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Naked eye
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For other uses, see Naked eye (disambiguation).
"Bare eye" redirects here. For the bird genus, see Bare-eye.
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The naked eye
Naked eye, also called bare eye or unaided eye, is the practice of engaging in visual perception unaided by a magnifying or light-collecting optical instrument, such as a telescope or microscope. Vision corrected to normal acuity using corrective lenses is considered "naked".
In astronomy, the naked eye may be used to observe celestial events and objects visible without equipment, such as conjunctions, passing comets, meteor showers, and certain near-Earth asteroids, including 4 Vesta. Sky lore and various tests demonstrate an impressive variety of phenomena visible to the unaided eye.
Contents
[hide]
1 Basic accuracies
2 Naked eye in astronomy
3 Space, geodesy and navigation
4 Small objects and maps
5 Environmental pollution
6 Literature
7 References
8 External links
Basic accuracies[edit]
The basic accuracies of the human eye are:
Quick autofocus from distances of 25 cm (young people) to 50 cm (most people 50 years and older) to infinity.[citation needed]
Angular resolution: about 1 arcminute, approximately 0.02° or 0.0003 radians,[1] which corresponds to 0.3 m at a 1 km distance.
Field of view (FOV): simultaneous visual perception in an area of about 160° × 175°.[2]
Faint stars up to +8 magnitude under a perfectly dark sky.[3]
Photometry (brightness) to ±10% or 1% of intensity – in a range between night and day of 1:10,000,000,000.[citation needed]
Symmetries of 10–20' (3–6 m per 1 km), see the measurements of Tycho Brahe and the Egyptians.[citation needed]
Interval estimations (for example at a plan on paper) to 3–5%.[citation needed]
Unconscious recognizing of movement (that is "alarm system" and reflexes).[citation needed]
Visual perception allows a person to gain much information about their surroundings:
the distances and 3-dimensional position of things and persons
the vertical (plumb line) and the slope of plain objects
luminosities and colors and their changes by time and direction
Naked eye in astronomy[edit]
A photographic approximation of a naked eye view of the night sky from a small rural town (top) and a metropolitan area (bottom). Light pollution dramatically reduces the visibility of stars.
The visibility of astronomical objects is strongly affected by light pollution. Even a few hundred kilometers away from a metropolitan area where the sky can appear to be very dark, it is still the residual light pollution that sets the limit on the visibility of faint objects. For most people, these are likely to be the best observing conditions within their reach. Under such "typical" dark sky conditions, the naked eye can see stars with an apparent magnitude up to +6m. Under perfect dark sky conditions where all light pollution is absent, stars as faint as +8m might be visible.[4]
The angular resolution of the naked eye is about 1′; however, some people have sharper vision than that. There is anecdotal evidence that people had seen the Galilean moons of Jupiter before telescopes were invented.[5] Of similar magnitude, Uranus and Vesta had most probably been seen but could not be recognized as planets because they appear so faint even at maximum brightness that their motion could not be detected. Uranus, when discovered in 1781, was the first planet discovered using technology (a telescope) rather than being spotted by the naked eye.
Theoretically, in a typical dark sky, the dark adapted human eye would see the about 5,600 stars brighter than +6m[6] while in perfect dark sky conditions about 45,000 stars brighter than +8m might be visible.[4] In practice, the atmospheric extinction and dust reduces this number somewhat. In the center of a city, where the naked-eye limiting magnitude due to extreme amounts of light pollution can be as low as 2m, with as few as 50 stars visible. Colors can be seen but this is limited by the fact that the eye uses rods instead of cones to view fainter stars.
The visibility of diffuse objects such as star clusters and galaxies is much more strongly affected by light pollution than is that of planets and stars. Under typical dark conditions only a few such objects are visible. These include the Pleiades, h/χ Persei, the Andromeda galaxy, the Carina Nebula, the Orion Nebula, Omega Centauri, 47 Tucanae, the Ptolemy Cluster Messier 7 near the tail of Scorpius and the globular cluster M13 in Hercules. The Triangulum Galaxy (M33) is a difficult averted vision object and only visible at all if it is higher than 50° in the sky. The globular clusters M 3 in Canes Venatici and M 92 in Hercules are also visible with the naked eye under such conditions. Under really dark sky conditions, however, M33 is easy to see, even in direct vision. Many other Messier objects are also visible under such conditions.[4] The most distant objects that have been seen by the naked eye are nearby bright galaxies such as Centaurus A,[7] Bode's Galaxy,[8][9][10] Sculptor Galaxy,[10] and Messier 83.[11]
Five planets can be recognized as planets from Earth with the naked eye: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Under typical dark sky conditions Uranus (magnitude +5.8) can be seen as well with averted vision. The Sun and the Moon—the remaining noticeable naked-eye objects of the solar system—are sometimes added to make seven "planets." During daylight only the Moon and Sun are obvious naked eye objects, but in many cases Venus can be spotted in daylight and in rarer cases Jupiter. Close to sunset and sunrise bright stars like Sirius or even Canopus can be spotted with the naked eye as long as one knows the exact position in which to look. Historically, the zenith of naked-eye astronomy was the work of Tycho Brahe (1546–1601). He built an extensive observatory to make precise measurements of the heavens without any instruments for magnification. In 1610, Galileo Galilei pointed a telescope towards the sky. He immediately discovered the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus, among other things.
Meteor showers are better observed by naked eye than with binoculars. Such showers include the Perseids (10–12 August) and the December Geminids. Some 100 satellites per night, the International Space Station and the Milky Way are other popular objects visible to the naked eye.[12]
Space, geodesy and navigation[edit]
Many other things can be estimated without an instrument. If an arm is stretched the span of the hand corresponds to an angle of 18 to 20°. The distance of a person, just covered up by the outstretched thumbnail, is about 100 meters. The vertical can be estimated to about 2° and, in the northern hemisphere, observing the Pole Star and using a protractor can give the observer's geographic latitude, up to 1 degree of accuracy.
The Babylonians, Mayans, ancient Egyptians, ancient Indians, and Chinese measured all the basics of their respective time and calendar systems by naked eye:
the length of a year and a month to ±0.1 hour or to better than 1 minute (0.001%)
the 24 hours of a day, and the equinoxes
the periods of the planets were calculated by Mayan astronomers, to within 5 to 10 minutes accuracy in the case of Venus and Mars.
In a similar manner star occultations by the moon can be observed. By using a digital clock an accuracy of 0.2 second is possible. This represents only 200 meters at the moon's distance of 385,000 km.
Small objects and maps[edit]
Observing a nearby small object without a magnifying glass or a microscope, the size of the object depends on the viewing distance. Under normal lighting conditions (light source ~ 1000 lumens at height 600–700 mm, viewing angle ~ 35 degrees) the angular size recognized by naked eye will be round 1 arc minute = 1/60 degrees = 0.0003 radians.[1] At a viewing distance of 16" = ~ 400 mm, which is considered a normal reading distance in the USA, the smallest object resolution will be ~ 0.116 mm. For inspection purposes laboratories use a viewing distance of 200–250 mm,[citation needed] which gives the smallest size of the object recognizable to the naked eye of ~0.058- 0.072 mm(~55-75 micrometers). The accuracy of a measurement ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 mm and depends on the experience of the observer. The latter figure is the usual positional accuracy of faint details in maps and technical plans.
Environmental pollution[edit]
The Milky Way is visible over the Very Large Telescope, demonstrating clear atmosphere above Paranal Observatory.[13]
A clean atmosphere is indicated by the fact that the Milky Way is visible. Comparing the zenith with the horizon, shows how the "blue quality" is degraded depending on the amount of air pollution and dust. The twinkling of a star is an indication of the turbulence of the air. This is of importance in meteorology and for the "seeing" of astronomy.
Light pollution is a significant problem for amateur astronomers but becomes less late at night when many lights are shut off. Air dust can be seen even far away from a city by its "light dome".
Literature[edit]
Davidson, N.: Sky Phenomena: A Guide to Naked Eye Observation of the Heavens. FlorisBooks (208p), ISBN 0-86315-168-X, Edinburgh 1993.
Gerstbach G.: Auge und Sehen — der lange Weg zu digitalem Erkennen. Astro Journal Sternenbote, 20p., Vol.2000/8, Vienna 2000.
Kahmen H. (Ed.): Geodesy for Geotechnical and Structural Engineering. Proceedings, Eisenstadt 1999.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Yanoff, Myron; Duker, Jay S. (2009). Ophthalmology 3rd Edition. MOSBY Elsevier. p. 54. ISBN 0444511415.
Jump up ^ Wandell, B. (1995). "Foundations of Vision." Sinauer, Sunderland, MA as cited in Neurobiology of Attention. (2005). Eds. Laurent Itti, Geraint Rees, and John K., Tsotos. Chapter 102, Elder, J.H. et al. Elsevier, Inc.
Jump up ^ http://www.skyandtelescope.com/resources/darksky/3304011.html?c=y&page=1
^ Jump up to: a b c John E. Bortle (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
Jump up ^ Zezong, Xi, "The Discovery of Jupiter's Satellite Made by Gan De 2000 years Before Galileo", Chinese Physics 2 (3) (1982): 664–67.
Jump up ^ "Vmag<6". SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
Jump up ^ http://astronomy-mall.com/Adventures.In.Deep.Space/aintno.htm
Jump up ^ SEDS, Messier 81
Jump up ^ S. J. O'Meara (1998). The Messier Objects. Cambridge: Cambridge University. ISBN 0-521-55332-6.
^ Jump up to: a b http://messier.obspm.fr/xtra/supp/m81naked.txt
Jump up ^ Inglis Mike (2007). "Galaxies". Patrick Moore’s Practical Astronomy Series: 157–189. doi:10.1007/978-1-84628-736-7_4.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mars, 2099?". ESO Picture of the Week. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
External links[edit]
Naked Eye Observing in Astronomy
Naked-Eye Stargazing: Learning the Sky and its constellations
Naked Eye Navigation, Polynesia Voyages
Detection of weak optical signals by the human visual system: Perspectives in Neuroscience and in Quantum Physics[permanent dead link]
The Naked-eye Planets in the Night Sky (and how to identify them)
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Local government areas of Nigeria
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This article needs attention from an expert in Nigeria. The specific problem is: LGA and its relationship to cities, states, and wards, and the function of wards. WikiProject Nigeria may be able to help recruit an expert. (November 2015)
Local government areas of Nigeria
Nigeria has 774 local government areas (LGAs). Each local government area is administered by a Local Government Council consisting of a chairman who is the Chief Executive of the LGA, and other elected members who are referred to as Councillors. Each of the areas is further subdivided into wards with a minimum of ten and a maximum of fifteen for each area.
Contents
[hide]
1 Functions
2 List of LGAs
3 References
4 External links
Functions[edit]
The functions of Local Governments are detailed in the Nigerian Constitution and include:
Economic recommendations to the State;
Collection of taxes and fees;
Establishment and maintenance of cemeteries, burial grounds and homes for the destitute or infirm;
Licensing of bicycles, trucks (other than mechanically propelled trucks), canoes, wheel barrows and carts;
Establishment, maintenance and regulation of markets, motor parks and public conveniences;
Construction and maintenance of roads, streets, drains and other public highways, parks, and open spaces;
Naming of roads and streets and numbering of houses;
Provision and maintenance of public transportation and refuse disposal;
Registration of births, deaths and marriages;
Assessment of privately owned houses or tenements for the purpose of levying such rates as may be prescribed by the House of Assembly of a State; and,
Control and regulation of out-door advertising, movement and keeping of pets of all descriptions, shops and kiosks, restaurants and other places for sale of food to the public, and laundries.
List of LGAs[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
LGA contact
State
Website
Abadam Borno State
Abaji FCT
Abak Akwa Ibom State [1]
Abakaliki Ebonyi State
Aba North Abia State
Aba South Abia State
Abeokuta North Ogun State
Abeokuta South Ogun State
Abi Cross River State [1]
Aboh Mbaise Imo State
Abua/Odual Rivers State
Adavi Kogi State
Ado Ekiti Ekiti State
Ado-Odo/Ota Ogun State
Afijio Oyo State
Afikpo North Ebonyi State
Afikpo South (Edda) Ebonyi State
Agaie Niger State
Agatu Benue State
Agwara Niger State
Agege Lagos State
Aguata Anambra State
Ahiazu Mbaise Imo State
Ahoada East Rivers State
Ahoada West Rivers State
Ajaokuta Kogi State
Ajeromi-Ifelodun Lagos State
Ajingi Kano State
Akamkpa Cross River State [1]
Akinyele Oyo State
Akko Gombe State
Akoko-Edo Edo State
Akoko North-East Ondo State
Akoko North-West Ondo State
Akoko South-West Ondo State
Akoko South-East Ondo State
Akpabuyo Cross River State [1]
Akuku-Toru Rivers State
Akure North Ondo State
Akure South Ondo State
Akwanga Nasarawa State
Albasu Kano State
Aleiro Kebbi State
Alimosho Lagos State
Alkaleri Bauchi State
Amuwo-Odofin Lagos State
Anambra East Anambra State
Anambra West Anambra State
Anaocha Anambra State
Andoni Rivers State
Aninri Enugu State
Aniocha North Delta State
Aniocha South Delta State
Anka Zamfara State
Ankpa Kogi State
Apa Benue State
Apapa Lagos State
Ado Benue State
Ardo Kola Taraba State
Arewa Dandi Kebbi State
Argungu Kebbi State
Arochukwu Abia State
Asa Kwara State
Asari-Toru Rivers State
Askira/Uba Borno State
Atakunmosa East Osun State
Atakunmosa West Osun State
Atiba Oyo State
Atisbo Oyo State
Augie Kebbi State
Auyo Jigawa State
Awe Nasarawa State
Awgu Enugu State
Awka North Anambra State
Awka South Anambra State
Ayamelum Anambra State
Aiyedaade Osun State
Aiyedire Osun State
Babura Jigawa State
Badagry Lagos State
Bagudo Kebbi State
Bagwai Kano State
Bakassi Cross River State [1]
Bokkos Plateau State
Bakori Katsina State
Bakura Zamfara State
Balanga Gombe State
Bali Taraba State
Bama Borno State
Bade Yobe State
Barkin Ladi Plateau State
Baruten Kwara State
Bassa Kogi State
Bassa Plateau State
Batagarawa Katsina State
Batsari Katsina State
Bauchi Bauchi State
Baure Katsina State
Bayo Borno State
Bebeji Kano State
Bekwarra Cross River State [1]
Bende Abia State
Biase Cross River State [1]
Bichi Kano State
Bida Niger State
Billiri Gombe State
Bindawa Katsina State
Binji Sokoto State
Biriniwa Jigawa State
Birnin Gwari Kaduna State
Birnin Kebbi Kebbi State
Birnin Kudu Jigawa State
Birnin Magaji/Kiyaw Zamfara State
Biu Borno State
Bodinga Sokoto State
Bogoro Bauchi State
Boki Cross River State [1]
Boluwaduro Osun State
Bomadi Delta State
Bonny Rivers State
Borgu Niger State
Boripe Osun State
Bursari Yobe State
Bosso Niger State
Brass Bayelsa State
Buji Jigawa State
Bukkuyum Zamfara State
Buruku Benue State
Bungudu Zamfara State
Bunkure Kano State
Bunza Kebbi State
Burutu Delta State
Bwari FCT
Calabar Municipal Cross River State [1]
Calabar South Cross River State [1]
Chanchaga Niger State
Charanchi Katsina State
Chibok Borno State
Chikun Kaduna State
Dala Kano State
Damaturu Yobe State
Damban Bauchi State
Dambatta Kano State
Damboa Borno State
Dandi Kebbi State
Dandume Katsina State
Dange Shuni Sokoto State
Danja Katsina State
Dan Musa Katsina State
Darazo Bauchi State
Dass Bauchi State
Daura Katsina State
Dawakin Kudu Kano State
Dawakin Tofa Kano State
Degema Rivers State
Dekina Kogi State
Demsa Adamawa State
Dikwa Borno State
Doguwa Kano State
Doma Nasarawa State
Donga Taraba State
Dukku Gombe State
Dunukofia Anambra State
Dutse Jigawa State
Dutsi Katsina State
Dutsin Ma Katsina State
Eastern Obolo Akwa Ibom State
Ebonyi Ebonyi State
Edati Niger State
Ede North Osun State
Ede South Osun State
Edu Kwara State
Ife Central Osun State
Ife East Osun State
Ife North Osun State
Ife South Osun State
Efon Ekiti State
Yewa North Ogun State
Yewa South Ogun State
Egbeda Oyo State
Egbedore Osun State
Egor Edo State
Ehime Mbano Imo State
Ejigbo Osun State
Ekeremor Bayelsa State
Eket Akwa Ibom State [2]
Ekiti Kwara State
Ekiti East Ekiti State
Ekiti South-West Ekiti State
Ekiti West Ekiti State
Ekwusigo Anambra State
Eleme Rivers State
Emuoha Rivers State
Emure Ekiti State
Enugu East Enugu State
Enugu North Enugu State
Enugu South Enugu State
Epe Lagos State
Esan Central Edo State
Esan North-East Edo State
Esan South-East Edo State
Esan West Edo State
Ese Odo Ondo State
Esit Eket Akwa Ibom State
Essien Udim Akwa Ibom State
Etche Rivers State
Ethiope East Delta State
Ethiope West Delta State
Etim Ekpo Akwa Ibom State [3]
Etinan Akwa Ibom State [4]
Eti Osa Lagos State
Etsako Central Edo State
Etsako East Edo State
Etsako West Edo State
Etung Cross River State [1]
Ewekoro Ogun State
Ezeagu Enugu State
Ezinihitte Imo State
Ezza North Ebonyi State
Ezza South Ebonyi State
Fagge Kano State
Fakai Kebbi State
Faskari Katsina State
Fika Yobe State
Fufure Adamawa State
Funakaye Gombe State
Fune Yobe State
Funtua Katsina State
Gabasawa Kano State
Gada Sokoto State
Gagarawa Jigawa State
Gamawa Bauchi State
Ganjuwa Bauchi State
Ganye Adamawa State
Garki Jigawa State
Garko Kano State
Garun Mallam Kano State
Gashaka Taraba State
Gassol Taraba State
Gaya Kano State
Gayuk Adamawa State
Gezawa Kano State
Gbako Niger State
Gboko Benue State
Gbonyin Ekiti State
Geidam Yobe State
Giade Bauchi State
Giwa Kaduna State
Gokana Rivers State
Gombe Gombe State
Gombi Adamawa State
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Grie Adamawa State
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Gudu Sokoto State
Gujba Yobe State
Gulani Yobe State
Guma Benue State
Gumel Jigawa State
Gummi Zamfara State
Gurara Niger State
Guri Jigawa State
Gusau Zamfara State
Guzamala Borno State
Gwadabawa Sokoto State
Gwagwalada FCT
Gwale Kano State
Gwandu Kebbi State
Gwaram Jigawa State
Gwarzo Kano State
Gwer East Benue State
Gwer West Benue State
Gwiwa Jigawa State
Gwoza Borno State
Hadejia Jigawa State
Hawul Borno State
Hong Adamawa State
Ibadan North Oyo State
Ibadan North-East Oyo State
Ibadan North-West Oyo State
Ibadan South-East Oyo State
Ibadan South-West Oyo State
Ibaji Kogi State
Ibarapa Central Oyo State
Ibarapa East Oyo State
Ibarapa North Oyo State
Ibeju-Lekki Lagos State
Ibeno Akwa Ibom State [5]
Ibesikpo Asutan Akwa Ibom State [6]
Ibi Taraba State
Ibiono-Ibom Akwa Ibom State [7]
Idah Kogi State
Idanre Ondo State
Ideato North Imo State
Ideato South Imo State
Idemili North Anambra State
Idemili South Anambra State
Ido Oyo State
Ido Osi Ekiti State
Ifako-Ijaiye Lagos State
Ifedayo Osun State
Ifedore Ondo State
Ifelodun Kwara State
Ifelodun Osun State
Ifo Ogun State
Igabi Kaduna State
Igalamela Odolu Kogi State
Igbo Etiti Enugu State
Igbo Eze North Enugu State
Igbo Eze South Enugu State
Igueben Edo State
Ihiala Anambra State
Ihitte/Uboma Imo State
Ilaje Ondo State
Ijebu East Ogun State
Ijebu North Ogun State
Ijebu North East Ogun State
Ijebu Ode Ogun State
Ijero Ekiti State
Ijumu Kogi State
Ika Akwa Ibom State [8]
Ika North East Delta State
Ikara Kaduna State
Ika South Delta State
Ikeduru Imo State
Ikeja Lagos State
Ikenne Ogun State
Ikere Ekiti State
Ikole Ekiti State
Ikom Cross River State [1]
Ikono Akwa Ibom State [9]
Ikorodu Lagos State
Ikot Abasi Akwa Ibom State [10]
Ikot Ekpene Akwa Ibom State [11]
Ikpoba Okha Edo State
Ikwerre Rivers State
Ikwo Ebonyi State
Ikwuano Abia State
Ila Osun State
Ilejemeje Ekiti State
Ile Oluji/Okeigbo Ondo State
Ilesa East Osun State
Ilesa West Osun State
Illela Sokoto State
Ilorin East Kwara State
Ilorin South Kwara State
Ilorin West Kwara State
Imeko Afon Ogun State
Ingawa Katsina State
Ini Akwa Ibom State [12]
Ipokia Ogun State
Irele Ondo State
Irepo Oyo State
Irepodun Kwara State
Irepodun Osun State
Irepodun/Ifelodun Ekiti State
Irewole Osun State
Isa Sokoto State
Ise/Orun Ekiti State
Iseyin Oyo State
Ishielu Ebonyi State
Isiala Mbano Imo State
Isiala Ngwa North Abia State
Isiala Ngwa South Abia State
Isin Kwara State
Isi Uzo Enugu State
Isokan Osun State
Isoko North Delta State
Isoko South Delta State
Isu Imo State
Isuikwuato Abia State
Itas/Gadau Bauchi State
Itesiwaju Oyo State
Itu Akwa Ibom State [13]
Ivo Ebonyi State
Iwajowa Oyo State
Iwo Osun State
Izzi Ebonyi State
Jaba Kaduna State
Jada Adamawa State
Jahun Jigawa State
Jakusko Yobe State
Jalingo Taraba State
Jama'are Bauchi State
Jega Kebbi State
Jema'a Kaduna State
Jere Borno State
Jibia Katsina State
Jos East Plateau State
Jos North Plateau State
Jos South Plateau State
Kabba/Bunu Kogi State
Kabo Kano State
Kachia Kaduna State
Kaduna North Kaduna State
Kaduna South Kaduna State
Kafin Hausa Jigawa State
Kafur Katsina State
Kaga Borno State
Kagarko Kaduna State
Kaiama Kwara State
Kaita Katsina State
Kajola Oyo State
Kajuru Kaduna State
Kala/Balge Borno State
Kalgo Kebbi State
Kaltungo Gombe State
Kanam Plateau State
Kankara Katsina State
Kanke Plateau State
Kankia Katsina State
Kano Municipal Kano State
Karasuwa Yobe State
Karaye Kano State
Karim Lamido Taraba State
Karu Nasarawa State
Katagum Bauchi State
Katcha Niger State
Katsina Katsina State
Katsina-Ala Benue State
Kaura Kaduna State
Kaura Namoda Zamfara State
Kauru Kaduna State
Kazaure Jigawa State
Keana Nasarawa State
Kebbe Sokoto State
Keffi Nasarawa State
Khana Rivers State
Kibiya Kano State
Kirfi Bauchi State
Kiri Kasama Jigawa State
Kiru Kano State
Kiyawa Jigawa State
Kogi Kogi State
Koko/Besse Kebbi State
Kokona Nasarawa State
Kolokuma/Opokuma Bayelsa State
Konduga Borno State
Konshisha Benue State
Kontagora Niger State
Kosofe Lagos State
Kaugama Jigawa State
Kubau Kaduna State
Kudan Kaduna State
Kuje FCT
Kukawa Borno State
Kumbotso Kano State
Kumi Taraba State
Kunchi Kano State
Kura Kano State
Kurfi Katsina State
Kusada Katsina State
Kwali FCT
Kwande Benue State
Kwami Gombe State
Kware Sokoto State
Kwaya Kusar Borno State
Lafia Nasarawa State
Lagelu Oyo State
Lagos Island Lagos State
Lagos Mainland Lagos State
Langtang South Plateau State
Langtang North Plateau State
Lapai Niger State
Lamurde Adamawa State
Lau Taraba State
Lavun Niger State
Lere Kaduna State
Logo Benue State
Lokoja Kogi State
Machina Yobe State
Madagali Adamawa State
Madobi Kano State
Mafa Borno State
Magama Niger State
Magumeri Borno State
Mai'Adua Katsina State
Maiduguri Borno State
Maigatari Jigawa State
Maiha Adamawa State
Maiyama Kebbi State
Makarfi Kaduna State
Makoda Kano State
Malam Madori Jigawa State
Malumfashi Katsina State
Mangu Plateau State
Mani Katsina State
Maradun Zamfara State
Mariga Niger State
Makurdi Benue State
Marte Borno State
Maru Zamfara State
Mashegu Niger State
Mashi Katsina State
Matazu Katsina State
Mayo Belwa Adamawa State
Mbaitoli Imo State
Mbo Akwa Ibom State [14]
Michika Adamawa State
Miga Jigawa State
Mikang Plateau State
Minjibir Kano State
Misau Bauchi State
Moba Ekiti State
Mobbar Borno State
Mubi North Adamawa State
Mubi South Adamawa State
Mokwa Niger State
Monguno Borno State
Mopa Muro Kogi State
Moro Kwara State
Moya Niger State
Mkpat-Enin Akwa Ibom State [15]
Municipal Area Council FCT
Musawa Katsina State
Mushin Lagos State
Nafada Gombe State
Nangere Yobe State
Nasarawa Kano State
Nasarawa Nasarawa State
Nasarawa Egon Nasarawa State
Ndokwa East Delta State
Ndokwa West Delta State
Nembe Bayelsa State
Ngala Borno State
Nganzai Borno State
Ngaski Kebbi State
Ngor Okpala Imo State
Nguru Yobe State
Ningi Bauchi State
Njaba Imo State
Njikoka Anambra State
Nkanu East Enugu State
Nkanu West Enugu State
Nkwerre Imo State
Nnewi North Anambra State
Nnewi South Anambra State
Nsit-Atai Akwa Ibom State [16]
Nsit-Ibom Akwa Ibom State [17]
Nsit-Ubium Akwa Ibom State [18]
Nsukka Enugu State
Numan Adamawa State
Nwangele Imo State
Obafemi Owode Ogun State
Obanliku Cross River State [1]
Obi Benue State
Obi Nasarawa State
Obi Ngwa Abia State
Obio/Akpor Rivers State
Obokun Osun State
Obot Akara Akwa Ibom State [19]
Obowo Imo State
Obubra Cross River State [1]
Obudu Cross River State [1]
Odeda Ogun State
Odigbo Ondo State
Odogbolu Ogun State
Odo Otin Osun State
Odukpani Cross River State [1]
Offa Kwara State
Ofu Kogi State
Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Rivers State
Ogbadibo Benue State
Ogbaru Anambra State
Ogbia Bayelsa State
Ogbomosho North Oyo State
Ogbomosho South Oyo State
Ogu/Bolo Rivers State
Ogoja Cross River State [1]
Ogo Oluwa Oyo State
Ogori/Magongo Kogi State
Ogun Waterside Ogun State
Oguta Imo State
Ohafia Abia State
Ohaji/Egbema Imo State
Ohaozara Ebonyi State
Ohaukwu Ebonyi State
Ohimini Benue State
Orhionmwon Edo State
Oji River Enugu State
Ojo Lagos State
Oju Benue State
Okehi Kogi State
Okene Kogi State
Oke Ero Kwara State
Okigwe Imo State
Okitipupa Ondo State
Okobo Akwa Ibom State [20]
Okpe Delta State
Okrika Rivers State
Olamaboro Kogi State
Ola Oluwa Osun State
Olorunda Osun State
Olorunsogo Oyo State
Oluyole Oyo State
Omala Kogi State
Omuma Rivers State
Ona Ara Oyo State
Ondo East Ondo State
Ondo West Ondo State
Onicha Ebonyi State
Onitsha North Anambra State
Onitsha South Anambra State
Onna Akwa Ibom State [21]
Okpokwu Benue State
Opobo/Nkoro Rivers State
Oredo Edo State
Orelope Oyo State
Oriade Osun State
Ori Ire Oyo State
Orlu Imo State
Orolu Osun State
Oron Akwa Ibom State [22]
Orsu Imo State
Oru East Imo State
Oruk Anam Akwa Ibom State [23]
Orumba North Anambra State
Orumba South Anambra State
Oru West Imo State
Ose Ondo State
Oshimili North Delta State
Oshimili South Delta State
Oshodi-Isolo Lagos State
Osisioma Abia State
Osogbo Osun State
Oturkpo Benue State
Ovia North-East Edo State
Ovia South-West Edo State
Owan East Edo State
Owan West Edo State
Owerri Municipal Imo State
Owerri North Imo State
Owerri West Imo State
Owo Ondo State
Oye Ekiti State
Oyi Anambra State
Oyigbo Rivers State
Oyo West Oyo State
Oyo East Oyo State
Oyun Kwara State
Paikoro Niger State
Pankshin Plateau State
Patani Delta State
Pategi Kwara State
Port Harcourt Rivers State
Potiskum Yobe State
Qua'an Pan Plateau State
Rabah Sokoto State
Rafi Niger State
Rano Kano State
Remo North Ogun State
Rijau Niger State
Rimi Katsina State
Rimin Gado Kano State
Ringim Jigawa State
Riyom Plateau State
Rogo Kano State
Roni Jigawa State
Sabon Birni Sokoto State
Sabon Gari Kaduna State
Sabuwa Katsina State
Safana Katsina State
Sagbama Bayelsa State
Sakaba Kebbi State
Saki East Oyo State
Saki West Oyo State
Sandamu Katsina State
Sanga Kaduna State
Sapele Delta State
Sardauna Taraba State
Shagamu Ogun State
Shagari Sokoto State
Shanga Kebbi State
Shani Borno State
Shanono Kano State
Shelleng Adamawa State
Shendam Plateau State
Shinkafi Zamfara State
Shira Bauchi State
Shiroro Niger State
Shongom Gombe State
Shomolu Lagos State
Silame Sokoto State
Soba Kaduna State
Sokoto North Sokoto State
Sokoto South Sokoto State
Song Adamawa State
Southern Ijaw Bayelsa State
Suleja Niger State
Sule Tankarkar Jigawa State
Sumaila Kano State
Suru Kebbi State
Surulere Oyo State
Surulere Lagos State
Tafa Niger State
Tafawa Balewa Bauchi State
Tai Rivers State
Takai Kano State
Takum Taraba State
Talata Mafara Zamfara State
Tambuwal Sokoto State
Tangaza Sokoto State
Tarauni Kano State
Tarka Benue State
Tarmuwa Yobe State
Taura Jigawa State
Toungo Adamawa State
Tofa Kano State
Toro Bauchi State
Toto Nasarawa State
Chafe Zamfara State
Tsanyawa Kano State
Tudun Wada Kano State
Tureta Sokoto State
Udenu Enugu State
Udi Enugu State
Udu Delta State
Udung-Uko Akwa Ibom State [24]
Ughelli North Delta State
Ughelli South Delta State
Ugwunagbo Abia State
Uhunmwonde Edo State
Ukanafun Akwa Ibom State [25]
Ukum Benue State
Ukwa East Abia State
Ukwa West Abia State
Ukwuani Delta State
Umuahia North Abia State
Umuahia South Abia State
Umu Nneochi Abia State
Ungogo Kano State
Unuimo Imo State
Uruan Akwa Ibom State [26]
Urue-Offong/Oruko Akwa Ibom State [27]
Ushongo Benue State
Ussa Taraba State
Uvwie Delta State
Uyo Akwa Ibom State [28]
Uzo-Uwani Enugu State
Vandeikya Benue State
Wamako Sokoto State
Wamba Nasarawa State
Warawa Kano State
Warji Bauchi State
Warri North Delta State
Warri South Delta State
Warri South West Delta State
Wasagu/Danko Kebbi State
Wase Plateau State
Wudil Kano State
Wukari Taraba State
Wurno Sokoto State
Wushishi Niger State
Yabo Sokoto State
Yagba East Kogi State
Yagba West Kogi State
Yakuur Cross River State [1]
Obi Benue State
Obi Nasarawa State
Obi Ngwa Abia State
Obio/Akpor Rivers State
Obokun Osun State
Obot Akara Akwa Ibom State [29]
Obowo Imo State
Obubra Cross River State s" />
Yala Cross River State [1]
Yamaltu/Deba Gombe State
Yankwashi Jigawa State
Yauri Kebbi State
Yenagoa Bayelsa State
Yola North Adamawa State
Yola South Adamawa State
Yorro Taraba State
Yunusari Yobe State
Yusufari Yobe State
Zaki Bauchi State
Zango Katsina State
Zangon Kataf Kaduna State
Zaria Kaduna State
Zing Taraba State
Zurmi Zamfara State
Zuru Kebbi State
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "List of Local Government Areas in Cross River State". Archived from the original on 23 April 2015.
External links[edit]
Nigeria Congress
On Line Nigeria
Sustainable Urban Development and Good Governance in Nigeria
Thomas Brinkhoff: NIGERIA: Administrative Division (interactive map), in www.citypopulation.de
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Draft Day
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Draft Day
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Ivan Reitman
Produced by
Ivan Reitman
Ali Bell
Joe Medjuck
Gigi Pritzker
Written by
Rajiv Joseph
Scott Rothman
Starring
Kevin Costner
Jennifer Garner
Denis Leary
Frank Langella
Sam Elliott
Ellen Burstyn
Chadwick Boseman
Music by
John Debney
Cinematography
Eric Steelberg
Edited by
Sheldon Kahn
Dana E. Glauberman
Production
company
Odd Lot Entertainment
Montecito Picture Company
Distributed by
Summit Entertainment
Lionsgate
Release date
April 7, 2014 (2014-04-07) (Los Angeles)
April 11, 2014 (2014-04-11) (United States)
Running time
110 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$25 million[2]
Box office
$29.5 million[3]
Draft Day is a 2014 American sports drama film directed by Ivan Reitman and starring Kevin Costner. The premise revolves around the fictional general manager of the Cleveland Browns (Costner) deciding what to do after his team acquires the number one draft pick in the upcoming National Football League draft.
The film premiered in Los Angeles on April 7, 2014[4] and was released in the United States on April 11, 2014. It received mixed reviews from critics and grossed just $29 million against its $25 million budget.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 2014 NFL Draft
3.2 Marketing
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
On the morning of the 2014 NFL Draft, Cleveland Browns general manager Sonny Weaver Jr. must decide how to use the seventh overall pick to improve the team, but he has other problems on his mind. His girlfriend Ali Parker, the team's salary cap analyst, is pregnant. Also, his father's recent death and funeral plans cause pandemonium with his mother.
The Seattle Seahawks hold the first overall pick, which general manager Tom Michaels offers to trade to the Browns, allowing them to draft highly-rated quarterback prospect Bo Callahan, the Heisman Trophy winner from Wisconsin. Sonny declines, but with advice from team owner Anthony Molina to "make a splash," reluctantly trades away the Browns' first-round draft picks for the next three years. The unexpected chance to obtain Callahan excites Browns fans, but splits the team's front office and players.
The trade goes public after a tweet by Ohio State linebacker Vontae Mack, who had been Sonny's first preference. Seahawks fans are unhappy at missing Callahan, putting pressure on Tom for giving Callahan up. Vontae advises Sonny to re-watch footage of him and Callahan playing against each other. Vontae's individual performance is superior but Callahan leads his team to victory on a last-second drive with a wrongly-ejected Vontae not on the field. Sonny begins to have doubts about Callahan's character and ability under pressure. When the draft begins that evening, Sonny waits until the last minute to decide who to select with the first pick, and eventually chooses Vontae. Roger Goodell's announcement of the selection shocks the rest of the league and disrupts many of their plans for their own picks. Molina becomes irate and flies back to Cleveland, intent on firing Sonny. Head coach Vince Penn is also incensed, and threatens to resign.
Rumors spread about Callahan as other teams avoid him, wondering why Sonny didn't pick him. However, the Seahawks are still in contention to pick Callahan with their seventh pick, and Sonny senses an opportunity. Sonny convinces the rookie general manager of the Jacksonville Jaguars to trade him their next pick (at sixth, just before the Seahawks) in exchange for the Browns' second-round draft picks for the next three years. Sonny then calls Tom, who intends to pick Bo Callahan at seventh, trying to prevent the Seahawks from having him. In return for passing on Callahan to let the Seahawks have him, Sonny demands his first-round picks back, along with punt returner David Putney. The Seahawks seal the deal and choose Callahan. With his pick, Sonny appeases Penn and Molina by selecting the skilled running back Ray Jennings of Florida State.
The team celebrates an outstanding draft for the Browns. After the draft party, Sonny reconciles with his mother over his excellent draft performance and her soon-to-be first grandchild.
Cast[edit]
Kevin Costner as Sonny Weaver, Jr.[5]
Jennifer Garner as Ali Parker[5]
Denis Leary as Vince Penn[5]
Frank Langella as Anthony Molina[5]
Tom Welling as Brian Drew[6]
Ellen Burstyn as Barb Weaver[5]
Sam Elliott as Coach Moore[7]
Chadwick Boseman as Vontae Mack[5]
Rosanna Arquette as Angie[5]
Russ Brandon as himself
Terry Crews as Earl Jennings[5]
Arian Foster as Ray Jennings
Griffin Newman as Rick the Intern [5]
Patrick St. Esprit as Tom Michaels
Chi McBride as Walt Gordon[5]
W. Earl Brown as Ralph Mowry[5]
Kevin Dunn as Marvin[5]
Sean Combs as Chris Crawford[5]
Josh Pence as Bo Callahan[5]
Wallace Langham as Pete Begler[5]
Christopher Cousins as Max Stone
Patrick Breen as Bill Zotti
Pat Healy as Jeff Carson
Roger Goodell as himself
Jon Gruden as himself
Jim Brown as himself
Bernie Kosar as himself
Chris Berman as himself
David Ramsey as Thompson
Wade Williams as O'Reilly
Rich Eisen as himself
Ray Lewis as himself
Production[edit]
When the idea was first made public, the film was to be centered around the Buffalo Bills, but the studio subsequently changed it to the Cleveland Browns because of cheaper production costs in Ohio.
Crowd reactions of fans at the actual 2013 NFL Draft, as well as Cleveland Browns fans at local bars, were filmed. Cameos with real-life NFL figures such as league commissioner Roger Goodell and ESPN sportscaster Chris Berman were filmed before and after the draft took place. The rest of the film began filming on May 8, 2013.
2014 NFL Draft[edit]
As in the film, the Cleveland Browns made splashes at the draft, trading up to select quarterback Johnny Manziel with the 22nd pick. The team also made several deals, trading away their fourth pick to the Buffalo Bills but for their ninth pick, as well as their 2015 first round pick. They later traded up to the eighth pick to draft Justin Gilbert. Finally, after watching Manziel drop farther than projected, they again traded up for the 22nd pick. Chris Berman, who played himself in the fictionalized draft, commented at the 2014 NFL Draft that the events surrounding the Cleveland Browns were more exciting than the film. Unlike the film, the Browns selected the much-hyped Heisman Trophy winning quarterback, as opposed to passing on Bo Callahan, the fictionalized first pick favorite.
Marketing[edit]
The first poster and trailer for the film were released on December 23, 2013.[8]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The film grossed $28.8 million in North America with an additional $604,801 overseas for a worldwide total of $29.5 million, against a budget of $25 million.[2]
The film grossed $9.8 million in its opening weekend, finishing in fourth place at the box office behind Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Rio 2, and Oculus (the latter two also being new releases).[9]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 59% based on 153 reviews, with a weighted average rating of 5.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "It's perfectly pleasant for sports buffs and Costner fans, but overall, Draft Day lives down to its title by relying too heavily on the sort of by-the-numbers storytelling that only a statistician could love."[10] On the aggregated review site Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 54 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[11] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[12]
Chicago Sun-Times critic Richard Roeper gave the film a "B", stating the film is "a sentimental, predictable, sometimes implausible but thoroughly entertaining, old-fashioned piece."
On the contrary, Jack Hamilton of Slate was harshly critical. "The 'filmmaking' here consists of making sure the camera is pointed at people who are explaining the film's plot to one another, preferably while they are wearing logos and standing in front of more logos," he wrote. He suggested the NFL's involvement had made the film too upbeat. "[It] isn't so much a movie as a movielike infomercial for the kinder, gentler NFL ... In the wake of labor strife, off-field scandals, and the ongoing CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy) crisis, the NFL is doubling down on its fantasy of paternalism, and Draft Day is that fantasy's porn film."[13]
Former Green Bay Packers vice president Andrew Brandt criticized Draft Day as "lacking any true depiction of how an NFL team operates leading up to and during the draft", and less realistic about the business of sports than Jerry Maguire and Moneyball.[14]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "DRAFT DAY (15)". Lions Gate Entertainment. British Board of Film Classification. August 7, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b McClintock, Pamela (13 April 2014). "Box Office: 'Captain America: Winter Soldier' Trumps 'Rio 2' With $41.4 Million". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Draft Day (2014)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Burton, Danielle (April 8, 2014). "'Draft Day' Premiere: Kevin Costner, Jennifer Garner Cheered as Stars Take the Field-Like Carpet". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Production Begins on Sports Dramedy DRAFT DAY; Sean Combs and Terry Crews Join the Cast". Retrieved 2013-05-16.
Jump up ^ Venable, Nick (13 May 2013). "Smallville's Tom Welling Hits The Gridiron In Ivan Reitman's Draft Day". cinemablend.com. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic (14 May 2013). "Sam Elliott Joins Ivan Reitman's 'Draft Day'". deadline.com. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Check Out the Trailer and Poster for Draft Day, Starring Kevin Costner". comingsoon.net. 23 December 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office Results for April 11-13, 2014". Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Draft Day (2014)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Draft Day Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Hamilton, Jack (April 10, 2014). "Draft Day movie: Kevin Costner and Roger Goodell star in the NFL's version of Moneyball". Slate. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ Brandt, Andrew (2014-04-16). "'Draft Day' Reality Checks". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
External links[edit]
Official website
Draft Day on IMDb
Draft Day at Box Office Mojo
Draft Day at Rotten Tomatoes
Draft Day at Metacritic
Draft Day at AllMovie
[show]
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Foxy Lady (1971)
Cannibal Girls (1973)
Meatballs (1979)
Stripes (1981)
Ghostbusters (1984)
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Twins (1988)
Ghostbusters II (1989)
Kindergarten Cop (1990)
Dave (1993)
Junior (1994)
Fathers' Day (1997)
Six Days, Seven Nights (1998)
Evolution (2001)
My Super Ex-Girlfriend (2006)
No Strings Attached (2011)
Draft Day (2014)
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Pudding Pop
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Pudding Pops, frosty Popsicle treats originally made and marketed by Jell-O, were first launched with Bill Cosby acting as spokesperson. He marketed them as "Puddin' Pops!"
Pudding Pops originated in Baton Rouge, Louisiana in the 1970s in the United States of America.[citation needed] In its first year, it earned $100,000,000, and after 5 years, it was earning $300,000,000 a year. Despite strong sales into the 90s, Pudding Pops were eventually discontinued due to not being profitable.
After being absent for a time, they were reintroduced to grocery stores[citation needed] under the Popsicle brand name. However, due to differences in texture to the original and different shape, popularity never reached its predecessors which resulted in them beginning to be pulled from stores around 2011.[1]
Pudding Pops come in a variety pack of chocolate, vanilla and chocolate-vanilla swirl, which have 90 calories per serving, 3 grams of fat, and 15 grams of carbohydrates.
See also[edit]
List of frozen dessert brands
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "What Happened To Jell-O Pudding Pops?". Culinary Lore. 5 November 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
Sources[edit]
http://www.bloglander.com/cheapeats/2005/07/28/jello-pudding-pops/

This brand-name food or drink product–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2007

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Pudding_Pop
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
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values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

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/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
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values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

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values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

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