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I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song)
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"I Can Only Imagine"
Single by MercyMe
from the album The Worship Project and Almost There
A-side
"Word of God Speak"
Released
2001
Format
CD
digital download
Recorded
1999 and 2001 in the United States
Ivy Park
The Indigo Room
Paradise Sound
IBC Studios
Genre
Christian alternative rock
pop rock
contemporary Christian
Length
4:08
Label
INO
Curb
Songwriter(s)
Bart Millard
Producer(s)
Pete Kipley
MercyMe singles chronology
"Bless Me Indeed (Jabez's Song)"
(2001) "I Can Only Imagine"
(2001) "Spoken For"
(2002)
"Bless Me Indeed (Jabez's Song)"
(2001) "I Can Only Imagine"
(2001) "Spoken For"
(2002)
"I Can Only Imagine" (sometimes shortened to "Imagine") is a single recorded by Christian rock band MercyMe. Written and composed by lead vocalist Bart Millard, the song, based around a main piano track, was inspired by the death of Millard's father and considers what it would be like in Heaven and to be standing before God. The song was first issued as a track on MercyMe's 1999 album The Worship Project, which was released on an independent record label. The song was re-recorded and included on their 2001 major-label debut album Almost There as the fifth song on the album.
"I Can Only Imagine" was released in 2001 as the album's lead single. It gained significant airplay on Christian radio formats before crossing over to mainstream radio formats such as adult contemporary and Top 40 in late 2003 and into 2004; to aid in promotion to these markets, a double A-side physical single (combined with "Word of God Speak") was released in 2003. It charted on several formats, including the Billboard Adult Contemporary (where it peaked at No. 5) and the Hot 100 (where it peaked at No. 71). In 2002, "I Can Only Imagine" earned the Dove Awards for 'Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year' and 'Song of the Year'; Millard earned the Dove Award 'Songwriter of the Year' at the same ceremony. With 2.5 million copies sold, it is the best-selling Christian single of all time, having been certified 2x platinum by the RIAA. As of 2018, it is the only Christian song to reach that milestone.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Composition
3 Release and promotion
4 Impact
5 Music video
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
6.2 Chart performance
6.3 Awards and accolades
7 Other versions
8 Track listing
9 Release history
10 Charts and certifications
11 Film adaptation
12 References
Background[edit]
"I Can Only Imagine" was the debut single for United States contemporary Christian and Christian rock band MercyMe. Bart Millard, the band's vocalist, lost his father, Arthur Wesley Millard Jr.[1], in 1991. Millard was 18 at the time.[2][3] Millard began writing the words "I can only imagine" on items when he was thinking about his father.[4] During the recording of the band's 1999 independent album The Worship Project, MercyMe needed one more song to fill out the album.[5] Millard, alone on a bus in the middle of the night, finally wrote the lyrics to the song by drawing on his thoughts and personal faith about what one would experience standing before God in Heaven. Millard attests that "['I Can Only Imagine'] is one of the only songs I have ever written where there wasn't any mistakes, it was just written the way it is and left at that",[5] and estimated that it took him only ten minutes to write the lyrics.[4]
In writing the music for the song, however, the band faced more difficulty; Millard noted that "at first it was a fast song... it was all these random ideas".[5] Keyboardist Jim Bryson noted that, "we were literally tearing down the stuff... [Millard] and I were talking about arranging it differently and doing a slower version, so we just tried out a piano intro... it was literally the first thing I played. It wasn't anything to do with me, I think it was just a God thing. [Millard] said 'here it is, this is what's going to happen', and we laid the song down in about five minutes."[5] At that time, the other MercyMe members were Robby Shaffer on drums and percussion, Nathan Cochran on bass guitar and Michael Scheuchzer on guitar. This line-up recorded the first version of the song for The Worship Project.[3][6] In 2006, it was included in the 'Platinum Edition' of Almost There.[7]
Composition[edit]
I Can Only Imagine
A sample of "I Can Only Imagine". MercyMe's debut single, "I Can Only Imagine" is "a passionate piano-driven ballad. The song considers what it would be like to be in the presence of God. Delivered with conviction, the song is emotionally compelling".[8]
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"I Can Only Imagine" is a ballad with a length of four minutes and eight seconds.[8] The song is set in the key of E major and has a moderately slow tempo of 80 beats per minute with a vocal range from B3–G♯5.[9] The song opens up with only a piano, and builds up to include guitar and drums.[10] Millard is credited with both the lyrics and music to the song.[11] The song was produced by Pete Kipley, who had worked with MercyMe previously[2] as well as with artists including Rebecca St. James, Phil Wickham and Lincoln Brewster.[12]
The lyrics to the song are based around the narrator wondering what it will be like in Heaven and to be standing before God.[8] Regarding this theme, Millard explained to Fox News that "I was always told that if he could choose, he would rather be in Heaven than here with me. As a Christian I believed that, but as an 18-year-old it was a little hard to swallow. So the questions in the song came from me asking God what was so great about Him that my dad would rather be there."[2]
Release and promotion[edit]
MercyMe's lead singer-songwriter, Bart Millard (left) and drummer, Robby Shaffer, performing in February 2008.
"I Can Only Imagine" was re-recorded for their major-label debut record Almost There and released as its lead single in 2001.[13] The album was recorded in various locations: Ivy Park, The Indigo Room, Paradise Sound and IBC Studios.[11] The single gained radio airplay on some contemporary Christian formats; by November, it peaked at number-one on the Radio & Records Christian AC format and in the top twenty of the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart.[14][15]
In 2003, a Dallas mainstream radio station, 100.3 Wild-FM, first played the song on its morning show, The Fitz Radio Program.[3][16][17] They had responded to a caller's repeated requests and the urgings of the program's producer, Todd Sheppard.[2][4] The song soon became the most requested and most played song on the station.[17][18] After hearing the song played on the station, Millard called-in and spoke with the crew; MercyMe then came in and played the song live.[17]
As other stations around the country caught on, MercyMe's label, INO Records, partnered with Curb Records.[17][19][20] They marketed the single to wider audiences, such as Top 40 radio.[19][20][21] In September, INO and Curb also released a double A-side physical single, "I Can Only Imagine/Word of God Speak".[13] The latter track was co-written by Millard with the band's producer, Kipley.[22] Eventually, the song cracked into secular charts, including the Billboard Hot 100[23] and the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts.[24]
Impact[edit]
MercyMe did not expect "I Can Only Imagine" to gain mainstream success, in part due to its explicit references to Jesus and Heaven.[16][17] Millard noted that the band joked around about "the top five songs never to cross over,[16] and they had included "I Can Only Imagine" on that list.[16][17] Millard also believed some radio stations were playing the song to prove it could not succeed on mainstream radio.[17] The song had a significant effect on the band's musical image; in an interview, Millard commented that "We were a rock band when we started 11 years ago. But we kind of became the 'adult contemporary poster child' when 'I Can Only Imagine' took off".[25]
Music video[edit]
Millard holding his father's photograph in the music video.
A music video was released for "I Can Only Imagine".[26][27] Millard recalled the video's inspiration: "I just kept seeing all these people holding picture frames [at MercyMe concerts] that are empty because we all carry these people with us in some way. I've had so many people after a show pull out a picture of someone they've lost. These people embrace these photos and I just thought how can we tap into that".[27] The video features everyday people as well as several music artists including Michael Tait, Tammy Trent, Bob Herdman, and Jesse Katina, each holding an empty picture frame to signify their loss of a loved one; as the video progresses, they are holding pictures of their loved ones including Millard with his father's photograph.[27]
The video opens with a shot of an empty room and a chair, shifting to show a young boy climbing up a flight of stairs. The camera then shifts to the band before returning to the boy, now in an attic which is filled with many empty picture frames. The video alternates between shots of the boy and the band before shifting to individual shots of other people, each holding an empty picture frame. As the other instruments join in, the camera comes back to the band, focusing on them before returning to shots of the people, whose picture frames now contain pictures of deceased relatives. At the end of the video, the camera returns to the boy, now running down a street with an empty frame, climaxing with him lying down in a field with the empty frame.[26][27]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Critical reception for "I Can Only Imagine" was positive. Steve Losey of Allmusic commented that "[the song] is a passionate piano-driven ballad. The song considers what it would be like to be in the presence of God. Delivered with conviction, the song is emotionally compelling".[8] Jesus Freak Hideout's reviewer Kevin Chamberlin felt "The lyrics for the song are amazing. If you haven't listened to the lyrics, because you're afraid of hearing pop music, get over it and listen to it."[28] Kevin McNeese of NewReleaseTuesday commented that "The definite highlight on [Almost There] is the worship/ballad 'I Can Only Imagine'... The song starts out with just piano that instantly invokes chills and builds dynamically into a powerful display of drums and guitar. But what makes the song are the lyrics, penned by Bart Millard himself. The song speaks about that day that we all dream about when we finally meet Jesus... It's a song that can't be listened to with eyes open".[10]
Chart performance[edit]
"I Can Only Imagine" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 for the chart week of 11 October 2003 at No. 76.[23] The song peaked at No. 71 for two weeks and spent 16 non-consecutive weeks on the Hot 100.[14][23] On the Adult Contemporary chart, "I Can Only Imagine" debuted at No. 29 for the chart week of 23 May 2003, with an eventual peak of No. 5 for the chart week of 8 September 2003; in all, "I Can Only Imagine" spent 30 weeks on the chart.[14][24]
On the Adult Top 40 chart, "I Can Only Imagine" debuted at No. 39 for the chart week of 9 August 2003 and reached a peak position of No. 27, holding that spot for three consecutive weeks; in all, the song spent 26 weeks on the chart.[14][29] On the Mainstream Top 40 chart, the song debuted at No. 37 for the chart week of 12 July 2003, reaching an eventual peak of No. 33.[14][30] On the Country Songs chart, the song debuted at No. 58 for the chart week of 27 December 2003, reaching an eventual peak of No. 52, which it held for two weeks.[31] According to Mike Curb on the Curb Records website, "I Can Only Imagine" also peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales chart for 10 weeks, No. 1 on the Radio & Records Christian AC chart for two weeks,[14][15] and No. 15 on the Christian CHR chart.[14]
In April 2010, "I Can Only Imagine" was certified platinum by the RIAA, signifying sales of over 1,000,000 digital downloads.[32] It is the first single by any artist in the Christian music genre to go platinum.[33] The song was certified 2x platinum in 2014.[32] As of March 2018, it has sold 2.5 million copies, making it the best-selling Christian single of all time.[34]
Awards and accolades[edit]
"I Can Only Imagine" earned two GMA Dove Awards in 2002; 'Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year' and 'Song of the Year'.[35][36] Millard also won 'Songwriter of the Year' at the same ceremony.[35][36] In November 2009, the song was played on board Space Shuttle Atlantis as a wake-up call for Barry E. Wilmore during STS-129.[37]
Other versions[edit]
The original version of "I Can Only Imagine" was a track on MercyMe's 1999 independent release The Worship Project.[6] In August 2006, both an acoustic and live form (as well as the original 1999 version) were included in the 'Platinum edition' of Almost There.[7] MercyMe recorded a version of the song for their iTunes Originals album.[38][39] In 2009, two further variants were included on their compilation album 10; a 'symphony version' featuring the London Symphony Orchestra, and a live version.[40]
"I Can Only Imagine" has also been covered by several artists.[41] In 2002 Amy Grant released a reworked version of the song (titled "Imagine" and paired with "Sing the Wondrous Love of Jesus") on her album, Legacy... Hymns and Faith.[42] In 2003, Jeff Carson and Kathryn Scott each issued variants of the song;[42][43] Carson's version peaked at No. 50 on the Country Songs chart.[44] In 2005 Wynonna Judd issued her form of the song;[42] while in 2007 Emerson Drive provided theirs.[45] The song was covered again in 2010 by Marie Osmond and in 2013 by gospel artist Tamela Mann.
The song was performed live by Garwin Dobbins, a man struggling with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, a crippling disease referred to as Stone Man's syndrome, in which the body's repair mechanism replaces muscle with bone, causing many joints to become permanently frozen in place.[46] Dobbins, who died in 2004, sang the song on a broadcast of Austin Awakening, accompanied by pastor Randy Phillips of Phillips, Craig and Dean. Footage of the performance was featured in the finale of the Trevor Glass documentary "Suffer the Children."[47] There is also a German version "Ich kann nur davon träumen".
Track listing[edit]
CD release[13][48][49][50]
"I Can Only Imagine" – 4:08 (Bart Millard)[9][41]
"Word of God Speak" – 3:07 (Peter Kipley, Millard)[22][51]
Release history[edit]
Date
Territory
Label
Format
2001[13] United States INO Airplay
23 September 2003[13]
INO
Curb
CD
4 January 2005[32]
INO
Epic
Digital
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts
Chart (2001–2002)
Peak
Position
Radio and Records Christian AC[14][15] 1
Radio and Records Christian CHR[14] 15
Chart (2003–2004)
Peak
Position
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[52] 5
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[53] 27
US Billboard Hot 100[54] 71
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[55] 33
Chart (2012)
Peak
Position
France (SNEP)[56] 65
Chart (2017)
Peak
Position
US Christian Digital Song Sales (Billboard)[57] 1
Chart (2018)
Peak
Position
US Christian Songs (Billboard)[58] 1
US Digital Songs (Billboard)[59] 10
Year-end charts
Chart (2003)
Position
Billboard Adult Contemporary[60][61] 20
Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales[62][63] 24
Chart (2010)
Position
Billboard Christian/Gospel Digital Songs[64] 9
Chart (2011)
Position
Billboard Christian/Gospel Digital Songs[65] 7
Certifications
Country
Certifications
(sales thresholds)
United States 2x Platinum[32]
Film adaptation[edit]
Main article: I Can Only Imagine (film)
The story behind the song was made into a feature film starring J. Michael Finley and Dennis Quaid. The film was released on March 16, 2018.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Brad Schmitt, "MercyMe's Bart Millard thought his father was going to kill him", Tennessean, February 13, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Adams, Ramsay (6 July 2003). "Christian Rock Crosses Over". Fox News (News Corporation). Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jenison, David. "A Severe Mercy". Today'sChristianMusic. CCM Magazine. Salem Publishing (Salem Communications). Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Correa, Karen (Fall 2003). "The Quality of MercyMe". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP). Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bart Millard, Jim Bryson (interviewees) (2007). Faith & Fame – MercyMe. NME. UK: IPC Media (Time Inc.). Event occurs at a-d. 12:13–13:07. Retrieved 11 August 2011. Note: video may not be available in your region, e.g. Australia. Supplied by INO Records/Columbia Records.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Worship Project – MercyMe". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "iTunes – Music – Almost There (Platinum Edition) by MercyMe". iTunes. Apple Inc. 2006. Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Losey, Steve. ""Almost There" – MercyMe (Review)". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "MercyMe – "I Can Only Imagine" Sheet Music". Musicnotes, Inc. (Kathleen Marsh). Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011. Note: To access archive, user must click 'bypass' and then, on the next screen, click 'please click here'.
^ Jump up to: a b McNeese, Kevin (30 January 2008). "Almost There by MercyMe (Review)". NewReleaseTuesday.com (NRT Media (Kevin McNeese)). Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Almost There (CD liner). MercyMe. INO Records. 2001. 39972.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e ""I Can Only Imagine/Word of God Speak", MercyMe, Music CD Single – Barnes & Noble". Barnes & Noble. Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Curb, Mike. "Billboard Charted Singles" (PDF). Mikecurb.com. Curb Records. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Curb, Mike. "Number One Records" (PDF). Mikecurb.com. Curb Records. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Farris, Christa (September 2003). ""I Can Only Imagine" Is Still The Little Song That Could" (PDF). CCM Magazine. Salem Publishing (Salem Communications). 26 (3): 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Gillespie, Natalie Nichols (2 June 2003). ""I Can Only Imagine" Impacts Mainstream Radio". Crosswalk.com. Salem Web Network (Salem Communications). p. 1. Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
Jump up ^ MercyMe (interviewees) (2004). The Story Behind "I Can Only Imagine". INO Records. Event occurs at 5:55–6:20. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Cusic, Don (2010). "Curb, Mike". In Cusic, Don. Encyclopedia of contemporary Christian music: pop, rock, and worship. ABC-CLIO. pp. 97–98. ISBN 978-0-313-34425-1. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Price, Deborah Evans (25 October 2003). "A Yearning for More Meaning". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media: 3, 76. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Bronson, Fred. "Chart Beat Chat". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "ACE Title Search "Word of God Speak"". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP). Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "MercyMe Album & Song Chart History – Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "MercyMe Album & Song Chart History – Adult Contemporary Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Thompson, John J. (9 December 2005). "Well Mercy Me, Children!". Today'sChristianMusic. CCM Magazine. Salem Publishing (Salem Communications). Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b ""I Can Only Imagine" – MercyMe (VEVO)". Vevo (Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment, Abu Dhabi Media Company, E1 Entertainment). Retrieved 15 September 2011. Note: video may not be available in your region, e.g. Australia.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Nentwig, Wendy Lee (23 September 2003). "Song Story: "I Can Only Imagine"". Crosswalk.com (Salem Web Communications (Salem Communications)). Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Chamberlin, Kevin (9 September 2002). "MercyMe, Almost There review". Jesus Freak Hideout. John DiBiase. Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d "RIAA Gold and Platinum". RIAA. 14 April 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2011. Note: Requires user to input artist, e.g. MercyMe.
Jump up ^ "Mercyme makes history as "I Can Only Imagine" surpasses 1 million downloads". Christian Today. Andrew Clark. 21 April 2010. Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "How did 'I Can Only Imagine' become the biggest Christian hit ever (and inspire a movie)?".
^ Jump up to: a b "Dove Awards History Year (searchable database)". GMA Dove Award. Gospel Music Association (GMA). Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2011. Note: Search for either MercyMe or Bart Millard.
^ Jump up to: a b Losey, Steven Douglas (26 December 2002). "Real People, Real Worship". CCM Magazine. Salem Publishing (Salem Communications). Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "STS-129 Wakeup Calls". NASA. Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2011. Curator: Kim Dismukes; responsible official: Amiko Kauderer.
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Jump up ^ "iTunes Originals by MercyMe". iTunes. Apple Inc. Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
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^ Jump up to: a b "ACE Title Search "I Can Only Imagine"". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP). Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jones, Kim. "Who Sings "I Can Only Imagine"?". About.com. About.com (The New York Times Company). Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Breimeier, Russ. "Satisfy, Christian Music Reviews". The Fish. Christianity Today International (Salem Communications). Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 14 September Demi Lovato has also covered the song. 2011. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
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[show]
v
t
e
MercyMe singles
Discography
Almost There
"Bless Me Indeed (Jabez's Song)"
"I Can Only Imagine"
Spoken For
"Spoken For"
"Word of God Speak"
"The Change Inside Of Me"
Undone
"Here with Me"
"Homesick"
"In the Blink of an Eye"
Coming Up to Breathe
"So Long Self"
"Hold Fast"
"Bring the Rain"
All That Is Within Me
"God with Us"
"You Reign"
"Finally Home"
The Generous Mr. Lovewell
"All of Creation"
"Beautiful"
"Move"
The Hurt & The Healer
"The Hurt & The Healer"
Welcome to the New
"Shake"
Lifer
"Even If"
Other charted songs
"O Holy Night"
"Silent Night"
"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree"
"God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen"
"The Little Drummer Boy"
"It Came Upon a Midnight Clear"
"Go Tell it on the Mountain"
"Sleigh Ride"
[show]
v
t
e
Jeff Carson
Studio albums
Jeff Carson
Butterfly Kisses
Real Life
Singles
"Not on Your Love"
"The Car"
"Holdin' Onto Somethin'"
"Butterfly Kisses"
"Real Life (I Never Was the Same Again)"
"I Can Only Imagine"
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List of Olympic female gymnasts for the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Shannon Miller
Gymnastics events have been staged at the Olympic Games since 1896.[1] American female gymnasts have participated in every Olympic Games since 1936 except for 1980.[2] A total of 83 female gymnasts have represented the United States. American women have won 48 medals at the Olympics – 9 in team all-around, 8 in individual all-around, 4 in vault, 8 in uneven bars, 10 in balance beam, and 9 in floor exercise. The medals include 28 golds.[3] The U.S. has medaled in the team all-around in every Summer Olympics since 1992, winning golds in 1996, 2012, and 2016.[2]
Seven American female gymnasts have won at least four medals at the Olympic Games: Shannon Miller (seven), Aly Raisman (six), Simone Biles (five), Nastia Liukin (five), Mary Lou Retton (five), Dominique Dawes (four), and Shawn Johnson (four).[4][5][6][7][8]
In 1984, Mary Lou Retton became the first American female gymnast to win the individual all-around gold medal at the Olympics.[9] She won five total medals that year in the only Olympic Games she participated in.[6]
Shannon Miller, who competed at the 1992 and 1996 Olympics, won seven total Olympic medals, the most of any American female gymnast. She won five medals in 1992 and added two more in 1996.[3][4] Dominique Dawes competed at the 1992, 1996, and 2000 Olympics, winning four medals.[7] Miller and Dawes were both members of the "Magnificent Seven", the 1996 team that became the first American squad to win the team all-around gold medal at the Olympics. The competition was highlighted by Kerri Strug sticking a vault while injured to ensure the U.S. victory.[10]
Nastia Liukin and Shawn Johnson won five and four medals, respectively, in 2008, the only Olympics that either one participated in. Liukin won the individual all-around gold medal, and Johnson won the balance beam gold medal.[5][8]
In 2012, the U.S. won the team all-around for the second time. This team, which was nicknamed the "Fierce Five", featured five gymnasts who were all making their first appearance at the Olympics.[11] That year, Gabby Douglas won the gold medal in individual all-around, and Aly Raisman won the gold medal in floor exercise.[12][13]
In 2016, the U.S. won the team all-around gold medal for the second consecutive Olympics, and the third title overall. The team referred to as "The Final Five", featured the return of 2012 Olympic gold medalists Gabby Douglas and Aly Raisman. It also featured newcomers Laurie Hernandez, Madison Kocian, and the 3-time reigning world all-around champion Simone Biles. Biles won the individual all-around, vault, and floor exercise gold medals, and also took bronze in the balance beam final. Raisman won silver medals in the all-around and floor exercise. Hernandez took the silver on the balance beam while Kocian, the reigning uneven bars world co-champion would win silver in that event. The 2016 games had been the most dominant games ever for team USA in women's gymnastics, having won 4 golds, 4 silvers, and a bronze medal overall.
Gymnasts[edit]
Simone Biles
Gabby Douglas
Nastia Liukin
McKayla Maroney
Dominique Moceanu
Carly Patterson
Samantha Peszek
Gymnast
Years
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total medals
Age at Last Olympics
Ref.
Barone, MarianMarian Barone 1948, 1952 0 0 1 1 28 [14]
Bhardwaj, MohiniMohini Bhardwaj 2004 0 1 0 1 25 [15]
Bileck, PamPam Bileck 1984 0 1 0 1 15 [16]
Biles, SimoneSimone Biles 2016 4 0 1 5 19
Borden, AmandaAmanda Borden 1996 1 0 0 1 19 [17]
Bruce, WendyWendy Bruce 1992 0 0 1 1 19 [18]
Casey, ColleenColleen Casey[1] 1976 0 0 0 0 16 [19]
Chace, KimberlyKimberly Chace[2] 1972, 1976 0 0 0 0 20 [20]
Chow, AmyAmy Chow 1996, 2000 1 1 1 3 22 [21]
Cluff, WendyWendy Cluff[3] 1968 0 0 0 0 17 [22]
Corrigan, KathyKathy Corrigan[4] 1964 0 0 0 0 19 [23]
Dorothy Dalton 1948, 1952 0 0 1 1 30 [24]
Dantzscher, JamieJamie Dantzscher 2000 0 0 1 1 18 [25]
Dawes, DominiqueDominique Dawes 1992, 1996, 2000 1 0 3 4 23 [7]
Douglas, GabbyGabby Douglas 2012, 2016 3 0 0 3 20 [12]
Dusserre, MichelleMichelle Dusserre 1984 0 1 0 1 15 [26]
Elste-Neumann, MetaMeta Elste-Neumann 1948, 1952 0 0 1 1 28 [27]
Englert, CarrieCarrie Englert 1976 0 0 0 0 18 [28]
Fuchs, DorisDoris Fuchs 1956, 1960 0 0 0 0 22 [29]
Garrison, KellyKelly Garrison 1988 0 0 0 0 21 [30]
Gleason, KathyKathy Gleason[5] 1968 0 0 0 0 19 [31]
Grossfeld, MurielMuriel Grossfeld 1956, 1960, 1964 0 0 0 0 23 [32]
Grulkowski, RuthRuth Grulkowski 1952 0 0 0 0 21 [33]
Hatch, AnniaAnnia Hatch 2004 0 2 0 2 26 [34]
Hernandez, LaurieLaurie Hernandez 2016 1 1 0 2 16
Hoesly, MarieMarie Hoesly 1952 0 0 0 0 35 [35]
Howard, KathyKathy Howard 1976 0 0 0 0 18 [36]
Howe, JudyJudy Howe 1956 0 0 0 0 21 [37]
Humphrey, TerinTerin Humphrey 2004 0 2 0 2 17 [38]
Johnson, BrandyBrandy Johnson 1988 0 0 0 0 15 [39]
Johnson, KathyKathy Johnson 1984 0 1 1 2 24 [40]
Johnson, ShawnShawn Johnson 2008 1 3 0 4 16 [8]
Kirkman, DorisDoris Kirkman[6] 1952 0 0 0 0 22 [41]
Klein, JacquelynJacquelyn Klein 1956 0 0 0 0 19 [42]
Kocian, MadisonMadison Kocian 2016 1 1 0 2 19
Kupets, CourtneyCourtney Kupets 2004 0 1 1 2 18 [43]
Liukin, NastiaNastia Liukin 2008 1 3 1 5 18 [5]
Maloney, KristenKristen Maloney 2000 0 0 1 1 19 [44]
Marlowe, MelissaMelissa Marlowe 1988 0 0 0 0 16 [45]
Maroney, McKaylaMcKayla Maroney 2012 1 1 0 2 16 [46]
Maycock, Betty-JeanBetty-Jean Maycock 1960 0 0 0 0 17 [47]
McClements, DorothyDorothy McClements 1964 0 0 0 0 19 [48]
McCool, CourtneyCourtney McCool 2004 0 1 0 1 16 [49]
McNamara, JulianneJulianne McNamara 1984 1 2 0 3 18 [50]
Memmel, ChellsieChellsie Memmel 2008 0 1 0 1 20 [51]
Metheny, LindaLinda Metheny 1964, 1968, 1972 0 0 0 0 25 [52]
Miller, ShannonShannon Miller 1992, 1996 2 2 3 7 19 [4]
Mills, PhoebePhoebe Mills 1988 0 0 1 1 15 [53]
Moceanu, DominiqueDominique Moceanu 1996 1 0 0 1 14 [54]
Montefusco, TheresaTheresa Montefusco[7] 1960 0 0 0 0 19 [55]
Moore, JoanJoan Moore[8] 1972 0 0 0 0 18 [56]
Mulvihill, ColleenColleen Mulvihill[9] 1968 0 0 0 0 16 [57]
Okino, BettyBetty Okino 1992 0 0 1 1 17 [58]
Patterson, CarlyCarly Patterson 2004 1 2 0 3 16 [59]
Peszek, SamanthaSamantha Peszek 2008 0 1 0 1 16 [60]
Phelps, JaycieJaycie Phelps 1996 1 0 0 1 16 [61]
Pierce, RoxanneRoxanne Pierce[10] 1972 0 0 0 0 17 [62]
Racek, JoyceJoyce Racek 1956 0 0 0 0 18 [63]
Raisman, AlyAly Raisman 2012, 2016 3 2 1 6 22 [13]
Ray, EliseElise Ray 2000 0 0 1 1 18 [64]
Retton, Mary LouMary Lou Retton 1984 1 2 2 5 16 [6]
Richardson, SharonSharon Richardson[11] 1960 0 1 2 3 17 [65]
Rigby, CathyCathy Rigby 1968, 1972 0 0 0 0 19 [66]
Ross, KylaKyla Ross 2012 1 0 0 1 15 [67]
Ruddick, SandraSandra Ruddick 1956 0 0 0 0 24 [68]
Sacramone, AliciaAlicia Sacramone 2008 0 1 0 1 20 [69]
Schroth, ClaraClara Schroth 1948, 1952 0 0 1 1 21 [70]
Schwikert, TashaTasha Schwikert 2000 0 0 1 1 15 [71]
Sloan, BridgetBridget Sloan 2008 0 1 0 1 16 [72]
Sontgerath, GailGail Sontgerath[12] 1960 0 0 0 0 16 [73]
Speaks, JanieJanie Speaks[13] 1964 0 0 0 0 16 [74]
Spivey, HopeHope Spivey 1988 0 0 0 0 17 [75]
Stack, ChelleChelle Stack 1988 0 0 0 0 15 [76]
Strug, KerriKerri Strug 1992, 1996 1 0 1 2 18 [77]
Talavera, TraceeTracee Talavera 1984 0 1 0 1 17 [78]
Tanac, JoyceJoyce Tanac[14] 1968 0 0 0 0 18 [79]
Thies, NancyNancy Thies[15] 1972 0 0 0 0 15 [80]
Topalian, RuthRuth Topalian[16] 1952 0 0 0 0 25 [81]
Walther, MarieMarie Walther 1964 0 0 0 0 19 [82]
Wieber, JordynJordyn Wieber 2012 1 0 0 1 17 [83]
Willcox, DebraDebra Willcox[17] 1976 0 0 0 0 16 [84]
Wolfsberger, LeslieLeslie Wolfsberger[18] 1976 0 0 0 0 17 [85]
Zmeskal, KimKim Zmeskal 1992 0 0 1 1 16 [86]
See also[edit]
Gymnastics portal
Olympics portal
United States portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gutman, Dan (1996). Gymnastics. Puffin Books. p. 8.
^ Jump up to: a b "United States Gymnastics Women's Team All-Around Results". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "United States Gymnastics". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Shannon Miller". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Nastia Liukin". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Mary Lou Retton". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Dominique Dawes". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Shawn Johnson". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mary Lou Retton". ighof.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Weinberg, Rick. "51: Kerri Strug fights off pain, helps U.S. win gold" Archived 2008-06-29 at the Wayback Machine.. sports.espn.go.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Jenkins, Sally. "U.S. women are simply flawless en route to dominant Olympic gold in team competition". washingtonpost.com. July 31, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gabby Douglas". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Aly Raisman". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Marian Barone". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mohini Bhardwaj". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pam Bileck". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Amanda Borden". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Wendy Bruce". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Colleen Casey". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Kimberly Chace". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Amy Chow". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Wendy Cluff". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Kathy Corrigan". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dorothy Dalton". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jamie Dantzscher". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Michelle Dusserre". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Meta Elste". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Carrie Englert". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Doris Fuchs". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Kelly Garrison-Steves". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Kathy Gleason". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Muriel Davis-Grossfeld". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ruth Grulkowski". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Annia Hatch". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Marie Hoesly". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Kathy Howard". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Judy Howe". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Terin Humphrey". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Brandy Johnson". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Kathy Johnson". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Doris Kirkman". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jacquelyn Klein". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Courtney Kupets". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Kristen Maloney". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Melissa Marlowe". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "McKayla Maroney". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Betty Jean Maycock". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dale McClements". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Courtney McCool". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Julianne McNamara". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Chellsie Memmel". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Linda Metheny". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Phoebe Mills". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dominique Moceanu". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Theresa Montefusco". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Joan Moore". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Colleen Mulvihill". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Betty Okino". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Carly Patterson". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Samantha Peszek". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jaycie Phelps". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Roxanne Pierce". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Joyce Racek". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Elise Ray". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sharon Richardson". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Cathy Rigby". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Kyla Ross". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sandra Ruddick". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Alicia Sacramone". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Clara Schroth-Lomady". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Tasha Schwikert-Warren". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bridget Sloan". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Gail Sontgerath". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Janie Speaks". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hope Spivey". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Chelle Stack". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Kerri Strug". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Tracee Talavera". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Joyce Tanac". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nancy Thies". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ruth Topalian". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Marie Walther". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jordyn Wieber". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Debra Willcox". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Leslie Wolfsberger". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Kim Zmeskal". sports-reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2013.
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Oregon Country
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Oregon County.
Map of Oregon Country.
Carver's map of The River of the West, 1778, showing Lake Winnipeg.
The Oregon Country was a predominantly American term referring to a disputed region of the Pacific Northwest of North America. The region was occupied by British and French Canadian fur traders from before 1810, and American settlers from the mid-1830s, with its coastal areas north from the Columbia River frequented by ships from all nations engaged in the maritime fur trade, most of these from the 1790s through 1810s being Boston-based. The Oregon Treaty of 1846 ended disputed joint occupancy pursuant to the Treaty of 1818 and established the British-American boundary at the 49th parallel (except Vancouver Island).[citation needed]
Oregon was a distinctly American term for the region. The British used the term Columbia District instead.[1] The Oregon Country consisted of the land north of 42°N latitude, south of 54°40′N latitude, and west of the Rocky Mountains — with the eastern border generally running on or close to the Continental Divide — westwards to the Pacific Ocean. The area now forms part of the present day Canadian province of British Columbia, all of the US states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, and parts of Montana and Wyoming. The British presence in the region was generally administered by the Hudson's Bay Company, whose Columbia Department comprised most of the Oregon Country and extended considerably north into New Caledonia and beyond 54°40′N, with operations reaching tributaries of the Yukon River.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early exploration
2 Name origin
3 Territorial evolution
4 Early settlement
5 The Oregon Treaty
5.1 Hudson's Bay Company
5.2 Oregon Territory
6 Descriptions of the land and settlers
7 See also
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links
Early exploration[edit]
George Vancouver explored Puget Sound in 1792. Vancouver claimed it for Great Britain on 4 June 1792, naming it for one of his officers, Lieutenant Peter Puget. Alexander Mackenzie was the first European to cross North America by land north of New Spain.[3] arriving at Bella Coola on what is now the Central Coast of British Columbia in 1793. From 1805 to 1806 Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored the territory for the United States on the Lewis and Clark Expedition. David Thompson, working for the Montreal-based North West Company, explored much of the region beginning in 1807, with his friend and colleague Simon Fraser following the Fraser River to its mouth in 1808, attempting to ascertain whether or not it was the Columbia, as had been theorized about it in its northern reaches through New Caledonia, where it was known by its Dakleh name as the "Tacoutche Tesse". Thompson was the first European to voyage down the entire length of Columbia River. Along the way, his party camped at the junction with the Snake River on July 9, 1811. He erected a pole and a notice claiming the country for Great Britain and stating the intention of the North West Company to build a trading post on the site. Later in 1811, on the same expedition, he finished his survey of the entire Columbia, arriving at a partially constructed Fort Astoria two months after the departure of John Jacob Astor's ill-fated Tonquin.[4]
Name origin[edit]
Main article: Oregon (toponym)
The earliest evidence of the name Oregon has Spanish origins. The term "orejón" comes from the historical chronicle Relación de la Alta y Baja California (1598)[5] written by the new Spaniard Rodrigo Motezuma and made reference to the Columbia river when the Spanish explorers penetrated into the actual North American territory that became part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This chronicle is the first topographical and linguistic source with respect to the place name Oregon. There are also two other sources with Spanish origins such as the name Oregano which grows in the southern part of the region. It is most probable that the American territory was named by the Spaniards as there are some populations in Spain such as "Arroyo del Oregón" which is situated in the province of Ciudad Real, also considering that the individualization in Spanish language "El Orejón" with the mutation of the letter "g" instead of "j".[6] Another subsequent theory is that French Canadian fur company employees called the Columbia River "hurricane river" le fleuve d'ouragan, because of the strong winds of the Columbia Gorge. George R. Stewart argued in a 1944 article in American Speech that the name came from an engraver's error in a French map published in the early 18th century, on which the Ouisiconsink (Wisconsin River) was spelled "Ouaricon-sint", broken on two lines with the -sint below, so that there appeared to be a river flowing to the west named "Ouaricon".[7][8] This theory was endorsed in Oregon Geographic Names as "the most plausible explanation".[9]
Territorial evolution[edit]
Further information: Columbia District
Spanish territorial claims in the West Coast of North America, 18th century.
The Oregon Country was originally claimed by Great Britain, France, Russia, and Spain; the Spanish claim was later taken up by the United States. The extent of the region being claimed was vague at first, evolving over decades into the specific borders specified in the US-British treaty of 1818. The U.S.-based its claim in part on Robert Gray's entry of the Columbia River in 1792 and the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Great Britain based its claim in part on British overland explorations of the Columbia River by David Thompson and on prior discovery and exploration along the Coast. Spain's claim was based on the Inter caetera and Treaty of Tordesillas of 1493–94, as well as explorations of the Pacific coast in the late 18th century.[10] Russia based its claim off its explorations and trading activities in the region and asserted its ownership of the region north of the 51st parallel by the Ukase of 1821, which was quickly challenged by the other powers and withdrawn to 54°40′N by separate treaties with the US and Britain in 1824 and 1825 respectively.[11] Spain gave up its claims of exclusivity via the Nootka Conventions of the 1790s. In the Nootka Conventions, which followed the Nootka Crisis Spain granted Britain rights to the Pacific Northwest, although it did not establish a northern boundary for Spanish California, nor did it extinguish Spanish rights to the Pacific Northwest.[12] Spain later relinquished any remaining claims to territory north of the 42nd parallel to the United States as part of the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819. In the 1820s, Russia gave up its claims south of 54°40′ and east of the 141st meridian in separate treaties with the United States and Britain.[13]
Meanwhile, the United States and Britain negotiated the Anglo-American Convention of 1818 that extended the boundary between their territories west along the 49th parallel to the Rocky Mountains. The two countries agreed to "joint occupancy" of the land west of the Rockies to the Pacific Ocean.[citation needed]
In 1821, as part of the forced merger between the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company, the British Parliament imposed the laws of Upper Canada on British subjects in Rupert's Land and Columbia District, and gave the authority to enforce those laws to the Hudson's Bay Company. Chief Factor John McLoughlin, as HBC's manager in the Columbia District, applied the law to British subjects and sought to maintain law and order over American settlers, as well.[citation needed]
In 1843 settlers established their own government, called the Provisional Government of Oregon. A legislative committee drafted a code of laws known as the Organic Law. It included the creation of an executive committee of three, a judiciary, militia, land laws, and four counties. There was vagueness and confusion over the nature of the 1843 Organic Law, in particular whether it was constitutional or statutory. In 1844, a new legislative committee decided to consider it statutory. The 1845 Organic Law made additional changes, including allowing the participation of British subjects in the government. Although the Oregon Treaty of 1846 settled the boundaries of US jurisdiction, the Provisional Government continued to function until 1849, when the first governor of Oregon Territory arrived.[14]
A faction of Oregon politicians hoped to continue Oregon's political evolution into an independent nation, but the pressure to join the United States would prevail by 1848, four months after the Mexican-American War.[15]
Early settlement[edit]
Main article: Oregon pioneer history
Fort Vancouver in 1845.
David Thompson navigated the entire length of Columbia River in 1811. Map of Columbia and its tributaries showing modern political boundaries.
Map of the route of the York Factory Express, 1820s to 1840s. Modern political boundaries shown.
The Oregon trail started in St. Louis, Missouri.
In 1805, the American Lewis and Clark expedition marked the first official American exploration of the area, then creating the first temporary settlement of Euro-Americans in the area near the mouth of the Columbia River at Fort Clatsop. Two years later in 1807, David Thompson of the British-owned North West Company (later the Hudson's Bay Company) penetrated the Oregon Country from the north, via Athabasca Pass, near the headwaters of the Columbia River. From there he navigated nearly the full length of the river through to the Pacific Ocean.
In 1810, John Jacob Astor commissioned and began the construction of the American Pacific Fur Company fur-trading post at Fort Astoria just five miles from the site of Lewis and Clark's former Fort Clatsop, completing construction of the first permanent Euro-American settlement in the area in 1811. This settlement later served as the nucleus of present day Astoria, Oregon. During the period of the construction of Fort Astoria, Thompson traveled down the Columbia River, then noting the partially constructed American Fort Astoria only two months after the departure of the supply ship Tonquin.
Along the way, Thompson had set foot on and claimed for the British Crown, the lands in the vicinity of the future Fort Nez Perces site at the confluence of the Columbia and Snake rivers. This claim initiated a very brief era of competition between American and British fur traders. During the War of 1812 Fort Astoria was captured by the British and sold to the North West Company. Under British control, Fort Astoria was renamed Fort George.[16]
In 1821 when the North West Company was merged with the Hudson's Bay Company, the British Parliament moved to impose the laws of Upper Canada upon British subjects in Columbia District and Rupert's Land, and issued the authority to enforce those laws to the Hudson's Bay Company. Chief Factor John McLoughlin was appointed manager of the district's operations in 1824. He moved the regional Company headquarters to Fort Vancouver (modern Vancouver, Washington) in 1824. Fort Vancouver became the centre of a thriving colony of mixed origin, including Scottish Canadians and Scots, English, French Canadians, Hawaiians, Algonkians, and Iroquois, as well as the offspring of company employees who had intermarried with various local native populations. McLoughlin applied the laws to British subjects, kept the peace with the natives and maintained friendly relations with American merchants and later colonists.[citation needed]
Astor continued to compete for Oregon Country furs through his American Fur Company operations in the Rockies.[17] In the 1820s, a few American explorers and traders visited this land beyond the Rocky Mountains. Long after the Lewis and Clark Expedition and also after the consolidation of the fur trade in the region by the Canadian fur companies, American "Mountain Men" such as Jedediah Smith and Jim Beckwourth came roaming into and across the Rocky Mountains, following Indian trails through the Rockies to California and Oregon. They sought beaver pelts and other furs, which were obtained by trapping. These were difficult to obtain in the Oregon Country due to the Hudson's Bay Company policy of creating a "fur desert": deliberate over-hunting of the area's frontiers, so that American trades would find nothing there.[18] The Mountain Men, like the Metis employees of the Canadian fur companies, adopted Indian ways and many of them married Native American women.[citation needed]
Reports of Oregon Country eventually circulated in the eastern United States. Some churches decided to send missionaries to convert the Indians. Jason Lee, a Methodist minister from New York, was the first Oregon missionary. He built a mission school for Indians in the Willamette Valley in 1834. Others followed within a few years.[citation needed]
American settlers began to arrive from the east by the Oregon Trail starting in the early 1840s, and came in increasing numbers each subsequent year. Increased tension led to the Oregon boundary dispute. Both sides realized that settlers would ultimately decide who controlled the region. The Hudson's Bay Company, which had previously discouraged settlement as it conflicted with the lucrative fur trade, belatedly reversed their position. In 1841, on orders from Sir George Simpson, James Sinclair guided more than 100 settlers from the Red River Colony to settle on HBC farms near Fort Vancouver. The Sinclair expedition crossed the Rockies into the Columbia Valley, near present-day Radium Hot Springs, British Columbia, then traveled south-west down the Kootenai River and Columbia River following the southern portion of the well established York Factory Express trade route.[citation needed]
The Canadian effort proved to be too little, too late. In what was dubbed "The Great Migration of 1843" or the "Wagon Train of 1843", an estimated 700 to 1,000 American emigrants came to Oregon, decisively tipping the balance.[19][20] Britain gave up claims to its portion of the Columbia District south of the 49 parallel to the United States by the Oregon Treaty in 1846.[citation needed]
The Oregon Treaty[edit]
Main article: Oregon Treaty
Mural on walls of Oregon Capitol Building depicting the provisional government seal.
In 1843, settlers in the Willamette Valley established a provisional government at Champoeg, which was personally (but not officially) recognized by John McLoughlin of the Hudson's Bay Company in 1845.[citation needed]
Political pressure in the United States urged the occupation of all the Oregon Country. Expansionists in the American South wanted to annex Texas, while their counterparts in the Northeast wanted to annex the Oregon Country whole. It was seen as significant that the expansions be parallel, as the relative proximity to other states and territories made it appear likely that Texas would be pro-slavery and Oregon against slavery.[citation needed]
In the 1844 U.S. Presidential election, the Democrats had called for expansion into both areas. After his election as president, however, James K. Polk supported the 49th parallel as a northern limit for U.S. annexation in Oregon Country. It was Polk's uncompromising support for expansion into Texas and relative silence on the Oregon boundary dispute that led to the phrase "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!", referring to the northern border of the region and often erroneously attributed to Polk's campaign. The goal of the slogan was to rally Southern expansionists (some of whom wanted to annex only Texas in an effort to tip the balance of slave/free states and territories in favor of slavery) to support the effort to annex Oregon Country, appealing to the popular belief in Manifest Destiny. The British government, meanwhile, sought control of all territory north of the Columbia River.[citation needed]
Despite the posturing, neither country really wanted to fight what would have been the third war in 70 years against the other. The two countries eventually came to a peaceful agreement in the 1846 Oregon Treaty that divided the territory west of the Continental Divide along the 49th parallel to Georgia Strait; with all of Vancouver Island remaining under British control. This border today divides British Columbia from neighboring Washington, Idaho, and Montana.[citation needed]
Hudson's Bay Company[edit]
In 1843 the Hudson's Bay Company—HBC shifted its Columbia Department headquarters from Fort Vancouver to Fort Victoria on Vancouver Island. The plan to move to more northern locations dated back to the 1820s. George Simpson was the main force behind the move north; John McLoughlin became the main hindrance. McLoughlin had devoted his life's work to the Columbia business and his personal interests were increasingly linked to the growing settlements in the Willamette Valley. He fought Simpson's proposals to move north, but in vain. By the time Simpson made the final decision in 1842 to move the headquarters to Vancouver Island, he had had many reasons for doing so. There was a dramatic decline in the fur trade across North America. In contrast the HBC was seeing increasing profits with coastal exports of salmon and lumber to Pacific markets such as Hawaii. Coal deposits on Vancouver Island had been discovered and steamships such as the Beaver had shown the growing value of coal, economically and strategically. A general HBC shift toward Pacific shipping and away from the interior of the continent made Victoria Harbour much more suitable than Fort Vancouver's location on the Columbia River. The Columbia Bar at the river's mouth was dangerous and routinely meant weeks or months of waiting for ships to cross. The largest ships could not enter the river at all. Finally, the growing numbers of American settlers along the lower Columbia gave Simpson reason to question the long term security of Fort Vancouver. He worried, rightfully so, that the final border resolution would not follow the Columbia River. By 1842 he thought it more likely that the US would at least demand Puget Sound, and the British government would accept a border as far north as the 49th parallel, excluding Vancouver Island. Despite McLoughlin's stalling, the HBC had begun the process of shifting away from Fort Vancouver and toward Vancouver Island and the northern coast in the 1830s. The increasing number of American settlers arriving in the Willamette Valley after 1840 served to make the need more pressing.[21]
Oregon Territory[edit]
In 1848, the U.S. portion of the Oregon Country was formally organized as the Oregon Territory. In 1849, Vancouver Island became a British Crown colony - the Colony of Vancouver Island, with the mainland being organized into the Colony of British Columbia in 1858. Shortly after the establishment of Oregon Territory there was an effort to split off the region north of the Columbia River, which resulted in the creation of Washington Territory in 1853.[citation needed]
Descriptions of the land and settlers[edit]
Alexander Ross, an early Scottish Canadian fur trader, describes the lower Columbia River area of the Oregon Country (known to him as the Columbia District):
The banks of the river throughout are low and skirted in the distance by a chain of moderately high lands on each side, interspersed here and there with clumps of wide spreading oaks, groves of pine, and a variety of other kinds of woods. Between these high lands lie what is called the valley of the Wallamitte [sic], the frequented haunts of innumerable herds of elk and deer ... In ascending the river the surrounding country is most delightful, and the first barrier to be meet with is about forty miles up from its mouth. Here the navigation is interrupted by a ledge of rocks, running across the river from side to side in the form of an irregular horseshoe, over which the whole body of water falls at one leap down a precipice of about forty feet, called the Falls.
After living in Oregon from 1843 to 1848, Peter H. Burnett wrote:
[Oregonians] were all honest, because there was nothing to steal; they were all sober, because there was no liquor to drink; there were no misers, because there was no money to hoard; and they were all industrious, because it was work or starve.[22][23]
See also[edit]
American frontier
Bibliography of Oregon history
Washington Territory
Robert Gray's Columbia River expedition
New Albion
Royal Proclamation of 1763 - another British-border treaty dependent on one or more hydrology divides to determine at least one of its borders
Russo-American Treaty of 1824
Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1825)
Cascadia (independence movement), a contemporary movement to make the Cascadian bioregion, roughly covering the same area as the Oregon country, an independent country
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Meinig, D.W. (1995) [1968]. The Great Columbia Plain (Weyerhaeuser Environmental Classic ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 104. ISBN 0-295-97485-0.
Jump up ^ Mackie, Richard Somerset (1997). Trading Beyond the Mountains: The British Fur Trade on the Pacific 1793-1843. Vancouver: University of British Columbia (UBC) Press. p. 284. ISBN 0-7748-0613-3.
Jump up ^ DeVoto, Bernard (1953). The Journals of Lewis and Clark. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. xxix. ISBN 0-395-08380-X.
Jump up ^ Nisbet, Jack (1994). Sources of the River: Tracking David Thompson Across Western North America. Sasquatch Books. pp. 4–5. ISBN 1-57061-522-5.
Jump up ^ Motezuma, Rodrigo (2002). La isla de oro: relación de la alta y Baja California (1. ed.). Valladolid: Universitas Castellae. ISBN 84-92315-67-9.
Jump up ^ Fernández-Shaw, Carlos M. (1987). Presencia española en los Estados Unidos (2a ed. aum. y corr. ed.). Madrid: Instituto de Cooperación Iberoamericana, Ediciones Cultura Hispánica. ISBN 84-7232-412-5.
Jump up ^ Stewart, George R. (1944). "The Source of the Name 'Oregon'". American Speech. Duke University Press. 19 (2): 115–117. doi:10.2307/487012. JSTOR 487012.
Jump up ^ Stewart, George R. (1967) [1945]. Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States (Sentry edition (3rd) ed.). Houghton Mifflin. pp. 153, 463.
Jump up ^ McArthur, Lewis A.; Lewis L. McArthur (2003) [1928]. Oregon Geographic Names (Seventh ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. ISBN 0-87595-277-1.
Jump up ^ Elliott, John Huxtable (2007). Empires of the Atlantic World. Yale University Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-300-12399-9. online at Google Books
Jump up ^ Haycox, Stephen W. (2002). Alaska: An American Colony. University of Washington Press. pp. 1118–1122. ISBN 978-0-295-98249-6.
Jump up ^ Weber, David J. (1994). The Spanish Frontier in North America. Yale University Press. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-300-05917-5. online at Google Books
Jump up ^ Chiorazzi, Michael G.; Marguerite Most (2005). Prestatehood Legal Materials. Haworth Press. p. 959. ISBN 978-0-7890-2056-7. online at Google Books
Jump up ^ Chiorazzi, Michael G.; Marguerite Most (2005). Prestatehood Legal Materials. Haworth Press. pp. 959–962. ISBN 978-0-7890-2056-7. online at Google Books
Jump up ^ Clarke, S.A. (1905). Pioneer Days of Oregon History. J.K. Gill Company.
Jump up ^ Meinig, D.W. (1995) [1968]. The Great Columbia Plain (Weyerhaeuser Environmental Classic ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-295-97485-0.
Jump up ^ Mackie, Richard Somerset (1997). Trading Beyond the Mountains: The British Fur Trade on the Pacific 1793-1843. Vancouver: University of British Columbia (UBC) Press. pp. 65, 108, 110–111. ISBN 0-7748-0613-3.
Jump up ^ Mackie, Richard Somerset (1997). Trading Beyond the Mountains: The British Fur Trade on the Pacific 1793-1843. Vancouver: University of British Columbia (UBC) Press. pp. 64–65, 259. ISBN 0-7748-0613-3.
Jump up ^ The Wagon Train of 1843: The Great Migration. Oregon Pioneers. Retrieved on 2007-12-22 from "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-05-31. Retrieved 2016-02-06. .
Jump up ^ The West Film Project (2001). Events in The West: 1840-1850. PBS, 2001. Retrieved on 2007-12-22 from https://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/events/1840_1850.htm.
Jump up ^ Mackie, Richard Somerset (1997). Trading Beyond the Mountains: The British Fur Trade on the Pacific 1793-1843. Vancouver: University of British Columbia (UBC) Press. pp. 240–245, 256–262, 264–273, 276. ISBN 0-7748-0613-3. online at Google Books
Jump up ^ MacColl, E. Kimbark (1979). The Growth of a City: Power and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1915-1950. Portland, Oregon: The Georgian Press. ISBN 0-9603408-1-5.
Jump up ^ MacColl cites Peter H. Burnett, Recollections and Opinions of an Old Pioneer, New York 1880, pg 181.
Bibliography[edit]
Richard W. Etulain, Lincoln and Oregon Country Politics in the Civil War. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press, 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oregon Country.
Chronology of Oregon Events
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1. Occupied jointly with the United States.
2. In 1931, Canada and other British dominions obtained self-government through the Statute of Westminster. See Name of Canada.
3. Gave up self-rule in 1934, but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949.
[show]
South America
1631–1641 Providence Island
1651–1667 Willoughbyland
1670–1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands4
1831–1966 Guiana
Since 1833 Falkland Islands5
Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands5
4. Now a department of Colombia.
5. Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April–June 1982.
[show]
Africa
17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century
Since 1658 Saint Helena14
1792–1961 Sierra Leone
1795–1803 Cape Colony
Since 1815 Ascension Island14
Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha14
1806–1910 Cape of Good Hope
1807–1808 Madeira
1810–1968 Mauritius
1816–1965 The Gambia
1856–1910 Natal
1862–1906 Lagos
1868–1966 Basutoland
1874–1957 Gold Coast
1882–1922 Egypt
1884–1900 Niger Coast
1884–1966 Bechuanaland
1884–1960 Somaliland
1887–1897 Zululand
1890–1962 Uganda
1890–1963 Zanzibar
1891–1964 Nyasaland
1891–1907 Central Africa
1893–1968 Swaziland
1895–1920 East Africa
1899–1956 Sudan
1900–1914 Northern Nigeria
1900–1914 Southern Nigeria
1900–1910 Orange River
1900–1910 Transvaal
1903–1976 Seychelles
1910–1931 South Africa
1914–1960 Nigeria
1915–1931 South-West Africa
1919–1961 Cameroons6
1920–1963 Kenya
1922–1961 Tanganyika6
1923–1965 and 1979–1980 Southern Rhodesia7
1924–1964 Northern Rhodesia
6. League of Nations mandate.
7. Self-governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 (as Rhodesia) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
[show]
Asia
17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century
1685–1824 Bencoolen
1702–1705 Pulo Condore
1757–1947 Bengal
1762–1764 Manila and Cavite
1781–1784 and 1795–1819 Padang
1786–1946 Penang
1795–1948 Ceylon
1796–1965 Maldives
1811–1816 Java
1812–1824 Banka and Billiton
1819–1826 Malaya
1824–1948 Burma
1826–1946 Straits Settlements
1839–1967 Aden
1839–1842 Afghanistan
1841–1997 Hong Kong
1841–1946 Sarawak
1848–1946 Labuan
1858–1947 India
1874–1963 Borneo
1879–1919 Afghanistan (protectorate)
1882–1963 North Borneo
1885–1946 Unfederated Malay States
1888–1984 Brunei
1891–1971 Muscat and Oman
1892–1971 Trucial States
1895–1946 Federated Malay States
1898–1930 Weihai
1878–1960 Cyprus
1907–1949 Bhutan (protectorate)
1918–1961 Kuwait
1920–1932 Mesopotamia8
1921–1946 Transjordan8
1923–1948 Palestine8
1945–1946 South Vietnam
1946–1963 North Borneo
1946–1963 Sarawak
1946–1963 Singapore
1946–1948 Malayan Union
1948–1957 Federation of Malaya
Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia (before as part of Cyprus)
Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory (before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles)
8 League of Nations mandate. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
[show]
Oceania
18th and 19th centuries 20th century
1788–1901 New South Wales
1803–1901 Van Diemen's Land/Tasmania
1807–1863 Auckland Islands9
1824–1980 New Hebrides
1824–1901 Queensland
1829–1901 Swan River/Western Australia
1836–1901 South Australia
since 1838 Pitcairn Islands
1841–1907 New Zealand
1851–1901 Victoria
1874–1970 Fiji10
1877–1976 Western Pacific Territories
1884–1949 Papua
1888–1901 Rarotonga/Cook Islands9
1889–1948 Union Islands9
1892–1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands11
1893–1978 Solomon Islands12
1900–1970 Tonga
1900–1974 Niue9
1901–1942 *Australia
1907–1947 *New Zealand
1919–1942 and 1945–1968 Nauru
1919–1949 New Guinea
1949–1975 Papua and New Guinea13
9. Now part of the *Realm of New Zealand.
10. Suspended member.
11. Now Kiribati and *Tuvalu.
12. Now the *Solomon Islands.
13. Now *Papua New Guinea.
[show]
Antarctica and South Atlantic
Since 1658 Saint Helena14
Since 1815 Ascension Island14
Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha14
Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory15
1841–1933 Australian Antarctic Territory (transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia)
1841–1947 Ross Dependency (transferred to the Realm of New Zealand)
14. Since 2009 part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
15. Both claimed in 1908; territories formed in 1962 (British Antarctic Territory) and 1985 (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands).
Coordinates: 48°N 122°W / 48°N 122°W / 48; -122
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oregon_Country&oldid=838122163"
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