and frequently manage the municipality's public relations. As Crown appointees, mayors also have some responsibility for overseeing the work of the municipality, its policies and relations with other government bodies. Although they are obliged to carry out the decisions of the municipal council and executive, they may recommend that the Minister of the Interior quash any decision that they believe to be contrary to the law or against the public interest. Mayors are invariably appointed for a period of six years and are normally re-appointed automatically for another term, provided the municipal council agrees. They can be dismissed only by the Crown and not by the municipal council.
Water boards (waterschap and hoogheemraadschap, pl. waterschappen and hoogheemraadschappen) are among the oldest government authorities in the Netherlands. They literally form the foundation of the whole Dutch system of local government; from time immemorial they have shouldered the responsibility for water management for the residents of their area. In polders this mainly involves regulating the water level. It has always been in the common interest to keep water out and polder residents have always had to work together. That is what led to the creation of water boards. The structure of the water boards varies, but they all have a general administrative body and an executive board (college van dijkgraaf en heemraden) consisting of a chairperson (dijkgraaf) and other members ((hoog)heemraad, pl. (hoog)heemraden). The chairperson also presides the general administrative body. This body consists of people representing the various categories of stakeholders: landholders, leaseholders, owners of buildings, companies and, since recently, all the residents as well. Importance and financial contribution decide how many representatives each category may delegate. Certain stakeholders (e.g. environmental organisations) may be given the power to appoint members. The general administrative body elects the executive board from among its members. The government appoints the chairperson for a period of six years. The general administrative body is elected for a period of four years. In the past the administrative body was elected as individuals but from 2009 they will be elected as party representatives. Unlike municipal council elections, voters do not usually have to go to a polling station but can vote by mail.
Norway[edit]
Norway's regional administration is organised in 19 counties (fylke), with 18 of them subdivided into 431 municipalities (kommune) per 1 January 2006. The municipal sector is a provider of vital services to the Norwegian public, accounting for about 20% of Norwegian GNP and 24% of total employment. Norway had 435 municipalities of varying size in 2003, each administered by an elected municipal council. They are grouped into 19 counties (fylker), each governed by an elected county council. Each county is headed by a governor appointed by the king in council. Oslo is the only urban center that alone constitutes a county; the remaining 18 counties consist of both urban and rural areas. County and municipal councils are popularly elected every four years. The municipalities have wide powers over the local economy, with the state exercising strict supervision. They have the right to tax and to use their resources to support education, libraries, social security, and public works such as streetcar lines, gas and electricity works, roads, and town planning, but they are usually aided in these activities by state funds.
Portugal[edit]
Main articles: Autonomous regions of Portugal, Districts of Portugal, Municipalities of Portugal, and Freguesias of Portugal
Currently, mainland Portugal is divided into 18 districts (in Portuguese, distritos). Each district takes the name of their respective capital city:
Aveiro District – capital: city of Aveiro
Beja District – capital: city of Beja
Braga District – capital: city of Braga
Bragança District – capital: city of Bragança
Castelo Branco District – capital: city of Castelo Branco
Coimbra District – capital: city of Coimbra
Évora District – capital: city of Évora
Faro District – capital: city of Faro
Guarda District – capital: city of Guarda
Leiria District – capital: city of Leiria
Lisbon District – capital: city of Lisbon
Portalegre District – capital: city of Portalegre
Porto District – capital: city of Porto
Santarém District – capital: city of Santarém
Setúbal District – capital: city of Setúbal
Viana do Castelo District – capital: city of Viana do Castelo
Vila Real District – capital: city of Vila Real
Viseu District – capital: city of Viseu
Insular Portugal, comprising the two Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, is organized as two autonomous regions (in Portuguese, regiões autónomas):
the Autonomous Region of the Azores – capitals: the cities of Angra do Heroísmo (seat of the regional High Court), Horta (seat of the regional Parliament) and Ponta Delgada (seat of the regional government);
the Autonomous Region of Madeira – capital: city of Funchal.
Each district and each Autonomous region is divided into municipalities (in Portuguese, municípios) which, in turn, are subdivided into parishes (in Portuguese, freguesias).
Since 1976, when the two Autonomous regions of Portugal were established, the Azores and Madeira are no longer divided into districts.
Poland[edit]
Main articles: Administrative divisions of Poland and Voivodeships of Poland
Poland has three levels of subdivision. The territory of Poland is divided into 16 voivodeships (provinces); these are further divided into 379 powiats (counties or districts), and these in turn are divided into 2,479 gminas (communes or municipalities). Major cities normally have the status of both gmina and powiat.
Each voivodeship is governed by a Voivode appointed by prime minister of Poland and the respective regional assembly called a sejmik.
Spain[edit]
Main articles: Political divisions of Spain, Municipalities of Spain, and Comarcas of Spain
Spain is divided into 17 autonomous communities, which in turn are divided into 50 provinces. There are also two autonomous cities: those of Ceuta and Melilla. Finally, each province comprises a number of municipalities.
Each administrative entity is given powers, structure, and boundaries by a law that was passed by the Prime Minister .
Law 7/1985,[11] passed by the former Spanish President Felipe González Márquez (socialist), lays down the procedure of the Local Government. Every city in Spain used this Law until 2003. This year, the former Spanish President José María Aznar López (conservative), passed a Law (57/2003)[12] to modernize organic rules of those cities which had more than 250,000 inhabitants, and other important cities (like capital cities of provinces with at least 175,000 inhabitants). Also, it exists two other important Laws for specifically Madrid (Law 22/2006)[13] and Barcelona (Law 1/2006).[14] The main governing body in most municipalities is called Ayuntamiento (in the less populated municipalities an alternative local organization system called open council, "concejo abierto", is used). The Ayuntamiento in turn is formed by the Plenary (el Pleno, the collective formed by the city councillors) and the Mayor. The number of members that compose The Plenary varies depending on city's population (for example, since 2007 Valencia has 33 members and Pamplona has 27). The name given to the members of the Plenary is councillor (concejal). Those councillors are elected between city's inhabitants every four years by direct vote. After being elected, councillors meet in a special Plenary session to determine who will be elected, between them, as city's Mayor. In the next days after the election, the mayor chooses some councillors to set up the executive governing body (Junta de Gobierno or Comisión de Gobierno). After that, and for the next four years, city's mayor and the Junta de Gobierno will govern over the city according to their competences (urbanism, some taxes, local police, licenses for specific activities, cleaning services, etc.). Meanwhile, councillors in the Plenary but not part of the Junta de Gobierno (the opposition) will oversee Mayor's rule. The autonomous community of Catalonia is divided in 4 provinces and more than 900 municipalities. Between these two tiers, there are 41 comarques (singular, comarca), roughly equivalent to 'district' or 'county'. The comarca is a commonwealth, or union, of municipalities with competences in several fields (Law 6/1987 of the Parliament of Catalonia).
Sweden[edit]
Main articles: Municipalities of Sweden and County Councils of Sweden
Every fourth year general elections are held in Sweden to elect members of the national parliament, 20 county council assemblies and 290 municipal assemblies. As the parliament elects the national government, the local assemblies elect their executive committees and their boards. Members in local committees and boards are elected proportionally by the political parties in the assemblies, giving all the major parties representation. The parties usually cooperate well on the local levels.
The county councils (landsting) are responsible for health care and usually provide transportation.
The municipalities (kommuner) are responsible for:
social services, childcare, preschool, elderly care
primary and secondary education
planning and building
health protection, water, sewerage, refuse, emergency services
On a voluntary basis, the municipalities provide sports, culture, housing, energy as well as commercial service.
The activities are financed by income taxes. Swedes pay around 20% of their taxable income to the municipality and around 11% to the county council. (The national government is financed by VAT and payroll taxes and fees.)
Ukraine[edit]
Main article: Local government in Ukraine
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[edit]
The system of local government is different in each of the four home nations of the United Kingdom. In total there are 426 local authorities in the UK. 346 of these are in England, 26 in Northern Ireland, 32 in Scotland and 22 are in Wales.
England[edit]
Main article: Local government in England
The most complex system is in England, the result of numerous reforms and reorganisation over the centuries. The top level of sub-national administration within England until the end of March 2012 consists of the nine regions. The regions were used by central government for various statistical purposes, and Government Offices and assorted other institutions including Regional Development Agencies. Regional Government Offices, Regional Development Agencies and Regional Ministers were all abolished by the Cameron ministry in 2010. Only the London region which is a sub-region compared to the other regions of England has a directly elected government. Only one regional referendum has been held to date to seek consent for the introduction of direct elections elsewhere — in the northeast of England — and this was overwhelmingly rejected by the electorate.
The layers of elected local government vary. In different areas the highest tier of elected local government may be:
counties, which may be
single tier unitary authorities, or
divided into districts (also known as boroughs in some areas)
districts, which are separate unitary authorities in some areas
metropolitan districts (also called metropolitan boroughs) in some areas which are similar to unitary authorities, but have joint boards with other districts in the same metropolitan county
Greater London, which is divided into 32 London boroughs and the City of London
In most areas there is a lower tier of government, civil parish, with limited functions. Most civil parishes are in rural areas, but if the parish is a town the parish council may be called a town council. In a few cases the parish is a city, and the parish council is called a city council.
Metropolitan counties, and a few non-metropolitan counties, no longer have elected councils or administrative functions, and their former functions are performed by districts. Such counties remain ceremonial counties.
See also: Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England
Northern Ireland[edit]
Main article: Local government in Northern Ireland
Since 1 April 2015 Northern Ireland is divided into 11 districts. Local government in Northern Ireland does not carry out the same range of functions as those in the rest of the United Kingdom.
Wales[edit]
Main article: Local government in Wales
Wales has a uniform system of 22 unitary authorities, variously styled as county, county borough, city or city and county local authorities. There are also communities, equivalent to parishes.
Scotland[edit]
Main article: Local government of Scotland
Local government in Scotland is arranged on the lines of unitary authorities, with the nation divided into 32 council areas.
North America[edit]
Canada[edit]
Main article: Local government in Canada
Canada has a federal system with three orders of government. The largest is the federal government, followed by the provincial and local governments.[15] Municipal governments are separately elected. They must follow laws and guidelines as set out by their province, but are allowed to pass additional by-laws and acts unique to them.
Mexico[edit]
Mexico is a Federal Republic made up by 31 states and a federal district. Each state is divided in municipios, while the federal district is divided in sixteen delegaciones. Twenty-nine states of Mexico were created as administrative divisions by the constitution of 1917, which grants them those powers not expressly vested in the federal government; Mexico's two remaining territories, Baja California Sur and Quintana Roo, achieved statehood on 9 October 1974, raising the total to 31. Each state has a constitution, a governor elected for six years, and a unicameral legislature, with representatives elected by district vote in proportion to population. An ordinary session of the legislature is held annually, and extraordinary sessions may be called by the governor or the permanent committee. Bills may be introduced by legislators, by the governor, by the state supreme court, and by municipalities (a unit comparable to a US county). In addition to the 31 states, there is also one federal district comprising Mexico City, whose governor serves as a member of the cabinet. Many state services are supported by federal subsidies.
The principal unit of state government is the municipality. Mexico's 2,378 municipalities are governed by municipal presidents and municipal councils. State governors generally select the nominees for the municipal elections. Municipal budgets are approved by the respective state governors. Until 1997, the president appointed the mayor of Mexico City. Political reforms allowed the first open elections in 1997, and Cuauhtémoc Cardenas Solórzano became Mexico City's first elected mayor.
The United States of America[edit]
Main article: Local government in the United States
Local government in the United States refers to governmental jurisdictions below the level of the state. Most states have at least two tiers of local government: counties and municipalities. In some states, counties are divided into townships. There are several different types of jurisdictions at the municipal level, including the city, town, borough, and village. The types and nature of these municipal entities varies from state to state.
Oceania[edit]
Australia[edit]
Main article: Local government in Australia
Local government is the third type of government in Australia, after Federal and State.
New Zealand[edit]
Main article: Local government in New Zealand
New Zealand has a local government system comprising two complementary sets of local authorities—regional councils and territorial authorities. There are 78 local authorities consisting of:
11 regional councils, which cover much of New Zealand’s land area, and
67 territorial authorities (comprising 53 district councils, 12 city councils and 2 other councils).
Six of the territorial authorities are unitary authorities, which also have the powers of a regional council. They are Auckland Council, Nelson City Council, the Gisborne, Marlborough and Tasman district councils, and Chatham Islands Council.
Regional council areas are based on water catchment areas, whereas territorial authorities are based on community of interest and road access. Within a regional council area there are usually many city or district councils, although city and district councils can be in multiple regional council areas.
South America[edit]
Argentina[edit]
Argentina is a federation of 23 provinces and the federal capital of Buenos Aires. During the 19th century there was a bitter struggle between Buenos Aires and the interior provinces, and there has long been an element of tension regarding the division of powers between the central government and provincial bodies. The federal government retains control over such matters as the regulation of commerce, customs collections, currency, civil or commercial codes, or the appointment of foreign agents. The provincial governors are elected every four years.
The constitutional "national intervention" and "state of siege" powers of the president have been invoked frequently. The first of these powers was designed to "guarantee the republican form of government in the provinces." Since the adoption of the 1853 constitution, the federal government has intervened over 200 times, mostly by presidential decree. Under this authority, provincial and municipal offices may be declared vacant, appointments annulled, and local elections supervised. Between 1966 and 1973, all local legislatures were dissolved and provincial governors were appointed by the new president. A restoration of provincial and municipal government followed the return to constitutional government in 1973. After the March 1976 coup, the federal government again intervened to remove all provincial governors and impose direct military rule over all municipalities. Since 1983, representative local government has been in force again.
Until 1996, the President appointed the mayor of Buenos Aires, and by law, the president and Congress controlled any legislation that affected the city. Constitutional reforms that year led to an elected mayoral position, and a 60-member Poder Legislativo (legislative power).
Brazil[edit]
Brazil is divided into 26 states and a federal district, the government is divided into federal, state, and municipalities. The federal district has no municipalities and acts as a state and municipality at the same time.
There is no minimum or maximum population requirement for municipalities. Borá is the smallest municipality of the country with 805 inhabitants, São Paulo is the largest with 11,316,149 inhabitants.
Elections in federal, state and municipalities follow all the same system, with elections of president, governor and mayor for executive branch and federal deputy, federal senate, state deputy and alderman for legislative branch. In municipalities according to the constitution, the number of alderman varies from 9 to 55 aldermans.
Paraguay[edit]
Paraguay is divided into 17 departments, which are subdivided into districts, which, in turn, comprise municipalities (the minimum requirement for a municipality is 3,000 persons) and rural districts (partidos). A governor, elected by popular vote, runs each department. Municipal government is exercised through a municipal board, chosen by direct election, and an executive department. In the principal cities and capitals, the executive department is headed by a mayor appointed by the minister of the interior; in other localities, the mayor is appointed by the presidents of the municipal boards.Police chiefs are appointed by the central government.
Peru[edit]
Peru is divided into 25 regions and the province of Lima. Each region has an elected government composed of a president and council that serve four-year terms.[16] These governments plan regional development, execute public investment projects, promote economic activities, and manage public property.[17] The province of Lima is administered by a city council.[18] The goal of devolving power to regional and municipal governments was among others to improve popular participation. NGOs played an important role in the decentralisation process and still influence local politics.[19]
Uruguay[edit]
Uruguay's administrative subdivisions consisted of nineteen territories called departments and governed by intendencias, which were subordinate to the central government and responsible for local administration. They enforced national laws and administered the nation's social and educational policies and institutions within their territories. These territories had limited taxing powers, but they could borrow funds and acquire property. They also had the power to establish unpaid five-member local boards or town councils in municipalities other than the departmental capital if the population was large enough to warrant such a body.
Executive authority was vested in a governor (intendente), who administered the department, and in a thirty-one-member departmental board (junta departmental), which carried out legislative functions. These functions included approval of the departmental budget and judicial actions, such as impeachment proceedings against departmental officials, including the governor. At the municipal level, a mayor (intendente municipal) assumed executive and administrative duties, carrying out resolutions made by the local board (whose members were appointed on the basis of proportional representation of the political parties). The governor was required to comply with and enforce the constitution and the laws and to promulgate the decrees enacted by the departmental board. The governor was authorized to prepare the budget, submit it for approval to the departmental board, appoint the board's employees, and, if necessary, discipline or suspend them. The governor represented the department in its relations with the national government and other departmental governments and in the negotiation of contracts with public or private agencies.
Like the governor, the members of the departmental board and the mayor were elected for five-year terms in direct, popular elections. A governor could be reelected only once, and candidates for the post had to meet the same requirements as those for a senator, in addition to being a native of the department or a resident therein for at least three years before assuming office. Departmental board members had to be at least twenty-three years of age, native born (or a legal citizen for at least three years), and a native of the department (or a resident for at least three years).
The board sat in the capital city of each department and exercised jurisdiction throughout the entire territory of the department. It could issue decrees and resolutions that it deemed necessary either on the suggestion of the governor or on its own initiative. It could approve budgets, fix the amount of taxes, request the intervention of the Accounts Tribunal for advice concerning departmental finances or administration, and remove from office—at the request of the governor—members of nonelective local departmental boards. The board also supervised local public services; public health; and primary, secondary, preparatory, industrial, and artistic education. Although Montevideo was the smallest department in terms of area (divided into twenty-three geographic zones that generally coincided with the electoral zones), its departmental board had sixty-five members in 1990; all other departments had thirty-one-member boards and a five-member executive council appointed by the departmental board, with proportional representation from the principal political parties.
Data as of December 1990
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Rangpur becomes a division". bdnews24.com. 25 January 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Siddiqui, Kamal (2012). "Local Government". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
Jump up ^ Local Government Act, No. 20, 1997
Jump up ^ "Strengthen Local Government Towards Deepening Democracy: Annual report 2012–2013" (PDF). Bangladesh Mahila Parishad. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "On the Organization and Functioning of the Local Government, Republic of Albania, 2000" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Историческо развитие на административно – териториалното устройство на Република България" (in Bulgarian). Ministry of Regional Development. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Областите в България. Портрети". Ministry of Regional Development. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Library of Congress 2006, p. 17.
Jump up ^ "Zakon o područjima županija, gradova i općina u Republici Hrvatskoj" [Territories of Counties, Cities and Municipalities of the Republic of Croatia Act]. Narodne novine (in Croatian). 28 July 2006. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
Jump up ^ The death of the districts, Radio Prague 3 January 2003.
Jump up ^ Ley 7/1985, de 2 de abril, Reguladora de las Bases del Régimen Local. Noticias.juridicas.com. Retrieved on 2 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Ley 57/2003, de 16 de diciembre, de medidas para la modernización del gobierno local. Noticias.juridicas.com. Retrieved on 2 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Ley 22/2006, de 4 de julio, de Capitalidad y de Régimen Especial de Madrid. Noticias.juridicas.com. Retrieved on 2 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Ley 1/2006, de 13 de marzo, por la que se regula el Régimen Especial del municipio de Barcelona. Noticias.juridicas.com. Retrieved on 2 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Fact Sheet: Government in Canada. Cic.gc.ca (2010-08-23). Retrieved on 2 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales, Article N° 11.
Jump up ^ Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales, Article N° 10.
Jump up ^ Ley N° 27867, Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales, Article N° 66.
Jump up ^ Monika Huber, Wolfgang Kaiser (February 2013). "Mixed Feelings". dandc.eu.
Further reading[edit]
Kemp, Roger L. Managing America's Cities: A Handbook for Local Government Productivity, McFarland and Co., Jefferson, NC, USA, and London, Eng., UK 1998 (ISBN 0-7864-0408-6).
Kemp, Roger L. Model Government Charters: A City, County, Regional, State, and Federal Handbook, McFarland and Co., Jefferson, NC, USA, and London, Eng., UK, 2003 (ISBN 978-0-7864-3154-0).
Kemp, Roger L. Forms of Local Government: A Handbook on City, County and Regional Options, McFarland and Co., Jefferson, NC, USA, and London, Eng., UK, 2007 (ISBN 978-0-7864-3100-7).
Lockner, Allyn O. Steps to Local Government Reform: A Guide to Tailoring Local Government Reforms to Fit Regional Governance Communities in Democracies. iUniverse, Bloomington, Indiana, USA, 2013 (ISBN 978-1-4620-1819-2).
External links[edit]
Look up local government in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Local government.
Department of Local and Regional Democracy and Good Governance—Council of Europe
The Congress in brief
Rural local self-government challenges and development prospects by Rukhman Adukov
Women in Governance, India on YouTube
Using a Model Municipal Performance Measurement System to Assess Mid-sized Texas Cities.
Factors Contributing to Municipal Annexation among Medium Sized Southern US Cities. Colin Rice
United Cities and Local Governments is an organisation for cities, local governments and municipal associations throughout the world.
Agenda 21 for culture is the reference document for cultural programmes of local authorities
Rural Decentralization and Local Governance provides free access to selected e-resources and news on local governance in developing countries.
Governance From Below Free to download studies, papers, data, and other resources on local government, decentralization and federalism.
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