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Thomas and the Magic Railroad
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Thomas and the Magic Railroad
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Britt Allcroft
Produced by
Britt Allcroft
Phil Fehrle
Written by
Britt Allcroft
Based on
The Railway Series
by The Rev. W. Awdry
Uncredited:
Shining Time Station
by Britt Allcroft
Rick Siggelkow
Starring
Peter Fonda
Mara Wilson
Alec Baldwin
Didi Conn
Russell Means
Cody McMains
Michael E. Rodgers
Music by
Hummie Mann
Cinematography
Paul Ryan
Edited by
Ron Wisman
Production
company
Gullane Pictures
Isle of Man Film Commission
Destination Films
Distributed by
Destination Films (US)
Icon Film Distribution (UK)
Release date
July 14, 2000 (2000-07-14) (United Kingdom)
July 26, 2000 (2000-07-26) (United States)
Running time
85 minutes
Country
United Kingdom[1]
United States[1]
Language
English
Box office
$19.7 million[2]
Thomas and the Magic Railroad is a 2000 fantasy adventure film by Britt Allcroft, its director, producer and writer. Starring Peter Fonda, Mara Wilson, Alec Baldwin, Didi Conn, Russell Means, Cody McMains, Michael E. Rodgers and the voices of Eddie Glen and Neil Crone, the film is based on the British children's book series The Railway Series by The Rev. W. Awdry, its televised adaptation Thomas & Friends, and the American series Shining Time Station. It was co-produced by Gullane Pictures/The Britt Allcroft Company and the Isle of Man Film Commission. The film was distributed by Destination Films in the United States and Icon Film Distribution in the United Kingdom.
Its story is centred on Lily Stone (Wilson), the granddaughter of the caretaker (Fonda) of an enchanted steam engine who is lacking an appropriate supply of coal, and Mr. Conductor (Baldwin) of Shining Time Station, whose provisions of magical gold dust are at a critical low. To ameliorate these problems, Lily and Mr. Conductor enlist the help of Thomas the Tank Engine (Glen), who confronts the ruthless Diesel 10 (Crone) along the way.
When Thomas and the Magic Railroad was first released in the U.K. where critics were unfamiliar with the characters from Shining Time Station, the film was accused of "Americanizing" Thomas.[3] Critical reception in the U.S. was somewhat better, but still mostly negative, in stark contrast to the praise given to the original Shining Time Station, which was an award-winning show.[4][5][6] General criticism of the film has been directed towards its plot, characterization, acting and special effects.
The film's critical and commercial failure led Allcroft to resign from her company, Gullane Entertainment (originally The Britt Allcroft Company) in September 2000.[7] Two years later, Gullane was acquired by HiT Entertainment, which the television rights to Thomas were passed onto.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Live-action actors
2.2 Voice actors
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
3.3 Original version
4 Release
4.1 Home media
5 Reception
6 Soundtrack
7 Video game
8 Future of Thomas on film
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
Sir Topham Hatt is away on holiday, leaving Mr. Conductor in charge. Meanwhile, while talking at Killaban, Thomas and Gordon encounter Diesel 10.
Meanwhile, in Shining Time, Mr. Conductor has his own problems as his supply of gold dust is running low and not enough to allow him to travel back from the Island of Sodor.
Later that day, while Thomas and James are at Tidmouth Sheds, Diesel 10 arrives and announces his evil plan to get rid of the steam engines; Thomas leaves to collect Mr. Conductor.
"The lost engine", named Lady, is hidden in a workshop on Muffle Mountain. Burnett Stone has kept her hidden after Diesel 10's last attempt to destroy her. Despite having rebuilt Lady, Burnett is unable to steam her despite using different types of coal.
At night, Diesel 10 attacks the shed where the steam engines are sleeping, but after his gold dust fails him, Mr. Conductor repels him with sugar and Diesel 10 quickly retreats.
Lily Stone is being sent from her hometown to visit Burnett on Muffle Mountain. While at the railway station, she meets Mutt, who puts her on the Rainbow Sun instead of the right train. On arriving at Shining Time, she meets Junior and Stacy Jones, who takes her to Burnett's house.
While talking at Knapford, Percy and Thomas conclude there is a secret railway between Sodor and Shining Time. Diesel 10 overhears them and goes to the Sodor Ironworks to tell Splatter and Dodge of his plans to destroy the lost engine and the other steam engines. Toby rings his bell to distract him, causing Diesel 10 to knock the shed roof.
Later, Henry has a bad cold, so Thomas collects six special coal trucks for him, but because one rolled through the Magic Buffers, he only has five according to Bertie.
The next day, Lily meets Patch, who takes her on a horse ride to Shining Time, where she meets Junior again. Junior takes her through the Magic Railroad to Sodor, where they meet Thomas. Thomas is not happy to see Junior, but agrees to help him and Lily and takes the two of them to the Sodor Grain Windmill, where they find Mr. Conductor. Junior climbs onto one of the windmill sails and ends up being thrown onto Diesel 10's roof.
Later that night, Percy finds Splatter and Dodge have located the Sodor entrance to the Magic Railroad and goes to warn Thomas. Thomas agrees to take Lily back home and sets off. While travelling through the Magic Railroad, Thomas discovers the missing coal truck, which he collects and arrives at Muffle Mountain. Lily goes to find Burnett, leaving Thomas stranded on the mountain, but as the wind picks up, Thomas rolls down the mountain and re-enters the Magic Railroad through another secret portal.
Lily finds Burnett in his workshop where he shows her Lady and explains his problem in getting her to steam. Lily suggests using Sodor coal, and when Patch goes back to retrieve the truck, Burnett uses the coal to fire Lady up. Now able to steam, Burnett, Lily, Patch and Mutt take Lady back along the Magic Railroad, regenerating both Lady and the railroad in the process. Thomas then arrives and the two engines return to Sodor, where they meet Mr. Conductor and Junior.
Diesel 10 arrives with Splatter and Dodge, who abruptly decide to stop helping him. Thomas and Lady, driven by Burnett, flee from Diesel 10, who chases them towards a crumbling viaduct. Thomas and Lady both make it safely across, and as Diesel 10 approaches, he applies his brakes, but it is too late and he falls off the bridge and lands into a barge filled with sludge.
That evening, Thomas, Lady and Burnett return to the grotto; Lily combines water from a wishing well and shavings from the Magic Railroad to make more gold dust. Junior decides to go to work on Sodor and Mr. Conductor gives him his own cap before sending him to another railway, before leaving himself to welcome Sir Topham Hatt home. Lily, Burnett, Patch and Mutt return to Shining Time, while Thomas happily travels home into the sunset.
Cast[edit]
Live-action actors[edit]
Alec Baldwin as Mr. Conductor
Peter Fonda as Burnett Stone
Jared Wall as Young Burnett
Mara Wilson as Lily Stone
Michael E. Rodgers as Mr. C. Junior
Cody McMains as Patch
Didi Conn as Stacy Jones
Russell Means as Billy Twofeathers
Lori Hallier as Lily's Mother
Laura Bower as Young Tasha
Voice actors[edit]
Eddie Glen as Thomas
Neil Crone as Diesel 10, Gordon, Splatter and Tumbleweed
Linda Ballantyne as Percy
Kevin Frank as Henry, Dodge, Bertie and Harold
Susan Roman as James
Colm Feore as Toby
Britt Allcroft as Lady
Shelley-Elizabeth Skinner as Annie and Clarabel
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
In the early 1990s, the character of Thomas the Tank Engine, adapted from the Rev. W. Awdry's Railway Series into the TV series Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends, created by Britt Allcroft, was at the height of his popularity following three successful series. At the same time, Shining Time Station, an American series that combined episodes from the previous series with original live-action characters and scenarios, also created by Allcroft along with Rick Siggelkow, was made and was also successful. As early as 1994, prior to the launch of Thomas's fourth series, Britt Allcroft had plans to make a feature film based on both of these series, and would make use of the model trains from Thomas and the live-action aesthetic of Shining Time Station.[9]
In February 1996, Britt Allcroft was approached by Barry London, then vice-chairman of Paramount Pictures, with an idea for the Thomas film. Britt signed a contract to write the script for the film with the working title Thomas and the Magic Railroad. London's interest is thought to have stemmed from his 3-year-old daughter, who was enthralled by Thomas. Filming, according to a press release, was to take place at Shepperton Studios, in the United Kingdom and the United States, with the theatrical release date set for 1997. However, Paramount shelved the plans for the film after London left the company later that year. This left Allcroft to seek other sources of funding. Discussions with PolyGram about the film were held, but not for long because of the company being in the middle of a corporate restructuring and sale.[9]
In the Summer of 1998, during Series 5 of Thomas's production, Allcroft saw an Isle of Man Film Commission advert. They were offering tax incentives to companies wanting to film on the Island. Allcroft visited and felt that the location was perfect. During that year, Barry London became Chairman of the newly founded Destination Films (owned by Sony Pictures). He renewed his interest in the project and Destination Films became the main financial backer and studio for the film.[9]
Filming[edit]
The movie was filmed at the Strasburg Rail Road in Strasburg, Pennsylvania (United States), as well as in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and on the Isle of Man. Castletown railway station on the Isle of Man Railway formed part of Shining Time Station and the goods shed at Port St Mary railway station became Burnett Stone's workshop. Running shots of the "Indian Valley" train were filmed at the Strasburg Rail Road location. The large passenger station where Lily boards the train is the Harrisburg Transportation Center. Norfolk & Western 4-8-0 475 was repainted as the Indian Valley locomotive. Sodor was realised using models and chroma key. The models were animated using live action remote control, as on the television series. The model sequences were filmed in Toronto instead of Shepperton Studios, the "home" of the original TV show; however, several of the show's key staff were flown over to participate. The Magic Railway was created using models, CGI and water-coloured matte paintings.
Original version[edit]
In a 2007 interview, director Britt Allcroft commented the finished film was drastically changed from what it was originally going to be the way she had written it, with the original antagonist P.T. Boomer, (played by Doug Lennox) being removed from the film because the character was considered too frightening for young children by test audiences.[10]
Lily Stone (played by Mara Wilson) was intended to be the narrator of the story.[11] Before filming, Thomas's voice would be provided by John Bellis, a fireman and part-time taxi driver who worked on the film as the Isle of Man transportation co-ordinator and facilities manager. Bellis received the role when he happened to pick up Britt Allcroft and her crew from the airport. According to Allcroft, after hearing him speak for the first time, she told her colleagues, "I have just heard the voice of Thomas. That man is exactly how Thomas would sound!" Bellis accepted the role.[12] Test audiences in Los Angeles disliked Bellis's voice for Thomas, due to his Liverpudlian accent and saying that he made Thomas sound too old. Subsequently, Bellis was replaced by Edward Glen, who gave Thomas a more youthful-sounding voice. Bellis did receive a credit for his work on the Isle of Man, and his voice can still be heard extensively in one or two of the trailers. Bellis said he was "gutted", but wished the film-makers well. "It was supposed to be my big break, but it hasn't put me off and I am hoping something else will come along." Ewan McGregor and Bob Hoskins had also auditioned for the role of Thomas.[13] Michael Angelis, who at the time was the UK narrator for the Thomas & Friends TV series, was originally cast as the voices of both James and Percy, but test audiences also considered his voice too old for the characters, who were subsequently recast with Susan Roman and Linda Ballantyne respectively. Keith Scott originally voiced Diesel 10, but believes he was replaced because his portrayal was too scary for young children.[14]
Release[edit]
Thomas and the Magic Railroad was released theatrically on 14 July 2000 in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and 26 July 2000 in the United States and Canada. The film was also released in Australia on 14 December 2000, and in New Zealand on 7 April 2001. The film premièred at the Odeon Leicester Square; for the purpose, a steam locomotive, no. 47298 painted to resemble Thomas, was brought to the cinema by low loader on 9 July 2000. The film grossed $19.7 million worldwide.[2] During its second weekend of screening in Britain it took in £170,000.[15]
Home media[edit]
Thomas and the Magic Railroad was released onto VHS and DVD on 19 October 2000 in the United Kingdom by Warner Home Video and in the United States on 31 October 2000 by Columbia TriStar Home Video.
Reception[edit]
As of December 2015[update], Thomas and the Magic Railroad had an approval rating of 19% on Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews from 67 critics, with an average rating of 3.9/10. The site's critical consensus stated: "Kids these days demand cutting edge special effects or at least a clever plot with cute characters. This movie has neither, having lost in its Americanization what the British original did so right."[16] Metacritic gives the film a score of 19 out of 100, based on reviews from 23 critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike".[17]
Nell Minow of Common Sense Media gave the film three out of five stars and writing that it "will please [Thomas fans]" but that the plot "might confuse kids".[18] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one star out of four, and wrote "(the fact) That Thomas and the Magic Railroad made it into theaters at all is something of a mystery. This is a production with 'straight to video' written all over it. Kids who like the Thomas books might kinda like it. Especially younger kids. Real younger kids. Otherwise, no." While he admired the models and art direction, he criticized how the engines' mouths did not move when they spoke, the overly depressed performance of Peter Fonda, as well as the overall lack of consistency in the plot.[19]
Soundtrack[edit]
Thomas and the Magic Railroad Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by Hummie Mann
Mike O' Donnell
Junior Campbell
Released
August 1, 2000
Length
48:19
Label
Unforscene Music Ltd. / Nettwerk
Thomas and the Magic Railroad is a soundtrack released on both CD and cassette. It features twelve music tracks from the feature film composed by Hummie Mann.
Track listing
No.
Title
Artist
Length
1. "He's a Really Useful Engine" Steven Page 1:32
2. "Shining Time" Maren Ord 3:18
3. "I Know How the Moon Must Feel" Dayna Manning 3:22
4. "Some Things Never Leave You" Joe Henry 2:57
5. "Summer Sunday" Dominic Gibbeson
Dominic Goundar
Rob Jenkins
Gerard McLachan 2:59
6. "The Locomotion" Atomic Kitten 3:54
7. "Main Title" Hummie Mann 3:32
8. "Lily Travels to the Island of Sodor" Hummie Mann 4:33
9. "Burnett and Lady/Diesel 10 and Splodge" Hummie Mann 3:28
10. "Diesel 10 Threatens Mr. C" Hummie Mann 4:25
11. "Through the Magic Buffers" Hummie Mann 6:36
12. "The Chase, the Clue and the Happy Ending" Hummie Mann 7:43

Video game[edit]
A video game, called Thomas and the Magic Railroad: Print Studio, was released based on the film. Print Studio was published by Hasbro Interactive and released for PC on August 25, 2000.
Future of Thomas on film[edit]
HiT said that its theatrical division would be piloted by a Thomas film. Originally targeted for late-2010 release,[20] in September 2009 this was revised to Spring 2011.[21] As of January 2011, the release date had been pushed back further, to 2012. The initial draft of the script was written by Josh Klausner who has also said that the film would be set around the times of World War II, Will McRobb and Chris Viscardi also helped write the script.[22] On 8 June 2011, Deadline announced that 9 director Shane Acker would direct the live-action adaptation of Thomas the Tank Engine, with Weta Digital designing the film's visual effects.[23]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Thomas and the Magic Railroad (2000)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Thomas and the Magic Railroad (2000)". Box Office Mojo. 2002-08-28. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
Jump up ^ Elley, Derek (15 July 2000). "Thomas and the Magic Railroad". Variety.
Jump up ^ "Shining Time Station (1989–1993) : Awards". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2015-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Thomas And The Magic Railroad". Daily Mail. London.
Jump up ^ Michael Thomson Updated 13 July 2000 (2000-07-13). "Films - review - Thomas and the Magic Railroad". BBC. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
Jump up ^ "Britt Allcroft quits as Thomas flops". The Guardian. 8 September 2000. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gullane succumbs to HIT's advances". The Guardian. 5 July 2002. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "SiF: About the Magic Railroad". Retrieved 2013-06-08.
Jump up ^ "Magic Railroad - Revealed". Sodor-island.net. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
Jump up ^ "Interview: Britt Allcroft - Producer". Sodor-island.net. 1999-05-19. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
Jump up ^ "Thomas finds his voice". BBC News. 16 July 1998.
Jump up ^ "Hollywood vetoes Liverpool accent as voice of Thomas the Tank Engine". Independent.co.uk. 29 April 2000. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Magic Railroad - Revealed". Sodor-island.net. Retrieved 2017-06-02.
Jump up ^ Guardian Wednesday, July 26, 2000 P22, In house stocks, Go off Menu
Jump up ^ "Thomas and the Magic Railroad (2000)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
Jump up ^ "Thomas and the Magic Railroad". Metacritic. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Thomas and the Magic Railroad Movie Review". Commonsensemedia.org. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
Jump up ^ "Thomas And The Magic Railroad". Chicago Sun-Times. 26 July 2000.
Jump up ^ Hayes, Dade (3 March 2009). "Hit Entertainment gets into movie biz". Variety.
Jump up ^ "Hit Entertainment's Hit Movies Division Begins Development Of First Feature Film Based on the Adventures of Thomas and Friends". HIT Entertainment. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Thomas Theatrical Film Pushed Back AGAIN!". (Thomas news). Sodor Island. 5 January 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike. "'9' Helmer Shane Acker Boards Feature Based on the Thomas The Tank Engine Toys". Deadline.com. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Thomas and the Magic Railroad
Official website archived from the original on August 15, 2000
Thomas and the Magic Railroad on IMDb
Cinema.com: Thomas and the Magic Railroad
Britt Allcroft Engineers Magic - Frazier Moore, AP
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President's Daily Brief
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Excerpt from the President's Daily Brief of August 6, 2001
The President's Daily Brief (PDB), sometimes referred to as the President's Daily Briefing or the President's Daily Bulletin, is a top-secret document produced and given each morning to the President of the United States, and is also distributed to a small number of top-level US officials who are approved by the President, and includes highly classified intelligence analysis, information about CIA covert operations and reports from the most sensitive US sources or those shared by allied intelligence agencies.[1] The PDB is also provided to the President-elect of the United States, between election day and inauguration.
The PDB is produced by the Director of National Intelligence,[2] and involves fusing intelligence from the Central Intelligence Agency, the Defense Intelligence Agency, the National Security Agency, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and other members of the U.S. Intelligence Community.
Contents
[hide]
1 Purpose and history
2 Sources
3 Political importance
4 Public awareness
5 Usage by presidents and presidents-elect
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Purpose and history[edit]
The PDB is intended to provide the President with new intelligence warranting attention and analysis of sensitive international situations. The prototype of the PDB was termed the President's Intelligence Check List (PICL);[3] the first was produced by Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer Richard Lehman at the direction of Huntington D. Sheldon on June 17, 1961.[4][5]
Although the production and coordination of the PDB was a CIA responsibility, other members of the U.S. Intelligence Community reviewed articles (the "coordination" process) and were free to write and submit articles for inclusion.[6]
While the name of the PDB implies exclusivity, it has historically been briefed to other high officials. The distribution list has varied over time, but has always or almost always included the Secretaries of State and Defense and the National Security Advisor[citation needed]. Rarely, special editions of the PDB have actually been "for the President's eyes only," with further dissemination of the information left to the President's discretion.[6]
Production of the PDB is associated with that of another publication, historically known as the National Intelligence Daily, that includes many of the same items but is distributed considerably more widely than the PDB.
Sources[edit]
The PDB is an all-source intelligence product summarized from all collecting agencies.[7][8] The Washington Post noted that a leaked document indicated that the PRISM SIGAD (US-984) run by the National Security Agency (NSA) is "the number one source of raw intelligence used for NSA analytic reports."[9] The PDB cited PRISM data as a source in 1,477 items in the 2012 calendar year.[10] Declassified documents show that as of January 2001 over 60% of material in the PDB was sourced from signals intelligence (SIGINT).[11] According to the National Security Archive, the percentage of SIGINT-sourced material has likely increased since then.[11]
Political importance[edit]
Former Central Intelligence Director George Tenet considered the PDB so sensitive that during July 2000 he indicated to the National Archives and Records Administration that none of them could be released for publication "no matter how old or historically significant it may be."[12]
During a briefing on May 21, 2002, Ari Fleischer, former White House Press Secretary, characterized the PDB as "the most highly sensitized classified document in the government."[13]
On September 16, 2015, CIA Director John Brennan spoke at the LBJ Presidential Library, at the public release of a total of 2,500 daily briefs and intelligence checklists from the John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson presidencies.[14][15] The release was a reversal of the government's previous stance in legal briefs attempting to keep the PDB indefinitely classified.[16] On August 24, 2016, CIA released a further 2,500 briefs from the Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford presidencies at a symposium held at the Nixon Presidential Library.[17]
Public awareness[edit]
The PDB was scrutinized by news media during testimony to the 9/11 Commission, which was convened during 2004 to analyze the September 11, 2001 attacks. On April 8, 2004, after a testimony by then-National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice, the commission renewed calls for the declassification of a PDB from August 6, 2001, entitled Bin Ladin Determined To Strike in US. Two days later, the White House complied and released the document with redaction.[18]
Usage by presidents and presidents-elect[edit]
During the 2012 re-election campaign, a former Bush administration official and President Barack Obama critic reported that "officials tell me the former president [Bush] held his intelligence meeting six days a week, no exceptions" (for a putative 86% in-person attendance record) though "Bush records [were] not yet available electronically for analysis". Obama records, by contrast in this analysis, showed that during "his first 1,225 days in office, Obama attended his PDB just 536 times — or 43.8 percent of the time. During 2011 and the first half of 2012 [within the 1,225 days analyzed], his attendance ... [fell] to just over 38 percent."[19]
In the first six weeks of the presidential transition of Donald Trump in 2016, the President-elect averaged about one PDB a week. He had "participated in multiple PDBs in some weeks, CNN has learned. And the transition team said last week Trump would be increasing his PDB participation to three times a week."[20] In mid-December 2016, the CIA website said Obama had initiated electronic delivery of the written brief in 2014 and that he received it six days a week.[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jerusalem Post, 2/8/18, SOURCES: TRUMP ADVISER KUSHNER LOSES ACCESS TO TOP INTELLIGENCE BRIEFING
Jump up ^ CIA to Cede President's Brief to Negroponte, a February 19, 2005 Washington Post article
^ Jump up to: a b "The Evolution of the President's Daily Brief > Today's Brief", cia.gov, July 10, 2014. Retrieved 2017-01-12.
Jump up ^ "The Collection of Presidential Briefing Products from 1961 to 1969". CIA Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Electronic Reading Room. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The President's Intelligence Checklist 17 June 1961" (PDF). CIA Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Electronic Reading Room. June 17, 1961. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "President's Daily Brief: Delivering Intelligence to Kennedy and Johnson" (PDF). CIA. CIA.
Jump up ^ "A Look Back ... The President's First Daily Brief". 2008-02-06. Retrieved 2013-06-07.
Jump up ^ "Association of Former Intelligence Officers Speech Transcript". 2011-08-12. Archived from the original on 2013-06-04. Retrieved 2013-06-07.
Jump up ^ "U.S. intelligence mining data from nine U.S. Internet companies in broad secret program". The Washington Post. June 6, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Prism scandal: Government program secretly probes Internet servers". 2013-06-07. Archived from the original on 2013-06-07.
^ Jump up to: a b Harper, Lauren (10 June 2013). "National Security Agency has pushed to "rethink and reapply" its treatment of the Fourth Amendment since before 9/11". The National Security Archive. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Under Bush, the Briefing Gets Briefer[dead link], a May 24, 2002 Washington Post article
Jump up ^ Press Briefing by Ari Fleischer on May 21, 2002, from the website of the White House
Jump up ^ Gerstein, Josh (2015-09-15). "CIA relents in secrecy fight on presidential intelligence briefings". Politico. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
Jump up ^ "Brennan Delivers Keynote at President's Daily Brief Public Release Event", cia.gov, September 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ CIA Releases Roughly 2,500 Declassified President’s Daily Briefs, cia.gov, September 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ CIA Releases Roughly 2,500 Declassified President’s Daily Briefs, cia.gov, August 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Blanton, Thomas S., "The President's Daily Brief", National Security Archive, April 12, 2004. Retrieved 2017-01-12.
Jump up ^ Thiessen, Marc (September 10, 2012). "Opinions: ... Why is Obama skipping more than half of his daily intelligence meetings?". Washington Post. Retrieved January 12, 2017. The Government Accountability Institute ... examined President Obama’s schedule from the day he took office until mid-June 2012 ...
Jump up ^ Wright, David, and Barbara Starr, "Trump to receive intel briefing, meet Flynn", CNN, December 21, 2016. Retrieved 2017-01-12.
Further reading[edit]
Priess, David (2016). The President's Book of Secrets: The Untold Story of Intelligence Briefings to America's Presidents from Kennedy to Obama. New York: PublicAffairs.
External links[edit]
President's Daily Brief: Delivering Intelligence to Kennedy and Johnson
The Collection of Presidential Briefing Products from 1961 to 1969 at the CIA website
Previously Released President's Daily Briefs at the National Security Archives, George Washington University.
August 6, 2001 PDB from CNN, (.PDF)
"David Priess talked about his book, The President’s Book of Secrets: The Untold Story of Intelligence Briefings to America’s Presidents from Kennedy to Obama" (video), C-Span, April 6, 2016.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President%27s_Daily_Brief&oldid=833367101"
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Gold mining in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
US annual gold production, 1840-2012.
Gold mining in the United States has taken place continually since the discovery of gold at the Reed farm in North Carolina in 1799. The first documented occurrence of gold was in Virginia in 1782.[1] Some minor gold production took place in North Carolina as early as 1793, but created no excitement. The discovery on the Reed farm in 1799 which was identified as gold in 1802 and subsequently mined marked the first commercial production.[2]
The large scale production of gold started with the California Gold Rush in 1848.
The closure of gold mines during World War II by the War Production Board Limitation Order No. 208 in autumn 1942 was a major impact on the production until the end of the war.[3]
US gold production greatly increased during the 1980s, due to high gold prices and the use of heap leaching to recover gold from disseminated low-grade deposits in Nevada and other states.
In 2016 the United States produced 209 tonnes of gold, worth about US$8.5 billion, and 6.7% of world production, making it the fourth-largest gold-producing nation, behind China, Australia and Russia. Most gold produced today in the US comes from large open-pit heap leach mines in the state of Nevada. The US is a net exporter of gold.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Gold mining by state
1.1 Alabama
1.2 Alaska
1.3 Arizona
1.4 California
1.5 Colorado
1.6 Florida
1.7 Georgia
1.8 Idaho
1.9 Maryland
1.10 Michigan
1.11 Montana
1.12 Nevada
1.13 New Mexico
1.14 North Carolina
1.15 Oregon
1.16 Pennsylvania
1.17 South Carolina
1.18 South Dakota
1.19 Tennessee
1.20 Texas
1.21 Utah
1.22 Virginia
1.23 Washington
1.24 Wyoming
1.25 Moraine gold
2 Gold mining royalties
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Gold mining by state[edit]
Alabama[edit]
Gold was discovered in Alabama about 1830, shortly following the Georgia Gold Rush. The principal districts were the Arbacoochee district in Cleburne County, mostly from placer deposits, and the Hog Mountain district in Tallapoosa County, which produced 24,000 troy ounces (750 kg) from veins in schist.[6]
Alaska[edit]
Main article: Gold mining in Alaska
Russian explorers discovered placer gold in the Kenai River in 1848, but no gold was produced. Gold mining started in 1870 from placers southeast of Juneau.[7] Alaska produced a total of 40,300,000 troy ounces (1,250,000 kg) of gold from 1880 through the end of 2007. In 2015 Alaskan mines produced 873,984 troy ounces (27,183.9 kg) of gold, 12.7% of US production. The largest gold producer is the Fort Knox mine, a large open pit and cyanide leaching operation in the Fairbanks mining district. Fort Knox produced 401,553 troy ounces (12,489.7 kg) of gold in 2015. The Pogo mine (283,000 ounces) and Kensington mine (128,865 ounces) gold mines and the Greens Creek polymetallic mine (60,566 ounces) accounted for the remainder of 2015 gold production.[8]
Arizona[edit]
Arizona has produced more than 16 million troy ounces (498 tonnes) of gold.
Gold mining in Arizona reportedly began in 1774 when Spanish priest Manuel Lopez directed Papago Indians to wash gold from gravel on the flanks of the Quijotoa Mountains, Pima County. Gold mining continued there until 1849, when the Mexican miners were lured away by the California Gold Rush. Other gold mining under Spanish and Mexican rule took place in the Oro Blanco district of Santa Cruz County, and the Arivaca district, Pima County.[9]
Mountain man Pauline Weaver discovered placer gold on the east side of the Colorado River in 1862. Weaver's discovery started the Colorado River Gold Rush to the now ghost town of La Paz, Arizona and other locations along the river in the ensuing years.
Gold Road mine, Oatman, Arizona.
The most prominent of these were those of the San Francisco district, which includes the towns of Oatman, Bullhead City and Katherine in Mohave County was discovered in 1863 or 1864, but saw little activity until a rush to the district occurred in 1902. The district produced 2.0 million ounces of gold through 1959.[10]
The gold-bearing quartz veins of the Vulture Mine, southwest of Wickenburg, in Maricopa County were discovered in 1863. The mine produced 366,000 troy ounces (11,400 kg) of gold through 1959.[11]
The last gold mine to operate in Arizona was the Gold Road mine at Oatman, which shut down in 1998. Patriot Gold is exploration drilling at the Moss mine at Oatman.[12]
In 2006, all of Arizona's gold production came as a byproduct of copper mining.
California[edit]
Main article: Gold in California
Spanish prospectors found gold in the Potholes district between 1775 and 1780, along the Colorado River, in present Imperial County, California, about ten miles northeast from Yuma, Arizona. The gold was recovered from dry placers. Other placer deposits on the west bank of the Colorado River were quickly found, including the Picacho and Cargo Muchacho districts.
Placer gold deposits were found at San Ysidro in San Diego County in 1828, San Francisquito Canyon and Placerita Canyon in Los Angeles County in 1835 and 1842, respectively
Gold miners excavate a gold-bearing bluff with jets of water at a placer mine in Dutch Flat, California sometime between 1857 and 1870.
Major gold mining in California began during the California Gold Rush. Gold was found by James Marshall at Sutters Mill, property of John Sutter, in present-day Coloma. In 1849, people started hearing about the gold and after just a few years San Francisco's population increased to thousands. Gold production in California peaked in 1852, at 3.9 million troy ounces (121 tonnes) produced in that year. But the placer deposits worked in the early years were quickly exhausted, and production crashed. Hardrock mining (in California called quartz mining) began in 1849, and placer mining by hydraulic mining began in 1852. Despite the new mining methods, by 1865 production was 867,000 troy ounces (27,000 kg), less than one-quarter of peak production.
Production sank to 412,000 troy ounces (12,800 kg) in 1929, but then soared to more than 1,400,000 troy ounces (44,000 kg) for each year 1939 through 1941, after the price was raised from $20.67 to $35 per ounce. However, the federal government, in War Production Board Order L-208, ordered gold mines closed, to free up resources for the war effort during World War II, and production fell to 148,000 troy ounces (4,600 kg) in 1943. Post-war gold production never reached the peak of the early 1940s, as inflation and the fixed price of gold eroded its value.[13]
The largest gold-mining district in California is the famous Mother Lode of the Sierra Nevada. Found in the early 1850s, the lode is a zone one to four miles wide and running 120 miles northwest-southeast from El Dorado County in the north, through Amador, Calaveras, and Tuolumne counties, to Mariposa County in the south. The gold of the Mother Lode is in quartz veins within phyllite, schist, slate, and greenstone. Through 1959, the Mother Lode produced about 13.3 million troy ounces (414 tonnes) of gold.[14]
The second-largest gold-mining district in California was Grass Valley-Nevada City district in Nevada County. Gold in Holocene gravels was found in 1850, followed a few years later by hydraulic mining of Tertiary gravels. By 1880, most of the mining had shifted to lode deposits, such as the Empire Mine. Through 1959, the district produced 10.4 million troy ounces (323 tonnes) of lode gold, and 2.2 million troy ounces (68.4 tonnes) of placer gold.[15]
The rich placer deposits of the Columbia Basin-Jamestown-Sonora district were found in 1853. Almost all the gold was found at the base of Quaternary gravels, but some drift mines were worked in Tertiary gravels. Total production was about 5.9 million troy ounces (183 tonnes) of gold.[16]
In 2007, California produced 9,400 troy ounces (290 kg) of gold from two mines. The Mesquite mine in Imperial County restarted active mining in 2007, having been inactive since 2001; now owned by New Gold, it produces more than 100,000 troy ounces (3,100 kg) of gold per year.[17] The only other gold producer in the state, the Briggs mine in Inyo County stopped mining in 2004, but continues to produce small amounts of gold from the leach pads, from previously mined ore.[18]
See also: Argonaut Mine, Gold in California, and Kennedy Mine
Colorado[edit]
Main article: Gold mining in Colorado
Gold was discovered in 1858 during the Pike's Peak Gold Rush in the vicinity of present-day Denver in 1858, but the deposits were small. The first important gold discoveries in Colorado were in the Central City-Idaho Springs district in January 1859. Only one Colorado mine continues to produce gold, the Cripple Creek & Victor Gold Mine at Victor near Colorado Springs, an open-pit heap leach operation owned by Newmont Mining Corporation, which produced ~350,000 troy ounces (11,000 kg) of gold in 2016.[19]
Florida[edit]
Small amounts of gold were mined commercially in North Eastern Florida during the late 19th Century, at the site where Mike Roess Gold Head Branch State Park is located today. No records are extant on the amount of gold produced, but the find was insufficient to keep the operation running commercially, and the small amount of pay dirt was depleted within a matter of months.[20]
Georgia[edit]
Main articles: Georgia Gold Rush and Georgia Gold Belt
Georgia is credited with a total historical production of 871,000 troy ounces (27,100 kg) of gold from 1830 through 1959.[21] Although historically important, the state is not currently a gold producer.
See also:
Battle Branch Mine
Calhoun Mine
Consolidated Mine
Crisson Mine
Franklin-Crieghton Mine
Free Jim Mine
Loud Mine
Sixes mine
Idaho[edit]
Gold was first discovered in Idaho in 1860, in Pierce at the juncture where Canal Creek meets Orofino Creek.
The leading historical gold-producing district is the Boise Basin in Boise County, which was discovered in 1862 and produced 2.9 million troy ounces (90.2 tonnes), mostly from placers.[22]
The French Creek-Florence district in Idaho County began in the 1860s, and has produced about 1 million troy ounces (31 tonnes) from placers.
The Silver City district in Owyhee County began producing in 1863, and made over 1 million troy ounces (31 tonnes), mostly from lode deposits.
The Coeur d’Alene district in Shoshone County has made 44,000 troy ounces (1,400 kg) of gold as byproduct to silver mining.[23]
In 2006, active gold mines in Idaho included the Silver Strand mine and the Bond mine.[24]
Maryland[edit]
Gold was reported in Maryland as early as 1830, but no production resulted. Placer gold was discovered at Great Falls near Washington, DC in 1861 during the American Civil War by Union soldiers from California. After the war a number of mines were opened on gold-bearing quartz veins in Montgomery County. No gold production has been reported since 1951. Total production was about 6,000 troy ounces (190 kg).[25]
Michigan[edit]
Approximately 29,000 troy ounces (900 kg) of gold were produced from the Ropes gold mine northeast of Ishpeming in Marquette County, Michigan. The underground mine, originally operated from 1880 to 1897, and reopened from 1983–1989,[26] extracted gold from quartz veins in peridotite.[27]
Montana[edit]
Swedish gold panners in 1860s Montana.
Gold was first discovered in Montana in 1852, but mining did not begin until 1862, when gold placers were discovered at Bannack, Montana in 1862. The resulting gold rush resulted in more placer discoveries, including those at Virginia City in 1863, and at Helena and Butte in 1864.[28] In 1867, the Atlantic Cable Quartz Lode was located.
The Butte district, although mined primarily for copper, produced 2.9 million ounces (91 tones) of gold through 1990, almost all as a byproduct of copper production.[29]
Current active hardrock gold mines include the Montana Tunnels mine, and the Golden Sunlight mine. Active gold placers include the Browns Gulch placer and the Confederate Gulch placer. Gold is also produced from three platinum mines in the Stillwater igneous complex: the Stillwater mine, the Lodestar mine, and the East Boulder Project.[30]
Nevada[edit]
Main article: Gold mining in Nevada
Nevada is the leading gold-producing state in the nation, in 2015 producing 5,339,659 ounces (166.1 tonnes), representing 78% of US gold and 5.4% of the world's production. Much of the gold in Nevada comes from large open pit mining and with heap leaching recovery. A number of major mining companies, including Newmont Mining, Barrick Gold and Kinross Gold, operate gold mines in the state. Active major mines include Cortez, Twin Creeks, Betz-Post, Jerritt Canyon and Getchell.[4][31]
Newmont and Barrick operate the largest mining operations, on the prolific Carlin Trend, one of the world's richest mining districts.[31]
New Mexico[edit]
Gold was first discovered in New Mexico in 1828 in the “Old Placers” district in the Ortiz Mountains, Santa Fe County, New Mexico. The placer gold discovery was followed by discovery of a nearby lode deposit.[32]
In 1877, two prospectors collected float in the area of the future Opportunity Mine near Hillsboro, New Mexico, which was assayed at $160 per ton in gold and silver. Soon, ore was discovered at the nearby Rattlesnake vein and a placer deposit of gold was found in November at the Rattlesnake and Wicks gulches. Total production prior to 1904 was about $6,750,000.[33]
In 2007 all gold production in New Mexico (13,000 troy ounces (400 kg)) came as a byproduct of copper mining from two large open pit mines in Grant County. However, two primary gold mines are being readied for production: the Northstar mine in Rio Arriba County, and the San Lorenzo Claims mine in Socorro County.[34]
North Carolina[edit]
Main article: Carolina Gold Rush
North Carolina was the site of the first gold rush in the United States, following the discovery of a 17-pound (7.7 kg) gold nugget by 12-year-old Conrad Reed in a creek at his father’s farm in 1799. The Reed Gold Mine, southwest of Georgeville in Cabarrus County, North Carolina produced about 50,000 troy ounces (1,600 kg) of gold from lode and placer deposits.[35]
Gold was produced from 15 districts, almost all in the Piedmont region of the state. Total gold production is estimated at 1.2 million troy ounces (37.3 tonnes).
Oregon[edit]
Although gold mines are spread over much of Oregon, almost all of the gold produced has come from two principal areas: the Klamath Mountains in southwest Oregon, including Coos, Curry, Douglas, Jackson and Josephine counties; and the Blue Mountains in northeast Oregon, mostly in Baker and Grant counties.
Prospectors from Illinois discovered placer gold in the Klamath Mountains of southwest Oregon in 1850, starting a rush to the area. Lode gold deposits were also discovered.
Travellers along the Oregon Trail bound for the Willamette Valley are said to have discovered gold in northeastern Oregon in 1845, but mining in earnest did not begin until 1861.[36]
Pennsylvania[edit]
About 37,000 troy ounces (1,200 kg) of gold was produced from the Cornwall iron mine five miles south of Lebanon, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania. Although the deposit produced iron since 1742, no gold was reported from the mine until 1878.[37]
South Carolina[edit]
Gold mines in the Carolina Slate Belt - USGS.
South Carolina had a number of lode gold mines along the Carolina Slate Belt.[38]
The Haile deposit was discovered in Lancaster County in 1827, and at least 257,000 troy ounces (8,000 kg) of gold were extracted intermittently between then and 1942, when the gold mine was ordered closed as nonessential to the war effort. Beginning in 1951, the deposit was mined for associated sericite, which was used as a white filler.[39] Gold is associated with silicic, kaolinitic, and pyritic alteration of greenschist-grade felsic metavolcanics.[40] The mine was reopened as an open pit in the 1980s, and operated until 1992. Kinross Gold Corporation's reclamation of the Haile site was nominated for a US Bureau of Land Management "Hardrock Mineral Environmental Award."
OceanGold Corp. restarted mining at the Haile deposit 2016. The company expects to produce an average of 126,700 ounces of gold per year for 13.25 years.[41]
The Brewer mine operated from 1828 to 1995, and is now a federal Superfund site.[42]
Kennecott Minerals operated the Ridgeway open-pit gold mine from 1988 to 1999, and the land is now being reclaimed by Kennecott.
The Barite Hill mine operated from 1990 to 1994.
South Dakota[edit]
Main article: Black Hills Gold Rush
The only operating gold mine in South Dakota is the Wharf mine, at Lead, an open pit heap leach operation operated by Coeur Mining that produced 109,000 ounces of gold in 2016.[43]
See also: Homestake Mine (South Dakota)
Tennessee[edit]
Placer gold was discovered on Coker Creek in Monroe County, Tennessee in 1827. The district produced about 9,000 troy ounces (280 kg).[44]
About 15,000 troy ounces (470 kg) of gold was recovered from the massive sulfide copper ores at Ducktown, Tennessee.
Texas[edit]
Some prospects have been excavated for gold on the Llano Uplift of central Texas. Gold prospects include the Heath mine and the Babyhead district, both in Llano County, and the Central Texas mine in Gillespie County. Gold production, if any, is not known.[45] Historically, the Lost Nigger Gold Mine may be in Texas.
Utah[edit]
Most gold produced in Utah today is a byproduct of the huge Bingham Canyon copper mine, southwest of Salt Lake City. In 2013, the Bingham Canyon mine produced 192,300 troy ounces (5,980 kg) of gold.[46] Over its life, Bingham Canyon has produced more than 23 million ounces (715 tonnes) of gold, making it one of the largest gold producers in the US.
The Barneys Canyon mine in Salt Lake County, the last primary gold mine to operate in Utah, stopped mining in 2001, but is still recovering gold from its heap leaching pads. Utah gold production was 460,000 troy ounces (14,000 kg) in 2006.[47]
Virginia[edit]
Main article: Gold mining in Virginia
Washington[edit]
Gold was first discovered in Washington in 1853, as placer deposits in the Yakima Valley. Production from the state never exceeded 50,000 troy ounces per year until the mid-1930s, when large hard rock deposits were developed near the Chelan Lake and Wenatchee deposits in Chelan County, and the Republic deposit in Ferry County. Production through 1965 is estimated to be 2.3 million ounces.[48]
Wyoming[edit]
Gold was discovered at the South Pass-Atlantic City-Sweetwater district in present Fremont County in 1842. The placers were worked intermittently until 1867, when the first important gold vein was discovered, and prospectors and miners rushed to the area.. The towns of South Pass City, Atlantic City, and Miner's Delight catered to the miners. The district was nearly deserted by 1875, and was worked only intermittently afterward. Total gold production was about 300,000 troy ounces (9,300 kg). In 1962, the district became the site of a major iron mine.[49]
Moraine gold[edit]
Several states (e.g., Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania) have placer gold deposits, despite having no hard rock gold deposits. This placer gold is found north of, or near the terminus of, Pleistocene, or earlier, moraines left by Ice Age glaciers that pushed gold-rich dirt down from Canada, where hard rock gold deposits do exist, and which were scoured by glaciers. Small commercial operations have existed at various times, to mine this gold, with various degrees of limited success. The southernmost limit of these moraines, Pleistocene and older, is approximately at the Ohio River for Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio.[50][51][52] The moraines in Pennsylvania are in the northwestern and northeastern portions of the Commonwealth.[53]
Gold mining royalties[edit]
Gold mining royalties and taxes in the US are levied at the state level, in the same manner as in other major international gold producers such as Canada and Australia. The rate of royalty varies from state to state, as well whether the royalty is gross (a proportion of the total sale proceeds), modified gross (Net smelter return) or net (the sale proceeds minus an allowance for production costs). US gold producers are additionally subject to the federal corporate income tax of 35% of net profits.[54][55]
Royalty rates for each of the US gold mining states (in order of production) are:
Nevada - 5% net[56][57]
Alaska - 7% net[58]
Utah - 2.6% gross[59]
Colorado - 2.25% gross[60]
California- $5 per ounce produced[54]
Washington - 0.48% gross[54]
South Dakota - 4% net[61]
Montana - 1.6% net[54]
Idaho - 1% gross[54]
In 2015 Nevada and Alaska together accounted for 90.3% of US gold production.[31][8]
See also[edit]
Gold rush
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Craig, James R; Rimstidt, J.Donald (1998). "Gold production history of the United States". Ore Geology Reviews. 13 (6): 407. doi:10.1016/S0169-1368(98)00009-2.
^ Jump up to: a b George, Micheal W. (19 January 2017). "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2017" (pdf). Reston, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey. p. 73.
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Jump up ^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl (1968) Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.8.
^ Jump up to: a b Athey, Jennifer E.; Werdon, Melanie B.; Twelker, Evan; Henning, Mitch W. (2016). "Alaska's Mineral Industry 2015" (pdf). Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Survey. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Maureen G. Johnson, 1972, ''Gold Placer Deposits of Arizona, US Geological Survey, Bulletin 1355.
Jump up ^ A. H. Koschmann and M. H. Bergendahl, Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.40-41.
Jump up ^ A. H. Koschmann and M. H. Bergendahl, Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.40.
Jump up ^ http://www.admmr.state.az.us/Publications/ofr07-24.pdf
Jump up ^ William B. Clark (1970) Gold districts of California, California Division of Mines and Geology, Bulletin 193, p.4.
Jump up ^ A.H. Koschmann and M.H. Bergendahl (1968)Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.55-56.
Jump up ^ A.H. Koschmann and M.H. Bergendahl (1968)Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.70-71.
Jump up ^ A.H. Koschmann and M.H. Bergendahl (1968)Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.82-83.
Jump up ^ "First Bucyrus branded MT3700 goes into service at the New Gold Mesquite Mine in California," Mining Engineering, October 2010, p.15.
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Jump up ^ "Operation facts". Newmont. Newmont Mining Corporation.
Jump up ^ Placard at Mike Roess Gold Head Branch State Park.
Jump up ^ A. H. Koschmann and M. H. Bergendahl, 1968, Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, US Geological Survey, Professional paper 610, p.119.
Jump up ^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl (1968) Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.124-125.
Jump up ^ M. H. Bergendahl (1964) Gold, in Mineral and Water Resources of Idaho, Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, Special Report No. 1, p.93-101.
Jump up ^ V. S. Gillerman and others, Idaho, Mining Engineering, May 2007, p.83.
Jump up ^ Emery T. Cleaves (1964) Mineral resources of Montgomery and Howard Counties, in Howard and Montgomery Counties, Maryland Geological Survey, p.264-266.
Jump up ^ Ropes Mine, Ishpeming, Marquette Co., Michigan, USA, mindat.org, 2010, accessed 2010-10-12.
Jump up ^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl (1968) Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.141-142.
Jump up ^ A. H. Koschman and M. H. Bergendahl (1968) Principal gold-Producing Districts of the United States, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.143.
Jump up ^ Edwin W. Tooker, 1990, "Gold in the Butte district, Montana," in Gold in Porphyry Copper Systems, US Geological Survey, Bulletin 1857-E, p.E19
Jump up ^ R. McCullough, Montana, Mining Engineering, May 2007, p.95.
^ Jump up to: a b c Perry, Rick; Visher, Mike (1 November 2016). "Major Mines of Nevada 2015" (pdf). Nevada Division of Minerals. Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Fayette Jones (1905) New Mexico Mines and Minerals, reprinted as Old Gold Mines and Ghost Camps of New Mexico, Fort Davis, Tex.: Frontier Book Co., p.21-23.
Jump up ^ Harley, George Townsend, The Geology and Ore Deposits of Sierra County, New Mexico, New Mexico State Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Bulletin 10, 1934, pp 139-140
Jump up ^ S.A. Lucas Kamat, "New Mexico," Mining Engineering, May 2008, p.111.
Jump up ^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl (1968) Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.212.
Jump up ^ Howard C. Brooks and Len Ramp (1968) Gold and Silver in Oregon, Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Bulletin 61.
Jump up ^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl (1968) Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.231.
Jump up ^ US Geological Survey: Carolina Slate Belt Gold Deposits
Jump up ^ Jeffrey C. Wynn and Robert W. Luce, Geophysical methods as mapping tools in a strata-bound gold deposit: Haile mine, Carolina slate belt, Economic Geology, March April 1984, p.383-388.
Jump up ^ W.H. Spence and others, Origin of the gold mineralization at the Haile mine, Lancaster County, South Carolina, Mining Engineering, January 1980, p.70-73.
Jump up ^ "OceanGold pours first gold at Haile mine in South Carolina," Engineering & Mining Journal, Feb. 2017, p.4.
Jump up ^ Brewer Gold Mine NPL Site Summary - Land Cleanup and Wastes | Region 4 | US EPA
Jump up ^ "2016 Fourth quarter and full-year earnings" (PDF). Coeur Mining. 9 February 2017. p. 21. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
Jump up ^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl (1968) Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.240.
Jump up ^ Edgar B. Heylman, Gold in Texas, International California Mining Journal, October 2001.
Jump up ^ Els, Frik (11 November 2014). "Bingham Canyon rebuilds after landslide". MINING.com. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
Jump up ^ R.L. Bon and K.A. Krahulec, Utah, Mining Engineering, May 2007, p.116.
Jump up ^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl (1968) Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.254-255.
Jump up ^ Richard W.Bayley (1969) Ore deposits of the Atlantic City District, Fremont County, Wyoming, in Ore Deposits of the United States, 1933-1967, v.1, New York: American Institute of Mining Engineers, p.589-604.
Jump up ^ J.E. Lamar, Gold and Diamond Possibilities in Illinois, June 1968, http://www.isgs.uiuc.edu/education/pdf-files/gold-poss.pdf
Jump up ^ Geofacts #9, Gold in Ohio, November 1995, http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Portals/10/pdf/GeoFacts/geof09.pdf
Jump up ^ Glacial Map of Ohio http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/portals/10/pdf/glacial.pdf
Jump up ^ Glacial Map of Pennsylvania http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/maps/map59.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Nazzaro, Robin M. (2010). Hardrock Mining: Information on State Royalties and the Number of Abandoned Mine Sites and Hazards: Congressional Testimony. Collingdale, PA: DIANE Publishing. pp. 9–27. ISBN 9781437919134. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Gold production by state" (pdf). National Mining Association. Spokane, WA. 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Understanding Nevada’s Net Proceeds of Minerals Tax (PDF). Carson City, NV: NevadaTaxpayers Association. 2008.
Jump up ^ "2013-2014 Net Proceeds of Minerals Bulletin" (pdf). Nevada Department of Taxation. Carson City, NV: Division of Local Government Services. 8 July 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mining License Tax". Alaska Department of Revenue - Tax Division. State of Alaska. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Severance Tax on Oil, Gas, and Mining". Utah Code. Salt Lake City, UT: Utah State Legislature. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "House Bill 99-1249". General Assembly of the State of Colorado. Denver, CO. 1999. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Stinson, Thomas F. (1977). State taxation of mineral deposits and production, Volume 1. United States. Environmental Protection Agency. p. 40. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
External links[edit]
California
California Department of Mines and Geology: Map of Historic Gold Mines
California Department of Mines and Geology: Map of California Active Gold Mines 2000-2001
California Department of Mines and Geology: The Discovery of Gold in California
Maryland
Maryland Geological Survey: Gold in Maryland
Texas
Handbook of Texas Online: Gold mining
Utah
Utah History to Go: Minor gold rushes, major gold production
National
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