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Web browser
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Usage share of web browsers according to StatCounter
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A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application for accessing information on the World Wide Web. Each individual web page, image, and video is identified by a distinct URL, enabling browsers to retrieve and display them on the user's device.
Note that a web browser is not the same thing as a search engine, though the two are often confused.[1] For a user, a search engine is just a website, such as google.com, that stores searchable data about other websites. But in order to connect to and display websites on their device, a user needs to have a web browser installed.[2]
The most popular web browsers are Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Internet Explorer, and Edge.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Function
3 Features
4 Market share
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of the web browser
The first web browser, called WorldWideWeb, was invented in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee.[3] He then recruited Nicola Pellow to write the Line Mode Browser, which displayed web pages on dumb terminals; it was released in 1991.[4]
Nicola Pellow and Tim Berners-Lee in their office at CERN.
Marc Andreessen, lead developer of Mosaic and Navigator
1993 was a landmark year with the release of Mosaic, credited as "the world's first popular browser".[5] Its innovative graphical interface made the World Wide Web system easy to use and thus more accessible to the average person. This, in turn, sparked the Internet boom of the 1990s when the Web grew at a very rapid rate.[5] Marc Andreessen, the leader of the Mosaic team, soon started his own company, Netscape, which released the Mosaic-influenced Netscape Navigator in 1994. Navigator quickly became the most popular browser.
Microsoft debuted Internet Explorer in 1995, leading to a browser war with Netscape. Microsoft was able to gain a dominant position for two reasons: it bundled Internet Explorer with its popular Windows operating system and did so as freeware with no restrictions on usage. Eventually the market share of Internet Explorer peaked at over 95% in 2002.[6]
WorldWideWeb was the first web browser.[7]
In 1998, desperate to remain competitive, Netscape launched what would become the Mozilla Foundation to create a new browser using the open source software model. This work evolved into Firefox, first released by Mozilla in 2004. Firefox reached a 28% market share in 2011.[8]
Apple released its Safari browser in 2003. It remains the dominant browser on Apple platforms, though it never became a factor elsewhere.[8]
The last major entrant to the browser market was Google. Its Chrome browser, which debuted in 2008, has been a huge success. It steadily took market share from Internet Explorer and became the most popular browser in 2012.[9][10] It has remained dominant ever since.
In terms of technology, browsers have greatly expanded their HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and multimedia capabilities since the 1990s. One reason has been to enable more sophisticated websites, such as web applications. Another factor is the significant increase of broadband connectivity, which enables people to access data-intensive web content, such as YouTube streaming, that was not possible during the era of dial-up modems.
Function[edit]
The purpose of a web browser is to fetch information resources and display them on a user's device.
This process begins when the user inputs a URL, such as https://en.wikipedia.org/, into the browser. Virtually all URLs on the Web start with either http: or https: which means the browser will retrieve them with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol. In the case of https: the communication between the browser and the web server is encrypted for the purposes of security and privacy. Another URL prefix is file: which is used to display local files already stored on the user's device.
Once a web page has been retrieved, the browser's rendering engine displays it on the user's device. This includes image and video formats supported by the browser.
Web pages usually contain hyperlinks to other pages and resources. Each link contains a URL, and when it is clicked, the browser navigates to the new resource. Thus the process of bringing content to the user begins again.
To implement all of this, modern browsers are a combination of numerous software components.[11]
Features[edit]
Further information: Comparison of web browsers
All major browsers allow the user to open multiple pages at the same time, either in different browser windows or in different tabs of the same window. They also support the use of extensions to add to or modify browser operation in a variety of ways.
Common user interface features of browsers:
Back and forward buttons to go back to the previous page visited or forward to the next one.
A refresh or reload button to reload the current page.
A stop button to cancel loading the page. (In some browsers, the stop button is merged with the reload button.)
A home button to return to the user's home page.
An address bar to input the URL of a page and display it.
A search bar to input terms into a search engine. (In some browsers, the search bar is merged with the address bar.)
Market share[edit]
Most used web browser by country, as of June 2015.
Google Chrome
Firefox
Safari
UC
Iron
Internet Explorer
Opera
Android
Phantom
No info
Main article: Usage share of web browsers
StatCounter Jan. 2018 desktop share[12]
Google Chrome
65.98%
Mozilla Firefox
11.87%
Internet Explorer
7.28%
Safari
5.87%
Microsoft Edge
4.11%
Opera
2.35%
UC Browser
0.87%
Yandex Browser
0.52%
Cốc Cốc
0.22%
QQ Browser
0.2%
Chromium
0.13%
Sogou Explorer
0.12%
Maxthon
0.12%
PhantomJS
0.06%
360 Secure Browser
0.06%
Pale Moon
0.04%
Vivaldi
0.04%
Mozilla Suite
0.03%
SeaMonkey
0.03%
Amigo
0.02%
Naver Whale
0.01%
Other
0.05%
See also[edit]
Internet portal
Software portal
Mobile browser
List of web browsers
Timeline of web browsers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "What is a Browser?". Google (on YouTube). 2009-04-30. Less than 8% of people who were interviewed on this day knew what a browser was.
Jump up ^ "Difference Between Search Engine and Browser".
Jump up ^ "Tim Berners-Lee: WorldWideWeb, the first Web client". W3.org. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
Jump up ^ Gillies, James; Cailliau, R. (2000). How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web. Oxford University Press. p. 6. ISBN 0192862073. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b "Bloomberg Game Changers: Marc Andreessen". Bloomberg. 17 March 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
Jump up ^ "Mozilla Firefox Internet Browser Market Share Gains to 7.4%". Search Engine Journal. 24 November 2004. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
Jump up ^ Stewart, William. "Web Browser History". Retrieved 5 May 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "StatCounter Global Stats – Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share". Retrieved 2 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Internet Explorer usage to plummet below 50 percent by mid-2012". 3 September 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "StatCounter Global Stats – Browser, OS, Search Engine including Mobile Usage Share". Retrieved 2 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Behind the scenes of modern web browsers". Tali Garsiel. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Desktop Browser Market Share Worldwide". StatCounter.
External links[edit]
Wikiversity has learning resources about Web Browser
Media related to Web browsers at Wikimedia Commons
[show]
v
t
e
Web browsers
Comparison
lightweight
History
List
Unix & Unix-like
Timeline
Usage share
Features
Ad filtering
Augmented browsing
Bookmarks
Bookmarklet
Live bookmark
Smart Bookmarks
Browser extension
Browser security
Browser synchronizer
comparison
Cookies
Download manager
Favicon
Incremental search
Plug-in
Privacy mode
Tabs
Universal Edit Button
Web standards
Acid tests
Cascading Style Sheets
HTML
HTML5
JavaScript
MathML
SVG
WebGL
XHTML
Protocols
HTTP
HTTPS
OCSP
SPDY
SSL/TLS
WebSocket
WPAD
Related topics
BrowserChoice.eu
CRL
iLoo
Internet suite
Man-in-the-browser
Mobile Web
Offline reader
PAC
Pwn2Own
Rich Internet application
Site-specific browser
Widget
World Wide Web
XML
[show]
Desktop
Blink-based
Brave
Chrome
Chromium
Dragon
Falkon
Opera
Sleipnir
Slimjet
SRWare Iron
UC Browser
Vivaldi
Yandex Browser
Sputnik
SafeZone
Whale
Gecko-based
AT&T Pogo
Avant
Camino
Firefox
Conkeror
GNU IceCat
IceDragon
Swiftfox
Swiftweasel
TenFourFox
Timberwolf
Tor Browser
Waterfox
xB Browser
Galeon
Ghostzilla
Goanna
Basilisk
Pale Moon
K-Meleon
Kazehakase
Kirix Strata
Lotus Symphony
Lunascape
Mozilla
Beonex Communicator
Classilla
Netscape
SeaMonkey
Trident-based
AOL Explorer
Avant
Deepnet Explorer
GreenBrowser
Internet Explorer
Lunascape
Maxthon
MediaBrowser
MenuBox
NeoPlanet
NetCaptor
SlimBrowser
SpaceTime
UltraBrowser
WebbIE
ZAC Browser
WebKit-based
Arora
Avant
Dooble
Epic
Flock
Fluid
iCab
Konqueror
Lunascape
Maxthon
Midori
OmniWeb
Origyn Web Browser
Otter Browser
QtWeb
rekonq
Safari
Shiira
SlimBoat
surf
Torch
Uzbl
Epiphany
WebPositive
xombrero
Text-based
ELinks
Emacs/W3
Line Mode Browser
Links
Lynx
w3m
Other
abaco
Amaya
Arachne
Arena
Charon
Dillo
eww
Gazelle
HotJava
IBM Home Page Reader
IBrowse
KidZui
Microsoft Edge
Mosaic
Mothra
NetPositive
NetSurf
Qihoo 360 Secure Browser
[show]
Mobile
Blink-based
Android Browser
Chromium
Brave
Chrome for Android
Opera Mobile
Silk
Firefox Focus for Android
Gecko-based
Firefox for Android
MicroB
Minimo
Waterfox
WebKit-based
BOLT
Dolphin Browser
Chrome for iOS
Firefox for iOS
Firefox Focus for iOS
Maxthon
Mercury Browser
Nokia Browser for Symbian
Opera Coast
Rockmelt
Safari
Steel
Other
Blazer
CM Browser
Deepfish
Internet Explorer Mobile
Iris Browser
Konqueror Embedded
Microsoft Edge
NetFront
Opera Mini
Skweezer
Skyfire
Teashark
ThunderHawk
UC Browser
Vision
WinWAP
[show]
Television and video game console
Gecko-based
Kylo
Presto-based
Internet Channel
WebKit-based
Google TV
Nintendo 3DS Internet Browser
Nintendo DS & DSi Browser
NetFront
Steam Overlay
Wii U Internet Browser
Other
MSN TV
Software no longer in development shown in italics
Category
Commons
Internet portal
Software portal
[show]
v
t
e
Timeline of web browsers
[show]
General
Comparison
lightweight
History
List
for Unix
Usage share
[show]
1990s
1990
WorldWideWeb (Nexus)
1991
Line Mode Browser
libwww
1992
Erwise
MacWWW (Samba)
MidasWWW
tkWWW
ViolaWWW
1993
AMosaic
Arena
Cello
Emacs/W3
Lynx 2
NCSA Mosaic
VMS Mosaic
1994
AirMosaic
Internet in a Box
ANT Fresco
Argo
IBM WebExplorer
SlipKnot
Minuet
Navipress
Mosaic/Mosaic Netscape/Netscape Navigator
Spyglass Mosaic
TCP/Connect II
1995
Agora
ALynx
AMSD Ariadna
Cyberjack
eWorld Web Browser
Grail
Internet Explorer 1
Internet Explorer 2
Netscape Navigator 2
NetShark
OmniWeb
HotJava
UdiWWW
WebShark
1996
Cyberdog
Arachne
AWeb
IBrowse
Amaya
Internet Explorer 3
Netscape Navigator 3
Opera 2
Oracle PowerBrowser
tcpCONNECT4
Voyager
1997
Netscape Communicator
Internet Explorer 4
Opera 2.1
1998
NeoPlanet
Mozilla Application Suite
Opera 3–3.21
1999
iCab
Internet Explorer 5
Omniweb 3
Opera 3.5–3.62
[show]
2000s
2000
Beonex Communicator
Galeon
K-Meleon
MediaBrowser
Netscape 6
Opera 4–4.02
2001
iCab 2.5
Internet Explorer 6
Omniweb 4
Opera 5–5.12
2002
Avant Browser 7
Camino
Epiphany
Netscape 7
Opera 6–6.1
2003
GreenBrowser
Maxthon
Opera 7–7.3
Safari
SlimBrowser
2004
Avant Browser 9
Phoenix/Firebird/Firefox
Opera 7.5–7.55
2005
AOL Explorer
Deepnet Explorer
Firefox 1.5
Opera 8–8.54
Safari 2
2006
Avant Browser 11
Firefox 2
Internet Explorer 7
Opera 9–9.27
2007
Maxthon 2
Opera 9.5–9.64
Safari 3
SeaMonkey 1.1
2008
Google Chrome
Firefox 3
Netscape Browser
Netscape Navigator 9
NetSurf 1.2
2009
Avant Browser 11.7
Google Chrome 2–3
Firefox 3.5
Internet Explorer 8
Opera 10–10.63
Pale Moon
Safari 4
SeaMonkey 2.0
[show]
2010s
2010
Google Chrome 4–8
Firefox 3.6
Lunascape 6.0.1
Maxthon 3
NetSurf 2.5
Opera 11–11.64
Safari 5
2011
Google Chrome 9–16
Firefox 4–9
Internet Explorer 9
Lunascape 6.5
Opera 12–12.17
SeaMonkey 2.1–2.4
Waterfox
2012
Google Chrome 17–23
Firefox 10–17
Internet Explorer 10
Lunascape 6.7
Maxthon 3.4
NetSurf 2.9
Safari 6
2013
Google Chrome 24–31
Firefox 18–26
Internet Explorer 11
Opera 15–18
Safari 7
SeaMonkey 2.15–2.22
2014
Google Chrome 32–39
Firefox 27–34
Lunascape 6.9
NetSurf 3.1
Opera 19–26
Safari 8
SeaMonkey 2.23–2.31
2015
Google Chrome 40–47
Firefox 35–43
Lunascape 6.10–6.12
Microsoft Edge 20, 25
Opera 27–34
Safari 9
SeaMonkey 2.32–2.39
Vivaldi
2016
Google Chrome 48–55
Firefox 44–50
Lunascape 6.13–6.15
Microsoft Edge 38
Opera 35–42
Safari 10
2017
Basilisk
Brave
Google Chrome 56–63
Firefox 51–57
Microsoft Edge 40, 41
Opera 43–49
Safari 11
SeaMonkey 2.46–2.49
[show]
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Advisory speed limit
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A U.S. advisory speed limit sign, warning drivers of a curve ahead.
An advisory speed limit is a speed recommendation by a governing body, used when it may be non-obvious to the driver that the safe speed is below the legal speed. It is a posting which approximates the Basic Speed Law or rule, and is subject to enforcement as such. Advisory speed limits are often set in areas with many pedestrians, such as in city centers and outside schools, and on difficult stretches of roads, such as on tight corners or through roadworks. While travelling above the advisory speed limit is not illegal per se, it may be negligence per se and liability for any collisions that occur as a result of traveling above the limit can be placed partially or entirely on the person exceeding the advisory speed limit.
Signposting of advisory speed limits varies from country to country; Australia makes extensive use of advisory speed limits across its highway networks while the Richtgeschwindigkeit ("reference speed") in Germany is valid for the whole autobahn network (but can be overruled by speed limits in particular sections or for special reasons like weather conditions or roadworks), while the United States and the United Kingdom only give advisory speed limits for hazards such as bends.
Contents
[hide]
1 Use
1.1 United Kingdom
1.2 Australia
1.3 Germany
2 Signage
3 References
4 External links
Use[edit]
Use of advisory speed limits varies from country to country, but they are generally used to reduce speed along short stretches of dangerous road, such as on the tight curves of an off-ramp or on a busy shopping street. The advisory speed limit when not posted is generally the same as the mandatory speed limit in ideal conditions.
United Kingdom[edit]
In the United Kingdom, most speed limits imposed by variable-message signs are advisory, and there are no sanctions for drivers who exceed them; a notable exception being the Gatsometer-camera enforced, MIDAS and ATM variable limits on the M25, M42 and M6 motorways.[1] Crucially, the signs imposing these limits are distinct from regular, advisory VMS displays by the inclusion of a red ring surround, effectively changing them from advance hazard warnings into standard, mandatory speed-limit signs.
As local councils require consent from the Department for Transport before changing speed limits, some use advisory speed limits on roads that the DfT refuses to officially downgrade.[2]
The usefulness of advisory speed limits has been questioned by a number of studies: one group from the Transportation Research Board found advisory speed limits through roadworks being consistently flouted by motorists,[3] while an investigation by Manchester Evening News found that almost all buses in Manchester city centre exceeded the local 10 miles per hour (16 km/h) advisory speed limit; some by as much as 30 miles per hour (48 km/h).[4]
Australia[edit]
In Australia, if a person is involved in a single vehicle accident and the resulting investigation reveals that the driver was exceeding the Advisory Speed Limit displayed it can be a breach of the Insurance Cover Contract, resulting in no pay-out.
Germany[edit]
Now abolished German signs (in km/h) indicating the beginning and end of an advisory speed limit.
The Richtgeschwindigkeit (German Advisory or Suggested Speed of Travel) is a legal term in Germany describing the advisory speed limit for roads without a mandatory speed limit. Autobahns (German plural form: Autobahnen) have an advisory speed limit of 130 kilometres per hour (81 mph) on non-signposted sections.
Exceeding the advised speed is not a criminal offense, however an increased liability in the case of an accident may result from driving faster than the recommended speed, due to an increased danger of operating the vehicle.[5]
In Germany, the Autobahn-Richtgeschwindigkeits-Verordnung (Directive on Reference Speed on Motorways), introduced in 1974, recommends a speed of no more than 130 km/h (81 mph) for autobahns and similar roads, whose lanes are separated by a median or which have at least two lanes per direction, provided there are no traffic signs posting a lower speed limit.
Until 31 August 2009, a different reference speed could be posted by the traffic signs number 380 and 381, according to §42 of the German traffic code (Straßenverkehrsordnung, StVO), as seen above. As these traffic signs were only rarely used, they meanwhile have been abolished.
Signage[edit]
The signage for advisory speed limits is not defined by the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals, and is therefore not standardised internationally. The United States uses a small yellow sign under the main warning sign, as well as a standalone variation on the standard speed limit sign, with a yellow background instead of a white one, the words "speed limit" omitted and an additional panel stating the type of hazard ahead. Though they list speeds, the U.S. advisory speed signs are classified as warning signs, not regulatory signs, as primary speed signs are.[6] Australia uses a similar design as the U.S. in spite of regulatory speed limit signs being quite different. Germany used a square sign with a blue background and white lettering, similar to the minimum speed limit sign,[5] and New Zealand uses a yellow background with black lettering (similar to the Australian design without the "km/h" lettering). The United Kingdom currently uses an oblong white rectangle with black lettering stating "Max Speed".
Most of Europe
Australia
Australia (motorway exits)
Australia (with diagram of motorway exit shape)
Victoria, Australia
Western Australia, Australia (traffic-calming bumps, known as speed bumps)
Canada
Canada (Ontario) (highway ramps and exits)
Denmark
Finland
Japan
Netherlands
New Zealand
New Zealand (motorway exits)
New Zealand (dangerous curve)
New Zealand (extremely dangerous curve)
New Zealand (warning of danger of truck roll-over)
Norway
Philippines
South Korea
Sweden
United Kingdom (imperial)
United Kingdom (roadworks, imperial)
United States (customary)
United States (metric)
United States (highway exits)
United States (highway ramps)
United States (highway curves)
United States (warning of danger of truck roll-over)
United States (integrated into curve warning sign)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Safer motorway driving". Department for Transport. Archived from the original on 2007-06-09. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
Jump up ^ "Speed limits". Bristol City Council. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
Jump up ^ Pesti, Geza; Jessen, Daniel; Byrd, Patrick; McCoy, Patrick. "Traffic Flow Charactaristics of the Late Merge Work Zone Control Strategy" (PDF). Transportation Research Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-30.
Jump up ^ "Speeding buses put lives at risk". Manchester Evening News. 2005-04-26. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "Autobahnrichtgeschwindigkeitsverordnung" (PDF) (in German). German Federal Government. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
Jump up ^ Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (2009 edition), Section 2C.06
External links[edit]
Media related to Advisory speed limit road signs at Wikimedia Commons
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values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: محدودیت سرعت توصیه شده – Persian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Advisory_speed_limit rootpage-Advisory_speed_limit skin-vector action-view