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Tad, The Lost Explorer
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Tad, the Lost Explorer
Spanish theatrical release poster
Directed by
Enrique Gato
Produced by
Álvaro Augustín
Ghislain Barrois
Nicolás Matji
Ezequiel Nieto
Edmon Roch
César Vargas
Screenplay by
Javier Barreira
Gorka Magallón
Ignacio del Moral
Jordi Gasull
Neil Landau
Story by
Enrique Gato
Based on
Tadeo Jones
by Enrique Gato
Starring
Kerry Shale
Ariel Winter
Bruce Mackinnon
Mac McDonald
Liza Ross
Cheech Marin
Adam Jones
Music by
Zacarías M. de la Riva
Edited by
Alexander Adams
Production
company
Telecinco Cinema
El Toro Pictures
Lightbox Entertainment
Ikiru Films
Telefónica Studios
Media Networks
AXN
Canal+
TVC
Mediaset España Comunicación
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures [1]
Release date
5 June 2012 (2012-06-05) (AIAFF)[2]
31 August 2012 (2012-08-31) (Spain)[3]
Running time
92 minutes
Country
Spain
Language
Spanish
Budget
€8 million[4]
Box office
€45 million ($60.8 million)[5]
Tad, the Lost Explorer (Spanish: Las aventuras de Tadeo Jones) is a 2012 Spanish 3D computer-animated adventure comedy film directed by Enrique Gato. The film is the outgrowth of Gato's 2004 short film, Tadeo Jones and its sequel Tadeo Jones and the Basement of Doom.[6] It was written by Javier Barreira, Gorka Magallón, Ignacio del Moral, Jordi Gasull and Neil Landau. The film's music was composed by Zacarías M. de la Riva. The English cast features voices of Kerry Shale, Ariel Winter, Bruce Mackinnon, Mac McDonald, Liza Ross, Cheech Marin and Adam Jones. The film was produced by Telecinco Cinema, El Toro Picture, Lightbox Entertainment, Ikiru Films, Telefónica Producciones, and Media Networks, with the participation of AXN, Canal Plus and TVC.[7]
The film premiered at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival on 5 June 2012 and was theatrically released on 31 August 2012 in Spain by Paramount Pictures. The film received negative reviews from American critics, but it was well received in Spain and it earned €45 million on a €8 million budget, making it a box-office hit. [8]
It was nominated for 5 Goya Awards, winning 3 for Best Animated Film, Best New Director and Best Adapted Screenplay at the 27th Goya Awards.[9][10]
A sequel, titled Tad the Lost Explorer and the Secret of King Midas, was released in 2017.[11][12]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
5 Soundtrack
6 Video games
7 Reception
7.1 Critical response
7.2 Box office performance
7.3 Accolades
8 Sequel
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
Tad Stone (voiced in English by Kerry Shale) is a bricklayer from Spain who lives in Chicago, working on the construction of the city's subway. Ever since he was five years old, he has dreamed of being a professional archaeologist. After being fired from his job as a bricklayer for daydreaming and for his dog urinating on the construction foreman, Tad visits his friend Professor Humbert (voiced by Mac McDonald), asking for the professor's help in investigating an apparently vintage bottle of Coca-Cola Tad found on the construction site. The professor receives a letter from his friend Professor Lavrof summoning him to Peru to re-unite his half of a stone "key" that will unlock the legendary Incan city of Paititi. Arriving at the airport, Professor Humbert suffers an accident after taking the wrong pills and is taken to the hospital. Meanwhile, a member of the nefarious firm Odysseus Inc. is spying on them and sends the photo to the other members who are in the Sechura Desert.
Tad takes the professor's place and, along with his dog Jeff, travels from Chicago to Cusco, Peru. in the Cusco airport Tad meets Freddy (voiced by Cheech Marin), a local hustler. Tad is kidnapped by men from Odysseus, who threaten him to give them the stone key, but Tad is saved by Freddy and Sara (voiced by Ariel Winter), Professor Lavrov's daughter. After joining the two halves of the key, the group travels to Machu Picchu to meet up with Lavrov (also voiced by McDonald). Odysseus Inc., led by the evil Kopponen, (also voiced by Kerry Shale) again tries to steal the key, but Sara and Tad escape their clutches.
Arriving in Machu Picchu, they discover that Professor Lavrof was kidnapped by Odysseus. After a series of adventures, they find Lavrov and Max Morden (voiced by Adam Jones), a famous archaeologist and Sara's fiance. After cracking the code of a wall map. Kopponen searches the desert with Lavrov and Mordon to find the treasure of the Incas. But Tad and Sara have the real map, and they depart for the jungle. Kopponen discovers them and finds the underground temple.
After more adventures, it is revealed that Max is in league with Odysseus. After a booby-trap room that wipes out Kopponen and the rest of his henchmen in Odysseus Inc., Max sneaks into a room in the temple and tries to steal the Incan gold, thinking it will grant him eternal life. After deceiving a mummy and a golem, Max smashes the glass that protects the Indian gold and thus achieves eternal life — but as a mummy and the condition is irreversible. With Max disposed of upon being imprisoned in Paititi's darkest dungeon by the mummy inhabitants, the chief mummy releases Tad, Sara, and the Professor with the promise that they will not reveal what they know about the city. Upon returning to the surface, they convince Freddy believe that the treasure of the Incas does not exist. Tad confesses his feelings for Sara and kisses her.
The film ends with Tad, Sara, Lavrof, Jeff and escaping in one of the Odysseus vehicles.
Cast[edit]
Spanish cast
Óscar Barberán as Tadeo Stone
Michelle Jenner as Sara Lavrof
Luis Posada as the mummy
Carles Canut as Professor Humbert
Félix Benito as Professor Lavrof
Miguel Ángel Jenner as Kopponen
Marta Martorell as Grandma
José Mota as Freddy
Pep Anton Muñoz as Max Mordon
English cast
Kerry Shale as Tadheus "Tad" Stone, Kopponen
Ariel Winter as Sara Lavrof
Bruce Mackinnon as the mummy
Mac McDonald as Professor Humbert, Professor Lavrov
Liza Ross as Grandma
Cheech Marin as Freddy
Adam Jones as Max Morden
Fiona Glascott
Lewis MacLeod
Production[edit]
The film is produced between Lightbox Entertainment, Telecinco Cinema, El Toro Pictures, Telefónica Producciones and Ikiru Films co-produced by Media Networks. Also with the participation of AXN, Televisió de Catalunya, Grupo Intereconomía, Mediaset España and Canal +, the distribution was carried out by the subsidiary in Spain of Paramount Pictures. The film became the first animated feature characters, which started with the short animated Enrique Gato.
Enrique Gato decided to create a new character to give greater dynamism to their previous work, and wanted to make a parody of Indiana Jones. The character was created from the 3ds Max program. David García voiced the character in the first film, where not speak but did exclamations and murmurs, and the second for Jordi Brau where did speak. On the other hand, the first animated feature, the voice actors are José Mota, Michelle Jenner and Óscar Barberan as Freddy, Sara and Tadeo respectively. As for the dubbing of the film in Catalan, is José Corbacho who replaces the manchego comic. Character creation of Tadeo Jones came when, in 2001, Enrique Gato sought to give his work a touch of humor and action greater than their previous work, had already noticed that short-another Bicho hers very static movements, so I chose Indiana Jones parody. However, the project did not start until two years later when he started writing the script that would serve to bring it to the big screen. At first, the model was very simple and it became a test of facial animation, with 4 basic gestures, and a test used as a teaser animation, watching the director who had options to become the protagonist of a film. For the second short film, the director wanted to show something about the personal life of the character, something that was not shown in the anteriorcomo was the neighborhood where he lives and their food tastes, burger.
The filmmakers set up in April 2008 his own animation studio Lightbox Entertainment to produce 3D animated films for a global market. From that moment they began to make the film The Adventures of Tadeo Jones as the protagonist, it is a construction worker in his spare time is devoted to archeology. The two cartoons made by Jan to promote the film starring Tadeo, served as storyboards for this feature. Cat also tried to take the field of video games, but the result was not as expected and decided to abandon the idea. The elongated nose, big mouth and disproportionate tips Tadeo Jones character is inspired by the designs of comic artist Juan López Fernández (JAN).
The figure is mainly inspired by Indiana Jones, as you can see in his hat and outline its light colored shirt and dark pants. However, given an air of boy-scout to symbolize your child's mind, as is the use of a backpack. When animating the character, three forms based on the same geometric shape, one with all clothing, one without hat and shirt and last only boots and shorts were made. The animation was done in Character Studio, without adapting the volume of parts. The head is independent eye also had a separate geometry and eyelids specific controls. One problem was that they wanted the character lost his hat to the end of the short causing him to lose expressiveness, were encouraged to do everything except the hat and then adapted to Tadeo with this post. The animation team, composed of David Ordieres, among other hundred employees of the film, that worked for four years in development and animation of the characters.
Release[edit]
The film premiered at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival on 5 June 2012 and was theatrically released on 31 August 2012 in Spain by Paramount Pictures.
The DVD was released in Spain on 19 December 2012 in normal version and Blu-ray, and within days became the best selling Christmas DVD, drying up the issue quickly. Includes audio quality Dolby Digital 5.1, Spanish version in addition to blind and language in Catalan. It also concludes a section of extras from the movie with the making of the trailer, video clip, short films and the design and creation of characters.
Soundtrack[edit]
Tad, the Lost Explorer
Soundtrack album by Zacarías M. de la Riva
Released
12 September 2012
Recorded
2012
Genre
Film score
Length
55:27
Label
MovieScore Media
Producer
James Peterson
Zacarías M. de la Riva film scores chronology
Childish Games
(2012) Tad, the Lost Explorer
(2012) La mano de Nefertiti
(2012)
Singles from Tad, the Lost Explorer
"Te Voy A Esperar"
Released: August 7, 2012
The soundtrack of the film is composed by Zacarías M. de la Riva. However, the main theme is provided by Juan Magan and Belinda playing "Te Voy A Esperar" This song was placed at number 1 on the charts in Spain on iTunes and Spotify. On the other hand, the soundtrack of the film also features songs from One Direction and The Monomes, beyond the hit song "The Final Countdown" by the group of Swedish rock band called Europe. The soundtrack was released by MovieScore Media on 12 September 2012.[13][14]
Video games[edit]
A video game based on the film, titled Tadeo Jones, was developed by U-Play Studios for the PlayStation Vita. It was released by Deep Silver on 4 December 2013.[15][16] A follow-up game, Tadeo Jones and the Lost Manuscript (Tadeo Jones y el Manuscrito Perdido), was released on 28 November 2014 for PlayStation Vita and PlayStation 4.[17]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The film received positive reviews from Spanish critics. Fausto Fernandez, the Spanish film magazine Frames, put a score of three stars out of five, calling it the best film of Spanish animation history, where approved quality visuals, characters sharing, but mentioned that it sinned with the chosen songs. He added that he has nothing to envy titles with larger budget as a result of cartoons. Carmen L. Lobo, the newspaper La Razón, put a score of three stars out of five, calling it a candid history, strongly influenced by comics and exciting stripped of any double malicious and full sense also scenes that seem drawn from a video game, adding that the scenarios where they develop are impressive. Meanwhile, Jordi Batlle Caminal La Vanguardia wrote that "The animation is top notch. Side are designed with wit. In short, it's a decent product with blockbuster soul". He was also skilled with a score of three points on four.
Box office performance[edit]
Tad, the Lost Explorer was made on a budget of €8 million.[4] It earned €45 million ($60.8 million) worldwide.[5][18] In Spain, where it was released by Paramount Pictures in 500 theaters,[1] the film held number one spot at the box office for five weeks in a row,[19] and earned a total of €18.0 million ($24,4 million),[20] breaking domestic box office record for a Spanish-animated feature.[5] It became the highest-grossing film of the year in Spain,[6] outgrossing other animated features, including Ice Age: Continental Drift, Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted, and Brave.[19] In other countries, the film earned over $36 million, topping box office charts in multiple South American territories.[20]
Accolades[edit]
Organization
Award category
Result
Premios Forqué Best Documentary and Animation Won
Premios CEC Best New Director Won
Best Adapted Screenplay Won
Best Music Nominated
Best Animated Film Won
Goya Awards Best New Director Won
Best Adapted Screenplay Won
Best Original Score Nominated
Best Original Song Nominated
Best Animated Film Won
Sequel[edit]
A sequel, titled Tad the Lost Explorer and the Secret of King Midas, was released in 2017.[11][12] It was co-directed by Enrique Gato and David Alonso,[11] and written by Jordi Gasull, Javier Barreira and Neil Landau.[20] It was distributed worldwide by Paramount Pictures.[11] And is Based on the myth of Midas
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Zahed, Ramin (3 September 2012). "Spain's 'Tad the Lost Explorer' Finds New Territories". Animation Magazine. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Annecy 2012 Press Kit". Annecy. p. 10. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Ríos Pérez, Sergio (4 October 2012). "Tadeo Jones tops Spanish box office". Cineuropa. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Brunet, Pau (14 November 2012). "Ranking Taquilla España: Lo Imposible suma otros 2,17 millones y James Bond 1,8". elEconomista.es. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jones, Benjamin (21 July 2014). "Paramount to Distribute Two Spanish Animation Films". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Zahed, Ramin (27 December 2012). "'Tad, the Lost Explorer' Becomes Spain's Top Animated Film". Animation Magazine. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Milligan, Mercedes (8 October 2013). "Exclusive Clip: 'Tad: The Lost Explorer' Now on Disc". Animation Magazine. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Template:Http://www.animationmagazine.net/features/tad-the-lost-explorer-becomes-spains-top-animated-film/?doing wp cron=1515209583.8582100868225097656250
Jump up ^ "Finalistas Mejor película de animación". premiosgoya.academiadecine.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Las aventuras de Tadeo Jones". premiosgoya.academiadecine.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Tartaglione, Nancy (21 July 2014). "Paramount Takes Worldwide Distribution On Spain's 'Capture The Flag', 'Tad' Sequel". Deadline. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tadeo Jones 2". Lightbox Animation Studios. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tad The Lost Explorer Soundtrack (2012)". MovieMusic.com. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Tad The Lost Explorer (2012)". SoundtrackINFO. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
Jump up ^ http://es.ign.com/news/10187/anunciado-tadeo-jones-el-videojuego-ps-vita-sony-mediaset
Jump up ^ https://store.sonyentertainmentnetwork.com/#!/es-es/cid=EP4062-PCSB00458_00-TADEOJONESGAMEUP
Jump up ^ Martin, Sergio (18 December 2014). "Tadeo Jones se cuela de nuevo en PS4 y PS Vita" (in Spanish). 3D Juegos. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "New projects from Enrique Gato, director of 'THE ADVENTURES OF TADEO JONES', the highest grossing national animation strip in Spanish cinema" (PDF) (Press release). Mediaset. 21 July 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Amidi, Amid (1 January 2015). "Paramount Makes A Bet on Spanish Feature Animation". Cartoon Brew. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hopewell, John (21 July 2014). "Paramount Pictures Takes Worldwide Distribution on 'Capture the Flag,' 'Tad' Sequel". Variety. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
External links[edit]
Official website
Tad, The Lost Explorer on IMDb
Tad, The Lost Explorer at The Big Cartoon DataBase
Tad, The Lost Explorer at Rotten Tomatoes
Tad, the Lost Explorer at Box Office Mojo
[hide]
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Goya Award for Best Animated Film
1980s
Town Musicians of Bremen (1989)
1990s
El regreso del viento del norte (1994)
Megasónicos (1997)
¡Qué vecinos tan animales! (1998)
Goomer (1999)
2000s
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El Cid: The Legend (2003)
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The Hairy Tooth Fairy (2006)
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The Missing Lynx (2008)
Planet 51 (2009)
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Underdogs (2013)
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Capture the Flag (2015)
Birdboy: The Forgotten Children (2016)
Tad 2: The Secret of King Midas (2017)
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text:
Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
State flag of the Spanish State from 1936 to 1938.
State flag of the Spanish State from 1938 to 1945.
The Nationalist faction (Spanish: Bando nacional)[nb 1] or Rebel faction (Spanish: Bando sublevado)[1] was a major faction in the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939. It was composed of a variety of political groups that supported the Spanish coup of July 1936 against the Second Spanish Republic, including the Falange, the CEDA, and two rival monarchist claimants: the Alfonsists and the Carlists. In 1937, all the groups were merged into the Falange. One of the main leaders (Spanish: Caudillo) of the 1936 coup, General Francisco Franco, would lead this faction throughout the war and later would become the dictator of Spain from 1939 to 1975.
The term Nationalists or Nationals (nacionales) was coined by Joseph Goebbels following the visit of the clandestine Spanish delegation led by Captain Francisco Arranz requesting war material on 24 July 1936, in order to give a cloak of legitimacy to Nazi German help to the Spanish rebel military.[2] The leaders of the rebel faction, who had already been denominated as 'Crusaders' by Bishop of Salamanca Enrique Pla y Deniel —and also used the term Cruzada for their campaign— immediately took a liking to it.
The term Bando nacional —much as the term rojos (Reds) to refer to the loyalists— is considered by some authors as a term linked with the propaganda of that faction, therefore in academic circles the term 'rebels' (Bando sublevado) is preferred.[3][4] Throughout the civil war the term 'Nationalist' was mainly used by the members and supporters of the rebel faction, while its opponents used the terms fascistas (fascists)[1] or facciosos (sectarians)[5] to refer to this faction.
Contents
[hide]
1 Belligerents
1.1 Political groups
1.1.1 Falange
1.1.2 CEDA
1.1.3 Monarchists
1.1.3.1 Carlists
1.1.3.2 Alfonsists
1.2 Military
1.2.1 Army of Africa
1.2.2 Civil Guard
2 Foreign support
2.1 Italy
2.2 Germany
2.3 Portugal
2.4 Vatican City
2.5 Other supporters
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 External links
Belligerents[edit]
The military rebellion found wide areas of support both inside Spain and in the international sphere. In Spain the Francoist side was mainly supported by the predominantly conservative upper class, liberal professionals, religious organizations and land-owning farmers. It was mostly based in the rural areas where progressive political movements had made few inroads, such as great swathes of the Northern Meseta, including almost all of Old Castile, as well as La Rioja, Navarra, Alava, the area near Zaragoza in Aragon, most of Galicia, parts of Cáceres in Extremadura and many dispersed pockets in rural Andalucía where the local society still followed ancient traditional patterns and was yet untouched by "modern" thought.[6]
Political groups[edit]
Politically this faction rallied together various parties and organizations which in some cases espoused opposed ideologies, such as the conservative CEDA and Alejandro Lerroux’s radicals (liberals), as well as Falangists, Catholics and pro-Monarchic movements such as the Agraristas and the Carlistas (Requetés).[6]
Falange[edit]
Falange
Main article: Falange
The Falange was originally a Spanish fascist political party founded by José Antonio Primo de Rivera, son of the former Spanish leader Miguel Primo de Rivera.[7] The Falange was created with the financial assistance of Alfonsist monarchist funding.[8] Upon being formed, the Falange was officially anti-clerical and anti-monarchist.[9] As a landowner and aristocrat, Primo de Rivera assured the upper classes that Spanish fascism would not get out of their control like its equivalents in Germany and Italy.[8] In 1934, the Falange merged with the pro-Nazi Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista of Ramiro Ledesma Ramos.[8]
Initially, the Falange was short of funds and was a small student-based movement that preached of a utopian violent nationalist revolution.[8] The Falange committed acts of violence prior to the war, including becoming involved in street brawls with their political opponents that helped to create a state of lawlessness that the right-wing press blamed on the republic to support a military uprising.[8] Falangist terror squads sought to create an atmosphere of disorder in order to justify the imposition of an authoritarian regime.[10] With the onset of middle-class disillusionment with the CEDA's legalism, support for the Falange expanded rapidly.[10] By September 1936, the total Falangist volunteers numbered at 35,000, accounting for 55 percent of all civilian forces of the Nationals.[11]
The Falange was one of the original supporters of the military coup d'état against the republic, the other being the Carlists.[12] After the death of José Antonio Primo de Rivera, Manuel Hedilla sought to take control of the Falange, but this was usurped by Franco who sought to take control of the movement as part of his move to take control of the National faction.[13] In 1937, Franco announced a decree of unification of the National political movements, particularly the Falange and the Carlists into a single movement, nominally still the Falange, under his leadership.[14] Both Falangists and Carlists were initially furious at the decision, Falangists in particular saw their ideological role as being usurped by the Catholic Church and their "revolution" being indefinitely postponed.[14]
Upon unification and seizure of leadership by Franco, Franco distanced the party from fascism and declared "The Falange does not consider itself fascist; its founder said so personally."[15] After this announcement, the practice in the National faction of referring to the Falange as "fascists" disappeared by 1937, but Franco did not deny that there were fascists within the Falange.[15] Franco declared that the Falange's goal was to incorporate the "great neutral mass of the unaffiliated," and promised that no ideological rigidity would be allowed to interfere with the goal.[15] Under Franco's leadership, the Falange abandoned the previous anticlerical tendencies of José Antonio Primo de Rivera and instead promoted neotraditionalist National Catholicism, though it continued to criticize Catholic pacifism.[16] Franco's Falange also abandoned hostility to capitalism, with Falange member Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta declaring that Falange's national syndicalism was fully compatible with capitalism.[17]
CEDA[edit]
CEDA
Main article: Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups
The Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups, CEDA, was a Catholic right-wing political organization dedicated to anti-Marxism.[18] The CEDA was led by José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones. The CEDA claimed that it was defending Spain and "Christian civilization" from Marxism, and claimed that the political atmosphere in Spain had made politics a matter of Marxism versus anti-Marxism.[18] With the advent of the rise of the Nazi Party to power in Germany, the CEDA aligned itself with similar propaganda ploys to the Nazis, including the Nazi emphasis on authority, the fatherland, and hierarchy.[18] Gil-Robles attended in audience at the Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg and was influenced by it, henceforth becoming committed to creating a single anti-Marxist counterrevolutionary front in Spain.[18] Gil-Robles declared his intention to "give Spain a true unity, a new spirit, a totalitarian polity..." and went on to say "Democracy is not an end but a means to the conquest of the new state. When the time comes, either parliament submits or we will eliminate it."[19] The CEDA held fascist-style rallies, called Gil-Robles "Jefe", the equivalent of Duce, and claimed that the CEDA might lead a "March on Madrid" to forcefully seize power.[20] The CEDA failed to make the substantive electoral gains from 1931 to 1936 that were needed for it to form government which resulted in right-wing support draining from it and turning towards the belligerent Alfonsist monarchist leader José Calvo Sotelo.[21] Subsequently, the CEDA abandoned its moderation and legalism and began providing support for those committed to violence against the republic, including handing over its electoral funds to the initial leader of the military coup against the republic, General Emilio Mola.[10] Subsequently, supporters of the CEDA's youth movement, Juventudes de Acción Popular (JAP) began to defect en masse to join the Falange, and ceased to exists as a political organisation in 1937.[10]
Monarchists[edit]
Carlists[edit]
Carlists
Main article: Carlism
The Carlists were monarchists and ardent ultratraditionalist Catholics who sought the installation of Carlist Pretender Francisco Javier de Borbón as King of Spain.[22] The Carlists were anti-republican, anti-democratic and staunchly anti-socialist.[23] The Carlists were so anti-socialist that they opposed both Hitler and Mussolini because of their socialistic tendencies.[23] The Carlists were led by Manuel Fal Condé and held their main base of support in Navarre.[23] The Carlists along with the Falange were the original supporters of the military coup d'état against the republic.[12] The Carlists held a long history of violent opposition to the Spanish state, stemming back to 1833 when they launched a six-year civil war against the state.[24] The Carlists were strongly intransigent to any coalition with other movements, even believing that no non-Carlist could have honest intentions.[24]
During the war, the Carlists' militia, the Requetés reached a peak of 42,000 recruits but by the end of hostilities in April 1939 their overall strength had been reduced to 23,000.[24]
Alfonsists[edit]
Bank note issued by the Nationalist government in October 1937 with the coat of arms of Alfonso XIII.
Main article: Alfonsism
The Alfonsists were a movement that supported the restoration of Alfonso XIII of Spain as monarch following the founding of the Spanish Second Republic in 1931. They competed with rival monarchists, the Carlists, for the Spanish throne. After the overthrow of the monarchy of Alfonso XIII, Alfonsist supporters formed the Renovación Española, a monarchist political party, which held considerable economic influence and had close supporters in the Spanish army.[25] Renovación Española did not, however, manage to become a mass political movement.[25] In 1934, the Alfonsists, led by Antonio Goicoechea, along with the Carlists, met with Italian dictator Benito Mussolini to gain support for an uprising against the republic, in which Mussolini promised to provide money and arms for such a rising.[26] From 1934 to 1936, the charismatic Alfonsist leader José Calvo Sotelo spoke of the need for the "conquest of the state" as the only means to secure the establishment of an ideal authoritarian, corporatist state.[26] Sotelo made passionate speeches in support of violent counterrevolution and emphasized the need for a military insurrection against the republic to counter the threats of communism and separatism that he blamed as being caused by the republic.[27] Sotelo was kidnapped and assassinated by political opponents (who were initially searching out Gil-Robles of the CEDA to kidnap) on 13 July 1936 which sparked fury on the political right and helped legitimize the military coup against the republic.[28]
When the war broke out, Infante Juan, the son of Alfonso XIII and heir to the Spanish throne, requested the permission of Franco to take part in the Nationals' war effort by enlisting as a member of the crew of the cruiser Balaeres, which was nearing completion.[29] He promised to abstain from political activities, but Franco refused, believing that he would become a figurehead for the Alfonsists who held a strong presence in the military.[29]
Military[edit]
Army of Africa[edit]
Army of Africa
Main articles: Army of Africa (Spain) and Regulares
See also: Mohamed Meziane
The Army of Africa was a field army garrisoned in Spanish Morocco - a legacy of the Rif War - under the command of General Francisco Franco. It consisted of the Spanish Foreign Legion and the Regulares, infantry and cavalry units recruited from the population of Spanish Morocco and with Spanish officers as commanders.
The Regulares operated as the shock troops of the National forces in exchange for a substantial pay. More than 13,000 Moroccan troops were airlifted on 20 Junkers Ju 52 planes supplied by Hitler between the beginning of the conflict in July and October 1936. Their proverbial cruelty and reckless behaviour were not random, but were part of a calculated plan of the Francoist military leaders in order to instill terror in the Republican defence lines.[30]
Civil Guard[edit]
Main article: Civil Guard (Spain)
Foreign support[edit]
Main article: Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War
Italy[edit]
Fascist Italy
Italy under the Fascist leadership of Benito Mussolini supported the overthrow of the republic and the establishment of a regime that would serve as a client state to Italy. Italy distrusted the Spanish Republic due to its pro-French leanings and prior to the war had made contact with Spanish right-wing groups.[31] Italy justified its intervention as an action intended to prevent the rise of Bolshevism in Spain.[32] Italy's Fascist regime considered the threat of Bolshevism a real risk with the arrival of volunteers from the Soviet Union who were fighting for the Republicans.[33] Mussolini provided financial support as well as training to the Alfonsists, Carlists, and Falange.[20] Mussolini met Falangist leader José Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933 but did not have much enthusiasm in the establishment of fascism in Spain at that time.[7]
By January 1937, an expeditionary force of 35,000 Italians, the Corpo Truppe Volontarie, were in Spain under the command of General Mario Roatta.[22] The contingent was made up of four divisions: Littorio, Dio lo Vuole ("God Wills it"), Fiamme Nere ("Black Flames") and Penne Nere ("Black Feathers"). The first of these divisions was made up of soldiers; the other three of Blackshirt volunteers.[34] Italy provided the National forces with fighter and bomber aircraft which played a significant part in the war.[22] In March 1937, Italy intervened in the political affairs of the Nationals by sending Roberto Farinacci to Spain to urge Franco to unite the National political movements into one fascist "Spanish National Party".[35]
Germany[edit]
Main article: German involvement in the Spanish Civil War
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany provided the Nationals with material, specialists, and a powerful air force contingent, the Condor Legion German expeditionary forces that provided airlift of soldiers and material from Spanish Africa to Peninsular Spain and provided offensive operations against Republican forces.[22] The Spanish Civil War would provide an ideal testing ground for the proficiency of the new weapons produced during the German re-armament. Many aeronautical bombing techniques were tested by the Condor Legion against the Republican Government on Spanish soil with the permission of Generalísimo Franco. Hitler insisted, however, that his long-term designs were peaceful, a strategy labelled as "Blumenkrieg" (Flower War).[36]
Germany had important economic interests at stake in Spain, as Germany imported large amounts of mineral ore from Spanish Morocco.[37] The Nazi regime sent retired General Wilhelm Faulpel as ambassador to Franco's regime, Faulpel supported Franco and the Falange in the hope that they would create a Nazi-like regime in Spain.[38] Debt owed by Franco and the Nationals to Germany rose quickly upon purchasing German material, and required financial assistance from Germany as the Republicans had access to Spain's gold reserve.[38]
Portugal[edit]
Main article: Viriatos
Portuguese Republic
Upon the outbreak of the civil war, Portuguese Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar almost immediately supported the National forces.[39] Salazar's Estado Novo regime held tense relations with the Spanish Republic that held Portuguese dissidents to his regime in it.[40] Portugal played a critical role in supplying Franco’s forces with ammunition and many other logistical resources.[41] Despite its discreet direct military involvement — restrained to a somewhat "semi-official" endorsement, by its authoritarian regime, of an 8,000–12,000-strong volunteer force, the so-called "Viriatos" — for the whole duration of the conflict, Portugal was instrumental in providing the National faction with a vital logistical organization and by reassuring Franco and his allies that no interference whatsoever would hinder the supply traffic directed to the Nationals, crossing the borders of the two Iberian countries — the Nationals used to refer to Lisbon as "the port of Castile".[42] In 1938, with Franco's victory increasingly certain, Portugal recognized Franco's regime and after the war in 1939 signed a treaty of friendship and non-aggression pact that was known as the Iberian Pact.[39] Portugal played an important diplomatic role in supporting the Franco regime, including by insisting to the United Kingdom that Franco sought to replicate Salazar's Estado Novo and not Mussolini's Fascist Italy.[40]
Vatican City[edit]
See also: White Terror (Spain) § Cooperation of the Spanish Church
Vatican City
Among many influential Catholics in Spain, mainly composed of conservative Traditionalists and people belonging to pro-Monarchic groups, the religious persecution was squarely and based on evidence probably rightly mostly blamed on the government of the Republic. The ensuing outrage was used after the 1936 coup by the nationalist/monarchist faction and readily extended itself. The Catholic Church took the side of the rebel government and defined the religious Spaniards who had been persecuted in Republican areas as ‘martyrs of the faith’. The devout Catholics who supported the Spanish Republic, included high-ranking officers of the Popular Army such as republican Catholic general Vicente Rojo Lluch, as well as the Catholic Basque nationalists who opposed the rebel faction.[43]
Initially the Vatican held itself from declaring too openly its support of the rebel side in the war, although it had long allowed high ecclesiastical figures in Spain to do so and to define the conflict as a 'Crusade'. Throughout the war, however, Francoist propaganda and influential Spanish Catholics labelled the secular Republic as "the enemy of God and the Church" and denounced the Republic, holding it responsible for anti-clerical activities, such as shutting down Catholic schools, as well as the killing of priests and nuns by exalted mobs and the desecration of religious buildings.[44]
Forsaken by the Western European powers, the republican side mainly depended from Soviet military assistance, which played into the hands of the portrayal of the Spanish Republic as a 'Marxist' and godless state in the Francoist propaganda. By means of its extensive diplomatic network the Holy See used its influence to lobby for the rebel side. During an International Art Exhibition in Paris in 1937, in which both the Francoist and the Republican governments were present, the Holy See allowed the Nationalist pavilion to display its exhibition under the Vatican flag, for the rebel government's flag was still not recognized.[45] By 1938, the Vatican City had already officially recognized Franco's Spanish State, being one of the first to do so.[46]
Regarding the position of the Holy See during and after the Civil War, Manuel Montero, lecturer of the University of the Basque Country commented on 6 May 2007:[47]
The Church, which upheld the idea of a 'National Crusade' in order to legitimize the military rebellion, was a belligerent part during the Civil War, even at the cost of alienating part of its members. It continues in a belligerent role in its unusual answer to the Historical Memory Law by recurring to the beatification of 498 “martyrs” of the Civil War. The priests executed by Franco's Army are not counted among them. It continues to be a Church that is incapable of transcending its one-sided behaviour of 70 years ago and amenable to the fact that this past should always haunt us. In this political use of granting religious recognition one can perceive its indignation regarding the compensations to the victims of Francoism. Its selective criteria regarding the religious persons that were part of its ranks are difficult to fathom. The priests who were victims of the republicans are “martyrs who died forgiving”, but those priests who were executed by the Francoists are forgotten.
Other supporters[edit]
See also: Irish involvement in the Spanish Civil War
1,000 to 2,000 English, Irish, French, Russian "Whites", Polish, Romanian, and Belgian volunteers came to Spain to fight on the side of the Nationals.[48]
See also[edit]
Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)
Spanish Republican Armed Forces
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The term "Nationalists" is the most often used in English-language media, while the Spanish term is nacionales, "nationals".
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Antony Beevor (2006) [1982]. The Battle for Spain. Orion. ISBN 978-0-7538-2165-7.
Jump up ^ Juan Eslava Galán, Una Historia de la Guerra Civil que no va a Gustar a Nadie, Ed. Planeta. 2005. ISBN 8408058835 p. 9-12
Jump up ^ Nerín, Gustau. La guerra que vino de África. Editorial Crítica, 2005. ISBN 8484326187, p. 195
Jump up ^ El Pais - Rebeldes, sublevados o franquistas; no nacionales
Jump up ^ Ángel Bahamonde & Javier Cervera Gil, Así terminó la Guerra de España, Marcial Pons, Madrid 1999, ISBN 84-95379-00-7
^ Jump up to: a b Navarro García, Clotilde. La educación y el nacional-catolicismo. Univ de Castilla La Mancha, 1993. ISBN 84-88255-21-7, pp. 36-37
^ Jump up to: a b Michael Alpert. A New International History of the Spanish Civil War. Paperback edition. Hampshire and London, England, UK: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York, New York, USA: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. Pp. 36.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge. 3rd edition. W. W. New York, New York, USA: Norton & Company, Inc, 2007. 2006 Pp. 70.
Jump up ^ Patrick Turnbull. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–39. 6th edition. Oxford, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Osprey Publishing, 2005. Pp. 8.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge. 3rd edition. W. W. New York, New York, USA: Norton & Company, Inc, 2007. 2006 Pp. 89.
Jump up ^ Stanley G. Payne. Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. Pp. 242.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge. 3rd edition. W. W. New York, New York, USA: Norton & Company, Inc, 2007. 2006 Pp. 94.
Jump up ^ Stanley G. Payne. Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. Pp. 268.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge. 3rd edition. W. W. New York, New York, USA: Norton & Company, Inc, 2007. 2006 Pp. 214.
^ Jump up to: a b c Stanley G. Payne. Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. Pp. 272.
Jump up ^ Stanley G. Payne. Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. Pp. 280–281.
Jump up ^ Stanley G. Payne. Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. Pp. 281.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge. 3rd edition. W. W. New York, New York, USA: Norton & Company, Inc, 2007. 2006 Pp. 62.
Jump up ^ Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: reaction, revolution and revenge. 3rd edition. W. W. New York, New York, USA: Norton & Company, Inc, 2007. 2006 Pp. 64.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: reaction, revolution and revenge. 3rd edition. W. W. New York, New York, USA: Norton & Company, Inc, 2007. 2006 Pp. 45, 69.
Jump up ^ Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: reaction, revolution and revenge. 3rd edition. W. W. New York, New York, USA: Norton & Company, Inc, 2007. 2006 Pp. 88–89.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Patrick Turnbull. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–39. 6th edition. Oxford, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Osprey Publishing, 2005. Pp. 10.
^ Jump up to: a b c Patrick Turnbull. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–39. 6th edition. Oxford, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Osprey Publishing, 2005. Pp. 8–9.
^ Jump up to: a b c Patrick Turnbull. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–39. 6th edition. Oxford, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Osprey Publishing, 2005. Pp. 9.
^ Jump up to: a b Andrew Forrest. The Spanish Civil War. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2000. Pp. 10.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge. 3rd edition. W. W. New York, New York, USA: Norton & Company, Inc, 2007. 2006 Pp. 69.
Jump up ^ Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Reveng. 3rd edition. W. W. New York, New York, USA: Norton & Company, Inc, 2007. 2006 Pp. 92–93.
Jump up ^ Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge. 3rd edition. W. W. New York, New York, USA: Norton & Company, Inc, 2007. 2006 Pp. 99.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge. 3rd edition. W. W. New York, New York, USA: Norton & Company, Inc, 2007. 2006 Pp. 209.
Jump up ^ Julián Casanova, República y Guerra Civil. in Historia de España, directed by Josep Fontana y Ramón Villares. Vol. 8, Barcelona: 2007, Crítica/Marcial Pons Publishers. ISBN 978-84-8432-878-0, p. 278
Jump up ^ Michael Alpert. A New International History of the Spanish Civil War. Paperback edition. Hampshire and London, England, UK: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York, New York, USA: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. Pp. 35.
Jump up ^ Michael Alpert. A New International History of the Spanish Civil War. Paperback edition. Hampshire and London, England, UK: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York, New York, USA: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. Pp. 93.
Jump up ^ Michael Alpert. A New International History of the Spanish Civil War. Paperback edition. Hampshire and London, England, UK: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York, New York, USA: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. Pp. 91.
Jump up ^ Eslava Galan, Juan. "Penne Nere (Pena Negra)". Una historia de la Guerra Civil que no va a gustar a nadie [A History Of The Spanish Civil War That No-one Will Like] (in Spanish). Planeta.
Jump up ^ Paul Preston. The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge. 3rd edition. W. W. New York, New York, USA: Norton & Company, Inc, 2007. 2006 Pp. 200.
Jump up ^ Evidenced in a January 1937 speech prior to the outcry over the bombing of the Basque city of Guernica, known by the Luftwaffe as Operation Rügen. Hitler speech to Reichstag 30 January 1937 available via the German Propaganda Archive.
Jump up ^ Michael Alpert. A New International History of the Spanish Civil War. Paperback edition. Hampshire and London, England, UK: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York, New York, USA: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. Pp. 157.
^ Jump up to: a b Michael Alpert. A New International History of the Spanish Civil War. Paperback edition. Hampshire and London, England, UK: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York, New York, USA: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997. Pp. 97.
^ Jump up to: a b Tom Gallagher. Portugal: a twentieth-century interpretation. Manchester, England, UK: Manchester University Press, 1983. Pp. 86.
^ Jump up to: a b Filipe Ribeiro De Meneses. Franco and the Spanish Civil War. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2001. Pp. 96.
Jump up ^ Antony Beevor. The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006. Pp. 116, 133,143, 148, 174, 427.
Jump up ^ Antony Beevor. The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006. Pp. 116, 198.
Jump up ^ Stanley G. Payne. The Franco regime, 1936–1975. Madison, Wisconsin, USA; London, England, UK: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987. Pp. 201.
Jump up ^ Juliàn Casanova. The Spanish Republic and Civil War. Cambridge University Press, 2010. Pp. 139.
Jump up ^ Antony Beevor, The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939,
Jump up ^ Stanley G. Payne. The Franco regime, 1936–1975. Madison, Wisconsin, USA; London, England, UK: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987. Pp. 156.
Jump up ^ Manuel Montero a El País, 6/5/2007, «Otros "mártires" de la Guerra Civil»
Jump up ^ Fighting for Franco: International Volunteers in Nationalist Spain during the Spanish Civil War. Pp. vi, viii.
Bibliography[edit]
Alpert, Michael. A New International History of the Spanish Civil War. Paperback edition. Hampshire and London, England, UK: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997; New York, New York, USA: St. Martin's Press Ltd, 1997.
Beevor, Antony. The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006.
Casanova, Juliàn. The Spanish Republic and Civil War. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Davis, Paul K. Besieged: an encyclopedia of great sieges from ancient times to the present. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, Inc, 2001.
Gallagher, Tom. Portugal: a twentieth-century interpretation. Manchester, England, UK: Manchester University Press, 1983.
De Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro . Franco and the Spanish Civil War. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2001.
Payne, Stanley G. Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: Wisconsin University Press, 1999.
Preston, Paul. The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution & Revenge. 3rd edition. W. W. New York, New York, USA: Norton & Company, Inc, 2007.
Turnbull, Patrick. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–39. 6th edition. Oxford, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Osprey Publishing, 2005.
External links[edit]
Los historiadores, contra Margallo por negarse a abrir los archivos
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values: Εθνικιστική παράταξη (Ισπανικός Εμφύλιος) – Greek

values: Faksi Nasionalis (Perang Saudara Spanyol) – Indonesian

values: Nationalistische factie (Spaanse Burgeroorlog) – Dutch

values: 國民軍 (西班牙內戰) – Chinese

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