text:
List of Jane the Virgin episodes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Jane the Virgin is an American comedy-drama television series that premiered on The CW on October 13, 2014. The series follows Jane Villanueva, a hard-working, religious young Latina woman whose vow to save her virginity until marriage is shattered when a doctor mistakenly artificially inseminates her during a checkup. To make matters worse, the biological donor is a married man, a former playboy and cancer survivor who is not only the new owner of the hotel where Jane works, but was also her former teenage crush.
The show was ordered to series on May 8, 2014[1], followed by a full season order on October 21, 2014.[2] On January 11, 2015, the show was renewed for a second season.[3] On March 11, 2016, the show was renewed for a third season.[4] On January 8, 2017, the show was renewed for a fourth season[5], which debuted on October 13, 2017.[6]
As of April 20, 2018,[update] 81 episodes of Jane the Virgin have aired, concluding the fourth season.
Contents
[hide]
1 Series overview
2 Episodes
2.1 Season 1 (2014-15)
2.2 Season 2 (2015–16)
2.3 Season 3 (2016–17)
2.4 Season 4 (2017–18)
3 Ratings
4 References
5 External links
Series overview[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 22 October 13, 2014 (2014-10-13) May 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)
2 22 October 12, 2015 (2015-10-12) May 16, 2016 (2016-05-16)
3 20 October 17, 2016 (2016-10-17) May 22, 2017 (2017-05-22)
4 17 October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13) April 20, 2018 (2018-04-20)
Episodes[edit]
Season 1 (2014-15)[edit]
Main article: Jane the Virgin (season 1)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
1 "Chapter One" Brad Silberling Teleplay by : Jennie Snyder Urman October 13, 2014 (2014-10-13) 1.61[7]
2
2 "Chapter Two" Uta Briesewitz Jennie Snyder Urman October 20, 2014 (2014-10-20) 1.36[8]
3
3 "Chapter Three" Brad Silberling Meredith Averill October 27, 2014 (2014-10-27) 1.09[9]
4
4 "Chapter Four" Debbie Allen Corinne Brinkerhoff November 3, 2014 (2014-11-03) 1.01[10]
5
5 "Chapter Five" Edward Ornelas Josh Reims November 10, 2014 (2014-11-10) 1.22[11]
6
6 "Chapter Six" Jann Turner Paul Sciarrotta November 17, 2014 (2014-11-17) 1.09[12]
7
7 "Chapter Seven" Janice Cooke David S. Rosenthal November 24, 2014 (2014-11-24) 0.96[13]
8
8 "Chapter Eight" Norman Buckley Josh Reims & Carolina Rivera December 8, 2014 (2014-12-08) 1.22[14]
9
9 "Chapter Nine" Zetna Fuentes Corinne Brinkerhoff December 15, 2014 (2014-12-15) 1.28[15]
10
10 "Chapter Ten" Elodie Keene Meredith Averill & Christopher Oscar Peña January 19, 2015 (2015-01-19) 1.39[16]
11
11 "Chapter Eleven" Joanna Kerns Gracie Glassmeyer January 26, 2015 (2015-01-26) 1.55[17]
12
12 "Chapter Twelve" Gina Lamar David S. Rosenthal February 2, 2015 (2015-02-02) 1.24[18]
13
13 "Chapter Thirteen" Howard Deutch Josh Reims February 9, 2015 (2015-02-09) 1.34[19]
14
14 "Chapter Fourteen" Brad Silberling Paul Sciarrotta February 16, 2015 (2015-02-16) 1.31[20]
15
15 "Chapter Fifteen" Melanie Mayron Emmylou Diaz & David S. Rosenthal March 9, 2015 (2015-03-09) 1.26[21]
16
16 "Chapter Sixteen" Joanna Kerns Josh Reims & Carolina Rivera March 16, 2015 (2015-03-16) 1.10[22]
17
17 "Chapter Seventeen" Uta Briesewitz Amy Rardin & Jessica O'Toole April 6, 2015 (2015-04-06) 0.93[23]
18
18 "Chapter Eighteen" Edward Ornelas Meredith Averill April 13, 2015 (2015-04-13) 1.03[24]
19
19 "Chapter Nineteen" Robert Luketic Emmylou Diaz & David S. Rosenthal April 20, 2015 (2015-04-20) 1.05[25]
20
20 "Chapter Twenty" Debbie Allen Corinne Brinkerhoff & Paul Sciarrotta April 27, 2015 (2015-04-27) 1.06[26]
21
21 "Chapter Twenty-One" Stuart Gillard Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin May 4, 2015 (2015-05-04) 1.05[27]
22
22 "Chapter Twenty-Two" Zetna Fuentes Josh Reims & Jennie Snyder Urman May 11, 2015 (2015-05-11) 1.24[28]
Season 2 (2015–16)[edit]
Main article: Jane the Virgin (season 2)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
23
1 "Chapter Twenty-Three" Brad Silberling Jennie Snyder Urman October 12, 2015 (2015-10-12) 1.06[29]
24
2 "Chapter Twenty-Four" Edward Ornelas David S. Rosenthal October 19, 2015 (2015-10-19) 0.84[30]
25
3 "Chapter Twenty-Five" Robert Luketic Corinne Brinkerhoff October 26, 2015 (2015-10-26) 0.94[31]
26
4 "Chapter Twenty-Six" Zetna Fuentes Paul Sciarrotta November 2, 2015 (2015-11-02) 1.09[32]
27
5 "Chapter Twenty-Seven" Jann Turner Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin November 9, 2015 (2015-11-09) 1.11[33]
28
6 "Chapter Twenty-Eight" Melanie Mayron Corinne Brinkerhoff & Micah Schraft November 16, 2015 (2015-11-16) 1.10[34]
29
7 "Chapter Twenty-Nine" Edward Ornelas David S. Rosenthal & Dara Resnick Creasey November 23, 2015 (2015-11-23) 0.98[35]
30
8 "Chapter Thirty" Uta Briesewitz Paul Sciarrotta & Carolina Rivera December 14, 2015 (2015-12-14) 0.98[36]
31
9 "Chapter Thirty-One" Joanna Kerns Emmylou Diaz & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin January 25, 2016 (2016-01-25) 0.99[37]
32
10 "Chapter Thirty-Two" Jason Reilly Micah Schraft February 1, 2016 (2016-02-01) 1.04[38]
33
11 "Chapter Thirty-Three" Uta Briesewitz Michael J. Cinquemani February 8, 2016 (2016-02-08) 0.94[39]
34
12 "Chapter Thirty-Four" Howard Deutch Madeline Hendricks February 22, 2016 (2016-02-22) 0.94[40]
35
13 "Chapter Thirty-Five" Melanie Mayron Chantelle M. Wells February 29, 2016 (2016-02-29) 0.91[41]
36
14 "Chapter Thirty-Six" Uta Briesewitz Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin March 7, 2016 (2016-03-07) 0.92[42]
37
15 "Chapter Thirty-Seven" Melanie Mayron Sarah Goldfinger March 21, 2016 (2016-03-21) 0.77[43]
38
16 "Chapter Thirty-Eight" Georgina Garcia Riedel Micah Schraft March 28, 2016 (2016-03-28) 0.94[44]
39
17 "Chapter Thirty-Nine" Matthew Diamond Carolina Rivera April 11, 2016 (2016-04-11) 0.93[45]
40
18 "Chapter Forty" Anna Mastro Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin April 18, 2016 (2016-04-18) 0.96[46]
41
19 "Chapter Forty-One" Gina Lamar Joe Lawson April 25, 2016 (2016-04-25) 0.84[47]
42
20 "Chapter Forty-Two" Zetna Fuentes Micah Schraft & Paul Sciarrotta May 2, 2016 (2016-05-02) 0.86[48]
43
21 "Chapter Forty-Three" Melanie Mayron Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin & Paul Sciarrotta May 9, 2016 (2016-05-09) 0.90[49]
44
22 "Chapter Forty-Four" Jann Turner Paul Sciarrotta & Jennie Snyder Urman May 16, 2016 (2016-05-16) 0.97[50]
Season 3 (2016–17)[edit]
Main article: Jane the Virgin (season 3)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
45
1 "Chapter Forty-Five" Gina Lamar Jennie Snyder Urman October 17, 2016 (2016-10-17) 1.09[51]
46
2 "Chapter Forty-Six" Brad Silberling David S. Rosenthal & Paul Sciarrotta October 24, 2016 (2016-10-24) 1.10[52]
47
3 "Chapter Forty-Seven" Eva Longoria Baston Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft October 31, 2016 (2016-10-31) 0.97[53]
48
4 "Chapter Forty-Eight" Melanie Mayron Sarah Goldfinger & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin November 7, 2016 (2016-11-07) 1.08[54]
49
5 "Chapter Forty-Nine" Anna Mastro Paul Sciarrotta November 14, 2016 (2016-11-14) 0.93[55]
50
6 "Chapter Fifty" Melanie Mayron Valentina Garza & David S. Rosenthal November 21, 2016 (2016-11-21) 1.01[56]
51
7 "Chapter Fifty-One" Gina Lamar Sarah Goldfinger & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin November 28, 2016 (2016-11-28) 1.15[57]
52
8 "Chapter Fifty-Two" Anna Mastro Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft January 23, 2017 (2017-01-23) 0.99[58]
53
9 "Chapter Fifty-Three" Gina Lamar Chantelle M. Wells January 30, 2017 (2017-01-30) 0.91[59]
54
10 "Chapter Fifty-Four" Melanie Mayron Micah Schraft & Jennie Snyder Urman February 6, 2017 (2017-02-06) 0.93[60]
55
11 "Chapter Fifty-Five" Brad Silberling Paul Sciarrotta & Jennie Snyder Urman February 13, 2017 (2017-02-13) 1.07[61]
56
12 "Chapter Fifty-Six" Matthew Diamond Valentina Garza February 20, 2017 (2017-02-20) 1.06[62]
57
13 "Chapter Fifty-Seven" Zetna Fuentes Madeline Hendricks February 27, 2017 (2017-02-27) 0.88[63]
58
14 "Chapter Fifty-Eight" Melanie Mayron Merigan Mulhern March 20, 2017 (2017-03-20) 0.84[64]
59
15 "Chapter Fifty-Nine" Anna Mastro Deidre Shaw March 27, 2017 (2017-03-27) 0.89[65]
60
16 "Chapter Sixty" Micah Schraft Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft April 24, 2017 (2017-04-24) 0.79[66]
61
17 "Chapter Sixty-One" Melanie Mayron Paul Sciarrotta May 1, 2017 (2017-05-01) 0.77[67]
62
18 "Chapter Sixty-Two" Fernando Sariñana Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin & David S. Rosenthal May 8, 2017 (2017-05-08) 0.99[68]
63
19 "Chapter Sixty-Three" Gina Lamar Paul Sciarrotta May 15, 2017 (2017-05-15) 0.76[69]
64
20 "Chapter Sixty-Four" Melanie Mayron Micah Schraft & Jennie Snyder Urman May 22, 2017 (2017-05-22) 0.96[70]
Season 4 (2017–18)[edit]
Main article: Jane the Virgin (season 4)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
65
1 "Chapter Sixty-Five" Brad Silberling Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13) 0.68[71]
66
2 "Chapter Sixty-Six" Gina Lamar Valentina Garza & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin October 20, 2017 (2017-10-20) 0.61[72]
67
3 "Chapter Sixty-Seven" Fernando Sariñana Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27) 0.60[73]
68
4 "Chapter Sixty-Eight" Gina Lamar Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells November 3, 2017 (2017-11-03) 0.69[74]
69
5 "Chapter Sixty-Nine" Stuart Gillard Paul Sciarrotta November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10) 0.65[75]
70
6 "Chapter Seventy" Melanie Mayron Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17) 0.61[76]
71
7 "Chapter Seventy-One" Micah Schraft Valentina Garza & Deidre Shaw December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08) 0.65[77]
72
8 "Chapter Seventy-Two" Melanie Mayron Carolina Rivera & Paul Sciarrotta January 26, 2018 (2018-01-26) 0.68[78]
73
9 "Chapter Seventy-Three" Eric Lea Valentina Garza & Chantelle M. Wells February 2, 2018 (2018-02-02) 0.67[79]
74
10 "Chapter Seventy-Four" Gina Rodriguez Micah Schraft & Paul Sciarrotta February 9, 2018 (2018-02-09) 0.80[80]
75
11 "Chapter Seventy-Five" Gina Lamar Merigan Mulhern March 2, 2018 (2018-03-02) 0.59[81]
76
12 "Chapter Seventy-Six" Melanie Mayron Leah Longoria March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09) 0.58[82]
77
13 "Chapter Seventy-Seven" Gina Lamar Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells March 16, 2018 (2018-03-16) 0.59[83]
78
14 "Chapter Seventy-Eight" Justin Baldoni Valentina Garza & Micah Schraft March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23) 0.65[84]
79
15 "Chapter Seventy-Nine" Gina Lamar Paul Sciarrotta April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06) 0.53[85]
80
16 "Chapter Eighty" Micah Schraft Micah Schraft April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13) 0.57[86]
81
17 "Chapter Eighty-One" Gina Lamar Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta April 20, 2018 (2018-04-20) 0.58[87]
Ratings[edit]
Jane the Virgin : U.S. viewers per episode (millions)
Source: Nielsen Media Research[88][89][90][91]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (May 8, 2014). "Fall TV Scoop: The CW Orders Four Dramas, Including Flash, iZombie and Jane the Virgin, Passes on Supernatural Spin-Off". TV Line. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'The Flash,' 'Jane the Virgin' Get Full-Season Orders at CW". Hollywood Reporter. October 21, 2014. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (January 11, 2015). "'Arrow', 'Jane The Virgin', 'Reign', 'The 100', 'The Flash', 'Supernatural, 'The Originals' & 'The Vampire Diaries' Renewed by the CW". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 11, 2016). "'The Flash', 'The 100' and even 'Crazy Ex-Girlfriend' renewed: All 11 CW series picked up for 2016-17". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ ge, Linda (January 8, 2017). "The CW Renews 'The Flash,' 'Supergirl,' 'Jane the Virgin' and 4 Other Series". The Wrap. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 8, 2017). "The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For 'Dynasty' & 'Valor' And Returning Series Returning Series". Deadline.com. Archived from the original on June 8, 2017. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 14, 2014). "Monday Final Ratings: 'The Voice' & 'Dancing With the Stars' Adjusted Up; 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'Castle' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 21, 2014). "Monday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory', 'The Voice' & 'Gotham' Adjusted Up; 'Jane the Virgin', 'The Originals', 'The Millers' & 'Castle' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 23, 2014. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 28, 2014). "Monday Final Ratings: 'The Voice' & 'Scorpion' Adjusted Up; 'Dancing With the Stars', 'Castle', 'The Millers' & 'The Blacklist' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 4, 2014). "Monday Final Ratings: 'The Voice' Adjusted Up; 'Jane the Virgin', 'Dancing With the Stars', 'The Originals', 'Countdown to the CMAs' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 11, 2014). "Monday Final Ratings: 'Dancing With The Stars' & 'Castle' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 18, 2014). "Monday Final Ratings: 'The Voice' & 'Sleepy Hollow' Adjusted Up; 'Dancing With the Stars' & 'Castle' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 25, 2014). "Monday Final Ratings: 'Dancing With The Stars' Adjusted Up; 'The Voice,, 'Castle', '2 Broke Girls', 'Scorpion' & 'State of Affairs' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (December 9, 2014). "Monday Final Ratings: 'Mike & Molly' Adjusted Up; 'The Great Christmas Light Fight' & 'Castle' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (December 16, 2014). "Monday Final Ratings: 'Jane the Virgin', 'The Voice', 'The Great Christmas Light Fight' & 'State of Affairs' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (January 21, 2015). "Monday Final Ratings: 'Scorpion', 'Castle' & 'The Celebrity Apprentice' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 27, 2015). "Monday Final Ratings: 'The Bachelor' and 'Sleepy Hollow' Adjusted Up; No Adjustment for 'Jane the Virgin'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (February 3, 2015). "Monday Final Ratings: No Adjustments to 'Gotham', 'Sleepy Hollow', 'The Originals' or 'Jane The Virgin'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 10, 2015). "Monday Final Ratings: 'NCIS: LA' & 'Scorpion' Adjusted Up, No Adjustment for 'Jane the Virgin' or 'Gotham'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (February 18, 2015). "Monday Final Ratings: 'The Bachelor' & 'The Celebrity Apprentice' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (March 10, 2015). "Monday Final Ratings: 'The Voice', 'The Bachelor', '2 Broke Girls', 'Mike & Molly' & 'NCIS: LA' Adjusted Up; 'The Night Shift' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (March 17, 2015). "Monday Final Ratings: 'The Voice', 'Dancing With The Stars', 'Mike & Molly' & 'Jane The Virgin' Adjusted Up; 'The Night Shift' & 'The Originals' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 7, 2014). "Monday Final Ratings: No Adjustment for 'Jane the Virgin' or 'The Night Shift' + Final NCAA Basketball Ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (April 14, 2015). "Monday Final Ratings: 'The Voice' & 'Dancing With the Stars' Adjusted Up; 'The Originals', 'Jane The Virgin' & 'The Night Shift' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 21, 2015). "Monday Final Ratings: 'Scorpion', '2 Broke Girls', 'Mike & Molly', Gotham', 'The Voice' & 'Dancing With the Stars' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (April 28, 2015). "Monday Final Ratings: '2 Broke Girls', 'Mike & Molly', 'Stalker' & 'The Night Shift' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (May 5, 2015). "Monday Final Ratings: '2 Broke Girls' & 'Mike and Molly' Adjusted Up; No Adjustment for 'Jane the Virgin'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (May 12, 2015). "Monday Final Ratings: 'Dancing With the Stars' & 'The Following' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 13, 2015). "Monday final ratings: 'The Voice' and 'Big Bang Theory' adjusted up, 'Castle,' 'Life in Pieces' and 'Scorpion' adjusted down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 20, 2015). "Monday final ratings: 'Crazy Ex-Girlfriend' and 'Jane the Virgin' adjusted down, 'Big Bang' adjusted up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 27, 2015). "Monday final ratings: 'Supergirl' and 'Blindspot' adjust down, 'Big Bang Theory' adjusts up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 3, 2015). "Monday final ratings: 'The Voice' and 'NCIS: LA' adjust up, 'Supergirl' holds". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 10, 2015). "Monday Final Ratings: 'NCIS: LA' Adjusts Up; Everything Else Holds". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 17, 2015). "Monday final ratings: 'Jane the Virgin' adjusts down but still hits season high, 'Scorpion' adjusts up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 24, 2015). "Monday final ratings: 'The Voice' adjusts up, 'Castle' adjusts down to season average". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 15, 2015). "Monday final ratings: 'Scorpion' and 'Jane the Virgin' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 26, 2016). "Monday final ratings: 'Scorpion' and 'Superstore' adjust up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 2, 2016). "Monday final ratings: 'X-Files,' 'Lucifer' and 'The Bachelor' adjust up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 9, 2016). "Monday final ratings: 'The Bachelor' and 'Scorpion' adjust up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 23, 2016). "Monday final ratings: 'Bachelor' adjusts up, 'Crazy Ex-Girlfriend' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 1, 2016). "Monday Final Ratings: 'Blindspot,' 'Gotham' and all others hold". TVbytheNumbers. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 8, 2016). "Monday Final Ratings: 'Jane the Virgin' adjusts up, 'Blindspot' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 22, 2016). "Monday final ratings: 'The Voice' adjusts up, 'Blindspot' adjusts down". TVbytheNumbers. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick. "Monday final ratings: 'Supergirl,' 'Blindspot' and everything else hold". TV By The Numbers. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 12, 2016). "Monday final ratings: 'The Voice' adjusts up, 'Crazy Ex-Girlfriend' and 'Jane the Virgin' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 19, 2016). "Monday final ratings: 'Supergirl' finale adjusts up, 'NCIS: LA' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 26, 2016). "Monday final ratings: 'The Voice' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 3, 2016). "Monday final ratings: 'NCIS: LA' finale and all others hold". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 10, 2016). "Monday final ratings: 'Blindspot' and 'Reign' adjust down". TVbytheNumbers. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 17, 2016). "Monday final ratings: 'Mike & Molly' finale and 'The Voice' adjust up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 18, 2016). "'Gotham,' 'The Voice,' 'Big Bang,' 'DWTS' adjust up, 'Conviction' and '2 Broke Girls' adjust down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 25, 2016). "'Kevin Can Wait' adjusts up, 'Timeless,' 'Supergirl,' and 'Jane the Virgin' adjust down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 1, 2016). "'Gotham' adjusts up, CBS shows all adjust down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 8, 2016). "'Jane the Virgin,' 'Odd Couple' and 'Conviction' adjust down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 15, 2016). "'2 Broke Girls' adjusts up, 'Supergirl' and 'Jane the Virgin' adjust down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 22, 2016). "'Supergirl,' 'Jane the Virgin,' 'Odd Couple,' 'Conviction' adjust down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 30, 2016). "'Voice' adjusts up, 'Gotham,' 'Lucifer,' 'Jane the Virgin' and ABC adjust down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 24, 2017). "'Celebrity Apprentice' adjusts up, 'Quantico' adjusts down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 31, 2017). "'Quantico' adjusts down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 7, 2017). "'The Bachelor' and 'Superior Donuts' adjust up: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 14, 2017). "'The Bachelor' adjusts up, 'Quantico' adjusts down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (February 22, 2017). "'Quantico' adjusts down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 28, 2017). "'Scorpion' adjusted up: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 21, 2017). "'Dancing With the Stars' adjusts up, 'Taken' and 'Quantico' adjust down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 28, 2017). "'Voice,' 'Great Indoors' adjust up; 'Taken,' 'Quantico,' 'Jane the Virgin' down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 25, 2017). "'Gotham' adjusts up, 'Quantico' adjusts down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 2, 2017). "'The Voice,' 'Scorpion,' 'Man with a Plan,' 'Superior Donuts' all adjust up: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 9, 2017). "'Gotham,' 'Man with a Plan,' 'Jane the Virgin' adjust up, 'Quantico' adjusts down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 16, 2017). "'Dancing with the Stars,' 'Man with a Plan' finale adjust up: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 23, 2017). "'The Voice' adjusts up, 'Jane the Virgin' adjusts down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (October 16, 2017). "'Hell's Kitchen,' 'MacGyver,' 'Once Upon a Time,' & more remain unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 23, 2017). "'Jane the Virgin,' 'Hawaii Five-0,' all others unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 30, 2017). "'MacGyver,' 'Jane the Virgin' and World Series adjust up: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 6, 2017). "'Hawaii Five-0,' 'Once Upon a Time' and others unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 13, 2017). "'Hawaii Five-0,' 'Hell's Kitchen,' everything else unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 20, 2017). "'Hell's Kitchen,' 'MacGyver' and all others unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 11, 2017). "'Blue Bloods' adjusts down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 29, 2018). "'Blindspot,' 'Agents of SHIELD,' all others hold: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 5, 2018). "'Hell's Kitchen' finale, 'Jane the Virgin,' all others hold: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 12, 2018). "Olympics opening ceremony adjusts up: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 5, 2018). "'Blue Bloods,' 'Blindspot,' all other unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 12, 2018). "Blue Bloods,' 'Taken,' 'Confronting Putin' adjust down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 19, 2018). "NCAA Tournament adjusts down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 26, 2018). "NCAA Tournament and 'Dynasty' adjust down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 9, 2018). "'Agents of SHIELD' adjusts up: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 16, 2018). "'Agents of SHIELD' adjusts up, 'Taken' adjusts down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 23, 2018). "'Dynasty' adjusts down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Jane the Virgin: Season One Ratings". TV Series Finale. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Jane the Virgin: Season Two Ratings". TV Series Finale. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Jane the Virgin: Season Three Ratings". TV Series Finale. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Jane the Virgin: Season Four Ratings". TV Series Finale. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
Jane the Virgin on IMDb
Jane the Virgin at TV.com
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Jane_the_Virgin_episodes&oldid=837466375"
Categories:
Lists of American comedy television series episodes
Lists of American drama television series episodes
Lists of American comedy-drama television series episodes
Hidden categories:
Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Official website not in Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Polski
Русский
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 21 April 2018, at 00:44.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: p

value: sup

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values:
/wiki/Jessica_O%27Toole_%26_Amy_Rardin
mw-redirect
Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3566726/
external text

values: Category:Lists of American comedy television series episodes

values: Category:Lists of American drama television series episodes

values: Category:Lists of American comedy-drama television series episodes

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Official website not in Wikidata

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/List_of_Jane_the_Virgin_episodes
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: Seznam dílů seriálu Jane the Virgin – Czech

values: Anexo:Episodios de Jane the Virgin – Spanish

values: Lista odcinków serialu Jane the Virgin – Polish

values: Список эпизодов телесериала «Девственница Джейн» – Russian

values: 處女情緣集數列表 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_Jane_the_Virgin_episodes rootpage-List_of_Jane_the_Virgin_episodes skin-vector action-view


text:
Wright Flyer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Wright Flyer
Seconds into the first airplane flight, at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina; December 17, 1903, Photo first published in 1908
Role
First airplane
National origin
United States
Designer
Orville and Wilbur Wright
First flight
December 17, 1903[1]
Number built
1
Developed from
Wright Glider
Developed into
Wright Flyer II
Wright Flyer III
Other name(s)
Flyer I, 1903 Flyer
Type
Experimental canard biplane
Manufacturer
Wright Cycle Company
Manufactured
1903
First flight
December 17, 1903
Owners and operators
Wright Brothers
Last flight
December 17, 1903
Flights
4
Total hours
00:02
Total distance
1,500 feet (0.45km)
Fate
On display in the National Air & Space Museum[2]
Preserved at
The Smithsonian[2]
The Wright Flyer (often retrospectively referred to as Flyer I or 1903 Flyer) was the first successful heavier-than-air powered aircraft. It was designed and built by the Wright brothers. They flew it four times on December 17, 1903, near Kill Devil Hills, about four miles south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, US. Today, the airplane is exhibited in the National Air and Space Museum in Washington D.C. The U.S. Smithsonian Institution describes the aircraft as "the first powered, heavier-than-air machine to achieve controlled, sustained flight with a pilot aboard."[2] The flight of Flyer I marks the beginning of the "pioneer era" of aviation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Design and construction
2 Flight trials at Kitty Hawk
3 The influence of the Flyer
3.1 Flyer stability
4 The Flyer after Kitty Hawk
4.1 Debate with the Smithsonian
4.2 In the Smithsonian
4.2.1 1985 restoration
5 Flyer reproductions
6 Artifacts
7 Media
8 Specifications (Wright Flyer)
9 See also
10 References
10.1 Notes
10.2 Bibliography
11 External links
Design and construction[edit]
Patent plan
The Flyer was based on the Wrights' experience testing gliders at Kitty Hawk between 1900 and 1902. Their last glider, the 1902 Glider, led directly to the design of the Flyer.
The Wrights built the aircraft in 1903 using giant spruce wood as their construction material.[2] The wings were designed with a 1-in-20 camber. Since they could not find a suitable automobile engine for the task, they commissioned their employee Charlie Taylor to build a new design from scratch, effectively a crude gasoline engine.[3] A sprocket chain drive, borrowing from bicycle technology, powered the twin propellers, which were also made by hand.
The Flyer was a bicanard biplane configuration. As with the gliders, the pilot flew lying on his stomach on the lower wing with his head toward the front of the craft in an effort to reduce drag. He steered by moving a cradle attached to his hips. The cradle pulled wires which warped the wings and turned the rudder simultaneously.
The Flyer's "runway" was a track of 2x4s stood on their narrow edge, which the brothers nicknamed the "Junction Railroad."
Flight trials at Kitty Hawk[edit]
Upon returning to Kitty Hawk in 1903, the Wrights completed assembly of the Flyer while practicing on the 1902 Glider from the previous season. On December 14, 1903, they felt ready for their first attempt at powered flight. With the help of men from the nearby government life-saving station, the Wrights moved the Flyer and its launching rail to the incline of a nearby sand dune, Big Kill Devil Hill, intending to make a gravity-assisted takeoff. The brothers tossed a coin to decide who would get the first chance at piloting, and Wilbur won. The airplane left the rail, but Wilbur pulled up too sharply, stalled, and came down in about three seconds with minor damage.
Repairs after the abortive first flight took three days. When they were ready again on December 17, the wind was averaging more than 20 mph, so the brothers laid the launching rail on level ground, pointed into the wind, near their camp. This time the wind, instead of an inclined launch, provided the necessary airspeed for takeoff. Because Wilbur had already had the first chance, Orville took his turn at the controls. His first flight lasted 12 seconds for a total distance of 120 ft (36.5 m) – shorter than the wingspan of a Boeing 747, as noted by observers in the 2003 commemoration of the first flight.[1][4]
Taking turns, the Wrights made four brief, low-altitude flights that day. The flight paths were all essentially straight; turns were not attempted. Each flight ended in a bumpy and unintended "landing." The last flight, by Wilbur, was 852 feet (260 m) in 59 seconds, much longer than each of the three previous flights of 120, 175 and 200 feet. The landing broke the front elevator supports, which the Wrights hoped to repair for a possible four-mile (6 km) flight to Kitty Hawk village. Soon after, a heavy gust picked up the Flyer and tumbled it end over end, damaging it beyond any hope of quick repair. It was never flown again.
Distant view of the Wright airplane just after landing, taken from the starting point, with wing-rest in center of picture and launching rail at right. This flight, the fourth and final of December 17, 1903, was the longest: 852 feet (260 m) covered in 59 seconds.[5][6] Photo first published 1908.
In 1904, the Wrights continued refining their designs and piloting techniques in order to obtain fully controlled flight. Major progress toward this goal was achieved with a new Flyer in 1904 and even more decisively in 1905 with a third Flyer, in which Wilbur made a 39-minute, 24-mile (39 km) nonstop circling flight on October 5.[7] While the 1903 Flyer was clearly a historically important test vehicle, its hallowed status in the American imagination has obscured the role of its two successors in the continuing development that led to the Wrights' mastery of controlled powered flight in 1905.
The influence of the Flyer[edit]
Orville Wright with a later Model A Flyer at Tempelhof Field in Berlin
The Flyer series of aircraft were the first to achieve controlled heavier-than-air flight, but some of the mechanical techniques the Wrights used to accomplish this were not influential for the development of aviation as a whole, although their theoretical achievements were. The Flyer design depended on wing-warping and a foreplane or "canard" for pitch control, features which would not scale and produced a hard-to-control aircraft. However, the Wrights' pioneering use of "roll control" by twisting the wings to change wingtip angle in relation to the airstream led directly to the more practical use of ailerons by their imitators, such as Curtiss and Farman. The Wrights' original concept of simultaneous coordinated roll and yaw control (rear rudder deflection), which they discovered in 1902, perfected in 1903–1905, and patented in 1906, represents the solution to controlled flight and is used today on virtually every fixed-wing aircraft. The Wright patent included the use of hinged rather than warped surfaces for the forward elevator and rear rudder. Other features that made the Flyer a success were highly efficient wings and propellers, which resulted from the Wrights' exacting wind tunnel tests and made the most of the marginal power delivered by their early "homebuilt" engines; slow flying speeds (and hence survivable accidents); and an incremental test/development approach. The future of aircraft design, however, lay with rigid wings, ailerons and rear control surfaces. A British patent of 1868 for aileron technology[8] had apparently been completely forgotten by the time the 20th century dawned.
After a single statement to the press in January 1904 and a failed public demonstration in May, the Wright Brothers did not publicize their efforts, and other aviators who were working on the problem of flight (notably Alberto Santos-Dumont) were thought by the press to have preceded them by many years. Indeed, several short heavier-than-air powered flights had been made by other aviators before 1903, leading to controversy about precedence (see Early flying machines). The Wrights, however, claimed to be the first of these which was "properly controlled."
The issue of control was correctly seen as critical by the Wrights, and they acquired a wide American patent intended to give them ownership of basic aerodynamic control. This was fought in both American and European courts. European designers, however, were little affected by the litigation and continued their own development. The legal fight in the U.S., however, had a crushing effect on the nascent American aircraft industry, and by the time of World War I, the U.S. had no suitable military aircraft and had to purchase French and British models.
Flyer stability[edit]
The Flyer was conceived as a control-canard, as the Wrights were more concerned with control than stability.[9] However, it was found to be so highly unstable that it was barely controllable.[10] During flight tests near Dayton the Wrights added ballast to the nose of the aircraft to move the center of gravity forward and reduce pitch instability. However the basics of pitch stability of the canard configuration were not understood by the Wright Brothers. F.E.C. Culick stated, "The backward state of the general theory and understanding of flight mechanics hindered them... Indeed, the most serious gap in their knowledge was probably the basic reason for their unwitting mistake in selecting their canard configuration."[11]
The Flyer after Kitty Hawk[edit]
The Wright Brothers returned home to Dayton for Christmas after the flights of the Kitty Hawk Flyer. While they had abandoned their other gliders, they realized the historical significance of the Flyer. They shipped the heavily damaged craft back to Dayton, where it remained stored in crates behind a Wright Company shed for 9 years. The Great Dayton Flood of March 1913 covered the flyer in mud and water for 11 days.[12]
Charlie Taylor relates in a 1948 article that the Flyer nearly got disposed of by the Wrights themselves. In early 1912 Roy Knabenshue, The Wrights Exhibition team manager, had a conversation with Wilbur and asked Wilbur what they planned to do with the Flyer. Wilbur said they most likely will burn it, as they had the 1904 machine. According to Taylor, Knabenshue talked Wilbur out of disposing of the machine for historical purposes.[13]
In 1910 the Wrights first made attempts to exhibit the Flyer in the Smithsonian Institution but talks fell through with the ensuing lawsuits against Glenn Curtiss and the Flyer may have been needed as repeated evidence in court cases. Wilbur died in 1912, and in 1916, as the patent fights were ending, Orville brought the Flyer out of storage and prepared it for display at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He replaced parts of the wing covering, the props, and the engine's crankcase, crankshaft, and flywheel. The crankcase, crankshaft and flywheel of the original engine had been sent to the Aero Club of America in New York for an exhibit in 1906 and were never returned to the Wrights. The replacement crankcase, crankshaft and flywheel came from the experimental engine Charlie Taylor had built in 1904 and used for testing in the bicycle shop. A replica crankcase of the flyer is on display at the visitor center at the Wright Brothers National Memorial.
Debate with the Smithsonian[edit]
The Smithsonian Institution, and primarily its then-secretary Charles Walcott, refused to give credit to the Wright Brothers for the first powered, controlled flight of an aircraft. Instead, they honored the former Smithsonian Secretary Samuel Pierpont Langley, whose 1903 tests of his own Aerodrome on the Potomac were not successful. Walcott was a friend of Langley and wanted to see Langley's place in aviation history restored. In 1914, Glenn Curtiss had recently exhausted the appeal process in a patent infringement legal battle with the Wrights. Curtiss sought to prove Langley's machine, which failed piloted tests nine days before the Wrights successful flight in 1903, capable of controlled, piloted flight in an attempt to invalidate the Wright's wide sweeping patents.
The Aerodrome was removed from exhibit at the Smithsonian and prepared for flight at Keuka Lake, New York. Curtis called the preparations "restoration" claiming that the only addition to the design was pontoons to support testing on the lake but critics including patent attorney Griffith Brewer called them alterations of the original design. Curtiss flew the modified Aerodrome, hopping a few feet off the surface of the lake for no more than 5 seconds at a time.[14]
Between 1916 and 1928 the Flyer was prepared and assembled for exhibition under the supervision of Orville by Wright Company mechanic Jim Jacobs several times. It was briefly exhibited at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1916, the New York Aero Shows in 1917 and 1919, a Society of Automotive Engineers meeting in Dayton, Ohio in 1918, and the National Air Races in Dayton in 1924.[15]
Wright Flyer was exhibited at the Science Museum, London 1928–1948
In 1925, Orville attempted to persuade the Smithsonian to recognize his and Wilbur's accomplishment by offering to send the Flyer to the Science Museum in London. This action did not have its intended effect, and the Flyer went on display in the London museum in 1928. It remained there in "the place of honour,"[16] except during World War II when it was moved to an underground storage facility 100 miles (160 km) from London, near the village of Corsham.[15]
In 1942 the Smithsonian Institution, under a new secretary, Charles Abbot, published a list of 35 Curtiss modifications to the Aerodrome and a retraction of its long-held claims for the craft. Abbot went on to list 4 regrets including the role the Institution played in supporting unsuccessful defendants in patent litigation by the Wrights, misinformation about modifications made to the Aerodrome after Wright Flyer's first flight and public statements attributing the "first aeroplane capable of sustained free flight with a man" to Secretary Langley. The entry in the 1942 Annual Report of Smithsonian Institution begins with the statement "It is everywhere acknowledged that the Wright brothers were the first to make sustained flights in a heavier-than-air machine at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, on December 17, 1903" and closes with a promise that "Should Dr. Wright decide to deposit the plane ... it would be given the highest place of honor which it is due"[17]
The following year, Orville, after exchanging several letters with Abbott, agreed to return the Flyer to the United States. The Flyer stayed at the Science Museum until a replica could be built, based on the original. This change of heart by the Smithsonian is also mired in controversy – the Flyer was sold to the Smithsonian under several contractual conditions, one of which reads:
Neither the Smithsonian Institution or its successors, nor any museum or other agency, bureau or facilities administered for the United States of America by the Smithsonian Institution or its successors shall publish or permit to be displayed a statement or label in connection with or in respect of any aircraft model or design of earlier date than the Wright Aeroplane of 1903, claiming in effect that such aircraft was capable of carrying a man under its own power in controlled flight.[18][19]
Researchers who promote the accomplishments of pioneer aviator Gustave Whitehead have commented that this agreement renders the Smithsonian unable to make properly unbiased academic decisions concerning any prior claims of 'first flight'.[20]
In 1948 the official handover of the Flyer was made to the American Civil Air Attaché at a ceremony attended by representatives of the various flying organizations in the UK and by some British aviation pioneers such as Sir Alliott Verdon-Roe.[21] Later in 1948, the Flyer was returned to the United States on board the Mauretania. When the liner docked at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Paul E. Garber of the Smithsonian's National Air Museum met the aircraft and took command of the proceedings. The rest of the journey to Washington continued on flatbed truck. While in Halifax Garber met John A. D. McCurdy, at the time the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia. McCurdy as a young man had been a member of Alexander Graham Bell's team Aerial Experiment Association, which included Glenn Curtiss, and later a famous pioneer pilot. During the stay at Halifax, Garber and McCurdy reminisced about the pioneer aviation days and the Wright Brothers. McCurdy also offered Garber any assistance he needed to get the Flyer home.[22]
In the Smithsonian[edit]
The Flyer I as it appeared in 1982 before restoration. Compare with 1995 image after restoration below.
The Flyer was put on display in the Arts and Industries Building of the Smithsonian on December 17, 1948, 45 years to the day after the aircraft's only flights. (Orville did not live to see this, as he died in January of that year.) In 1976, it was moved to the Milestones of Flight Gallery of the new National Air and Space Museum. Since 2003 it has resided in a special exhibit in the museum titled "The Wright Brothers and the Invention of the Aerial Age," honoring the Wright Brothers in recognition of the 100th anniversary of their first flight.
A piece of fabric and wood from the Wright Flyer was taken to the surface of the Moon by the crew of Apollo 11, the first lunar landing mission, in July 1969.[23]
1985 restoration[edit]
In 1995 after restoration: compare with 1982 image before restoration above
In 1981, discussion began on the need to restore the Flyer from the aging it sustained after many decades on display. During the ceremonies celebrating the 78th anniversary of the first flights, Mrs. Harold S. Miller (Ivonette Wright, Lorin's daughter), one of the Wright brothers' nieces, presented the Museum with the original covering of one wing of the Flyer, which she had received in her inheritance from Orville. She expressed her wish to see the aircraft restored.
The fabric covering on the aircraft at the time, which came from the 1927 restoration, was discolored and marked with water spots. Metal fasteners holding the wing uprights together had begun to corrode, marking the nearby fabric.
Work began in 1985. The restoration was supervised by Senior Curator Robert Mikesh and assisted by Wright Brothers expert Tom Crouch. Museum director Walter J. Boyne decided to perform the restoration in full view of the public.
The wooden framework was cleaned, and corrosion on metal parts removed. The covering was the only part of the aircraft replaced. The new covering was more accurate to the original than that of the 1927 restoration. To preserve the original paint on the engine, the restorers coated it in inert wax before putting on a new coat of paint.
The effects of the 1985 restoration were intended to last 75 years (to 2060) before another restoration would be required.[24]
Flyer reproductions[edit]
A number of individuals and groups have attempted to build reproductions of the Wright Flyer for demonstration or scientific purposes.
In 1978, 23-year-old Ken Kellett built a replica Flyer in Colorado and flew it at Kitty Hawk on the 75th and 80th anniversaries of the first flight there. Construction took a year and cost $3,000.[citation needed]
As the 100th anniversary on December 17, 2003 approached, the U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission along with other organizations opened bids for companies to recreate the original flight. The Wright Experience, led by Ken Hyde, won the bid and painstakingly recreated reproductions of the original Flyer, plus many of the prototype gliders and kites as well as several subsequent Wright aircraft. The completed Flyer reproduction was brought to Kitty Hawk and pilot Kevin Kochersberger attempted to recreate the original flight at 10:35 AM December 17, 2003 on level ground near the bottom of Kill Devil Hill.[25] Although the aircraft had previously made several successful test flights, sour weather, rain, and weak winds prevented a successful flight on the actual anniversary date. Hyde's reproduction is displayed at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan.
Numerous static display-only, nonflying reproductions are on display around the United States and across the world, making this perhaps the most reproduced single aircraft of the "pioneer" era in history, rivaling the number of copies — some of which are airworthy — of Louis Blériot's cross-Channel Bleriot XI from 1909.
The AIAA's Flyer reproduction undergoing testing in a NASA wind tunnel.
Wright Flyer Replica at the Henry Ford Museum
Flyer replica at the Frontiers of Flight Museum
Wright 1903 Flyer replica at the Lysdale Historic Hangar [1]
Artifacts[edit]
Portions of the original fabric and wood from the Flyer traveled to the surface of the moon aboard the Apollo 11 lunar module. This artifact is on display at the visitors center at the Wright Brothers National Memorial in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.[26] Separate portions of original wood and fabric were taken by North Carolina native astronaut Michael Smith aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger on mission STS-51-L which was destroyed on liftoff. The portions of wood and fabric were recovered from the wreck of the shuttle and are on display at the North Carolina Museum of History[27]
Flyer wood and fabric taken aboard Apollo 11
Flyer wood and fabric taken aboard STS-51-L
Media[edit]
Play media
A 1945 newsreel covering various firsts in human flight, including Wright Flyer footage
Specifications (Wright Flyer)[edit]
North Carolina 50 State Quarter features the famous first flight photo of the 1903 Wright Flyer at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
General characteristics
Crew: One
Length: 21 ft (6 m) 1 in (6.43 m)
Wingspan: 40 ft (12 m) 4 in (12.31 m)
Height: 9 ft (3 m) 0 in (2.74 m)
Wing area: 510 ft² (47 m²)
Empty weight: 605 lb (274 kg)
Max. takeoff weight: 745 lb (338 kg)
Powerplant: 1 × straight-4 water-cooled piston engine, 12 hp (9 kW), 170 lbs (77.3 kg), (2 Wright "Elliptical" props, 8 ft (2 m). 6in., port prop carved to counter-rotate left, starboard prop carved to rotate to the right)
Performance
Maximum speed: 30 mph (48 km/h)
Service ceiling: 30 ft (9 m)
Wing loading: 1.4 lb/ft² (7 kg/m²)
Power/mass: 0.02 hp/lb (30 W/kg)
See also[edit]
Early flying machines
Claims to the first powered flight
Related development
The Wrights' unpowered gliders
1902 Glider
Flyer II
Flyer III
Wright Model A
Wright Model B
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Telegram from Orville Wright in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, to His Father Announcing Four Successful Flights, 1903 December 17". World Digital Library. 1903-12-17. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Exhibitions".
Jump up ^ "The Wright Brothers – Engine".
Jump up ^ Lindberg, Mark. "Century of Flight." Archived 2012-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. Wings of History Museum, 2003. Retrieved: August 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2001696559/
Jump up ^ "The Five First Flights." thewrightbrothers.org. Retrieved: July 23, 2008
Jump up ^ Crouch. Tom D. "A Machine of Practical Utility." American Heritage, Winter 2010. Retrieved January 23, 2018
Jump up ^ Gibbs-Smith, C.H. (11 May 1956). "Correspondence: The First Aileron". Flight. FlightGlobal.com: 598.
Jump up ^ Culick, AIAA-2001-3385, Consistently with ignoring the condition of zero net (pitch) moment, the Wrights assumed that in equilibrium the canard carried no load and served only as a control device.
Jump up ^ "Wright Flyer", A look at handling qualities of canard configurations, Nasa, p. 8, TM 88354, ...the Flyer was highly unstable... The lateral/directional stability and control of the Flyer were marginal .
Jump up ^ Culick, FEC (2001), Wright Brothers: First Aeronautical Engineers and Test Pilots (PDF), p. 4, The backward state of the general theory and understanding of flight mechanics hindered them.
Jump up ^ "History of the 1903 Wright Flyer". www.libraries.wright.edu. Wright State University Libraries Special Collection & Archives.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Charles Edward. My Story Archived 2013-12-19 at the Wayback Machine., as told to Robert S. Ball, Collier's, 25 December 1948.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 19: Why The Wright Plane Was Exiled". The Wright Brothers. Dayton History Books Online.
^ Jump up to: a b "1903 Wright Flyer". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. 21 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Back to the Beginning", Flight, 28 October 1948, p.505.
Jump up ^ "1942 Annual Report". Smithsonian Institution.
Jump up ^ ""Archived image."". Archived from the original on August 17, 2002. Retrieved 2002-08-17. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) Glenn H. Curtiss.com Retrieved: January 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ ""Glenn H. Curtiss."". Archived from the original on February 28, 2003. Retrieved 2003-02-28. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) Retrieved: January 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ O'Dwyer, Major William J. History by Contract. Leutershausen, Germany: Fritz Majer & Sohn, 1978. ISBN 3-922175-00-7.
Jump up ^ "Back to the Beginning" Flight October 28th, 1948 p506
Jump up ^ Hallion 1978, p.55.
Jump up ^ "Wright Flyer." Archived 2008-11-21 at the Wayback Machine. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved: January 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ Mikesh.
Jump up ^ Attempt to recreate Wright Bros flight fails (AP Archive)
Jump up ^ NASM Press Kit: The Wright Brothers & The Invention of the Aerial Age – News Media Photos." Archived 2008-11-21 at the Wayback Machine. NASM. Retrieved: December 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "NC Cultural Resources Newsroom: Full-size Replica Wright Flyer Featured at N.C. Transportation Museum" Archived 2012-04-26 at the Wayback Machine., ncdcr.gov, December 10, 2009. Retrieved: December 11, 2011.
Bibliography[edit]
Hallion, Richard P. The Wright Brothers: Heirs of Prometheus. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian, 1978. ISBN 0-87474-504-7.
Hise, Phaedra. "In Search of the Real Wright Flyer." Air&Space/Smithsonian, January 2003, pp. 22–29.
Howard, Fred. Orville and Wilbur: The Story of the Wright Brothers. London: Hale, 1988. ISBN 0-7090-3244-7.
Jakab, Peter L. "The Original." Air&Space/Smithsonian, March 2003, pp. 34–39.
Mikesh, Robert C. and Tom D. Crouch. "Restoration: The Wright Flyer." National Air and Space Museum Research Report, 1985, pp. 135–141.
"The Wright Flyer", Flight, pp. 787–788, 11 December 1953
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wright Flyer.
Nasa.gov
Wrightflyer.org
Wrightexperience.com
Under The Hood of A Wright Flyer Air & Space Magazine
1942 Smithsonian Annual Report acknowledging primacy of the Wright Flyer
History of the Wright Flyer Wright State University Library
[hide]
v
t
e
Wright brothers / Wright Company / Wright Aeronautical
Wright brothers aircraft (1899–1909)
Gliders:
Wright Glider
Powered aircraft:
1903 Wright Flyer I
Flyer II
Flyer III
Wright Model A
Wright Company aircraft (1909–1916)
Wright Model B
Model C
Model D
Model E
Model EX (Vin Fiz Flyer)
Model F
Model G
Model HS
Model K
Model R
Wright Aeronautical aircraft (1919–1929)
Racing aircraft:
Wright F2W
XF3W
NW-1
NW-2
Passenger aircraft:
Wright-Bellanca WB-1
WB-2
Designers
Orville and Wilbur Wright
Giuseppe Mario Bellanca
History and legacy
Wright Cycle Company
Wright Flying School
Wright Exhibition Team
Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park
Huffman Prairie
Wright Brothers National Memorial
National Aviation Heritage Area
National Aviation Day
Wright Brothers Day
Wright Brothers Medal
Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy
Related
Charles Taylor
Wright brothers patent war (Matthew Piers Watt Boulton)
Milton Wright (father)
Katharine Wright (sister)
Hawthorn Hill
Wright-Martin
Wilbur Wright und seine Flugmaschine (1909 film)
The Winds of Kitty Hawk (1978 film)
The Wright Brothers (2015 book)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wright_Flyer&oldid=834571552"
Categories:
Prone pilot aircraft
United States experimental aircraft 1900–1909
Wright aircraft
Canard aircraft
History of Dayton, Ohio
Individual aircraft in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Artifacts in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution
1903 in North Carolina
Aircraft first flown in 1903
First events
Hidden categories:
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011
Articles containing video clips
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Italiano
ქართული
Lietuvių
Nederlands
日本語
Napulitano
Norsk
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenščina
Svenska
தமிழ்
Türkçe
اردو
中文
22 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 6 April 2018, at 13:14.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: i

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan style

values: text-align: center; font-size: large; padding-bottom: 0.3em;

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

values: border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Wright_Brothers
mw-redirect
Wright Brothers

values:
/wiki/National_Air_%26_Space_Museum
mw-redirect
National Air & Space Museum

values:
/wiki/Washington_D.C.
mw-redirect
Washington D.C.

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/1902_Wright_Glider
mw-redirect
1902 Wright Glider

values:
/wiki/Sitka_Spruce
mw-redirect
Sitka Spruce

values:
/wiki/Gasoline_engine
mw-redirect
Gasoline engine

values:
/wiki/Propeller_(aircraft)
mw-redirect
Propeller (aircraft)

values:
/wiki/Dimensional_lumber
mw-redirect
Dimensional lumber

values: Edit section: Flight trials at Kitty Hawk

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values: Edit section: The influence of the Flyer

values: Edit section: The Flyer after Kitty Hawk

values:
/wiki/Roy_Knabenshue
mw-redirect
Roy Knabenshue

values: Edit section: Debate with the Smithsonian

values:
/wiki/Keuka_Lake,_New_York
mw-redirect
Keuka Lake, New York

values:
/wiki/Science_Museum_(London)
mw-redirect
Science Museum (London)

values:
/wiki/Alliott_Verdon-Roe
mw-redirect
Alliott Verdon-Roe

values:
/wiki/John_A._D._McCurdy
mw-redirect
John A. D. McCurdy

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

values:
nofollow
external autonumber
http://mn1903flyer.us

values: File:First flights in aviation history.ogv

values: width: 150px; margin:32px auto; width:120px;

values: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/First_flights_in_aviation_history.ogv/400px--First_flights_in_aviation_history.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:400px;height:288px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="82.115366666667" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="First_flights_in_aviation_history.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/First_flights_in_aviation_history.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 400 × 288 (523 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="400" data-height="288" data-bandwidth="523188" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/First_flights_in_aviation_history.ogv/First_flights_in_aviation_history.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="222" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="196328" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/First_flights_in_aviation_history.ogv/First_flights_in_aviation_history.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="334" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="316816" data-framerate="29.97002997003"/></video>

values: Edit section: Specifications (Wright Flyer)

values:
nofollow
http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11372/
external text

values: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://wright.nasa.gov/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.wrightflyer.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.wrightexperience.com/
external text

values:
/wiki/Wright_Model_EX
mw-redirect
Wright Model EX

values:
/wiki/Wright_Model_F
mw-redirect
Wright Model F

values:
/wiki/Wright_Model_G
mw-redirect
Wright Model G

values:
/wiki/Wright_Model_K
mw-redirect
Wright Model K

values: Wilbur Wright und seine Flugmaschine (film)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:United States experimental aircraft 1900–1909

values: Category:Individual aircraft in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution

values: Category:Artifacts in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011

values: Category:Articles containing video clips

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Wright_Flyer
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: رايت فلاير – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyer_1
Flyer 1 – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: پرنده رایت ۱ – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 라이트 플라이어 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyer_1
Flyer 1 – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: ライトフライヤー号 – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nap
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyer_I
Flyer I – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: ரைட் பிளையர் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: رائٹ فلائر – Urdu

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Wright_Flyer rootpage-Wright_Flyer skin-vector action-view


text:
Three wise monkeys
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Turkish film, see Three Monkeys.
"Sanzaru" redirects here. For the game company, see Sanzaru Games.
"See no evil hear no evil" redirects here. For the 1989 comedy film, see See No Evil, Hear No Evil.
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The three wise monkeys over the Tōshō-gū shrine in Nikkō, Japan
The three wise monkeys (Japanese: 三猿, Hepburn: san'en or sanzaru, alternatively 三匹の猿 sanbiki no saru, literally "three monkeys"), sometimes called the three mystic apes,[1] are a pictorial maxim. Together they embody the proverbial principle "see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil".[2] The three monkeys are Mizaru, covering his eyes, who sees no evil; Kikazaru, covering his ears, who hears no evil; and Iwazaru, covering his mouth, who speaks no evil.[3]
There are various meanings ascribed to the monkeys and the proverb including associations with being of good mind, speech and action. In the Western world the phrase is often used to refer to those who deal with impropriety by turning a blind eye.[4]
Outside Japan the monkeys' names are sometimes given as Mizaru, Mikazaru,[5] and Mazaru,[6] as the last two names were corrupted from the Japanese originals.[7][8] The monkeys are Japanese macaques, a common species in Japan.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 Meaning of the proverb
3 Variations
4 Cultural influences
5 Unicode characters
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Origin[edit]
Kōshin scroll with the three monkeys
A World War II poster directed at participants in the Manhattan Project
The source that popularized this pictorial maxim is a 17th-century carving over a door of the famous Tōshō-gū shrine in Nikkō, Japan. The carvings at Toshogu Shrine were carved by Hidari Jingoro, and believed to have incorporated Confucius’s Code of Conduct, using the monkey as a way to depict man’s life cycle. There are a total of eight panels, and the iconic three wise monkeys picture comes from panel 2. The philosophy, however, probably originally came to Japan with a Tendai-Buddhist legend, from China in the 8th century (Nara Period). It has been suggested that the figures represent the three dogmas of the so-called middle school of the sect.
In Chinese, a similar phrase exists in the Analects of Confucius from 2nd to 4th century B.C.: "Look not at what is contrary to propriety; listen not to what is contrary to propriety; speak not what is contrary to propriety; make no movement which is contrary to propriety" (非禮勿視，非禮勿聽，非禮勿言，非禮勿動).[9] It may be that this phrase was shortened and simplified after it was brought into Japan.
It is through the Kōshin rite of folk religion that the most significant examples are presented. The Kōshin belief or practice is a Japanese folk religion with Chinese Taoism origins and ancient Shinto influence. It was founded by Tendai Buddhist monks in the late 10th century. A considerable number of stone monuments can be found all over the eastern part of Japan around Tokyo. During the later part of the Muromachi period, it was customary to display stone pillars depicting the three monkeys during the observance of Kōshin.
Though the teaching had nothing to do with monkeys, the concept of the three monkeys originated from a simple play on words. The saying in Japanese is mizaru, kikazaru, iwazaru (見ざる, 聞かざる, 言わざる) "see not, hear not, speak not", where the -zaru is a negative conjugation on the three verbs, matching zaru, the modified form of saru (猿) "monkey" used in compounds. Thus the saying (which does not include any specific reference to "evil") can also be interpreted as referring to three monkeys.
The shrine at Nikko is a Shinto shrine, and the monkey is an extremely important being in the Shinto religion. The monkey is believed to be the messenger of the Hie Shinto shrines, which also have connections with Tendai Buddhism. There are even important festivals that are celebrated during the year of the Monkey (occurring every twelve years) and a special festival is celebrated every sixteenth year of the Kōshin.
"The Three Mystic Apes" (Sambiki Saru) were described as "the attendants of Saruta Hito no Mikoto or Kōshin, the God of the Roads".[10] The Kōshin festival was held on the 60th day of the calendar. It has been suggested that during the Kōshin festival, according to old beliefs, one’s bad deeds might be reported to heaven "unless avoidance actions were taken…". It has been theorized that the three Mystic Apes, Not Seeing, Hearing, or Speaking, may have been the "things that one has done wrong in the last 59 days".
According to other accounts, the monkeys caused the Sanshi and Ten-Tei not to see, say or hear the bad deeds of a person. The Sanshi (三尸) are the Three Corpses living in everyone's body. The Sanshi keep track of the good deeds and particularly the bad deeds of the person they inhabit. Every 60 days, on the night called Kōshin-Machi (庚申待), if the person sleeps, the Sanshi will leave the body and go to Ten-Tei (天帝), the Heavenly God, to report about the deeds of that person. Ten-Tei will then decide to punish bad people, making them ill, shortening their time alive, and in extreme cases putting an end to their lives. Those believers of Kōshin who have reason to fear will try to stay awake during Kōshin nights. This is the only way to prevent the Sanshi from leaving their body and reporting to Ten-Tei.
An ancient representation of the "no see, no hear, no say, no do" can be found in four golden figurines in the Zelnik Istvan Southeast Asian Gold Museum. These golden statues date from the 6th to 8th century. The figures look like tribal human people with not very precise body carvings and strong phallic symbols.[11] This set indicates that the philosophy comes from very ancient roots.
It is not clear how or when the saying travelled; in Ethiopia the Ge'ez language has the saying "Let the eye fast, let the mouth fast, let the ears fast."[12]
Meaning of the proverb[edit]
Three wise monkeys on the beach in Barcelona
Just as there is disagreement about the origin of the phrase, there are differing explanations of the meaning of "see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil".
In Buddhist tradition, the tenets of the proverb are about not dwelling on evil thoughts.
In the Western world both the proverb and the image are often used to refer to a lack of moral responsibility on the part of people who refuse to acknowledge impropriety, looking the other way or feigning ignorance.[13]
It may also signify a code of silence in gangs, or organized crime.
Variations[edit]
Sometimes there is a fourth monkey depicted, Shizaru, who symbolizes the principle of "do no evil". He may be shown crossing his arms or covering his genitals. In another variation, a fourth monkey is depicted with a sulking posture and the caption "have no fun".[citation needed] Yet another variation has the fourth monkey hold its nose to avoid a stench and has been dubbed "smell no evil" accordingly.[4]
Sculpture of four monkeys, the additional one resting its hands in its lap
According to Osho Rajneesh, the monkey symbolism originated in ancient Hindu tradition and Buddhist monks spread this symbolism across Asia. The original Hindu and Buddhist version contains 4 monkeys and the fourth monkey covers his genitals.The Buddhist version means this as "Don't do anything evil".
In Hindu original version the meaning of the fourth monkey is totally different from the popular Buddhist version. It means, "Hide your pleasures. Hide your enjoyment, don't show it to anybody."[citation needed]
Osho Rajneesh gave his own meaning regarding this. The first monkey denotes 'Don't listen to the truth because it will disturb all your consoling lies'. The second monkey denotes 'Don't look at the truth; otherwise your God will be dead and your heaven and hell will disappear'. The third monkey denotes 'Don't speak the truth, otherwise you will be condemned, crucified, poisoned, tortured by the whole crowd, the unconscious people. You will be condemned, don't speak the truth!' The fourth monkey denotes "Keep your pleasures, your joys, hidden. Don't let anybody know that you are a cheerful man, a blissful man, an ecstatic man, because that will destroy your very life. It is dangerous".[14]
Cultural influences[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Brass casting
The three wise monkeys, and the associated proverb, are known throughout Asia and in the Western world. They have been a motif in pictures, such as the ukiyo-e (Japanese woodblock printings) by Keisai Eisen, and are frequently represented in modern culture.
Mahatma Gandhi's one notable exception to his lifestyle of non-possession was a small statue of the three monkeys - Bapu, Ketan and Bandar. Today, a larger representation of the three monkeys is prominently displayed at the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, where Gandhi lived from 1915 to 1930 and from where he departed on his famous salt march. Gandhi's statue also inspired a 2008 artwork by Subodh Gupta, Gandhi's Three Monkeys.[15]
The three monkeys are depicted in the trial scene in the 1968 Planet of the Apes. An example of semiotics, as the judges mimic the see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil monkeys.[16]
The maxim inspired an award-winning 2008 Turkish film by director Nuri Bilge Ceylan called Three Monkeys (Üç Maymun).
Unicode characters[edit]
Unicode provides emoji representations of the monkeys in the Emoticons block as follows:[17]
Mizaru: U+1F648 🙈 SEE-NO-EVIL MONKEY
Kikazaru: U+1F649 🙉 HEAR-NO-EVIL MONKEY
Iwazaru: U+1F64A 🙊 SPEAK-NO-EVIL MONKEY
See also[edit]
Japan portal
Culture portal
Animals portal
Buddhist Noble Eightfold Path: Right speech and right action
Humata, Hukhta, Hvarshta, "good thoughts, good words, good deeds" in Zoroastrianism
Lashon hara, prohibition of gossip in Judaism
Manasa, vacha, karmana, three Sanskrit words referring to mind, speech and actions
Three Vajras, a formulation in Tibetan Buddhism referring to body, speech and mind
The colloquial expression "brass monkey", a possible reference to the three monkeys
Willful blindness, knowingly refraining from pursuing available information, or knowingly sheltering oneself from information
Plausible deniability, being able to convincingly claim ignorance of something incriminating
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Three Mystic Apes" term (1894) predates "Three Wise Monkeys" (1900) in Google Books
Jump up ^ Wolfgang Mieder. 1981. "The Proverbial Three Wise Monkeys," Midwestern Journal of Language and Folklore, 7: 5- 38.
Jump up ^ Oldest reference to the correct monkey names in English. Source:
Japan Society of London (1893). Transactions and proceedings of the Japan Society, London, Volume 1. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co. p. 98.
^ Jump up to: a b Pornpimol Kanchanalak (21 April 2011). "Searching for the fourth monkey in a corrupted world". The Nation. Thailand. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Oldest references (1926–1984) for Mikazaru in Google Books
Jump up ^ Oldest reference of the incorrect Mazaru in Google Books. Source:
Anderson, Isabel (1920). The spell of Japan. Page. p. 379.
Jump up ^ Worth, Fred L. (1974). The Trivia Encyclopedia. Brooke House. p. 262. ISBN 0-912588-12-8.
Jump up ^ Shipley, Joseph Twadell (2001). The Origins of English Words: A Discursive Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 249. ISBN 0-8018-6784-3.
Jump up ^ Original text: 論語 (in Chinese), Analects (in English)
Jump up ^ Joly, Henri L. (1908). "Legend in Japanese Art". London, New York: J. Lane. p. 10. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Cultures and Civilisations in Southeast Asia. Private museum in Budapest, Hungary.[not in citation given]
Jump up ^ Afeworq Tareqeny. 2008 (Ethiopian calendar). Anəggarä məsale zägə'əz. Addis Ababa. p. 9.
Jump up ^ Tom Oleson (29 October 2011). "How about monkey see, monkey DON'T do next time?". Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Osho on zen. "I celebrate myself: God is no where, Life is now here". Chapter 1: The grand Rebellion. Question 1.
Jump up ^ "QMA unveils Gandhi's 'Three Monkeys' at Katara". Qatar Tribune. 28 May 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0063442/trivia
Jump up ^ Unicode 6.0.0 characters in Emoticons block: SEE-NO-EVIL MONKEY ‹🙈›, HEAR-NO-EVIL MONKEY ‹🙉› and SPEAK-NO-EVIL MONKEY ‹🙊›.
References[edit]
Titelman, Gregory Y. (2000). Random House Dictionary of America's Popular Proverbs and Sayings (second ed.). New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-70584-8.
Archer Taylor, “Audi, Vidi, Tace” and the three monkeys
A. W. Smith, Folklore, Vol. 104, No. ½ pp. 144–150 "On the Ambiguity of the Three Wise Monkeys"
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Three monkeys.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Japanese proverbs
Wikiquote has quotations related to: List of proverbs
Collector's picture gallery
Information compiled by collectors
Monkey(saru)-Kōshin on onmarkproductions.com
More Information compiled by Collectors
Authority control
GND: 4998974-1
NDL: 01183836
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_wise_monkeys&oldid=807252128"
Categories:
Japanese folklore
Metaphors referring to animals
Monkeys
Hidden categories:
Articles with Chinese-language external links
All articles with failed verification
Articles with failed verification from December 2011
Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2010
All articles lacking in-text citations
Articles containing Japanese-language text
Articles containing Chinese-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016
Articles needing additional references from November 2012
All articles needing additional references
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Հայերեն
Italiano
עברית
മലയാളം
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenčina
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Svenska
ไทย
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 October 2017, at 21:01.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: b

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes

values:
/wiki/Nara_Period
mw-redirect
Nara Period

values:
/wiki/Analects_of_Confucius
mw-redirect
Analects of Confucius

values:
/wiki/Ge%27ez_language
mw-redirect
Ge'ez language

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Salt_Satyagraha
mw-redirect
Salt Satyagraha

values: font-variant: small-caps; font-size: smaller;

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.zelnik-collection.com

values: The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2011)

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.three-monkeys.info

values:
nofollow
external text
http://thethreemonkeys.com

values:
nofollow
external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/4998974-1

values: Category:Articles with Chinese-language external links

values: Category:All articles with failed verification

values: Category:Articles with failed verification from December 2011

values: Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2010

values: Category:All articles lacking in-text citations

values: Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2012

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Three_wise_monkeys
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: القردة الحكيمة الثلاثة – Arabic

values: Üç meymun (buddizm simvolu) – Azerbaijani

values: سه میمون خردمند – Persian

values: Երեք կապիկներ – Armenian

values: שלושת הקופים החכמים – Hebrew

values: വിവേകികളായ മൂന്ന് കുരങ്ങന്മാർ – Malayalam

values: Horen, zien en zwijgen (uitdrukking) – Dutch

values: Три обезьяны – Russian

values: ลิงสามตัว – Thai

values: Три мавпи – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Three_wise_monkeys rootpage-Three_wise_monkeys vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view