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Hootie & the Blowfish
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Hootie & the Blowfish
The band in 1998, pictured left to right: Sonefeld (behind drum kit), Felber, Rucker, and Bryan.
Background information
Origin
Columbia, South Carolina, United States
Genres
Roots rock
pop rock
pop
alternative rock
jangle pop
folk rock
Years active
1986–present (hiatus)
Labels
Atlantic
Sneaky Long
Vanguard
Website
hootie.com
Past members
Darius Rucker
Mark Bryan
Dean Felber
Jim Sonefeld
Brantley Smith
John Nau
Hootie & the Blowfish is an American rock band that was formed in Columbia, South Carolina, in 1986 by Darius Rucker, Mark Bryan, Dean Felber and Jim Sonefeld. As of July 2010, the band had charted 16 singles on various Billboard singles charts and recorded five studio albums. Their debut album, Cracked Rear View (1994), is the 14th-best-selling album of all time in the United States, and was certified platinum 16 times. They have sold over 21 million copies of their albums in the United States. The group was also popular in Canada, having three number-one singles in the country.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early years
1.2 1994–1995: Cracked Rear View and mainstream success
1.3 1996–1997: Fairweather Johnson and promotional singles
1.4 1998–2008: Later years
1.5 2008–present: Hiatus and solo work
1.6 Record label
1.7 Charity work
2 Musical style
3 Band members
4 Discography
4.1 Studio albums
4.2 Compilation albums
4.3 Singles
4.4 Other singles
4.4.1 Promotional singles
4.5 Music videos
5 List of awards and nominations received by Hootie & the Blowfish
5.1 American Music Award
5.2 Grammy Award
5.3 MTV Video Music Award
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Early years[edit]
Hootie & the Blowfish formed in 1986. The quartet met when they were freshmen at the University of South Carolina in Columbia. Bryan heard Rucker singing in the showers of the dorm they shared and was impressed by his vocal ability. They began playing cover tunes as The Wolf Brothers; eventually they collaborated with Felber, a former high school bandmate of Bryan's, and Jim "Soni" Sonefeld as Hootie & the Blowfish. The name is a conjunction of the nicknames of two of their college friends.[2] Brantley Smith was the original drummer for the band. He left the group to pursue music ministry, but he has made scattered guest appearances with the band (he played cello on their MTV Unplugged performance in 1996, and played drums at Gruene Hall in Gruene, Texas, on June 27, 2008).
The band independently released two cassette demo EPs in 1991 and 1992. In 1993, they pressed 50,000 copies of a self-released EP, Kootchypop. They were signed to Atlantic Records in August 1993, after being discovered by Atlantic A&R representative Tim Sommer, a former music journalist and member of the art rock band Hugo Largo.[3] Sommer recalled that other record labels were uninterested in signing Hootie & The Blowfish because their sound was radically different from the grunge music that was popular at the time.[3]
1994–1995: Cracked Rear View and mainstream success[edit]
Their mainstream debut album was Cracked Rear View (1994). It was an instant success, went platinum 16 times in the United States, became the best-selling album of 1995, and was one of the fastest-selling debut albums of all time. The album featured four hits, "Hold My Hand" (U.S. No. 10), "Let Her Cry" (U.S. No. 9), "Only Wanna Be with You" (U.S. No. 6), and "Time" (U.S. No. 14).[4] The album's last single, "Drowning", was not as successful as its predecessors, peaking only on the Mainstream Rock chart. In 1995, Hootie & the Blowfish and Bob Dylan reached an out-of-court settlement for the group's unauthorized use of Dylan's lyrics in their song "Only Wanna Be with You".[5] Miami Dolphins' Hall of Fame quarterback Dan Marino appeared in the band's video for the song "Only Wanna Be with You", along with several other athletes.[6]
1996–1997: Fairweather Johnson and promotional singles[edit]
The band won the "Best New Artist" award at the 1996 Grammy Awards. Hootie & the Blowfish appeared on MTV Unplugged on the eve of the release of their second album, Fairweather Johnson (1996). It contained the hit single "Old Man and Me" (U.S. No. 13), and sold four million copies in the United States. Hootie & the Blowfish has since released three more studio albums: Musical Chairs, Hootie & the Blowfish and Looking for Lucky. They also released a B-sides and rarities compilation titled Scattered, Smothered and Covered (2000). This album is named in tribute of Waffle House, a popular Southern chain of all-night diners. Specifically, the title refers to an order of hash browns scattered on the grill, smothered with diced onions and covered with melted cheese.[7]
In 1995, Hootie & the Blowfish contributed the song "Hey, Hey, What Can I Do" to the Encomium tribute album to Led Zeppelin. Their cover of Canadian group 54-40's "I Go Blind", released on the soundtrack to the television series Friends in 1995, did not appear on Cracked Rear View or Fairweather Johnson, but became a hit on radio in 1996 after three singles from Fairweather Johnson had been released. Both "Hey, Hey, What Can I Do" and "I Go Blind" were later released on the compilation Scattered, Smothered and Covered.
1998–2008: Later years[edit]
In 1998, they performed on Frank Wildhorn's concept album of the musical The Civil War.[8] The group covered the 1968 Orpheus hit "Can't Find the Time" for the soundtrack of the Jim Carrey movie Me, Myself & Irene (2001). Orpheus creator and the song's writer Bruce Arnold traded verses with Darius on several occasions, when the band played live on the West Coast. The band had an extensive touring schedule, including an annual New Year's Eve show at Silverton Las Vegas (formerly known as Boomtown Las Vegas) in Enterprise, Nevada. In 2008, the band started releasing their concerts as downloads through trueAnthem.[9] In 2009, Hootie & the Blowfish performed live in a ballet which chronicled their rise and success in the 1990s.[10]
2008–present: Hiatus and solo work[edit]
In 2008, Rucker announced in an AOL Sessions interview that Hootie & the Blowfish would be going on hiatus so Rucker could pursue his solo career as a country music performer. Although the band will no longer be recording or touring, Rucker confirmed that they will still perform their scheduled charity concerts, stating, "We have four charity gigs every year and we will still do them, but we will not do a record or tour."[11] Rucker also said that the split will last "for five or six years, or until I record three or four country albums". He later amended his statement, saying, "To be honest with you, we're not even split up right now, and we're not really thinking about splitting up."[12]
Rucker has recorded a solo album, Learn to Live, for Capitol Records. It includes the singles "Don't Think I Don't Think About It", "It Won't Be Like This for Long", "Alright", all three of which have reached #1 on the U.S. Hot Country Songs chart, and "History in the Making", which peaked at #3 on the U.S. Hot Country Songs chart. Rucker's second solo album Charleston, SC 1966 was released October 2010. A third solo album, True Believers, was released May 2013, followed by the Christmas-themed Home for the Holidays (2014), and a fourth solo album, Southern Style, in March 2015.
The band reunited for a one-time performance on the Late Show with David Letterman in the run-up to Letterman's retirement from the show in May 2015. That same year, Darius Rucker announced that Hootie & the Blowfish will get back together.[13]
Record label[edit]
In 1996, Hootie & the Blowfish started their own record label, Breaking Records, as a subsidiary of Atlantic. They had planned to focus on signing local Carolina acts. Edwin McCain and Cravin' Melon were associated with the label at one point, but did not release any material on it. The Meat Puppets, Jump, Little Children, Treadmill Trackstar and Treehouse released one album each on Breaking Records. The label folded in 2000.
Charity work[edit]
Hootie & the Blowfish have become known for their charity work. The entire band and crew traveled to New Orleans for five days of building houses in Musicians' Village, on October 16–20, 2006.[14] The band's members are avid golfers, and have sponsored the annual spring Monday After the Masters Celebrity Pro-Am Golf Tournament, benefiting local charities, since 1995.[15]
Hootie & the Blowfish toured through the Middle East and Europe supporting American troops during a USO tour. On December 5, 1998, Darius Rucker broke into an a cappella solo of the US National Anthem during the lowering of colors on board USS Enterprise (CVN-65), which was docked in Jebel Ali, United Arab Emirates. The band then played an extended concert for crew members of the aircraft carrier.[16]
From 2005 to 2009, Hootie & the Blowfish performed at the Animal Mission’s 'Party Animals' silent auction and concert to benefit the shelter animals in Columbia, South Carolina. Each year the event raised over $100,000 and allowed the organization to provide a free spay/neuter program for the Southern community’s pets. On October 18, 2008, Hootie & the Blowfish reunited to do a show at Incirlik Air Base in Turkey.
Musical style[edit]
Contrasting with the sound of their grunge contemporaries, the band's music was described as "a mainstream pop variation of blues-rock" with "equal parts of jam band grooves and MOR pop."[17][18] The band's sound was also described as heartland rock,[19] roots rock[20] and jangle pop.[21]
Band members[edit]
Current line-up
Darius Rucker – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1986–2008) (sometimes mistakenly referred to as being Hootie in the band's name)
Mark Bryan – lead guitar, backing vocals, piano (1986–2008)
Dean Felber – bass guitar, backing vocals, piano (1986–2008)
Jim Sonefeld – drums, percussion, backing vocals, rhythm guitar (1989–2008)
Touring musicians
Gary Greene – percussion, drums, rhythm guitar, piano, banjo (1995–2000; 2001–2008)
Peter Holsapple – keyboards, mandolin, guitar, lap steel guitar, backing vocals (1995–1998; 2003–2008)
Philip "Fish" Fisher – percussion, drums (2000–2001)
Former members
John Nau – keyboards, mandolin, rhythm guitar, harmonica (1994–1998) (studio and occasional fill-in only) (1998–2003) (studio artist and touring musician)
Brantley Smith – drums (1986–1989)

Discography[edit]
It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Hootie & the Blowfish discography. (Discuss) (August 2017)
Studio albums[edit]
Year
Album details
Peak chart positions
Certifications
(sales threshold)
US
[22]
US Indie
[22]
AUS
[23]
CAN
[24]
GER
[25]
NL
[26]
NZ
[27]
SWE
[28]
SWI
[29]
UK
[30]
1994 Cracked Rear View
Release date: July 5, 1994
Label: Atlantic Records
1 — 7 1 45 — 1 — — 12
US: Diamond (16× Platinum)[31]
UK: Gold[32]
CAN: Diamond[33]
AUS: 2× Platinum[34]
1996 Fairweather Johnson
Release date: April 23, 1996
Label: Atlantic Records
1 — 12 6 41 37 6 36 37 9
US: 3× Platinum[31]
UK: Silver[32]
1998 Musical Chairs
Release date: September 15, 1998
Label: Atlantic Records
4 — 54 27 72 — 20 — — 15
US: Platinum[31]
2003 Hootie & the Blowfish
Release date: March 4, 2003
Label: Atlantic Records
46 — — — — — — — — 161
2005 Looking for Lucky
Release date: August 9, 2005
Label: Vanguard Records
47 4 — — — — — — — —
"—" denotes releases that did not chart
Compilation albums[edit]
Year
Album details
Peak chart
positions
US
[22]
US Indie
[22]
2000 Scattered, Smothered and Covered
Release date: October 24, 2000
Label: Atlantic Records
71 —
2004 The Best of Hootie & the Blowfish: 1993-2003
Release date: March 2, 2004
Label: Atlantic/Rhino Records
62 —
2006 Live in Charleston
Release date: August 8, 2006
Label: Vanguard Records
— 47
"—" denotes releases that did not chart
Singles[edit]
Year
Single
Peak chart positions
Album
US
[35]
US Rock
[36]
US AC
[37]
US Adult
[38]
AUS
[23]
CAN
[1]
GER
[39]
NZ
[40]
UK
[30]
1994 "Hold My Hand" 10 4 6 — 70 36 — 37 50 Cracked Rear View
"Let Her Cry" 9 9 7 — 4 2 78 19 75
1995 "Only Wanna Be with You" 6 2 3 3 40 1 65 17 87
"Time" 14 26 4 1 — 1 — 35 —
"Drowning" — 21 — — — — — — —
1996 "Old Man & Me (When I Get to Heaven)" 13 6 18 4 60 1 75 41 57 Fairweather Johnson
"Tucker's Town" 38 29 24 12 — 2 — — 79
"Sad Caper" — — — 26 — — — — —
1998 "I Will Wait" — — 28 3 — 7 — — 57 Musical Chairs
1999 "Only Lonely" — — 29 25 — — — — 169
2003 "Innocence" — — 25 24 — — — — — Hootie & the Blowfish
"Goodbye Girl" — — 24 — — — — — — The Best of Hootie & the Blowfish
2005 "One Love" — — 5 20 — — — — — Looking for Lucky
2006 "Get Out of My Mind" — — 17 17 — — — — —
"—" denotes releases that did not chart
Other singles[edit]
Promotional singles[edit]
Year
Single
Peak chart positions
Album
US Rock
[36]
US AC
[37]
US Adult
[38]
CAN
[41]
1995 "I Go Blind" 13 22 3 13 Friends Original TV Soundtrack
"Hey, Hey, What Can I Do" 15 — — — Encomium: a Tribute to Led Zeppelin
"—" denotes releases that did not chart
Music videos[edit]
Year
Video
Director
1994 "Hold My Hand" Adolfo Doring
"Let Her Cry"
1995 "Only Wanna Be With You" Frank Sacramento
"Time"
1996 "Old Man and Me (When I Get to Heaven)" Dan Winters
"Tucker's Town" Greg Masuak
"Sad Caper" Steven Hanft
"Gravity of the Situation" Milton Lage
"Be the One"
1998 "I Will Wait" Ulf Buddensieck
"Only Lonely" Nigel Dick
2005 "One Love" Roman White
List of awards and nominations received by Hootie & the Blowfish[edit]
American Music Award[edit]
The American Music Award is an annual American music awards show.
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
1996 Hootie & the Blowfish Artist of the Year Nominated
Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Nominated
Favorite Pop/Rock New Artist Won
Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist Nominated
Cracked Rear View Favorite Pop/Rock Album Nominated
1997 Hootie & the Blowfish Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Won
Grammy Award[edit]
The Grammy Award is an award presented by The Recording Academy to recognize achievement in the mainly English-language music industry.
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
1996 Hootie & the Blowfish Best New Artist Won
"Let Her Cry" Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals Won
MTV Video Music Award[edit]
The MTV Video Music Award is an award presented by the cable channel MTV to honor the best in the music video medium.
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
1995 "Hold My Hand" Best New Artist Won
Viewer's Choice Award Nominated
1996 "Only Wanna Be with You" Best Group Video Nominated
See also[edit]
Live in the X Lounge II – Hootie & the Blowfish released live performances of their songs "Hold My Hand" and "Desert Mountain Showdown" in 1999 to this charity album which was released to benefit UCP of Greater Birmingham.
List of best-selling music artists
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "RPM Canada – charts". RPM magazine. Retrieved 2011-04-12.
Jump up ^ "Hootie & the Blowfish". hootie.com. Retrieved 2015-01-01. The unlikely moniker was borrowed from the nicknames of two college friends.
^ Jump up to: a b Sommer, Tim (14 July 2016). "My Life in the Bush of Hootie: How I Signed the Biggest Band of 1995". Observer. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Strong, Martin C. (2000). The Great Rock Discography (5th ed.). Edinburgh: Mojo Books. p. 459. ISBN 1-84195-017-3.
Jump up ^ Rock Clock Archived 2007-10-01 at the Wayback Machine., November 3. VH1.com. Accessed May 25, 2007.
Jump up ^ Hootie and the Blowfish. A Series of Short Trips (DVD). Atlantic, 1996.
Jump up ^ Hootie & the Blowfish like songs "covered". Archived 2007-03-19 at the Wayback Machine. Cnn.com Archive, November 3, 2000. Accessed February 5, 2007.
Jump up ^ Gettysburg Welcomes Wildhorn's "New" Civil War Musical, For the Glory. Archived 2010-11-04 at the Wayback Machine. Playbill.com, June 15, 2006. Accessed March 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Hootie & the Blowfish on trueAnthem Archived November 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Believe It or Not, Here's the Hootie Ballet. Archived 2010-08-04 at the Wayback Machine. Free Times (Columbia, SC), March 31, 2009, accessed April 17, 2009
Jump up ^ "Darius Rucker – Hootie Leaves the Blowfish". Contactmusic.com. 2008-08-29. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
Jump up ^ Hootie and the Blowfish to Return in 2009. Alternative Addiction, December 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Darius Rucker: Hootie Reunion Will Be 'Real Soon'". Taste of Country.
Jump up ^ "Hootie & the Blowfish join Habitat for Humanity in New Orleans build Feature Story". Thecelebritycafe.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
Jump up ^ "Hootie & The Blowfish Golf Tournament Page". Hootiegolf.com. 2011-04-08. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
Jump up ^ News Photo, Defense.gov. Retrieved August 2011
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen. "Hootie & the Blowfish". Allmusic. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hootie & the Blowfish - Live in Charleston". Allmusic. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hootie & the Blowfish perform first ever single 'Hold My Hand' on 'Letterman' – watch". NME. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hootie & the Blowfish return to Letterman 20 years after breakthrough performance — watch". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Best band ever, briefly!: 17 musical acts beloved by TV characters for just one episode". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "allmusic ((( Hootie & the Blowfish > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums )))". AllMusic. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
^ Jump up to: a b Australian (ARIA) chart peaks:
Top 50 peaks: "australian-charts.com > Hootie & the Blowfish in Australian Charts". Hung Medien. Retrieved 2016-12-13.
Top 100 peaks to December 2010: Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.
"Hold My Hand": "The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 26 Feb 1995". Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA). Retrieved 2016-12-13. N.B. The HP column displays the highest peak reached.
"Old Man & Me (When I Get to Heaven)": "The Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 16 Jun 1996". Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA). Retrieved 2017-12-11.
Jump up ^ "Results - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". RPM. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
Jump up ^ "Album Search: Hootie & The Blowfish" (in German). Media Control. Retrieved 2011-07-12.
Jump up ^ "dutchcharts.nl – Dutch charts portal". dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
Jump up ^ "charts.org.nz – New Zealand charts portal". charts.org.nz. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
Jump up ^ "swedishcharts.com – Swedish charts portal". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
Jump up ^ "Die Offizielle Schweizer Hitparade und Music Community". hitparade.ch. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
^ Jump up to: a b "Chart Log UK: H & Claire – Hysterix". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 2008-12-08. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
^ Jump up to: a b c "RIAA – Gold & Platinum – July 18, 2010: Hootie & the Blowfish certified albums". Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
^ Jump up to: a b "BPI search results". British Phonographic Industry. Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
Jump up ^ "Cracked Rear View". Canadian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 2011-12-21. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.
Jump up ^ "Hootie & the Blowfish Chart History: Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hootie & the Blowfish Chart History: Mainstream Rock". Billboard. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hootie & the Blowfish Chart History: Adult Contemporary". Billboard. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hootie & the Blowfish Chart History: Adult Pop Songs". Billboard. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Song Search: Hootie & the Blowfish" (in German). Media Control. Retrieved 2011-07-12.
Jump up ^ "charts.org.nz – New Zealand charts portal". charts.org.nz. Retrieved 2010-07-18.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles – Volume 63, No. 1, February 19, 1996". RPM. Retrieved 2011-02-01.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hootie and the Blowfish.
Official website
Hootie Golf site
Hootie & the Blowfish at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
[show]
v
t
e
Hootie & the Blowfish
Mark Bryan
Dean Felber
Darius Rucker
Jim Sonefeld
Studio albums
Cracked Rear View
Fairweather Johnson
Musical Chairs
Hootie & the Blowfish
Looking for Lucky
Extended Play
Kootchypop
Other albums
Scattered, Smothered and Covered
The Best of Hootie & the Blowfish: 1993–2003
Live in Charleston
Singles
"Hold My Hand"
"Let Her Cry"
"Only Wanna Be with You"
"Time"
"Drowning"
"Hey, Hey, What Can I Do"
"Old Man & Me (When I Get to Heaven)"
"Tucker's Town"
"Sad Caper"
"I Go Blind"
"I Will Wait"
"Only Lonely"
"Innocence"
"Goodbye Girl"
"One Love"
"Get Out of My Mind"
[show]
v
t
e
Grammy Award for Best New Artist
Bobby Darin (1960)
Bob Newhart (1961)
Peter Nero (1962)
Robert Goulet (1963)
The Swingle Singers (1964)
The Beatles (1965)
Tom Jones (1966)
No award given (1967)
Bobbie Gentry (1968)
José Feliciano (1969)
Crosby, Stills & Nash (1970)
The Carpenters (1971)
Carly Simon (1972)
America (1973)
Bette Midler (1974)
Marvin Hamlisch (1975)
Natalie Cole (1976)
Starland Vocal Band (1977)
Debby Boone (1978)
A Taste of Honey (1979)
Rickie Lee Jones (1980)
Christopher Cross (1981)
Sheena Easton (1982)
Men at Work (1983)
Culture Club (1984)
Cyndi Lauper (1985)
Sade (1986)
Bruce Hornsby and the Range (1987)
Jody Watley (1988)
Tracy Chapman (1989)
Milli Vanilli (1990; withdrawn)
Mariah Carey (1991)
Marc Cohn (1992)
Arrested Development (1993)
Toni Braxton (1994)
Sheryl Crow (1995)
Hootie & the Blowfish (1996)
LeAnn Rimes (1997)
Paula Cole (1998)
Lauryn Hill (1999)
Christina Aguilera (2000)
Shelby Lynne (2001)
Alicia Keys (2002)
Norah Jones (2003)
Evanescence (2004)
Maroon 5 (2005)
John Legend (2006)
Carrie Underwood (2007)
Amy Winehouse (2008)
Adele (2009)
Zac Brown Band (2010)
Esperanza Spalding (2011)
Bon Iver (2012)
Fun (2013)
Macklemore & Ryan Lewis (2014)
Sam Smith (2015)
Meghan Trainor (2016)
Chance the Rapper (2017)
Alessia Cara (2018)
[show]
v
t
e
Billboard Year-End number one albums
1956–1975
1956: Calypso – Harry Belafonte
1957: Music from My Fair Lady – Original Cast
1958: Music from My Fair Lady – Original Cast
1959: The Music from Peter Gunn – Henry Mancini
1960: Music from The Sound of Music – Original Cast
1961: Camelot – Original Cast
1962: West Side Story – Soundtrack
1963: West Side Story – Soundtrack
1964: Music from Hello, Dolly! – Original Cast
1965: Music from Mary Poppins – Soundtrack
1966: Whipped Cream & Other Delights – Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass
1967: More of the Monkees – The Monkees
1968: Are You Experienced – The Jimi Hendrix Experience
1969: In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida – Iron Butterfly
1970: Bridge over Troubled Water – Simon & Garfunkel
1971: Jesus Christ Superstar – Soundtrack
1972: Harvest – Neil Young
1973: The World Is a Ghetto – War
1974: Goodbye Yellow Brick Road – Elton John
1975: Greatest Hits – Elton John
1976–2000
1976: Frampton Comes Alive! – Peter Frampton
1977: Rumours – Fleetwood Mac
1978: Saturday Night Fever – Soundtrack
1979: 52nd Street – Billy Joel
1980: The Wall – Pink Floyd
1981: Hi Infidelity – REO Speedwagon
1982: Asia – Asia
1983: Thriller – Michael Jackson
1984: Thriller – Michael Jackson
1985: Born in the U.S.A. – Bruce Springsteen
1986: Whitney Houston – Whitney Houston
1987: Slippery When Wet – Bon Jovi
1988: Faith – George Michael
1989: Don't Be Cruel – Bobby Brown
1990: Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814 – Janet Jackson
1991: Mariah Carey – Mariah Carey
1992: Ropin' the Wind – Garth Brooks
1993: The Bodyguard – Soundtrack
1994: The Sign – Ace of Base
1995: Cracked Rear View – Hootie & the Blowfish
1996: Jagged Little Pill – Alanis Morissette
1997: Spice – Spice Girls
1998: Titanic: Music from the Motion Picture – James Horner
1999: Millennium – Backstreet Boys
2000: No Strings Attached – NSYNC
2001–present
2001: 1 – The Beatles
2002: The Eminem Show – Eminem
2003: Get Rich or Die Tryin' – 50 Cent
2004: Confessions – Usher
2005: The Massacre – 50 Cent
2006: Some Hearts – Carrie Underwood
2007: Daughtry – Daughtry
2008: As I Am – Alicia Keys
2009: Fearless – Taylor Swift
2010: I Dreamed a Dream – Susan Boyle
2011: 21 – Adele
2012: 21 – Adele
2013: The 20/20 Experience – Justin Timberlake
2014: Frozen – Soundtrack
2015: 1989 – Taylor Swift
2016: 25 – Adele
2017: Damn – Kendrick Lamar
Authority control
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MusicBrainz: b3120863-d98d-4bad-a637-8abd8cde6685
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List of countries where Arabic is an official language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Nations in which Arabic is an official language (de facto or de jure). Arabic in countries with more than 50% Arabic-speakers is considered a majority language, otherwise it is a minority language.
Official as majority language
Official as minority language
Co-official as majority language
Co-official as minority language
Not official as minority language
Arabic and its different dialects are spoken by around 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world as well as in the Arab diaspora making it one of the five most spoken languages in the world. Currently, 22 countries are member states of the Arab League (as well as 5 countries were granted an observer status) which was founded in Cairo in 1945.
Arabic is the lingua franca of people who live in countries of the Arab world as well as of Arabs who live in the diaspora, particularly in Latin America (especially Brazil and Argentina) or Western Europe (like France, Spain, Germany or Italy).
Malta is the only country in the European Union where an Arabic dialect (namely Maltese Arabic) is an official language. It is also one of the official language of the EU. Besides, Cypriot Arabic is an official minority language in the EU member state Cyprus.
Contents
[hide]
1 Countries with Arabic as an official language
2 Countries with Arabic as a national language or an official minority language
2.1 Cyprus
2.2 Iran
2.3 Mali
2.4 Niger
2.5 Senegal
2.6 Turkey
3 Non-sovereign entities where Arabic is an official language
4 History
5 Territories where Arabic was an official or de facto official language in the history and later replaced or canceled
6 See also
7 References
8 Notes
9 External links
Countries with Arabic as an official language[edit]
As of 2016, there are 27 independent nations where Arabic is an official language. The following is a list of sovereign states and territories where Arabic is an official or de facto official language.
Countries where Arabic is an official language
No
Country
Population
Notes
No. of Arabic Speakers[1]
% of Arabic Speakers[2]
Member state of
Arab League
1. Algeria 41,701,000 Co-official language, along with Berber 40,100,000 80.00 Yes
2. Bahrain 1,343,000 Official language 690,302 81.4 Yes
3. Chad 10,329,208 Co-official language, along with French 1,320,000 1.81 No
4. Comoros 798,000 Co-official language, along with Comorian and French Yes
5. Djibouti 810,179 Co-official language, along with French 97,900 1.32 Yes
6. Egypt 90,000,000 Official language 82,449,200 93.18 Yes
7. Eritrea 6,380,803 Co-official language, along with Tigrinya and English 249,700 3.83 Observer status
8. Iraq 36,004,552 Co-official language, along with Kurdish 22,908,120 85.81 Yes
9. Israel a 8,238,300 Co-official language, along with Hebrew 2,039,000 24.82 No
10. Jordan 6,655,000 Official language 5,083,300 96.93 Yes
11. Kuwait 2,789,000 Official language 1,735,000 82.21 Yes
12. Lebanon 4,965,914 Official language 4,180,000 91.44 Yes
13. Libya 6,244,174 Official language 4,526,000 72.09 Yes d
14. Malta 445,426 Maltese Arabic, Co-official language, along with English 423,154 95.00 No
15. Mauritania 3,359,185 Official language 3,140,000 88.78 Yes
16. Morocco 33,250,000 Co-official language, along with Berber 25,003,930 74.29 Yes
17. Oman 4,055,418 Official language 2,518,816 88.6 Yes
18. Palestine b 4,484,000 Official language in the Palestinian territories c 1,610,000 37.49 Yes
19. Qatar 2,155,446 Official language 1,215,900 75.39 Yes
20. Saudi Arabia 30,770,375 Official language 27,178,770 95.62 Yes
21. Somalia 10,428,043 Co-official language, along with Somali 3,788,000 31.26 Yes
22. Sudan 40,235,000 Co-official language, along with English 28,164,500 70.00 Yes
23. Syria 20,956,000 Official language 17,951,639 91.71 Yes e
24. Tanzania
( Zanzibar) 1,303,569 Co-official language, along with Kiswahili and English No
25. Tunisia 10,982,754 Official language 10,800,500 98.34 Yes
26. United Arab Emirates 9,346,129 Official language 3,607,600 39.71 Yes
27. Yemen 23,833,000 Official language 14,671,000 54.68 Yes f
a. Out of the 193 member states of the United Nations, 161 member states currently recognize the State of Israel.
b. Out of the 193 member states of the United Nations, 136 member states currently recognize the State of Palestine.
c. The Palestinian territories (also called Israeli-occupied territories) are currently occupied by Israel but legally don`t belong to the state of Israel according to the Supreme Court of Israel and the International Court of Justice of the United Nations (UN).
d. Libya's seat is taken by the House of Representatives (Libya) (which is disputed by the Muslim Brotherhood-led General National Congress (2014) and Government of National Accord)
e. Syria's seat currently occupied by the Syrian National Coalition,[3] while Ba'athist Syrian Arab Republic suspended on 16 November 2011[4][5]
f. Yemen's seat is taken by the Cabinet of Yemen (which is disputed by the Houthi Supreme Revolutionary Committee)
Countries with Arabic as a national language or an official minority language[edit]
As of 2016, there are 6 independent nations where Arabic is a national language or an official minority language, but not primary language. The following is a list of sovereign states and territories where Arabic is a national language or an official minority language.
Countries where Arabic is a national language or an official minority language
No
Country
Population
National language or Minority language
Region
1. Cyprus 1,141,166 Minority language Asia
2. Iran 79,926,270 Minority language Asia
3. Mali 14,517,176 National language Africa
4. Niger 18,638,600 National language Africa
5. Senegal 14,320,055 National language Africa
6. Turkey 79,814,871 Minority language Asia
Cyprus[edit]
See also: Languages of Cyprus
Cypriot Arabic (alongside Armenian) is one of the two recognized minority languages of Cyprus, since 2008.[6] It is spoken by the Maronite community, which is a minority in Cyprus especially in the cities Nicosia, Limassol and Larnaca.
Cypriot Arabic (also known as Cypriot Maronite Arabic) is taught at the Elementary School of St. Maron, which is located in Anthoupolis southern of Nicosia, Cyprus.[7]
Iran[edit]
See also: Languages of Iran
Arabic is a recognized minority language of Iran. In addition, the constitution recognizes the Arabic language as the language of Islam, giving it a formal status as the language of religion, and regulates its spreading within the Iranian national curriculum. After the Islamic Revolution in 1979, Arabic (as the language of Quran) became mandatory for pupils in Iran. Arabic courses are mandatory starting from 6th year of schooling (1st year of Middle School) until the 12th year (last of year of High School).
In 2008, the public university Payame Noor University declared that Arabic will be the "second language" of the university, and that all its services will be offered in Arabic, concurrent with Persian.[8]
The local dialects of Arabic spoken by Arab minorities in Iran (like Ahwazi Arabs, Khamseh Arabs, Marsh Arabs as well as Arabs in Khorasan) are Khuzestani Arabic and Mesopotamian Arabic, (also known as Iraqi Arabic) mainly in Khuzestan Province as well as Khorasani Arabic especially in Khorasan Province.
There are also several TV channels in Arabic language broadcasting from Iran, namely, Al-Alam, Al-Kawthar TV as well as IFilm.
Mali[edit]
See also: Languages of Mali
Arabic is one of the recognized national languages in Mali. Hassaniya Arabic (a variety of Maghrebi Arabic) is spoken by a minority in Mali especially by the Azawagh Arabs (also known as nomadic Moors) nomadic ethnic Arab-ancestry tribes who are settling mainly in the area of Azawagh which is a dry basin covering what is today northwestern Niger, as well as parts of northeastern Mali and southern Algeria.[9]
Niger[edit]
See also: Languages of Niger
Arabic is one of the recognized national languages in Niger. Arabic is spoken by a minority in Niger especially by the Diffa Arabs (also known as Mahamid Arabs) an Arab nomadic tribespeople who is living in eastern Niger, mostly in the Diffa Region.
Senegal[edit]
See also: Languages of Senegal
Arabic is one of the recognized national languages in Senegal. Hassaniya Arabic is spoken by a minority in Senegal.[10]
Turkey[edit]
See also: Languages of Turkey
There is an Arab minority in Turkey who speak Arabic as their native language. Therefore, Arabic is a recognized minority language in Turkey.
In 2015, the Turkey’s Ministry of Education announced that as of the 2016-17 academic year, Arabic language courses (as a second language) will be offered to students in elementary school starting in second grade. The Arabic courses will be offered as an elective language course like German, French and English which are already being offered to elementary school students for a long time. According to a prepared curriculum, second and third graders will start learning the Arabic language by listening-comprehension and speaking, while introduction to writing will join these skills in fourth grade and after fifth grade students will start learning the language in all its four basic skills.[11][12]
The national public broadcaster of Turkey the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (also known as TRT) broadcasts TRT Al Arabiya a 24 hours a day TV channel in Arabic language (launched in April 2010).
Non-sovereign entities where Arabic is an official language[edit]
As of 2016, there are 9 non-sovereign entities where Arabic is an official language. The following is a list of non-sovereign entities and autonomous regions as well as territories where Arabic is an official or de facto official language.
Non-sovereign entities and territories where Arabic is an official or de facto official language
No
Name
Population
Notes
Region
1. Azawad 1,300,000 Co-official language, along with Tuareg Africa
2. Iraqi Kurdistan 5,300,000 Co-official language, along with Kurdish Asia
3. Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 4,800,000 Official language Asia
4. Khatumo 1,000,000 Co-official language, along with Somali Africa
5. Puntland 4,280,000 Co-official language, along with Somali Africa
6. Rojava 4,600,000 Co-official language, along with Kurdish and Syriac Asia
7. Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 502,585 Co-official language, along with Spanish Africa
8. Somaliland 4,500,000 Co-official language, along with Somali Africa
9. Syrian opposition 3,500,000 Official language Asia
History[edit]
Main article: Arab world § History
The early Muslim conquests (Arabic: الفتوحات الإسلامية, al-Futūḥāt al-Islāmiyya) and the following Expansion of Islam (Arabic: انتشار الإسلام, Intishar al-Islām) led to the expansion of the Arabic language in Northern Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, the Caucasus, Western Asia, Central Asia and South Asia. Along with the religion of Islam, the Arabic language, Arabic number system and Arab customs spread throughout the entire Arab caliphate. The caliphs of the Arab dynasty established the first schools inside the empire which taught Arabic language and Islamic studies for all pupils in all areas within the caliphate. The result was (in those areas which belonged to the Arab empire) the creation of the society that was mostly Arabic-speaking because of the assimilation of native inhabitants.
The expansion of the first Caliphates:
Expansion under Islamic prophet Muhammad,
622–632 AD/ 1-11 AH
Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate,
632–661 AD/ 11-40 AH
Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate,
661–750 AD/ 40-129 AH
During the period of the Umayyad Caliphate, the 5th Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik established Arabic instead of the local languages as the sole official state language of government across the entire caliphate.[13]
In the history, Andalusian Arabic was the official language in Spain and Portugal, formerly Al-Andalus for more than 700 years until the fall of the last Islamic state in Iberia at Granada in 1492. Siculo-Arabic (or Sicilian Arabic) was a spoken language on the islands of Sicily and neighbouring Malta (at that time Emirate of Sicily) between the end of the ninth century and the end of the twelfth century. Furthermore, a form of Arabic was spoken on the Mediterranean island of Crete (in those days Emirate of Crete) from the late 820s (c. 824 or 827/828) until the Byzantine reconquest in 961.
While the Abbasid Caliphate originally gained power by exploiting the social inequalities against non-Arabs in the Umayyad Empire, ironically during Abbasid rule the empire rapidly was Arabized. As knowledge was shared in the Arabic language throughout the empire, people of different nationalities and religions began gradually to speak Arabic in their everyday lives. Resources from other languages began to be translated into Arabic, and a unique Islamic identity began to form that fused previous cultures with Arab culture, creating a level of civilization and knowledge that was considered a marvel in Europe and the Western world.[14]
The Arabic language remained the lingua franca of high culture under the Fatimids (909–1171), Spanish Umayyads (856–1031) in the Iberian Peninsula, and later Muslim dynasties in North Africa and Spain and of the Mamluks (125–1517) in Egypt and Syria-Palestine.[15]
Unter the rule of Ya'qub (the founder of the Saffarid dynasty) the Persian language was introduced and replaced the Arabic language as the official language of the empire which comprises nowadays the modern states Iran, Afghanistan as well as parts of Pakistan, Tajikestan and Uzbekistan.
Arabic (alongside English) was an official language in South Sudan from 1863 (these days a part of Egypt Eyalet) until 2011 (that time the independent state Republic of South Sudan), when the former government canceled Arabic as an official language. Since 2011 English is the sole official language of South Sudan. The Arabic dialect Juba Arabic is still the lingua franca of the people in South Sudan.
Territories where Arabic was an official or de facto official language in the history and later replaced or canceled[edit]
There were several territories (which later became independent states) where Arabic was an official or de facto official language in the history and where the Arabic language has been replaced by other languages or just canceled. The following is a list of territories (which later became independent states) where Arabic was an official or de facto official language in the history.
Territories where Arabic was an official or de facto official language in the history and later replaced or canceled
No
Current country
Current
official language
Current
spoken language
In the history
belong to
In the history
official language
In the history
spoken language
Period
of time
Region
1. Afghanistan Pashto, Dari Pashto, Dari, various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Pashto, Dari, Uzbek, Turkmen, Central Asian Arabic 661-750 Asia
2. Armenia Armenian Armenian, various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Arabic, Armenian 661-750 Asia
3. Azerbaijan Azeri Azeri, various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Arabic, Azeri 661-750 Asia
4. Cyprus Greek, Co-official language, along with Turkish Greek, Turkish, various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Siculo-Arabic 661-750 Asia
5. Georgia (country) Georgian Georgian Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Arabic, Georgian 661-750 Asia
6. Greece Greek Greek Emirate of Crete Arabic Arabic, Greek, various others 824–961 Europe
7. Iran Persian Persian Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Arabic, Persian 661-750 Asia
8. Italy, (Sicily) Italian Italian, various others Emirate of Sicily Arabic Siculo-Arabic, Byzantine Greek, Vulgar Latin 831–1091 Europe
9. Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz Kyrgyz, Uzbek Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Central Asian Arabic, Kyrgyz 661-750 Asia
10. Malta Maltese, Co-official language, along with English Maltese, English, various others Emirate of Sicily Arabic Siculo-Arabic, Byzantine Greek, Vulgar Latin 831–1091 Europe
11. Pakistan Urdu, Co-official language, along with English Urdu, various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Urdu, Central Asian Arabic 661-750 Asia
12. Portugal Portuguese Portuguese, various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Andalusian Arabic, Mozarabic, Medieval Hebrew 711-1139 Europe
13. Spain Spanish Spanish, various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Andalusian Arabic, Mozarabic, Medieval Hebrew 711-1492 Europe
14. South Sudan English Juba Arabic, various others Egypt Eyalet Arabic Juba Arabic 1863-2011 Africa
15. Tajikistan Tajik Tajik Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Central Asian Arabic, Tajik 661-750 Asia
16. Turkey Turkish Turkish, various others Umayyad Caliphate Arabic North Mesopotamian Arabic 661-750 Asia
17. Turkmenistan Turkmen Turkmen Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Central Asian Arabic, Turkmen 661-750 Asia
18. Uzbekistan Uzbek Uzbek Umayyad Caliphate Arabic Central Asian Arabic, Uzbek 661-750 Asia
See also[edit]
Arabic
Modern Standard Arabic
Arab League
Arab world
Geographic distribution of Arabic
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Data taken from https://www.ethnologue.com/ Retrieved 21/03/2016
Jump up ^ Used data taken from https://www.ethnologue.com/ and country population to get percentage. Retrieved 21/03/2016
Jump up ^ "Syrian president slams Arab League for granting seat to opposition". Xinhua News Agency. 2013-04-06. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Regime backers express anger at other nations after Arab League suspends Syria". cnn.com. CNN. 2011-11-13. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Presentation of the Arab League". Arableagueonline.org. 2012-09-13. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Implementation of the Charter in Cyprus". Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research. Archived from the original on 24 October 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Maronite Community of Cyprus: St Maron Elementary School, 11 December 2013, Retrieved 15 January 2018.
Jump up ^ عربی دومین زبان دانشگاه پیام نور شد (in Persian). Radiozamaaneh.com. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Paris (1995): p. 250.
Jump up ^ Ethnologue: Ethnologue Languages of the World – Senegal - Languages, Retrieved 31 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Al-Monitor: Turks divided over plans to introduce Arabic-language teaching, 2 November 2015, Retrieved 29 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Hürriyet Daily News: Arabic to be offered as second language in Turkish elementary schools, 23 October 2015, Retrieved 29 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Abd al-Malik". Encyclopædia Britannica. I: A-Ak - Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
Jump up ^ Ochsenwald & Fisher 2004, p. 69
Jump up ^ Hayrettin Yücesoy (2015) “Language of Empire: Politics of Arabic and Persian in the Abbasid World, p. 388.
Official languages by country
Bibliography
Paris, François (1995). "L Bassin de I'Azawagh : peuplements et civilisations, du néolithique à l'arrivée de l'islam" (PDF). Milieux, sociétés et archéologues (in French). Karthala. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
Ochsenwald, William; Fisher, Sydney Nettleton (2004). The Middle East: A History (6th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-244233-6. LCCN 2003041213.
Notes[edit]
Arab Immigrants in Latin American Politics
Descendants of Arabs thriving in S. America
"Arab roots grow deep in Brazil's rich melting pot", The Washington Times.
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Mission San Diego de Alcalá
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Mission San Diego" redirects here. For the San Diego Trolley station, see Mission San Diego station.
Mission San Diego de Alcalá
The church façade of Mission San Diego de Alcalá
Location in San Diego
Location
10818 San Diego Mission Rd.
San Diego, California 92108-2429
Coordinates
32°47′4″N 117°6′23″W / 32.78444°N 117.10639°W / 32.78444; -117.10639Coordinates: 32°47′4″N 117°6′23″W / 32.78444°N 117.10639°W / 32.78444; -117.10639
Name as founded
La Misión San Diego de Alcalá[1]
English translation
The Mission of Saint Didacus of Acalá[2]
Patron
Saint Didacus of Alcalá[1]
Nickname(s)
"Mother of the Alta California Missions"[3]
Founding date
July 16, 1769[4]
Founding priest(s)
Father Presidente Junípero Serra [5]
Built
1769
Architect
Fr. Jose Bernardo Sanchez
Founding Order
First[2]
Headquarters of the Alta California Mission System
1769–1771[6]
Military district
First[7][8]
Native tribe(s)
Spanish name(s)
Kumeyaay (Ipai / Tipai)[4]
Diegueño[4]
Native place name(s)
Kosoi, Nipawai[9]
Baptisms
6,522[10]
Confirmations
1,379[11]
Marriages
1,794[10]
Burials
4,322[10]
Neophyte population
1,455[10][12]
Secularized
1834[2]
Returned to the Church
1862[2]
Governing body
Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego
Current use
Parish Church
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Official name: San Diego Mission Church
Designated
April 15, 1970[13]
Reference no.
70000144[13]
U.S. National Historic Landmark
Designated
April 15, 1970[14]
California Historical Landmark
Reference no.
#242
San Diego Historic Landmark
Designated
October 6, 1976[15]
Reference no.
113
Website
http://missionsandiego.com
Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá was the first Franciscan mission in The Californias, a province of New Spain. Located in present-day San Diego, California, it was founded on July 16, 1769 by Spanish friar Junípero Serra in an area long inhabited by the Kumeyaay people. The mission and the surrounding area were named for the Catholic Didacus of Alcalá, a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego. The mission was the site of the first Christian burial in Alta California. San Diego is also generally regarded as the site of the region's first public execution, in 1778. Father Luis Jayme, California's first Christian martyr, lies entombed beneath the chancel floor. The current church is the fifth to stand on this location.[16][17] The Mission is a National Historic Landmark.[14][18]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Rancho period (1834–1849)
1.2 California statehood (1850–1900)
1.3 20th century and beyond (1901 – present)
2 Other historic designations
3 Mission industries
3.1 Wine
4 Mission bells
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
The former Spanish settlement at the Kumeyaay's Nipawai lies within that area occupied during the late Paleoindian period and continuing on into the present day by the Native society commonly known as the Diegueño;[19] the name denotes those people who were ministered by the padres at Mission San Diego de Alcalá.[20] Relatively, much is known about the native inhabitants in recent centuries, thanks in part to the efforts of the Spanish explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, who documented his observations of life in the coastal villages he encountered along the Southern California coast in October 1542.[21] Cabrillo, a Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain, is credited with the discovery of San Diego Bay. On the evening of September 28, 1542 the ships San Salvador and Victoria sailed into the harbor, whereupon Cabrillo christened it "San Miguel."[22] During that expedition a landing party went ashore and briefly interacted with a small group of natives. Some sixty years later another Spanish explorer, Sebastián Vizcaíno, made landfall some ten miles from the present Mission site. Under Vizcaíno's command the San Diego, Santo Tomás, and frigate Tres Reyes dropped anchor on November 10, 1602, and the port was renamed "San Diego de Alcalá."[23][24] It would be another 167 years before the Spanish returned to San Diego. Ever since the voyages of Christopher Columbus, the Kingdom of Spain sought to establish missions to convert the pagans in Nueva España ("New Spain") to Roman Catholicism to save souls, and in part, to facilitate colonization of these lands. However, it was not until 1741—the time of the Vitus Bering expedition, when the territorial ambitions of Tsarist Russia towards North America became known—that King Philip V felt such installations were necessary in Upper California.[25]
In 1769, Visitador General José de Gálvez sent the expedition of Junípero Serra and Gaspar de Portolà to found missions and presidios at San Diego and Monterey (see Timeline of the Portolà expedition), thereby securing Spain's claim to the Pacific Coast harbors recommended by Cabrillo and Vizcaino.[26] Two groups traveled from Lower California on foot, while a pair of packet ships (bearing supplies) traveled up the coast from the Baja California Peninsula.[27][28]
Rancho period (1834–1849)[edit]
On August 9, 1834 Governor Figueroa issued his "Decree of Confiscation."[29] The missions were offered for sale to citizens, who were unable to come up with the price, so all mission property was broken up into ranchos and given to ex-military officers who had fought in the War of Independence against Spain. On June 8, 1846 Mission San Diego de Alcalá was given to Santiago Argüello by Governor Pío Pico "...for services rendered to the government."[30] After the United States annexed California, the Mission was used by the military from 1846 to 1862.
Plaque of the Mission San Diego de Alcala
California statehood (1850–1900)[edit]
President Abraham Lincoln signed a proclamation on May 23, 1862 that restored ownership of the Mission proper to the Roman Catholic Church.[31][32] When Mission San Diego de Alcalá was granted back to the Church, it was in ruins. In the 1880s Father Anthony Ubach began to restore the old Mission buildings.
20th century and beyond (1901 – present)[edit]
Father Ubach died in 1907 and restoration work ceased until 1931. In 1941, the Mission once again became a parish church, in what is still an active parish serving the Diocese of San Diego. In 1976, Pope Paul VI designated the Mission church as a minor basilica.[18]
Mission San Diego de Alcalá is located within San Diego city limits, near the intersection of Interstate 8 and Interstate 15, and approximately one mile east of Qualcomm Stadium. The parish is partially funded by a gift shop, and self-guided tours of the grounds and buildings are available to the public for a small donation.
Other historic designations[edit]
California Historical Landmark #242
California Historical Landmark #784 – El Camino Real (starting point in Alta California)
City of San Diego Historic Designation #113
Mission industries[edit]
The cattle brand used at Mission San Diego.[33]
The goal of the missions was, above all, to become self-sufficient in relatively short order. Farming, therefore, was the most important industry of any mission. Prior to the establishment of the missions, the native peoples knew only how to utilize bone, seashells, stone, and wood for building, tool making, weapons, and so forth. The missionaries discovered that the Indians, who regarded labor as degrading to the masculine, had to be taught industry in order to learn how to be self-supportive. The result was the establishment of a great manual training school that comprised agriculture, the mechanical arts, and the raising and care of livestock. Everything consumed and otherwise utilized by the natives was produced at the missions under the supervision of the padres; thus, the neophytes not only supported themselves, but after 1811 sustained the entire military and civil government of California.[34] Wheat, corn, wine grapes, barley, beans, cattle, horses, and sheep were the major crops at San Diego. In 1795, construction on a system of aqueducts was begun to bring water to the fields and the Mission (the first irrigation project in Upper California).[35] The building manager was Fray Pedro Panto, who was poisoned by his Indian cook Nazario before the project was completed.[36] In his testimony, in the trial that followed, Nazario stated that he had poisoned the friar due to constant beatings inflicted by Friar Panto.[37]
The Mission San Diego was primarily supported from lands included in a Spanish royal land grant, encompassing roughly the eastern third of the current City of San Diego, as well as most of the cities of La Mesa and Lemon Grove. While not exact, its boundaries are roughly Interstate 805, Miramar Road, Route 125 (California), Skyline Drive and Division Street. Boundary Street (which parallels Interstate 805 in the neighborhood of North Park) lies directly on one portion of the boundary and draws its name from it.
Wine[edit]
See also: History of California wine
The first vinyards planted in California, were planted at the mission in 1769.[38] Father Junípero Serra planted these initial vines.[39] The vines were of the Mission variety, which were bright to Mexico in the 16th Century.[40] Unfortunately, the initial plantings did not survive, with Mission San Juan Capistrano having the first surviving plantings.[41] By at least 1781, wine was being produced at the mission.[42] One source claims that the vineyard on mission lands reached up to fifty thousand acres.[43] The mission vineyards were around until at least 1823.[44]
Mission bells[edit]
Bells were vitally important to daily life at any mission. The bells were rung at mealtimes, to call the Mission residents to work and to religious services, during births and funerals, to signal the approach of a ship or returning missionary, and at other times; novices were instructed in the intricate rituals associated with ringing the mission bells. This mission had five bells.
See also[edit]
San Diego County portal
Catholicism portal
Spanish missions in California
Santa Ysabel Asistencia
Presidio of San Diego
USNS Mission San Diego (AO-121) – a Mission Buenaventura Class fleet oiler built during World War II.
Union Station (San Diego)
Notes[edit]
Natives utilize a primitive plow to prepare a field for planting near Mission San Diego de Alcalá.
A painting of Mission San Diego de Alcalá as it appeared in 1848 depicts the original campanario ("bell tower"), before it was reduced to rubble. The painting also shows the enclosed front portico.
The "Alemany Plat" prepared by the U.S. Land Surveyor's Office to define the property restored to the Catholic Church by the Public Land Commission, later confirmed by presidential proclamation on May 23, 1862.[45]
President Abraham Lincoln's signature as it appeared on the United States Patent that restored the Mission property to the Catholic Church in 1862. This is one of the few documents that the President signed as "A. Lincoln" instead of his customary "Abraham Lincoln." [31]
Mission San Diego de Alcalá as it stood circa 1900. Note the missing Campanario, and the exposed church, which fell into disrepair.
Aerial view of the Mission, 2011
^ Jump up to: a b Leffingwell, p. 17
^ Jump up to: a b c d Krell, p. 71
Jump up ^ Young, p. 14
^ Jump up to: a b c Yenne, p. 24
Jump up ^ Ruscin, p. 196
Jump up ^ Yenne, p. 186
Jump up ^ Forbes, p. 202
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920, pp. v, 228 "The military district of San Diego embraced the Missions of San Diego, San Luis Rey, San Juan Capistrano, and San Gabriel..."
Jump up ^ Ruscin, p. 195
^ Jump up to: a b c d Krell, p. 315: as of December 31, 1832; information adapted from Engelhardt's Missions and Missionaries of California.
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920, pp. 300–301: as of December 31, 1832. An additional 426 confirmations were performed between January 1, 1833 and December 31, 1841.
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920, pp. 300–301. 1824 saw the greatest number of neophytes attached to the Mission (1,829), whereas the smallest recorded neophyte population was ninety seven neophyte. It was seen in 1774.
^ Jump up to: a b National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
^ Jump up to: a b "San Diego Mission Church". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-08-24.
Jump up ^ "Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board" (PDF). City of San Diego.
Jump up ^ Snell, Charles (September 4, 1976). "San Diego Mission Church" (pdf). National Register of Historic Places – Inventory Nomination Form. National Park Service. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "San Diego Mission Church" (pdf). Photographs. National Park Service. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.missionsandiego.org/visit/history/questions-answers/
Jump up ^ Kroeber 1925, p. 883: Kroeber estimated that the native population in the immediate vicinity of San Diego was approximately 3,000 in 1770 (exclusive of those in Baja California).
Jump up ^ As with other Spanish names given to the indigenous tribes they encountered arthas, the appellation Diegueño does not necessarily identify a specific ethnic or tribal group.
Jump up ^ Yenne, p. 8
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920, p. 3: September 28 was the eve of the "Feast of the Archangel Saint Michael."
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920, pp. 6–9: November 10 was the eve of "St. Martin's Day".
Jump up ^ Davidson, p. 2: "Sebastian Vizcaino, entering November 11–12, 1602, first applied the name San Diego de Alcalá to this port."
Jump up ^ Morrison, p. 214
Jump up ^ Yenne, p. 10
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920, p. 9
Jump up ^ Yenne, p. 10: In January 1769 the San Carlos departed Baya de San Barnabé, followed a month later by the San Antonio, which sailed out of Cabo San Lucas. A third vessel, the San José, left New Spain later that spring but was lost at sea.
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 114
Jump up ^ Leffingwell, p. 19
^ Jump up to: a b Engelhardt 1920, p. 348
Jump up ^ Robinson, pp. 31–32: Patents for each mission were issued to Archbishop J.S. Alemany based on his claim filed with the Public Land Commission on February 19, 1853.
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920, p. 223. From the '"California Archives, State Papers, Missions, vol. vi, p. 180.
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 211
Jump up ^ Hall, William Hammond (1888). Irrigation in California (Southern): The Field, Water-supply, and Works, Organization and Operation in San Diego, San Bernardino, and Los Angeles Counties. California. Office of State Engineer. p. 85. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Smythe, William Ellsworth (1907). History of San Diego, 1542–1907: An Account of the Rise and Progress of the Pioneer Settlement on the Pacific Coast of the United States. History Company. p. 77. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
Jump up ^ McCormack, Brian T. (2007-01-01). "Conjugal Violence, Sex, Sin, and Murder in the Mission Communities of Alta California". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 16 (3): 391–415. doi:10.1353/sex.2007.0070. ISSN 1535-3605.
Jump up ^ Dailey, Keli (29 August 2012). "Winery guide: San Diego County, uncorked". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 19 September 2017. Never mind that the original Golden State vines broke ground at Mission San Diego de Alcalá in 1769 and became Father Junipero Serra’s Communion wine.
Richard Vine; Bruce Bordelon; Ellen M. Harkness; Theresa Browning (29 June 2013). Winemaking: From Grape Growing to Marketplace. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-4757-2656-5.
Wycoff, Ann (23 September 2016). "The Ultimate San Diego Wine Guide". San Diego Magazine. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Jean L. Jacobson (14 June 2006). Introduction to Wine Laboratory Practices and Procedures. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-387-25120-2.
Ian S Hornsey (9 October 2015). The Chemistry and Biology of Winemaking. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-78262-631-2.
LaMar, Jim (25 August 2002). "Mission". Professional Friends of Wine. Retrieved 21 September 2017. More than a century later, Franciscan monk Junipero Serra first planted the Mission variety in California, at Mission San Diego, in 1769.
Jump up ^ "Mission". Calwineries Inc. Retrieved 19 September 2017. Spanish Missionaries first brought the grape to Mexico during the 16th century. The vines that Father Juniper Serra planted at Mission San Diego in 1769 probably descended from these original grapes.
Jump up ^ Charles L. Sullivan (1 October 1998). A Companion to California Wine: An Encyclopedia of Wine and Winemaking from the Mission Period to the Present. University of California Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-520-92087-3.
Jump up ^ Dwight Furrow; Lynn Furrow (22 November 2014). San Diego Wine Country: A Tasting Guide. BookBaby. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-4835-4599-8.
Jump up ^ "The Winery". Social Studies Fact Cards. Toucan Valley Publications, Inc. Retrieved 19 September 2017. Several missions became known for their wine. Mission San Diego had 50,000 acres of land planted in grapevines.
Jump up ^ Lynne Newell Christenson; Ellen L. Sweet (2008). Ranchos of San Diego County. Arcadia Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-7385-5965-0.
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920, p. 346
References[edit]
Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1884–1880). History of California, vols. i–vii (1542–1890). The History Company, San Francisco, CA. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Chapman, Charles E. (1921). A History of California; The Spanish Period. The MacMillan Company, New York, NY.
Davidson, Winifred (January 1955). "San Diego in One Easy Lesson". The Journal of San Diego History. 1 (1): 2–3.
Engelhardt, Zephyrin, O.F.M. (1920). San Diego Mission. James H. Barry Company, San Francisco, CA. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Engelhardt, Zephyrin, O.F.M. (1922). San Juan Capistrano Mission. Standard Printing Co., Los Angeles, CA. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Forbes, Alexander (1839). California: A History of Upper and Lower California. Smith, Elder and Co., Cornhill, London.
Jones, Terry L. and Kathryn A. Klar (eds.) (2007). California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. Altimira Press, Landham, MD. ISBN 0-7591-0872-2. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Krell, Dorothy (ed.) (1979). The California Missions: A Pictorial History. Sunset Publishing Corporation, Menlo Park, CA. ISBN 0-376-05172-8. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Leffingwell, Randy (2005). California Missions and Presidios: The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions. Voyageur Press, Inc., Stillwater, MN. ISBN 0-89658-492-5.
Morrison, Hugh (1987). Early American Architecture: From the First Colonial Settlements to the National Period. Dover Publications, New York, NY. ISBN 0-486-25492-5.
Paddison, Joshua (ed.) (1999). A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush. Heyday Books, Berkeley, CA. ISBN 1-890771-13-9. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Robinson, W.W. (1948). Land in California. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA.
Ruscin, Terry (1999). Mission Memoirs. Sunbelt Publications, San Diego, CA. ISBN 0-932653-30-8.
Stern, Jean & Gerald J. Miller (1995). Romance of the Bells: The California Missions in Art. The Irvine Museum, Irvine, CA. ISBN 0-9635468-5-6.
Yenne, Bill (2004). The Missions of California. Advantage Publishers Group, San Diego, CA. ISBN 1-59223-319-8.
Young, Stanley & Melba Levick (1988). The Missions of California. Chronicle Books LLC, San Francisco, CA. ISBN 0-8118-3694-0.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mission San Diego de Alcalá.
Official Mission San Diego de Alcala website
"Sociopolitical Aspects of the 1775 Revolt at Mission San Diego de Alcalá: an Ethnohistorical Approach" by Richard L. Carrico
Spanish Wiki page with Fray Pedro Panto´s biography
Early photographs, sketches of Mission San Diego de Alcala, via Calisphere, California Digital Library
Early History of the California Coast, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
Listing, photographs, and drawings at the Historic American Buildings Survey
Howser, Huell (December 8, 2000). "California Missions (101)". California Missions. Chapman University Huell Howser Archive.
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