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2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony
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This article is incomplete. Please help to improve it, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (February 2018)
2018 Winter Olympics
opening ceremony
Yuna Kim, South Korean Olympic figure skating champion, lights the Olympic cauldron
Date
9 February 2018 (2018-02-09)
Time
20:00–22:20 KST (UTC+9)
Location
Pyeongchang, South Korea
Coordinates
37°40′03″N 128°42′20″E / 37.66750°N 128.70556°E / 37.66750; 128.70556Coordinates: 37°40′03″N 128°42′20″E / 37.66750°N 128.70556°E / 37.66750; 128.70556
Also known as
Peace in Motion
Filmed by
SBS and OBS
Part of a series on the
2018 Winter Olympics
Bid process (bid details)
Venues
Torch relay
Mascots
Broadcasters
Opening ceremony (flag bearers)
Chronological summary
Medal table (medalists)
World and Olympic records
Controversies (ban on Russian athletes)
Closing ceremony (flag bearers)
Paralympics
IOC
KOC
POCOG
v
t
e
The opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium in Pyeongchang, South Korea on 9 February 2018. It began at 20:00 KST and finished at approximately 22:20 KST. The Games were officially opened by President of the Republic of Korea Moon Jae-in.
Contents
[hide]
1 Preparations
2 Ceremony
3 Programme
3.1 Parade of Nations
3.2 Torch lighting
3.3 Wish Fire
3.4 Intel® Drone Light Show
4 Controversies
4.1 Mike Pence
4.2 Russian hacking
5 Dignitaries in attendance
6 Anthems
7 Ceremony key team
8 References
9 External links
Preparations[edit]
The site of the opening ceremony, Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium, was built specifically for the Games. The pentagonal stadium seats 35,000. The organizers for the event said the shape was chosen because it is a combination of different shapes, a circle, a square, and a triangle, which represent heaven, earth, and mankind.[1] No Olympic or Paralympic events will be held at the stadium, which will only be used for the opening and closing ceremonies. The venue will be torn down afterwards.[2]
The broadcast of the Opening Ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympic Games was available in more than 200 countries around the world.[3]
Ha Hyun-woo of the band Guckkasten, Ahn Ji-young of the musical duo Bolbbalgan4, Lee Eun-mi and Jeon In-kwon with his band Deulgukhwa performed and sang John Lennon's "Imagine" at the opening ceremony.[4]
The Rainbow Children's Choir performed an arrangement, with Korean traditional musical instruments, of the national anthem, “Aegukga”.[5] The multiethnic children’s choir was formed to educate the Korean public about multicultural families living in Korea. [6]
Insooni sang the theme song for the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Torch Relay, "Let Everyone Shine".[7]
Ceremony[edit]
The ceremony's message centered on peace, passion, harmony, and convergence.[1]
Five children from rural Gangwon province led the ceremony, which included one Inmyeonjo (a mythical creature with a body of a bird and a head of a man, a creature that only appears when the world is at peace), four mythical creatures, including a white tiger — spirit animal protector of Korea and the mascot of these Games, natural floral and fauna, and a cast of 2,000. Five children were used to symbolize the five Olympic rings, and the five names were chosen to represent fire, water, wood, metal, and earth, the five elements that are believed to make up the Earth.[1]
Augmented reality and 5G technology were also incorporated in the event. The largest drone show in history, featuring 1,218 Shooting Star drones, was planned for the ceremony but cancelled at the last minute; television audiences were shown a version that had been recorded the previous December.[8]
During the opening ceremony the organizing committee was a victim of a cyber attack, but without major consequences.
Programme[edit]
Parade of Nations[edit]
Main article: 2018 Winter Olympics Parade of Nations
The Parade of Nations was led, according to custom due to hosting the original ancient Olympics, by the Greek team, followed by other competing countries in alphabetical order based on their names in the Korean language, with the host country, South Korea, concluding the march.[9]
The delegations from both the host nation South Korea and North Korea (Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics) marched under the Korean unification flag.[9] South Korean Won Yun-jong and North Korean Hwang Chung-gum both held the flagpole.[10]
Even though the temperature in the stadium during the ceremony was very cold, Bermuda's delegation wore shorts and Tongan Pita Taufatofua repeated his shirtless and oiled up Summer Olympic appearance.[10]
Background music for the parade began with an instrumental version of "Hand in Hand" by Koreana and included modern dance remixes of songs such as "단발머리" by Cho Yong-pil and of traditional Korean music, as well as the following K-pop hits: "Gangnam Style" by Psy, "Likey" by Twice, "Fantastic Baby" by Big Bang, "DNA" by BTS, and "Red Flavor" by Red Velvet.[11] "Red Flavor" was cut off just as the unified Korean team was introduced.
Torch lighting[edit]
See also: 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay
Cauldron
The Olympic flame was on a 101-day relay across South Korea. The start of the ceremony takes place in Olympia of Greece. Apostles Angelis, 24 years old cross-country skier, is selected to be the first torchbearer. He said "It is a great honour for me to be chosen as the first torchbearer for the Olympic Winter Games of 2018. It is truly a unique moment that I am looking forward to. I feel very proud and with a unique sense of happiness." [12] Park Ji-Sung, football player in Republic of Korea, was the second person to hold the torch. After the flame touring around Greece for a week, it reached the Acropolis on 30th of October. [12] There were 36 ceremonies held in different cities over a week, then the flame arrived to the PyeongChang Panathenaic Stadium. More than 500 torchbearers participated to follow the rituals of Olympic cycle, and carried the message of peace.[13] In the stadium, Opera soloist Sumi Hwang sang the Olympic anthem during the torch lighting ceremony. The final person to hold the torch was Inbee Park, the golfer from Republic of Korea. Chung Su-hyon from North Korea and Park Jong-ah from South Korea carried the torch and headed up stairs toward the cauldron. [14]As the torch neared the cauldron, an ice skating rink with South Korean figure skater Yuna Kim was revealed.[10] Yuna Kim is the well-known figure skater who won gold medal in 2010 and silver metal in 2014.[14] The cauldron was designed to represent a full moon when it is not lit. Kim received the torch and lit the cauldron.[1]
Wish Fire[edit]
The final segment entitled "Wish Fire" featured Korean dance group Just Jerk[15] (who became known internationally for their participation in the twelfth season of America's Got Talent) entered the stage dressed as Dokkaebi, and performers with sparklers on roller blades. This segment in total featured 2,000 fireworks within and out of the stadium, some reaching as high as 1,300 metres (4,300 ft).[1]
Intel® Drone Light Show[edit]
More than 1,200 Intel Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones flying above Pyeong Chang to celebrate the opening of 2018 Winter Olympic Games. Intel® drone team now holds the Guinness World Record of flying largest number of drones. [16] The drones flew together to form custom animations illustrating snow boarding, skiing, other different sports, as well as the iconic Olympic rings. The Shooting Star drones carried on the symbol of unity and progress from lighting of the torch. [17]
Controversies[edit]
Mike Pence[edit]
While there is no protocol requiring guests to stand for the host country's arrival,[18] United States Vice President Mike Pence was criticized for not standing, as North and South Korean athletes entered during the Parade of Athletes.[18] Pence was accused of hypocrisy, with critics drawing parallels to national anthem protests by NFL athletes.[19][20][21]
Russian hacking[edit]
On 24 February, the Washington Post reported that U.S. intelligence uncovered Russian spies hacked computers during the Opening Ceremony, an act that was previously speculated to be the work of North Korea. Analysts believed the Russians instigated the February 9 attack as a way to retaliate for the International Olympic Committee’s decision to ban Russia from the 2018 Winter Olympics as punishment for doping violations.[22][23]
Dignitaries in attendance[edit]
Mike Pence, Vice President of the United States
Co-Prince of Andorra and President of France Emmanuel Macron[24]
Governor General Julie Payette[25][24]
Politburo standing member Han Zheng[26]
Vice President Óscar Naranjo[24]
President Kersti Kaljulaid[27]
Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs Jean-Yves Le Drian[28] and Minister of Sports Laura Flessel
President Frank-Walter Steinmeier[29]
Sports Minister Luca Lotti[30]
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe[31]
President of Korea Moon Jae-In[32]
President Dalia Grybauskaitė[33]
President Hashim Thaçi[34]
Grand Duke Henri[35]
Prince Albert II[36]
King Willem Alexander, Queen Máxima and Prime Minister Mark Rutte[37]
President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly Kim Yong-nam and Director of the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Workers' Party of Korea Kim Yo-jong[38]
President Andrzej Duda[39]
Minister of Youth and Sports Vanja Udovičić[40]
President Andrej Kiska[41]
President Alain Berset[42]
Princess Anne[43]
Vice President Mike Pence and Second Lady Karen Pence[44]
Secretary-General António Guterres[45]
Kim Yo-jong attending the ceremony
On 9 February 2018, Kim Yo-jong — sister of Kim Jong-un — attended the ceremony in Pyeongchang, South Korea. This was a first time that a member of the ruling Kim dynasty had visited South Korea since the Korean War.[46] Kim Yo-jong shook hands with South Korean president Moon Jae-in before sitting down to watch the ceremony together.[10]
Anthems[edit]
Rainbow Children's Choir – South Korean National Anthem[5]
Sumi Hwang – Olympic Hymn[5]
Ceremony key team[edit]
Artistic Director: Yang Jung-woong[4]
Executive Director, creative: Song Seung-whan[47]
Executive Director, cinematography: Lim Tae-hong, Andrew
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Chappell, Bill (February 9, 2018). "Winter Olympics Opening Ceremony: Pyeongchang Welcomes The World". NPR. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Eaton, Joe (February 9, 2018). "It's Time for the Pop-Up Olympics". CITYLAB. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Pyeongchang 2018 Opening Ceremony LIVE on 9 February 2018". 18 January 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Hong, C. (30 January 2018). "Ha Hyun Woo, Bolbbalgan4's Ahn Ji Young, And More To Perform At Olympics Opening Ceremony". Soompi. Viki, Inc. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Garcia, Maira (10 February 2018). "Who Were the Singers at the Opening Ceremony of the Winter Olympics?". nytimes.com. Retrieved 2018-02-11.
Jump up ^ Garcia, Maira (10 Feb 2018). "Who Were the Singers at the Opening Ceremony of the Winter Olympics?". PyeongChang 2018.
Jump up ^ PyeongChang 2018 (21 September 2017). "(ENG) Theme song for the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Torch Relay (ENG sub)". Retrieved 8 February 2018 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Inside the Olympics Opening Ceremony World-Record Drone Show". WIRED. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "Winter Olympics 2018 opening ceremony – live!". Guardian. 9 February 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Winter Olympics 2018 opening ceremony review: Pyeongchang unites the world in a blizzard of emotion and effects". The Telegraph. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Gil (6 December 2017). "2018 Winter Olympics Kick Off With Korean Stars PSY & BTS During Opening Ceremonies". Billboard. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Olympia Awaits Flame Lighting Ceremony for PyeongChang 2018". Olympic Games. 19 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Information to the Media - PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Flame-Lighting Ceremony". Olympic Games. 23 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Keh, Andrew (9 Feb 2018). "Winter Olympics 2018 Opening Ceremony: Highlights and Analysis". PyeongChang 2018.
Jump up ^ Behind the Scenes of the PyeongChang 2018 Opening Ceremony
Jump up ^ "Intel® Drones at The Olympic Games". intel®.
Jump up ^ "A Record-Breaking Show at PyeongChang 2018". intel®. 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Radnofsky, Louise; Cheng, Jonathan (10 February 2018). "Pence Sat During Opening Ceremony. Some Koreans Took Offense". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ Banks, Paul M. (9 February 2018). "Winter Olympics Verify Mike Pence Hypocrisy on NFL National Anthem Protests". ChicagoNow. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Zilber, Ariel (10 February 2018). "Mike Pence accused of hypocrisy for refusing to stand for Unified Korea during Winter Olympics opening ceremony – months after walking out of an NFL game because of kneeling players". Daily Mail. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Meeks, David (12 February 2018). "By not standing for Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics, VP Mike Pence embarrassed America". USA Today. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Report: Russian spies behind Winter Olympics cyber attack. US Today. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Russian spies reportedly hacked Winter Olympics. CNET. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Winter Olympics opening ceremony: Koreans enter under unified flag – as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Gov. Gen. Julie Payette to attend opening of winter Olympics".
Jump up ^ "SOUTH KOREA-CHINA-HAN ZHENG-WINTER OLYMPICS-OPENING CEREMONY". February 9, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Korea-Estonia summit to help launch peace through Olympics". Korea.net. 7 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018. President Moon Jae-in held a meeting with President Kersti Kaljulaid of Estonia who is on a visit to Korea to attend the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games.
Jump up ^ "평창 오는 외국정상 벌써 15명…'올림픽 외교' 꽃피운다". 26 December 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Presidente de Alemania apoya diálogo entre Coreas" (in Spanish). Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Daniela Cotto (9 February 2018). "Il ministro Lotti a Casa Italia, l'incontro con Lindsey Vonn" (in Italian). La Stampa. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Mandatarios de Japón y Corea del Sur acuerdan continuar ejerciendo presión sobre Corea del Norte" (in Spanish). NHK World. Retrieved 10 February 2018. Abe y Moon sostuvieron una reunión de aproximadamente una hora en un hotel cerca del Estadio Olímpico de Pyeongchang antes de asistir el viernes a la ceremonia de apertura de los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno.
Jump up ^ "Lío de protocolo ante la inauguración de los juegos de invierno de Pyeongchang" (in Spanish). La Vanguardia. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "The President attends the opening ceremony of Winter Olympics". President of the Republic of Lithuania. 9 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Alan Crosby (10 February 2018). "Winter Olympics Debut A 10th-Anniversary Gift For Kosovo". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 10 February 2018. Hashim Thaci, president of Kosovo, said on February 5 during a ceremony presenting the official Kosovar flag to Tahiri.
Jump up ^ "Grand Duke Henri to Attend Winter Olympics". Chronicle.lu. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Prince Albert II of Monaco (C) reacts as he visits the House of Switzerland during the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Games, South Korea". european pressphoto agency. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Koningspaar en premier Rutte bij openingsceremonie Pyeongchang".
Jump up ^ Talmadge, Eric (9 February 2018). "At Olympic Games, Kim Jong Un's sister takes VIP seat". ABC News. AP. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
Jump up ^ "Szczerski o rozmowie Dudy z wiceprezydentem USA: od razu wiadomo, że się odbędzie". Retrieved 8 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Зимске олимпијске игре свечано отворене у Пјончангу – СПОРТСКИ ЖУРНАЛ".
Jump up ^ "33개국 정상급 45명 참석 밝혀… 靑 경호처가 근접 보호". Retrieved 8 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "JO 2018: Alain Berset à Pyeongchang pour affirmer la présence de la Suisse" (in French). La Côte. 10 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Guterres se reunió con el líder norcoreano Kim Yong-nam" (in Spanish). Deutsche Welle. 10 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018. El secretario general de la ONU, Antonio Guterres, se encontró con el presidente nominal de Corea del Norte, Kim Yong-nam, en el marco de la inauguración de los Juegos Olímpicos de invierno en Pyeongchang.
Jump up ^ "美펜스, 올림픽대표단 끌고 평창行..이방카 참석은 '미정'". 10 January 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "9 February 2018, Buckingham Palace". Court Circular. 9 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018. The Princess Royal, Member, International Olympic Committee, and President, British Olympic Association, this evening attended the Opening Reception and Ceremony of the XXIII Winter Olympic Games.
Jump up ^ Haas, Benjamin (9 February 2018). "US vice-president skips Olympics dinner in snub to North Korea officials". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
Jump up ^ "Olympics-Pyeongchang picks 'Nanta' producer for 2018 ceremonies". Seoul, South Korea. Reuters. 2 July 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
External links[edit]
Media related to 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony at Wikimedia Commons
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I Hear You Knocking
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with the Lazy Lester song by the same name.
"I Hear You Knocking"
Single by Smiley Lewis
B-side
"Bumpity Bump"
Released
July 1955 (1955-07)
Format
10-inch 78 rpm & 7-inch 45 rpm records
Recorded
1955
Studio
J&M Studio, New Orleans, Louisiana
Genre
New Orleans R&B
Length
2:23
Label
Imperial (no. X5356)
Songwriter(s)
Dave Bartholomew[1]
Producer(s)
Dave Bartholomew
Smiley Lewis singles chronology
"Bells Are Ringing"
(1952) "I Hear You Knocking"
(1955) "One Night"
(1956)
"Bells Are Ringing"
(1952) "I Hear You Knocking"
(1955) "One Night"
(1956)
"I Hear You Knocking" (or "I Hear You Knockin'") is a rhythm and blues song written by Dave Bartholomew. New Orleans rhythm and blues singer Smiley Lewis first recorded the song in 1955. The lyrics tell of the return of a former lover who is rebuffed and Huey "Piano" Smith provided the prominent piano accompaniment in the style associated with Fats Domino.
"I Hear You Knocking" reached number two on the Billboard R&B singles chart in 1955, making it Lewis's most popular and best-known song. Subsequently, numerous artists have recorded it, including Welsh singer and guitarist Dave Edmunds, whose version reached number one in the UK for six weeks in 1970 and was in the top 10 in several other countries.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Original song
3 First cover versions
4 Dave Edmunds version
5 Chart performance
5.1 Weekly charts
5.2 Year-end charts
6 Other recorded versions
7 See also
8 References
Background[edit]
Several earlier blues and R&B songs use lyrics similar to "I Hear You Knocking".[2] James "Boodle It" Wiggins recorded an upbeat piano blues in 1928 titled "Keep A Knockin' An You Can't Get In" (Paramount 12662),[3] which repeated the title in the lyrics. It was followed by songs that used similar phrases, including "You Can't Come In", by Bert M. Mays (1928, Vocalion 1223); "Keep On Knocking", by Lil Johnson (1935); "Keep a Knocking", by Milton Brown & His Brownies (1936); and "Keep Knocking (But You Can't Come In)", by Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys (1938, Columbia 20228). None of these early singles listed a songwriter or composer.
However, when popular jump blues bandleader Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five recorded the song as "Keep A-Knockin'" in 1939 (Decca 7609), the single's credits listed "Mays-Bradford" (Bert Mays and Perry Bradford). in 1957, Little Richard recorded it with "R. Penniman", Richard's legal name, listed as the writer, although Bert Mays and J. Mayo Williams were later credited as songwriters.[2] Beginning with his signing by the Los Angeles–based Imperial Records in 1950, Smiley Lewis was one of the main proponents of the emerging New Orleans rhythm and blues style, along with Fats Domino, Lloyd Price, Dave Bartholomew, and Professor Longhair.
Original song[edit]
Smiley Lewis recorded "I Hear You Knocking" with Dave Bartholomew's band at J&M Studios in New Orleans, owned by Cosimo Matassa. Bartholomew is listed as the producer and songwriter, along with Pearl King (a Bartholomew pseudonym; the maiden name of his wife). "I Hear You Knocking" uses a modified twelve-bar blues arrangement, in which the progression to the IV chord is repeated:[4]
I I I I7 IV IV I I7 IV IV V V
It has been notated in 4/4 time in the key of C with a moderate tempo.[5] Instrumentally, the song is dominated by piano triplets in the style of Fats Domino, played by Huey "Piano" Smith.[6] The lyrics echo some of the lines from the earlier songs:
You went away and left me long time ago
Now you're comin' back knockin' on my door
I hear you knockin', but you can't come in
I hear you knockin', go back where you been
"I Hear You Knocking" was released as a single by Imperial Records in 1955 and entered the charts on September 6.[7] It spent eighteen weeks on the chart and reached number two.[7]
First cover versions[edit]
In the 1950s, it was a common practice in the record industry for pop artists to re-record (or "cover") popular R&B songs.[8] Well-known early examples include Big Joe Turner's "Shake, Rattle and Roll", which was re-recorded by Bill Haley & His Comets, and Fats Domino's "Ain't That a Shame", which was covered by Pat Boone.[9] In some cases, cover versions far outsold the originals[10] and prevented them from entering the pop chart or "crossing over". This was the case with "I Hear You Knocking".[11] A recording of the song by actress and pop singer Gale Storm also in 1955 (Dot 15412) reached number two on the Billboard pop chart and number three on the Cash Box Best-Selling Record chart and became a gold record. Blues researcher Bill Dahl noted that "Storm swiped his [Lewis's] thunder for any crossover possibilities with her ludicrous whitewashed cover of the plaintive ballad".[11] Bartholomew expressed his disappointment,[12] reportedly leading him to refer to Lewis as a "'bad luck singer', because he never sold more than 100,000 copies of his Imperial singles".[11] English singer Jill Day also recorded the song in 1956, as did Connie Francis in 1959. In 1961, Bartholomew produced Fats Domino's successful remake of the song, also for Imperial.
Dave Edmunds version[edit]
"I Hear You Knocking"
Single by Dave Edmunds
B-side
"Black Bill"
Released
November 1970 (1970-11)
Format
7-inch 45 rpm record
Studio
Rockfield Studios, Monmouthshire
Genre
Blues rock
Length
2:48
Label
MAM
Songwriter(s)
Dave Bartholomew, Pearl King
Producer(s)
Dave Edmunds
Dave Edmunds singles chronology
"I Hear You Knocking"
(1970) "I'm Comin' Home"
(1971)
"I Hear You Knocking"
(1970) "I'm Comin' Home"
(1971)
Welsh singer and guitarist Dave Edmunds recorded "I Hear You Knocking" in 1970 at Rockfield Studios in Monmouthshire.[13] Whereas Lewis's original recording is a piano-driven R&B piece with a 12/8 shuffle feel, Edmunds' version features prominent guitar lines and a stripped-down, straight-quaver rock-and-roll approach.[14] In an interview, John Lennon commented, "Well, I always liked simple rock. There's a great one in England now, 'I Hear You Knocking'".[15]
Edmunds plays all the instruments (except possibly bass) and AllMusic writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine suggests that the song "has a mechanical rhythm and a weird, out-of-phase vocal that qualifies as an original interpretation".[16] Edmunds uses fills and a solo played on slide guitar, and during the instrumental break he shouts out the names of several 1950s recording artists: "Fats Domino, Smiley Lewis, Chuck Berry, Huey Smith!".[12] The production is notable for its use of heavy compression on nearly all tracks, and for its minimalist piano part, consisting of one chord (an augmented dominant C7) played only twice. The vocal was piped in through a telephone line.[13]
In December 1970, "I Hear You Knocking" reached number one in the UK, including the Christmas number one slot, and topped the UK Singles Chart for six weeks.[17] It also placed in the top 10 in several other countries, including number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in 1971.[18] It sold over three million copies, and was awarded a gold disc.[19]
Edmunds had originally planned to record a cover of "Let's Work Together" by Wilbert Harrison, but had to reconsider when he heard a version that had been recorded by Canned Heat. He later recalled: "Then an album of Smiley Lewis was released on United Artists in Britain, and they played "I Hear You Knocking" on the radio in Britain while I was driving along. I thought, Hang on, the two songs have identical format. You could use the same backing track for both songs. It's just a simple 12-bar thing. So I thought, I'll do that."[20] The song would later be included on his 1972 first solo album Rockpile.
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1970-71)
Peak
position
Australia KMR [21] 4
Canada RPM 3
New Zealand [22] 3
UK [23] 1
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [24] 4
U.S. Cash Box Top 100 4
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1971)
Rank
Australia [21] 20
Canada [25] 46
UK [26] 36
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [27] 81
U.S. Cash Box [28] 35
Other recorded versions[edit]
Examples of notable musicians who have recorded "I Hear You Knocking" include:[29]
Bryan Adams
Chris Bailey
Roy Buchanan
Clifton Chenier
Fats Domino (1961)
Fair Weather
Andy Fairweather-Low
Screamin' Jay Hawkins
Wynonna Judd (2009)
Pee Wee King
Kingfish
Alvin Lee
Jerry Lee Lewis
Craig McLachlan
Rockin' Dopsie (1984)
Showaddywaddy (2002)
Bruce Springsteen
Status Quo (1990)
Shakin' Stevens (1970)
The Strypes
Billy Swan (1975)
Thunder
Joe Turner
Mac Wiseman
Edward Gamblin
Václav Neckář (Pár dnů prázdnin)
See also[edit]
List of number-one singles from the 1970s (UK)
List of number-one singles of 1970 (Ireland)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lewis's single (see image) credited only Bartholomew as the songwriter.
^ Jump up to: a b Birnbaum, Larry (2012). Before Elvis: The Prehistory of Rock 'n' Roll. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 338. ISBN 978-0-8108-8629-2.
Jump up ^ Sliwicki, Susan. "James Wiggins Came 'Knocking' Long Before Little Richard Did". Goldminemag.com. Retrieved February 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "I Hear You Knocking, by Smiley Lewis". Musicnotes.com. Alfred Publishing. Retrieved February 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lewis' 1955 recording is in the key of E.
Jump up ^ According to Matassa, "Most people think Fats Domino played his own piano but he didn't always. Huey 'Piano' Smith did the piano work on many of Fats' records. He also did the piano intro on Smiley Lewis's 'I Hear You Knockin'". Aswell, Tom (2010). Louisiana Rocks!: The True Genesis of Rock and Roll. Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-58980-677-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Whitburn, Joel (1988). Top R&B Singles 1942–1988. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research. p. 256. ISBN 0-89820-068-7.
Jump up ^ Cover versions "capitalize[d] on the ethnic divide in American radio". Shuker, Roy (2012). Popular Music Culture: The Key Concepts (3rd. ed.). New York City: Routledge. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-415-59866-8.
Jump up ^ Sagolla, Lisa Jo (2011). Rock 'n' Roll Dances of the 1950s. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-313-36557-7.
Jump up ^ "Cover versions ... taking the dominant share of the record market." Caves, Richard E. (2000). Creative Industries: Contracts Between Art and Commerce. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-674-00164-0.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dahl, Bill (1996). Erlewine, Michael, ed. All Music Guide to the Blues. San Francisco: Miller Freeman Books. p. 165. ISBN 0-87930-424-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Wirt, John (2014). Huey "Piano" Smith and the Rocking Pneumonia Blues. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 32, 134. ISBN 978-0-8071-5295-9.
^ Jump up to: a b "I Hear You Knocking by Dave Edmunds on Apple Music". itunes.apple.com. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Rolling Stone (2004). "Dave Edmunds". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian. The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). New York City: Fireside Books. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-7432-0169-8.
Jump up ^ Wenner, Jann (2001). Lennon Remembers. New York City: Verso Books. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-85984-376-5.
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2002). "Dave Edmunds". In Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul (3rd. ed.). San Francisco: Backbeat Books. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-87930-653-3.
Jump up ^ "Dave Edmunds – Singles". Official Charts. Retrieved February 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dave Edmunds". Retrieved 3 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2nd ed.). London: Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 278. ISBN 0-214-20512-6.
Jump up ^ "Dave Edmunds : Songwriter Interviews". www.songfacts.com. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b David Kent's "Australian Chart Book 1970-1992" Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "flavour of new zealand - search listener". Flavourofnz.co.nz. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dave Edmunds – Singles". Official Charts. Retrieved February 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ [Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2002]
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 1971 - UK Music Charts". Uk-charts.top-source.info. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1971/Top 100 Songs of 1971". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1971". tropicalglen.com. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "I Hear You Knockin' – Song search results". AllMusic. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
Preceded by
"Voodoo Child" by The Jimi Hendrix Experience UK number-one single
(Dave Edmunds version)
28 November 1970 (6 weeks) Succeeded by
"Grandad" by Clive Dunn
[show]
v
t
e
UK Christmas number-one singles in the 1970s
"I Hear You Knocking" (Dave Edmunds, 1970)
"Ernie (The Fastest Milkman in the West)" (Benny Hill, 1971)
"Long Haired Lover from Liverpool" (Jimmy Osmond, 1972)
"Merry Xmas Everybody" (Slade, 1973)
"Lonely This Christmas" (Mud, 1974)
"Bohemian Rhapsody" (Queen, 1975)
"When a Child Is Born" (Johnny Mathis, 1976)
"Mull of Kintyre" (Wings, 1977)
"Mary's Boy Child" (Boney M., 1978)
"Another Brick in the Wall" (Pink Floyd, 1979)
Complete list
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"The Race Is On" with Stray Cats
"Slipping Away"
"Do You Want to Dance"
"The Wanderer"
Related articles
Love Sculpture
Nick Lowe
Rockpile
"And the Night Stood Still"
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Second line (parades)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Members of Social Aid & Pleasure Clubs sponsor "second line" parades where they turn out in their finery
Local Jazz singer Jane Harvey Brown leads the way as grand marshal for a brass band at a second line in the French Quarter in New Orleans
"Sons of Hope and the Annual Parade of the Young Veterans", New Orleans c. 1902
Exuberant dancing in the streets and sidewalks is part of the second line experience
Second line is a tradition in brass band parades in New Orleans, Louisiana. The "main line" or "first line" is the main section of the parade, or the members of the actual club with the parading permit as well as the brass band. Those who follow the band just to enjoy the music are called the "second line." The second line's style of traditional dance, in which participants walk and sometimes twirl a parasol or handkerchief in the air, is called "second lining." It has been called "the quintessential New Orleans art form – a jazz funeral without a body."[1] Another significant difference from so called "jazz funerals" is second line parades usually lack the slow hymns and dirges played at funerals (although this is not a hard rule; some organizations may have the band play something solemn towards the start of the parade in memory of members deceased since their last parade).
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Second line drumming
3 Modern second lining
3.1 Other places
4 References
5 External links
Origins[edit]
Some scholars believe that second lining has its origins in traditional West African circle dances, where children formed a periphery circle outside the main circle of adult dancers. The dance was brought by slaves to New Orleans, where it became incorporated into processions, such as funerals, forcing the ring to straighten into a line.[2] Others note the similarity of the steps – exaggerated, loosely coordinated strutting – to dances performed in Congo Square by the enslaved given the day off on Sundays. These dances were officially banned for a time because they were deemed threatening to the white inhabitants of the city, and their resurgence in second lining suggests a similar celebration of individual freedom.[3]
After the Civil War, African and African-American traditions came to be merged with the military brass band parade traditions of the Europeans and white Americans. Insurance companies often refused to cover the recently freed formerly enslaved, so African Americans formed into Benevolent Societies and "Social Aid & Pleasure Clubs". Membership benefits usually included a brass band for funerals and at least one public parade with music a year, so such societies became important in establishing the second line traditions.
The Second Line – the magazine of the New Orleans jazz club, started in 1950 – took its name from the second lining tradition, which by that time included fans of jazz music, both black and white.[4]
Second line drumming[edit]
A second line snare drummer commonly follows the brass band, playing off of the marching beat with improvised polyrhythmic figures that can inspire second line dancers or, if the band is improvising, the band itself. Second line drumming styles became a feature of early jazz drumming and the New Orleans Rhythm and Blues of the 1950s. The Rebirth Brass Band and the Dirty Dozen Brass Band feature traditional second line drumming styles. Idris Muhammad adapted second line drum figures to modern jazz.
Modern second lining[edit]
Second line parades are part of the cultural heritage of New Orleans.
The locally best known second line parades are held by clubs and benevolent organizations. Some have long histories; the oldest such organization still holding regular parades is the Young Men Olympian Junior Benevolent Association, founded in 1884. During the "second line season", lasting most of the year with breaks for holidays (including Mardi Gras) and the hottest part of summer, there are second line parades most Sundays.[5] Longer parades often make stops, commonly at bars, where refreshments have been arranged for members and those following the parade for fun can purchase something. There are often vendors selling soft drinks, beer, and street food, including barbecue and yaka mein.
Additional second lines, large or small, may be held for any event which people think merits hiring a parading band for such a style of celebration, including weddings and opening of businesses.
The historic predominantly African-American neighborhoods of Tremé and Central City are most strongly associated with the traditions, though second lines can often be seen in the Seventh Ward, Uptown, Marigny, Ninth Ward, Mid-City, and at least on occasion in most of the older neighborhoods of the city. The New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival holds second lines at the Fair Grounds each day of the festival to give visitors a taste of this New Orleans tradition.
Historically, the parades were unofficial events and sometimes had an air of menace.[6] A second line parade was featured in the 1973 James Bond film Live and Let Die.[7] In 2010, the opening scene in the pilot episode, as well as the season one finale of the HBO series Tremé featured a second line parade[8] and journalists championed second line culture.[6] After Hurricane Katrina, new residents of New Orleans embraced the second line tradition and it became part of the cultural economy of the city.[6] Parade routes were publicized online inviting outsiders to participate.[6]
The overwhelming majority of second line events have been peaceful, but like any other public event where large numbers of people gather, violence has marred some parades in recent years, most notoriously in the gang-related May 12, 2013 Mother's Day Parade shooting where 19 were wounded and one trampled,[9] and again on November 22, 2015, at Bunny Friend Park, where 17 were wounded, three critically.[10]
Other places[edit]
Though originally a New Orleans phenomenon, in recent times the style has spread to other parts of the country; the HONK! Festival in Somerville, MA, was started by The Second Line Social Aid and Pleasure Society Brass Band. Asheville, North Carolina has the "Asheville Second Line Band", which marches at parades and other events in Asheville.[11] Still, second lining remains most common in the New Orleans area.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Baum, Dan. Nine Lives: Death and Life in New Orleans (Spiegel & Grau, 2009), p. 120.
Jump up ^ Richard Brent Turner (11 August 2009). Jazz religion, the second line, and Black New Orleans. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-253-22120-9. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Abrahams, Roger D. (2006). Blues for New Orleans: Mardi Gras and America's Creole soul. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 31–2. ISBN 978-0-8122-3959-1. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Martin Halliwell (15 March 2007). American culture in the 1950s. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 140–1. ISBN 978-0-7486-1885-9. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Cotton, Red. "Tis the season for second-line parades".
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Celebrating, in Spite of the Risk". New York Times. May 14, 2013. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ accompli (28 October 2009). "Live and Let Die" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ List of Treme episodes#Season 1 .282010.29
Jump up ^ Mothers Day shooting gang feud related target of authorities, Nola.com', Naomi Martin, May 11, 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2015
Jump up ^ Bunny Friend Park shooting: What we know Monday morning, Nola.com, Danielle Dreilinger, November 23, 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Marshall, Alli (February 14, 2015). "First rate Second Line: Asheville's Mardi Gras marching band". Mountain Xpress. Ashville, North Carolina.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Second lines.
Fat City Brass Band, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KdxDDcULwKQ, www.facebook.com/fatcitybrassband
Nick Spitzer, "Rebuilding the 'Land of Dreams:' Expressive Culture and New Orleans' Authentic Future" Southern Spaces, 29 August 2006
Nick Spitzer, "Love and Death at Second Line" Southern Spaces, 20 February 2004.
A Jazz Funeral – including pictures of second-liners
Jazz Times: New Orleans’ Second Lines
The New Orleans Jazz Club
Mardi Gras Digest: History of the Secondline
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List of the largest fast food restaurant chains
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is the list of the largest fast food restaurant chains by their number of locations in the world.
Name
Number of locations
Revenue
1
SUBWAY 44,228[1] US$11.99 billion (2015)[2]
2
McDonald's 36,899[3] US$25.413 billion (2015)[4]
3
Starbucks 25,085[5] US$ 5.24 billion[6][7]
4
KFC 20,604[8] US$23 billion (2013)
5
Burger King 15,000+ [9]
6
Domino's Pizza 14,200[10]
7
Pizza Hut 13,728 [11]
8
Dunkin' Donuts 11,300[12]
9
Baskin-Robbins 7300[13]
10
Hunt Brothers Pizza 7300[14]
11
Taco Bell 6500[15]
12
Wendy's 6490 [16]
13
Hardee's 5,812[17]
14
Orange Julius 5700[18]
15
Dairy Queen 4800[19]
16
Little Caesars 4800[20]
17
Papa John's Pizza 4700+[21]
18
Tim Hortons 4590[22]
19
CNHLS 4000[23]
20
Sonic Drive-In 3526[24]
21
Sibylla 3500+[25]
22
Arby's 3342[26]
23
Costa Coffee 3277[27]
24
Jollibee 3000+[28] ₱113.91 billion (FY 2016)[29]
25
Jimmy John's 2522[30]
26
Jack in the Box 2267[31]
27
Ting Hsin International Group 2160[32]
28
Chick-fil-A 2100+[33]
29
Applebee's 2033[34]
30
Panera Bread 2024
31
Chipotle Mexican Grill 2010[35]
32
Dicos 2000+[36]
33
Pelicana Chicken 2000+[37]
34
Popeyes Louisiana Kitchen 2000[38]
35
Shanghai Shihao 2000[39]
36
Panda Express 1900[40]
37
Sukiya 1856[41]
38
Pala Hamburger 1850[42]
39
Chester's International 1800+[43]
40
MOS Burger 1730[44]
41
Denny's 1700[45]
42
Church's Chicken 1700[46]
43
IHOP 1650[47]
44
WingStreet 1600~[48]
45
Chili's 1580[49]
46
Café Coffee Day 1556[50] US$ 230 million (2015)
47
Auntie Anne's 1500+[51] US$230 million (2015)
48
Carl's Jr. 1500+[52]
49
Five Guys 1500+[53]
50
Quiznos 1500[54]
51
Papa Murphy's 1425[55]
52
LEM hamburger 1401[56]
53
Ichibanya 1268[57]
54
Long John Silver's 1200+[58]
55
Buffalo Wild Wings 1175[59]
56
Firehouse Subs 1030[60]
57
Kebab Turki Baba Rafi 1030 [61]
58
Telepizza 1025[62]
59
Krispy Kreme 1003[63]
60
Bob's 1000+[64]
61
Jersey Mike's Subs 1000[65]
62
Nando's 1000[66]
63
Chooks-to-Go 1000~[67]
64
Kennedy Fried Chicken 1000[68]
65
Häagen-Dazs 900[69]
66
Jamba Juice 849[70]
67
BreadTalk 836[71]
68
85C Bakery Cafe 800+[72]
69
Sbarro 800+[73]
70
Zaxby's 800+[74]
71
A&W 800[75]
72
Blimpie 790[76]
73
Checkers and Rally's 784[77]
74
Cinnabon 750+[78]
75
Whataburger 735[79]
76
Southern Fried Chicken 700+[80]
77
Wingstop 650[81]
78
Einstein Bros. Bagels 649[82]
79
Bojangles' Famous Chicken 'n Biscuits 600+[83]
80
Moe's Southwest Grill 600+[84]
81
Pizza Pizza 600+[85]
82
Qdoba Mexican Eats 600+[86]
83
Rita's Italian Ice 600+[87]
84
Smoothie King 600+[88]
85
Chuck E. Cheese's 590[89]
86
Pita Pit 588[90]
87
Kungfu 566[91]
88
Del Taco 547[92]
89
Steak 'n Shake 544[93]
90
Culver's 527[94]
91
Steers 525[95]
92
Captain D's 520[96]
93
Da Niang Dumpling 514[97]
94
Brioche Dorée 500+[98]
95
Charley's Grilled Subs 500+[99]
96
Round Table Pizza 500+[100]
97
Shakey's 500+[101]
98
CiCi's Pizza 500[102]
99
Country Style 490[103]
100
Habib's 475+[104]
See also[edit]
List of fast food restaurant chains
Companies portal
Food portal
Lists portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Subway's publication. "Explore Our World". Subway's Corporation. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
Jump up ^ "The 20 fast food chains that rake in the most money". Business Inside UK. March 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ McDonald's publication. "McDonald's Corporation 2016 Annual Report Form (10-K)" (PDF). McDonald's Corporation. Retrieved 2017-05-16.
Jump up ^ "McDonald's Corporation 2015 Annual Report Form (10-K)" (XBRL). United States Securities and Exchange Commission. March 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended October 2, 2016" (PDF). Starbucks Corporation. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
Jump up ^ "Starbucks Corporation 2013 Fiscal Report, Form 10-K, Filing Date Sept 30,2016". Retrieved September 30, 2016. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "SEC Filings". Starbucks Corporation. March 25, 2016. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Annual Report 2016" (PDF). Yum! Brands. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
Jump up ^ "Number of Burger King restaurants worldwide from 2009 to 2015". Statista. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
Jump up ^ Domino's 101: Basic Facts
Jump up ^ "Pizza Hut". Yum. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
Jump up ^ Company Snapshot
Jump up ^ SEC filing
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "OC-Based Restaurant Chains". Orange County Business Journal. 33 (37): 24. July 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Investor Dashboard
Jump up ^ CKE Restaurants, Inc. Announces Preliminary, Unaudited Fourth Quarter and Full Year Fiscal 2013 Results[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Orange Julius Application: Jobs, Career Opportunities & Employment
Jump up ^ Dairy Queen CEO: Paying Workers A ‘Fair Wage’ Helps Us
Jump up ^ Little Caesars is back!
Jump up ^ Our Story
Jump up ^ Investor
Jump up ^ Top 10 fast-food chains in China
Jump up ^ Sonic barrier broken
Jump up ^ Sibyllan tarina
Jump up ^ Arby's locations
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ Acquired tastes
Jump up ^ "Jollibee Foods Corporation 2015 annual report ( FORM 17-A)" (Press release). December 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ The Jimmy John's Story
Jump up ^ Number of Jack in the Box restaurants from 2011 to 2015
Jump up ^ Top 10 fast-food chains in China
Jump up ^ Company Fact Sheet
Jump up ^ Applebee's Locations
Jump up ^ Investor Relations
Jump up ^ In China, Local Dining Chains Bite Into West
Jump up ^ Pelicana Chicken outlet business set to expand Archived 2014-08-21 at WebCite
Jump up ^ Company Overview
Jump up ^ Top 10 fast-food chains in China
Jump up ^ Panda Express Launched With A Small Business Loan. Today Its Founders Are Multi-Billionaires…
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ Top 10 fast-food chains in China
Jump up ^ Chester’s International Expansion Plans Come Home to Roost
Jump up ^ Corporation Profile
Jump up ^ Denny's Corporation to Present at the Oppenheimer 11th Annual Consumer Conference
Jump up ^ Church's Chicken
Jump up ^ About IHOP®
Jump up ^ [4][permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ The Almanac of American Employers
Jump up ^ A lot can happen over coffee | Cafe Coffee Day
Jump up ^ Auntie Anne’s Prices
Jump up ^ Description
Jump up ^ About Us
Jump up ^ Comparing the sub shops Subway, Jimmy Johns, and Quiznos Alee Tjugum
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-24. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
Jump up ^ Top 10 fast-food chains in China
Jump up ^ Company Profile
Jump up ^ Long John Silver’s Prices
Jump up ^ GOP Debate: Buffalo Wild Wings Fans Bite Back at Marco Rubio on Social Media - See more at: https://www.thewrap.com/gop-debate-buffalo-wild-wings-fans-bite-back-at-marco-rubio-on-social-media/#sthash.q8oGBuYD.dpuf
Jump up ^ Our Story
Jump up ^ Baba Rafi
Jump up ^ Loeda, Roberto C. (June 1, 2010). Telepizza entra en Colombia con la adquisición de Jeno's Pizza Alimarket
Jump up ^ Krispy Creme - Corporate Fact Sheet
Jump up ^ AmBev quer desbancar Bob's e McDonald's em número de franquias no país
Jump up ^ Jersey Mike's Subs Opens 1000th Location
Jump up ^ Nando's Worldwide Archived 2013-04-13 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Richard Yap endorses Chooks-to-Go
Jump up ^ Yelp
Jump up ^ 18 biggest fast-food chains in the world
Jump up ^ Value Investors Club
Jump up ^ Financial Statement and Dividend Announcement For The Year Ended 31 December 2013
Jump up ^ Some Salt with Your Coffee? Taiwan's Hot Drink
Jump up ^ About - Sbarro
Jump up ^ [5]
Jump up ^ A&W Canada opens its 800th restaurant, downtown Montréal
Jump up ^ Blimpie - Hours, Locations[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Checkers and Rally's Restaurants Inc.
Jump up ^ About Us
Jump up ^ Whataburger Press Room - Press Kit
Jump up ^ Arthur’s Story
Jump up ^ Employment - Wingstop
Jump up ^ America's Top 10 Healthiest Fast Food Restaurants
Jump up ^ It's Bo Time Again in Greenwood As Bojangles' Opens Its Second Restaurant in the Area
Jump up ^ Moe’s Southwest Grill Continues Fast-Paced Growth with Opening of 600th Restaurant
Jump up ^ 17 Best Pizza Chains Around the World (Slideshow)
Jump up ^ Jack in the Box and Qdoba Look Set to Take Down Chipotle
Jump up ^ Rita’s Italian Ice Celebrates “Ice, Custard, Happiness” with Custard’s Exciting Return
Jump up ^ The Story of Smoothie King — Smoothie King
Jump up ^ Press Release
Jump up ^ [6]
Jump up ^ Top 10 fast-food chains in China
Jump up ^ Del Taco Distinguishes Top Franchisees
Jump up ^ "Biglari Holdings 2014 Annual Report" (PDF). Biglari Holdings. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
Jump up ^ Culver’s plans Port Orange restaurant
Jump up ^ STEERS Kimberley CBD in Kimberley
Jump up ^ Captain D’s Kicks off Corporate-Store Development Program
Jump up ^ Top 10 fast-food chains in China
Jump up ^ Groupe Le Duff Archived 2011-09-11 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ About Charley's Grilled Subs
Jump up ^ Round Table Pizza franchising
Jump up ^ About Us
Jump up ^ Grab a plate: Chain will offer pizza 'buffet'
Jump up ^ Food court king buys Country Style
Jump up ^ Sobre a Empresa - Sobre o grupo
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