text:
History of the Forbidden City
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The history of the Forbidden City begins in the 15th century when it was built as the palace of the Ming emperors of China. It is located in the centre of Beijing, China, and was the Chinese imperial palace from the mid-Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1912. It has been a museum since the 1920s.
Built from 1406 to 1420, the palace complex has undergone many changes.[1] After serving as the imperial palace for some five hundred years, the Forbidden City became a museum, the Palace Museum, in 1925. In 1987, it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Construction and Ming Dynasty
2 Qing Dynasty
3 After the revolution
4 Under the People's Republic of China
5 Present
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
Construction and Ming Dynasty[edit]
The Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of the Forbidden City
The Forbidden City as depicted in a Ming Dynasty painting
The site of the Forbidden City was situated on the Imperial city during the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. After the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming Dynasty moved the capital from Beijing in the north to Nanjing in the south, and in 1369 ordered that the Yuan palaces be razed. His son Zhu Di was created Prince of Yan with his seat in Beijing. In 1402, Zhu Di usurped the throne and became the Yongle Emperor. He made Beijing a secondary capital of the Ming empire, and construction began in 1406 of what would become the Forbidden City.[3] The Forbidden City's plan was designed by many architects and designers, and then it was examined by the Emperor's Ministry of Work.[4] The chief architects and engineers include Cai Xin,[4][5] Nguyen An, a Vietnamese eunuch,[6] Kuai Xiang, Lu Xiang and others.[4]
Construction lasted 14 years and employed the work of 100,000 skilled artisans and up to a million labourers.[7] The pillars of the most important halls were made of whole logs of precious Phoebe zhennan wood (Chinese: 楠木; pinyin: nánmù) found in the jungles of south-western China. Such a feat was not to be repeated in subsequent years — the great pillars seen today were rebuilt using multiple pieces of pinewood in the Qing Dynasty.[8] The grand terraces and large stone carvings were made of stone from quarries near Beijing. The larger pieces could not be transported conventionally. Instead, wells were dug along the way, and water from the wells was poured on the road in deep winter, forming a layer of ice. The stones were dragged along the ice.[9]
The floors of major halls were paved with "golden bricks" (Chinese: 金砖; pinyin: jīnzhuān), baked with clay from seven counties of Suzhou and Songjiang prefectures.[10] Each batch took months to bake, resulting in smooth bricks that ring with a metallic sound.[7] Much of the interior pavings seen today are six-century-old originals.
Soil excavated during construction of the moat was piled up to the north of the palace to create an artificial hill, the Jingshan hill.[11]
Even before the palace was completed, Zhu Di moved to Beijing under the guise of "touring and hunting" (巡狩): the administrative centre of the empire gradually shifted from Nanjing to Beijing. When the palace was completed in 1420, Zhu Di moved there and Beijing officially became the primary capital of the empire.[9] However, scarcely nine months after their construction, the three main halls including the throne room burnt down, and it would be 23 years before they were rebuilt.
From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming Dynasty. In April 1644, rebel forces led by Li Zicheng captured it, and Chongzhen, the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty, hanged himself on Jingshan Hill. Li Zicheng proclaimed himself emperor of the Shun Dynasty at the Hall of Military Eminence.[12] However, he soon fled before the combined armies of former Ming general Wu Sangui and Manchu forces, setting fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process.[13]
Qing Dynasty[edit]
The Kangxi Emperor returning to the Forbidden City after a tour to the south.
1756 Bellin View of the Grand Throne Room in the Forbidden City by Jacques-Nicolas Bellin
By October 1644, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and prince regent Dorgon proclaimed the Qing Dynasty as the successor to the Ming. A ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the young Shunzhi Emperor as ruler of all China.[14] The Qing rulers largely maintained the Palace's Ming Dynasty scheme, except for the names of some of the principal buildings. The Ming Dynasty names favoured the character ji (simplified Chinese: 极; traditional Chinese: 極), meaning "supremacy" or "extremity", while the new Qing names favoured names meaning "peace" and "harmony"; for example, Huangji Dian, the "Hall of Imperial Supremacy", was changed to Taihe Dian, the "Hall of Supreme Harmony".[15]
In addition, signs and name plates were made bilingual (Chinese and Manchu),[16] and the main part of the Empress's official bedchamber, the Hall of Earthly Tranquility, became a Shamanist shrine.[17]
The Forbidden City thus became the power centre of the Qing Dynasty. In 1860, during the Second Opium War, Anglo-French forces took control of the Forbidden City and occupied it until the end of the war.[18] In 1900 Empress Dowager Cixi fled from the Forbidden City during the Boxer Rebellion, leaving it to be occupied by forces of the treaty powers until the following year.
After being home to twenty-four emperors, fourteen of the Ming Dynasty and ten of the Qing Dynasty, the Forbidden City ceased to be the political centre of China in 1912, with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. However, under an agreement signed between the Qing imperial house and the new Republic of China government, Puyi was allowed, in fact required, to live within the walls of the Forbidden City. Puyi and his family retained the use of the Inner Court, while the Outer Court was handed over to the Republican authorities. A museum was established in the Outer Court in 1914.[19]
After the revolution[edit]
Republican troops fighting to retake the Forbidden City on July 12, 1917, after Zhang Xun’s attempted imperial restoration
Opposition to Puyi staying in the palace grew during the Beiyang government of the Republic of China.[20]
In 1923 Reginald Johnston, Puyi's English teacher, told Puyi about eunuchs smuggling treasures out of the palace and selling them in antique shops. Puyi ordered an audit of the palace's collections. Before it began, a fire consumed the gardens of the Palace of Establishing Prosperity (建福宫) where the bulk of the Qianlong Emperor's collection of art works was stored.[21] In his memoir, Puyi claimed the fire was started by the eunuchs to conceal their embezzlement. This fire further fuelled public sentiments against Puyi's continued occupation of the palace.[22] The gardens were not rebuilt until 2005.[23][not in citation given]
In 1924, Feng Yuxiang took control of Beijing in a coup. Denouncing the previous agreement with the Qing imperial house, Feng expelled Puyi from the Palace.[20] On October 10, 1925 (Double Ten Day), the Palace Museum was established in the Forbidden City. The large amount of treasures and curiosities housed there were gradually catalogued and put on public display.[24]
Soon, however, the Japanese invasion of China threatened the safety of these national treasures, and they were moved out of the Forbidden City. Starting in 1933, important artefacts were packed and evacuated. They were first shipped to Nanjing and thence to Shanghai. However, the Japanese forces soon threatened Shanghai. The Executive Yuan decided to evacuate the collections to the remote west. The artifacts were split into three lots. One took the northern route towards Shaanxi. One was shipped up the Yangtze River towards Sichuan. The final lot was transported south towards Guangxi. The pace of the Japanese advance forced the artifacts to be moved quickly to escape bombing and capture, often with just hours' notice. In the end, all three collections reached the relative safety of Sichuan, where they stayed until the end of the war.[25]
Meanwhile, the Japanese army captured the Forbidden City in Beijing, but were only able to remove a few large bronze tubs and a few pieces of cannon. Most of these were recovered after the war, in Tianjin.[18]
At the end of World War II in 1945, the artifacts were moved back to Nanjing and Beijing. Remarkably, none were damaged or lost.[26]
In the late 1940s, with the Kuomintang losing the Chinese Civil War, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the artifacts from the Forbidden City and the National Museum in Nanjing to be moved to Taiwan. In the event no artifacts were shipped from Beijing, but many of the best collections stored in Nanjing were shipped to Taiwan, and today form the core of the National Palace Museum in Taipei.[27]
Under the People's Republic of China[edit]
The East Glorious Gate under renovation as part of the 19-year restoration process.
In 1949, the People's Republic of China was proclaimed at Tiananmen, directly in front of the Forbidden City. Over the next two decades various proposals were made to raze or reconstruct the Forbidden City to create a public park, a transport interchange, or "places of entertainment".[28]
The Forbidden City suffered some damage during this period, including the dismantling of the throne in the Hall of Middle Harmony, the removal of name tablets from several buildings and gardens, and the demolition of some minor gates and structures.[29]
The damage peaked during the Cultural Revolution. In 1966, the Hall of Worshipping Ancestors was modified and some artifacts destroyed for an exhibition of revolutionary mud sculptures. However, further destruction was prevented when Premier Zhou Enlai intervened by sending an army battalion to guard the city. These troops also prevented ransacking by the Red Guards who were swept up in the storm to demolish the "Four Olds". From 1966 to 1971, all gates to the Forbidden City were sealed, saving it from more destruction.[30]
The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987 by UNESCO as the "Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties",[31] due to its significant place in the development of Chinese architecture and culture.
Present[edit]
Tourists inside the Palace Museum
Currently, the Palace Museum is responsible for the preservation and restoration of the Forbidden City. Building heights around the Forbidden City are restricted. In 2005, a sixteen-year restoration project was started to repair and restore all buildings in the Forbidden City to their pre-1912 state. This is the largest restoration of the Forbidden City undertaken in two centuries, and involves progressively closing off sections of the Forbidden City for assessment, repairs, and restoration.[32] Also as part of the project, some derelict or destroyed sections are being rebuilt. The gardens of the Palace of Establishing Prosperity, destroyed by fire in 1923, were rebuilt in 2005, but remain closed to the public.[23] The interior was also designed in a different style, and the buildings are used by visiting dignitaries.[21]
A food court in the Six Western Palaces
While effort has been made to prevent the commercialisation of the palace, a variety of commercial enterprises exist, such as souvenir shops and photography stands. These commercial enterprises often rouse controversy. A Starbucks store, which opened in 2000, sparked objections[33] and eventually closed on July 13, 2007.[34] Chinese media also took notice of a pair of souvenir shops that refused to admit Chinese citizens in 2006.[35] According to the reports, the purpose was to preserve an atmosphere where foreigners could be victims of price gouging. The Palace Museum promised to investigate the matter. Some commentators, such as influential Phoenix TV host Luqiu Luwei, have further questioned the whole practice of renting out premises in the Forbidden City as retail space.[36]
In 2005, IBM Corporation and the Palace Museum announced a joint project to build a World Wide Web-based virtual model of the Forbidden City and associated sites in Beijing.[37] The online cultural heritage project, titled The Forbidden City: Beyond Space and Time, will be presented in both English and Chinese, and provide interactive, three-dimensional, representations of Forbidden City structures and cultural artifacts.[37] The virtual Forbidden City will consist of some 800 buildings, and will launch sometime during 2008.[38]
See also[edit]
History of Beijing
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "故宫到底有多少间房 (How many rooms in the Forbidden City)" (in Chinese). Singtao Net. 2006-09-27. Archived from the original on 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2007-07-05.
Jump up ^ "UNESCO World Heritage List: Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang". UNESCO. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
Jump up ^ Yu (1984) p. 18
^ Jump up to: a b c "Vatican City and the Forbidden City; St. Peter's Square and Tiananmen Square: A Comparative Analysis. Page 5" (PDF). Asia-Pacific: Perspectives and the University of San Francisco. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-27.
Jump up ^ Stefan Czernecki; reviewed by Dave Jenkinson. "The Cricket's Cage". CM Magazine. University of Manitoba.
Jump up ^ Tsai, Shih (March 2002). Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle. Seattle : University of Washington Press, c2001, p126. ISBN 978-0-295-98124-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Yang (2003) p. 15
Jump up ^ The only surviving large-scale hall built with whole logs of Phoebe zhennan is at Zhu Di's tomb at the Ming Tombs outside Beijing. This hall is only slightly smaller than the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City: China.org.cn: The Thirteen Ming Tombs in Beijing
^ Jump up to: a b China Central Television, The Palace Museum (2005). Gugong: "I. Building the Forbidden City" (Documentary). China: CCTV.
Jump up ^ Yu (1984) p. 21
Jump up ^ Yu (1984) p. 20
Jump up ^ Yang (2003) p. 69
Jump up ^ p 3734, Wu, Han (1980). 朝鲜李朝实录中的中国史料 (Chinese historical material in the Annals Yi Dynasty). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. CN / D829.312.
Jump up ^ Guo, Muoruo (1944-03-20). "甲申三百年祭 (Commemorating 300th anniversary of the Jia-Sheng Year)". New China Daily (in Chinese).
Jump up ^ China Central Television, The Palace Museum (2005). Gugong: "II. Ridgeline of a Prosperous Age" (Documentary). China: CCTV.
Jump up ^ "故宫外朝宫殿为何无满文？ (Why is there no Manchu on the halls of the Outer Court?)". People Net (in Chinese). 2006-06-16. Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2007-07-12.
Jump up ^ Zhou Suqin. "坤宁宫 (Palace of Earthly Tranquility)" (in Chinese). The Palace Museum. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-12.
^ Jump up to: a b China Central Television, The Palace Museum (2005). Gugong: "XI. Flight of the National Treasures" (Documentary). China: CCTV.
Jump up ^ Yang (2003) p. 137
^ Jump up to: a b Yan, Chongnian (2004). "国民—战犯—公民 (National – War criminal – Citizen)". 正说清朝十二帝 (True Stories of the Twelve Qing Emperors) (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. ISBN 7-101-04445-X.
^ Jump up to: a b "Forbidden City 4__Destruction and Rebuilding". CRI Online. 2007-02-15. Retrieved 2007-07-20.
Jump up ^ Aisin-Gioro, Puyi (1964). From Emperor to citizen : the autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi. Beijing: Foreign Language Press. ISBN 0-19-282099-0.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jianfu Palace Garden". China Heritage Fund. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved 2007-07-20.
Jump up ^ Cao Kun (2005-10-06). "故宫X档案: 开院门票 掏五毛钱可劲逛 (Forbidden City X-Files: Opening admission 50 cents)". Beijing Legal Evening (in Chinese). People Net. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
Jump up ^ See map of the evacuation routes at: "National Palace Museum – Tradition & Continuity". National Palace Museum. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
Jump up ^ "National Palace Museum – Tradition & Continuity". National Palace Museum. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
Jump up ^ "三大院长南京说文物 (Three museum directors talk artifacts in Nanjing)". Jiangnan Times (in Chinese). People Net. 2003-10-19. Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2007-07-05.
Jump up ^ Wang, Jun (2006-09-01). "Forbidden City reconstruction plans" (in Chinese). Guangming Daily. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
Jump up ^ Chen, Jie (2006-02-04). "Several horrifying reconstruction proposals had been made for the Forbidden City". Yangcheng Evening News (in Chinese). Eastday. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
Jump up ^ Xie, Yinming; Qu, Wanlin (2006-11-07). ""文化大革命"中谁保护了故宫 (Who protected the Forbidden City in the Cultural Revolution?)". CPC Documents (in Chinese). People Net. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
Jump up ^ The Forbidden City was listed as the "Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties" (UNESCO World Heritage Official Document). In 2004, Mukden Palace in Shenyang was added as an extension item to the property, which then became known as "Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang": "UNESCO World Heritage List: Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang". UNESCO. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
Jump up ^ Palace Museum. "Forbidden City restoration project website". Archived from the original on April 21, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
Jump up ^ Reuters (2000-12-11). "Starbucks brews storm in China's Forbidden City". CNN. Archived from the original on 2007-05-02. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
Jump up ^ Mellissa Allison (2007-07-13). "Starbucks closes Forbidden City store". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2007-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Two stores inside Forbidden City refuse entry to Chinese nationals" (in Chinese). Xinhua Net. 2006-08-23. Archived from the original on 2009-01-13. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
Jump up ^ "闾丘露薇：星巴克怎么进的故宫？Luqiu Luwei: How did Starbucks get into the Forbidden City" (in Chinese). People Net. 2007-01-16. Retrieved 2007-07-25. ; see also the original blog post here (in Chinese).
^ Jump up to: a b IBM Corp., Corporate Citizenship; Corporate Affairs, Arts & Culture (2005-06-16). "Forbidden City". IBM.com. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
Jump up ^ Skwiot, Rick (Spring 2008). "A Digital Character". Washington University in St. Louis Magazine.
Further reading[edit]
Huang, Ray (1981). 1587, A Year of No Significance: The Ming Dynasty in Decline. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-02518-1.
Yang, Xiagui (2003). The Invisible Palace. Translated by Chen, Huang. Li, Shaobai (photography). Beijing: Foreign Language Press. ISBN 7-119-03432-4.
Yu, Zhuoyun (1984). Palaces of the Forbidden City. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-53721-7.
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Circle of Willis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Circle of Willis
Schematic representation of the circle of Willis, arteries of the brain and brain stem. Blood flows up to the brain through the vertebral arteries and through the internal carotid arteries.
The arteries of the base of the brain. Basilar artery labeled below center. The temporal pole of the cerebrum and the cerebellar hemisphere have been removed on the right side. Inferior aspect (viewed from below).
Details
Identifiers
Latin
Circulus arteriosus cerebri
Circulus Willisi
MeSH
D002941
TA
A12.2.07.080
FMA
50454
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The circle of Willis (also called Willis' circle, loop of Willis, cerebral arterial circle, and Willis polygon) is a circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures. It is named after Thomas Willis (1621–1675), an English physician.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Origin of arteries
1.2 Variation
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Aneurysms
3.2 Subclavian steal syndrome
4 Additional images
5 References
6 See also
Structure[edit]
The circle of Willis is a part of the cerebral circulation and is composed of the following arteries:[2]
Anterior cerebral artery (left and right)
Anterior communicating artery
Internal carotid artery (left and right)
Posterior cerebral artery (left and right)
Posterior communicating artery (left and right)
The middle cerebral arteries, supplying the brain, are not considered part of the circle.
Origin of arteries[edit]
The left and right internal carotid arteries arise from the left and right common carotid arteries.
The posterior communicating artery is given off as a branch of the internal carotid artery just before it divides into its terminal branches - the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. The anterior cerebral artery forms the anterolateral portion of the circle of Willis, while the middle cerebral artery does not contribute to the circle.
The right and left posterior cerebral arteries arise from the basilar artery, which is formed by the left and right vertebral arteries. The vertebral arteries arise from the subclavian arteries.
The anterior communicating artery connects the two anterior cerebral arteries and could be said to arise from either the left or right side.
All arteries involved give off cortical and central branches. The central branches supply the interior of the circle of Willis, more specifically, the Interpeduncular fossa. The cortical branches are named for the area they supply. Since they do not directly affect the circle of Willis, they are not dealt with here.
Variation[edit]
Considerable anatomic variation exists in the circle of Willis. Based on a study of 1413 brains, the classic anatomy of the circle is only seen in 34.5% of cases.[3] In one common variation the proximal part of the posterior cerebral artery is narrow and its ipsilateral posterior communicating artery is large, so the internal carotid artery supplies the posterior cerebrum. In another variation the anterior communicating artery is a large vessel, such that a single internal carotid supplies both anterior cerebral arteries.
Function[edit]
The arrangement of the brain's arteries into the circle of Willis creates redundancy (analogous to engineered redundancy) for collateral circulation in the cerebral circulation. If one part of the circle becomes blocked or narrowed (stenosed) or one of the arteries supplying the circle is blocked or narrowed, blood flow from the other blood vessels can often preserve the cerebral perfusion well enough to avoid the symptoms of ischemia.[4]
Clinical significance[edit]
Aneurysms[edit]
Circle of Willis with the most common locations of ruptured aneurysms marked
Main article: Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Subclavian steal syndrome[edit]
The redundancies that the circle of Willis introduce can also lead to reduced cerebral perfusion.[5][6] In subclavian steal syndrome, blood is "stolen" from the circle of Willis to preserve blood flow to the upper limb. Subclavian steal syndrome results from a proximal stenosis (narrowing) of the subclavian artery, an artery supplied by the aorta which is also the same blood vessel that eventually feeds the circle of Willis via the vertebral artery.
Additional images[edit]
Fetal ultrasound image at the level of circle of Willis, showing PCA, MCA and ACA
Cerebral angiogram showing an anterior/posterior projection of the vertebrobasilar and posterior cerebral circulation, the posterior aspect of the circle of Willis and one of its feeding vessels.
An anterior view of major cerebral and cerebellar arteries.
Circle of Willis
Circle of Willis
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Uston, Cagatay (February 20, 2004). "Dr. Thomas Willis' Famous Eponym: The Circle of Willis" (PDF). Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 34: 271–274. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Purves, Dale; George J. Augustine; David Fitzpatrick; William C. Hall; Anthony-Samuel LaMantia; James O. McNamara; Leonard E. White (2008). Neuroscience, 4th Ed. Sinauer Associates. pp. 834–5. ISBN 978-0-87893-697-7. Archived from the original on 2007-12-07.
Jump up ^ Bergman RA, Afifi AK, Miyauchi R, Circle of Willis. Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation, URL: http://www.anatomyatlases.org/AnatomicVariants/Cardiovascular/Text/Arteries/CircleofWillis.shtml. Accessed on November 6, 2005.
Jump up ^ Boorder, Michiel J.; Van Der Grond, J; Van Dongen, AJ; Klijn, CJ; Jaap Kappelle, L; Van Rijk, PP; Hendrikse, J (2006). "Spect measurements of regional cerebral perfusion and carbon dioxide reactivity: Correlation with cerebral collaterals in internal carotid artery occlusive disease". J Neurol. 253 (10): 1285–1291. doi:10.1007/s00415-006-0192-1. PMID 17063318.
Jump up ^ Klingelhöfer, J; Conrad, B; Benecke, R; Frank, B (1988). "Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography of carotid-basilar collateral circulation in subclavian steal". Stroke: A Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 19 (8): 1036–42. doi:10.1161/01.STR.19.8.1036. PMID 3041649.
Jump up ^ Lord, RS; Adar, R; Stein, RL (1969). "Contribution of the circle of Willis to the subclavian steal syndrome". Circulation. 40 (6): 871–8. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.40.6.871. PMID 5377222.
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Circle of Willis.
Cerebral circulation
Leptomeningeal collateral circulation
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Efren Reyes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the actor and film director, see Efren Reyes, Jr.
In this Philippine name, the middle name or maternal family name is Manalang and the surname or paternal family name is Reyes.
Efren Reyes

Reyes in the World 9-Ball Pool Championship
Medal record
Representing Philippines

Men's Eight-Ball
Asian Games
2002 Busan Singles

Men's Carom 1 Cushion
Southeast Asian Games
2011 Palembang Singles
2013 Naypyidaw Singles
2015 Singapore Singles

Men's Carom 3 Cushion
Southeast Asian Games
2011 Palembang Singles
Efren Manalang Reyes, OLD, PLH (born August 26, 1954), nicknamed the Magician and Bata, is a Filipino professional pool player. A winner of over 70 international titles, Reyes was the first player to win world championships in two different disciplines in pool. Among his numerous titles Reyes is a four-time World Eight-ball Champion, the 1999 WPA World Nine-ball Champion, a three-time US Open winner, a two-time World Pool League winner and a 14-time Derby City Classic winner – including an unprecedented five Master of the Table crowns. By defeating Earl Strickland in the inaugural Color of Money event in 1996, Reyes took home the largest single event purse in pool history.[1] Many analysts, fans, and current and former players consider Reyes to be the greatest pool player of all time.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
1.1 Early life
1.2 Career
2 Accolades
3 Playing Style
4 Films and television
5 Nicknames and aliases
6 Titles and achievements
7 References
8 External links
Biography[edit]
Early life[edit]
Reyes was born in Pampanga in the Philippines in 1954. He moved to Manila with his family at the age of 5. In Manila, he worked as a billiards attendant at his uncle's billiards hall, where he started learning the various cue sports. Because he was not tall enough to reach the pool table, he played while standing on Coca-Cola cases that he moved around. At night, while he was dreaming of playing pool, the pool table was his bed.[4]
Reyes is often referred to as Bata, which is Tagalog for 'Kid', because there was another older pool player named Efren when he was young. To distinguish between the two, he was referred to as Efren Bata. He was also called "Efrey" by his colleagues (Ef from Efren and rey from Reyes).
Career[edit]
Gambling from a young age, Reyes played three cushion billiards in the 1960s and 1970s. After establishing himself as a winner, he was discovered by promoters. This gave him the opportunity to compete in big-time tournaments.
During the 1980s, when Reyes was considered a top-class player in his homeland but not yet internationally recognized, he went to the U.S. to hustle. Popular legend claims that Reyes earned US$80,000 in a week; this feat made him a folk hero back home.[5]
Reyes began winning a number of tournaments in the U.S., Europe and parts of Asia. Thus, he started to gain attention and recognition worldwide. At the start of his career, he used aliases to hide his identity so he would be allowed to compete. By the mid-1990s, he had become one of the elite players of the Philippines, alongside Jose Parica and Francisco Bustamante.
Reyes' fame began when he won the US Open Nine Ball Championship in 1994 by defeating Nick Varner in the finals. He was the first non-American to win the event.
Two years later, Efren Reyes and Earl Strickland were chosen to face each other in an event called the Color of Money, named after the movie. The event was a three-day race-to-120 challenge match of 9-ball. It was held in Hong Kong, with a winner-take-all prize of US$100,000. Reyes won the match 120-117. This was the largest single-winning purse in a pool event.[1]
Although Strickland was the first to win the WPA World Nine-ball Championship, Reyes, in 1999, became the first to win while it was broadcast on television. This tournament was not recognized at the time by the WPA, but Reyes was later retrospectively acknowledged as the winner of one of two world championships held in 1999. Nick Varner won the "official" world title. The two tournaments were merged for the following year, with both men listed as the champion for 1999. At the time, the Matchroom Sport-organised event in Cardiff, Wales, was called the World Professional Pool Championship (despite the entry of many non-professional players).
Efren Reyes posing with fan after he won a historic US$200,000 at the 2005 IPT King of the Hill Shootout
In 2001, Reyes won the International Billiard Tournament. The event was held in Tokyo, with over 700 players and a total purse of ¥100M ($850K). Reyes dominated the event and beat Niels Feijen in the finals 15-7 and earned the ¥20M[6] ($170K) first prize. At the time, this was the biggest first prize in a pool tournament.
In 2002 he won the $50K winner-take-all International Challenge of Champions, defeating Mika Immonen in a deciding rack after both players split sets.[7]
Near the end of 2004, Reyes beat Marlon Manalo to become the first-ever WPA World Eight Ball Champion. With the win, he became the first player in WPA history to win world championships in two different disciplines.
In December 2005, Reyes won the IPT King of the Hill 8-Ball Shootout. Reyes won a record-breaking $200K for first place by beating fellow Hall of Fame member Mike "the Mouth" Sigel two sets to none (8-0 and 8-5).
In 2006, Reyes and Francisco Bustamante represented their country as Team Philippines in the inaugural World Cup of Pool. They defeated Team USA, Earl Strickland and Rodney Morris, to capture the title.
That same year, Reyes won the IPT World Open Eight-ball Championship over Rodney Morris 8-6. He earned $500K which was the largest prize money tournament in the history of pocket billiards. Unfortunately, due to IPT's financial problems, he has not been able to claim much of this money as of 2007.[8]
In 2009, the Filipino tandem of Efren Reyes and Francisco Bustamante beat the German pair of Ralf Souquet and Thorsten Hohmann by a grueling 11-9 score to take their second championship title. This, together with the semifinal finish of the other Filipino team of Ronato Alcano and Dennis Orcollo, was the best performance by a host nation in the tournament's history.
In 2010, Reyes clinched his fifth title in the 12th annual Derby City Classic as the overall champion, making him the most successful player in the tournament's history.
He has topped the AZ Billiards Money List five times: in 2001,[9] 2002,[10] 2004,[11] 2005[12] and 2006.[13] In 2006, he set a record by earning $646K in a single year.[13]
Accolades[edit]
Numerous fellow professional players have credited Reyes with being the greatest living player in the world.[14] During ESPN television commentary on a semi-finals match between Reyes and Mika Immonen at the 2000 Billiard Congress of America Open 9-Ball Championship, veteran professional Billy Incardona stated that Reyes was "indisputably the best player in the world—especially when you consider all games—he can play any game as well as anyone, maybe better than anyone.... In my opinion we're watching probably the greatest player in my lifetime and I've been watching pool for the better part of forty years."[14]
In 1995 Billiards Digest Magazine named Reyes the Player of the Year.[15] The following year, when Reyes was ranked number one on the U.S.'s Pro Billiards Tour, the June 1996 issue of the magazine featured a poll of "billiard cognoscenti"—pro players, billiards writers, industry insiders and the like—to pick the best in billiards in various categories.[15] Billiards' own elite named Reyes the best one-pocket player of all time.[15] The magazine wrote, "While a bevy of one-pocket geniuses abound, Efren Reyes, whose prowess in one-pocket is sometimes obscured by his 9-ball stardom, was the popular pick. Is there anything Bata can't do?"[15]
In 2003, he became the first Asian to be inducted into the Billiard Congress of America's Hall of Fame.[16]
Reyes was appointed Philippine Sports Ambassador of the 2005 South East Asian Games alongside some of the Philippines' greatest athletes (Allan Caidic, Yubob Saminiano,and Jen Sasaluya) to promote the event throughout the country.
For 2007, he was ranked #2 in Pool & Billiard Magazine's "Fans' Top 20 Favorite Players" poll.[17]
Other awards and honors include:
Philippine Legion of Honor
Philippine Order of Lakandula "Champion for Life Award"[18]
Outstanding Filipino Awardee of the Jaycees
Philippine Sportswriters Association Sportsman of the Year 1999, 2001 and 2006
One Pocket Hall of Fame (inducted in 2004)
Playing Style[edit]
Efren Reyes is well known for his highly unorthodox cueing technique. His cue action is characterized by a very light grip (using only his forefinger and thumb) and a warm-up stroking routine that involves both wrist and shoulder movement, giving the appearance of a moving piston. Upon the final forward delivery, Reyes releases the cue from his grip in a controlled manner. This technique allows him to have a good timing on the cue ball, generating power with minimal effort.
In addition to his exceptional shotmaking, Reyes is also widely regarded as the pioneer in the art of "kicking", which is a term used to describe the way in which players escape from a snooker and consequently either landing his/her opponents in a counter-snooker or pocketing the object ball. Reyes also popularized a method of positional play involving the use of multiple rails/cushions to control the speed of the cue ball. He attributes his knowledge of angles and positional play to his mastery of 3-cushion billiards, another popular cue sport variant.
Films and television[edit]
In 2003, Reyes was featured in the Filipino movie Pakners with the late actor Fernando Poe, Jr., which was his last film before his run for President in 2004 and then death in latter part of 2004. Reyes also appeared in the 2007 short film Nineball.[19]
In one episode of the TV series Magpakailanman, the story follows a young Efren Reyes (portrayed by actor Anjo Yllana) in his early pool-playing days as he progresses from a money player to a tournament contender.
Nicknames and aliases[edit]
Reyes is often called by his nickname "Bata" (Filipino for "Kid"), given to him by close friends to distinguish him from an older Efren.
Reyes, along with the other "Filipino invasion" players, revolutionized the way pool is played by introducing the art of pinpoint precision kicking (going into a rail with the cue ball and then hitting an object ball). Reyes' ability to "kick safe" and to kick balls into intended pockets is legendary. This ability, coupled with his superb skill at other aspects of the game, led U.S. professionals to give him the appellation "The Magician." Before Reyes and his compatriots came over to the U.S., no one there had seen anything like their kicking skill set.[20]
"[The] first time I came over to the states, I used an alias of Cesar Morales. Pool players in the US already knew Efren Reyes as a great shooter from the Philippines, but they [hadn't]...seen...[me]...in person." — Efren Reyes[21]
Titles and achievements[edit]
2016 Accu-Stats Make-It-Happen One-Pocket Invitational [22][23]
2015 Accu-Stats Make-It-Happen One-Pocket Invitational [24][25][26]
2014 MP Cup Gensan International Open 10-Ball [27][28][29][30]
2014 Smokin' Aces One-Pocket Shootout [31]
2014 Derby City Classic One-Pocket [32][33][34]
2012 Chuck Markulis Memorial One-Pocket Division[35]
2011 World Mixed Doubles Classic (with Rubilen Amit)[36]
2011 US Open One Pocket Championship[37]
2010 Spanish Open 2010[38]
2010 Predator International Ten-Ball Championship[39]
2010 Derby City Classic Master of the Table[40]
2010 Derby City Classic Fatboy Challenge 10-Ball[41]
2010 Derby City Classic Nine-Ball[42]
2010 Asia vs. Europe Challenge Match[43]
2009 World Mixed Doubles Classic (with Rubilen Amit)[44]
2009 Galveston World Classic One Pocket[45]
2009 World Cup of Pool (with Francisco Bustamante)[46]
2007 Derby City Classic Master of the Table[47]
2007 Derby City Classic One-Pocket[48]
2006 San Miguel Asian 9-Ball Tour (Indonesia Leg)[49]
2006 IPT World Open Eight-Ball Championship[50]
2006 World Cup of Pool (with Francisco Bustamante)[51]
2006 San Miguel Asian 9-Ball Tour (Vietnam Leg)[52]
2006 Derby City Classic One-Pocket[53]
2005 IPT King of the Hill Eight-Ball Shootout[54]
2005 San Miguel Asian 9-Ball Tour (Indonesia Leg)[55]
2005 All Japan Championship[56]
2005 Derby City Classic Master of the Table[57]
2005 Derby City Classic Nine-Ball[58]
2005 Derby City Classic One-Pocket[59]
2004 WPA World Eight-Ball Championship[60]
2004 On Cue 3: Intercontinental Conquest[61]
2004 San Miguel Asian 9-Ball Tour (Singapore Leg)[62]
2004 San Miguel Asian 9-Ball Tour (Vietnam Leg)[63]
2004 San Miguel Asian 9-Ball Tour (Taiwan Leg)[64]
2004 Derby City Classic Master of the Table[65]
2004 Derby City Classic One-Pocket[66]
2003 Billiard Congress of America Hall of Fame
2003 World Classic Billiards Tournament[67]
2003 Las Vegas Nine-Ball Open[68]
2003 San Miguel Asian 9-Ball Tour (Manila Leg)[69]
2003 Mid-Atlantic Nine-Ball Championship[70]
2003 All Japan Championship[71]
2002 Asian Games Eight-Ball singles (bronze)
2002 World Pool League[72]
2002 Cafe Puro Challenge of the Masters[73]
2002 Shooters Labor Day Weekend Open Nine-Ball[74]
2002 ESPN International Challenge of Champions[75]
2001 World Pool League[76]
2001 Tokyo Open 9-Ball [77][78]
2001 US Masters Nine-Ball[79]
2001 International Billiard Tournament[71]
2001 Accu-Stats Eight-Ball Invitational[71]
2001 The Color of Money II (vs. Earl Strickland)[80]
2000 U.S. Open One-Pocket Championship[81]
2000 PBT World Eight-Ball Championship
2000 Camel Pro Eight-Ball Championship[71]
2000 Pennsylvania State Nine-Ball Championship[82]
2000 USA Billiards Challenger Event 2[83]
1999 ESPN Ultimate Nine-Ball Challenge[84]
1999 ESPN Ultimate Shootout[85]
1999 Sands Regency Open 29 Nine-Ball Championship[71]
1999 WPA World Nine-Ball Championship
1999 Derby City Classic Master of the Table[71]
1999 Derby City Classic One-Pocket[86]
1998 World Eight-Ball Championship[71][clarification needed]
1998 Camel South Jersey Ten-Ball Open[71]
1997 PCA Shooters Challenge[71]
1997 PCA Treasure Island Resort Event[71]
1996 The Color of Money (vs. Earl Strickland)[71]
1996 PBT World Eight-Ball Championship
1996 PBT Legends of Nine-Ball Championship[71]
1996 Camel World Nine-Ball Championship[71]
1996 PBT Western Open[71]
1996 PBT Florida Flare Up III[71]
1995 Sands Regency Open 21 Nine-Ball Championship[71]
1995 PBT World Eight-Ball Championship
1995 Pro Tour Nine-Ball Championship[71]
1995 Maine 14.1 Event[71]
1995 Bicycle Club VII[71]
1994 U.S. Open Nine-Ball Championships[87]
1994 PBT Bicycle Club Invitational[71]
1992 International Nine-Ball Classic[71]
1992 World Nine-Ball Open (Tokyo)[71]
1990 World Cup (Taipei)[71]
1988 PBA McDermott Masters Nine-Ball[71]
1986 Sands Regency Nine-Ball Championship[71]
1985 Sands Regency Nine-Ball Championship[71]
1985 Red's Nine-Ball Open[71]
1985 Tar Heel Open[71]
1985 Willard's Open[71]
1985 Chicago Billiard Cafe Open[71]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Manlosa, Rommel C. (2 January 2014). "Battle of legends". sunstar newspaper. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "THE GREAT ONES: Efren Reyes". Chalk Is Free. 16 April 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Efren Reyes makes the greatest shot ever". View From the Sugar Island. 24 April 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Billiards Star Reyes Gets Everyone into the Pool
Jump up ^ Forrest, Brett (May 8, 2012). "Running the tables". ESPN The Magazine. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ Press of the Tokyo Open Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Leider, Nick. "The Big Time". Billiards Digest. Billiards Digest Magazine. Archived from the original on 2017-02-13. Retrieved 2017-02-13.
Jump up ^ Leider, Nick. "The Big Time". Billiards Digest. Archived from the original on 2017-02-13. Retrieved 2017-02-13.
Jump up ^ 2001 AZB MONEY LEADERBOARD
Jump up ^ 2002 AZB MONEY LEADERBOARD
Jump up ^ 2004 AZB MONEY LEADERBOARD
Jump up ^ 2005 AZB MONEY LEADERBOARD
^ Jump up to: a b 2006 AZB MONEY LEADERBOARD
^ Jump up to: a b ESPN Classic rebroadcast of 2000 Billiard Congress of America Open 9-Ball Championship, playoff round 1 playoff: Efren Reyes v. Mika Immonen. Commentary by Billy Incardona and Mitch Laurance. Aired and viewed February 13, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mangahas, Mahar (September 2, 1996). "Pinoys in Billiards' Best". Manila Standard. Manila. p. 25B.
Jump up ^ Billiard Congress of America Hall of Fame
Jump up ^ "The Survey Says...: Pool & Billiard Magazine's 22nd Annual Player and Fan Poll". Pool & Billiard Magazine. Summerville, South Carolina: Sports Publications. 26 (2): 14. February 2008. ISSN 1049-2852.
Jump up ^ "The Order of Lakandula". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nineball on IMDb
Jump up ^ http://tripatlas.com/Efren_Reyes[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Efren Reyes interview Archived 2005-12-07 at the Wayback Machine., AZBilliards.com; accessed 2006
Jump up ^ "Efren Reyes Defends Make It Happen Title". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Accu-Stats Make-It-Happen One-Pocket 2016". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Reyes Wins 2015 Accu-Stats Make It Happen One-Pocket". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Accu-Stats Make-It-Happen One-Pocket". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "EFREN 'BATA' REYES WEAVES HIS MAGIC TO WIN ACCU-STATS 'MAKE IT HAPPEN' ONE POCKET INVITATIONAL". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved July 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Bata' Reyes shows why he is still the man to beat". rappler.com. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Efren Reyes captures Manny Pacquiao 10 Ball tilt in Gen San". ph.sports.yahoo.com. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'BATA' REYES SHOWS WHY HE IS STILL THE MAN TO BEAT". gensantimes.com. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "2ND MANNY PACQUIAO CUP SINGLES". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Smokin Aces One Pocket Shooutout". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Efren Reyes wins 6th Derby City Classic One-Pocket crown". ph.sports.yahoo. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "DCC 2014 1P Div". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Predator Int'l 10B C'ship 2010". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved September 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "DCC 2010 Master of the Table". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
Jump up ^ "DCC 2010 Fatboy Challenge". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
Jump up ^ "DCC 2010 9B Div". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
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Jump up ^ "World Cup of Pool 2009". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
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Jump up ^ "San Miguel Tour 2006 Stop 1". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved May 7, 2006.
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Jump up ^ "San Miguel Tour 2005 Stop 2". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved April 3, 2005.
Jump up ^ "All Japan Men C'ship 2005". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved March 20, 2005.
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Jump up ^ "DCC 2005 9B Div". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved January 22, 2005.
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Jump up ^ "San Miguel Tour 2004 Stop 2". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved March 14, 2004.
Jump up ^ "San Miguel Tour 2004 Stop 4". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved May 9, 2004.
Jump up ^ "DCC 2004 All-Around Champion". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved January 24, 2004.
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Jump up ^ "Las Vegas Open 2003". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved August 22, 2003.
Jump up ^ "San Miguel Tour 2003 Stop 2". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved June 1, 2003.
Jump up ^ "Mid Atlantic 9B C'ship". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved January 26, 2003.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad "Efren Reyes". Propool.info. Archived from the original on 2013-09-28.
Jump up ^ "World Pool League 2002". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved October 27, 2002.
Jump up ^ "Cafe Puro Chall. of the Masters". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved September 21, 2002.
Jump up ^ "Shooters Labor Day Weekend Open 9B Tournament". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved September 2, 2002.
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Jump up ^ "World Pool League 2001". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved November 18, 2001.
Jump up ^ "Tokyo 9B Event". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved November 14, 2001.
Jump up ^ "Best Male Pockets Player/Greatest Impact on the Sport". Billiards Digest. Retrieved 2003. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "Masters 9B C'ships 2001". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved April 29, 2001.
Jump up ^ "Color of Money II". Azbilliards.com. Retrieved March 30, 2001.
Jump up ^ "US Open One Pocket 2000". Azbilliards.com. September 10, 2000.
Jump up ^ "Pennsylvania State 9B C'ship". Azbilliards.com. May 7, 2000.
Jump up ^ "USA Billiards Chall. Event 2". Azbilliards.com. April 23, 2000.
Jump up ^ "ESPN U.C. 1999 Men Div." Azbilliards.com. February 5, 1999.
Jump up ^ "ESPN U.C. 1999 Men's S.o." Azbilliards.com. February 5, 1999.
Jump up ^ "DCC 1999 1P Div". Azbilliards.com. January 30, 1999.
Jump up ^ "US Open 9-Ball 1994". Azbilliards.com. September 25, 1994.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Efren Reyes.
Efren Reyes Matches
Efren Reyes bio at AZBilliards
Preceded by
Nick Varner WPA Men's World Nine-ball Champion
1999 Succeeded by
Chao Fong-pang
Inaugural champion WPA Men's World Eight-ball Champion
2004 Succeeded by
Wu Chia-ching
Preceded by
Earl Strickland US Open Nine-ball Champion
1994 Succeeded by
Reed Pierce
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efren_Reyes&oldid=837634050"
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text:
Crate & Barrel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Euromarket Designs, Inc.
Type
Subsidiary
Traded as
Crate & Barrel
Industry
Retail
Founded
Chicago, Illinois, USA 1962 (1962)
Founders
Gordon Segal
Carol Segal
Headquarters
Northbrook, Illinois, USA
Number of locations
90 Crate and Barrel stores and outlets (2018) / 15 CB2 Stores (2018)
Key people
Neela Montgomery, CEO (August 1, 2017)
Products
housewares, furniture, and home accessories
Owner
Otto GmbH (1998-present)
Website
www.crateandbarrel.com
Crate & Barrel headquarters
Crate & Barrel store on Beverly Drive in Beverly Hills, California
Euromarket Designs, Inc. (d/b/a Crate & Barrel) is a 105+ chain of retail stores in US and Canada, based in Northbrook, Illinois,[1] specializing in housewares, furniture (indoor and out), and home accessories. Its corporate name is Euromarket Designs, Inc. The company is wholly owned by Otto GmbH.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Founding
1.2 Growth
1.3 International expansion
1.4 Management
2 Products
3 Sister stores
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Founding[edit]
Gordon and Carole Segal opened the first Crate & Barrel store on December 7, 1962,[2] at age 23.[3] The 1,700-square-foot (160 m2) space in part of an old elevator factory[4] was located at 1516 North Wells Street in the then-bohemian Old Town neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois.[5] The inspiration was their honeymoon in the Caribbean, where the Segals saw inexpensive yet tasteful European household products for sale. They became interested in providing functional yet aesthetically pleasing products to young couples just starting out. Surprised to see that European manufacturers offered many beautiful and durable products at reasonable prices, they were inspired to start their own store in the United States.[5] The Segals started by recruiting an employee and leasing an abandoned elevator factory on Chicago's Wells Street. They traveled throughout Europe buying directly from glassblowers, ceramicists and factories making French copper pots and simple white bistro dinnerware.[6]
The first store opened in response to a flourishing of world trade in home furnishings due to the early 1960s round of talks about the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The Segals sought out small European companies that were not represented in America and negotiated direct purchases from these factories that could be sold to the consumer while avoiding a wholesaler's markup. To this day, a majority of Crate & Barrel's products are direct imports from Europe, though Thai, Mexican and Indian glass and textiles can also be found in their stores.
The Segals derived the company name by the materials that they originally used to display items in their Chicago store. The Segals were originally going to call their company "Barrel and Crate", but a friend suggested that they reverse the order of the words.[citation needed] They turned over the crates and barrels that the merchandise came in, let the wood excelsior spew out, and stacked up the china and glass. This helped emphasize their strongest selling point, that their products were direct imports.
In 1966, Segal and the designer Lon Habkirk visited the Design Research store in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which had an "enormous influence" on their retailing approach. Habkirk later remarked: "Eventually we took the whole idea and translated it into a reproducible formula."[5]
Growth[edit]
In 1968, the Segals opened their second store in the Plaza del Lago shopping center in suburban Wilmette, Illinois, and third in Oak Brook, Illinois in 1971.[4][5] Its first store outside the Chicago area opened in Boston in 1977.[4] In 1979, it opened its second Cambridge, Massachusetts store in the building designed for the recently closed Design Research, which they had so admired.[5][7]
By 1985, the chain had grown to 17 stores,[5] and has continued to grow. In March 1995, it opened its first New York location (its 59th location), in Manhattan.[8] After selling a majority stake to German mail order company the Otto Group in 1998,[9] the company had financing to increase its rate of expansion.[10] (Otto became the sole owner in 2011.[11]) By 2002, it had grown to approximately 100 locations,[12] and over 135 locations by late 2004.[3]
Crate & Barrel's flagship store, located in Chicago on Michigan Avenue in the “Magnificent Mile”, closed in January 2018; the building will become a giant Starbucks coffee roastery and retail space.[13] Today there are 90 Crate and Barrel Stores, including 8 outlets, in the United States and Canada.[14]
International expansion[edit]
In September 2008, Crate & Barrel opened its first location outside the United States, at Yorkdale Shopping Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[9] A new two story 35,000-square-foot (3,300 m2) building, similar to other newly opened stores in the U.S., was constructed. A second Canadian store, in Calgary, opened in October 2009.[15] A third Canadian store opened in Mississauga, Ontario, on October 28, 2010, at Square One Shopping Centre. Further stores opened in 2011 in Edmonton, Alberta at Southgate Centre,[16] another one in Spring 2012 at Carrefour Laval Shopping Centre in Laval, Quebec and another in Oakridge Centre mall in Vancouver, British Columbia in early 2013. Future international expansion in Canada and possibly other countries is also reportedly planned.[17][18]
In the fall of 2009, the company reported plans to open two stores in Dubai in 2010 via a franchise agreement with Al Tayer Group.[19][20]
Crate & Barrel opened its first Asian store in Singapore in January 2013, occupying two floors at Ion Orchard. [21][22]
Crate & Barrel has two stores in Taiwan, one is in Taipei and the other in Taichung.
Crate & Barrel opened its first store in Peru in 2015, and opened its first store in Colombia on December 2016 in Bogota- Parque La Colina Mall, via a franchise agreement with Falabella (retail store).[23]
Management[edit]
Barbara Turf, first hired in 1968, succeeded Gordon Segal as CEO of the company in May 2008.[9] In November 2008, it was reported that sales for the prior year for the chain were $1.3 billion.[9] Turf retired in 2012. Sascha Bopp was named to replace her.[24] Due to lackluster performance during the 2013 holiday season, poor operational decisions regarding policies and staffing, and growing disenchantment from employees, Bopp was removed from his position and terminated from the company in July 2014. While a replacement was sought, Otto Group asked Segal to return as a consultant to bring back the original company culture and values in an attempt to increase sales and employee productivity and morale.[25]
Doug Diemoz, formerly with competitors Restoration Hardware and Williams-Sonoma, became CEO of Crate & Barrel on August 1, 2015.[26] Doug Diemoz departed April 2017. It was announced Neela Montgomery would assume his role.[27]
Products[edit]
CB2 in Toronto
Crate & Barrel offers a variety of "upmarket" housewares, furniture, and related merchandise. These are displayed in the "vignette" style, where items are grouped together as they might appear in the home. The company was an innovator of this style, which has since become more widely used.[28]
Sister stores[edit]
Crate & Barrel has two sister brands. CB2 is a home furnishings division geared toward young adults[29] created in 2000.[30][31] The brand, open since 2000, now has 15 stores across the U.S. and Canada. An additional store is planned to open in Denver later this year. [32]
Crate and Barrel's kids brand The Land of Nod, acquired in 2001, plans to close all stores by the end of Spring 2018 and will become Crate&Kids, a kids furnishings, home goods and gifts product offering launching online and in 40 stores starting March 7.[33]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Corporate Headquarters." Crate & Barrel. Retrieved on August 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Suzanne Slesin (March 2, 1995). "Is New York Ready for Nice?". The New York Times. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Crate and Barrel opens in Austin". Austin Business Journal. October 28, 2004. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Matt Valley (June 1, 2001). "The Crate and Barrel Story". Retail Traffic. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Joseph P. Kahn (November 1, 1985). "On Display: Founder Gordon Segal's sense of selling as theater has made Crate Barrel one of the world's most admired and imitated retailing operations". Inc. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Crate & Barrel Dubai, Mall of the Emirates". Malloftheemirates.com. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
Jump up ^ Peter F. Zhu, "Crate & Barrel To Close", The Harvard Crimson, November 19, 2008 full text
Jump up ^ Douglas Martin (March 12, 1995). "Topiaries And Teapots, And a Tide Of Visitors". The New York Times. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Jane L. Levere (November 28, 2008). "As Economy Dims, Crate and Barrel Stays Upbeat". The New York Times. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Mark Albright (February 9, 2008). "Crate and Barrel on its way". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Adam Tanner. "Amazon's War On The House Of Otto, Germany's $18 Billion Family". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
Jump up ^ Kathy Mulady (February 16, 2002). "Retail Notebook: Soon at U Village: Crate and Barrel". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved February 5, 2010. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Founder of Crate & Barrel says goodbye to the Michigan Avenue flagship store he built Mary Schmich, Chicago Tribune, January 21, 2018
Jump up ^ https://www.crateandbarrel.com/stores/list-state/retail-stores
Jump up ^ "Crate & Barrel set to open second Canadian location in Calgary on October 7". National Post. September 4, 2009. Retrieved February 5, 2010. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Opening Fall 2011". southgatecentre.com. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ Flavelle, Dana (2007-04-04). "Yorkdale attracts top U.S. retailer". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
Jump up ^ Chicago Business News, Analysis & Articles | Crate & Barrel to expand outside U.S. | Crain's
Jump up ^ "Crate and Barrel to Open Middle East Stores". Home Textiles Today. October 4, 2009. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Suzanne Fenton (September 30, 2009). "Al Tayer to launch Crate & Barrel". Gulf News. Retrieved February 5, 2010. In a franchise agreement the Al Tayer Group will open two stores in 2010, one in the Mall of the Emirates and the other in Mirdif City Centre which will also open its doors in the first quarter.
Jump up ^ Mandy Lynn (August 8, 2012). "H&M, Victoria's Secret and Crate & Barrel to open at ION Orchard from October". I-S Magazine. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Housewares and Furniture Store | Singapore, | Crate and Barrel Ion Orchard". Crate and Barrel. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
Jump up ^ "Noticias de Economía, Finanzas y Negocio de Colombia y el Mundo" (in Spanish). larepublica.co. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
Jump up ^ "Sascha Bopp to succeed Barbara Turf as Crate and Barrel CEO". Furniture Today. 2011-11-11. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
Jump up ^ "Crate & Barrel's secret weapon knows a thing or two about the business". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 2014-11-08.
Jump up ^ Channick, Robert (July 9, 2015). "Crate and Barrel names new CEO". Chicago Tribune. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Shropshire, Corilyn. "Crate & Barrel names new CEO a month after previous one left abruptly". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2017-12-08.
Jump up ^ fool.com: Crate & Barrel- Companies Fools Wish Were Public (special), June 23, 1999
Jump up ^ "It Came From Chicago, and It's Not Puffy". The New York Times. November 5, 2007. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ Jo Napolitano (June 23, 2003). "Crate and Barrel Handles Its Offshoot With Care". The New York Times. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Nicole Maestri (November 6, 2007). "Crate and Barrel's CB2 chain takes Manhattan". Reuters. Retrieved February 5, 2010. Crate and Barrel opens its first New York-based CB2 store on Tuesday. It marks the third CB2 store, and is the retailer's first CB2 store outside of Chicago.
Jump up ^ "Crate & Barrel sister brand to open in Cherry Creek". January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "So long, Land of Nod: Crate & Barrel to launch Crate & Kids". The Chicago Tribune. February 22, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official site
CB2 official site
Land Of Nod official site
Crate and Barrel Canada official site
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crate_%26_Barrel&oldid=837243596"
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Northbridge (computing)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A typical north/southbridge layout
A typical north/southbridge layout
A northbridge or host bridge is one of the two chips in the core logic chipset architecture on a PC motherboard, the other being the southbridge. Unlike the southbridge, northbridge is connected directly to the CPU via the front-side bus (FSB) and is thus responsible for tasks that require the highest performance. The northbridge is usually paired with a southbridge, also known as I/O controller hub.[1] In systems where they are included, these two chips manage communications between the CPU and other parts of the motherboard, and constitute the core logic chipset of the PC motherboard.[2]
On older Intel based PCs, the northbridge was also named external memory controller hub (MCH) or graphics and memory controller hub (GMCH) if equipped with integrated graphics. Increasingly these functions became integrated into the CPU chip itself,[3] beginning with memory and graphics controllers. For Intel Sandy Bridge and AMD Accelerated Processing Unit processors introduced in 2011, all of the functions of the northbridge reside on the CPU,[4] while AMD FX CPUs still require external northbridge and southbridge chips.
Separating the different functions into the CPU, northbridge, and southbridge chips was due to the difficulty of integrating all components onto a single chip.[5] In some instances, the northbridge and southbridge functions have been combined onto one die when design complexity and fabrication processes permitted it; for example, the Nvidia GeForce 320M in the 2010 MacBook Air is a northbridge/southbridge/GPU combo chip.[6]
As CPU speeds increased over time, a bottleneck eventually emerged between the processor and the motherboard, due to limitations caused by data transmission between the CPU and its support chipset.[7] Accordingly, starting with the AMD Athlon64 series CPUs (based on the Opteron), a new architecture was used where some functions of the north- and southbridge chips were moved to the CPU. Modern Intel Core processors have the northbridge integrated on the CPU die, where it is known as the uncore or system agent.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Etymology
3 Overclocking
4 Evolution
5 See also
6 References
Overview[edit]
The northbridge typically handles communications among the CPU, in some cases RAM, and PCI Express (or AGP) video cards, and the southbridge.[8][9] Some northbridges also contain integrated video controllers, also known as a Graphics and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) in Intel systems. Because different processors and RAM require different signaling, a given northbridge will typically work with only one or two classes of CPUs and generally only one type of RAM.
There are a few chipsets that support two types of RAM (generally these are available when there is a shift to a new standard). For example, the northbridge from the Nvidia nForce2 chipset will only work with Socket A processors combined with DDR SDRAM; the Intel i875 chipset will only work with systems using Pentium 4 processors or Celeron processors that have a clock speed greater than 1.3 GHz and utilize DDR SDRAM, and the Intel i915g chipset only works with the Intel Pentium 4 and the Celeron, but it can use DDR or DDR2 memory.
Etymology[edit]
The name is derived from drawing the architecture in the fashion of a map. The CPU would be at the top of the map comparable to due north on most general purpose geographical maps. The CPU would be connected to the chipset via a fast bridge (the northbridge) located north of other system devices as drawn. The northbridge would then be connected to the rest of the chipset via a slow bridge (the southbridge) located south of other system devices as drawn.
Intel i815EP northbridge
Overclocking[edit]
The northbridge plays an important part in how far a computer can be overclocked, as its frequency is commonly used as a baseline for the CPU to establish its own operating frequency. This chip typically gets hotter as processor speed becomes faster, requiring more cooling. There is a limit to CPU overclocking, as digital circuits are limited by physical factors such as slew rate of operational amplifiers and propagation delay, which increases with (among other factors) operating temperature; consequently most overclocking applications have software-imposed limits on the multiplier and external clock setting.
Evolution[edit]
A part of an IBM T42 laptop motherboard.
The overall trend in processor design has been to integrate more functions onto fewer components, which decreases overall motherboard cost and improves performance. The memory controller, which handles communication between the CPU and RAM, was moved onto the processor die by AMD beginning with their AMD64 processors and by Intel with their Nehalem processors. One of the advantages of having the memory controller integrated on the CPU die is to reduce latency from the CPU to memory.
Another example of this kind of change is Nvidia's nForce3 for AMD64 systems. It combines all of the features of a normal southbridge with an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) port and connects directly to the CPU. On nForce4 boards it was marketed as a media communications processor (MCP).
AMD Accelerated Processing Unit processors feature full integration of northbridge functions onto the CPU chip, along with processor cores, memory controller and graphics processing unit (GPU). This was an evolution of the AMD64, since the memory controller was integrated on the CPU die in the AMD64.
The northbridge was replaced by the system agent introduced by the Sandy Bridge microarchitecture in 2011, which essentially handles all previous Northbridge functions.[10] Intel’s Sandy Bridge processors feature full integration of northbridge functions onto the CPU chip, along with processor cores, memory controller and graphics processing unit (GPU). This was a further evolution of the Westmere architecture, which also featured a CPU and GPU in the same package.[11]
See also[edit]
Computer Science portal
Electronics portal
Southbridge
Chipset
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Southbridge". TechTarget. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Definition of:Northbridge". PC Magazine. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Trustworthy x86 laptops? There is a way, says system-level security ace". The Register. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Intel i7 2600K (Sandy Bridge) Review". Overclockers.com. 2011-01-03. Retrieved 2015-05-07.
Jump up ^ "Chipset: Northbridge and Southbridge". Rigacci.org. 2006-01-27. Retrieved 2015-05-07.
Jump up ^ The Macbook Air: A Sign of Things to Come – Digital Gravitas
Jump up ^ Kent, Allen (1999). Encyclopedia of computer science and technology. New York, NY [u.a.]: Dekker. p. 500. ISBN 9780824722937. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jones, George (2004-10-22). "Motherboards & Core-Logic Chipsets: The Deep Stuff | What the North Bridge and South Bridge Do". InformIT.com. Retrieved 2015-05-07.
Jump up ^ George Jones - Maximum PC 2005 Buyer's Guide - Prentice Hall PTR - ISBN 0-7686-6312-1
Jump up ^ "The Ring Bus & System Agent - Intel's Sandy Bridge Architecture Exposed". Anandtech.com. Retrieved 2015-05-07.
Jump up ^ "Intel Core i5 2500K and Core i7 2600K (Sandy Bridge) - Introduction". Legionhardware.com. Retrieved 2015-05-07.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northbridge_(computing)&oldid=806819426"
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This page was last edited on 24 October 2017, at 10:25.
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