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Chicago Tylenol murders
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Chicago Tylenol Killings
Location
Chicago metropolitan area, United States
Date
September 29/30, 1982
Target
Tylenol consumers
Attack type
Poisoning, mass murder
Weapons
Cyanide poison
Deaths
7
Perpetrator
Unknown
Motive
Unknown
The Chicago Tylenol murders were a series of poisoning deaths resulting from drug tampering in the Chicago metropolitan area in 1982. The victims had all taken Tylenol-branded acetaminophen capsules that had been laced with potassium cyanide.[1] A total of seven people died in the original poisonings, with several more deaths in subsequent copycat crimes.
These incidents led to reforms in the packaging of over-the-counter substances and to federal anti-tampering laws. The actions of Johnson & Johnson to reduce deaths and warn the public of poisoning risks have been widely praised as an exemplary public relations response to such a crisis.[2]
No suspect was ever charged or convicted of the poisonings. New York City resident James William Lewis was considered the prime suspect, and was convicted of extortion for sending a letter to Johnson & Johnson that took credit for the deaths and demanded $1 million to stop them.
Contents
[hide]
1 Incidents
2 Investigations
2.1 Suspects
2.2 Ongoing investigations
3 Aftermath
3.1 Copycats
3.2 Johnson & Johnson response
3.3 Pharmaceutical changes
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Incidents[edit]
On the morning of September 29, 1982, twelve-year-old Mary Kellerman of Elk Grove Village, Illinois, died after taking a capsule of Extra-Strength Tylenol.[3] Elsewhere in the Chicago area, Adam Janus of Arlington Heights, Illinois, died in hospital later that day, for unknown reasons at first—which would later be discovered as including the ingestion of Tylenol. Shortly thereafter, Adam Janus' brother, Stanley, and sister-in-law, Theresa, of Lisle, Illinois, also died sometime after gathering to mourn his death. Investigations later revealed they had also consumed pills from the same Tylenol bottle.[3] In the coming days, Mary McFarland of Elmhurst, Illinois, Paula Prince of Chicago, and Mary Reiner of Winfield also died in similar incidents.[4][5] Subsequent investigations by police soon discovered a common denominator: all the victims had recently taken Tylenol. Tylenol samples from each case were examined, and discovered to have been tainted with cyanide. Having now determined the cause of death, police issued urgent warnings via the media, and also sent patrols through the greater Chicago metropolitan area and suburbs issuing warnings over loudspeakers to discontinue use of all Tylenol products.
Police, knowing that various sources of Tylenol were tampered with, ruled out manufacturers, as the tampered-with bottles came from different pharmaceutical companies—and the seven deaths had all occurred in the Chicago area, so sabotage during production, was ruled out. Instead, police concluded that they were likely looking for a culprit who was believed to have acquired bottles of Tylenol from various retail outlets.[3] Furthermore, they concluded the source was most likely supermarkets and drug stores, over a period of several weeks, with the culprit likely adding the cyanide to the capsules, then methodically returning to the stores to place the bottles back on the shelves. In addition to the five bottles that led to the victims' deaths, three other tampered-with bottles were later discovered.
In a concerted effort to reassure the public, Johnson & Johnson distributed warnings to hospitals and distributors and halted Tylenol production and advertising. On October 5, 1982, it issued a nationwide recall of Tylenol products; an estimated 31 million bottles were in circulation, with a retail value of over US $100 million.[6] The company also advertised in the national media for individuals not to consume any of its products that contained acetaminophen after it was determined that only these capsules had been tampered with. Johnson & Johnson offered to exchange all Tylenol capsules already purchased by the public for solid tablets.
Investigations[edit]
Suspects[edit]
During the initial investigations, a man named James William Lewis sent a letter to Johnson & Johnson demanding $1 million to stop the cyanide-induced murders. Police were unable to link him with the crimes, as he and his wife were living in New York City at the time. He was convicted of extortion, served 13 years of a 20-year sentence, and was released in 1995 on parole. WCVB Channel 5 of Boston reported that court documents, released in early 2009, "show Department of Justice investigators concluded Lewis was responsible for the poisonings, despite the fact that they did not have enough evidence to charge him". Lewis has consistently denied all responsibility for the poisonings for several years.[7][8]
A second man, Roger Arnold, was investigated and cleared of the killings. He had a nervous breakdown due to the media attention, which he blamed on Marty Sinclair, a bar owner. In the summer of 1983, Arnold shot and killed John Stanisha, whom he mistook for Sinclair. Stanisha was an unrelated man who did not know Arnold.[9] Arnold was convicted in January 1984 and served 15 years of a 30-year sentence for second-degree murder. He died in June 2008.
In early 1983, at the FBI's request, Chicago Tribune columnist Bob Greene published the address and grave location of the first and youngest victim, Mary Kellerman. The story – written with the Kellerman family's consent – was proposed by FBI criminal analyst John Douglas on the theory that the perpetrator might visit the house or gravesite if he were made aware of their locations. Both sites were kept under 24-hour surveillance for several months, but the killer did not surface.[10]
Laurie Dann, who poisoned and shot people in a May 1988 rampage in and around Winnetka, Illinois, was briefly considered as a suspect, but no direct connection was found.[11]
Ongoing investigations[edit]
In early January 2009, Illinois authorities renewed the investigation. Federal agents searched the home of James Lewis in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and seized a number of items.[12] In Chicago, an FBI spokesman declined to comment but said "we'll have something to release later possibly".[13] Law enforcement officials have received a number of tips related to the case coinciding with its anniversary. In a written statement,[14] the FBI explained,
This review was prompted, in part, by the recent 25th anniversary of this crime and the resulting publicity. Further, given the many recent advances in forensic technology, it was only natural that a second look be taken at the case and recovered evidence.
In January 2010, both Lewis and his wife submitted DNA samples and fingerprints to authorities.[8] Lewis stated "if the FBI plays it fair, I have nothing to worry about".[8]
On May 19, 2011, the FBI requested DNA samples from "Unabomber" Ted Kaczynski in connection to the Tylenol murders. Kaczynski denied having ever possessed potassium cyanide.[15] The first four Unabomber crimes happened in Chicago and its suburbs from 1978 to 1980, and Kaczynski's parents had a suburban Chicago home in Lombard, Illinois, in 1982, where he stayed occasionally.[16]
In 2011, Scott Bartz, a Johnson & Johnson whistle-blower and former employee, claimed the poisoned Tylenol had actually been tampered with somewhere along the repackaging and distribution links in Tylenol’s supply chain, rather than at retail locations.[17]
Aftermath[edit]
Copycats[edit]
Hundreds of copycat attacks involving Tylenol, other over-the-counter medications, and other products also took place around the United States immediately following the Chicago deaths.[3][18]
Three more deaths occurred in 1986 from tampered gelatin capsules.[19] A woman died in Yonkers, New York, after ingesting "Extra-Strength Tylenol capsules laced with cyanide".[20] Excedrin capsules in Washington state were tampered with, resulting in the deaths of Susan Snow and Bruce Nickell from cyanide poisoning and the eventual arrest and conviction of Nickell's wife, Stella, of crimes connected to both deaths[21] That same year, Procter & Gamble's Encaprin was recalled after a spiking hoax in Chicago and Detroit that resulted in a precipitous sales drop and a withdrawal of the pain reliever from the market.[22]
Johnson & Johnson response[edit]
Johnson & Johnson received positive coverage for its handling of the crisis; for example, an article in The Washington Post said, "Johnson & Johnson has effectively demonstrated how a major business ought to handle a disaster". The article further stated that "this is no Three Mile Island accident in which the company's response did more damage than the original incident", and applauded the company for being honest with the public.[23] In addition to issuing the recall, the company established relations with the Chicago Police Department, the FBI, and the Food and Drug Administration. This way it could have a part in searching for the person who laced the capsules and they could help prevent further tamperings.[24] While at the time of the scare the company's market share collapsed from thirty-five percent to eight percent, it rebounded in less than a year, a move credited to the company's prompt and aggressive reaction. In November, it reintroduced capsules but in a new, triple-sealed package, coupled with heavy price promotions and within several years, Tylenol had the highest market share for the over-the-counter analgesic in the U.S.[25]
Pharmaceutical changes[edit]
The 1982 incident inspired the pharmaceutical, food, and consumer product industries to develop tamper-resistant packaging, such as induction seals and improved quality control methods. Moreover, product tampering was made a federal crime.[26] The new laws resulted in Stella Nickell's conviction in the Excedrin tampering case, for which she was sentenced to ninety years in prison.[21]
Additionally, the incident prompted the pharmaceutical industry to move away from capsules, which were easy to contaminate as a foreign substance could be placed inside without obvious signs of tampering. Within the year, the FDA introduced more stringent regulations to avoid product tampering. This led to the eventual replacement of the capsule with the solid "caplet", a tablet made in the shape of a capsule, as a drug delivery form and with the addition of tamper-evident safety-seals to bottles of many sorts.[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Douglas, John E.; Olshaker, Mark (1999). The Anatomy of Motive – The FBI's Legendary Mindhunter Explores the Key to Understanding and Catching Violent Criminals. New York City: Scribner. pp. 103–104. ISBN 0-684-84598-9. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "5 Crisis Management Truths from the Tylenol Murders". 4 October 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Markel, Howard (September 29, 2014). "How the Tylenol murders of 1982 changed the way we consume medication". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Douglas, 106.
Jump up ^ Bell, Rachael. "The Tylenol Terrorist". Crime Library. truTV.
Jump up ^ Emsley, John. Molecules of Murder: Criminal Molecular and Classic Cases. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2008, p. 174.
Jump up ^ "Feds Convinced Lewis Was Tylenol Killer". WCVB-TV. February 12, 2009. Archived from the original on October 30, 2011. Retrieved May 12, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lavoie, Denise (January 11, 2010). "Friend: Tylenol Suspect Submits DNA, Fingerprints". Associated Press (via ABC News). Retrieved November 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Tylenol Figure Is Convicted". Associated Press (via The New York Times). January 15, 1984.
Jump up ^ Greene, B. American Beat. Penguin Books (1984), pp. 344–50. ISBN 0140073205
Jump up ^ "Tragedy in Winnetka: The Answers Are Few". Milwaukee Sentinel. May 25, 1988. Retrieved December 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ Saltzman, Jonathan (February 5, 2009), "Fatal Tampering Case Is Renewed", The Boston Globe
Jump up ^ "FBI Searches Home of Man Linked to Tylenol Deaths". Associated Press (via Fox News). February 4, 2009. Retrieved March 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ Fifis, Fran (February 5, 2009). "Law Enforcement To Review Tylenol Murders". CNN. Retrieved March 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ Woolner, Ann (May 19, 2011). "FBI Wants Unabomber's DNA for 1982 Tylenol Poisoning Probe". Bloomberg News. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ "FBI wants to test Unabomber DNA in Tylenol killings".
Jump up ^ Bergmann, Joy. "The Tylenol Mafia".
Jump up ^ Fletcher, Dan (February 9, 2009). "A Brief History of the Tylenol Poisonings". TIME. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Food and Drug Administration, United States Department of Health and Human Services (November 4, 1998). "Tamper-Evident Packaging Requirements for Over-the-Counter Human Drug Products (Final Rule)". Federal Register. 63 (213): 59463–59471. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Norman, Michael (February 14, 1986). "2D TAINTED BOTTLE OF TYLENOL FOUND BY INVESTIGATORS". The New York Times. p. B2. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Tibbits, George. "Woman Guilty of Killing 2 in Poisoned Excedrin Case". The Boston Globe – via HighBeam Research (subscription required). Seattle, Washington. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Retired Drugs: Failed Blockbusters, Homicidal Tampering, Fatal Oversights". Wired.com. October 1, 2008.
Jump up ^ Jerry Knight (October 11, 1982). "Tylenol's Maker Shows How to Respond to Crisis". The Washington Post. p. WB1.
Jump up ^ Kaplan, Tamara. "The Tylenol Crisis: How Effective Public Relations Saved Johnson & Johnson". The Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved February 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ N. R. Kleinfield. "Tylenol's Rapid Comeback". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "§ 1365. Tampering with consumer products" (PDF). TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE. United States Government Printing Office. pp. 343–345. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
Further reading[edit]
Bergmann, Joy (November 2, 2000). "A Bitter Pill – Someone Killed Seven People by Putting Cyanide in Tylenol Capsules – When James Lewis Was Caught for Writing an Extortion Letter, Prosecutors Appeared To Stop Looking for the Killer – Almost 20 Years Later No One Has Been Convicted of the Murders". Chicago Reader. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
Mikkelson, Barbara & David P. "Tylenol Murders" at Snopes.com: Urban Legends Reference Pages.
Wolnik, Karen A.; Fricke, Fred L.; Bonnin, Evelyn; Gaston, Cynthia M.; Satzger, R. Duane (March 1984). "The Tylenol Tampering Incident – Tracing the Source". Analytical Chemistry. 56 (3): 466A–470A, 474A. doi:10.1021/ac00267a003. PMID 6711821.
External links[edit]
Professionalism/Johnson & Johnson's Response to the 1982 Tylenol Poisonings at Wikibooks
Chicago portal
Illinois portal
Criminal justice portal
Pharmacy and Pharmacology portal
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Commonwealth (U.S. state)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about a nomenclature of U.S. states. For U.S. insular areas designated as "Commonwealths", see Commonwealth (U.S. insular area). For other uses, see Commonwealth.
Main article: U.S. state
The four U.S. states (red) that refer to themselves with the term "Commonwealth".
Commonwealth is a designation used by four of the 50 states of the United States in their full official state names: Kentucky[1] (the law creating Kentucky names it the "State of Kentucky"[2] but it was originally part of the land grant of the Colony of Virginia), Massachusetts,[3] Pennsylvania,[4] and Virginia.[5] Each was, prior to 1776, a British colony, or parts thereof, and share a strong influence of English common law in some of their laws and institutions.[6][7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 States
2.1 Kentucky
2.2 Massachusetts
2.3 Pennsylvania
2.4 Virginia
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
Definition[edit]
Administrative divisions
of the United States
First level
State (Commonwealth)
Federal district
Territory (Commonwealth)
Indian reservation (list) / Hawaiian home land / Alaska Native tribal entity / Pueblo / Off-reservation trust land
Second level
County / Parish / Borough
Unorganized Borough / Census area / Villages / District (USVI) / District (AS)
Consolidated city-county
Independent city
Municipality
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State-recognized tribes
Third level
Cities, towns, and villages
Civil township
Coterminous municipality
Survey township
Barrio
Chapter
Fourth level
Ward
Other areas
Protected areas (Conservation district, National Monument, National Park)
Congressional district
Homeowner association
Associated state
Military base
Federal enclave
Unincorporated area
Ghost town
v
t
e
The term "commonwealth" does not describe or provide for any specific political status or legal relationship when used by a state.[8] Those that do use it are equal to those that do not. A traditional English term for a political community founded for the common good, it is used symbolically to emphasize that these states have a "government based on the common consent of the people"[9] as opposed to one legitimized through their earlier colonial status that was derived from the British crown. It refers to the common "wealth", or welfare, of the public[10] and is derived from a loose translation of the Latin term res publica.[a]
Criminal charges in these four states are brought in the name of the "commonwealth".[b]
Besides the four aforementioned states, other states have also, on occasion, used the term "commonwealth" to refer to themselves:
Vermont uses the term "commonwealth" three times in its Constitution, interchangeably with the term "state".[11]
Delaware was primarily referred to as a "state" in its 1776 Constitution, however, the term "commonwealth" was also used in one of its articles.[12]
Two U.S. territories are also designated as a "commonwealth": Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands. When used in connection with areas under U.S. sovereignty that are not states, the term broadly describes an area that is self-governing under a constitution of its own adoption and whose right of self-government will not be unilaterally withdrawn by the United States Congress.[8]
States[edit]
Kentucky[edit]
On September 28, 1786, the residents of Kentucky County began petitioning the Virginia legislature for permission to become a "free and independent state, to be known by the name of the Commonwealth of Kentucky".[citation needed] On June 1, 1792, Kentucky County officially became a state. As in Virginia, the official title of the elected local prosecutor in each of Kentucky's political subdivisions is the "Commonwealth's Attorney," as opposed to State's Attorney in other States or the more standard District Attorney. Kentucky is the only state outside of the first 13 that uses commonwealth in its name.
Massachusetts[edit]
Massachusetts is officially named "The Commonwealth of Massachusetts" by its constitution. The name "State of Massachusetts Bay" was used in all acts and resolves up to 1780 and the first draft of the constitution. The current name can be traced to the second draft of the state constitution, which was written by John Adams and ratified in 1780.[13]
In Massachusetts, the term State is occasionally used in an official manner, but usually in a compound structure rather than as a stand-alone noun. This is evident in the name of the agency "Massachusetts State Police," the Massachusetts State House and in "Bridgewater State Hospital".
Pennsylvania[edit]
The Seal of Pennsylvania does not use the term, but legal processes are in the name of the Commonwealth and it is a traditional official designation used in referring to the state. In 1776, Pennsylvania's first state constitution referred to it as both "Commonwealth" and "State", a pattern of usage that was perpetuated in the constitutions of 1790, 1838, 1874, and 1958.[14][c] One of Pennsylvania's two intermediate appellate courts is called the "Commonwealth Court".
Virginia[edit]
The name "Commonwealth of Virginia" dates back to its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. Virginia's first constitution (adopted on June 29, 1776) directed that "Commissions and Grants shall run, In the Name of the commonwealth of Virginia, and bear test by the Governor with the Seal of the Commonwealth annexed." The Secretary of the Commonwealth still issues commissions in this manner.
Among other references, the constitution furthermore dictated that criminal indictments were to conclude "against the peace and dignity of the Commonwealth". Additionally, the official title of the elected local prosecutor in each of Virginia's political subdivisions is the "Commonwealth's Attorney", as opposed to State's Attorney in other States or the more standard District Attorney.
In Virginia, the term state is sometimes used in an official manner, but usually in a compound structure rather than as a stand-alone noun. This is evident in the name of the agency "Virginia State Corporation Commission" and in "Virginia State Police", and as in the name of "Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University". The state university in Richmond is known as "Virginia Commonwealth University"; there is also a "Virginia State University", located in Ettrick.
See also[edit]
Crown colony
Proprietary colony
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ cf. the 17th-century Commonwealth of England.
Jump up ^ Note that In California, Colorado, Illinois, Michigan, and New York, criminal charges are brought in the name of the "People". In all the other states, they are brought in the name of the "State". Regardless of state, federal criminal charges are always brought in the name of the "United States of America".
Jump up ^ A detailed history describing the origins of Pennsylvania's government, including its designation as a commonwealth from colonial times, is available from the Secretary of the Commonwealth's office.[15]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Third Constitution of Kentucky (1850), Article 2, Section 1 ff. Other portions of the same Constitution refer to the "State of Kentucky".
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America". Statutes at Large: 1st Congress. p. 189. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts". Preamble of the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Massachusetts General Court. Retrieved 27 October 2016. ,
Jump up ^ Constitution of Pennsylvania, Preamble,
Jump up ^ The Hornbook of Virginia History, 4th ed., page 88.
Jump up ^ Paul Reinsch. English Common Law in the Early American colonies. Ph.D. thesis. Un. of Wisconsin. 1898.
Jump up ^ William E. Nelson. The Common Law in Colonial America. Vol. I. Oxford University Press. 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "7 fam 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions" (PDF). U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7- Consular Affairs. U.S. Department of State. January 3, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ See "Commonwealth", The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001–07.
Jump up ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, 2000.
Jump up ^ The Constitution of the State of Vermont, Chapter II, §§ 1, 8, and 71.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Delaware (1776), Art. 23.
Jump up ^ CIS: State Symbols
Jump up ^ PHMC: Pennsylvania History Archived April 3, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "History of DOS" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-01-04.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_(U.S._state)&oldid=819412022"
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