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Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head
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For the albums, see Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head (Andy Williams album), Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head (Johnny Mathis album), and Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head (Mel Tormé album).
"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head"
From the motion picture
Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid
Single by B. J. Thomas
from the album Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head
B-side
"Never Had It So Good"
Released
October 1969[1]
Length
2:57
Label
Scepter Records
Songwriter(s)
Hal David (credited as Mack David) and Burt Bacharach (later as Luther Dixon)
Producer(s)
Hal David and Burt Bacharach
B. J. Thomas singles chronology
"Pass the Apple Eve"
(1969) "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head"
(1969) "Everybody's Out of Town"
(1970)
"Pass the Apple Eve"
(1969) "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head"
(1969) "Everybody's Out of Town"
(1970)
Gold record presented to backup singer Linda November for her work on "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head"
"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head" is a song written by Hal David and Burt Bacharach for the 1969 film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid.[2] It won an Academy Award for Best Original Song.[2] David and Bacharach also won Best Original Score. The song was recorded by B. J. Thomas in seven takes, after Bacharach expressed dissatisfaction with the first six. In the film version of the song, Thomas had been recovering from laryngitis, which made his voice sound hoarser than in the 7-inch release. The film version featured a separate vaudeville-style instrumental break in double time while Paul Newman performed bicycle stunts.
The single by B. J. Thomas reached number 1 on charts in the United States, Canada, Norway and reached number 38 in the UK Singles Chart.[2] It topped the Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks in January 1970 and was also the first American number-one hit of the 1970s. The song also spent seven weeks atop the Billboard adult contemporary chart.[3] Billboard ranked it as the No. 4 song of 1970.[4] According to Billboard magazine, Thomas' single had sold over 2 million copies by March 14, 1970, with eight-track and cassette versions also climbing the charts.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Chart performance
2.1 Weekly singles charts
2.2 Year-end charts
3 Covers
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
Ray Stevens was first offered the opportunity to record it for the film, but turned it down. He chose instead to record the song "Sunday Morning Coming Down", written by Kris Kristofferson. Bob Dylan is supposed to have been approached for the song, but he, too, reportedly declined.[6] The trumpet solos in the song are performed by Chuck Findley.[7]
In 2004, it finished at number 23 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema. In 2008, the single was ranked 85th on Billboard's Hot 100 All-Time Top Songs[8] and placed 95th in the 55th Anniversary edition of the All-Time Hot 100 list in 2013.[9] Billboard Magazine also ranked the song 15th on its Top 50 Movie Songs of All Time list in 2014.[10]
"The song, initially when it came out, I believe it was October of 69, the movie didn't come out until December, it did get some bad reviews. It was a very unique and different sounding song, Bacharach and David never had any qualms about trying to do anything different, or push the envelope so to speak. So nowadays, it sounds pretty tame, but back then, radio resisted it to some degree. But, when the movie came out it hit hugely and sold about 200,000 to 300,000 records a day [and continued selling] for about three years."
— B.J. Thomas, Interview, Pods o' Pop (August 22, 2011)[11]
On December 3, 2013, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences announced that the single would be inducted into the 2014 Grammy Hall Of Fame.[12]
"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head" was used in the film Spy Hard, which parodied the scene in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. Police Constable Pan-Am sings the opening lines at the end of his appearance in Series 2, Episode 4 of Monty Python's Flying Circus. It is on the soundtracks to Forrest Gump and Spider-Man 2, in the latter accentuating Peter Parker's blissful mood after abandoning his Spider-Man identity and its responsibilities. It was used in the Kevin Smith film Clerks II. The first episode of the second season of the popular medical drama Grey's Anatomy is named after the song. It is also used in The Simpsons, episode 16 of the fourth season, called "Duffless", at the end of the episode, while credits are presented. It was also used in a season 1 episode of Arrested Development entitled "Altar Egos". It was also used in the 2003 film The In-Laws starring Michael Douglas and Albert Brooks, which was a remake of the 1979 Peter Falk / Alan Arkin film.
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly singles charts[edit]
B. J. Thomas version
Chart (1969-70)
Peak
position
Australian Singles Chart[13] 20
Austria Top 40 11
Canadian RPM Top Singles 1
Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary 1
Dutch Top 40 28
French Singles Chart 56
German Singles Chart 40
Irish Singles Chart 9
Italian Singles Chart 31
Norwegian Singles Chart 1
New Zealand Singles Chart[14] 3
South African Singles Chart 1
UK Singles Chart[2] 38
US Billboard Hot 100 1
US Billboard Easy Listening 1
US Cash Box Top 100 1
Johnny Farnham version
Chart (1970)
Peak
position
Australian Singles Chart[15] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1970)
Rank
Canada RPM Top Singles[16] 6
US Billboard Hot 100[17] 4
US Cash Box[18] 13
Covers[edit]
The song has been covered numerous times. From January 24 to March 13, 1970, it was a number-one hit (for seven weeks) in Australia on the Go-Set National Top 40 for local pop singer, Johnny Farnham.[15][19] In 1970, it was also covered by Dionne Warwick on her album I'll Never Fall in Love Again, by Engelbert Humperdinck on his album We Made It Happen, Johnny Mathis on his album Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head, Perry Como on his album It's Impossible, The Four Tops on their album Changing Times, Andy Williams on his album, Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head, and The Free Design on their album Stars/Time/Bubbles/Love. Portuguese-born television and radio presenter Pedro Biker released a Danish version re-entitled "Regndråber Drypper I Mit Hår" in 1970.[20] A Swedish version was also made in 1970, "Regnet det bara öser ner" sung by Siw Malmkvist. Genesis referenced the song title in their lyrics of In the Cage" in 1974.
It has been covered in French by French singer Sacha Distel, whose version Toute La Pluie Tombe Sur Moi was a number 10 hit in the UK Singles Chart,[2] and number 13 in Ireland, as well as number 10 in France. Distel also recorded a version with the original English lyrics, and another in Italian, Gocce Di Pioggia Su Di Me. Bobbie Gentry's version reached number 40 in the UK chart.[2] Paul Mauriat recorded it with his Grand Orchestra it 1973. It was the only known cover in the USSR.
The Welsh rock band Manic Street Preachers cover version is credited with adding greater nuance to the song, the Financial Times citing their recording as transforming the song from carefree optimism to "an exhortation to keep going in the face of tragedy" and noting that Bradfield's voice "added grit to the facile lyric".[21] The group often spent their downtime on the tour bus watching the film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, and incorporated the song into live sets. After the disappearance of lyricist Richey Edwards, the band decided to continue rather than split up. Having booked studio time in France to record their fourth album, Everything Must Go, they were invited to record for the War Child album The Help Album. The project required all songs to be recorded in one day.[22] While band biographer Simon Price has described the recording and release of the record as a "coded message" that the band still existed,[23] Bradfield recalls the events differently: "...us putting it out wasn't planned as us saying 'We're OK, guys!', but the deadline was the next day after we'd arrived in this place, for some kind of new beginning."[22] The band's recorded version of the song contains the first recorded instance of drummer Sean Moore performing on trumpet,[23] and also appears on their 2003 B-sides and rarities compilation album Lipstick Traces (A Secret History of Manic Street Preachers). The Manics further reference the film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid with the B-side "Sepia".[24]
The Barry Sisters covered the song in a Yiddish version ("Trop'ns Fin Regen Oif Mein Kop") on their 1973 album Our Way.[25][26]
Lisa Miskovsky covered the song in the extended version of her self-titled (2004) album.[27]
Preceded by
"Someday We'll Be Together" by Diana Ross & the Supremes Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
January 3–24, 1970 (4 weeks) Succeeded by
"I Want You Back" by The Jackson Five
See also[edit]
List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1970s
List of RPM number-one singles of 1970
List of number-one hits in Norway
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1969 (U.S.)
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1970 (U.S.)
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1970 (U.S.)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Audio Single: Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head - B.J. Thomas (October 1969)". SHS - secondhandsongs. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 136. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1996). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 6th Edition (Billboard Publications)
Jump up ^ Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1970
Jump up ^ "Photo caption". Billboard. 14 March 1970. p. 1. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
Jump up ^ A Song A Day - Raindrops Keeps Falling On My Head, Music Aloud
Jump up ^ "Herb Alpert FAQ | Herb Alpert/Tijuana Brass Discography and Collector Resource". Tijuanabrass.com. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
Jump up ^ The Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Songs (90-81) Archived September 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred (2 August 2013). "Hot 100 55th Anniversary: The All-Time Top 100 Songs". Billboard Magazine. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Dan, Reilly (27 February 2014). "Top 50 Movie Songs Of All Time". Billboard Magazine. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
Jump up ^ B.J. Thomas (2011). Pods o' Pop-BJ Thomas Interview and Songs (MP3). Pods o' Pop. Event occurs at 34m 18s. Archived from the original (Audio) on December 12, 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "2014 Grammy Hall of Fame". Raindrops Keep Fallin' on my Head. THE RECORDING ACADEMY. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Nimmervoll, Ed (January 24, 1970). "National Top 40". Go-Set. Waverley Press. Retrieved May 16, 2014. Note: Australian pop singer, Johnny Farnham's cover version sits at No. 1 (first week), while B. J. Thomas' version is at No. 20.
Jump up ^ "Flavour of New Zealand". Retrieved 27 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Nimmervoll, Ed. "Go-Set Australian Charts – Top Records for the Year of 1970: Number One Singles 1970". Go-Set. Waverley Press. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". collectionscanada.gc.ca.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1970/Top 100 Songs of 1970". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
Jump up ^ Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, December 26, 1970
Jump up ^ Farnham, John (1969). "Raindrops keep fallin' on my head / Bacharach - David ; [performed by] Johnny Farnham. Two / [written and performed by] Johnny Farnham". National Library of Australia. Retrieved 30 July 2014. Sydney : Columbia [1969], DO-8965 7XCT3526 7XCT3527
Jump up ^ "Pedro Biker - Regndråber Drypper I Mit Hår/Sjælens Karrusel". Discogs. 1970. Retrieved 30 July 2014. Polydor - 2054 005, Denmark
Jump up ^ Aspden, Peter (22 May 2015). "The Life of a Song: 'Raindrops Keep Fallin' On My Head'". Financial Times. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Price, Simon (2 June 2016). "And If You Need An Explanation: Manic Street Preachers interviewed". Quietus. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Price, Simon (1999). Everything (A Book About Manic Street Preachers). Virgin. pp. 199–200. ISBN 0-7535-0139-2.
Jump up ^ Price, Simon (1999). Everything (A Book About Manic Street Preachers). Virgin. p. 220. ISBN 0-7535-0139-2.
Jump up ^ "Our Way". Album Cover Notes. Stereophonic. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Our Way". MTV. Retrieved 10 April 2014. Label: Reboot Stereophonic
Jump up ^ "Lisa Miskovsky - Lisa Miskovsky (New Version)". Discogs. 2004. Retrieved 30 July 2014. Stockholm Records - 986 737-6
[show]
v
t
e
B. J. Thomas
Albums
On My Way
Longhorns & Londonbridges
Reunion
You Gave Me Love (When Nobody Gave Me a Prayer)
Love Shines
The Living Room Sessions
Singles
"I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry"
"Hooked on a Feeling"
"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head"
"I Just Can't Help Believing"
"Most of All"
"Long Ago Tomorrow"
"Rock and Roll Lullaby"
"(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song"
"Don't Worry Baby"
"I Recall a Gypsy Woman"
"Whatever Happened to Old-Fashioned Love"
"New Looks from an Old Lover"
"Two Car Garage"
"Night Life"
"As Long As We Got Each Other"
Book:B. J. Thomas
[show]
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t
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Burt Bacharach
Albums
Hit Maker!: Burt Bacharach plays the Burt Bacharach Hits
Woman
Painted from Memory (with Elvis Costello)
At This Time
Film scores
What's New Pussycat?
After the Fox
Casino Royale
Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid
Lost Horizon
Arthur
Compositions
A-M
"Alfie"
"Another Tear Falls"
"Any Day Now"
"Anyone Who Had a Heart"
"Are You There (With Another Girl)"
"Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)"
"Baby It's You"
"Back at You"
"Blue Guitar"
"Blue on Blue"
"Do You Know the Way to San Jose"
"Don't Make Me Over"
"Don't Say Goodbye Girl"
"Don't You Believe It"
"God Give Me Strength"
"Heartlight "
"A House Is Not a Home"
"I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself"
"I Say a Little Prayer"
"I Want You"
"I'll Never Fall in Love Again"
"Living Together, Growing Together"
"Long Ago Tomorrow"
"The Look of Love"
"Love Power"
"Magic Moments"
"Make It Easy on Yourself"
"Making Love"
"Message to Michael"
"My Little Red Book"
N-Z
"On My Own"
"One Less Bell to Answer"
"Only Love Can Break a Heart"
"Please Stay"
"Rain on Me"
"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head"
"Reach Out for Me"
"Slow Jamz"
"The Story of My Life"
"That's What Friends Are For"
"(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me"
"(They Long to Be) Close to You"
"This Guy's in Love with You"
"Three Wheels on My Wagon"
"Tower of Strength"
"Trains and Boats and Planes"
"Turkey Lurkey Time"
"Twenty Four Hours from Tulsa"
"Walk On By"
"What the World Needs Now Is Love"
"What's New Pussycat?"
"The Windows of the World"
"Wishin' and Hopin'"
"Wives and Lovers"
Tribute albums
Connie Francis Sings Bacharach & David
Sings the Music of Bacharach & Kaempfert
Four Bacharach & David Songs
One Amazing Night
To Hal and Bacharach
Back to Bacharach
When Ronan Met Burt (also produced by Bacharach)
Related articles
Back to Bacharach and David
Hal David
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Promises, Promises (musical)
[show]
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John Farnham
Studio albums
Sadie
Everybody Oughta Sing a Song
Looking Through a Tear
Christmas Is... Johnny Farnham
Johnny
Together
Johnny Farnham Sings the Shows
Hits Magic & Rock 'N Roll
Johnny Farnham Sings Hits from the Movies
J.P. Farnham Sings
Uncovered
Whispering Jack
Age of Reason
Chain Reaction
Then Again...
Romeo's Heart
33⅓
The Last Time
I Remember When I Was Young: Songs from the Great Australian Songbook
Jack
Friends for Christmas
Live albums
Johnny Farnham Sings The Big Hits Of '73 Live!
Full House
Live At The Regent Theatre
Highlights from The Main Event
John Farnham & Tom Jones – Together in Concert
The Acoustic Chapel Sessions
Two Strong Hearts Live
Compilation albums
The Best of Johnny Farnham
Johnny Farnham's Greatest Hits
Anthology 1: Greatest Hits 1986–1997
Anthology 2: Classic Hits 1967–1985 (Recorded Live)
Anthology 3: Rarities
Love Songs
One Voice: The Greatest Hits
The Essential
The Essential 3.0
Videos & DVDs
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Anthology - The Videos
An Audience with John Farnham
The Last Time
One Voice: The Greatest Clips
John Farnham & Tom Jones – Together in Concert
Classic Jack Live!
Chain Reaction Live in Concert
With The Sydney Symphony Live at the Sydney Opera House
Two Strong Hearts Live
EPs & Singles
"Sadie (The Cleaning Lady)"
"Underneath the Arches"
"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus"
"One"
"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head"
"Help!"
"You're the Voice"
"Pressure Down"
"A Touch of Paradise"
"Reasons"
"Age Of Reason"
"Two Strong Hearts"
"Beyond the Call"
"When Something Is Wrong with My Baby"
"Everything's Alright"
"Everytime You Cry"
"The Last Time"
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"Downhearted"
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[show]
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Bobbie Gentry
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Touch 'Em with Love
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All I Have to Do Is Dream
Singles
"Ode to Billie Joe"
"Let It Be Me"
"I'll Never Fall in Love Again"
"All I Have to Do Is Dream"
"Fancy"
"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head"
[show]
v
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Academy Award for Best Original Song
1934–1940
"The Continental"
Music: Con Conrad
Lyrics: Herb Magidson (1934)
"Lullaby of Broadway"
Music: Harry Warren
Lyrics: Al Dubin (1935)
"The Way You Look Tonight"
Music: Jerome Kern
Lyrics: Dorothy Fields (1936)
"Sweet Leilani"
Music and lyrics: Harry Owens (1937)
"Thanks for the Memory"
Music: Ralph Rainger
Lyrics: Leo Robin (1938)
"Over the Rainbow"
Music: Harold Arlen
Lyrics: E. Y. Harburg (1939)
"When You Wish upon a Star"
Music: Leigh Harline
Lyrics: Ned Washington (1940)
1941–1950
"The Last Time I Saw Paris"
Music: Jerome Kern
Lyrics: Oscar Hammerstein II (1941)
"White Christmas"
Music and Lyrics: Irving Berlin (1942)
"You'll Never Know"
Music: Harry Warren
Lyrics: Mack Gordon (1943)
"Swinging on a Star"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Johnny Burke (1944)
"It Might as Well Be Spring"
Music: Richard Rodgers
Lyrics: Oscar Hammerstein II (1945)
"On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe"
Music: Harry Warren
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1946)
"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah"
Music: Allie Wrubel
Lyrics: Ray Gilbert (1947)
"Buttons and Bows"
Music: Jay Livingston
Lyrics: Ray Evans (1948)
"Baby, It's Cold Outside"
Music and Lyrics: Frank Loesser (1949)
"Mona Lisa"
Music and Lyrics: Ray Evans and Jay Livingston (1950)
1951–1960
"In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening"
Music: Hoagy Carmichael
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1951)
"High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me, Oh My Darlin')"
Music: Dimitri Tiomkin
Lyrics: Ned Washington (1952)
"Secret Love"
Music: Sammy Fain
Lyrics: Paul Francis Webster (1953)
"Three Coins in the Fountain"
Music: Jule Styne
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1954)
"Love Is a Many Splendored Thing"
Music: Sammy Fain
Lyrics: Paul Francis Webster (1955)
"Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)"
Music and lyrics: Jay Livingston and Ray Evans (1956)
"All the Way"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1957)
"Gigi"
Music: Frederick Loewe
Lyrics: Alan Jay Lerner (1958)
"High Hopes"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1959)
"Never on Sunday"
Music and lyrics: Manos Hatzidakis (1960)
1961–1970
"Moon River"
Music: Henry Mancini
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1961)
"Days of Wine and Roses"
Music: Henry Mancini
Lyrics: Johnny Mercer (1962)
"Call Me Irresponsible"
Music: Jimmy Van Heusen
Lyrics: Sammy Cahn (1963)
"Chim Chim Cher-ee"
Music and lyrics: Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman (1964)
"The Shadow of Your Smile"
Music: Johnny Mandel
Lyrics: Paul Francis Webster (1965)
"Born Free"
Music: John Barry
Lyrics: Don Black (1966)
"Talk to the Animals"
Music and lyrics: Leslie Bricusse (1967)
"The Windmills of Your Mind"
Music: Michel Legrand
Lyrics: Alan and Marilyn Bergman (1968)
"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head"
Music: Burt Bacharach
Lyrics: Hal David (1969)
"For All We Know"
Music: Fred Karlin
Lyrics: Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin (1970)
1971–1980
"Theme from Shaft"
Music and lyrics: Isaac Hayes (1971)
"The Morning After"
Music and lyrics: Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn (1972)
"The Way We Were"
Music: Marvin Hamlisch
Lyrics: Alan and Marilyn Bergman (1973)
"We May Never Love Like This Again"
Music and lyrics: Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn (1974)
"I'm Easy"
Music and lyrics: Keith Carradine (1975)
"Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)"
Music: Barbra Streisand
Lyrics: Paul Williams (1976)
"You Light Up My Life"
Music and lyrics: Joseph Brooks (1977)
"Last Dance"
Music and lyrics: Paul Jabara (1978)
"It Goes Like It Goes"
Music: David Shire
Lyrics: Norman Gimbel (1979)
"Fame"
Music: Michael Gore
Lyrics: Dean Pitchford (1980)
1981–1990
"Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)"
Music and lyrics: Burt Bacharach, Carole Bayer Sager, Christopher Cross and Peter Allen (1981)
"Up Where We Belong"
Music: Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte-Marie
Lyrics: Will Jennings (1982)
"Flashdance... What a Feeling"
Music: Giorgio Moroder
Lyrics: Keith Forsey and Irene Cara (1983)
"I Just Called to Say I Love You"
Music and lyrics: Stevie Wonder (1984)
"Say You, Say Me"
Music and lyrics: Lionel Richie (1985)
"Take My Breath Away"
Music: Giorgio Moroder
Lyrics: Tom Whitlock (1986)
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life"
Music: Franke Previte, John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz
Lyrics: Franke Previte (1987)
"Let the River Run"
Music and lyrics: Carly Simon (1988)
"Under the Sea"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Howard Ashman (1989)
"Sooner or Later (I Always Get My Man)"
Music and Lyrics: Stephen Sondheim (1990)
1991–2000
"Beauty and the Beast"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Howard Ashman (1991)
"A Whole New World"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Tim Rice (1992)
"Streets of Philadelphia"
Music and lyrics: Bruce Springsteen (1993)
"Can You Feel the Love Tonight"
Music: Elton John
Lyrics: Tim Rice (1994)
"Colors of the Wind"
Music: Alan Menken
Lyrics: Stephen Schwartz (1995)
"You Must Love Me"
Music: Andrew Lloyd Webber
Lyrics: Tim Rice (1996)
"My Heart Will Go On"
Music: James Horner
Lyrics: Will Jennings (1997)
"When You Believe"
Music and lyrics: Stephen Schwartz (1998)
"You'll Be in My Heart"
Music and lyrics: Phil Collins (1999)
"Things Have Changed"
Music and lyrics: Bob Dylan (2000)
2001–2010
"If I Didn't Have You"
Music and lyrics: Randy Newman (2001)
"Lose Yourself"
Music: Eminem, Jeff Bass and Luis Resto
Lyrics: Eminem (2002)
"Into the West"
Music and lyrics: Fran Walsh, Howard Shore and Annie Lennox (2003)
"Al otro lado del río"
Music and lyrics: Jorge Drexler (2004)
"It's Hard out Here for a Pimp"
Music and lyrics: Juicy J, Frayser Boy and DJ Paul (2005)
"I Need to Wake Up"
Music and lyrics: Melissa Etheridge (2006)
"Falling Slowly"
Music and lyrics: Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová (2007)
"Jai Ho"
Music: A. R. Rahman
Lyrics: Gulzar (2008)
"The Weary Kind"
Music and lyrics: Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett (2009)
"We Belong Together"
Music and lyrics: Randy Newman (2010)
2011–present
"Man or Muppet"
Music and lyrics: Bret McKenzie (2011)
"Skyfall"
Music and lyrics: Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth (2012)
"Let It Go"
Music and lyrics: Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez (2013)
"Glory"
Music and lyrics: John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn (2014)
"Writing's on the Wall"
Music and lyrics: James Napier and Sam Smith (2015)
"City of Stars"
Music: Justin Hurwitz
Lyrics: Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (2016)
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Inner core
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the cores of other planetary bodies, see Planetary core.
For a broader coverage related to this topic, see Earth core.
The internal structure of Earth
The Earth's inner core is the Earth's innermost part. It is primarily a solid ball with a radius of about 1,220 kilometres (760 miles), which is about 70% of the Moon's radius.[1][2] It is composed of an iron–nickel alloy and some other elements. The temperature at the inner core's surface is approximately 5,700 K (5,430 °C), which is about the temperature at the surface of the Sun.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Discovery
2 Composition
3 Temperature and pressure
4 Dynamics
5 History
6 See also
7 References
Discovery[edit]
The Earth was discovered to have a solid inner core distinct from its molten outer core in 1936, by the Danish seismologist Inge Lehmann,[4] who deduced its presence by studying seismograms from earthquakes in New Zealand. She observed that the seismic waves reflect off the boundary of the inner core and can be detected by sensitive seismographs on the Earth's surface. This boundary is known as the Bullen discontinuity,[5] or sometimes as the Lehmann discontinuity.[6] A few years later, in 1940, it was hypothesized that this inner core was made of solid iron; its rigidity was confirmed in 1971.[7]
The outer core was determined to be molten from observations showing that compressional waves pass through it, but elastic shear waves do not – or do so only very weakly.[8] The solidity of the inner core had been difficult to establish because the elastic shear waves that are expected to pass through a solid mass are very weak and difficult for seismographs on the Earth's surface to detect, since they become so attenuated on their way from the inner core to the surface by their passage through the liquid outer core. Dziewonski and Gilbert established that measurements of normal modes of vibration of Earth caused by large earthquakes were consistent with a liquid outer core.[9] It has recently been claimed that shear waves have been detected passing through the inner core; these claims were initially controversial, but are now gaining acceptance.[10]
Composition[edit]
Based on the relative prevalence of various chemical elements in the Solar System, the theory of planetary formation, and constraints imposed or implied by the chemistry of the rest of the Earth's volume, the inner core is believed to consist primarily of a nickel-iron alloy. Pure iron was found to be denser than the core by approximately 3%, implying the presence of light elements in the core (e.g. silicon, oxygen, sulfur) in addition to the probable presence of nickel.[11]
Further, if the primordial and mostly fluid (still forming) earth contained any significant mass(es) of elements denser than iron and nickel, namely the white (appearance) precious metals (and a few others) except silver, specifically the siderophile elements then these would necessarily have differentiated to the very center of the core into concentric nested spheres by Planetary differentiation. The most dense (and stable, i.e. platinum, iridium, and osmium, (etc.) in order of density) of these forming the innermost spheroid(s).[12] While unstable elements of such trans-iron/nickel density would have mostly decayed to iron/nickel/lead by the time the earth formed a discrete core.
See also: Densities of the elements (data page)
It then necessarily follows that all, or almost all, of these denser elements we have mined (or are even able to) at the surface (or near surface, or even at all "above" the core) have been delivered later as part of impact objects/masses.[13]
Temperature and pressure[edit]
The temperature of the inner core can be estimated by considering both the theoretical and the experimentally demonstrated constraints on the melting temperature of impure iron at the pressure which iron is under at the boundary of the inner core (about 330 GPa). These considerations suggest that its temperature is about 5,700 K (5,400 °C; 9,800 °F).[3] The pressure in the Earth's inner core is slightly higher than it is at the boundary between the outer and inner cores: it ranges from about 330 to 360 gigapascals (3,300,000 to 3,600,000 atm).[14] Iron can be solid at such high temperatures only because its melting temperature increases dramatically at pressures of that magnitude (see the Clausius–Clapeyron relation).[15]
A report published in the journal Science [16] concludes that the melting temperature of iron at the inner core boundary is 6230 ± 500 K.
Dynamics[edit]
The Earth's inner core is thought to be slowly growing as the liquid outer core at the boundary with the inner core cools and solidifies due to the gradual cooling of the Earth's interior (about 100 degrees Celsius per billion years).[17] Many scientists had initially expected that the inner core would be found to be homogeneous, because the solid inner core was originally formed by a gradual cooling of molten material, and continues to grow as a result of that same process. Even though it is growing into liquid, it is solid, due to the very high pressure that keeps it compacted together even if the temperature is extremely high. It was even suggested that Earth's inner core might be a single crystal of iron.[18] However, this prediction was disproved by observations indicating that in fact there is a degree of disorder within the inner core.[19] Seismologists have found that the inner core is not completely uniform, but instead contains large-scale structures such that seismic waves pass more rapidly through some parts of the inner core than through others.[20] In addition, the properties of the inner core's surface vary from place to place across distances as small as 1 km. This variation is surprising, since lateral temperature variations along the inner-core boundary are known to be extremely small (this conclusion is confidently constrained by magnetic field observations). Recent discoveries suggest that the solid inner core itself is composed of layers, separated by a transition zone about 250 to 400 km thick.[21] If the inner core grows by small frozen sediments falling onto its surface, then some liquid can also be trapped in the pore spaces and some of this residual fluid may still persist to some small degree in much of its interior.
Because the inner core is not rigidly connected to the Earth's solid mantle, the possibility that it rotates slightly faster or slower than the rest of Earth has long been entertained.[22][23] In the 1990s, seismologists made various claims about detecting this kind of super-rotation by observing changes in the characteristics of seismic waves passing through the inner core over several decades, using the aforementioned property that it transmits waves faster in some directions. Estimates of this super-rotation are around one degree of extra rotation per year.
Growth of the inner core is thought to play an important role in the generation of Earth's magnetic field by dynamo action in the liquid outer core. This occurs mostly because it cannot dissolve the same amount of light elements as the outer core and therefore freezing at the inner core boundary produces a residual liquid that contains more light elements than the overlying liquid. This causes it to become buoyant and helps drive convection of the outer core.[citation needed] The existence of the inner core also changes the dynamic motions of liquid in the outer core as it grows and may help fix the magnetic field since it is expected to be a great deal more resistant to flow than the outer core liquid (which is expected to be turbulent).[citation needed]
Speculation also continues that the inner core might have exhibited a variety of internal deformation patterns. This may be necessary to explain why seismic waves pass more rapidly in some directions than in others.[24] Because thermal convection alone appears to be improbable,[25] any buoyant convection motions will have to be driven by variations in composition or abundance of liquid in its interior. S. Yoshida and colleagues proposed a novel mechanism whereby deformation of the inner core can be caused by a higher rate of freezing at the equator than at polar latitudes,[26] and S. Karato proposed that changes in the magnetic field might also deform the inner core slowly over time.[27]
There is an East–West asymmetry in the inner core seismological data. There is a model which explains this by differences at the surface of the inner core – melting in one hemisphere and crystallization in the other.[28] The western hemisphere of the inner core may be crystallizing, whereas the eastern hemisphere may be melting. This may lead to enhanced magnetic field generation in the crystallizing hemisphere, creating the asymmetry in the Earth's magnetic field.[29]
History[edit]
Main article: History of the Earth
Based on rates of cooling of the core, it is estimated that the current solid inner core started solidifying approximately 0.5 to 2 billion years ago[30] out of a fully molten core (which formed just after planetary formation). If true, this would mean that the Earth's solid inner core is not a primordial feature that was present during the planet's formation, but a feature younger than the Earth (the Earth is about 4.5 billion years old).
See also[edit]
The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of: Structure of the Earth
Geodynamics
Iron meteorite
Structure of the Earth
Travel to the Earth's center
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Monnereau, Marc; Calvet, Marie; Margerin, Ludovic; Souriau, Annie (May 21, 2010). "Lopsided Growth of Earth's Inner Core". Science. 328 (5981): 1014–1017. Bibcode:2010Sci...328.1014M. doi:10.1126/science.1186212. PMID 20395477
Jump up ^ E. R. Engdahl; E. A. Flynn & R. P. Massé (1974). "Differential PkiKP travel times and the radius of the core". Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 40 (3): 457–463. Bibcode:1974GeoJI..39..457E. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1974.tb05467.x.
^ Jump up to: a b D. Alfè; M. Gillan & G. D. Price (January 30, 2002). "Composition and temperature of the Earth's core constrained by combining ab initio calculations and seismic data" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. Elsevier. 195 (1–2): 91–98. Bibcode:2002E&PSL.195...91A. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00568-4.
Jump up ^ Edmond A. Mathez, ed. (2000). EARTH: INSIDE AND OUT. American Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 2008-04-30.
Jump up ^ John C. Butler (1995). "Class Notes – The Earth's Interior". Physical Geology Grade Book. University of Houston. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Although another discontinuity is named after Lehmann, this usage still can be found: see for example: Robert E Krebs (2003). The basics of earth science. Greenwood Publishing Company. ISBN 0-313-31930-8. ,and From here to "hevean," or the D layer, About.com
Jump up ^ Lee, William H. K.; Kanamori, Hiroo; Jennings, Paul C.; Kisslinger, Carl, eds. (2002). International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology; part A. Academic Press. p. 926. ISBN 0-12-440652-1.
Jump up ^ William J. Cromie (1996-08-15). "Putting a New Spin on Earth's Core". Harvard Gazette. Retrieved 2007-05-22.
Jump up ^ A. M. Dziewonski; F. Gilbert (1971-12-24). "Solidity of the Inner Core of the Earth inferred from Normal Mode Observations". Nature. 234 (5330): 465–466. Bibcode:1971Natur.234..465D. doi:10.1038/234465a0.
Jump up ^ Robert Roy Britt (2005-04-14). "Finally, a Solid Look at Earth's Core". Retrieved 2007-05-22.
Jump up ^ Stixrude, Lars; Wasserman, Evgeny; Cohen, Ronald E. (1997-11-10). "Composition and temperature of Earth's inner core". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 102 (B11): 24729–24739. Bibcode:1997JGR...10224729S. doi:10.1029/97JB02125. ISSN 2156-2202.
Jump up ^ "core – National Geographic Society".
Jump up ^ "Earth's Precious Metals Could Be From Meteorites and Asteroids".
Jump up ^ David. R. Lide, ed. (2006–2007). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). pp. j14–13.
Jump up ^ Anneli Aitta (2006-12-01). "Iron melting curve with a tricritical point". Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment. iop. 2006 (12): 12015–12030. arXiv:cond-mat/0701283  . Bibcode:2006JSMTE..12..015A. doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2006/12/P12015. or see preprints https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0701283 , https://arxiv.org/pdf/0807.0187 .
Jump up ^ S. Anzellini; A. Dewaele; M. Mezouar; P. Loubeyre & G. Morard (2013). "Melting of Iron at Earth's Inner Core Boundary Based on Fast X-ray Diffraction". Science. AAAS. 340 (6136): 464–466. Bibcode:2013Sci...340..464A. doi:10.1126/science.1233514.
Jump up ^ J.A. Jacobs (1953). "The Earth's inner core". Nature. 172 (4372): 297–298. Bibcode:1953Natur.172..297J. doi:10.1038/172297a0.
Jump up ^ Broad, William J. (1995-04-04). "The Core of the Earth May Be a Gigantic Crystal Made of Iron". NY Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
Jump up ^ Robert Sanders (1996-11-13). "Earth's inner core not a monolithic iron crystal, say UC Berkeley seismologist". Retrieved 2007-05-22.
Jump up ^ Andrew Jephcoat; Keith Refson (2001-09-06). "Earth science: Core beliefs". Nature. 413 (6851): 27–30. Bibcode:2001Natur.413...27J. doi:10.1038/35092650. PMID 11544508.
Jump up ^ Kazuro Hirahara; Toshiki Ohtaki & Yasuhiro Yoshida (1994). "Seismic structure near the inner core-outer core boundary". Geophys. Res. Lett. American Geophysical Union. 51 (16): 157–160. Bibcode:1994GeoRL..21..157K. doi:10.1029/93GL03289.
Jump up ^ Aaurno, J. M.; Brito, D.; Olson, P. L. (1996). "Mechanics of inner core super-rotation". Geophysical Research Letters. 23 (23): 3401–3404. Bibcode:1996GeoRL..23.3401A. doi:10.1029/96GL03258
Jump up ^ Xu, Xiaoxia; Song, Xiaodong (2003). "Evidence for inner core super-rotation from time-dependent differential PKP traveltimes observed at Beijing Seismic Network". Geophysical Journal International. 152 (3): 509–514. Bibcode:2003GeoJI.152..509X. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01852.x
Jump up ^ G Poupinet; R Pillet; A Souriau (1983). "Possible heterogeneity of the Earth's core deduced from PKIKP travel times". Nature. 305: 204–206. Bibcode:1983Natur.305..204P. doi:10.1038/305204a0.
Jump up ^ T. Yukutake (1998). "Implausibility of thermal convection in the Earth's solid inner core". Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 108 (1): 1–13. Bibcode:1998PEPI..108....1Y. doi:10.1016/S0031-9201(98)00097-1.
Jump up ^ S.I. Yoshida; I. Sumita & M. Kumazawa (1996). "Growth model of the inner core coupled with the outer core dynamics and the resulting elastic anisotropy". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 101: 28085–28103. Bibcode:1996JGR...10128085Y. doi:10.1029/96JB02700.
Jump up ^ S. I. Karato (1999). "Seismic anisotropy of the Earth's inner core resulting from flow induced by Maxwell stresses". Nature. 402 (6764): 871–873. Bibcode:1999Natur.402..871K. doi:10.1038/47235.
Jump up ^ Alboussière, T.; Deguen, R.; Melzani, M. (2010). "Melting-induced stratification above the Earth's inner core due to convective translation". Nature. 466 (7307): 744–747. arXiv:1201.1201  . Bibcode:2010Natur.466..744A. doi:10.1038/nature09257. PMID 20686572.
Jump up ^ "Figure 1: East–west asymmetry in inner-core growth and magnetic field generation." from Finlay, Christopher C. (2012). "Core processes: Earth's eccentric magnetic field". Nature Geoscience. 5: 523–524. Bibcode:2012NatGe...5..523F. doi:10.1038/ngeo1516.
Jump up ^ Labrosse, Stéphane; Poirier, Jean-Paul; Le Mouël, Jean-Louis (2001-08-15). "The age of the inner core". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 190 (3–4): 111–123. Bibcode:2001E&PSL.190..111L. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00387-9.
[hide]
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Structure of the Earth
Shells
Crust
Lithosphere
Mesosphere
Mantle
Asthenosphere
Lithospheric mantle
Subcontinental lithospheric mantle
Oceanic lithospheric mantle
Outer core
Inner core
Discontinuities
Conrad (continental crust)
Mohorovičić (crust–mantle)
Lehmann (upper mantle)
Gutenberg (mantle–core)
Lehmann (core)
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