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Ghostbusters II
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Ghostbusters II
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Ivan Reitman
Produced by
Ivan Reitman
Written by
Harold Ramis
Dan Aykroyd
Starring
Bill Murray
Dan Aykroyd
Sigourney Weaver
Harold Ramis
Rick Moranis
Ernie Hudson
Annie Potts
Music by
Randy Edelman
Cinematography
Michael Chapman
Edited by
Donn Cambern
Sheldon Kahn
Production
company
Columbia Pictures
Distributed by
Columbia Pictures
Release date
June 16, 1989 (1989-06-16)
Running time
108 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$37 million
Box office
$215.4 million[1]
Ghostbusters II is a 1989 American supernatural comedy film directed and produced by Ivan Reitman, written by Dan Aykroyd and Harold Ramis and starring Bill Murray, Aykroyd, Sigourney Weaver, Ramis, Ernie Hudson and Rick Moranis. It is the sequel to the 1984 film Ghostbusters, and follows the further adventures of the three parapsychologists and their organization that combats paranormal activities.
Despite generally mixed reviews from critics, the film grossed $112.5 million in the United States and $215.4 million worldwide, becoming the eighth-highest-grossing film of 1989.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
5 Home media
6 Merchandise
6.1 Comic book adaptation
6.2 Video games
7 Soundtrack
8 Cancelled sequel and reboot
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Plot[edit]
After saving New York City from the demi-god Gozer, the Ghostbusters—Egon Spengler, Ray Stantz, Peter Venkman, and Winston Zeddemore—are sued for the property damage they caused, and barred from investigating the supernatural, forcing them out of business. Ray owns an occult bookstore and works as an unpopular children's entertainer with Winston, Egon works in a laboratory conducting experiments into human emotion, and Peter hosts a pseudo-psychic television show. Peter's former girlfriend Dana Barrett has had a son, Oscar, with an ex-husband, and works at the Museum of Modern Art. After an incident in which Oscar's baby carriage is controlled by an unseen force and drawn to a busy junction, Dana turns to the Ghostbusters for help. Meanwhile, Dana's colleague Dr. Janosz Poha is indoctrinated by the spirit of Vigo the Carpathian, a powerful legendary sixteenth-century tyrant and magician trapped in a painting in the gallery. Vigo orders Janosz to locate a child that Vigo can possess, allowing him to return to life on the New Year.
The Ghostbusters' investigation leads them to illegally excavate First Avenue at the point where the baby carriage stopped. Lowered underneath, Ray discovers a river of pink slime filling the abandoned Beach Pneumatic Transit line. Attacked by the slime after obtaining a sample, Ray accidentally causes a citywide blackout, and the Ghostbusters are arrested. They are found guilty of investigating the supernatural, but before they can be taken away, the slime taken as evidence reacts to the judge's angry outburst and explodes, releasing two ghosts who were murderers that the judge had executed that proceed to devastate the courtroom. The Ghostbusters imprison the ghosts in exchange for the dismissal of all charges and that they be allowed to resume their Ghostbusting business.
Later, the slime invades Dana's apartment and attacks her and Oscar. She seeks refuge with Peter, and the two begin to renew their relationship. Investigating the slime and Vigo's history, the Ghostbusters discover that the slime reacts to emotions, and suspect that it has been generated by the negative attitudes of New Yorkers. While Peter and Dana have dinner together, Egon, Ray, and Winston explore the underground river of slime. While measuring the depth, Winston gets pulled into the flowing river, and Ray and Egon jump in after him. After they escape back to the surface Ray and Winston begin arguing, but Egon realizes that they are being influenced by the slime, so they strip off their clothes. They also learn the river is flowing directly to the museum.
The Ghostbusters go to the mayor with their suspicions, but are dismissed; the mayor's assistant, Jack Hardemeyer, has them committed to a psychiatric hospital to protect the mayor's interests as he runs for governor. Meanwhile, a spirit resembling Janosz kidnaps Oscar from Peter's apartment, and Dana pursues them to the museum alone. After she enters, the museum is covered with a barrier of impenetrable slime.
New Year's Eve sees a sudden increase of supernatural activity as the slime rises from the subway line and onto the city streets, causing widespread paranormal activity with ghosts attacking citizens. In response, the mayor fires Hardemeyer and has the Ghostbusters released. After heading to the museum, they are unable to breach the power of the slime barrier with their proton packs. Determining that they need a symbol of powerful positivity to rally the citizens and weaken the slime, the Ghostbusters use positively-charged mood slime, and a remix of "Higher and Higher" to animate the Statue of Liberty and pilot it through the streets before the cheering populace. As they arrive at the museum, the slime begins to recede and they use the Statue's torch to break through the museum's ceiling to attack Vigo and Janosz.
Janosz is neutralized with positively-charged slime, but Vigo immobilizes the Ghostbusters and attempts a transfer into Oscar's body. A chorus of "Auld Lang Syne" by the citizens outside weakens Vigo, returning him to the painting and freeing the Ghostbusters. Vigo momentarily possesses Ray, and the other Ghostbusters attack him with a combination of proton streams and positively-charged mood slime. Dressed in full Ghostbusters attire, Louis attacks the weakened slime barrier around the building with a proton stream of his own. This combination destroys Vigo and changes the painting to a likeness of the four Ghostbusters standing protectively around Oscar. Outside, the Ghostbusters receive a standing ovation from the crowd and, at a later ceremony to restore the Statue, the Key to the City from the mayor.
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of Ghostbusters characters
Bill Murray as Peter Venkman
Dan Aykroyd as Ray Stantz
Sigourney Weaver as Dana Barrett
Harold Ramis as Egon Spengler
Rick Moranis as Louis Tully
Ernie Hudson as Winston Zeddemore
Annie Potts as Janine Melnitz
Peter MacNicol as Dr. Janosz Poha
Harris Yulin as Judge Stephen Wexler
Janet Margolin as Prosecuting Attorney "Kitten"
David Margulies as Mayor "Lenny"
Kurt Fuller as Jack Hardemeyer
William T. Deutschendorf and Hank J. Deutschendorf II as Baby Oscar
Wilhelm von Homburg as Vigo the Carpathian
Ivan Reitman as the voice of Slimer
Some notable cast members in the film include one of Bill Murray's siblings, Brian Doyle-Murray, who played the psychiatric doctor, Dan Aykroyd's niece, Karen Humber, who played one of the school children, and Ben Stein, who played a public works official for the mayor. Jason Reitman, son of director Ivan Reitman, plays the boy who insults the Ghostbusters at a birthday party. Cheech Marin is the dock supervisor who witnesses the arrival of the Titanic, and Philip Baker Hall is the city police chief. Bobby Brown is the doorman to Gracie Mansion when the Ghostbusters go to see the mayor of New York City (also performing on the soundtrack). The physical role of Vigo was played by Wilhelm von Homburg, and his dialog was dubbed by Max von Sydow.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
After the success of the first film and the animated series, The Real Ghostbusters, Columbia Pictures pressed the producers to make a sequel.[2] Dan Aykroyd, Harold Ramis and Ivan Reitman were uncomfortable with this, as the original film was intended to be conclusive and they wished to work on other projects. Eventually, they agreed and created a script.[3]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2012)
At its release, Ghostbusters II was the biggest three-day opening weekend gross in history with $29.5 million,[4] a record that was broken one week later by Batman ($40.5 million).[5] Ghostbusters II eventually grossed $112.4 million in North America and $102.9 million internationally for a total of $215.3 million worldwide.[6]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 53% based on 38 reviews, with an average rating of 5.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Thanks to the cast, Ghostbusters 2 is reasonably amusing, but it lacks the charm, wit, and energy of its predecessor."[7] At Metacritic the film received a weighted average score of 56 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[8] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[9]
Variety said the film had amusing visuals and a clever plot, while Nick Shager of Screengrab opined that it "Effectively slimed everyone's fond memories of the original".[10] On their show, Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert gave the picture two thumbs down, disappointed that the film did not try anything new and like many sequels, merely re-treated the first film. Siskel stated "The film contains little comic invention. It looks as if the filmmakers, particularly the writers, simply didn't try to do anything special. As if they simply filmed the first draft." Ebert stated that he saw the movie in a theater in Michigan and out of a packed house, there was only one laugh.[11] Murray remarked how disappointed he was with it all as "Those special-effects guys took over. It was too much of the slime and not enough of us."
Home media[edit]
The Blu-ray version, released in September 2014, was scanned and mastered in 4K and preserves the original aspect ratio of 2.35:1. An earlier DVD version was also transferred in the correct scope ratio. The VHS and Laserdisc releases of Ghostbusters II were made differently, however: instead of being produced in either the original 2.35:1 or panned and scanned at 1.33:1, the movie was panned and scanned in a 1.66:1 frame. This version, often shown on television, shows slightly more image at the edges than a "proper" pan and scan version at 1.33:1.
Merchandise[edit]
A great deal of merchandise (such as coloring books) came out with the release of this film. As was the case with the Real Ghostbusters cartoon, the makers of this material may have wanted to avoid likeness fees and as a result, the main characters in these bear little resemblance to any other version of the characters.
As a tie-in with the release of the movie, approximately 3,100 Hardee’s fast food restaurants offered a kids meal-deal that included a toy called the “Ghostblaster”, a small noisemaker embossed with the movie’s signature logo on one side and made different sounds when one of two buttons were activated. However, officials at the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission deemed that the toy posed a potential choking hazard to small children because the toy was operated with small watch-sized batteries and recalled at least 2 million units.
Comic book adaptation[edit]
During this period, The Real Ghostbusters comic book produced by NOW Comics ran a three-part adaptation of the film, using the cartoon character designs instead of the likenesses of the actors. The overall story received minor alterations to run as a three-part series, and includes several scenes that were in the shooting script but were not included in the released movie. An example is a scene set after their first visit at the museum (and Ray's first encounter with Vigo). In this scene, Ray is momentarily possessed while driving the Ecto-1A, and as a result tries to crash the car and kill the Ghostbusters. They soon bring Ray around to his senses after speeding through New York streets, and he apologizes, unable to account for his actions. They never connect it to Vigo since, while possessed, Ray never mentions him. The comic panels further reinforce the movie's scene where Ray is briefly hypnotized by Vigo (leading to him being chosen as a host at the end).
Video games[edit]
Main article: List of Ghostbusters video games § Ghostbusters II video game
Soundtrack[edit]
Ghostbusters II
Soundtrack album by various artists
Released
1989
Genre
New jack swing,[12][13] R&B,[13] rap[13]
Length
45:40
Label
MCA
Ghostbusters soundtrack chronology
Ghostbusters
(1984)Ghostbusters1984 Ghostbusters II
(1989) Ghostbusters
(2016)Ghostbusters2016
Singles from Ghostbusters II
"On Our Own"
Released: May 1989
"Ghostbusters"
Released: July 12, 1989
Original Soundtrack Album[14]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length
1. "On Our Own" L.A. Reid, Babyface, Daryl Simmons[15][16] Bobby Brown 4:54
2. "Supernatural" Jellybean Johnson, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis New Edition 4:34
3. "The Promised Land" Bobby Caldwell, Paul Gordon James "J.T." Taylor 4:17
4. "We're Back" Bobby Brown, Dennis Austin, Larry White, Kirk Crumple Original Bobby Brown 5:10
5. "Spirit" Doug E. Fresh, Bernard Wright Doug E. Fresh and the Get Fresh Crew 5:03
6. "Ghostbusters" Ray Parker, Jr. Run-D.M.C. 4:10
7. "Flesh 'N Blood" Danny Elfman Oingo Boingo 4:17
8. "Love is a Cannibal" Elton John, Bernie Taupin Elton John 3:54
9. "Flip City" Glenn Frey, Hawk Wolinski Glenn Frey 5:12
10. "Higher and Higher" Gary Jackson, Carl Smith, Raynard Miner Howard Huntsberry 4:09
Total length: 45:40
The film also features the original versions of "Ghostbusters" by Ray Parker, Jr. and "Higher and Higher" by Jackie Wilson, though neither appears on the soundtrack album.
The album was made available in digital form on Tuesday, May 27, 2014.
Cancelled sequel and reboot[edit]
In 1999, Dan Aykroyd wrote a script for a possible third film, titled Ghostbusters III: Hellbent.[17] In a 2004 interview, Bill Murray stated that he didn't want to appear in a potential third installment and for that reason, the cast considered replacing him with Ben Stiller.[18]
In 2014, after Harold Ramis' death, Ivan Reitman abandoned the project.[19] Film directors Phil Lord and Christopher Miller were in talks to direct the film, but passed on the project, leading to its cancellation.[20] In August 2014, Paul Feig revealed that he was in talks for direct a third film in the franchise, but with women in the lead roles.[21] He later revealed that the film will be a reboot and not a sequel for Ghostbusters II. The rebooted Ghostbusters was released on July 15, 2016.
See also[edit]
Film portal
List of ghost films
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Ghostbusters II (1989)". BoxOfficeMojo. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Park, Jeannie (1988-12-25). "FILM; Slime? Don't Worry! The Ghostbusters Are Back". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-11-08.
Jump up ^ Klady, Leonard (1987-05-17). "Ghostly Movie". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-11-08.
Jump up ^ Puig, Claudia (1989-06-20). "Record-Busting Opening for 'Ghostbusters II". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-11-08.
Jump up ^ "Batman Sets Record And So Does Hollywood". The New York Times. 1989-06-27. Retrieved 2010-11-08.
Jump up ^ Dick, Bernard F. (1992) "Columbia Pictures: Portrait of a Studio" (p. 51). The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1769-0.
Jump up ^ "Ghostbusters II (1989)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ghostbusters II reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Ghostbusters II". Variety. 1988-12-31. Retrieved 2010-11-14.
Jump up ^ Murphy, Jim. "Batman/Honey, I Shrunk the Kids/Tummy Trouble/Ghostbusters II/Kung-Fu Master!" (June 24, 1989). Television: Siskel & Ebert. Burbank: Buena Vista Television.
Jump up ^ Patrin, Nate (June 30, 2016). "Something Strange Indeed: The Music of Ghostbusters". Stereogum. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Heaney, Gregory. "Original Soundtrack – Ghostbusters II". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ghostbusters II – Original Soundtrack at AllMusic
Jump up ^ "Bobby Brown: On Our Own (1989)", 80s Music Channel, October 1, 2008, retrieved January 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Grein, Paul; Goldstein, Patrick (1989-04-09). "Ghostbusters Sequel: The red-hot Bobby Brown, coming off.." The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-11-08.
Jump up ^ Van Camp, Jeffrey (December 29, 2009). "Could Ghostbusters 3 Start Filming This Summer?". Collider.com. Retrieved December 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ Setoodeh, Ramin (October 14, 2014). "'Ghostbusters' Reboot: Will Bill Murray Return in Smaller Role?". Variety. Retrieved July 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Reed, Ryan (March 19, 2014). "Director Ivan Reitman Backs Out of 'Ghostbusters' Sequel". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Twitter / NikkiFinke: Hot duo to direct #Ghostbusters3? .." Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2014. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Whitney, Erin (August 2, 2014). "Paul Feig Reportedly In Talks To Direct Female-Centered 'Ghostbusters' Reboot". The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Ghostbusters II
Ghostbusters II on IMDb
Ghostbusters II at AllMovie
Ghostbusters II at Rotten Tomatoes
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Great Is Thy Faithfulness
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Great Is Thy Faithfulness is a popular Christian hymn written by Thomas Chisholm (1866–1960) with music composed by William M. Runyan (1870–1957) in Baldwin, Kansas, U.S..
The phrase "great is thy faithfulness" comes from the Old Testament Book of Lamentations 3:23. These exact words occur in both the King James Bible and the Revised Standard Version.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Covers
2.1 Jordan Smith
2.2 Charts
3 Lyrics
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Thomas O. Chisholm wrote the poem in 1923 about God's faithfulness over his lifetime. Chisholm sent the song to William Runyan in Kansas, who was affiliated with both the Moody Bible Institute and Hope Publishing Company. Runyan set the poem to music, and it was published that same year by Hope Publishing Company and became popular among church groups.[1] The Biblical lyrics reference Lamentations 3:22-23.[2] The song was exposed to wide audiences after becoming popular with Dr. William Henry Houghton of the Moody Bible Institute and Billy Graham, who used the song frequently on his international crusades.[3] Since the middle 20th century, this hymn has been the university hymn of Cairn University which was formerly Philadelphia Biblical University and prior to that Philadelphia College of Bible, founded in 1913.
Covers[edit]
Jordan Smith[edit]
"Great Is Thy Faithfulness"
Song by Jordan Smith
Released
November 16, 2015
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2015
Genre
Christian Hymn
Length
3:34
Label
Republic
Songwriter(s)
Thomas Chisholm
On Monday, November 16, 2015, Jordan Smith covered the Selah song pick choice selection playing the piano chord from The Voice of ninth season.[citation needed]
Charts[edit]
Chart (2015)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[4]
30
Lyrics[edit]
Great is Thy faithfulness, O God my Father;
There is no shadow of turning with Thee,
Thou changest not, Thy compassions they fail not,
As Thou hast been, Thou forever wilt be.

Great is Thy faithfulness!
Great is Thy faithfulness!
Morning by morning new mercies I see
All I have needed Thy hand hath provided
Great is Thy faithfulness, Lord unto me!
Summer and winter and springtime and harvest,
Sun, moon, and stars in their courses above;
Join with all nature in manifold witness,
To Thy great faithfulness, mercy, and love.

Pardon for sin and a peace that endureth,
Thine own dear presence to cheer and to guide;
Strength for today, and bright hope for tomorrow
Blessings all mine, with ten thousand beside.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Steve Benner, [1] (1999-2003) (accessed February 16, 2012)
Jump up ^ Lamentations 3:22-23
Jump up ^ Kenneth W. Osbeck, 101 hymn stories, (Kregel Publications, 1982) pg. 83 [2]
Jump up ^ "Jordan Smith Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
External links[edit]
Song Lyrics
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Mark and recapture
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Collar tagged Rock Hyrax
Jackdaw with a numbered aluminum ring on its left tarsus
Biologist is marking a Chittenango ovate amber snail to monitor the population.
Marked Chittenango ovate amber snail.
Mark and recapture is a method commonly used in ecology to estimate an animal population's size. A portion of the population is captured, marked, and released. Later, another portion is captured and the number of marked individuals within the sample is counted. Since the number of marked individuals within the second sample should be proportional to the number of marked individuals in the whole population, an estimate of the total population size can be obtained by dividing the number of marked individuals by the proportion of marked individuals in the second sample. The method is most useful when it is not practical to count all the individuals in the population. Other names for this method, or closely related methods, include capture-recapture, capture-mark-recapture, mark-recapture, sight-resight, mark-release-recapture, multiple systems estimation, band recovery, the Petersen method,[1] and the Lincoln method.
Another major application for these methods is in epidemiology,[2] where they are used to estimate the completeness of ascertainment of disease registers. Typical applications include estimating the number of people needing particular services (i.e. services for children with learning disabilities, services for medically frail elderly living in the community), or with particular conditions(i.e. illegal drug addicts, people infected with HIV, etc.).[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Field work related to mark-recapture
2 Notation
3 Lincoln–Petersen estimator
3.1 Derivation
3.2 Sample calculation
4 Chapman estimator
4.1 Sample calculation
4.2 Variance
5 Confidence interval
6 Bayesian estimate
6.1 Mean value ± standard deviation
6.2 Sample calculation
7 More than two visits
8 Integrated approaches
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Field work related to mark-recapture[edit]
Typically a researcher visits a study area and uses traps to capture a group of individuals alive. Each of these individuals is marked with a unique identifier (e.g., a numbered tag or band), and then is released unharmed back into the environment. A mark recapture method was first used for ecological study in 1896 by C.G. Johannes Petersen to estimate plaice, Pleuronectes platessa, populations.[3]
Sufficient time is allowed to pass for the marked individuals to redistribute themselves among the unmarked population.
Next, the researcher returns and captures another sample of individuals. Some individuals in this second sample will have been marked during the initial visit and are now known as recaptures. Other animals captured during the second visit, will not have been captured during the first visit to the study area. These unmarked animals are usually given a tag or band during the second visit and then are released.
Population size can be estimated from as few as two visits to the study area. Commonly, more than two visits are made, particularly if estimates of survival or movement are desired. Regardless of the total number of visits, the researcher simply records the date of each capture of each individual. The "capture histories" generated are analyzed mathematically to estimate population size, survival, or movement.
In the epidemiological setting, different sources of patients take the place of the repeated field visits in ecology. To take a concrete example, establishing a register of children with Type 1 diabetes children were identified from hospital admission records, from general practitioners (family doctors), and from the records of the local Diabetes Association[citation needed]. None of these sources had a complete list, but by putting them together it was possible to do two things, first to see how many children were identified in total, and secondly to estimate how many more children with Type 1 diabetes were living in the vital community.
Notation[edit]
Let
N = Number of animals in the population
n = Number of animals marked on the first visit
K = Number of animals captured on the second visit
k = Number of recaptured animals that were marked
A biologist wants to estimate the size of a population of turtles in a lake. She captures 10 turtles on her first visit to the lake, and marks their backs with paint. A week later she returns to the lake and captures 15 turtles. Five of these 15 turtles have paint on their backs, indicating that they are recaptured animals. This example is (n, K, k) = (10, 15, 5). The problem is to estimate N.
Lincoln–Petersen estimator[edit]
Main article: Lincoln index
The Lincoln–Petersen method[4] (also known as the Petersen–Lincoln index[3] or Lincoln index) can be used to estimate population size if only two visits are made to the study area. This method assumes that the study population is "closed"[citation needed]. In other words, the two visits to the study area are close enough in time so that no individuals die, are born, move into the study area (immigrate) or move out of the study area (emigrate) between visits. The model also assumes that no marks fall off animals between visits to the field site by the researcher, and that the researcher correctly records all marks.
Given those conditions, estimated population size is:
N ^ = K n k , {\displaystyle {\hat {N}}={\frac {Kn}{k}},}
Derivation[edit]
It is assumed[5] that all individuals have the same probability of being captured in the second sample, regardless of whether they were previously captured in the first sample (with only two samples, this assumption cannot be tested directly).
This implies that, in the second sample, the proportion of marked individuals that are caught ( k / K {\displaystyle k/K} ) should equal the proportion of the total population that is marked ( n / N {\displaystyle n/N} ). For example, if half of the marked individuals were recaptured, it would be assumed that half of the total population was included in the second sample.
In symbols,
k K = n N . {\displaystyle {\frac {k}{K}}={\frac {n}{N}}.}
A rearrangement of this gives
N ^ = K n k , {\displaystyle {\hat {N}}={\frac {Kn}{k}},}
the formula used for the Lincoln–Petersen method.[5]
Sample calculation[edit]
In the example (n, K, k) = (10, 15, 5) the Lincoln–Petersen method estimates that there are 30 turtles in the lake.
N ^ = K n k = 10 × 15 5 = 30 {\displaystyle {\hat {N}}={\frac {Kn}{k}}={\frac {10\times 15}{5}}=30}
Chapman estimator[edit]
The Lincoln–Peterson estimator is asymptotically unbiased as sample size approaches infinity, but is biased at small sample sizes.[6] An alternative less biased estimator of population size is given by the Chapman estimator:[6]
N ^ C = ( K + 1 ) ( n + 1 ) k + 1 − 1 {\displaystyle {\hat {N}}_{C}={\frac {(K+1)(n+1)}{k+1}}-1}
Sample calculation[edit]
The example (K, n, k) = (10, 15, 5) gives
N ^ C = ( K + 1 ) ( n + 1 ) k + 1 − 1 = 11 × 16 6 − 1 = 28.3 {\displaystyle {\hat {N}}_{C}={\frac {(K+1)(n+1)}{k+1}}-1={\frac {11\times 16}{6}}-1=28.3}
Note that the answer provided by this equation must be truncated not rounded. Thus, the Chapman method estimates 28 turtles in the lake.
Surprisingly, Chapman's estimate was one conjecture from a range of possible estimators: "In practice, the whole number immediately less than (K+1)(n+1)/(k+1) or even Kn/(k+1) will be the estimate. The above form is more convenient for mathematical purposes."[6](see footnote, page 144). Chapman also found the estimator could have considerable negative bias for small Kn/N [6](page 146), but was unconcerned because the estimated standard deviations were large for these cases.
A Bayesian analysis[7] found that Chapman's estimator is the maximum a posteriori estimator for a situation when the first person searches for a fixed number of animals then marks and releases them, but the second person searches for as many animals as possible.
Variance[edit]
An approximately unbiased variance of N ^ C {\textstyle {\hat {N}}_{C}} can be estimated as:
var  ( N ^ C ) = ( K + 1 ) ( n + 1 ) ( K − k ) ( n − k ) ( k + 1 ) ( k + 1 ) ( k + 2 ) . {\displaystyle \operatorname {var} ({\hat {N}}_{C})={\frac {(K+1)(n+1)(K-k)(n-k)}{(k+1)(k+1)(k+2)}}.}
The moments of the hypergeometric equation studied by Chapman can be calculated exactly, giving the answers discussed below.
Confidence interval[edit]
An approximate 100 ( 1 − α ) % {\displaystyle 100(1-\alpha )\%} confidence interval for the population size N can be obtained as:
K + n − k + ( K − k + 0.5 ) ( n − k + 0.5 ) ( k + 0.5 ) exp  ( ± z α / 2 σ ^ 0.5 ) {\displaystyle K+n-k+{\frac {(K-k+0.5)(n-k+0.5)}{(k+0.5)}}\exp(\pm z_{\alpha /2}{\hat {\sigma }}_{0.5})} ,
where z α / 2 {\textstyle z_{\alpha /2}} corresponds to the 1 − α / 2 {\displaystyle 1-\alpha /2} quantile of a standard normal random variable, and
σ ^ 0.5 = 1 k + 0.5 + 1 K − k + 0.5 + 1 n − k + 0.5 + k + 0.5 ( n − k + 0.5 ) ( K − k + 0.5 ) {\displaystyle {\hat {\sigma }}_{0.5}={\sqrt {{\frac {1}{k+0.5}}+{\frac {1}{K-k+0.5}}+{\frac {1}{n-k+0.5}}+{\frac {k+0.5}{(n-k+0.5)(K-k+0.5)}}}}} .
It has been shown that this confidence interval has actual coverage probabilities that are close to the nominal 100 ( 1 − α ) % {\displaystyle 100(1-\alpha )\%} level even for small populations and extreme capture probabilities (near to 0 or 1), in which cases other confidence intervals fail to achieve the nominal coverage levels.[8]
Bayesian estimate[edit]
A Bayesian analysis is provided by.[7] The final answer depends on the priors and the type of search assumed but the approach gives, for Chapman's assumptions (and changing variables from the original notation),
Mean value ± standard deviation[edit]
N ≈ ( K − 1 ) ( n − 1 ) k − 2 ± ( K − 1 ) ( n − 1 ) ( K − k + 1 ) ( n − k + 1 ) ( k − 2 ) ( k − 2 ) ( k − 3 ) {\displaystyle N\approx {\frac {(K-1)(n-1)}{k-2}}\pm {\sqrt {\frac {(K-1)(n-1)(K-k+1)(n-k+1)}{(k-2)(k-2)(k-3)}}}}
A derivation is found here: Talk:Mark and recapture#Statistical treatment.
Sample calculation[edit]
The example (K, n, k) = (10, 15, 5) gives the estimate N ≈ 42 ± 21.5
More than two visits[edit]
The literature on the analysis of capture-recapture studies has blossomed since the early 1990s[citation needed]. There are very elaborate statistical models available for the analysis of these experiments.[9] A simple model which easily accommodates the three source, or the three visit study, is to fit a Poisson regression model. Sophisticated mark-recapture models can be fit with several packages for the Open Source R programming language. These include "Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture (secr)",[10] "Loglinear Models for Capture-Recapture Experiments (Rcapture)",[11] and "Mark-Recapture Distance Sampling (mrds)".[12] Such models can also be fit with specialized programs such as MARK[13] or M-SURGE.[14]
Other related methods which are often used include the Jolly–Seber model (used in open populations and for multiple census estimates) and Schnabel estimators[15] (described above as an expansion to the Lincoln–Peterson method for closed populations). These are described in detail by Sutherland.[16]
Integrated approaches[edit]
Modelling mark-recapture data is trending towards a more integrative approach,[17] which combines mark-recapture data with population dynamics models and other types of data. The integrated approach is more computationally demanding, but extracts more information from the data improving parameter and uncertainty estimates.[18]
See also[edit]
Ecology portal
German tank problem, for estimation of population size when the elements are numbered.
Tag and release
Abundance estimation
GPS wildlife tracking
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Krebs, Charles J. (2009). Ecology (6th ed.). p. 119. ISBN 978-0-321-50743-3.
Jump up ^ Chao, A.; Tsay, P. K.; Lin, S. H.; Shau, W. Y.; Chao, D. Y. (2001). "The applications of capture-recapture models to epidemiological data". Statistics in Medicine. 20 (20): 3123–3157. doi:10.1002/sim.996. PMID 11590637.
^ Jump up to: a b Southwood, T. R. E.; Henderson, P. (2000). Ecological Methods (3rd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Science.
Jump up ^ Seber, G. A. F. The Estimation of Animal Abundance and Related Parameters. Caldwel, New Jersey: Blackburn Press. ISBN 1-930665-55-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Charles J. Krebs (1999). Ecological Methodology (2nd ed.). ISBN 9780321021731.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Chapman, D.G. (1951). "Some properties of the hypergeometric distribution with applications to zoological sample censuses".
^ Jump up to: a b Webster, Anthony J.; Kemp, Richard (2013). "Estimating Omissions From Searches". The American Statistician. 67 (2): 82–89. arXiv:1205.1150  . doi:10.1080/00031305.2013.783881.
Jump up ^ Sadinle, Mauricio (2009-10-01). "Transformed Logit Confidence Intervals for Small Populations in Single Capture–Recapture Estimation". Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation. 38 (9): 1909–1924. doi:10.1080/03610910903168595. ISSN 0361-0918.
Jump up ^ McCrea, R.S. and Morgan, B.J.T. (2014) "Analysis of capture-recapture data". Retrieved 19 Nov 2014. "Chapman and Hall/CRC Press". Retrieved 19 Nov 2014.
Jump up ^ Efford, Murray (2016-09-02). "Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture (secr)". Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). Retrieved 2016-09-02.
Jump up ^ Rivest, Louis-Paul; Baillargeon, Sophie (2014-09-01). "Loglinear Models for Capture-Recapture Experiments (Rcapture)". Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). Retrieved 2016-09-02.
Jump up ^ Laake, Jeff; Borchers, David; Thomas, Len; Miller, David; Bishop, Jon (2015-08-17). "Mark-Recapture Distance Sampling (mrds)". Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN).
Jump up ^ "Program MARK". Archived from the original on 21 February 2006. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Logiciels". Archived from the original on 2009-07-24.
Jump up ^ Schnabel, Z. E. (1938). "The Estimation of the Total Fish Population of a Lake". American Mathematical Monthly. 45: 348–352. doi:10.2307/2304025.
Jump up ^ William J. Sutherland, ed. (1996). Ecological Census Techniques: A Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47815-4.
Jump up ^ Maunder M.N. (2003) Paradigm shifts in fisheries stock assessment: from integrated analysis to Bayesian analysis and back again. Natural Resource Modeling 16:465–475
Jump up ^ Maunder, M.N. (2001) Integrated Tagging and Catch-at-Age Analysis (ITCAAN). In Spatial Processes and Management of Fish Populations, edited by G.H. Kruse, N. Bez, A. Booth, M.W. Dorn, S. Hills, R.N. Lipcius, D. Pelletier, C. Roy, S.J. Smith, and D. Witherell, Alaska Sea Grant College Program Report No. AK-SG-01-02, University of Alaska Fairbanks, pp. 123–146.
Besbeas, P; Freeman, S. N.; Morgan, B. J. T.; Catchpole, E. A. (2002). "Integrating mark-recapture-recovery and census data to estimate animal abundance and demographic parameters". Biometrics. 58 (3): 540–547. doi:10.1111/j.0006-341X.2002.00540.x. PMID 12229988.
Martin-Löf, P. (1961). "ringed birds". Arkiv för Zoologi (Zoology files), Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademien (The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) Serie 2. Band 13 (21).
Maunder, M. N. (2004). "Population viability analysis, based on combining integrated, Bayesian, and hierarchical analyses". Acta Oecologica. 26 (2): 85–94. Bibcode:2004AcO....26...85M. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2003.11.008.
Phillips, C. A.; M. J. Dreslik; J. R. Johnson; J. E. Petzing (2001). "Application of population estimation to pond breeding salamanders". Transactions of the Illinois Academy of Science. 94 (2): 111–118.
Royle, J. A.; R. M. Dorazio (2008). Hierarchical Modeling and Inference in Ecology. Elsevier. ISBN 1-930665-55-5.
Seber, G.A.F. The Estimation of Animal Abundance and Related Parameters. Caldwel, New Jersey: Blackburn Press. ISBN 1-930665-55-5.
Schaub, M; Gimenez, O.; Sierro, A.; Arlettaz, R (2007). "Use of Integrated Modeling to Enhance Estimates of Population Dynamics Obtained from Limited Data". Conservation Biology. 21 (4): 945–955. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00743.x. PMID 17650245.
Williams, B. K.; J. D. Nichols; M. J. Conroy (2002). Analysis and Management of Animal Populations. San Diego, California: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-754406-2.
Chao, A; Tsay, P. K.; Lin, S. H.; Shau, W. Y.; Chao, D. Y. (2001). "The applications of capture-recapture models to epidemiological data". Statistics in Medicine. 20 (20): 3123–3157. doi:10.1002/sim.996. PMID 11590637.
Webster, A. J.; Kemp, R. (2013). "Estimating Omissions from Searches". The American Statistician. 67 (2): 82–89. doi:10.1080/00031305.2013.783881.
Further reading[edit]
Bonett, D.G.; Woodward, J.A.; Bentler, P.M. (1986). "A Linear Model for Estimating the Size of a Closed Population". British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology. 39: 28–40. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1986.tb00843.x.
Evans, M.A.; Bonett, D.G.; McDonald, L. (1994). "A General Theory for Analyzing Capture-recapture Data in Closed Populations". Biometrics. 50: 396–405. doi:10.2307/2533383.
Lincoln, F. C. (1930). "Calculating Waterfowl Abundance on the Basis of Banding Returns". United States Department of Agriculture Circular. 118: 1–4.
Petersen, C. G. J. (1896). "The Yearly Immigration of Young Plaice Into the Limfjord From the German Sea", Report of the Danish Biological Station (1895), 6, 5–84.
Schofield, J. R. (2007). "Beyond Defect Removal: Latent Defect Estimation With Capture-Recapture Method", Crosstalk, August 2007; 27–29.
External links[edit]
A historical introduction to capture-recapture methods
Analysis of capture-recapture data
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Sacred Valley
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the Peruvian valley. For the valley in central Italy, see Rieti Valley.
Sacred Valley
Sacred Valley of the Incas
Shown within Peru
Alternate name
Urubamba Valley
Location
Cuzco Region, Peru
Coordinates
13°20′00″S 72°05′00″W / 13.33333°S 72.08333°W / -13.33333; -72.08333Coordinates: 13°20′00″S 72°05′00″W / 13.33333°S 72.08333°W / -13.33333; -72.08333
Type
valley
History
Cultures
Inca
Site notes
Condition
In ruins
The mountain Veronica looms over the Sacred Valley.
Sacred Valley of the Incas
The Sacred Valley of the Incas (Spanish: Valle Sagrado de los Incas; Quechua: Willka Qhichwa) or the Urubamba Valley is a valley in the Andes of Peru, 20 kilometres (12 mi) at its closest north of the Inca capital of Cusco. It is located in the present-day Peruvian region of Cusco. In colonial documents it was referred to as the "Valley of Yucay." The Sacred Valley was incorporated slowly into the incipient Inca Empire during the period from 1000 to 1400 CE.[1]
The scenic and historical Sacred Valley is a major tourist destination. In 2013, 1.2 million people, 800,000 of them non-Peruvians, are estimated to have visited Machu Picchu, its most famous archaeological site. Many of the same tourists also visited other archaeological sites and modern towns in the Sacred Valley.
Machu Picchu
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
2 History
3 See also
4 References
Geography[edit]
Inca ruin and andenes (agricultural terraces} at Pisac.
The valley, running generally west to east, is understood to include everything along the Urubamba River between the town and Inca ruins at Písac westward to Machu Piccu, 100 kilometres (62 mi) distant.[2] The Sacred Valley has elevations above sea level along the river ranging from 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) at Pisac to 2,050 metres (6,730 ft) at the Urubamba River below the citadel of Macchu Piccu. On both sides of the river, the mountains rise to much higher elevations, especially to the south where two prominent mountains overlook the valley: Sahuasiray, 5,818 metres (19,088 ft) and Veronica, 5,893 metres (19,334 ft) in elevation. The intensely cultivated valley floor is about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) wide on average. Side valleys and agricultural terraces (andenes) expand the cultivatable area.[3]
The valley was formed by the Urubamba river, also known as the Vilcanota River, Willkanuta River (Aymara, "house of the sun") or Willkamayu (Quechua). The latter, in Quechua, the still spoken lingua franca of the Inca Empire, means the sacred river. It is fed by numerous tributaries which descend through adjoining valleys and gorges, and contains numerous archaeological remains and villages. The Sacred Valley was the most important area for maize production in the heartland of the Inca Empire and access through the valley to tropical areas facilitated the import of products such as coca leaf and chile peppers to Cuzco.[4]
The climate of Urubamba is typical of the valley. Precipitation, concentrated in the months of October through April, totals 527 millimetres (20.7 in) annually and monthly average temperatures range between 15.4 °C (59.7 °F) in November, the warmest month, to 12.2 °C (54.0 °F) in July, the coldest month.[5] The Incas built extensive irrigation works throughout the valley to counter deficiencies and seasonality in precipitation.[6]
History[edit]
The early Incas lived in the Cuzco area.[7] By conquest or diplomacy, during the period 1000 to 1400 CE, the Inca achieved administrative control over the various ethnic groups living in or near the Sacred Valley.[8]
The attraction of the Sacred Valley to the Inca, in addition to its proximity to Cuzco, was probably that it was lower in elevation and therefore warmer than any other nearby area. The lower elevation permitted maize to be grown in the Sacred Valley. Maize was a prestige crop for the Incas, especially to make chicha, a fermented maize drink the Incas and their subjects consumed in large quantities at their many ceremonial feasts and religious festivals.[9]
Large scale maize production in the Sacred Valley was apparently facilitated by varieties bred in nearby Moray, either a governmental crop laboratory[10] or a seedling nursery of the Incas.[11]
The Inca customarily divided conquered lands into three more-or-less equal parts. One part was for the emperor (the Sapa Inca), one part for the religious establishment, and one part for the communities of farmers themselves. In the 1400s, the Sacred Valley became an area of royal estates and country homes. Once a royal estate was created by an emperor it continued to be owned by descendants of the emperor after his death.[12] The estate of the emperor Yawar Waqaq (ca. 1380 CE) was located at Paullu and Lamay (a few kilometers downstream from Pisac); Huchuy Qosqo, the estate of the emperor Viracocha Inca (c. 1410-1438), overlooks the Sacred Valley; the estate of Pachacuti (1438-1471 CE) was at Pisac; and the sparse ruins of Quispiguanca. the estate of the emperor Huayna Capac (1493-1527 CE), are in the town of Urubamba.[13] Most archaeologists believe that Machu Picchu was built as an estate for Pachacuti.[14]
Agricultural terraces, called andenes, were built up hillsides flanking the valley floor and are today the most visible and widespread signs of the Inca civilization in the Sacred Valley.[15]
In 1537, the Inca Emperor Manco Inca Yupanqui fought and won the Battle of Ollantaytambo against a Spanish army headed by Hernando Pizarro. Nevertheless, Manco soon withdrew from the Sacred Valley and the area came under the control of the Spanish colonialists.[16]
See also[edit]
PeruRail
Sallqaqucha Wallata Warak'ay
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bauer, Brian S.; Covey, R. Alan (2002). "Processes of State Formation in the Inca Heartland (Cuzco, Peru)". American Anthropologist. 104 (3): 846–64. doi:10.1525/aa.2002.104.3.846.
Jump up ^ D'Altroy, Terence N. (2003). The Incas, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, p. 127
Jump up ^ Google Earth. Another definition of the area of the Sacred Valley is that it is between Pisaq and Ollantaytambo, a distance of about 60 kilometres (37 mi).
Jump up ^ Covey, R. Alan (2009), How the Incas built their Heartland, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp 43-44
Jump up ^ Climate: Urubamba, https://en.climate-data.org/location/44993/, accessed 24 Dec 2016
Jump up ^ D'Altroy, pp. 127-140
Jump up ^ Alan Covey, R (2003). "A processual study of Inka state formation". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 22 (4): 333–57. doi:10.1016/S0278-4165(03)00030-8.
Jump up ^ Bauer and Covey, p. 846
Jump up ^ D'Altroy, p. 189
Jump up ^ Earls, John (nd), "The Character of Inca and Andean Agriculture," pp. 18-19. http://macareo.pucp.edu.pe/~jearls/documentosPDF/theCharacter.PDF, accessed 20 dec 2016
Jump up ^ Plachetka, Uwe Christian; Pietsch, Stephan A. (2009). "El centro vaviloviano en el Perú: un conjunto socio-ecológico frente a riesgos extremos" [The center Vavilov year in Peru: a socio-ecological set against extreme risks] (PDF). Tikpa Pachapaq (in Spanish). 1 (1): 9–16.
Jump up ^ McEwan, pp 87-88
Jump up ^ Covey, R. Alan (2009), How the Incas built their Heartland, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, p. 217; Niles, Susan A. (1999), The Shape of Inca History, Iowas City: University of Iowa Press, pp. 133-153. Downloaded from Project Muse.
Jump up ^ Rowe, John (1990). "Machu Picchu a la luz de documentos de siglo XVI. Historia, 16 (1), pp.139–154
Jump up ^ Guillet, David and others (1987), "Terracing and Irrigation in the Peruvian Highlands," Current Anthropology, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 409-410. Downloaded from JSTOR.
Jump up ^ Hemming, John (1970), The Conquest of the Incas, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, pp 213-232.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sacred Valley.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Sacred Valley of the Incas.
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text:
Still Crazy After All These Years (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Still Crazy After All These Years"
Single by Paul Simon
from the album Still Crazy After All These Years
B-side
"I Do It For Your Love" (US)
"Silent Eyes" (Europe)
Released
March 26, 1976 (1976-03-26)
Format
7"
Genre
Soft rock
folk rock
folk jazz
Length
3:24
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Paul Simon
Producer(s)
Paul Simon
Phil Ramone
Paul Simon singles chronology
"50 Ways to Leave Your Lover"
(1975) "Still Crazy After All These Years"
(1976) "Slip Slidin' Away"
(1977)
"50 Ways to Leave Your Lover"
(1975) "Still Crazy After All These Years"
(1976) "Slip Slidin' Away"
(1977)
"Still Crazy After All These Years" is a song by the American singer-songwriter Paul Simon. It was the third and final single from his fifth studio album of the same name (1975), released on Columbia Records. Though the song briefly reached the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 in the U.S., it was a bigger hit on the magazine's Easy Listening chart, where it peaked at number four.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition
2 Reception
3 Charts
4 Notes
4.1 References
4.2 Sources
5 External links
Composition[edit]
"Still Crazy After All These Years" begins with the singer singing that "I met my old lover on the street last night."[2] The "old lover" has been variously interpreted to be either Simon's ex-wife Peggy Harper, from whom he was recently divorced, his former girlfriend from the 1960s Kathy Chitty, or even Simon's former musical partner Art Garfunkel, who appears on the song that follows 'Still Crazy After All These Years" on the album.[2][3] After sharing a few beers, the singer and the old lover part ways again.[4] The singer notes that he is "not the kind of man who tends to socialize" but rather leans "on old familiar ways" and is "still crazy after all these years."[4] The lyrics acknowledge a nostalgia for the past, but also subtly suggest that once the sweet nostalgia is gone, it is replaced by loneliness and even bitterness.[2]
The song features the Muscle Shoals rhythm section: Barry Beckett (Fender Rhodes), David Hood (bass) and Roger Hawkins (drums). The saxophone, played by Michael Brecker, emphasizes the jazz character of the song.[2][5] Music theorist Peter Kaminsky analyzed how the key progression of the introduction to "Still Crazy After All These Years" anticipates the key progressions throughout the album.[5] The song has an AABA form, with the first, second and fourth verses sharing the same basic melody.[5] The first and second verses are primarily in the key of G major, although there are some unexpected harmonies that differ between the verses.[5] The key of the third verse, the B section, is never resolved.[5] G major returns in the final verse, but modulates to the slightly higher key of A major, which according to author James Bennighof gives "a faint sense of slightly demented triumph to the singer's declaration that he wouldn't be held responsible for his potential mayhem."[5][6] Music critic Walter Everett considers this modulation to reflect the singer's "unpredictable emotional and mental state."[6]
Reception[edit]
Rolling Stone critic Paul Nelson considered "Still Crazy After All These Years" to be the best song on the album.[7] He praises the "poignancy and openness" of the first verse and Brecker's passionate sax solo, and the fact that the song demonstrates "the fierceness of [Simon's] will."[7]
Simon performed an unfinished version of the song on the September 5, 1974 episode of The Dick Cavett Show during a discussion of his songwriting techniques. At that point he only had the first two verses finished and was unsure of how to proceed musically or lyrically.
Simon has performed the song twice on the late-night comedy series Saturday Night Live. He first performed the song during the show's October 18, 1975 episode, during its first season, second season in a turkey costume shortly before Thanksgiving 1976, and again for the Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special in 2015.
Charts[edit]
Chart (1976)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[8]
10
Canada (RPM) Top Singles[9]
38
Canada MOR Playlist (RPM)[10]
2
US Easy Listening (Billboard)[11]
5
US Billboard Hot 100[12]
40
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Still Crazy After All These Years awards". Allmusic. Retrieved 2014-07-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Charlesworth, C. (1997). The Complete Guide to the Music of Paul Simon and Simon & Garfunkel. Omnibus Press. p. 74. ISBN 0711955972.
Jump up ^ Eliot, M. (2010). Paul Simon: A Life. John Wiley & Sons. p. 142. ISBN 9780470900871.
^ Jump up to: a b Fineman. M.A. (2009). "Equality: Still Illusive After All These Years". In McCain. L.C.; Grossman, J.L. Gender Equality: Dimensions of Women's Equal Citizenship. Cambridge University Press. p. 251. ISBN 9780521766470.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Bennighof, J. (2007). The Words and Music of Paul Simon. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 70–71. ISBN 9780275991630.
^ Jump up to: a b Everett, W. (1997). "Swallowed by a Song:Paul Simon's Crisis of Chromaticism". In Covach, J.; Boone, G.M. Understanding Rock: Essays in Musical Analysis. Oxford University Press. pp. 120–126. ISBN 9780199880126.
^ Jump up to: a b Nelson, P. (December 4, 1975). "Still Crazy After All These Years". Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved 2014-07-05.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "RPM100: Singles" (PDF). RPM. Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada. 25 (12). June 19, 1976. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Programmers' MOR Playlist" (PDF). RPM. Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada. 25 (14). July 3, 1976. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Paul Simon – Chart history". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Paul Simon Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
Sources[edit]
Bennighof, James (2007). The Words and Music of Paul Simon. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-99163-0.
Eliot, Marc (2010). Paul Simon: A Life. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-43363-8.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
t
e
Paul Simon songs
Discography
The Paul Simon Songbook
"I Am a Rock"
Paul Simon
"Mother and Child Reunion"
"Me and Julio Down by the Schoolyard"
"Duncan"
There Goes Rhymin' Simon
"Kodachrome"
"Loves Me Like a Rock"
"American Tune"
"Take Me to the Mardi Gras"
Paul Simon in Concert: Live Rhymin'
"The Sound of Silence"
Still Crazy After All These Years
"Gone at Last"
"My Little Town"
"50 Ways to Leave Your Lover"
"Still Crazy After All These Years"
Greatest Hits, Etc.
"Slip Slidin' Away"
One-Trick Pony
"Stranded in a Limousine"
"Late in the Evening"
"One-Trick Pony"
"Oh, Marion"
Hearts and Bones
"Allergies"
"The Late Great Johnny Ace"
"Think Too Much"
Graceland
"You Can Call Me Al"
"Graceland"
"The Boy in the Bubble"
"Diamonds on the Soles of Her Shoes"
"Under African Skies"
"Homeless"
The Rhythm of the Saints
"The Obvious Child"
"Proof"
"Born at the Right Time"
You're the One
"Old"
"You're the One"
Surprise
"Father and Daughter"
"That's Me"
"Outrageous"
So Beautiful or So What
"Getting Ready for Christmas Day"
"The Afterlife"
Featured singles
"Wonderful World"
"The Blues"
"The Boxer"
"New York Is My Home"
Other songs
"Something So Right"
"St. Judy's Comet"
"Rene and Georgette Magritte with Their Dog after the War"
"Thelma"
Category
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