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Reservation in India
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Not to be confused with Indian Reservation.
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The system of reservation in India comprises a series of action measures, such as reserving access to seats in the various legislatures, to government jobs, and to enrollment in higher educational institutions. The societal inequality in India is represented by the grossly inadequate representation of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Castes in employment and education due to historic, societal and cultural reasons. The reservation nourishes the historically disadvantaged castes and tribes, listed as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes by the Government of India. The reservation is undertaken to address the historic oppression, inequality and discrimination faced by those communities and to give these communities a place. It is intended to realize the promise of equality enshrined in the Constitution. However, there has been a serious debate about reservation.
The Constitution prohibits untouchability under its Article 17, and obligates the state to make special provision for the betterment of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, also questions whether such special provisions of reservation would not be considered discriminatory, as it would encourage caste-discrimination and caste based politics.
Over the years, the categories for affirmative action have been expanded beyond the lists of Scheduled castes and tribes to include a special category of Other Backward Classes (OBC). Consideration has also been given to economically backward within the community itself in providing reservations.
Reservation is governed by the Constitution of India, statutory laws, and local rules and regulations. The Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Other Backward Classes (OBC), and in some states Backward Classes among Muslims under a category called BC(M), are the primary beneficiaries of the reservation policies under the Constitution, the objective of which is to ensure a level playing field. There have been protests from groups outside the system who feel that it is inequitable.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Before independence
1.2 After independence
2 Reservations in elected bodies
3 Reservations in employment
4 Reservations in education
5 Beneficiary groups of the reservation system
5.1 Caste
5.2 Gender
5.3 Religion
5.3.1 Controversy
5.4 Other
6 Reservations in Andhra Pradesh
7 Reservations in Maharashtra
8 Excluded from the reservation system
8.1 Creamy layer
8.2 Institutions exempted from reservation
9 Advances under the reservations system
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Background[edit]
Caste and community profile of people below the poverty line in India, as outlined in the Sachar Report
The primary objective of the present-day Indian reservation system is to enhance the social and educational status of underprivileged communities and thus improve their lives.[1][verification needed]
Before independence[edit]
Quota systems favouring certain castes and other communities existed before independence in several areas of British India. Demands for various forms of positive discrimination had been made, for example, in 1882 and 1891.[2] Shahu, the Maharaja of the princely state of Kolhapur, introduced reservation in favour of non-Brahmin and backward classes, much of which came into force in 1902. He provided free education to everyone and opened several hostels to make it easier for them to receive it. He also tried to ensure that people thus educated were suitably employed, and he appealed both for a class-free India and the abolition of untouchability. His 1902 measures created 50 per cent reservation for backward communities.[3]
The British Raj introduced elements of reservation in the Government of India Act of 1909 and there were many other measures put in place prior to independence.[2] A significant one emerged from the Round Table Conference of June 1932, when the Prime Minister of Britain, Ramsay Macdonald, proposed the Communal Award, according to which separate representation was to be provided for Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, and Europeans. The depressed classes were assigned a number of seats to be filled by election from constituencies in which only they could vote, although they could also vote in other seats. The proposal was controversial: Mahatma Gandhi fasted in protest against it but many among the depressed classes, including their leader, B. R. Ambedkar, favoured it. After negotiations, Gandhi reached an agreement with Ambedkar to have a single Hindu electorate, with Dalits having seats reserved within it. Electorates for other religions, such as Islam and Sikhism, remained separate. This became known as the Poona Pact(September 1932).[4]
After independence[edit]
India's affirmative action programme was launched in 1950 and is the oldest such programme in the world.[5]
After the independence of India in 1947 there were some major initiatives in favour of the Scheduled Tribes (ST), Scheduled Castes (SC) and Other Backward Classes (OBC).[citation needed]
A common form of caste discrimination in India was the practice of untouchability. SCs were the primary targets of the practice, which was outlawed by the new Constitution of India.[6][a]
In 1954, the Ministry of Education suggested that 20 per cent of places should be reserved for the SCs and STs in educational institutions with a provision to relax minimum qualifying marks for admission by 5 per cent wherever required. In 1982, it was specified that 15 per cent and 7.5 per cent of vacancies in public sector and government-aided educational institutes should be reserved for the SC and ST candidates, respectively.[8]
A significant change began in 1978 when the Mandal Commission was established to assess the situation of the socially and educationally backward classes.[9] The commission did not have exact population figures for the OBCs and so used data from the 1931 census, thus estimating the group's population at 52 per cent.[10] In 1980 the commission's report recommended that a reserved quota for OBCs of 27 per cent should apply in respect of services and public sector bodies operated by the Union Government. It called for a similar change to admissions to institutes of higher education, except where states already had more generous requirements.[9] It was not until the 1990s that the recommendations were implemented in Union Government jobs.[11]
The Constitution of India states in article 15(4): "Nothing in [article 15] or in clause (2) of article 29 shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens of or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes."[12] Article 46 of the Constitution states that "The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation."[13]
The Supreme Court of India ruled in 1992 that reservations could not exceed 50 per cent, anything above which it judged would violate equal access as guaranteed by the Constitution. It thus put a cap on reservations.[14] However, there are state laws that exceed this 50 per cent limit and these are under litigation in the Supreme Court. For example, in the State of Tamil Nadu the caste-based reservation stands at 69 per cent and applies to about 87 per cent of the population.[citation needed]
Reservations in elected bodies[edit]
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In parliament, caste and tribe based reservations are provided to make it more representative.. Today, out of 543 seats in India's parliament, 84 (15.47%) are reserved for SC/Dalits and 47 (8.66%)for ST/Tribes. Allocation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Tribes in the Lok Sabha are made on the basis of proportion of Scheduled Castes and Tribes in the State concerned to that of the total population.
A similar percentage of exclusive seats has been provided for members of designated castes and tribes in each state legislature. Local self-governments have caste, tribe and gender based reservation system in place.
Reservations in employment[edit]
A fixed percentage of India's government and public sector jobs are made exclusive for categories of people largely based on their caste or tribe.
The 1992 Supreme Court ruling in the Indra Sawhney case said that reservations in job promotions are "unconstitutional" but allowed its continuation for five years.[15][14] In 1995, the 77th amendment to the Constitution was made to amend Article 16 before the five-year period expired to continue with reservations for SC/STs in promotions.[16] It was further modified through the 85th amendment to give the benefit of consequential seniority to SC/ST candidates promoted by reservation.[17]
The 81st amendment was made to the Constitution to permit the government to treat the backlog of reserved vacancies as a separate and distinct group, to which the ceiling of 50 per cent did not apply.[18] The 82nd amendment inserted a provision in Article 335 to enable states to give concessions to SC/ST candidates in promotion.[19]
The validity of all the above four amendments was challenged in the Supreme Court through various petitions clubbed together in M. Nagaraj & Others vs. Union of India & Others, mainly on the ground that these altered the Basic Structure of the Constitution. In 2006, the Supreme Court upheld the amendments but stipulated that the concerned state will have to show, in each case, the existence of "compelling reasons" - which include "backwardness", "inadequacy of representation" and overall "administrative efficiency - before making provisions for reservation. The court further held that these provisions are merely enabling provisions. If a state government wishes to make provisions for reservation to SC/STs in promotion, the state has to collect quantifiable data showing backwardness of the class and inadequacy of representation of that class.[20]
In 2007, the Government of Uttar Pradesh introduced reservation in job promotions. However, citing the Supreme Court decision, the policy was ruled to be unconstitutional by the Allahabad High Court in 2011.[21] The decision was challenged in the Supreme Court, which upheld it in 2012 by rejecting the government's argument because it failed to furnish sufficient valid data to justify the move to promote employees on a caste basis.[22]
Reservations in education[edit]
In India scholarships or student aid is available for—SCs, STs, BCs, OBCs, women, Muslims, and other minorities. Only about 0.6% of scholarships or student aid in India is based on merit, given the grossly inadequate representation of above mentioned categories in employment and education due to historic, societal and cultural reasons.[23]
The University Grants Commission (UGC) provides financial assistance to universities for the establishment of Special Cells for SC/STs. The cells help universities implement the reservation policy in student admission and staff recruitment processes for teaching and non-teaching jobs. They also help the SC/ST categories integrate with the university community and help remove the difficulties SC/ST individuals may have experienced.[24]
New rules implementation of UPA Government do not provide scholarship scheme and reservation quota of students and employees of colleges under central University and State University approved by the UGC.[citation needed]
Beneficiary groups of the reservation system[edit]
The quota system sets aside a proportion of all possible positions for members of a specific group. Those not belonging to the designated communities can compete only for the remaining positions, while members of the designated communities can compete for either reserved or open position.
Seats are reserved for people under the following criteria:
Caste[edit]
In central-government funded higher education institutions, 22.5% of available seats are reserved for Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) students (7.5% for STs, 15% for SCs).[25] This reservation percentage has been raised to 49.5%[25] by including an additional 27% reservation for OBCs. This ratio is followed even in Parliament and all elections where a few constituencies are earmarked for those from certain communities (which will next rotate in 2026 per the Delimitation Commission).
The exact percentages vary from state to state:
In Haryana, the reservation is 18%[25] for SCs and 1% for OBCs and 0% for STs, based on local demographics.
In Tamil Nadu, the reservation is 18%[25] for SCs and 1% for STs, based on local demographics.
In Northeast India, especially in Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Mizoram, reservation for ST in State Govt. jobs is 80% with only 20% unreserved. In the Central Universities of NEHU(shillong) and Rajiv Gandhi University, 60% of seats are reserved for ST students.
In Andhra Pradesh, 29% of educational institutes and government jobs are reserved for OBCs, 15% for SCs, 6% for STs[26].[27]
In West Bengal, 35% of educational institute seats and government jobs are reserved for SC, ST, and OBC (22% SC, 6% ST, 7% for[28] OBC A & B[29]). In West Bengal there is no reservation on religious basis but some economically and educationally backward Muslim castes (basis surnames pertaining to different profession e.g. cobbler, weaver etc.) have been included along with their Hindu counterparts in OBC list namely OBC A and OBC B, in both lists caste from both communities are there. But in higher educational institutes, till now there is no reservation for the OBC community but there is reservation in regard to admission in primary, secondary and higher secondary studies.[28][29]
Gender[edit]
The Women's Reservation Bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha on 9 March 2010 by a majority vote of 186 members in favour and 1 against. As of March 2013, the Lok Sabha has not voted on the bill. Critics say gender cannot be held as a basis for reservation alone other factors should also be considered e.g. economic, social conditions of woman candidate especially when applying reservation for educated women. There also is a growing demand for women reservation in pre-existing reservations like OBC, SC/ST, physically handicapped etc. Some groups still demand that reservation for women should be at least 50 per cent as they comprise 50 per cent of the population.[citation needed]
In Gujarat, 33% of posts are reserved for females in all government departments and services, such as police, health, education and general administration.[30][31]
Religion[edit]
There is no reservation granted on the basis of religion in the Central educational institutions at the national level, although reservation has been extended to religious minorities in some states. The Tamil Nadu government has allotted 3.5% of seats each to Muslims and Christians, thereby altering the OBC reservation to 23% from 30% (since it excludes persons belonging to Other Backward Castes who are either Muslims or Christians).[32]
The Government of Andhra Pradesh introduced a law enabling 4 per cent reservations for Muslims in 2004. This law was upheld by the Supreme Court in an interim order in 2010 but it constituted a Constitution bench to look further into the issue.[33][34] The referral was to examine the constitutional validity of quotas based on religion.[35] Kerala Public Service Commission has a quota of 12% for Muslims. Religious minority (Muslim or Christian) educational institutes also have 50% reservation for Muslim or Christian religions. The Central government has listed a number of Muslim communities as backward Muslims, making them eligible for reservation.[citation needed]
Controversy[edit]
The Union Government on 22 December 2011 announced establishment of a sub-quota of 4.5% for religious minorities within the existing 27% reservation for Other Backward Classes. The reasoning given was that Muslim communities that have been granted OBC status are unable to compete with Hindu OBC communities.[36] It was alleged that the decision was announced as the Election Commission announced Assembly elections in five states on 24 December 2011. The government would not have been able to announce this due to the model code of conduct. On 12 January 2012, the Election Commission stayed implementation of this decision for violation of the model code of conduct.[37] Later, Justice Sachar, head of the Sachar Committee that was commissioned to prepare a report on the latest social, economic and educational condition of the Muslim community of India, criticised the government decision, saying "Such promises will not help the backward section of minorities. It is like befooling them. These people are making tall claims just to win elections". He suggested that instead of promising to give reservations, the government should focus on basic issues of improving administration and governance.[38]
On 28 May 2012, the Andhra Pradesh High Court quashed the sub-quota. The court said that the sub-quota has been carved out only on religious lines and not on any other intelligible basis. The court criticised the decision: "In fact, we must express our anguish at the rather casual manner in which the entire issue has been taken up by the central government."[39]
Other[edit]
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Some reservations are also made for:
Terrorist victims from Kashmir, e.g. in Punjab
Single girl child (in Punjab)
Migrants from the state of Jammu and Kashmir
Sons/daughters/grandsons/granddaughters of Freedom Fighters
Physically handicapped
Sports personalities
Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) have a small percentage of reserved seats in educational institutions. (Note : NRI reservations were removed from IIT in 2003)
Candidates sponsored by various organisations
Those who have served in the armed forces ('ex-serviceman' quota—because the age of superannuation in the military is much shorter than that in the civil posts; more so, certain intakes are tenure-based, e.g. the contract for Short-Service Commission is eight years)
Dependents of armed forces personnel killed-in-action
Repatriates
Reservation in special schools of Government Undertakings/ PSUs, for the children of their own employees (e.g. Army schools, PSU schools, etc.)
Paid pathway reservations in places of worship (e.g., Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, Tiruthani Murugan temple)
Seat reservation for Senior citizens and physically handicapped in public (bus) transport.
Reservations in Andhra Pradesh[edit]
Andhra Pradesh state percentage of reservation is =50% approx. 66.66% reservations including women are applicable in Andhra Pradesh in Education and Government jobs.
Scheduled Castes (A, B, C, D) – 15%
Scheduled Tribes – 6%
Backward Classes (A, B, C, D) – 25%
Physically Handicapped (Blind, Deaf & Dumb and OPH) – 3% (1 per cent each)
Ex-servicemen (APMS only) – 1% (0.5% in general)
Women - 33.33% (in all categories, means 16.66% in general category)
Total % of reservations 46%< 50% based on caste It is quite compliant with the supreme court word of keeping caste based reservations under 50% cap
Addition of disabled, ex-serviceman,women in general category 16.66% makes it 66.66%
School Admissions Under RTE : Though Andhra Pradesh Govt says economically backward children are admitted in to private schools under Right To Education (RTE) Act, but the fact is children are admitted in to private schools based on caste based reservations. check page 9 and Point no 4 of this below document
The reservation for women cuts across all classes and communities and is a horizontal and not vertical reservation. As such the total % of reservations has to be counted at 50% only; and that is in consonance with the Supreme Court dicta that reservations in general ought not to exceed 50% of the posts/seats if the right to equal opportunity to all without discrimination guaranteed under Article 16 is to be vindicated and respected.[citation needed]
Reservations in Maharashtra[edit]
Reservations in Maharashtra as of 5 March 2015.[citation needed]
Scheduled Castes (SC) (13%)
Scheduled Tribes (ST) (7%)
Other Backward Classes (OBC) (19%)
Special Backward Classes (SBC) (2%)
Vimukta Jati - A (3%)
Nomadic Tribes - B (2.5%)
Nomadic Tribes - C (3.5%)
Nomadic Tribes - D (2%)
General (48%)
Maharashtra has 52% reservation in educational institutions and government jobs. The government of Maharashtra added Marathas (16%) and some Muslim subcastes (5%) to the reservation in 2014 but the move was rejected by the Mumbai High Court later.[40][41] If this reservation to Maratha implemented, it will leave the remaining 23% to General/Open category.[42][43]
Excluded from the reservation system[edit]
People in the following categories are not entitled to take advantage of the reservation system for OBCs:
Categories for Rule of Exclusion
Rule of Exclusion Applies to the following:
Constitutional posts The sons and daughters of the President of India, the Vice-President of India, Judges of the Supreme Court of India, the High Courts chairman, the members of Union Public Service Commission, members of the State Public Service Commission, Chief Election Commissioner, Comptroller Auditor-General of India or any person holding positions of a constitutional nature.[44]
Service Category: Those who are considered Group 'A'/Class I officers of the All India Central and State Services (Direct Recruits) or those who are considered Group 'B'/ Class II officers of The Central and State Services (Direct Recruitment) or those who are employees in the Public Sector. Those who have parent(s) that are Class I or Class II officers, or both parents are Class I or Class II officers but one of them dies or suffers permanent incapacitation.[45] The criteria used for sons and daughters of Group A and B are the same for the employees of the Public sector.[44]
Armed forces including Paramilitary Forces (Persons holding civil posts are not included). The sons and daughters of parents either or both of whom is or are in the rank of colonel and above in the army or in equivalent posts in the Navy, the Air Force, and the Paramilitary Force. But that will hold true provided that-
"the wife of an armed forces officer is herself in the armed forces (i.e., the category under consideration) the rule of exclusion will apply only when she herself has reached the rank of Colonel."
"the service ranks below Colonel of husband and wife shall not be clubbed together"
"if the wife of an officer in the armed forces is in civil employment, this will not be taken into account for applying the rule of exclusion unless she falls in the service category under item No.II in which case the criteria and conditions"[44]
Professional class and those engaged in Trade and Industry If a person has a high paying job such as physician, lawyer, chartered accountant, income tax consultant, financial or management consultant, dental surgeon, engineer, architect, computer specialist, film artist or other film professional, author, playwright, sports person, sports professional, media professional or any other vocations of like status. If the husband holds one of the above jobs and the wife doesn't then the husband's income will be taken into consideration and if the wife holds one of the above jobs then the wife's income will be taken into consideration.The income of the family as a whole will be taken into account because the whole point of the reservation system is to raise the social status of the people that belong to the SC's, ST's and OBCs and if a family's income is high already it is considered that it raises their social status as well.[44]
Property owners- agricultural, plantations (coffee,tea,rubber,etc.), vacant land and/or buildings in urban areas Sons and daughters of those who have irrigated land area which is equal to or more than 85% of the statutory ceiling area will be excluded from reservation. They would only be under reservation if the land is exclusively unirrigated. Those with vacant buildings can use them for residential, industrial or commercial purposes, hence they are not covered under reservations.[44]
Creamy layer Son(s)/daughter(s) of those who earn ₹ 8 lakh (₹800,000) or more annually for three consecutive years are excluded from reservation.[44]
Creamy layer[edit]
The term creamy layer was first coined in 1975 in the State of Kerala vs N. M. Thomas case when a judge said that the "benefits of the reservation shall be snatched away by the top creamy layer of the backward class, thus leaving the weakest among the weak and leaving the fortunate layers to consume the whole cake".[46][47] The 1992 Indra Sawhney vs Union of India judgement laid down the limits of the state's powers: it upheld the ceiling of 50 per cent quotas, emphasised the concept of "social backwardness", and prescribed 11 indicators to ascertain backwardness. The judgement also established the concept of qualitative exclusion, such as "creamy layer".[48][49][50] The creamy layer applies only to OBCs. The creamy layer criteria was introduced at Rs 1 lakh in 1993, and revised to Rs 2.5 lakh in 2004, Rs 4.5 lakh in 2008 and Rs 6 lakh in 2013, but now the ceiling has been raised to ₹8 lakh (in Sep., 2017).[51] In October 2015, the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) proposed that a person belonging to OBC with an annual family income of up to Rs 15 lakh should be considered as minimum ceiling for OBC.[52] The NCBC also recommended sub-division of OBCs into "backward", "more backward" and "extremely backward" groups and to divide the 27 per cent quota amongst them in proportion to their population, to ensure that stronger OBCs do not corner the quota benefits.[53][54]
Institutions exempted from reservation[edit]
The following institutions have been kept out of the purview of Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006:,[55][56]
Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai and its ten constituent units, namely:
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay
Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam
Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore
Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata
Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata;
Institute of Physics, Bhubaneshwar
Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai
Harish-Chandra Research Institute, Allahabad
Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai
North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong
Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad
Space Physics Laboratory, Thiruvananthapuram
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun
The following institutions though not specified in the Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006:,[55] do not have reservation in admission.
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra
Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani
LNM Institute of Information Technology, Jaipur
On 27 October 2015 the Supreme Court directed the state and the Central governments to end the regional quota and to ensure that super-speciality medical courses are kept "unreserved, open and free" from any domicile status after the court had allowed petitions files by some MBBS doctors.[57]
Advances under the reservations system[edit]
The public sector jobs are divided into 4 categories: Class I (or Group A), Class II (or Group B), Class III (or Group C) and Class IV (or Group D). The Class I employees take up 2.2% of the public sector workforce, the Class II employees take up 3.3% of the public sector workforce, the Class III employees take up 66.8% of the public sector workforce, and the Class IV employees take up 27.2% of the public sector workforce.[58] Below are the percentages of the SC employees in the Central government:[58]
Class
1959
1965
1974
1984
1995
I 1.18 1.64 3.2 6.92 10.12
II 2.38 2.82 4.6 10.36 12.67
III 6.95 8.88 10.3 13.98 16.15
IV 17.24* 17.75 18.6 20.2 21.26*
* excludes sweepers
The above table shows that over time as the new laws for the reservation systems were passed employment of SC's in Class I, II, III, and IV public sectors increased substantially.
See also[edit]
Court Cases Relating to India's Reservation System
Dhangar Scheduled tribe issue
Nationalization
Socialism
Caste politics in India
Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu
Self-immolations in India
Jat reservation agitation
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ The concept of untouchability was not practised uniformly throughout the country. The practice of segregation and untouchability prevailed more in the northern parts of India than in the south. Furthermore, certain communities, considered "untouchable" in one area were not thus in others.[7]
Citations
Jump up ^ Sheth, D. L. (14 November 1987). "Reservations Policy Revisited". Economic and Political Weekly. 22 (46): 1957–1962. JSTOR 4377730.
^ Jump up to: a b Laskar, Mehbubul Hassan. "Rethinking Reservation in Higher Education in India" (PDF). ILI Law Review. pp. 29–30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Shri Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj". Bahujan Samaj Party. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
Jump up ^ Menon, V. P. (1957). Transfer of Power in India (Reprinted ed.). Orient Blackswan. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-81-250-0884-2.
Jump up ^ "Human Development Report 2016" (PDF). UNDP. p. 119. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Passin, Herbert (October 1955). "Untouchability in the Far East". Monumenta Nipponica. 11 (3): 247–267. JSTOR 2382914. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Kumar, Raja K. (1984). "The Untouchables of India". In Jaewoong, Ahn. The Image of God in Minorities. World Christian Federation. p. 41. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
Jump up ^ "Educational Safeguards". Department of Education. Government of India. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
^ Jump up to: a b Bhattacharya, Amit (8 April 2006). "Who are the OBCs?". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 27 June 2006. Retrieved 2006-04-19.
Jump up ^ Ramaiah, A. (6 June 1992). "Identifying Other Backward Classes" (PDF). Economic and Political Weekly. pp. 1203–1207. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2005. Retrieved 2006-05-27.
Jump up ^ "Implementation of Recommendations of Mandal Commission". Parliament of India. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
Jump up ^ Article 15, Section 4 of the Constitution of India (1950)
Jump up ^ Article 46, Section 0 of the Constitution of India (1950)
^ Jump up to: a b "Indra Sawhney Etc. vs Union of India And Others, Etc. on 16 November, 1992". IndianKanoon.org. Retrieved 2012-08-22. (4) Reservation being extreme form of protective measure or affirmative action it should be confined to minority of seats. Even though the Constitution does not lay down any specific bar but the constitutional philosophy being against proportional equality the principle of balancing equality ordains reservation, of any manner, not to exceed 50%." ,"Reservation in promotion is constitutionally impermissible as, once the advantaged and disadvantaged are made equal and are brought in one class or group then any further benefit extended for promotion on the inequality existing prior to be brought in the group would be treating equals unequally. It would not be eradicating the effects of past discrimination but perpetuating it.
Jump up ^ "BJP's OBC pitch: How stronger new backward classes panel will function".
Jump up ^ "Seventy Seventh Amendment". Indiacode.nic.in. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
Jump up ^ "Eighty Fifth Amendment". Indiacode.nic.in. 4 January 2002. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
Jump up ^ "Eighty First Amendment". Indiacode.nic.in. 29 August 1997. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
Jump up ^ "Eighty Second Amendment". Indiacode.nic.in. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
Jump up ^ Kapadia, S. H. "M.Nagaraj & Others vs Union of India & Others on 19 October, 2006". Retrieved 2012-08-22. We reiterate that the ceiling-limit of 50%, the concept of creamy layer and the compelling reasons, namely, backwardness, inadequacy of representation and overall administrative efficiency are all constitutional requirements without which the structure of equality of opportunity in Article 16 would collapse.", "As stated above, the impugned provision is an enabling provision. The State is not bound to make reservation for SC/ST in matter of promotions.
Jump up ^ "Promotion quota not legally sustainable: HC". The Times of India. 5 January 2011. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Jump up ^ "Supreme Court upholds High court's decision to quash quota in promotion". The Times of India. 28 April 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Jump up ^ "Guess how many Indians get merit-based scholarships". Rediff. 1 September 2014. Retrieved 2016-05-08.
Jump up ^ "Financial Support: Establishment of Special Cells for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Universities and Institutions Deemed to be Universities". University Grants Commission, India. Archived from the original on 2012-05-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Affirmative Action and Peer Effects: Evidence from Caste Based Reservation in General Education Colleges in India" (PDF). Virginia University,Virginia. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
Jump up ^ http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108754
Jump up ^ Arora, N.D. (2010). Political Science for Civil Services Main Examination. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 19.
^ Jump up to: a b ":: BCW Department-Govt of West Bengal, Reservation ::". Retrieved 2015-02-02.
^ Jump up to: a b ":: Backward Classes Welfare Department, Government of West Bengal ::". Retrieved 2015-02-02.
Jump up ^ "33% reservation for women in all Gujarat state government jobs". Deccan Herald. 13 October 2014. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
Jump up ^ "Gujarat increases women's reservation to 33% in government jobs". dna. 14 October 2014. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
Jump up ^ Viswanathan, S. (16 November 2007). "A step forward". Frontline. 24 (22). Archived from the original on 20 November 2010.
Jump up ^ PTI. "Interim relief to AP on Muslim reservation". The Hindu. Retrieved 2015-06-14.
Jump up ^ "Supreme Court to hear govt on Muslim quota". The Times of India. Retrieved 2015-06-14.
Jump up ^ "Centre seeks SC's approval on Muslim reservation". timesofindia-economictimes. Retrieved 2015-06-14.
Jump up ^ "4.5% quota fails to impress Muslims in Uttar Pradesh". The Times of India. 23 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Election Commission stalls 4.5% sub-quota in poll states". The Times of India. 12 January 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
Jump up ^ "Govt trying to befool minorities with quota: Sachar". 19 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
Jump up ^ "HC Quashes Centre's 4.5% Sub-Quota for Minorities". 28 May 2012. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Omar Rashid. "Maharashtra scraps Muslim quota". The Hindu. Retrieved 2015-06-14.
Jump up ^ "Why supreme court is right in denying unethical pleasure to Maharashtra govt -Governance Now". Governance Now. 18 December 2014. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
Jump up ^ "Jobs, education quota for Marathas, Muslims cleared". Retrieved 2014-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Maharashtra govt clears reservation for Marathas, Muslims". Retrieved 2014-06-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Judgement Writ Petition (Civil) No.930 of 1990 – Indira Sawhney Versus Union of India And others (16.11.1992)" (PDF). National Commission for Backward Classes. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
Jump up ^ Office Memorandum, ncbc.nic.in, pp. 7–8
Jump up ^ "Supreme Court Of India JUDGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM".
Jump up ^ "SCOURGE OF RESERVATION: THE INVISIBLE CREAMY LAYER".
Jump up ^ "Explained: Order reserved".
Jump up ^ "For an equitable society, reservations must be extended to private sector". The Indian Express. 23 October 2015. Retrieved 2016-05-08.
Jump up ^ "Plea to reconsider judgement in Indra Sawhney case of 1992".
Jump up ^ "Raise 'creamy layer' to Rs 10.5 lakh: OBC panel".
Jump up ^ "OBC panel backs off, won't make 'creamy layer' reservation criteria stringent".
Jump up ^ "OBC sub-division, relaxing creamy layer is a must: NCBC tells govt".
Jump up ^ "Raise 'creamy layer' to Rs 10.5 lakh: OBC panel". The Times of India. Retrieved 2016-05-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Press Information Bureau English Releases". Retrieved 2015-02-02.
Jump up ^ http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/3335.pdf
Jump up ^ "No quota in higher medicine: SC". The Telegraph. 27 October 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Chapter 3- An Assessment of Reservations (Pg 32)" (PDF). News. Dalit Bahujan Media. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
Further reading[edit]
Shourie, Arun (2012). Falling over backwards: An essay on reservations and judicial populism. New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-9350293553
Joseph, Manu (23 August 2004). "What If Reservations Had Come To An End In 1960?". Outlook. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
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Climate of Dubai
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Clouds over Dubai in winter.
Dubai has a tropical desert climate, Köppen classification Bwh, because of its location within the Northern desert belt. Summers are extremely hot and humid,[1] with an average high around 41 °C (106 °F) and overnight lows around 30 °C (86 °F). Most days are sunny throughout the year. Winters are warm and short with an average high of 23 °C (73 °F) and overnight lows of 14 °C (57 °F). Precipitation, however, has been increasing in the last few decades with accumulated rain reaching 150 mm (5.91 in) per year.[2] The weather in Dubai can bring short and irregular rainfall as is typical for the Middle East. Most of the rainfall occurs in the December to March period. The weather between December and March remains warm and is considered to be the most comfortable climatic conditions of the year.
Contents
[hide]
1 Climate data
2 Seasonal climate
3 Climatic conditions by month
4 Sandstorms
5 References
6 External links
Climate data[edit]
[hide]
v
t
e
Climate data for Dubai
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
31.8
(89.2) 37.5
(99.5) 41.3
(106.3) 43.5
(110.3) 47.0
(116.6) 47.9
(118.2) 48.5
(119.3) 47.5
(117.5) 45.1
(113.2) 42.4
(108.3) 38
(100) 33.2
(91.8) 48.5
(119.3)
Average high °C (°F)
16.2
(61.2) 16.3
(61.3) 18.6
(65.5) 22.2
(72) 27.0
(80.6) 32.7
(90.9) 35.2
(95.4) 36.4
(97.5) 33.1
(91.6) 24.6
(76.3) 19.7
(67.5) 17.3
(63.1) 25.4
(77.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)
15.3
(59.5) 15.6
(60.1) 17.2
(63) 20.2
(68.4) 25.4
(77.7) 28.6
(83.5) 30.7
(87.3) 30.0
(86) 28.4
(83.1) 22.0
(71.6) 17.4
(63.3) 15.
(59) 22.15
(71.88)
Average low °C (°F)
14.4
(57.9) 15.5
(59.9) 17.7
(63.9) 21.2
(70.2) 24.9
(76.8) 27.5
(81.5) 28.2
(82.8) 28.5
(83.3) 25.7
(78.3) 24.3
(75.7) 20.0
(68) 16.3
(61.3) 22.5
(72.5)
Record low °C (°F)
6.1
(43) 6.9
(44.4) 9.0
(48.2) 13.4
(56.1) 15.1
(59.2) 18.2
(64.8) 20.4
(68.7) 23.1
(73.6) 16.5
(61.7) 15.0
(59) 11.8
(53.2) 8.2
(46.8) 6.1
(43)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
18.8
(0.74) 25.0
(0.984) 22.1
(0.87) 7.2
(0.283) 0.4
(0.016) 0.0
(0) 0.8
(0.031) 0.0
(0) 0.0
(0) 1.1
(0.043) 2.7
(0.106) 16.2
(0.638) 94.3
(3.711)
Average precipitation days
5.4 4.7 5.8 2.6 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.2 1.3 3.8 25.2
Average relative humidity (%)
65 65 63 55 53 58 56 57 60 60 61 64 59.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours
254.2 229.6 254.2 294.0 344.1 342.0 322.4 316.2 309.0 303.8 285.0 254.2 3,508.7
Percent possible sunshine
75 75 68 75 85 81 74 78 86 82 86 75 78.3
Source #1: Dubai Meteorological Office[3]
Source #2: climatebase.ru (extremes, sun),[4] NOAA (humidity, 1974–1991)[5]
Climate data for Dubai
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F)
23.4
(74.2) 21.9
(71.4) 23.2
(73.8) 25.5
(77.9) 28.8
(83.8) 31.6
(88.8) 32.7
(90.9) 33.5
(92.3) 33.1
(91.5) 31.3
(88.4) 28.6
(83.4) 25.4
(77.8) 28.3
(76.6)
Average Ultraviolet index
6 8 10 11+ 11+ 11+ 11+ 11+ 11 8 6 5 9.1
Source #1: seatemperature.org [6]
Source #2: Weather Atlas [7]
Seasonal climate[edit]
The climate of Dubai is warm and sunny due to its position near the line of the Tropic of Cancer.[8] During the winter season it has an average daytime temperature of 25 °C (77 °F). Nighttime temperatures near the coastline range between 12 °C (54 °F)-15 °C (59 °F), while in the desert they are 5 °C (41 °F) with the nights being relatively cool throughout the year. Near coastal areas humidity averages between 50% and 60%. In the summer, the weather in Dubai is very hot, dry and humid, with temperatures reaching 45 °C (113 °F) for many days. Even the sea temperature reaches 37 °C (99 °F), with humidity averaging over 90%.[8] Rainfall in Dubai is infrequent and does not last for a long period. It mostly rains during the winter period between December and March in the form of short downpours and an occasional thunderstorm. On average, rain falls only five days a year.[8]
February is the wettest month in Dubai with an average of 35 millimetres (1.4 in) of rain.[9] The weather in Dubai is extremely dry in the month of June with little or no rain.[9] March and December also record some amount of rainfall. The rainfall during January, April, July, October and November are about average while the amount of rain in May, August and September are comparatively lower.[9]
Climatic conditions by month[edit]
In January the average maximum daytime temperature in Dubai is 24 °C (75 °F). The average rainfall is 10 mm (0.4 inches) of, with rain generally falling on just two days of the month. While the average sea temperature in January is 22 °C (72 °F).[10] On January 15, 2008 110 millimetres (4.3 in) of rain was recorded in 24 hours.[11]
In February the average maximum daytime temperature in Dubai is 25 °C (77 °F). The average rainfall is 35 millimetres (1.4 in) during February. While the average sea temperature is 22 °C (72 °F).[10]
In March the average temperature is 28 °C (82 °F), with moderate heat and humidity. The average rainfall is 27 millimetres (1.1 in) during March, with rain generally falling on just four days of the month. While the average sea temperature is 23 °C (73 °F).[10]
In April the average daytime temperature is 32 °C (90 °F), with high heat and humidity. The average rainfall is 8 millimetres (0.31 in) with rain generally falling on just two days of the month. The average sea temperature in April is 24 °C (75 °F).[10]
In May the average temperature is 38 °C (100 °F), with extreme heat and humidity. The average rainfall is 1 millimetre (0.039 in) during May, with rain generally falling on just one day of the month. The average sea temperature is 28 °C (82 °F).[10]
In June the average temperature is 40 °C (104 °F), with extreme heat and humidity. There is very little chance of any rainfall in June. The average sea temperature in June is 31 °C (88 °F).[10]
In July the average temperature is extremely high 42 °C (108 °F) with extreme heat and humidity. Average sea temperature in the month of July is 32 °C (90 °F).[10]
In August the average temperature is 43 °C (109 °F), with extreme heat and humidity. There is very little chance of any rainfall during August. While the average sea temperature in August is 32 °C (90 °F).[10]
In September the average temperature is 39 °C (102 °F), with extreme heat and humidity. There is very little chance of any rainfall during September. Average sea temperature in September is 32 °C (90 °F).[10]
In October the average temperature is 36 °C (97 °F), with very high heat and humidity. The average sea temperature around Dubai Airport in October is 30 °C (86 °F).[10]
In November the average temperature is 31 °C (88 °F), with high heat and humidity. On average only 3 millimetres (0.12 in) of rainfall may occur in November. Average sea temperature in November is 28 °C (82 °F).[10]
In December the average temperature is 26 °C (79 °F), cool to warm with high humidity. The average rainfall during the month is 15 millimetres (0.59 in). With rain generally falling on just 2 days of the month. The average sea temperature in December is 25 °C (77 °F).[10]
Sandstorms[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
During the summer season, a low pressure area develops over Dubai forcing strong north-westerly winds to blow from Saudi Arabia. These winds, also known as Shamal (north) in Arabic, become gusty and unpredictable on reaching Dubai. Shamal boost up the desert sand and reduce visibility and the sandstorms may last for several days.Following are some notable sandstorms that hit Dubai during the last few years.
On April 18, 2008 a severe sandstorm hits Dubai and reduced visibility to 1,500 meters.[12]
On March 10, 2009 a moderate sandstorm reached Dubai which lowered down the visibility and temperature.[13]
On March 2, 2010 Strong winds caused sandstorms in Dubai and other regions of United Arab Emirates.
On January 28, 2011 a sandstorm hit Dubai for a short time.
On February 26, 2012 a strong sandstorm hit Dubai and other parts of the country
On April 2, 2015 a very strong sandstorm hit Dubai and other parts of the country. It started to clear out closer to the evening. It reduced the visibility to 3000 metres.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Dubai Humidity and Temperatures: Average Temperatures and Humidity of Dubai". holiday-weather.com. Retrieved 2014-10-19.
Jump up ^ Climate in Dubai across the year Archived December 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.. Dubai Meteorological office.
Jump up ^ "Climate (Average Temperatures:1977–2015;Precipitation:1967-2009)". Dubai Meteorological Office. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2008. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Dubai, Emirates". Climatebase.ru. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Climate Normals for Dubai". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Monthly Dubai water temperature chart". Seatemperatures.org. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dubai, United Arab Emirates - Climate data". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Dubai Geography - Information, climate and weather in Dubai". Dubai.com. 2013-05-27. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Weather in Dubai City - Information on the Weather in Dubai, UAE". Visit-dubai-city.com. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Weather2Flights.com. "Airports - Who flies there?". Weather2flights.com. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
Jump up ^ "Downpour continues as Dubai receives record rainfall". GulfNews.com. 2008-01-16. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
Jump up ^ "Severe sandstorm reduces visibility in Dubai". GulfNews.com. 2008-04-19. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
Jump up ^ "Moderate sandstorm reaches Dubai". GulfNews.com. 2009-03-11. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
External links[edit]
Dubai weather - UAE's National Center of Meteorology and Seismology
Weather of Dubai
Dreamsofdubai
Climate-Charts.com
Dubai Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Emirates 24/7
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List of Cleveland Browns head coaches
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Hue Jackson has coached the Browns since 2016.
Bill Belichick coached the Browns from 1991 to 1995.
The Cleveland Browns are a professional American football franchise based in Cleveland, Ohio. They are a member of the North Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The team began playing in 1946 as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC), and joined the NFL as part of the AAFC–NFL merger in 1950.[1] The team played their home games at Cleveland Stadium from 1946 to 1995 before moving to FirstEnergy Stadium, where they have played since 1999.[2] The Browns did not play from 1996 to 1998 when the team's owner, Art Modell, moved the team to Baltimore, Maryland and formed the Baltimore Ravens. The team was re-activated under new ownership in Cleveland in 1999.[3] The team is currently owned by Jimmy Haslam III, and Joe Banner is their Chief Executive Officer.[4] Tom Heckert was their general manager until the end of the 2012 season, when he was fired along with the team's incumbent head coach Pat Shurmur.[5]
There have been 15 non-interim head coaches for the Browns franchise. Their first head coach was Paul Brown, who coached for 17 complete seasons.[6] Brown is also the franchise's all-time leader for the most regular season games coached (214), the most regular season game wins (158), the most playoffs games coached (14), and the most playoff game wins (9). Brown is the only Browns head coach to win an AAFC championship with four, the NFL championship with three, the Sporting News NFL Coach of the Year three times, the United Press International (UPI) NFL Coach of the Year once,[7] and to have been elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a coach.[8] Blanton Collier, Dick Modzelewski, Sam Rutigliano, Bud Carson, Jim Shofner, Chris Palmer, Butch Davis, Pat Shurmur, and Rob Chudzinski have spent their entire NFL head coaching careers with the Browns. Eric Mangini had been the head coach of the Browns since the firing of Romeo Crennel,[9] but was himself fired on January 3, 2011. Shurmur replaced Mangini as head coach, but was fired after posting a 9–23 record over two seasons in charge.[5] On January 11, 2013, the Cleveland Browns officially named Rob Chudzinski as the replacement for Pat Shurmur. Chudzinski compiled a 4–12 record during the 2013 season, but he was fired on December 29.[10] On January 23, 2014, the Browns hired Mike Pettine as their head coach. Pettine was fired on January 3, 2016, hours after the Browns lost their 2015 season finale. On January 13, 2016, Hue Jackson was named the Browns' new head coach.
Contents
[hide]
1 Key
2 Coaches
3 Footnotes
4 Notes
5 References
Key[edit]
The Browns have played their home games in FirstEnergy Stadium since 1999.
# Number of coaches[N 1]
GC Games coached
W Wins
L Losses
T Ties
Win% Winning percentage
00† Elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a coach
00‡ Elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a player
00* Spent entire NFL head coaching career with the Browns
Coaches[edit]
Note: Statistics are updated through the 2017 NFL season.
#
Name
Term[N 2]
Regular season
Playoffs
Achievements
Ref.
GC
W
L
T
Win%
GC
W
L
Win%
1 Paul Brown † 1946–1962 214 158 48 8 .767 14 9 5 .643 Four AAFC championships (1946, 1947, 1948, 1949)[11]
Three NFL championships (1950, 1954, 1955)[12]
Seven NFL Conference championships(1950–55,1957)
1949, 1951, and 1953 Sporting News NFL Coach of the Year[13]
1957 UPI NFL Coach of the Year[7]
[6][8]
2 Blanton Collier* 1963–1970 112 76 34 2 .691 7 3 4 .429 NFL Champion in 1964
Four Eastern conference champions (1964, 1965, 1968, 1969)
Three Century Division Champions (1967,1968, 1969)
[14]
3 Nick Skorich 1971–1975 56 30 24 2 .556 2 0 2 .000 AFC Central Division Champions 1971 [15]
4 Forrest Gregg ‡ 1975–1977 41 18 23 0 .439 — — — — 1976 Associated Press (AP) NFL Coach of the Year[16] [17]
5 Dick Modzelewski* 1977 1 0 1 0 .000 — — — — [18]
6 Sam Rutigliano* 1978–1984 97 47 50 0 .485 2 0 2 .000 1979 and 1980 UPI NFL Coach of the Year,[7]
AFC Central Division Champions 1980 [19]
7 Marty Schottenheimer 1984–1988 71 44 27 0 .620 6 2 4 .333 1986 UPI NFL Coach of the Year[7]
Three AFC Central Division Champions (1985, 1986 and 1987) [20]
8 Bud Carson* 1989–1990 25 11 13 1 .458 2 1 1 .500 AFC Central Division Champions 1989 [21]
9 Jim Shofner* 1990 7 1 6 0 .143 — — — — [22]
10 Bill Belichick 1991–1995 80 36 44 0 .450 2 1 1 .500 [23]
— [N 3] 1996–1998
11 Chris Palmer* 1999–2000 32 5 27 0 .156 — — — — [24]
12 Butch Davis* 2001–2004 58 24 34 0 .414 1 0 1 .000 [25]
13 Terry Robiskie 2004 6 1 5 0 .167 — — — — [26]
14 Romeo Crennel 2005–2008 64 24 40 0 .375 — — — — [27]
15 Eric Mangini 2009–2010 32 10 22 0 .313 — — — — [28]
16 Pat Shurmur 2011–2012 32 9 23 0 .281 — — — — [29]
17 Rob Chudzinski* 2013 16 4 12 0 .250 — — — — [30]
18 Mike Pettine* 2014–2015 32 10 22 0 .313 — — — — [31]
19 Hue Jackson 2016–present 32 1 31 0 .031 — — — — [32]
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ A running total of the number of coaches of the Browns. Thus, any coach who has two or more separate terms as head coach is only counted once.
Jump up ^ Each year is linked to an article about that NFL season.
Jump up ^ The Browns did not play from 1996 to 1998 due to events in the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy.[3]
Notes[edit]
General
"History: All-Time Head Coaches". Cleveland Browns. NFL Enterprises LLC. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
"Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Specific
Jump up ^ "Year By Year Season Results". Cleveland Browns. NFL Enterprises LLC. Archived from the original on 2010-04-02. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Cleveland Browns Stadium". Cleveland Browns. NFL Enterprises LLC. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Henkel 2005, p. 111
Jump up ^ "Cleveland Browns – Front Office". January 20, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Rosenthal, Gregg (December 31, 2012). "Pat Shurmur, Tom Heckert fired by Cleveland Browns". NFL.com. NFL Enterprises LLC. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Paul Brown". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hickok, Ralph (2008-04-17). "NFL Coach of the Year Award". Hick OK Sports. Archived from the original on December 5, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Paul Brown". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Sessler, Marc (December 29, 2013). "Rob Chudzinski fired by Cleveland Browns". National Football League. NFL Enterprises LLC. Retrieved December 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Cleveland Browns". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "History: NFL Champions". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "NFL Coach of the Year". Sporting News. Archived from the original on 2009-02-17. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Blanton Collier". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nick Skorich". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "AP NFL Coach of the Year Winners". The Washington Post. 2005-01-08. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Forrest Gregg". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dick Modzelewski". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sam Rutigliano". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Marty Schottenheimer". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bud Carson". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jim Shofner". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bill Belichick". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Chris Palmer". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Butch Davis". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Terry Robiskie". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Romeo Crennel". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Eric Mangini". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pat Shurmur's Coaching Record". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "AP Source: Browns Hire Rob Chudzinski as New Coach". abcnews.go.com. AP. Retrieved January 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mike Pettine Record, Statistics, and Category Ranks". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Cabot, Mary Kay (January 13, 2016). "Hue Jackson hired as Cleveland Browns' 8th head coach since 1999". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland.com. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
References[edit]
Henkel, Frank M. (2005). Cleveland Browns History. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-3428-2.
[show]
v
t
e
Cleveland Browns
Founded in 1946
Based in Cleveland, Ohio
Headquartered in Berea, Ohio
Franchise
History
Players
Head coaches
Seasons
Logos and uniforms
First-round draft picks
1999 expansion draft
Starting quarterbacks
Pro Bowlers
Stadiums
Cleveland Stadium
FirstEnergy Stadium
Key personnel
Owners: Jimmy Haslam
Dee Haslam
President (de facto): Paul DePodesta
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Head coach: Hue Jackson
Culture and lore
Art Modell
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Draft Day
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Paul Brown
Red Right 88
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Pittsburgh Steelers
Playoff appearances (28)
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1957
1958
1964
1965
1967
1968
1969
1971
1972
1980
1982
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1994
2002
Division championships (12)
1946
1947
1948
1967
1968
1969
1971
1980
1985
1986
1987
1989
Conference championships (11)
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1957
1964
1965
1968
1969
League championships (8)
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1954
1955
1964
Retired numbers
14
32
45
46
76
Hall of Fame inductees
Players: Brown
DeLamielleure
Ford
Gatski
Graham
Groza
Hickerson
Kelly
Lavelli
McCormack
Mitchell
Motley
Newsome
Warfield
Willis
Coach: Brown
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Flagships: WKNR
WKRK-FM
WNCX
Television: WEWS-TV
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Current league affiliations
League: National Football League (1950–present)
Conference: American Football Conference
Division: North Division
Former league affiliation
League: All-America Football Conference (1946–1949)
Seasons (69)
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
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1999
2000
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2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Championship seasons in bold
[show]
v
t
e
Cleveland Browns head coaches
Paul Brown (1946–1962)
Blanton Collier (1963–1970)
Nick Skorich (1971–1974)
Forrest Gregg (1975–1977)
Dick Modzelewski # (1977)
Sam Rutigliano (1978–1984)
Marty Schottenheimer (1984–1988)
Bud Carson (1989–1990)
Jim Shofner # (1990)
Bill Belichick (1991–1995)
Inactive (1996–1998)
Chris Palmer (1999–2000)
Butch Davis (2001–2004)
Terry Robiskie # (2004)
Romeo Crennel (2005–2008)
Eric Mangini (2009–2010)
Pat Shurmur (2011–2012)
Rob Chudzinski (2013)
Mike Pettine (2014–2015)
Hue Jackson (2016– )
Pound sign (#) denotes interim head coach
[show]
v
t
e
Current head coaches of the National Football League
American Football Conference
AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West
Sean McDermott (Buffalo Bills)
Adam Gase (Miami Dolphins)
Bill Belichick (New England Patriots)
Todd Bowles (New York Jets)
John Harbaugh (Baltimore Ravens)
Marvin Lewis (Cincinnati Bengals)
Hue Jackson (Cleveland Browns)
Mike Tomlin (Pittsburgh Steelers)
Bill O'Brien (Houston Texans)
Frank Reich (Indianapolis Colts)
Doug Marrone (Jacksonville Jaguars)
Mike Vrabel (Tennessee Titans)
Vance Joseph (Denver Broncos)
Andy Reid (Kansas City Chiefs)
Anthony Lynn (Los Angeles Chargers)
Jon Gruden (Oakland Raiders)
National Football Conference
NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West
Jason Garrett (Dallas Cowboys)
Pat Shurmur (New York Giants)
Doug Pederson (Philadelphia Eagles)
Jay Gruden (Washington Redskins)
Matt Nagy (Chicago Bears)
Matt Patricia (Detroit Lions)
Mike McCarthy (Green Bay Packers)
Mike Zimmer (Minnesota Vikings)
Dan Quinn (Atlanta Falcons)
Ron Rivera (Carolina Panthers)
Sean Payton (New Orleans Saints)
Dirk Koetter (Tampa Bay Buccaneers)
Steve Wilks (Arizona Cardinals)
Sean McVay (Los Angeles Rams)
Kyle Shanahan (San Francisco 49ers)
Pete Carroll (Seattle Seahawks)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Cleveland_Browns_head_coaches&oldid=832958436"
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