text:
Phototropism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The light from the lamp (1.) functions as a detectable change in the plant's environment. As a result, the plant exhibits a reaction of phototropism--directional growth (2.) toward the light stimulus.
Auxin distribution controls phototropism. 1. Sunlight strikes the plant from directly above. Auxin (pink dots) encourages growth straight up. 2, 3, 4. Sunlight strikes the plant at an angle. Auxin is concentrated on one side, encouraging growth at an angle from the preceding stem.
The Thale Cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) is regulated by blue to UV light.
Phycomyces, a fungus, also exhibit phototropism
Example on a Phalaenopsis
Play media
Example on Azuki beans
Ravenalas growing between two buildings in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. The plane (here perpendicular to the north-south axis) of these two plants is orientated to maximize daylight absorption.
Phototropism is the growth of an organism which responds to a light stimulus. It is most often observed in plants, but can also occur in other organisms such as fungi. The cells on the plant that are farthest from the light have a chemical called auxin that reacts when phototropism occurs. This causes the plant to have elongated cells on the farthest side from the light. Phototropism is one of the many plant tropisms or movements which respond to external stimuli. Growth towards a light source is called positive phototropism, while growth away from light is called negative phototropism (skototropism).[1] Most plant shoots exhibit positive phototropism, and rearrange their chloroplasts in the leaves to maximize photosynthetic energy and promote growth.[2][3] Roots usually exhibit negative phototropism, although gravitropism may play a larger role in root behavior and growth. Some vine shoot tips exhibit negative phototropism, which allows them to grow towards dark, solid objects and climb them. The combination of phototropism and gravitropism allow plants to grow in the correct direction.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Mechanism
1.1 Five models of auxin distribution in phototropism
2 Effects of wavelength
3 See also
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 External links
Mechanism[edit]
There are several signaling molecules that help the plant determine where the light source is coming from which helps the plant, and this activates several genes, which change the hormone gradients allowing the plant to grow towards the light. The very tip of the plant known as the coleoptile is necessary in light sensing.[2] The middle portion of the coleoptile is the area where the shoot curvature occurs. The Cholodny–Went hypothesis, developed in the early 20th century, predicts that in the presence of asymmetric light, auxin will move towards the shaded side and promote elongation of the cells on that side to cause the plant to curve towards the light source.[5] Auxins activate proton pumps, decreasing the pH in the cells on the dark side of the plant. This acidification of the cell wall region activates enzymes known as expansins which break bonds in the cell wall structure, making the cell walls less rigid. In addition, the acidic environment causes disruption of hydrogen bonds in the cellulose that makes up the cell wall. The decrease in cell wall strength causes cells to swell, exerting the mechanical pressure that drives phototropic movement.
A second group of genes, PIN genes, have been found to play a major role in phototropism. They are auxin transporters, so it is thought that they are responsible for the polarization of auxin. Specifically PIN3 has been identified as the primary auxin carrier.[6] It is possible that phototropins receive light and inhibit the activity of PINOID kinase (PID), which then promotes the activity of PIN3. This activation of PIN3 leads to asymmetric distribution of auxin, which then leads to asymmetric elongation of cells in the stem. pin3 mutants had shorter hypocotyls and roots than the wild-type, and the same phenotype was seen in plants grown with auxin efflux inhibitors.[7] Using anti-PIN3 immunogold labeling, movement of the PIN3 protein was observed. PIN3 is normally localized to the surface of hypocotyl and stem, but is also internalized in the presence of Brefeldin A (BFA), an exocytosis inhibitor. This mechanism allows PIN3 to be repositioned in response to an environmental stimulus. PIN3 and PIN7 proteins were thought to play a role in pulse-induced phototropism. The curvature responses in the "pin3" mutant were reduced significantly, but only slightly reduced in "pin7" mutants. There is some redundancy among "PIN1", "PIN3", and "PIN7", but it is thought that PIN3 plays a greater role in pulse-induced phototropism.[8]
There are phototropins that are highly expressed in the upper region of coleoptiles. The two main phototropins are phot1 and phot2. phot2 single mutants have phototropic responses like that of the wild-type, but phot1 phot2 double mutants do not show any phototropic responses.[4] The amounts of PHOT1 and PHOT2 present are different depending on the age of the plant and the intensity of the light. There is a high amount of PHOT2 present in mature Arabidopsis leaves and this was also seen in rice orthologs. The expression of PHOT1 and PHOT2 changes depending on the presence of blue or red light. There was a downregulation of PHOT1 mRNA in the presence of light, but upregulation of PHOT2 transcript. The levels of mRNA and protein present in the plant were dependent upon the age of the plant. This suggests that the phototropin expression levels change with the maturation of the leaves.[9] Mature leaves contain chloroplasts that are essential in photosynthesis. Chloroplast rearrangement occurs in different light environments to maximize photosynthesis. There are several genes involved in plant phototropism including the NPH1 and NPL1 gene. They are both involved in chloroplast rearrangement.[3] The nph1 and npl1 double mutants were found to have reduced phototropic responses. In fact, the two genes are both redundant in determining the curvature of the stem.
Five models of auxin distribution in phototropism[edit]
In 2012, Sakai and Haga[10] outlined how different auxin concentrations could be arising on shaded and lighted side of the stem, giving birth to phototropic response. Five models in respect to stem phototropism have been proposed, using Arabidopsis thaliana as the study plant.
Five models showing how auxin is transported in the plant Arabidopsis.
First model
In the first model incoming light deactivates auxin on the light side of the plant allowing the shaded part to continue growing and eventually bend the plant over towards the light.[10]
Second model
In the second model light inhibits auxin biosynthesis on the light side of the plant, thus decreasing the concentration of auxin relative to the unaffected side.[10]
Third model
In the third model there is a horizontal flow of auxin from both the light and dark side of the plant. Incoming light causes more auxin to flow from the exposed side to the shaded side, increasing the concentration of auxin on the shaded side and thus more growth occurring.[10]
Fourth model
In the fourth model it shows the plant receiving light to inhibit auxin basipetal down to the exposed side, causing the auxin to only flow down the shaded side.[10]
Fifth model
Model five encompasses elements of both model 3 and 4. The main auxin flow in this model comes from the top of the plant vertically down towards the base of the plant with some of the auxin travelling horizontally from the main auxin flow to both sides of the plant. Receiving light inhibits the horizontal auxin flow from the main vertical auxin flow to the irradiated exposed side. And according to the study by Sakai and Haga, the observed asymmetric auxin distribution and subsequent phototropic response in hypocotyls seems most consistent with this fifth scenario.[10]
Effects of wavelength[edit]
Phototropism in plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana is directed by blue light receptors called phototropins.[11] Other photosensitive receptors in plants include phytochromes that sense red light[12] and cryptochromes that sense blue light.[13] Different organs of the plant may exhibit different phototropic reactions to different wavelengths of light. Stem tips exhibit positive phototropic reactions to blue light, while root tips exhibit negative phototropic reactions to blue light. Both root tips and most stem tips exhibit positive phototropism to red light.[citation needed] Cryptochromes are photoreceptors that absorb blue/ UV-A light, and they help control the circadian rhythm in plants and timing of flowering. Phytochromes are photoreceptors that sense red/far-red light, but they also absorb blue light. The combination of responses from phytochromes and cryptochromes allow the plant to respond to various kinds of light.[14] Together phytochromes and cryptochromes inhibit gravitropism in hypocotyls and contribute to phototropism.[2]
See also[edit]
Scotobiology
Cholodny–Went model
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Strong & Ray 1975.
^ Jump up to: a b c Goyal, A., Szarzynska, B., Fankhauser C. (2012). Phototropism: at the crossroads of light-signaling pathways. Cell 1-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Sakai, T., Kagawa, T., Kasahara, M., Swartz, T.E., Christie, J.M., Briggs, W.R., Wada, M., Okada, K. (2001). Arabidopsis nph1 and npl1: Blue light receptors that mediate both phototropism and chloroplast relocation. PNAS 98(12), 6969-6974.
^ Jump up to: a b Liscum, E. (2002). Phototropism: Mechanisms and Outcomes. Arabidopsis Book 1-21.
Jump up ^ Christie, J.M., and Murphy, A.S. (2013). Shoot phototropism in higher plants: New light through old concepts. American Journal of Botany 100(1), 35-46.
Jump up ^ Ding, Z., Galván-Ampudia, C.S., Demarsy, E., Langowski, L., Kleine-Vehn, J., Fan, Y., Morita, M.T., Tasaka M., Fankhauser, C., Offringa, R., Friml, J. (2011). Light-mediated polarization of the PIN3 auxin transporter for the phototropic response in Arabidopsis Nature Cell Biology 13(4), 447-453.
Jump up ^ Friml, J., Wisniewska, J., Benkova, E., Mendgen, K., Palme, K. (2002). Lateral relocation of auxin efflux regulator PIN3 mediates tropism in Arabidopsis. Nature 415, 806-809.
Jump up ^ Haga, K., and Sakai, T. (2012). PIN Auxin Efflux Carriers Are Necessary for Pulse-Induced But Not Continuous Light-Induced Phototropism in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology 160, 763-776.
Jump up ^ Labuz, J., Sztatelman, O., Banas, A. K., Gabrys H. (2012). The expression of phototropins in Arabidopsis leaves: developmental and light regulation. Journal of Experimental Botany 63(4), 1763-1771.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Sakai, T; Haga, K (2012). "Molecular genetic analysis of phototropism in Arabidopsis". Plant & cell physiology. 53 (9): 1517–34. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcs111. PMC 3439871  . PMID 22864452.
Jump up ^ "Phototropins: Photoreceptors that provide a novel photochemical mechanism for signaling". Archived from the original on 2015-11-18. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Phytochrome". plantphys.info. Retrieved 2016-04-16.
Jump up ^ Eckardt, N. A. (1 May 2003). "A Component of the Cryptochrome Blue Light Signaling Pathway". The Plant Cell Online. 15 (5): 1051–1052. doi:10.1105/tpc.150510.
Jump up ^ McCoshum, S., Kiss, J.Z. (2011). Green light affects blue-light based phototropism in hypocotyls of Arabidopsis thaliana. Torrey Botanical Society 138(4), 409-417.
Bibliography[edit]
Strong, Donald R.; Ray, Thomas S. (1 January 1975). "Host Tree Location Behavior of a Tropical Vine (Monstera gigantea) by Skototropism". Science. 190 (4216): 804–806. doi:10.1126/science.190.4216.804. JSTOR 1741614.
External links[edit]
Media related to Phototropism at Wikimedia Commons
Time lapse films, Plants-In-Motion

[hide]
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Plant movements
Means
Differential cell growth
Changes in turgor pressure
Tropisms (directional)
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Phototropism
Thermotropism
Thigmotropism
Nastic movements (non-directional)
Nyctinasty
Thigmonasty
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hosts (file)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Host (disambiguation).
The computer file hosts is an operating system file that maps hostnames to IP addresses. It is a plain text file. Originally a file named HOSTS.TXT was manually maintained and made available via file sharing by Stanford Research Institute for the ARPANET membership, containing the hostnames and address of hosts as contributed for inclusion by member organizations. The Domain Name System, first described in 1983 and implemented in 1984,[1] automated the publication process and provided instantaneous and dynamic hostname resolution in the rapidly growing network. In modern operating systems, the hosts file remains an alternative name resolution mechanism, configurable often as part of facilities such as the Name Service Switch as either the primary method or as a fallback method.
Contents
[hide]
1 Purpose
2 File content
3 Location in the file system
4 History
5 Extended applications
6 Security issues
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Purpose[edit]
The hosts file is one of several system facilities that assists in addressing network nodes in a computer network. It is a common part of an operating system's Internet Protocol (IP) implementation, and serves the function of translating human-friendly hostnames into numeric protocol addresses, called IP addresses, that identify and locate a host in an IP network.
In some operating systems, the contents of the hosts file is used preferentially to other name resolution methods, such as the Domain Name System (DNS), but many systems implement name service switches, e.g., nsswitch.conf for Linux and Unix, to provide customization. Unlike remote DNS resolvers, the hosts file is under the direct control of the local computer's administrator.[2]
File content[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The hosts file contains lines of text consisting of an IP address in the first text field followed by one or more host names. Each field is separated by white space – tabs are often preferred for historical reasons, but spaces are also used. Comment lines may be included; they are indicated by an octothorpe (#) in the first position of such lines. Entirely blank lines in the file are ignored. For example, a typical hosts file may contain the following:
127.0.0.1  localhost loopback
::1        localhost

This example only contains entries for the loopback addresses of the system and their host names, a typical default content of the hosts file. The example illustrates that an IP address may have multiple host names (localhost and loopback), and that a host name may be mapped to both IPv4 and IPv6 IP addresses, as shown on the first and second lines respectively.
Location in the file system[edit]
The location of the hosts file in the file system hierarchy varies by operating system. It is usually named hosts, without an extension.
Operating System
Version(s)
Location
Unix, Unix-like, POSIX /etc/hosts[3]
Microsoft Windows 3.1 %WinDir%\HOSTS
95, 98, ME %WinDir%\hosts[4]
NT, 2000, XP,[5] 2003, Vista,
2008, 7, 2012, 8, 10 %SystemRoot%\System32\drivers\etc\hosts[6]
Windows Mobile, Windows Phone Registry key under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Comm\Tcpip\Hosts
Apple Macintosh 9 and earlier Preferences or System folder
Mac OS X 10.0–10.1.5[7] (Added through NetInfo or niload)
Mac OS X 10.2 and newer /etc/hosts (a symbolic link to /private/etc/hosts)[7]
Novell NetWare SYS:etc\hosts
OS/2 & eComStation "bootdrive":\mptn\etc\
Symbian Symbian OS 6.1–9.0 C:\system\data\hosts
Symbian OS 9.1+ C:\private\10000882\hosts
MorphOS NetStack ENVARC:sys/net/hosts
AmigaOS < 4 AmiTCP:db/hosts
4 DEVS:Internet/hosts
AROS ENVARC:AROSTCP/db/hosts
Android /etc/hosts (a symbolic link to /system/etc/hosts)
iOS iOS 2.0 and newer /etc/hosts (a symbolic link to /private/etc/hosts)
TOPS-20 <SYSTEM>HOSTS.TXT
Plan 9 /lib/ndb/hosts
BeOS /boot/beos/etc/hosts[8]
Haiku /boot/common/settings/network/hosts[8]
OpenVMS UCX UCX$HOST
TCPware TCPIP$HOST
RISC OS 3.7, 5 !Boot.Resources.!Internet.files.Hosts
later boot sequence !Boot.Choices.Hardware.Disabled.Internet.Files.Hosts[9]
History[edit]
The ARPANET, the predecessor of the Internet, had no distributed host name database. Each network node maintained its own map of the network nodes as needed and assigned them names that were memorable to the users of the system. There was no method for ensuring that all references to a given node in a network were using the same name, nor was there a way to read the hosts file of another computer to automatically obtain a copy.
The small size of the ARPANET kept the administrative overhead small to maintain an accurate hosts file. Network nodes typically had one address and could have many names. As local area TCP/IP computer networks gained popularity, however, the maintenance of hosts files became a larger burden on system administrators as networks and network nodes were being added to the system with increasing frequency.
Standardization efforts, such as the format specification of the file HOSTS.TXT in RFC 952, and distribution protocols, e.g., the hostname server described in RFC 953, helped with these problems, but the centralized and monolithic nature of hosts files eventually necessitated the creation of the distributed Domain Name System (DNS).
On some old systems a file named networks is present that has similar to hosts file functions containing names of networks.
Extended applications[edit]
In its function of resolving host names, the hosts file may be used to define any hostname or domain name for use in the local system.
Redirecting local domains
Some web service and intranet developers and administrators define locally defined domains in a LAN for various purposes, such as accessing the company's internal resources or to test local websites in development.
Internet resource blocking
Entries in the hosts file may be used to block online advertising, or the domains of known malicious resources and servers that contain spyware, adware, and other malware. This may be achieved by adding entries for those sites to redirect requests to another address that does not exist or to a harmless destination. Commercial software applications may be used to populate the hosts file with entries of known undesirable Internet resources automatically.
Security issues[edit]
The hosts file may present an attack vector for malicious software. The file may be modified, for example, by adware, computer viruses, or trojan horse software to redirect traffic from the intended destination to sites hosting malicious or unwanted content.[10] The widespread computer worm Mydoom.B blocked users from visiting sites about computer security and antivirus software and also affected access from the compromised computer to the Microsoft Windows Update website.
See also[edit]
DNSBL, a DNS-based blackhole list
Content-control software
Ad filtering
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Internet Systems Consortium. "The Most Widely Used Name Server Software: BIND". History of BIND. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Cisco Networking Academy Program: First-Year Companion Guide", Cisco Systems, Inc., 2002 (2nd Edition), page 676, ISBN 1-58713-025-4
Jump up ^ "Linux Network Administrators Guide: Writing hosts and networks files". Retrieved May 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Hosts File". Retrieved August 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft KB Q314053: TCP/IP and NBT configuration parameters for Windows XP". Retrieved August 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft KB 972034 Revision 2.0: default hosts files". Retrieved August 28, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mac OS X: How to Add Hosts to Local Hosts File". Retrieved August 28, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Haiku/BeOS Tip Server". Retrieved November 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ RISC OS 6.14
Jump up ^ "Remove Trojan.Qhosts – Symantec". Retrieved May 16, 2010.
External links[edit]
Windows
TCP/IP in Windows 2000 Professional
Microsoft TCP/IP Host Name Resolution Order
Blocking Unwanted Connections with a Hosts File (Creative Commons License)
Solution if Windows stops you from modifying the Hosts file or the Lmhosts file in Windows Vista / 7 / 8
Beginners Guide on Editing Hosts File
List of Microsoft related domains that Windows won't redirect
Mac
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What a Wonderful World
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Sam Cooke song, see Wonderful World (Sam Cooke song). For other uses, see Wonderful World (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"What a Wonderful World"
Single by Louis Armstrong
from the album What a Wonderful World
B-side
"Cabaret"
Released
October 18, 1967[citation needed]
Format
7"
Recorded
August 16, 1967
Genre
Traditional pop
jazz
Length
2:21
Label
ABC 10982, HMV
Songwriter(s)
Bob Thiele (as George Douglas)
George David Weiss[1]
Producer(s)
Bob Thiele[1]
Louis Armstrong singles chronology
"Mi va de cantare"
(1967) "What a Wonderful World"
(1967) "Hello Brother"
(1968)
"Mi va de cantare"
(1967) "What a Wonderful World"
(1967) "Hello Brother"
(1968)
"What a Wonderful World" is a pop ballad written by Bob Thiele (as "George Douglas") and George David Weiss. It was first recorded by Louis Armstrong and released in 1967 as a single, which topped the pop charts in the United Kingdom.[1] Thiele and Weiss were both prominent in the music world (Thiele as a producer and Weiss as a composer/performer).[2] Armstrong's recording was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999. The publishing for this song is controlled by Memory Lane Music Group, Carlin Music Corp. and BMG Rights Management.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Charts and certifications
2.1 Peak positions
2.2 Certifications
3 Notable versions
4 Appearances in film and television
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Sources
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The song was initially offered to Tony Bennett, who turned it down.[3] Thereafter, it was offered to Louis Armstrong. George Weiss recounts in the book Off the Record: Songwriters on Songwriting by Graham Nash that he wrote the song specifically for Louis Armstrong. Weiss was inspired by Armstrong's ability to bring people of different races together. The song was not initially a hit in the United States, where it sold fewer than 1,000 copies because ABC Records head Larry Newton did not like the song and therefore did not promote it,[4] but was a major success in the United Kingdom, reaching number one on the UK Singles Chart.[1] In the United States, the song hit No. 116 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Chart. It was also the biggest-selling single of 1968 in the UK where it was among the last pop singles issued by HMV Records before becoming an exclusive classical music label.[5] The song made Louis Armstrong the oldest male to top the UK Singles Chart, at sixty-six years and ten months old.[1] Armstrong's record was broken in 2009 when a remake of "Islands in the Stream" recorded for Comic Relief—which included the 68-year-old Tom Jones—reached number one in that chart. Tony Bennett did go on to record "What A Wonderful World" several times, as in 2003 with k.d. lang, paying homage to Bennett's friend, Armstrong.
ABC Records' European distributor EMI forced ABC to issue a What a Wonderful World album in 1968 (catalogue number ABCS-650). It did not chart in the United States, due to ABC not promoting it,[6] but charted in the UK where it was issued by Stateside Records with catalogue number SSL 10247 and peaked on the British chart at No. 37.
The song gradually became something of a standard and reached a new level of popularity. In 1978, Armstrong's 1967 recording was featured in the closing scenes of the first series of BBC radio's cult hit, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, and was repeated for BBC's 1981 TV adaptation of the series. In 1988, Armstrong's recording appeared in the film Good Morning, Vietnam (despite the film being set in 1965 — two years before it was recorded) and was re-released as a single, hitting No. 32 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in February 1988. The single charted at number one for the fortnight ending June 27, 1988 on the Australian chart. It is also the closing song for the 1995 movie 12 Monkeys.
In 2001, rappers Ghostface Killah, Raekwon and The Alchemist released "The Forest," a song that begins with three lines of lyric adapted from "What a Wonderful World", altered to become "an invitation to get high" on marijuana.[7] The rappers and their record company, Sony Music Entertainment, were sued by the owners of "What a Wonderful World," Abilene Music. The suit was thrown out of court after Judge Gerard E. Lynch determined that the altered lyric was indisputably a parody, transforming the uplifting original message to a new one with a darker nature.[7][8]
By April 2014, Louis Armstrong's 1967 recording had sold 2,173,000 downloads in the United States after it was released digitally.[9]
Charts and certifications[edit]
Peak positions[edit]
Chart (1967/68)
Peak
position
Australia[10] 29
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[11]
1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[12]
6
Denmark[13] 2
Germany (Official German Charts)[14]
6
Ireland[15] 2
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[16]
15
Netherlands (MediaMarkt)[17] 14
New Zealand 15
Norway (VG-lista)[18]
6
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[19]
7
U.K. Singles Chart 1
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 116
U.S. Adult Contemporary (Billboard) 12
Chart (1976)
Peak
position
Italy (FIMI)[20] 11
Chart (1988)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[21]
1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[12]
7
Belgium (VRT Top 30 Flanders)[22] 1
Canada (RPM Magazine) 13
Ireland[15] 30
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[16]
5
Netherlands (MediaMarkt)[17] 2
New Zealand 8
Poland 22
U.S. (Billboard) 32
U.S. Adult Contemporary (Billboard) 7
U.S. (Radio & Records) 37
U.S. (Cashbox) 37
U.S. (Rock on the Net - ARC Weekly Top 40)[23] 28
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Italy (FIMI)[24]
Gold
Notable versions[edit]
1967: Louis Armstrong, million selling original version
1989: Roy Clark, on his album of the same name (peaked at No. 73 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart)[25]
1992: Nick Cave, single sung with Shane MacGowan, in 2005 also published on the album B-Sides & Rarities
1993: Israel Kamakawiwo'ole, Hawaiian ukulele version (medley with "Somewhere Over the Rainbow") on the album Facing Future (sold over 2.5 million copies in the U.S. and Canada alone)[26]
1999: Anne Murray, on her platinum release of the same name, which also spawned a book and video (the album reached No. 1 on the US CCM chart, No. 4 on the US Country chart, and No. 38 on the top 200)
2002: Joey Ramone's posthumous version was used for the ending credits of Michael Moore's film Bowling for Columbine
2002: Da Vinci's Notebook ended their album Brontosaurus with an a cappella version
2003: Sarah Brightman. Harem album
2004: Céline Dion recorded the song for her album Miracle
2004: Rod Stewart recorded a version of the song with Stevie Wonder for Stewart's album Stardust: The Great American Songbook, Volume III (released in the United States as the lead single from the album and by early 2005 reached No. 13 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart[27]
2007: Foxygen covered the song on their self-produced first album Jurrassic Exxplosion Phillipic
2007: Katie Melua, singing with Eva Cassidy's version to raise money for the Red Cross (reached No. 1 in the UK chart in December 2007)
2008: Ministry, along with other cover songs on their album Cover Up
2009: The Clarks's version was recorded for their album Restless Days. This version was also featured on The Simpsons's Season 27 premiere, Every Man's Dream. And it's also used after every Home win for the Pittsburgh Penguins at PPG Paints Arena
2010: Ziggy Marley's version on The Disney Reggae Club
2012: Pat Byrne reached No. 3 in the Irish Singles Chart after appearing on The Voice of Ireland
2012: Playing For Change,the music charity, recorded this song featuring Grandpa Elliott[28]
2015: Tiago Iorc's version was recorded to be used as the opening theme of the Brazilian telenovela Sete Vidas[29]
2013: Renée Geyer on her album Swing (2013)
2016: Tally Koren's version was recorded to be used in her album "A Love Song for You"
Appearances in film and television[edit]
This media section uses IMDb for verification. IMDb may not be a reliable source for film and television information and is generally only cited as an external link. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help by replacing IMDb with third-party reliable sources. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Film[edit]
Title
Performer
Year
Source
Arjun Reddy (Telugu Movie) Background Music 2017
Geostorm (trailer) Sharon Van Etten & Juggernaut Kid 2017
Range 15 Louis Armstrong 2016 1
Finding Dory Louis Armstrong 2016 1
Un gallo con muchos huevos Louis Armstrong 2015 1
Mein Salzburg Louis Armstrong 2015 1
Back to the Sea Louis Armstrong 2012 1
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island
(a little different version of the song) Dwayne Johnson 2012 1 and 2
New Year's Eve Louis Armstrong 2011 1
Head Over Heels Louis Armstrong 2010 1
Harold and Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay Louis Armstrong 2008 1
Madagascar Louis Armstrong 2005 1
Swing Girls Louis Armstrong 2004 1
Freaky Friday Joey Ramone 2003 1
Bowling for Columbine Louis Armstrong 2002 1
Meet Joe Black Louis Armstrong 1998 1
Madeline Louis Armstrong 1998 1
Wrestling with Alligators Louis Armstrong 1998 1
12 Monkeys Louis Armstrong 1995 1
The Kennedy Years (JFK Remembered) Louis Armstrong 1993 1
Ciao, Professore! Louis Armstrong 1992 1
Good Morning, Vietnam Louis Armstrong 1987 1
Chicken Little (teaser trailer only) Louis Armstrong 2005 1
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (trailer only) Louis Armstrong 2005
Television[edit]
Series
Episode
Performer
Year
Source
The OA Champion Sharon Van Etten & Juggernaut Kid 2016 1
MythBusters The Reunion Special Louis Armstrong 2016 1
Childhood's End #1.1 Joseph William Morgan 2015
The Simpsons Every Man's Dream The Clarks 2015 1
Strictly Come Dancing Week 9 Results Louis Armstrong 2014 1
Inspector George Gently The Lost Child Louis Armstrong 2012 1
The Mentalist Blinking Red Light Louis Armstrong 2011 1
An Idiot Abroad Karl Comes Home Louis Armstrong 2010 1
So You Think You Can Dance (Canada) Top 8 Perform Louis Armstrong 2009 1
The Simpsons The Good, the Sad and the Drugly Louis Armstrong 2009 1
20 to 1 Greatest Songs of All Time Louis Armstrong 2006 1
Life on Mars #1.6 Louis Armstrong 2006 1
House, MD DNR Louis Armstrong 2005 1
Hinter Gittern Fahrte aufgenommen Louis Armstrong 2004 1
Racheengel Louis Armstrong 2001 1
Lust & Suhne Louis Armstrong 2001 1
Hahn im Korb Louis Armstrong 1999 1
Die Lugners #1.9 Louis Armstrong 2003 1
#1.3 Louis Armstrong 2003 1
Dawson's Creek Hopeless Louis Armstrong 2001 1
Gilmore Girls Rory's Birthday Parties Louis Armstrong 2000 1
The King of Queens Head First Louis Armstrong 1998 1
Cybill Cybill Discovers the Meaning of Life Louis Armstrong 1995 1
Vamp Louis Armstrong 1991 1
Florida Lady Lauf dem Leben nicht davon Louis Armstrong 1994 1
Twin Peaks #2.7 Louis Armstrong 1990 1
The Green Man Louis Armstrong 1990 1
Moonlighting A Womb with a View Louis Armstrong 1988 1
The Hitch Hikers Guide to the Galaxy #1.6 Louis Armstrong 1981 1
The Muppet Show Don Knotts (#2.1) Rowlf (Jim Henson) 1977 2
Sources[edit]
Internet Movie Database[30]
Jim Henson's Red Book[31]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Rice, Jo (1982). The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits (1st ed.). Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 117. ISBN 0-85112-250-7.
Jump up ^ "What A Wonderful World". The Pop History Dig. Retrieved 2013-04-21.
Jump up ^ "Sundance Channel : Video: : SPECTACLE: Season 1 - Episode 5 (clip)". SundanceChannel.com. Archived from the original on 2010-01-07. Retrieved 2012-07-25.
Jump up ^ Black, Johnny (2006). Singles: Six Decades of Hot Hits & Classic Cuts. Thunder Bay Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-1592236510.
Jump up ^ "45 Discography for HMV Records - UK - POP series 1001-1617". Globaldogproductions.info. Retrieved 2012-07-25.
Jump up ^ "ABC-Paramount Album Discography, Part 6". Bsnpubs.com. Retrieved 2012-07-25.
^ Jump up to: a b Chang, Samantha (November 1, 2003). "Court: Ghostface Rap Was 'Fair Use'". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. 115 (44): 22. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Kohn, Al; Kohn, Bob (2010). Kohn on music licensing (4 ed.). Aspen Publishers. pp. 1647–1648. ISBN 0735590907. Retrieved 2012-07-25.
Jump up ^ Grein, Paul (April 16, 2014). "Chart Watch: "Happy" tops 4M". Yahoo! Music. Yahoo!.
Jump up ^ "Go-Set Australian Charts". Go-Set. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Louis Armstrong – What a Wonderful World" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ultratop.be – Louis Armstrong – What a Wonderful World" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Danske Hitlister.dk". Danske Hitlister.dk. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Louis Armstrong – What a Wonderful World". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Irish Charts - All there is to know".
^ Jump up to: a b "Dutchcharts.nl – Louis Armstrong – What a Wonderful World" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "MediaMarkt Top 40". Retrieved 9 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Louis Armstrong – What a Wonderful World". VG-lista. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Louis Armstrong – What a Wonderful World". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete: S" (in Italian). Hit Parade Italia. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Louis Armstrong – What a Wonderful World". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "What A Wonderful World – LOUIS ARMSTRONG" (in Dutch). Top 30. Archived from the original on 9 April 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2014. Hoogste notering in de top 30 : 1
Jump up ^ "Rock on the Net". Retrieved 9 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Louis Armstrong – What a Wonderful World" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2013). Hot Country Songs 1944–2012. Record Research, Inc. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-89820-203-8.
Jump up ^ Grein, Paul (2010-09-24). "Chart Watch Extra: Songs From The Last Century". Nielsen Business Media. Yahoo! Music. Retrieved 2012-03-22.
Jump up ^ "Rod Stewart - Chart history". Billboard. Retrieved 2016-08-03.
Jump up ^ "Playing For Change".
Jump up ^ "Abertura de Sete Vidas traz pequenas cenas que remetem a nossa memória afetiva". Globo.com. 2015-03-09. Retrieved 2015-07-09.
Jump up ^ "Louis Armstrong". IMDb. Retrieved 2015-09-11.
Jump up ^ "5/25/1977 – 'Don Knotts (MS)'". Retrieved 2016-04-30.
External links[edit]
How political is What A Wonderful World? BBC News article about history and meaning of song
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Barrueco & Balles Music play What a Wonderful World
Preceded by
"Congratulations" by Cliff Richard UK number one single
Louis Armstrong version
24 April 1968 (for 4 weeks) Succeeded by
"Young Girl" by Gary Puckett & The Union Gap
Preceded by
"Bleeding Love" by Leona Lewis UK Singles Chart number-one single
(Katie Melua & Eva Cassidy version)
December 16, 2007 - December 22, 2007 Succeeded by
"When You Believe" by Leon Jackson
[show]
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Louis Armstrong
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Muskrat Ramble (1926)
Hotter than That
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Ain't Misbehavin' (1929)
Chinatown, My Chinatown (1932)
You Can Depend on Me
All of Me
Love, You Funny Thing
Sweethearts on Parade
Body and Soul (1932)
Hobo, You Can't Ride This Train (1933)
I'm in the Mood for Love/You Are My Lucky Star (1935)
Public Melody Number One (1937)
When the Saints Go Marching In (1939)
You Won't Be Satisfied (Until You Break My Heart) (1946)
When We Are Dancing (1951)
What a Wonderful World (1968)
Albums
Satchmo at Pasadena (1951)
Louis Armstrong Plays W.C. Handy (1955)
Louis Armstrong at the Crescendo, Vol. 1 (1955)
Louis and the Angels (1957)
Hello, Dolly! (1964)
Struttin' (1996)
Bing & Satchmo
The Complete Ella Fitzgerald & Louis Armstrong on Verve
The Great Summit
Hot Fives & Sevens
Louis and the Good Book
Satchmo In Style
With Ella Fitzgerald
Armstrong-Fitzgerald history
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Ella and Louis Again (1957)
Porgy and Bess (1957)
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Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington: The Great Summit/Complete Sessions (1961)
Other collaborations
Louis Armstrong Meets Oscar Peterson (1957)
The Real Ambassadors (1961)
Songs
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Ain't Misbehavin'
When the Saints Go Marching In
Mack the Knife (1956)
Autumn in New York
On My Way (1959)
Uncle Satchmo's Lullaby (1959)
Hello, Dolly! (1964)
What a Wonderful World (1967)
We Have All the Time in the World (1969)
Alexander's Ragtime Band
April in Paris
Back Home Again in Indiana
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"The Flood"
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"The Bit That I Don't Get"
"Better Than a Dream"
"Moonshine"
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Download
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I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the international reality television franchise. For the UK version, see I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series). For the US version, see I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (U.S. TV series). For the Australian version, see I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian TV series).
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!
Genre
Reality television
Developed by
LWT (now part of ITV Studios)
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Production
Running time
60–105 minutes
Release
Original network
ITV
Picture format
16:9 (HDTV)
Original release
25 August 2002 (2002-08-25) – present (present)
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! is a reality TV series in which up to 12 celebrities live together in a jungle environment for a number of weeks. They have no luxuries, and compete to be crowned king or queen of the jungle.
The show was originally created in the United Kingdom by the factual programmes department of ITV's then London franchise, London Weekend Television and developed by a team including James Allen, Natalka Znak, Brent Baker and Stewart Morris. The first episode aired on 25 August 2002. It is now produced by ITV Studios and has been licensed globally to countries including the United States, Germany, France, Hungary, Sweden, the Netherlands, Denmark, Romania, Australia and India.[1] As of 2017, the UK, German, Hungarian and Australian versions are still in production.
Contents
[hide]
1 Filming location
2 Criticism
3 International versions
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Filming location[edit]
On location in the 'Jungle' Dungay in north eastern NSW, Australia.
The UK, the German and the 2003 US versions of the series take place in Australia, at a permanently built up camp at the edge of a sub-tropical rain forest that extends from Numinbah Nature Reserve and Springbrook National Park[citation needed]. However the first series of the show was filmed on a smaller site at King Ranch, near Tully, Queensland. The Australian series is filmed in Kruger National Park, South Africa.[2][3]
Other versions of the show have been filmed in Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Suriname, Indonesia and Malaysia.
Criticism[edit]
This article reads more like a story than an encyclopedia entry. To meet Wikipedia's quality standards and conform to the neutral point of view policy, please help to introduce a more formal style and remove any personally invested tone. (June 2009)
This series has been criticised by the UK former Secretary of State for Culture, Tessa Jowell. In an interview with the Financial Times during the second UK series, she said, "If they weren't mostly – save their blushes – has-been celebrities, there might be more interest [...] I think that if we saw many more programming hours taken over by reality TV, "I hope you'd begin to see a viewers' revolt."[4]
In 2002, CBS, broadcaster of the popular American reality show Survivor, unsuccessfully sued ABC and Granada TV over a planned American version of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!, alleging similarities.[5]
The show's use of live insects and other living creatures in the bushtucker trials has led to some public criticism of the show and its producers and those involved in the programming. This issue was highlighted during the 2009 UK series, where celebrity chef Gino D'Acampo killed, cooked and ate a rat. The RSPCA Australia investigated the incident and sought to prosecute D'Acampo and actor Stuart Manning for animal cruelty after this episode of the show was aired. ITV was fined £1,600 and the two celebrities involved were not prosecuted for animal cruelty despite being charged with the offence by the New South Wales Police. This incident did, however, highlight among certain groups such as Buglife, a British charity for the conservation of insects, and the RSPCA, the controversy surrounding the killing of living creatures for human entertainment.
There has been criticism that the producers pretend that the celebrities have to live in "dangerous" jungle even though they are in a controlled environment, with some of the scenery being artificial, e.g. a pond and a small waterfall.[6]
In November 2014, TV presenter Chris Packham wrote an open letter to Ant & Dec asking them and ITV to end the "abuse of animals" in I'm A Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!. He described the trials as "out of date" and "silly".[7]
International versions[edit]
Colour: In production or returning No longer airing
Country
Local title
Filming location
Network
Series and winners
Presenters
Australia I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here![8] Kruger National Park, South Africa Network Ten
Season 1, 2015: Freddie Flintoff
Season 2, 2016: Brendan Fevola
Season 3, 2017: Casey Donovan
Season 4, 2018: Fiona O'Loughlin
Julia Morris
Chris Brown[9]
Denmark Jeg Er En Celebrity… Få Mig Væk Herfra![10] TV3 Season 1, 2015: Gustav Salinas Jakob Kjeldbjerg[11]
Lasse Rimmer
France Je suis une célébrité, sortez-moi de là ! Teresópolis, Brazil TF1 Season 1, 2006: Richard Virenque Jean-Pierre Foucault
Christophe Dechavanne
Germany Ich bin ein Star – Holt mich hier raus! Murwillumbah, Australia RTL
Season 1, Early 2004: Costa Cordalis
Season 2, Late 2004: Désirée Nick
Season 3, 2008: Ross Antony
Season 4, 2009: Ingrid van Bergen
Season 5, 2011: Peer Kusmagk
Season 6, 2012: Brigitte Nielsen
Season 7, 2013: Joey Heindle
Season 8, 2014: Melanie Müller
Season 9, 2015: Maren Gilzer
Season 10, 2016: Menderes Bağcı
Season 11, 2017: Marc Terenzi
Season 12, 2018: Jenny Frankhauser
Sonja Zietlow
Daniel Hartwich (2013–)
Dirk Bach (2004–2012)
Hungary Celeb vagyok ... ments ki innen! Aristóbulo del Valle, Argentina (2008)
Kruger National Park, South Africa (2014, 2017) RTL Klub
Season 1, October 2008: Mariann Falusi
Season 2, Oct–Nov 2008: Andrea Keleti
Season 3, October 2014: Zsolt Erdei
Season 4, Oct–Nov 2014: Andrea Molnár
Season 5, Nov–Dec 2017: Péter Kabát
Balázs Sebestyén (2008, 2014)
János Vadon (2008, 2014)
Ramóna Kiss (2017–)
Peti Puskás (2017–)
India Iss Jungle Se Mujhe Bachao Taman Negara, Malaysia Sony Season 1, 2009: Mona Wasu Mini Mathur
Yudhishthir Urs
Netherlands Ik Ben Een Ster, Haal Me Hier Uit![12] Suriname RTL 5 Season 1, 2014: Mathijs Vrieze Jan Kooijman
Nicolette Kluijver[13]
Romania Sunt celebru, scoate-mă de aici![14] Kruger National Park, South Africa Pro TV Season 1, 2015: Cătălin Moroşanu Cabral Ibacka
Mihai Bobonete
Sweden Kändisdjungeln Taman Negara, Malaysia TV4 Season 1, 2009: Karl Petter Bergvall David Hellenius
Tilde de Paula
United Kingdom I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! Tully, Queensland, Australia (2002)
Murwillumbah, New South Wales, Australia (2003–present) ITV
Series 1, 2002: Tony Blackburn
Series 2, 2003: Phil Tufnell
Series 3, Early 2004: Kerry Katona
Series 4, Late 2004: Joe Pasquale
Series 5, 2005: Carol Thatcher
Series 6, 2006: Matt Willis
Series 7, 2007: Christopher Biggins
Series 8, 2008: Joe Swash
Series 9, 2009: Gino D'Acampo
Series 10, 2010: Stacey Solomon
Series 11, 2011: Dougie Poynter
Series 12, 2012: Charlie Brooks
Series 13, 2013: Kian Egan
Series 14, 2014: Carl "Foggy" Fogarty
Series 15, 2015: Vicky Pattison
Series 16, 2016: Scarlett Moffatt
Series 17, 2017: Georgia "Toff" Toffolo
Main show
Ant & Dec

ITV2 spin-off
Joe Swash (2009–)
Scarlett Moffatt (2017–)
Joel Dommett (2017–)
United States I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!
Murwillumbah, Australia (2003)
Costa Rica (2009)
ABC (2003)
NBC (2009)
Season 1, 2003: Cris Judd
Season 2, 2009: Lou Diamond Phillips
John Lehr (2003)
Damien Fahey (2009)
Myleene Klass (2009)
See also[edit]
I'm a Teacher, Get Me Out of Here
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "ITV Studios Takes I'm A Celebrity… Get Me Out of Here! To Denmark and Romania". ITV Studios.com. 26 January 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Gusmaroli, Danielle (8 February 2015). "I'm A Celebrity I'm out of Here! Olympian Liesel Jones is first star voted out of the south African jungle after opening up about her weight issues". Daily Mail Australia. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Channel 10 to film I'm A Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!". news.com.au. 7 September 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Sherwin, Adam (9 May 2003). "I'm an MP ... get me into the newspapers". The Times. London.
Jump up ^ "CBS loses fight to stop US version of 'I'm a Celebrity...'". Brand Republic. 14 January 2003.
Jump up ^ YouTube: Frontal21 (German television ZDF): Die Wahrheit – Ich bin ein Star holt mich hier raus (The Truth about I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!), 13 January 2008
Jump up ^ "Chris Packham asks Ant and Dec to end 'animal abuse'". BBC News. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "I'm a Celebrity heads to Oz". Retrieved 8 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "TV jungle gets real for Channel 10 but are celebs in or out?". news.com.au. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "I'm a Celeb for Denmark, Romania". C21media.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "ITV Studios Global Entertainment Takes I'm A Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! To The Netherlands". ITV Studios. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "RTL – ..EN ONTDEK". pressroom.rtl.nl.
Jump up ^ "PRO TV prezinta: I`m A Celebrity… Get Me Out Of Here!, show-ul care va schimba in 2015 televiziunea din Romania". ProTV.ro. 8 December 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
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