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History of Cape Town
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This article is about the history of Cape Town; for the modern-day city, see Cape Town.
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Part of a series on the
History of South Africa
General periods
Before 1652
1652–1815
1815–1910
1910–1948
1948–1994
Since 1994
Specific themes
Economy
Military
Politics
Religion
Slavery
Inventions
See also
Years
Timeline (nl)
South Africa portal
v
t
e
Historical population
Year
Pop.
±%
1658
360 —
1731
3,157 +776.9%
1836
20,000 +533.5%
1875
45,000 +125.0%
1891
67,000 +48.9%
1901
171,000 +155.2%
1950
618,000 +261.4%
1955
705,000 +14.1%
1960
803,000 +13.9%
1965
945,000 +17.7%
1970
1,114,000 +17.9%
1975
1,339,000 +20.2%
1980
1,609,000 +20.2%
1985
1,933,000 +20.1%
1990
2,296,000 +18.8%
1996
2,565,018 +11.7%
2001
2,892,243 +12.8%
2007
3,497,097 +20.9%
2011
3,740,025 +6.9%
2014
3,750,000 +0.3%
Note: Census figures (1996–2011) cover figures after 1994 reflect the greater Cape Town metropolitan municipality reflecting post-1994 reforms. Sources: 1658-1904,[1] 1950-1990,[2]
1996,[3] 2001, and 2011 Census;[4]
2007,[5] 2014 Census estimates.[citation needed]
The area known today as Cape Town has no written history before it was first mentioned by Portuguese explorer Bartholomeu Dias in 1488. The German anthropologist Theophilus Hahn recorded that the original name of the area was '||Hui !Gais' – a toponym in the indigenous Khoe language meaning "where clouds gather."[6] All knowledge of the previous inhabitants of the region was derived from fossil evidence and from rock art in the area.
Contents
[hide]
1 The arrival of Europeans
2 1652: Arrival of the Dutch
3 The 1700s
4 The 1800 and 1900s
5 The apartheid years
6 Recent times
6.1 Water Crisis
7 See also
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links
The arrival of Europeans[edit]
The first Europeans to discover the Cape were the Portuguese. Bartholomeu Dias arrived in 1488 after journeying south along the west coast of Africa. The next recorded European sighting of the Cape was by Vasco da Gama in 1497 while he was searching for a route that would lead directly from Europe to Asia.
Table Mountain was given its name in 1503 by António de Saldanha, a Portuguese admiral and explorer.[7] He called it Taboa da caba ("table of the cape"). The name given to the mountain by the Khoi inhabitants was Hoeri 'kwaggo ("sea mountain")[citation needed].
1652: Arrival of the Dutch[edit]
Rock paintings from the Western Cape
A painting of the arrival of Jan van Riebeeck in Table Bay.
The Dutch merchants set up their tents and huts.
The area fell out of regular contact with Europeans until 1652, when Jan van Riebeeck and other employees of the Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, or simply VOC) were sent to the Cape to establish a halfway station to provide fresh water, vegetables, and meat for passing ships travelling to and from Asia. Van Riebeeck's party of three vessels landed at the cape on 6 April 1652. The Cape was under Dutch rule from 1652 to 1695 and again from 1803 to 1806[8]. The group quickly erected shelters and laid out vegetable gardens and orchards, and are preserved in the Company Gardens. Water from the Fresh River, which descended from Table Mountain, was channelled into canals to provide irrigation. The settlers bartered with the native Khoisan for their sheep and cattle. Forests in Hout Bay and the southern and eastern flanks of Table Mountain provided timber for ships and houses. At this point, the VOC had a monopoly on trade and prohibited any private trade. The Dutch gave their own names to the native inhabitants that they encountered, calling the pastoralists "Hottentots", those that lived on the coast and subsisted on shellfishing "Strandlopers", and those who were hunter-gatherers were named "Bushmen".
The first wave of Asian immigration to South Africa started in 1654. These first immigrants were banished to the Cape by the Dutch Batavian High Court. These Asians helped to form the foundation of the Cape Coloured and Cape Malay populations, as well as bringing Islam to the Cape. The first large territorial expansion occurred in 1657, when farms were granted by the VOC to a few servants in an attempt to increase food production. These farms were situated along the Liesbeeck River and the VOC still retained financial control of them. The first slaves were brought to the Cape from Java and Madagascar in the following year to work on the farms.[9] The first of a long series of border conflicts between the inhabitants in the European-controlled area and native inhabitants began in 1658 when settlers clashed with the Khoi, who realised that they were losing territory.
Work on the Castle of Good Hope, the first permanent European fortification in the area, began in 1666. The new castle replaced the previous wooden fort that Van Riebeeck and his men built. Finally completed in 1679, the castle is the oldest building in South Africa.
Simon van der Stel, after whom the town of Stellenbosch is named, arrived in 1679 to replace Van Riebeeck as governor. Van der Stel founded the Cape wine industry by bringing grape vines with him on his ship, an industry which would quickly grow to be important for the region. He also promoted territorial expansion in the Colony.
The first non-Dutch immigrants to the Cape, the Huguenots, arrived in 1688. The Huguenots had fled from anti-Protestant persecution in Catholic France to the Netherlands, where the VOC offered them free passage to the Cape as well as farmland. The Huguenots brought important experience in wine production to the Cape, greatly bolstering the industry, as well as providing strong cultural roots.
The 1700s[edit]
Map of Cape Town in 1750
By 1754, the population of the settlement on the Cape had reached 5,510 Europeans and 6,729 slaves. But by 1780, France and Great Britain went to war against each other. The Netherlands entered the war on the French side, and thus a small garrison of French troops were sent to the Cape to protect it against the British. These troops, however, left by 1784. By 1795, however, the Netherlands was invaded by France and the VOC was in complete financial ruin. The Prince of Orange fled to England for protection, which allowed for the establishment of the Dutch Batavian Republic. Due to the long time it took to send and receive news from Europe, the Cape Commissioner of the time knew only that the French had been taking territory in the Netherlands and that the Dutch could change sides in the war at any moment. British forces arrived at the Cape bearing a letter from the Prince of Orange asking the Commissioner to allow the British troops to protect the Cape from France until the war. The British informed the Commissioner that the Prince had fled to England. The reaction in the Cape Council was mixed, and eventually the British successfully invaded the Cape in the Battle of Muizenberg. The British immediately announced the beginning of free trade.
As elsewhere in Africa and other parts of the world, trading in slaves was a significant activity. A notable event was the mutiny, in 1766, of the slaves on the slaver ship Meermin.[10][11]
The 1800 and 1900s[edit]
An 1800s map of Cape Town
Under the terms of a peace agreement between Britain and France, the Cape was returned to the Dutch in 1802. Three years later, however, the war resumed and the British returned their garrison to the Cape after defeating Dutch forces at the Battle of Blaauwberg (1806).[12] This period saw major developments for the city, and can be said to be the start of Cape Town as a city in its own right. Taps and iron pipes were installed along major streets in the city. The native inhabitants were forced to declare a fixed residence and were not permitted to move between regions without written permission. The war between France and England ended in 1814 with a British victory. The British drew up a complex treaty whereby pieces of real estate were exchanged for money by various countries. The Cape was permanently taken from the Dutch by the British in return for a large sum of money. In this period, the British saw the control of the Cape as key to their ability to maintain their command in India. The Dutch government was too impoverished and depleted to argue, and agreed with the condition that they be allowed to continue to use the Cape for repairs and refreshment.
The vagrancy and pass laws of 1809 were repealed in 1829. Thus, the Hottentots, in theory, were equal with the Europeans. As in the rest of the British Empire, slaves – estimated to be around 39,000 in number – were emancipated in 1834. This led to the establishment of the Bo-Kaap by a Muslim community after being freed. The Cape Town Legislative Council was also established in the same year. One of the most momentous events in South African history, the Great Trek (Afrikaans: die Groot Trek), began in 1836. About 10,000 Dutch families, for various reasons, left for the north in search of new land, thereby opening up the interior of the country. Further political development occurred in 1840 when the Cape Town Municipality was formed. At its inception, the population stood at 20,016, of which 10,560 were white.
Ensuing political developments now saw gradual moves towards greater independence from Britain and towards a degree of political inclusiveness. In 1854, the Cape Colony elected its first parliament, on the basis of the multiracial Cape Qualified Franchise, whereby suffrage qualifications applied universally, regardless of race. After a long political struggle, this was followed by responsible government in 1872, when the Cape won the right to elect its own locally-accountable executive and Prime Minister. A period of strong economic growth and social development ensued, with a rapid expansion of the Cape Government Railways and other infrastructure, connecting Cape Town to the Cape's vast interior.[13]
View of Wale Street, Cape Town c. 1905
The discovery and subsequent exploitation of diamonds and gold in the former Transvaal region in the central highveld in the 1870s and 1880s led to rapid change in Cape Town, as well as in Cape Colony as a whole. In particular, the rise to power of the ambitious colonialist Cecil Rhodes, fueled by the new diamond industry, led to great instability. On becoming the Cape's new Prime Minister, he restricted the multiracial Cape franchise, and instigated a rapid expansion of British influence into the hinterland. A rise in inter-ethnic tensions ensued, followed by the Anglo-Boer War.[14]
As the city of Johannesburg grew from the gold fields, Cape Town lost its position as the single dominant city in the region, but, as the primary port, it nonetheless benefitted from the increased trade to the region. The mineral wealth generated in this period laid the foundation for an industrialised society. This period marked the first incident of segregation in the city. Following an outbreak of bubonic plague which was blamed on the native Africans, the natives were moved to two locations outside of the city, one of which was near the docks and the other at Ndabeni, about six km east of the city.
The apartheid years[edit]
The latter settlement was the start of what would later develop into the townships of the Cape Flats. In 1948, the National Party stood for election on its policy of racial segregation, later known as apartheid. After a series of bitter court and constitutional battles, the already limited voting rights of the Coloured community in Cape Province were revoked. In 1966, the once-vibrant District Six area was bulldozed and declared a white-only area.[15] This and many similar declarations under the Group Areas Act resulted in whole communities being uprooted and relocated to the Cape Flats.
Under apartheid, the Cape was considered a "Coloured labour preference area", to the exclusion of Black Africans. The government tried for decades to remove largely Xhosa squatter camps, such as Crossroads, which were the focal point for black resistance in the Cape area to the policies of apartheid. In the last forced removal, between May and June 1986, an estimated 70,000 people were expelled from their homes.
Recent times[edit]
Hours after being released from prison on 11 February 1990, Nelson Mandela made his first public speech in decades from the balcony of the Cape Town City Hall, heralding the beginning of a new era for South Africa.
In late August 1998, a terrorist explosion rocked the city's packed Planet Hollywood restaurant, killing one and injuring dozens.[16]
Water Crisis[edit]
Main article: Cape Town water crisis
Beginning in 2015, Cape Town entered a drought that lasted into 2018. As of 5 March 2018[update] the city is expected to run out of water on July 9, 2018, dubbed "Day Zero", when most of the city's water will be shut off.[17]
See also[edit]
South Africa portal
Timeline of Cape Town history
Greenmarket Square
Autshumato
Krotoa
Trams in Cape Town
Trolleybuses in Cape Town
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Worden, Nigel; van Hyningen, Elizabeth; Bickford-Smith, Vivian (1998). Cape Town: The Making of a City. Claremont, Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip Publishers. p. 212. ISBN 0-86486-435-3.
Jump up ^ "Population estimates for Cape Town, South Africa, 1950-2015". Mongabay.com. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Census 96 : Community Profile". City of Cape Town. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "City of Cape Town – 2011 Census – Cape Town" (PDF). City of Cape Town. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Small, Karen (December 2008). "Demographic and Socio-economic Trends for Cape Town: 1996 to 2007" (PDF). City of Cape Town. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Hahn, T. Tsuni-IIGoam: The Supreme Being of the Khoi-Khoi, Trübner's Oriental Series, 1881
Jump up ^ http://www.cape-town.info/cape-town-information/history-of-cape-town/
Jump up ^ J. A. Heese, Die Herkoms van die Afrikaner 1657 - 1867. A. A. Balkema, Kaapstad, 1971. CD Colin Pretorius 2013. ISBN 978-1-920429-13-3. Bladsy 15.
Jump up ^ "Slavery and early colonisation in South Africa". South African History Online. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Slave Ship Munity". PBS. 11 November 2010. Retrieved 2011-10-14.
Jump up ^ "The Slave Mutiny on the slaver ship Meermin". Cape Slavery Heritage. 26 March 2008. Retrieved 2011-10-14.
Jump up ^ Morris, Michael; John Linnegar (2004). Every Step of the Way: The Journey to Freedom in South Africa. Ministry of Education. pp. 58–95. ISBN 0-7969-2061-3.
Jump up ^ McCracken, J.L. "The Cape Parliament, 1854-1910". Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1967. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Mbenga, Bernard. "New History of South Africa". Tafelberg, South Africa, 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Recalling District Six". SouthAfrica.info. 19 August 2003.
Jump up ^ "FBI joins Planet Hollywood inquiry". BBC News. 26 August 1998. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Evans, Jenni (5 March 2018). "Cape Town winning Day Zero battle, but City warns residents to keep saving". News24. 24.com. Retrieved 6 March 2018. ... Day Zero has been pushed back again – this time from July 9 to July 15.
Bibliography[edit]
See also: Timeline of Cape Town § Bibliography
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Cape Town.
Cape Town History in Photos
Cape Town History in Art
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Province of the Western Cape
Capital and largest city: Cape Town
Population: 5,822,734 (2011)
Land area: 129,462 km2
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North Korea–South Korea relations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
North Korea–South Korea relations

North Korea

South Korea
Diplomatic Mission
None
Ministry of Unification, Seoul
Inter-Korean relations
Hangul
남북 관계
Hanja
南北關係
Revised Romanization
Nambuk gwan-gye
McCune–Reischauer
Nampuk kwan'gye
North Korean Supreme Leader Kim Jong-un (left) and South Korean President Moon Jae-in (right).
North Korea–South Korea relations or DPRK-ROK relations, Inter-Korean relations are the political, commercial, diplomatic, and military interactions between Republic of Korea, abbreviated as ROK, commonly known as "South Korea", and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, abbreviated as DPRK, commonly known as "North Korea".
The relations began in 1945 with the division of Korea at the end of World War II. Since then, the DPRK and ROK have been locked in a conflict which erupted into open warfare in 1950 with the Korean War and which has continued ever since, thwarting the goal of Korean reunification.
According to a 2014 BBC World Service poll, 3% of South Koreans view North Korea's influence positively, with 91% expressing a negative view, making South Korea, after Japan, the country with the most negative feelings of North Korea in the world.[1] However, a 2014 government-funded survey found 13% of South Koreans viewed North Korea as hostile, and 58% of South Koreans believed North Korea was a country they should cooperate with.[2]
According to a 2017 Korea Institute for National Unification, 58% of South Korean citizens had responded that unification is necessary. The number had declined as 62% of South Korean citizens thought unification is necessary in 2016. Among the respondents of the 2017 survey, 14% said 'we really need unification' while 44% said 'we kind of need the unification'. Regarding the survey question of 'Do we still need unification even if ROK and DPRK could peacefully coexist?', 46% agreed and 32% disagreed.[3]
In 2018, beginning with North Korea's participation in the Winter Olympics in South Korea, the relationship has seen a major diplomatic breakthrough. The same year, the two countries signed the Panmunjeom Declaration for Peace, Prosperity and Unification of the Korean Peninsula.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Country comparison
2 Division of Korea
3 Korean War
4 Cold War
5 Sunshine and shadow
6 Sunshine policy ends
6.1 Lee Myung-bak government
6.2 Park Geun-hye government
7 Thaw at the Winter Games
8 2018 Inter-Korean Summit
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Country comparison[edit]
Common name
North Korea
South Korea
Official name
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Republic of Korea
Native Name
조선민주주의인민공화국
朝鮮民主主義人民共和國
Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk
대한민국
大韓民國
Daehan Minguk
Coat of arms
Flag
Population 25,115,311 51,446,201
Area 120,540 km2 (46,540 sq mi) 100,210 km2 (38,690 sq mi)
Population density 202/km2 (520/sq mi) 507/km2 (1,310/sq mi)
Time zones 1 (Pyongyang time) 1 (Korean Standard Time)
Capital Pyongyang Seoul
Largest city Pyongyang – 2,581,076 Seoul – 10,464,051 (25,650,063 Metro)
Government Unitary Juche one-party
totalitarian socialist republic Unitary presidential
democratic constitutional republic
Established 9 September 1948 15 August 1948
First leader Kim Il-sung Rhee Syng-man
Current leader Kim Jong-un, WPK
Supreme Leader[5]
Kim Yong-nam, WPK
President of the Presidium[6]
Pak Pong-ju, WPK
Premier Moon Jae-in, Democratic
President
Lee Nak-yeon, Democratic
Prime Minister
Legislature Supreme People's Assembly
Chairman: Choe Thae-bok, WPK
Vice Chairman: Kim Wan-su
Vice Chairman: Hong Son-ok National Assembly
Speaker: Chung Sye-kyun, Independent
Vice Speaker: Shim Jae-chul, Liberty Korea
Vice Speaker: Park Ju-seon People's Party
Judiciary Supreme Court
President: Pak Myong-chol Constitutional Court
President: Lee Jin-sung
Supreme Court
Chief Justice: Kim Myeong-soo
Official languages Korean Korean
Official script Chosŏn'gŭl Hangul
Division of Korea[edit]
Main article: Division of Korea
Kim Il-sung in Pyongyang, 1946, under portraits of himself and Stalin.
Syngman Rhee and Douglas MacArthur at the ceremony inaugurating the government of the Republic of Korea.
The Korean peninsula had been occupied by Japan from 1910. On August 9, 1945, in the closing days of World War Two, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and advanced into Korea. Though the Soviet declaration of war had been agreed by the Allies at the Yalta Conference, the US government became concerned at the prospect of all of Korea falling under Soviet control. The US government therefore requested Soviet forces halt their advance at the 38th parallel north, leaving the south of the peninsula, including the capital, Seoul, to be occupied by the US. This was incorporated into General Order No. 1 to Japanese forces after the Surrender of Japan on August 15. On August 24, the Red Army entered Pyongyang and established a military government over Korea north of the parallel. American forces landed in the south on September 8 and established the United States Army Military Government in Korea.[7]
The Allies had originally envisaged a joint trusteeship which would steer Korea towards independence, but most Korean nationalists wanted independence immediately.[8] Meanwhile, the wartime co-operation between the Soviet Union and the US deteriorated as the Cold War took hold. Both occupying powers began promoting into positions of authority Koreans aligned with their side of politics and marginalizing their opponents. Many of these emerging political leaders were returning exiles with little popular support.[9][10] In North Korea, the Soviet Union supported Korean Communists. Kim Il-sung, who from 1941 had served in the Soviet Army, became the major political figure.[11] Society was centralized and collectivized, following the Soviet model.[12] Politics in the South was more tumultuous, but the strongly anti-Communist Syngman Rhee emerged as the most prominent politician.[13]
The US government took the issue to the United Nations, which led to the formation of the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea (UNTCOK) in 1947. The Soviet Union opposed this move and refused to allow UNTCOK to operate in the North. UNTCOK organised a general election in the South, which was held on May 10, 1948.[14] The Republic of Korea was established with Syngman Rhee as President, and formally replaced the US military occupation on August 15. In North Korea, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was declared on September 9, with Kim Il-sung, as prime minister. Soviet occupation forces left the North on December 10, 1948. US forces left the South the following year, though the US Korean Military Advisory Group remained to train the Republic of Korea Army.[15]
As a result, two antagonistic states emerged, with diametrically opposed political, economic, and social systems. Both opposing governments considered themselves to be the government of the whole of Korea, and both saw the division as temporary.[16][17] The DPRK proclaimed Seoul to be its official capital, a position not changed until 1972.[18]
Korean War[edit]
Main article: Korean War
Delegates sign the Korean Armistice Agreement in P'anmunjŏm.
North Korea invaded the South on June 25, 1950, and swiftly overran most of the country. In September 1950 the United Nations force, led by the United States, intervened to defend the South, and advanced into North Korea. As they neared the border with China, Chinese forces intervened on behalf of North Korea, shifting the balance of the war again. Fighting ended on July 27, 1953, with an armistice that approximately restored the original boundaries between North and South Korea.[19] Syngman Rhee refused to sign the armistice, but reluctantly agreed to abide by it.[20] The armistice inaugurated an official ceasefire but did not lead to a peace treaty. It established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), a buffer zone between the two sides, that intersected the 38th parallel but did not follow it.[20] North Korea has announced that it will no longer abide by the armistice at least six times, in the years 1994, 1996, 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2013.[21][22]
Large numbers of people were displaced as a result of the war, and many families were divided by the reconstituted border. In 2007 it was estimated that around 750,000 people remained separated from immediate family members, and family reunions have long been a diplomatic priority for the South.[23]
Cold War[edit]
South Korean student activist Lim Su-kyung meeting Kim Il-sung in 1989. She was jailed on her return home.
Competition between North and South Korea became key to decision-making on both sides. For example, the construction of the Pyongyang Metro spurred the construction of one in Seoul.[24] In the 1980s, the South Korean government built a 98m tall flagpole in its village of Daeseong-dong in the DMZ. In response, North Korea built a 160m tall flagpole in its nearby village of Kijŏng-dong.[25]
Tensions escalated in the late 1960s with a series of low-level armed clashes known as the Korean DMZ Conflict. During this time South Korea launched covert raids on the North.[26][27] On January 21, 1968, North Koreans commandos attacked the South Korean Blue House. On December 11, 1969, a South Korean airliner was hijacked.
During preparations for US President Nixon's visit to China in 1972, South Korean President Park Chung-hee initiated covert contact with the North's Kim Il-sung.[28] In August 1971, the first Red Cross talks between North and South Korea were held.[29] Many of the participants were really intelligence or party officials.[30] In May 1972, Lee Hu-rak, the director of the Korean CIA, secretly met with Kim Il-sung in Pyongyang. Kim apologized for the Blue House Raid, denying he had approved it.[31] In return, North Korea's deputy premier Pak Song-chol made a secret visit to Seoul.[32] On July 4, 1972, the North-South Joint Statement was issued. The statement announced the Three Principles of Reunification: first, reunification must be solved independently without interference from or reliance on foreign powers; second, reunification must be realized in a peaceful way without use of armed forces against each other; finally, reunification transcend the differences of ideologies and institutions to promote the unification of Korea as one ethnic group.[29][33] It also established the first "hotline" between the two sides.[34]
North Korea suspended talks in 1973 after the kidnapping of South Korean opposition leader Kim Dae-jung by the Korean CIA.[28][35] Talks restarted, however, and between 1973 and 1975 there were 10 meetings of the North-South Coordinating Committee at Panmunjom.[36]
In the late 1970s, US President Jimmy Carter hoped to achieve peace in Korea. However, his plans were derailed because of the unpopularity of his proposed withdrawal of troops.[37]
In 1983, a North Korean proposal for three-way talks with the United States and South Korea coincided with the Rangoon assassination attempt against the South Korean President.[38] This contradictory behavior has never been explained.[39]
In September 1984, North Korea's Red Cross sent emergency supplies to the South after severe floods.[28] Talks resumed, resulting in the first reunion of separated families in 1985, as well as a series of cultural exchanges.[28][40] Goodwill dissipated with the staging of the US-South Korean military exercise, Team Spirit, in 1986.[41]
Korean Unification Flag
When Seoul was chosen to host the 1988 Summer Olympics, North Korea tried to arrange a boycott by its Communist allies or a joint hosting of the Games.[42] This failed, and the bombing of Korean Air Flight 858 in 1987 was seen as North Korea's response.[43] However, at the same time, amid a global thawing of the Cold War, the newly elected South Korean President Roh Tae-woo launched a diplomatic initiative known as Nordpolitik. This proposed the interim development of a "Korean Community", which was similar to a North Korean proposal for a confederation.[44] From September 4 to 7, 1990, high-level talks were held in Seoul, at the same time that the North was protesting about the Soviet Union normalizing relations with the South. These talks led in 1991 to the Agreement on Reconciliation, Non-Aggression, Exchanges and Cooperation and the Joint Declaration on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.[45][46] This coincided with the admission of both North and South Korea into the United Nations.[47] Meanwhile, on March 25, 1991, a unified Korean team first used the Korean Unification Flag at the World Table Tennis Competition in Japan, and on May 6, 1991, a unified team competed at the World Youth Football Competition in Portugal.
There were limits to the thaw in relations, however. In 1989, Lim Su-kyung, a South Korean student activist who participated in the World Youth Festival in Pyongyang, was jailed on her return.[47]
Sunshine and shadow[edit]
The end of the Cold War brought economic crisis to North Korea and led to expectations that reunification was imminent.[48][49] North Koreans began to flee to the South in increasing numbers. According to official statistics there were 561 defectors living in South Korea in 1995, and over 10,000 in 2007.[50] At the same time, concern over North Korea's nuclear program led in 1994 to the Agreed Framework between the US and North Korea.[51]
In 1998, South Korean President Kim Dae-jung announced a Sunshine Policy towards North Korea. Despite a naval clash in 1999, this led in June, 2000, to the first Inter-Korean summit, between Kim Dae-jung and Kim Jong-il.[52] As a result, Kim Dae-jung was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[53] The summit was followed in August by a family reunion.[40] In September, the North and South Korean teams marched together at the Sydney Olympics.[54] Trade increased to the point where South Korea became North Korea's largest trading partner.[55] Starting in 1998, the Mount Kumgang Tourist Region was developed as a joint venture between the North Korean government and Hyundai.[56] In 2003, the Kaesong Industrial Region was established to allow South Korean businesses to invest in the North.[57]
US President George W Bush, however, did not support the Sunshine Policy and in 2002 branded North Korea as a member of an Axis of Evil.[58][59]
Continuing concerns about North Korea's potential to develop nuclear missiles led in 2003 to the six-party talks that included North Korea, South Korea, the USA, Russia, China, and Japan.[60] In 2006, however, North Korea resumed testing missiles and on October 9 conducted its first nuclear test.[61]
The June 15, 2000 Joint Declaration that the two leaders signed during the first South-North summit stated that they would hold the second summit at an appropriate time. It was originally envisaged that the second summit would be held in South Korea, but that did not eventuate. South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun walked across the Korean Demilitarized Zone on October 2, 2007 and travelled on to Pyongyang for talks with Kim Jong-il.[62][63][64][65] The two sides reaffirmed the spirit of the June 15 Joint Declaration and had discussions on various issues related to realizing the advancement of South-North relations, peace on the Korean Peninsula, common prosperity of the people and the unification of Korea. On October 4, 2007, South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun and North Korean leader Kim Jong-il signed the peace declaration. The document called for international talks to replace the Armistice which ended the Korean War with a permanent peace treaty.[66]
During this period, the political developments were reflected in art. The films, Shiri in 1999 and Joint Security Area in 2000, gave sympathetic representations of North Koreans.[67][68]
Sunshine policy ends[edit]
Lee Myung-bak government[edit]
The Korean DMZ in 2012, viewed from the north.
The Sunshine Policy was formally abandoned by the new South Korean President Lee Myung-bak in 2010.[69]
On March 26, 2010, the 1,500-ton ROKS Cheonan with a crew of 104, sank off Baengnyeong Island in the Yellow Sea. Seoul said there was an explosion at the stern, and was investigating whether a torpedo attack was the cause. Out of 104 sailors, 46 died and 58 were rescued. South Korean President Lee Myung-bak convened an emergency meeting of security officials and ordered the military to focus on rescuing the sailors.[70][71] On May 20, 2010, a team of international researchers published results claiming that the sinking had been caused by a North Korean torpedo; North Korea rejected the findings.[72] South Korea agreed with the findings from the research group and President Lee Myung-bak declared afterwards that Seoul would cut all trade with North Korea as part of measures primarily aimed at striking back at North Korea diplomatically and financially.[73] North Korea denied all such allegations and responded by severing ties between the countries and announced it abrogated the previous non-aggression agreement.[74]
On November 23 2010, North Korea's artillery fired at South Korea's Yeonpyeong island in the Yellow Sea and South Korea returned fire. Two South Korean marines and two civilians were killed, more than a dozen were wounded, including three civilians. About 10 North Koreans were believed to be killed; however the North Korean government denies this. The town was evacuated and South Korea warned of stern retaliation, with President Lee Myung-bak ordering the destruction of a nearby North Korea missile base if further provocation should occur.[75] The official North Korean news agency, KCNA, stated that North Korea only fired after the South had "recklessly fired into our sea area".[76]
In 2011 it was revealed that North Korea abducted four high-ranking South Korean military officers in 1999.[77]
Park Geun-hye government[edit]
On December 12, 2012, North Korea launched the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2, a scientific and technological satellite, and it reached orbit.[78][79][80] In response, the United States reployed its warships in the region.[81] January–September 2013 saw an escalation of tensions between North Korea and South Korea, the United States, and Japan that began because of United Nations Security Council Resolution 2087, which condemned North Korea for the launch of Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2. The crisis was marked by extreme escalation of rhetoric by the new North Korean administration under Kim Jong-un and actions suggesting imminent nuclear attacks against South Korea, Japan, and the United States.[82]
On March 24, 2014, a crashed North Korean drone was found near Paju, the onboard cameras contained pictures of the Blue House and military installations near the DMZ. On March 31, following an exchange of artillery fire into the waters of the NLL, a North Korean drone was found crashed on Baengnyeongdo.[83][84] On September 15, wreckage of a suspected North Korean drone was found by a fisherman in the waters near Baengnyeongdo, the drone was reported to be similar to one of the North Korean drones which had crashed in March 2014.[85]
On January 1, 2015, Kim Jong-un, in his New Year's address to the country, stated that he was willing to resume higher-level talks with the South.[86]
In the first week of August 2015, a mine went off at the DMZ, wounding two South Korean soldiers. The South Korean government accused the North of planting the mine, which the North denied. After that South Korea restarted propaganda broadcasts to the North.[87]
On August 20, 2015, North Korea fired a shell on the city of Yeoncheon. South Korea launched several artillery rounds in response. There were no casualties in the South, but some local residents evacuated.[88] The shelling caused both countries to adopt pre-war statuses and a talk that was held by high level officials in the Panmunjeom to relieve tensions on August 22, 2015, and the talks carried over to the next day.[89] Nonetheless while talks were going on, North Korea deployed over 70 percent of their submarines, which increased the tension once more on August 23, 2015.[90] Talks continued into the next day and finally concluded on August 25 when both parties reached an agreement and military tensions were eased.
Despite peace talks between South Korea and North Korea on September 9, 2016 regarding the North's missile test, North Korea continued to progress with its missile testing. North Korea carried out its fifth nuclear test as part of the state's 68th anniversary since its founding.[91] In response South Korea revealed that it had a a plan to assassinate Kim Jong-un.[92]
Thaw at the Winter Games[edit]
Kim Jong-un meeting with South Korean envoys at the Workers' Party of Korea main building, 6 March 2018
In May 2017 Moon Jae-in was elected President of South Korea with a promise to return to the Sunshine Policy.[93] In his New Year address for 2018, North Korean leader Kim Jong-un proposed sending a delegation to the upcoming Winter Olympics in South Korea.[94] The Seoul–Pyongyang hotline was reopened after almost two years.[95] North and South Korea marched together in the Olympics opening ceremony and fielded a united women's ice hockey team.[96] As well as the athletes, North Korea sent an unprecedented high-level delegation, headed by Kim Yo-jong, sister of Kim Jong-un, and President Kim Yong-nam, and including performers like the Samjiyon Orchestra.[97] The delegation passed on an invitation to President Moon to visit North Korea.[97] Following the Olympics, authorities of the two countries raised the possibility that they could host the 2021 Asian Winter Games together.[98] Some political analysts expressed scepticism with Kim Jong-un's peace overture.[99]
2018 Inter-Korean Summit[edit]
In March, a South Korean delegation met Kim Jong-un in Pyongyang and then traveled to Washington to pass on an invitation to President Donald Trump to have a meeting with Kim.[100] On 1 April, South Korean K-pop stars performed a concert in Pyongyang entitled "Spring is Coming", which was attended by Kim Jong-un and his wife.[101] Meanwhile, propaganda broadcasts appear to have stopped on both sides.[102] On 27 April the 2018 inter-Korean summit began between President Moon Jae-in of South Korea and Kim Jong-un of North Korea. It was also the first time since the Korean War that a North Korean leader had entered South Korean territory.[103] The summit ended with both countries pledging to work towards complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.[104][105] As part of the Panmunjom Declaration which was signed by leaders of both countries, both sides also called for the end of longstanding military activities in the region of the Korean border and a reunification of both Koreas.[4]
See also[edit]
North Korea portal
South Korea portal
Korea portal
June 15th North–South Joint Declaration
Northern Limit Line
List of border incidents involving North Korea
North Korea–South Korea football rivalry
2017–18 North Korea crisis
North Korea–United States relations
North Korea–Russia relations
China–North Korea relations
Russia–South Korea relations
South Korea–United States relations
China–South Korea relations
Korean conflict
Sunshine Policy
Inter-Korean summit
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Jump up ^ "South Korea: Drones 'confirmed as North Korean'". BBC News. 8 May 2014. Archived from the original on 16 September 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "South Korea finds wreckage in sea of suspected North Korean drone". Reuters. 15 September 2014. Archived from the original on 16 September 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Yahoo! News". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.
Jump up ^ "Land Mine Blast South Korea Threatens North with Retaliation". Archived from the original on 2015-08-13.
Jump up ^ "South Korea evacuation after shelling on western border". 20 August 2015. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015 – via www.bbc.com.
Jump up ^ "Rival Koreas Restart Talks, Pull Back from Brink for Now". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.
Jump up ^ "North Korea Deploys Submarines while Talks with Seoul Resume". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.
Jump up ^ Kim, Jack (10 September 2016). "South Korea says North's nuclear capability 'speeding up', calls for action". Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Hancocks, Paula (23 September 2016). "South Korea reveals it has a plan to assassinate Kim Jong Un". CNN. Archived from the original on 26 September 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "South Korea's likely next president warns the U.S. not to meddle in its democracy". Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Kim Jong Un offers rare olive branch to South Korea CNN. By Alanne Orjoux and Steve George. January 2, 2018. Downloaded January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kim, Hyung-Jin (3 January 2018). "North Korea reopens cross-border communication channel with South Korea". Chicago Tribune. AP. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Gregory, Sean; Gangneug (10 February 2018). "'Cheer Up!' North Korean Cheerleaders Rally Unified Women's Hockey Team During 8-0 Loss". Time.
^ Jump up to: a b Ji, Dagyum (12 February 2018). "Delegation visit shows N. Korea can take "drastic" steps to improve relations: MOU". NK News.
Jump up ^ "North Korea could co-host 2021 Asian Games with South, official says". The Guardian. 20 February 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
Jump up ^ What's behind Kim Jong-un's peace overture? The Korea Times. Jan. 9, 2018. By Kim Jae-kyoung. Downloaded Feb. 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Richardson, Matt (2018-03-08). "Trump will accept Kim Jong Un's invitation to meet, White House says". Fox News. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
Jump up ^ Kim, Christine; Yang, Heekyong (2 April 2018). "North Korea's Kim Jong Un, wife, watch South Korean K-pop stars perform in Pyongyang". Reuters.
Jump up ^ Tan, Yvette (25 April 2018). "North and South Korea: The petty side of diplomacy". BBC.
Jump up ^ "Location of planned inter-Korean summit hints at changes in North Korea strategy, say experts". The Straits Times. 8 March 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Sang-Hun, Choe (2018-04-27). "North and South Korea Set Bold Goals: A Final Peace and No Nuclear Arms". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
Jump up ^ Kim, Christine. "Korean leaders aim for end of war, 'complete denuclearisation'..." U.S. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relations of North Korea and South Korea.
Inter-Korean Relations: Past, Present and Future (Introduction) – cfr.org[permanent dead link]
Inter-Korean Relations: Past, Present and Future (Panel 1) – cfr.org
ROK and Inter-Korean relations
Eating the Oxen of the Sun – The Odyssey of Unification
Inter-Korean tensions: ideology first, at any cost? by Alain Nass (expert on Asia and Korea), Asia & Pacific Network, October 2011
Research Council on Unification Policy [1]
Korea institute of national unification [2]
Brookings Institution [3]
New York Times on North Korea [4]
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