text:
List of people on United States banknotes
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Individual portraits of 53 people central to the history of the United States are depicted on the country's banknotes[1][nb 1] including presidents, cabinet members, members of Congress, Founding Fathers, jurists, and military leaders. The Secretary of the Treasury was given broad latitude by Congress in 1862 to supervise the design, printing, and issue of banknotes.[nb 2][4] The Secretary, with input from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, has final approval over the design of banknotes.[nb 3]
The redesign of U.S. banknotes in 1922 prompted the Treasury Department to review the portraits on banknotes and conclude that "portraits of Presidents of the United States have a more permanent familiarity in the minds of the public than any others."[6] Exceptions were made for Alexander Hamilton, Salmon Chase, and Benjamin Franklin. There have been no changes in the people depicted on currency intended for the general public since 1928; when Woodrow Wilson was depicted on the 1934 $100,000 gold certificate, the note was only for internal Treasury and Federal Reserve Bank use.
Five people have been depicted on U.S. currency during their lifetime. Abraham Lincoln was portrayed on the 1861 $10 Demand Note; Salmon Chase, Lincoln's Secretary of the Treasury, approved his own portrait for the 1862 $1 Legal Tender Note; Winfield Scott was depicted on Interest Bearing Notes during the early 1860s; and Francis Spinner and Spencer Clark both approved the use of their own image on fractional currency. In 1873, driven in large part by the actions of Spinner and Clark, Congress prohibited the use of portraits of living people on any U.S. bond, security, note, or fractional or postal currency.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Key to banknote type abbreviations
2 People depicted
3 Summary of titles/positions
4 Portraits on other American banknotes
5 References
5.1 Footnotes
5.2 Notes
5.3 Bibliography
6 External links
Key to banknote type abbreviations[edit]
Many of the 53 individuals were depicted on more than one note of a series or denomination. In the description of the banknotes, the date in parentheses indicates the individual’s first appearance on a given note type and denomination. When multiple banknotes are listed, the order, though seeming random, is in accordance with the Friedberg Number,[1] in ascending Friedberg order.[nb 4][nb 5] The engraved portraits are from a virtual exhibit of bank notes[9] which are part of the National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian Institution.
Key to banknote type abbreviations
Abbr
Note type
Note size
DN
Demand Note Large
LT
Legal Tender Large
CITN
Compound Interest Treasury Note Exception
IBN
Interest Bearing Note Exception
RC
Refunding Certificate Exception
SC
Silver Certificate Large
TN
Treasury Note Large
NBN
National Bank Note Large
FRBN
Federal Reserve Bank Note Large
FRN
Federal Reserve Note Large
GC
Gold Certificate Large
SSN
Small Size Banknote Small
People depicted[edit]
Each of the 53 individuals depicted on U.S. banknotes (not including fractional currency) is listed alphabetically with their most commonly associated titles, positions held, or affiliations (with dates). Elected and appointed government positions are fairly comprehensive and positions are presented in ascending chronological order.
People on United States banknotes
Name
Born
Died
Portrait[nb 6]
Title/comments
U.S. Banknote(s)[10]
IAD[11]
Adams John Quincy Adams[12]
1767-07-1111 Jul 1767 1848-02-2323 Feb 1848
U.S. Minister to the Netherlands (1794–97), Prussia (1797–1801); State Senate (Massachusetts, 1802); U.S. Senate (Massachusetts, 1803–08); U.S. Minister to Russia (1809–14), Great Britain (1815–17); U.S. Secretary of State (1817–25); President of the United States (1825–29); U.S. House (Massachusetts, 1831–48).[13] LT $500 (1869) 1869
Benton Thomas Hart Benton[14]
1782-03-1414 Mar 1782 1858-04-1010 Apr 1858
U.S. Senate (Missouri, 1821–51); U.S. House (Missouri, 1853–55). GC $100 (1870) 1870
Chase Salmon Portland Chase[15]
1808-01-1313 Jan 1808 1873-05-077 May 1873
U.S. Senate (Ohio, 1849–55 & 1861); Governor (Ohio, 1856–60); U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1861–64); Chief Justice of the United States (1864–73).
LT $1 (1862)
CITN $10 (1863)
IBN $10 (1864)
IBN $1,000 (1861)
FRN $10,000 (1918)
SSN $10,000 (1928–34)
1861
ClarkWilliam Clark
1770-08-011 Aug 1770 1838-09-011 Sep 1838
Explorer
Captain, U.S. Army (1789–96); Superintendent of Indian Affairs (1807–13 & 1822–38);[16] Governor, Missouri Territory (1813–20).[17]
LT $10 (1901)
1901
ClayHenry Clay[18]
1777-04-1212 Apr 1777 1852-06-2929 Jun 1852
State House (Kentucky, 1803); U.S. Senate (Kentucky, 1806–07 & 1810–11); Speaker of the House (1811–14, 1815–20, 1823–25); U.S. Secretary of State (1825–29); U.S. Senate (Kentucky, 1831–43 & 1849–52).[19]
LT $50 (1869)
1869
ClevelandGrover Cleveland[20]
1837-03-1818 Mar 1837 1908-06-2424 Jun 1908
Governor (New York, 1883–85); President of the United States (1885–89, 1893–97).
FRBN $20 (1915)
FRN $20 (1914)
SSN $1,000 (1928–34)
1914
ClintonDeWitt Clinton[21]
1769-03-022 Mar 1769 1828-02-1111 Feb 1828
State House (New York, 1797–98); State Senate, (New York, 1798–1802 & 1805–11); U.S. Senate (New York, 1802–03); Mayor, New York City (1803–07, 1808-1810 & 1811-15); Lieutenant Governor (New York, 1811–13); Candidate for President (1812); Governor (New York, 1817–23, 1825–28).[22]
LT $1,000 (1869)
1869
DecaturStephen Decatur[23]
1779-01-055 Jan 1779 1820-03-2222 Mar 1820
Commodore, U.S. Navy; Quasi-War, First Barbary War; Awarded Congressional Gold Medal (1813).
SC $20 (1878)
1878
Everett Edward Everett[24]
1794-04-1111 Apr 1794 1865-01-1515 Jan 1865
U.S. House (Massachusetts, 1825–35); Governor (Massachusetts, 1836–40); U.S. Minister to Great Britain (1841–45); U.S. Secretary of State (1852–53); U.S. Senate (Massachusetts, 1853–54).
SC $50 (1878)
1878
Farragut David Glasgow Farragut[25]
1801-07-055 Jul 1801 1870-08-1414 Aug 1870
Admiral, Commander-in-Chief (1861–70),[26] U.S. Navy (1810–1868); War of 1812, West Indies, American Civil War; Received Thanks of Congress (1862[26] & 1866).[26]
TN $100 (1890)
1890
Fessenden William Pitt Fessenden[27]
1806-10-1616 Oct 1806 1869-09-088 Sep 1869 State House (Maine, 1832, 1840, 1845–46, 1853–54); U.S. House (Maine, 1841–43); U.S. Senate (Maine, 1854–64); U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1864–65).[28]
NBN $20 (1882, reverse)
1882[29]
Franklin Benjamin Franklin[30]
1706-01-1717 Jan 1706 1790-04-1717 Apr 1790
Founder; Delegate, Pennsylvania, Continental Congress; U.S. Postmaster General (1775, Inaugural Holder); Signer, Declaration of Independence (1776); U.S. Minister to France (1778–85), Sweden (1782–83); President of Pennsylvania (1785–88); Delegate, Pennsylvania, U.S. Constitutional Convention (1787).
LT $50 (1874)
RC $10 (1879)
FRN $100 (1914)
SSN $100 (1928–present)
1874
Fulton Robert Fulton[31]
1765-11-1414 Nov 1765 1815-02-2424 Feb 1815
Engineer; Inventor
SC $2 (1896, reverse)
1896
Gallatin Albert Gallatin[32]
1761-01-2929 Jan 1761 1849-08-1212 Aug 1849
State House (Pennsylvania, 1790–92); U.S. Senate (Pennsylvania, 1793–94); U.S. House (Pennsylvania, 1795–1801); U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1801–14); U.S. Minister to France (1815–23), Great Britain (1826–27).[33]
LT $500 (1862)
1862
Garfield James Abram Garfield[34]
1831-11-1919 Nov 1831 1881-09-1919 Sep 1881
State Senate, (Ohio, 1859–61);[35] Major General, U.S. Army, (1861–63);[36] U.S. House (Ohio, 1863–81); President of the United States (1881). Shot by Charles J. Guiteau on 2 July 1881.[37]
NBN $5 (1882)
GC $20 (1882)
1882
Grant Ulysses Simpson Grant[38]
1822-04-2727 Apr 1822 1885-07-2323 Jul 1885
Commanding General (1864–69), U.S. Army (1843–54, 1861–69 & 1877–85); U.S. Secretary of War, (Interim, 12 August 1867 – 12 January 1868);[39] President of the United States (1869–77)
Mexican–American War, American Civil War; Received Thanks of Congress (1863) and awarded The Congressional Gold Medal(1863).[40]
SC $1 (1899)
SC $5 (1886), (1896, reverse)
FRBN $50 (1918)
FRN $50 (1914)
GC $50 (1913)
SSN $50 (1928–present)
1886
Hamilton Alexander Hamilton[41]
1757-01-1111 Jan 1757 1804-07-1212 Jul 1804
Founder; Lieutenant Colonel, Continental Army (1775–); Continental Congress (1782–83); State House (New York, 1787); U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1789–95); Major General, Senior Officer, U.S. Army (1799–1800).[42]
DN $5 (1861)
LT $2 (1862)
LT $5 (1862)
LT $20 (1869)
LT $50 (1862)
CITN $50 (1863)
IBN $50 (1864)
IBN $500 (1864)
FRN $1,000 (1918)
GC $1,000 (1870)
SSN $10 (1928–present)
1861
Hancock Winfield Scott Hancock[43]
1824-02-1414 Feb 1824 1886-02-099 Feb 1886
Major General (1866–86), U.S. Army (1844–86); Mexican–American War, American Civil War. Received Thanks of Congress (1866);[44] Candidate for President (1880).
SC $2 (1886)
1886
Harrison Benjamin Harrison[45]
1833-08-2020 Aug 1833 1901-03-1313 Mar 1901 Brigadier General, U.S. Army (1862–65);[46] U.S. Senate (Indiana, 1881–87); President of the United States (1889–93).
NBN $5 (1902)
1902
Hendricks Thomas Andrews Hendricks[47]
1819-09-077 Sep 1819 1885-11-2525 Nov 1885
State House (Indiana, 1848–49); U.S. House (Indiana, 1851–55); Assistant Treasurer of the United States (1853); U.S. Senate (Indiana, 1863–69); Governor (Indiana, 1873–77); Vice President of the United States (1885, Died in Office).[48]
SC $10 (1886)
1886
Hillegas Michael Hillegas[49]
1729-04-2222 Apr 1729 1804-09-2929 Sep 1804
Provincial Assembly (Pennsylvania, 1765–75); Treasurer of the United States (1775–89, Inaugural Holder).
GC $10 (1907)
1907
Jackson Andrew Jackson[50]
1767-03-1515 Mar 1767 1845-06-088 Jun 1845
U.S. House (Tennessee, 1796–97); U.S. Senate (Tennessee, 1797–98); Judge, Tennessee Supreme Court (1798–1804); Major General, U.S. Army, Awarded Congressional Gold Medal(1815); Military Governor of Florida (10 March 1821 – 18 July 1821); U.S. Senate (Tennessee, 1823–25); President of the United States (1829–37). An assassination attempt (the first on a U.S. President) was made by Richard Lawrence on 30 January 1835 outside the Capitol building.[51]
LT $5 (1869)
LT $10,000 (1878)
IBN $50 [Two-Year] (1861)
FRBN $10 (1915)
FRN $10 (1914)
GC $10,000 (1870)
SSN $20 (1928–present)
1861
Jefferson Thomas Jefferson[52]
1743-04-1313 Apr 1743 1826-07-044 Jul 1826
Founder; House of Burgesses (Virginia, 1769); Delegate, Virginia Continental Congress (1775–76 & 1783–84); Signer, Declaration of Independence (1776); Governor (Virginia, 1779–81); U.S. Minister to France (1785–89); U.S. Secretary of State (1790–93, Inaugural Holder ); Candidate for President (1796); Vice President of the United States (1797–1801); President of the United States (1801–09).
LT $2 (1869)
FRBN $2 (1918)
SSN $2 (1928–present)
1869
Knox John Jay Knox, Jr. [53]
1828-03-1919 Mar 1828 1892-02-1212 Feb 1892 Comptroller of the Currency, Department of the Treasury (1872–84).[54]
NBN $100 (1902)
1902
Lewis Meriwether Lewis[55]
1774-08-1818 Aug 1774 1809-10-1111 Oct 1809
Explorer; Governor, Louisiana/Missouri Territory (1807–09).[56]
LT $10 (1901)
1901
Lincoln Abraham Lincoln[57]
1809-02-1212 Feb 1809 1865-04-1515 Apr 1865
State House (Illinois, 1834–41); U.S. House (Illinois, 1847–49); President of the United States (1861–65).[58] Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on 15 April 1865.[59]
DN $1 (1861)
LT $10 (1862)
LT $100 (1869)
CITN $20 (1863)
IBN $20 (1864)
SC $1 (1899)
SC $5 (1923)
FRBN $5 (1915)
FRN $5 (1914)
GC $500 (1870)
SSN $5 (1928–present)
1861
Madison James Madison[60]
1751-03-1616 Mar 1751 1836-06-2828 Jun 1836
Founder; Member, First General Assembly of Virginia (1776); Delegate, Virginia, Continental Congress (1780–83 & 1786–88); Virginia House of Delegates (1783–86); U.S. Constitutional Convention (1787); U.S. House (Virginia, 1789–97); U.S. Secretary of State (1801–09); President of the United States (1809–17).
LT $5,000 (1878)
FRN $5,000 (1918)
GC $5,000 (1870)
SSN $5,000 (1928–34)
1870
Manning Daniel Manning
1831-05-1616 May 1831 1887-12-2424 Dec 1887
U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1885–87)
SC $20 (1886)
1886
Mansfield Joseph King Fenno Mansfield[61]
1803-12-2222 Dec 1803 1862-09-1818 Sep 1862
Major General (1862), U.S. Army (1822–62); Mexican–American War, American Civil War.
LT $500 (1874)
1874
Marcy William Learned Marcy[62]
1786-12-1212 Dec 1786 1857-07-044 Jul 1857
Adjutant General, New York State Militia (1821–23); New York State Comptroller (1823); Judge, New York Supreme Court (1829–31); U.S. Senate (New York, 1831–33); Governor (New York, 1833–39); Commissioner of Mexican Claims (1839–42); U.S. Secretary of War (1845–49); U.S. Secretary of State (1853–57).[63]
SC $1,000 (1878)
1878
Marshall John Marshall[64]
1755-09-2424 Sep 1755 1835-07-066 Jul 1835
Captain, Continental Army (1776–81);[65] Virginia General Assembly (1782–91, 1797); U.S. Minister to France (1797); U.S. House (Virginia, 1799–1800); U.S. Secretary of State (1800–01); Chief Justice of the United States (1801–35).
TN $20 (1890)
FRN $500 (1918)
1890
McCulloch Hugh McCulloch[66]
1801-12-077 Dec 1801 1895-05-2424 May 1895 Comptroller of the Currency (1863–65); U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1865–69 & 1884–85).
NBN $20 (1902)
1902
McKinley William McKinley, Jr.[67]
1843-01-2929 Jan 1843 1901-09-1414 Sep 1901
Major, U.S. Army (1861–65); U.S. House (Ohio, 1877–84 & 1885–91); Governor (Ohio, 1892–96);[68] President of the United States (1897–1901). Shot by Leon Czolgosz on 6 September 1901.[69]
NBN $10 (1902)
SSN $500 (1928–34)
1902
McPherson James Birdseye McPherson[70]
1828-11-1414 Nov 1828 1864-07-2222 Jul 1864
Major General (1862–64), U.S. Army (1853–64), American Civil War; Killed in battle.[71]
TN $2 (1890)
1890
Meade George Gordon Meade[72]
1815-12-3131 Dec 1815 1872-11-066 Nov 1872
Major General (1862–69), U.S. Army (1835–69); Mexican–American War, American Civil War; Received Thanks of Congress (1864).[73]
TN $1,000 (1890)
1890
Monroe James Monroe[74]
1758-04-2828 Apr 1758 1831-07-044 Jul 1831
Major, Continental Army (1776–79); Colonel, Virginia State Militia (1780);[75] Continental Congress (1783–86); State House (Virginia, 1786 & 1810–11); U.S. Senate (Virginia, 1790–94); U.S. Minister to France (1794–96); Governor (Virginia, 1799–1802 & 1811); U.S. Minister to Great Britain (1803–07); U.S. Secretary of State (1811–14 & 1815–17); U.S. Secretary of War (Interim, 27 August 1814 – 15 March 1815);[76] President of the United States (1817–25).
SC $100 (1878)
1878
Morris Robert Morris[77]
1734-01-3131 Jan 1734 1806-05-088 May 1806
Founder; Delegate, Pennsylvania, Continental Congress (1776); Signer, Declaration of Independence (1776); State House (Pennsylvania, 1778–81 & 1785–87); United States Superintendent of Finance (1781–84).
LT $1,000 (1862)
SC $10 (1878)
1862
Morse Samuel Finley Breese Morse [78]
1791-04-2727 Apr 1791 1872-04-022 Apr 1872
Inventor,[79] Morse Telegraph; Co-Inventor, Morse Code; Painter.[80]
SC $2 (1896, reverse)
1896
Running Running Antelope
1821 (circa)c.1821 1896 (circa)c.1896
Sioux Chief of the Hunkpapa
SC $5 (1899)
1899
Scott Winfield Scott[81]
1786-06-1313 Jun 1786 1866-05-2929 May 1866
Commanding General (1841–61), U.S. Army (1808–61); War of 1812, Seminole Wars, Black Hawk War, Mexican–American War, American Civil War; Military Governor, Mexico City (1847–48); U.S. Secretary of War (Interim, 24 July 1850 – 15 August 1850);[82] Candidate for President (1852). Awarded Congressional Gold Medal (1814[83] and 1848).[83]
IBN $500 [Two-Year] (1861)
IBN $100 [Three-Year] (1864)
1861
Seward William Henry Seward[84]
1801-05-1616 May 1801 1872-10-1616 Oct 1872
State Senate (New York, 1831–34); Governor (New York, 1839–43); U.S. Senate (New York, 1849–61);[85] U.S. Secretary of State (1861–69). An assassination attempt was made by Lewis Powell, a co-conspirator of John Wilkes Booth, the same night President Lincoln was shot (15 April 1865).[86]
TN $50 (1891)
1891
Sheridan Philip Henry Sheridan[87]
1831-03-066 Mar 1831 1888-08-055 Aug 1888
Commanding General (1883–88), U.S. Army (1853–88); American Civil War, Indian Wars. Received Thanks of Congress (1865).[87]
SC $5 (1896, reverse)
TN $10 (1890)
1890
ShermanJ John Sherman[88]
1823-05-1010 May 1823 1900-10-2222 Oct 1900 U.S. House (Ohio, 1855–61); U.S. Senate (Ohio, 1861–77 & 1881–97); President pro tem, U.S. Senate (1885–87);[89] U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1877–81); U.S. Secretary of State (1897–98).
NBN $50 (1902)
1902
ShermanW William Tecumseh Sherman[90]
1820-02-088 Feb 1820 1891-02-1414 Feb 1891
U.S. Secretary of War (Interim, 9 September 1869 – 18 October 1869);[89] Commanding General (1869–83), U.S. Army (1840–84); American Civil War, Indian Wars. Received Thanks of Congress (1864[91] & 1865).[91]
TN $500 (1891)
1891[92]
Stanton Edwin McMasters Stanton[93]
1814-12-1919 Dec 1814 1869-12-2424 Dec 1869
U.S. Attorney General (1860–61); U.S. Secretary of War (1862–68); U.S. Supreme Court (appointed 1869, died before taking office).[93]
TN $1 (1890)
1890
Sumner Charles Sumner[94]
1811-01-066 Jan 1811 1874-03-1111 Mar 1874
U.S. Senate (Massachusetts, 1851–74).
SC $500 (1878)
1878
Thomas George H. Thomas[95]
1816-07-3131 Jul 1816 1870-03-2828 Mar 1870
Major General (1864–70), U.S. Army (1840–70); Mexican–American War, American Civil War. Received Thanks of Congress (1865).[96]
TN $5 (1890)
1890
WashingtonG George Washington[97]
1732-02-2222 Feb 1732 1799-12-1414 Dec 1799
Founder; Virginia House of Burgesses (1758–75);[98] Delegate, VA, Continental Congress (1774–75); Commander-in-Chief, Continental Army (1775–83);[99] Member, U.S. Constitutional Convention (1787); President of the United States (1789–97); Lieutenant General, Commander of the United States Army (1798–99).[100]
LT $1 (1869)
CITN $100 (1863)
IBN $100 (1864)
IBN $1,000 [Two-Year] (1861)
IBN $500 [Three-Year] (1861)
SC $1 (1896, reverse)
SC $1 (1923)
SC $2 (1899)
FRBN $1 (1918)
GC $20 (1905)
SSN $1 (1928–present)
1861
WashingtonM Martha Washington[101]
1731-06-022 Jun 1731 1802-05-2222 May 1802
First Lady of the United States (1789–97).
SC $1 (1886)
SC $1 (1896, reverse)
1886
Webster Daniel Webster[102]
1782-01-1818 Jan 1782 1852-10-2424 Oct 1852
U.S. House (New Hampshire, 1813–17); U.S. House (Massachusetts, 1823–27); U.S. Senate (Massachusetts, 1827–41 & 1845–50); Candidate for President (1836); U.S. Secretary of State (1841–43 & 1850–52).[103]
LT $10 (1869)
1869
WilsonWoodrow Wilson[104]
1856-12-2828 Dec 1856 1924-02-033 Feb 1924 Governor (New Jersey, 1911–13); President of the United States (1913–21). Recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (1919).[105]
SSN $100,000 (1934)
1934
WindomWilliam Windom[106]
1827-05-1010 May 1827 1891-01-2929 Jan 1891
U.S. House (Minnesota, 1859–69); U.S. Senate (Minnesota, 1870–71, 1871–81 & 1881–83); U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1881, 1889–91).[104]
SC $2 (1891)
1891
Wright Silas Wright, Jr.[107]
1795-05-2424 May 1795 1847-08-2727 Aug 1847
U.S. House (New York, 1827–29 & 1829–30); U.S. Senate (New York, 1833–44); Governor (New York, 1845–47).
GC $50 (1882)
1882
Summary of titles/positions[edit]
Below is a summary of the titles/positions held, at one time or another, by the 53 individuals depicted on United States banknotes from 1861 to the present. The list of positions is not exhaustive, but does address the central elected federal and state officials, members of the President’s cabinet, military figureheads, and several of the founders and framers of the United States government.
Fifty-three people held at least 132 elected and appointed positions for a cumulative total of over 763 years of public service.
Summary of titles/positions held
Position/title
No. people
President of the United States
13
Vice President
2
Speaker of the House
1
President pro tem
1
Secretary of State
11
Secretary of the Treasury
8
Secretary of War
3
Attorney General
1
United States Senate
20
United States House
17
State Senate
6
State House
11
Governor
15
Delegate, Continental Congress
7
Signer, Declaration of Independence
3
Member, U.S. Constitutional Convention
5
Commanding General
6
Supreme Court
2
Portraits on other American banknotes[edit]
Christopher Memminger, the first Secretary of the Treasury of the Confederate States of America, was featured on the CSA $5.00 bill.[108]
References[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ The scope of U.S. banknotes (e.g., 1861 to the present) is based on the parameters established by the Friedberg reference book.[2]
Jump up ^ An Act to Authorize the Issue of United States Notes, and for the Redemption or Funding Thereof, and for Funding the Floating Debt of the United States. Feb 25, 1862 Vol. XII, p.345 (original).[3]
Jump up ^ Placement of an individual on a banknote by an Act of Congress supersedes Treasury Department approval.[5]
Jump up ^ Large size notes represent the earlier types or series of U.S. banknotes. Their "average" dimension is 7.375 x 3.125 inches (187 x 79 mm). Small size notes (described as such due to their size relative to the earlier large size notes) are an "average" 6.125 x 2.625 inches (156 x 67 mm), the size of modern U.S. currency. "Each measurement is +/- 0.08 inches (2mm) to account for margins and cutting".[8]
Jump up ^ Exceptions to the large versus small categories are the CITN, IBN, and RC, all slightly larger than the large size note dimensions.
Jump up ^ Clicking on the majority of the portraits will reveal the entire note.
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Friedberg
Jump up ^ Friedberg, Arthur L. & Ira S.
Jump up ^ "Laws of the United States Relating to Loans and the Currency Including the Coinage Acts". Treasury Department, p. 45.
Jump up ^ U.S. Currency, Bureau of Engraving and Printing, archived from the original on 5 May 2015, retrieved 15 March 2013
Jump up ^ Portraits & Designs, U.S. Treasury Website, retrieved 30 December 2012
Jump up ^ U.S. Currency, Bureau of Engraving and Printing, archived from the original on 5 May 2015, retrieved 11 April 2013
Jump up ^ "Laws of the United States Relating to Loans and the Currency Including the Coinage Acts". Treasury Department, p. 128.
Jump up ^ Friedberg, p. 7.
Jump up ^ Portraits on U.S. Bank Notes, The National Currency Foundation, retrieved 25 December 2012
Jump up ^ Treasury Collection Highlights: Part 1, The National Currency Foundation, retrieved 29 December 2012
Jump up ^ IAD (Initial Appearance Date) indicates each individual's earliest appearance on the scope of U.S. banknotes covered by this list.
Jump up ^ Adams, John Quincy, (1767–1848), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
Jump up ^ Sobel, p. 6.
Jump up ^ Benton, Thomas Hart, (1782–1858), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
Jump up ^ Chase, Salmon Portland, (1808–1873), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
Jump up ^ William Clark informs Indian nations that the U.S. has won the war., Wisconsin Historical Society, retrieved 1 January 2013
Jump up ^ Kansas Historical Quarterly - William Clark's Diary, Kansas Historical Society, retrieved 1 January 2013
Jump up ^ Clay, Henry, (1777–1852), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved 29 December 2012
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Jump up ^ "Legendary Coins and Currency: Confederacy, 5 dollars, 1862". National Museum of American History. Retrieved 2011-08-12.
Bibliography[edit]
Eicher, John H. and David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
Friedberg, Arthur L. and Ira S. (2010). Paper Money of the United States, 19th Edition. Clifton, NJ, The Coin & Currency Institute, Inc. ISBN 0-87184-519-9.
Heitman, Francis B. (1914). Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army During The War of the Revolution. Washington, DC, The Rare Book Shop Publishing Company, Inc.
Sobel, Robert, (ed.) (1990). Biographical Directory of the United States Executive Branch 1774–1989. Westport, CT, Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-26593-3.
External links[edit]
The National Currency Foundation
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_on_United_States_banknotes&oldid=838461620"
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United States Chamber of Commerce
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the American lobbying group. For trade organisations globally, see Chamber of commerce.
Chamber of Commerce of the USA
Founded
April 22, 1912; 106 years ago (1912-04-22)
Founder
Charles Nagel
Type
Advocacy group
Tax ID no.
53-0045720[1]
Legal status
501(c)(6)[1]
Focus
Business advocacy
Location
Washington, D.C.[1]
Coordinates
38°54′02″N 77°02′16″W / 38.900606°N 77.037671°W / 38.900606; -77.037671Coordinates: 38°54′02″N 77°02′16″W / 38.900606°N 77.037671°W / 38.900606; -77.037671
Area served
United States industry
Method
Political lobbying, public relations
President
Tom J. Donohue
Subsidiaries
US Chamber of Commerce Foundation 501(c)(3),
National Chamber Foundation 501(c)(3),
Center for International Private Enterprise 501(c)(3)[1]
Revenue (2015)
$174,119,090[1]
Expenses (2015)
$175,893,100[1]
Employees (2015)
470[1]
Website
www.uschamber.com
The United States Chamber of Commerce (USCC) is a business-oriented American lobbying group. It is not an agency of the United States government.
Politically, the Chamber usually supports Republican political candidates, though it has occasionally supported conservative Democrats.[2][3] The Chamber is the largest lobbying group in the U.S., spending more money than any other lobbying organization on a yearly basis.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Positions taken
2.1 Legislation
2.2 Court cases
3 Lobbying expenditures
4 International network
5 Electoral activities
6 Leadership
7 Controversies
7.1 Climate change
7.2 Immigration reform
8 Opposition
9 Affiliate organizations
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
History[edit]
Charles Nagel, United States Secretary of Commerce and Labor and founder of the United States Chamber of Commerce
The U.S. Chamber of Commerce's own history of itself describes it as originating from an April 22, 1912, meeting of delegates.[6] The Chamber was created by President Taft as a counterbalance to the labor movement of the time.[3] John H. Fahey was the first chairman,[7] and Henry A. Wheeler was the first president[8] and Elliot Hersey Goodwin was the first secretary.[9] It opened its first office in the Evans Building.[7] In 1913, President Taft spoke at its first banquet at the Willard Hotel, where he called for the organization to lobby for comprehensive currency legislation and to support the Commission on Economy and Efficiency.[10] During its first year in existence, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce's membership consisted of 297 commercial organizations and 165,000 firms and individuals.[11]
The Washington, D.C., headquarters of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce occupies land that was formerly the home of Daniel Webster.[12]
Although all chambers can work with all levels of government, they tend to concentrate their efforts on specific levels: Local chambers of commerce tend to focus on local issues, state chambers on state issues, and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce focuses on national issues at the federal government level.[13] They also work closely with a number of youth organizations in the country about the value and role of business in our society today.[14][not in citation given]
In 1993, the Chamber lost several members over its support for Clinton's healthcare reform efforts. The Chamber had chosen to support healthcare reform at that time due to the spiraling healthcare costs experienced by its members. However, House Republicans retaliated by urging boycotts of the organization. The Chamber operated its own cable television station, Biz-Net until 1997 in order to promote its policies. The Chamber shifted somewhat more to the right when Tom Donohue became head of the organization in 1997. By the time health care reform became a major issue again in 2010–2012, the organization opposed such efforts.[3]
United States Chamber of Commerce building at 1615 H Street, NW, in Washington, D.C. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
In late 2011 it was revealed that the Chamber's computer system was breached from November 2009 to May 2010 by Chinese hackers. The purpose of the breach appeared to be gain information related to the Chamber's lobbying regarding Asian trade policy.[15]
Since a 1971 internal memo by Lewis Powell advocating a more active role in cases before United States Supreme Court, the Chamber has found increasing success in litigation. Under the Burger and Rehnquist Courts the Chamber was on the prevailing side 43% and 56% of the time, respectively, but under the Roberts Court, the Chamber's success rate rose to 68% as of June 21, 2012.[16]
Positions taken[edit]
Legislation[edit]
Actively lobbies against anti-tobacco policies implemented in other countries.[17][18] In particular, it opposes attempts to carve out tobacco from the Investor-state dispute settlement mechanism negotiated under the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement.[19]
Opposed to using the government shutdown and debt ceiling limit as negotiating tactics.[20]
Supported the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA).[21]
Support for business globalization, free trade, and offshoring.
Qualified opposition to financial regulation.[3]
The Chamber views some reform as necessary, but opposed the Dodd/Frank legislation that was passed, asserting that it would damage loan availability.[3]
Campaigned against portions of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act.[22]
Opposes the DISCLOSE Act, which aims to limit foreign influence on U.S. elections.[23]
Opposed the Affordable Health Care for America Act.[3]
Opposed the American Clean Energy and Security Act climate change bill.[24] "[H]elped kill several attempts to pass climate-change legislation" between 1997 and 2010, but did not oppose efforts by Senators Kerry, Graham, and Lieberman in 2010.[25] Opposed the Clean Power Plan.[26]
Supported the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.[3]
Court cases[edit]
Argued against mandatory immigration status checks by employers in Arizona including in a Supreme Court case.[27]
Filed an amicus brief to the U.S. Supreme Court in Citizens United v FEC to urge the court to overrule Austin and restore "free corporate speech."[28] Its position is opposed by some advocates for independent businesses.[29]
Lobbying expenditures[edit]
The Chamber has emerged as the largest lobbying organization in America. The Chamber's lobbying expenditures in 2015 were more than two-and-a-half times higher than the next highest spender: American Medical Association, at $23.9 million.
US Chamber Lobbying 2002-2015 [30]
Year
US Cham. Rank
US Cham. Spending
Next Highest Spender
Next Highest Amount
2015 1 $64,190,000 American Medical Assn $23,910,000
2014 1 $124,080,000 National Assn of Realtors $55,057,053
2013 1 $74,470,000 National Assn of Realtors $38,584,580
2012 1 $136,300,000 National Assn of Realtors $41,464,580
2011 1 $66,370,000 General Electric $26,340,000
2010 1 $157,187,500 PG&E Corp $45,510,000
2009 1 $144,606,000 Exxon Mobil $27,430,000
2008 1 $91,955,000 Exxon Mobil $29,000,000
2007 1 $53,082,500 Pharmaceutical Rsrch & Mfrs of America $22,733,400
2006 1 $72,995,000 AT&T Inc $27,445,497
2005 1 $39,805,000 AARP $36,302,064
2004 1 $53,380,000 American Medical Assn $18,820,000
2003 1 $34,602,640 AARP $20,880,000
2002 1 $41,560,000 Philip Morris $15,200,000
International network[edit]
As of October 2010, the Chamber had a worldwide network of 115 American Chamber of Commerce affiliates located in 108 countries.[31] The US Chamber says that a relative handful of the Chamber's 300,000 members are "non-U.S.-based (foreign) companies." It claims that, "No foreign money is used to fund political activities." A US Chamber executive has said that the organization has had "foreign multinationals" (foreign companies) as members for "over a century, many for decades."[32] The US Chamber states that it receives approximately $100,000 annually in membership dues from its foreign affiliates, out of an annual budget of $200 million.[32][33]
AmCham China, with members comprise more than 2,600 individuals from over 1,200 companies,[34] is said to be the largest affiliate outside of United States.
Electoral activities[edit]
In the 2008 election cycle, aggressive ads paid for by the USCC attacked a number of Democratic congressional candidates (such as Minnesota's DFL Senate candidate Al Franken) and supported a number of Republican candidates including John Sununu, Gordon Smith, Roger Wicker, Saxby Chambliss and Elizabeth Dole.
During the 2010 campaign cycle, the Chamber spent $32 million, 93 percent of which was to help Republican candidates.[35] The Chamber's spending out of its general funds was criticized as illegal under campaign finance laws.[36][37][38][39] In a front-page article titled "Large Donations Aid U.S. Chamber in Election Drive", The New York Times reported that the Chamber used contributions in campaigns without separating foreign and domestic contributions, which if true would appear to contravene prohibitions on lobbying by foreign nations and groups. In question was the Chamber's international branches, "AmChams", whose funds are unaccounted for and perhaps mix into the general collection.[37][40][41][42] All branches, corporations, and members of the Chamber pay dues; the question is how they divide the money for expenses in national campaigns.
The truth of these allegations is unknown, as neither the Chamber nor its detractors can provide any concrete evidence to support or refute the allegations.[43] In reference to the matter, Tom Donohue wrote his council and members on October 12, 2010. He stated, "Let me be clear. The Chamber does not use any foreign money to fund voter education activities—period. We have strict financial controls in place to ensure this. The funds we receive from American Chambers of Commerce abroad, bilateral business councils, and non-U.S.-based global companies represent a small fraction of our more than $200 million annual revenues. Under our accounting system, these revenues are never used to support any political activities. We are in full compliance with all laws and regulations."[44][45][46] Organizations Moveon.org, Think Progress, and People for the American Way rallied against the Chamber at the Justice Department to start an injunction for a criminal investigation.[47][48] The Chamber is not required to produce fundraising records.[49]
President Barack Obama and other legislators asked the IRS and Federal Elections Commission to ensure that the foreign funds that the Chamber receives are not used for political activities.[50][51] Obama criticized the Chamber for not disclosing its contributors.[52] The Chamber has responded that "No foreign money is used to fund political activities." [32] After the election, the Chamber reiterated the nature of Obama's policy dictated action from the Chamber, however the conflict would not be made "personal".[53][54]
In addition to the expenditures from the Chamber's own funds, in 2010 its political action committee gave $29,000 (89 percent) to Republican candidates and $3,500 (11 percent) to Democratic candidates.[55] The Chamber's PAC received a total of 76 donations from individual donors ($200 or more donation) totaling $79,852 in 2007-2008, or an average of $1050 per donation, and three donations per month.[56]
Despite more than $33 million spent supporting candidates in the 2012 Congressional races, Chamber-backed candidates lost 36 out of the 50 elections in which the Chamber participated.[57]
In late 2013 the Chamber announced it would distribute campaign contributions in "10s" of Republican primary elections to oppose the Tea Party movement and create a "more governable Republican party."[58] In early 2014 Tom Donohue clarified that the push would be to elect "pro-business" members of Congress "who favor trade, energy development and immigration reform".[59]
Leadership[edit]
As of the organization's website in 2015, the leadership was:[60]
Tom J. Donohue - President and CEO
Shannon DiBari - Chief Operating Officer, Senior Vice President, and Chief Administrative Officer
Myron Brillant - Executive Vice President and Head of International
Lily Fu Claffee - Senior Vice President, Chief Legal Officer, and General Counsel; Executive Vice President, U.S. Chamber Litigation Center
Suzanne Clark - Executive Vice President, U.S. Chamber of Commerce
Thomas Collamore - Senior Vice President, Communications and Strategy and Counselor to the President
Rob Engstrom - Senior Vice President, Political Affairs & Federation Relations and National Political Director
Amanda Engstrom - Senior Vice President and Chief of Staff; Senior Vice President, U.S. Chamber Center for Capital Markets Competitiveness; Acting President, Center for Advanced Technology and Innovation
Controversies[edit]
In April 2009, the Chamber began an ad campaign against the proposed Employee Free Choice Act.[61] Critics such as the National Association of Manufacturers have contended that additional use of card check elections will lead to overt coercion on the part of union organizers. Opponents of the Employee Free Choice Act also claim, referring to perceived lack of access to a secret ballot, that the measure would not protect employee privacy. For this reason the Chamber argued the act would reduce workers' rights.[62]
In November 2009, the Chamber was reported to be seeking to spend $50,000 to hire a "respected economist" to produce a study that could be used to portray health-care legislation as a job killer and threat to the nation's economy.[63]
In December 2009, activist group Velvet Revolution, under the name StopTheChamber, posted a $200,000 reward for "information leading to the arrest and conviction of Chamber of Commerce CEO Tom Donahue."[64]
Some in the business community have criticized the Chamber's approach to public issues as overly aggressive. Hilary Rosen, former CEO of the Recording Industry Association of America, added that "Their aggressive ways are out of step with a new generation of business leadership who are looking for more cooperative relationship with Washington."[65]
Climate change[edit]
The climate campaign organization 350.org estimates that 94% of US Chamber of Commerce electoral contributions went to candidates denying the scientific consensus on climate change.[66]
The Chamber's senior vice president for environment, technology, and regulatory affairs William L. Kovacs threatened to sue the Environmental Protection Agency in order to have what he termed "the Scopes monkey trial of the 21st century" on climate science before any federal climate regulation was passed in October 2009.[67] Chamber CEO Tom Donohue disavowed the comment, but the Chamber strongly opposed the American Clean Energy and Security Act.[68] In response to this position, several companies quit the Chamber, including Exelon Corp, PG&E Corp, PNM Resources, and Apple Inc.[69] Nike, Inc resigned from their board of directors position, but continued their membership. Nike stated that they believe they can better influence the policy by being part of the conversation.[70] Peter Darbee, CEO of former chamber member PG&E (a natural gas and electric utility company in California), said, "We find it dismaying that the Chamber neglects the indisputable fact that a decisive majority of experts have said the data on global warming are compelling... In our view, an intellectually honest argument over the best policy response to the challenges of climate change is one thing; disingenuous attempts to diminish or distort the reality of these challenges are quite another."[71] In response to an online campaign of Prius owners organized by Moveon.org, Toyota stated that it would not leave the Chamber.[72] The Aspen Chamber Resort Association of Aspen, Colorado left the U.S. Chamber because of its views on climate change, in light of how climate change could hurt Aspen's winter tourism industry.[73]
In 2010, U.S. Chamber president Tom Donohue agreed to work with Senators John Kerry, Lindsey Graham, and Joe Lieberman as they crafted legislation to address climate change; the effort fell apart and failed to produce a bill.[25] In October 2017, Karen Harbert, CEO of the U.S. Chamber's Global Energy Institute, published an op-ed in USA Today criticizing the EPA's Clean Power Plan, saying, "[t]he plan’s fundamental flaw was that it would have intentionally raised the cost of energy without regard to the impact on families and businesses." Harbert also stated, "To be clear, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce believes that the climate is changing, and that man is contributing to these changes. We also believe that technology and innovation, rather than sweeping federal mandates, offer the best approach for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the impacts of climate change."[74]
Immigration reform[edit]
The U.S. Chamber opposed President Donald Trump's executive order ending the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program. The U.S. Chamber's Chief Policy Officer Neil Bradley said, "With approximately 700,000 DACA recipients working for all sorts of businesses across the country, terminating their employment eligibility runs contrary to the president’s goal of growing the U.S. economy."[75]
The Chamber of Commerce has come under attack by conservatives and others for its support of "amnesty" for illegal immigrants.[76][77] In 2014, Tom Donohue stated the Chamber will "pull out all stops" for the passage of immigration reform in Congress.[78] According to the Washington Post, Donohue did not offer specifics with regard to provisions or bills on the matter, speaking generally about the impact immigration would have on the U.S. economy.
Opposition[edit]
Several organization have attacked the Chamber for its advocacy, including Chamber Watch (a campaign of Public Citizen). Advocates for independent business, like the American Independent Business Alliance (AMIBA) and "green businesses," like the American Sustainable Business Council, have fought the Chamber on multiple issues. Among major divisions between the Chamber and these business advocates is allowing corporations to engage in electioneering.[79] Oliver E. Diaz says one example of this was when the Chamber spent $1,000,000+ to fund negative campaign ads against him and have judicial candidate Keith Starrett elected instead.[80]
Affiliate organizations[edit]
Americans for Transportation Mobility
Business Civic Leadership Center
Center for Capital Markets Competitiveness
Center for International Private Enterprise
Essential Worker Immigration Coalition
Institute for 21st Century Energy
Institute for a Competitive Workforce
Institute for Legal Reform
National Chamber Litigation Center
TradeRoots
U.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation (previously the National Chamber Foundation)
See also[edit]
Political science portal
Advocacy group
American Green Chamber of Commerce
Global Intellectual Property Center
Lobbying in the United States
National Federation of Independent Business
U.S. Women's Chamber of Commerce
United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce
Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry
British Chambers of Commerce
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax". Chamber of Commerce of the USA. Guidestar. December 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ Gold, Matea; Geiger, Kim (8 October 2010). "Republican-leaning U.S. Chamber of Commerce buys ads supporting Democrats". Los Angeles Times.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Verini, James (July/August 2010). "Show Him the Money". Washington Monthly. washingtonmonthly.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-03. Retrieved 2017-06-28.
Jump up ^ "Lobbying: Top Spenders (all years, 1998-2017)". The Center for Responsive Politics. OpenSecrets.org. Retrieved 2017-06-28.
Jump up ^ Allen, Jonathan (2009-10-20). "U.S. Chamber: $34.7 million in lobbying". Politico.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Chamber of Commerce website, "History"". Uschamber.com. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
^ Jump up to: a b "Opens Office to Aid Trade". The Washington Post. April 26, 1912. p. 16.
Jump up ^ "Delegates Indorse Reformed Calendar". The New York Times. September 25, 1912. p. 15.
Jump up ^ "Earnestly Supported by United States Chamber of Commerce". The New York Times. March 6, 1913. p. 10.
Jump up ^ "'No Third Termer'". The Washington Post. January 23, 1913. p. 2.
Jump up ^ "Add Fifteen New Members". The Washington Post. February 13, 1913. p. 4.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Chamber of Commerce website, "History of the building"". Uschamber.com. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Retrieved 4 August 2014.
Jump up ^ American Business BSA Merit Badge Guide, 22 Jun 2015.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Siobahn (21 December 2011). "Chinese Hackers Hit U.S. Chamber - WSJ.com". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Sacks, Mike (21 June 2012). "Supreme Court: U.S. Chamber Of Commerce Undefeated This Term". Huffington Post. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Making Tobacco's Case". The New York Times. 2015-06-30. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
Jump up ^ Hakim, Danny (2015-06-30). "U.S. Chamber of Commerce Works Globally to Fight Antismoking Measures". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
Jump up ^ "No Exclusions! Why Carveouts Would Weaken the Trans-Pacific Partnership". 2014-04-24. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
Jump up ^ "Multi-Industry Coalition Letter Regarding the Continuing Resolution and Debt Limit".
Jump up ^ "Cautious Optimism Follows SOPA (2011)".
Jump up ^ Henry, David (17 January 2005). "Death, Taxes, & Sarbanes-Oxley?". Business Week.
Jump up ^ Montopoli, Brian (26 July 2010). "Obama Slams GOP For Opposing DISCLOSE Act Meant to Expose "Shadow Groups" Behind Ads". CBS News.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Keith (2009-05-14). "Chamber of Commerce Details Opposition to Waxman-Markey Bill". WSJ. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Lizza, Ryan (2010-10-03). "As the World Burns". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
Jump up ^ http://www.washingtontimes.com, The Washington Times. "Business groups join fight to combat Clean Power Plan". The Washington Times. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
Jump up ^ Mears, Bill (26 May 2011). "Supreme Court backs Arizona immigration law that punishes businesses". CNN. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Supplemental Brief Of Amicus Curiae Chamber Of Commerce Of The United States Of America In Support Of Appellant.
Jump up ^ Independent Business Advocates Condemn U.S. Supreme Court's Decision in Citizens United.
Jump up ^ Opensecrets.org ranking page for 2015
Jump up ^ "President Barack Obama says foreign funds received by the US Chamber may be helping to fund attack ads". Politifact, St. Petersburg Times. October 11, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Chamber of Commerce - The White House Wants Our Donor List". ABC News.
Jump up ^ Abdullah, Halimah (12 October 2010). "Democratic Partisans Up in Arms Against US Chamber Donations". Kansas City Star. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "AmCham Business Center".
Jump up ^ Murray, Matthew (November 12, 2010). "Chamber Watch: Business Group 'Central' to GOP Gains". Roll Call. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
Jump up ^ "Chamber of Commerce under fire for foreign cash". Politico.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Waters, Clay (2010-10-22). "Lead Story Goes After Fundraising of Obama Foe, the Chamber of Commerce | Media Research Center". Mrc.org. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
Jump up ^ Fang, Lee (2010-10-13). "Exclusive: Chamber Receives At Least $885,000 From Over 80 Foreign Companies In Disclosed Donations Alone". ThinkProgress. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
Jump up ^ "Vote 2010: Is Foreign Money Behind U.S. Chamber of Commerce Ads? - ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. 2010-10-11. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
Jump up ^ Eggen, Dan (8 October 2010). "Chamber and Democrats battle over the midterms and election spending". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ "News Headlines". Cnbc.com. 2010-10-22. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
Jump up ^ Jacob Sullum (2010-10-22). "NYT Shocker: Chamber of Commerce Promotes Business Interests - Hit & Run : Reason Magazine". Reason.com. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
Jump up ^ "The Chamber and Foreign Contributors". Factcheck.org. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Shear, Michael D. (2010-10-12). "Chamber of Commerce Vows to 'Ramp Up' Political Activity". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Lipton, Eric. "Large corporate donations fund controversial US Chamber of Commerce campaign of election attack ads". Ocala.com. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
Jump up ^ Smith, Ben (2010-10-05). "Chamber: 'We have a system' - Ben Smith". Politico.Com. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
Jump up ^ Fang, Lee (2010-10-05). "Exclusive: Foreign-Funded 'U.S.' Chamber Of Commerce Running Partisan Attack Ads". ThinkProgress. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
Jump up ^ Graves, Lucia (7 October 2010). "Watchdog Groups Rally Outside Chamber Of Commerce, As Calls For A Justice Department Investigation Mount". Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ Lipton, Eric; McIntire, Mike; NATTA Jr, DON VAN (21 October 2010). "Top Corporations Aid U.S. Chamber of Commerce Campaign". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Shear, Michael D. (2009-10-20). "Rift between Obama and Chamber of Commerce widening". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ "Obama's Risky Fight Against the Chamber of Commerce". Time.
Jump up ^ Calmes, Jackie (2010-12-11). "Obama to Meet With Executives". New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Donohue: US Chamber won't seek Obama's defeat". Real Clear Politics.
Jump up ^ Stein, Sam (17 November 2010). "The White House, Chamber Of Commerce Attempt Rapprochement". Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ "Center for Responsive Politics, US Chamber of Commerce summary". Opensecrets.org. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
Jump up ^ "Center for Responsive Politics, 31Oct 2009". Opensecrets.org. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
Jump up ^ "Chamber of Commerce $33 Million Lost Most Races: BGOV Barometer". Bloomberg.
Jump up ^ Needham, Vicki (September 13, 2013). "Top business groups vow more involvement in primaries". The Hill.
Jump up ^ Wingfield, Brian; Bykowicz, Julie (8 January 2014). "Big Business Doubles Down on GOP Civil War With Tea Party". www.bloomberg.com. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Issue Alert: CARD_CHECK". Bipac.net. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
Jump up ^ Shear, Michael D. (16 November 2009). "Opponents of health-care effort look to fund a critical economic study". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Activist Group Puts Bounty on Chamber of Commerce CEO". Fox News. 2009-12-07.
Jump up ^ Stier, Ken (31 October 2009). "Is the Chamber of Commerce Its Own Worst Enemy?". Time.
Jump up ^ Who's holding us back? Full report Greenpeace November 23, 2011
Jump up ^ Tankersley, Jim (25 August 2009). "U.S. Chamber of Commerce seeks trial on global warming". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Broder, John M. (2009-11-18). "U.S. Chamber of Commerce Split Over Donohue's Climate Policy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
Jump up ^ Gardner, Timothy (5 October 2009). "Apple, citing climate, tells U.S. Chamber iQuit". Reuters. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Nike US Chamber Statement" (PDF). September 30, 2009. Retrieved October 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Chamber of Commerce in climate rift". MSNBC. 2009-09-25. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
Jump up ^ Goldenberg, Suzanne (26 October 2009). "Toyota: We're staying in US chamber of commerce". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Salvail, Andre (24 April 2012). "Aspen chamber to cut ties with national organization". The Aspen Times. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Clean Power Plan was the wrong answer". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
Jump up ^ Weaver, Dustin (2017-09-05). "Business backlash hits Trump's DACA decision". TheHill. Retrieved 2018-03-24.
Jump up ^ Kasperowicz, Pete. "GOP lawmaker returns award to protest Chamber of Commerce's immigration policy". The Blaze.
Jump up ^ O'Connor, Patrick (2014-12-26). "U.S. Chamber of Commerce Pushes Priorities in Congress". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ Ho, Catherine (2014-01-08). "U.S. Chamber to 'pull out all stops' to pass immigration reform". Washington Post. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Granting Corporations Bill of Rights Protections Is Not "Pro-business". AMIBA. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
Jump up ^ Saladoff, S. (Director). (2011). Hot Coffee [Motion picture]. Docurama Films
Further reading[edit]
Davis, Cory, "The Political Economy of Commercial Associations: Building the National Board of Trade, 1840-1868," Business History Review, 88 (Winter 2014), 761-83.
Heald, Morrell. "Business thought in the twenties: Social responsibility." American Quarterly (1961): 126-139. in JSTOR
Lesher, Richard and Dave Scheiber. Voice of Business: The Man Who Transformed the United States Chamber of Commerce (2017), Richard Lesher was president of the US Chamber of Commerce from 1975 to 1997.
Werking, Richard Hume. "Bureaucrats, businessmen, and foreign trade: the origins of the United States Chamber of Commerce." Business History Review 52#03 (1978) pp: 321-341.
External links[edit]
Official website
Real Clear Politics Portal
Guide to Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America. Publications. 5332. Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Martin P. Catherwood Library, Cornell University.
Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America. Communications Development Division. Videotape collection, 1988-1992. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
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values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Търговска палата на САЩ – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values: United States Chamber of Commerce – German

values: Cámara de Comercio de Estados Unidos – Spanish

values: اتاق بازرگانی ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: Chambre de commerce des États-Unis – French

values: Kamar Dagang Amerika Serikat – Indonesian

values: Camera di commercio degli Stati Uniti – Italian

values: Торговая палата США – Russian

values: United States Chamber of Commerce – Finnish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: Торгова палата США – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce rootpage-United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce skin-vector action-view