text:
Indonesia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Coordinates: 5°S 120°E / 5°S 120°E / -5; 120
Republic of Indonesia
Republik Indonesia (Indonesian)
Flag
National emblem
Motto: Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (Old Javanese)
(English: "Unity in Diversity")
National ideology: Pancasila[1][2]
Anthem: Indonesia Raya
(English: "Great Indonesia")

Area controlled by Indonesia shown in green
Capital
Jakarta
6°10.5′S 106°49.7′E / 6.1750°S 106.8283°E / -6.1750; 106.8283
Spoken languages[3]
Indonesian (official)
Javanese
Sundanese
and 700 others
Scripts
Latin
Javanese
Balinese
Batak
and others
Ethnic groups (2010)
Javanese 40.22%
Sundanese 15.5%
and others 44.28%[4]
Religion (2010)
87.2% Islam
9.9% Christianity
—7.0% Protestantism
—2.9% Roman Catholicism
1.7% Hinduism
0.7% Buddhism
0.2% Confucianism
and others[5]
Demonym
Indonesian
Government
Unitary presidential constitutional republic
• President
Joko Widodo
• Vice President
Jusuf Kalla
• DPD Speaker
Oesman Sapta Odang
• DPR Speaker
Bambang Soesatyo
• Chief Justice
Muhammad Hatta Ali
Legislature
People's Consultative Assembly (MPR)
• Upper house
Regional Representative Council (DPD)
• Lower house
People's Representative Council (DPR)
Formation
• Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms
2nd century
• Islamic sultanates
13th century
• Dutch East India Company
20 March 1602
• Dutch East Indies
1 January 1800
• Japanese occupation
9 March 1942
• Independence declared from the Netherlands
17 August 1945
• United States of Indonesia (USI)
27 December 1949
• USI dissolved
17 August 1950
Area
• Land
1,904,569[6] km2 (735,358 sq mi) (14th)
• Water (%)
4.85
Population
• 2016 estimate
261,115,456[7]
• 2010 census
237.42 million[8] (4th)
• Density
138/km2 (357.4/sq mi) (88th)
GDP (PPP)
2018 estimate
• Total
$3.481 trillion[9] (7th)
• Per capita
$13,120[9] (96th)
GDP (nominal)
2018 estimate
• Total
$1.092 trillion[9] (16th)
• Per capita
$4,116[9] (114th)
Gini (2016)
39.0[10]
medium
HDI (2015)
0.689[11]
medium · 113th
Currency
Indonesian rupiah (Rp) (IDR)
Time zone
various (UTC+7 to +9)
Date format
DD/MM/YYYY
Drives on the
left
Calling code
+62
ISO 3166 code
ID
Internet TLD
.id
Website
indonesia.go.id
Indonesia (/ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen) IN-də-NEE-zhə or /ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə/ IN-doh-NEE-zee-ə; Indonesian: [ɪndonesia]),[lacks stress] officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia [rɛpublik ɪndonesia]),[lacks stress] is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia, with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the world's largest island country, with more than thirteen thousand islands.[12] At 1,904,569 square kilometres (735,358 square miles), Indonesia is the world's 14th largest country in terms of land area and the 7th largest in terms of combined sea and land area.[13] With over 261 million people, it is the world's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Austronesian and Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island,[14] contains more than half of the country's population.
Indonesia's republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status. Its capital is Jakarta, which is the second most populous urban area in the world; other large urban agglomerations include Bandung, Surabaya and Medan.[15] The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and the eastern part of Malaysia. Other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the world's third highest level of biodiversity.[16] The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper and gold. Agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber.[17] Indonesia's major trading partners are Japan, the United States, China and neighbours Singapore, Malaysia and Australia.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders and Sufi scholars brought the now-dominant Islam,[18][19] while European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolise trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism starting from Amboina and Batavia, and eventually all of the archipelago including Timor and Western New Guinea, at times interrupted by Portuguese, French and British rule, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II.
Indonesia consists of hundreds of distinct native ethnic and linguistic groups, with the largest—and politically dominant—ethnic group being the Javanese. A shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesia's national motto, "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" ("Unity in Diversity" literally, "many, yet one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country. Indonesia's economy is the world's 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 7th largest by GDP at PPP. Indonesia is a member of several multilateral organisations, including the UN,[a] WTO, IMF and G20 major economies. It is also a founding member of Non-Aligned Movement, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, East Asia Summit, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Early history
2.2 Colonial era
2.3 Modern era
3 Geography
3.1 Climate
3.2 Geology
3.3 Biodiversity
3.4 Environment
4 Government and politics
4.1 Parties and elections
4.2 Administrative divisions
4.3 Foreign relations
4.4 Military
5 Economy
5.1 Overview
5.2 Transport
5.3 Energy and water supply
5.4 Science and technology
5.5 Tourism
6 Demographics
6.1 Ethnicity and language
6.2 Urban centres
6.3 Religion
6.4 Education and health
6.5 Demographic issues
7 Culture
7.1 Art and architecture
7.2 Craft and clothing
7.3 Music and dance
7.4 Cuisine
7.5 Theatre and cinema
7.6 Sports
7.7 Media
7.8 Literature
7.9 Public holidays
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
10.1 Works cited
11 External links
Etymology
Further information: Names of Indonesia
The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indos (Ἰνδός) and the word nesos (νῆσος), meaning "Indian islands".[20] The name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia.[21] In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, Malayunesians—for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago".[22] In the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago.[23][24] However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia; they preferred Malay Archipelago (Maleische Archipel); the Netherlands East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indië), popularly Indië; the East (de Oost); and Insulinde.[25]
After 1900, Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and Indonesian nationalist groups adopted it for political expression.[25] Adolf Bastian, of the University of Berlin, popularised the name through his book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894. The first Indonesian scholar to use the name was Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara), when in 1913 he established a press bureau in the Netherlands, Indonesisch Pers-bureau.[21]
History
Main article: History of Indonesia
Early history
A Borobudur ship carved on Borobudur Mahayana Buddhist temple, c. 800 CE. Indonesian outrigger boats may have made trade voyages to the east coast of Africa as early as the 1st century CE.[26]
Fossils and the remains of tools show that the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited by Homo erectus, known as "Java Man", between 1.5 million years ago and 35,000 years ago.[27][28][29] Homo sapiens reached the region around 45,000 years ago.[30] Austronesian peoples, who form the majority of the modern population, migrated to Southeast Asia from present-day Taiwan. They arrived around 2,000 BCE, and as they spread through the archipelago, confined the indigenous Melanesian peoples to the far eastern regions.[31] Ideal agricultural conditions and the mastering of wet-field rice cultivation as early as the 8th century BCE[32] allowed villages, towns, and small kingdoms to flourish by the first century CE. Indonesia's strategic sea-lane position fostered inter-island and international trade, including links with Indian kingdoms and China, which were established several centuries BCE.[33] Trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history.[34][35]
From the 7th century CE, the powerful Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished as a result of trade and the influences of Hinduism and Buddhism that were imported with it.[36] Between the 8th and 10th centuries CE, the agricultural Buddhist Sailendra and Hindu Mataram dynasties thrived and declined in inland Java, leaving grand religious monuments such as Borobudur, Sewu and Prambanan. This period marked a renaissance of Hindu-Buddhist art in ancient Java.[37] Around the first quarter of the 10th century, the centre of the kingdom was shifted from Mataram area in Central Java to Brantas River valley in East Java by Mpu Sindok, who established the Isyana Dynasty.[38] Subsequently, a series of Javanese Hindu-Buddhist polities rose and fell, from Kahuripan kingdom ruled by Airlangga to Kadiri and Singhasari. In West Java, Sunda Kingdom was re-established circa 1030 according to Sanghyang Tapak inscription. In Bali, the Warmadewas established their rule on the Kingdom of Bali in the 10th century. The Hindu Majapahit kingdom was founded in eastern Java in the late 13th century, and under Gajah Mada, its influence stretched over much of present-day Indonesia.[39]
The earliest evidence of Muslim population in the archipelago dates to the 13th century in northern Sumatra, although Muslim traders first traveled through Southeast Asia early in the Islamic era.[40] Other Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam, and it was the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences, which shaped the predominant form of Islam in Indonesia, particularly in Java.[41]
Colonial era
The submission of Prince Diponegoro to General De Kock at the end of the Java War in 1830
The first regular contact between Europeans and the peoples of the archipelago began in 1512, when Portuguese traders, led by Francisco Serrão, sought to monopolise the sources of nutmeg, cloves, and cubeb pepper in Maluku.[42] Dutch and British traders followed. In 1602, the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company (VOC), and in the following decades, the Dutch gained a foothold in Batavia and Amboina. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the company became the dominant European power in the archipelago.[43]
Following bankruptcy, the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800, and the Dutch government established the Dutch East Indies as a nationalised colony.[44] For most of the Dutch colonial period, their control over the archipelago was tenuous outside of coastal strongholds; only in the early 20th century did Dutch dominance extend to what was to become Indonesia's current boundaries.[45] Japanese occupation during World War II ended Dutch rule,[46] and encouraged the previously suppressed Indonesian independence movement.[47] However, a later UN report stated that 4 million people died during the Japanese occupation as a result of famine and forced labour.[48]
Modern era
Sukarno, the founding father and first President of Indonesia
Two days after the surrender of Japan, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, the influential nationalist leaders, proclaimed Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945,[49][50][51] and was selected as the country's first President and Vice President respectively, by the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence. The Netherlands tried to re-establish their rule, and an armed and diplomatic struggle ensued. In December 1949, the Dutch formally recognised Indonesian independence in the face of international pressure,[50][52] with the exception of the Netherlands New Guinea, which was later incorporated into Indonesia following the 1962 New York Agreement and the disputed[53] UN-mandated Act of Free Choice in 1969 that led to the still-ongoing Papua conflict. Despite major internal political, social and sectarian divisions during the four-year struggle, Indonesians, on the whole, found unity in their fight for independence.
In the late 1950s, Sukarno moved Indonesia from democracy towards authoritarianism, and maintained his power base by balancing the opposing forces of the military and the Communist Party of Indonesia (Partai Komunis Indonesia, PKI).[54] An attempted coup on 30 September 1965 was countered by the army, which led a violent purge that targeted communists, ethnic Chinese and alleged leftists, during which the PKI was blamed for the coup and effectively destroyed.[55][56][57] The most widely accepted estimates are that between 500,000 and one million people were killed, with some estimates as high as two to three million.[58][59][60] The head of the military, General Suharto, outmaneuvered the politically weakened Sukarno and was formally appointed president in March 1968. His New Order administration[61] was supported by the United States,[62][63][64] and encouraged foreign direct investment, which was a major factor in the subsequent three decades of substantial economic growth. However, his administration was widely accused of corruption and suppression of political opposition.[65][66][67]
Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the 1997 Asian financial crisis.[68] This increased popular discontent with the New Order and triggered mass protests across the country, which eventually led to Suharto's resignation on 21 May 1998.[69] In 1999, East Timor voted to secede from Indonesia, after a 25-year military occupation that was marked by international condemnation of repression of the East Timorese.[70] In the post-Suharto era, a strengthening of democratic processes has included a regional autonomy program, and the first direct presidential election in 2004.[71] Political and economic instability, social unrest, corruption, and terrorism slowed progress; however, in recent years the economy has performed strongly. Although relations among different religious and ethnic groups are largely harmonious, sectarian discontent and violence have persisted.[72] A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005.[73]
Geography
Main article: Geography of Indonesia
Puncak Jaya in Papua, the highest summit in Indonesia and Oceania
Indonesia lies between latitudes 11°S and 6°N, and longitudes 95°E and 141°E. It is the largest archipelagic country in the world, extending 5,120 kilometres (3,181 mi) from east to west and 1,760 kilometres (1,094 mi) from north to south.[74] According to a geospatial survey conducted between 2007 and 2010 by the National Mapping Agency, Indonesia has 13,466 islands,[75] scattered over both sides of the equator, and with about 6,000 of them are inhabited.[12] The largest are Java, Sumatra, Borneo (shared with Brunei and Malaysia), Sulawesi, and New Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea). Indonesia shares land borders with Malaysia on Borneo, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea, and East Timor on the island of Timor. Indonesia shares maritime borders across narrow straits with Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Palau to the north, and Australia to the south.
Mount Semeru and Mount Bromo in East Java. Indonesia is among the most volcanically active countries in the world.
At 4,884 metres (16,024 ft), Puncak Jaya is Indonesia's highest peak, and Lake Toba in Sumatra is the largest lake, with an area of 1,145 km2 (442 sq mi). Indonesia's largest rivers are in Kalimantan and New Guinea, and include Kapuas, Barito, Mamberamo, Sepik and Mahakam; such rivers are communication and transport links between the island's river settlements.[76]
Climate
Main article: Climate of Indonesia
Typical Indonesian rainforest, mostly found in Kalimantan and Sumatra
Lying along the equator, Indonesia's climate tends to be relatively even year-round.[77] Indonesia has two seasons—a wet season and a dry season—with no extremes of summer or winter.[78] For most of Indonesia, the dry season falls between April and October with the wet season between November and March.[78] Indonesia's climate is almost entirely tropical, dominated by the tropical rainforest climate found in every major island of Indonesia, followed by the tropical monsoon climate that predominantly lies along Java's coastal north, Sulawesi's coastal south and east, and Bali, and finally the tropical Savanna climate, found in isolated locations of Central Java, lowland East Java, coastal southern Papua and smaller islands to the east of Lombok. However, cooler climate types do exist in mountainous regions of Indonesia 1,300 to 1,500 metres (4,300 to 4,900 feet) above sea level. The oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) prevail in highland areas with fairly uniform precipitation year-round, adjacent to rainforest climates, while the subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb) exist in highland areas with a more pronounced dry season, adjacent to tropical monsoon and savanna climates.
Rinca, Lesser Sunda Islands. The islands closest to Australia, including Nusa Tenggara and the eastern tip of Java, tend to be dry.
Some regions, such as Kalimantan and Sumatra, experience only slight differences in rainfall and temperature between the seasons, whereas others, such as Nusa Tenggara, experience far more pronounced differences with droughts in the dry season, and floods in the wet. Rainfall is plentiful, particularly in West Sumatra, West Kalimantan, West Java, and Papua. Parts of Sulawesi and some islands closer to Australia, such as Sumba is drier. The almost uniformly warm waters that make up 81% of Indonesia's area ensure that temperatures on land remain fairly constant. The coastal plains averaging 28 °C (82.4 °F), the inland and mountain areas averaging 26 °C (78.8 °F), and the higher mountain regions, 23 °C (73.4 °F). The area's relative humidity ranges between 70 and 90%. Winds are moderate and generally predictable, with monsoons usually blowing in from the south and east in June through October and from the northwest in November through March. Typhoons and large scale storms pose little hazard to mariners in Indonesian waters; the major danger comes from swift currents in channels, such as the Lombok and Sape straits.
Geology
Main article: Geology of Indonesia
See also: Volcanoes of Indonesia
Major volcanoes in Indonesia. Indonesia is in the Pacific Ring of Fire area.
Tectonically, Indonesia is highly unstable. It lies on the Pacific Ring of Fire where the Indo-Australian Plate and the Pacific Plate are pushed under the Eurasian plate where they melt at about 100 kilometres (62 miles) deep. A string of volcanoes runs through Sumatra, Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara, and then to the Banda Islands of Maluku to northeastern Sulawesi.[79] Of the 400 volcanoes, around 130 are active.[80] While volcanic ash has resulted in fertile soils and able to historically sustain the high population densities of Java and Bali,[81] it makes agricultural conditions unpredictable in some areas.[82]
A massive supervolcano erupted at present-day Lake Toba around 70,000 BCE. The largest eruption in the last 2.5 million years, it is believed to have caused a global volcanic winter and cooling of the climate, and subsequently led to a genetic bottleneck in human evolution, though the eruption's precise effects are still debated.[83][84][85] Between 1972 and 1991, 29 volcanic eruptions were recorded, mostly on Java. The two most violent volcanic eruptions in modern times occurred in Indonesia; the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora—the largest known eruption during the past 10,000 years—resulted in 92,000 deaths and created an umbrella of volcanic ash which spread and blanketed Southeast Asia, plunging it into darkness for a week, and made much of Northern Hemisphere without summer in 1816.[86] The 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, which produced the loudest sound in recorded history,[87] resulted in 40,000 deaths that are attributed to the eruption itself and the tsunamis it created. Significant additional effects were also felt around the world years after the eruption.[88] Recent disasters due to seismic activity include the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami that killed an estimated 167,736 in northern Sumatra,[89] and the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake.
Biodiversity
Main articles: Fauna of Indonesia and Flora of Indonesia
Species endemic to Indonesia. Clockwise from top: Rafflesia arnoldii, orangutan, greater bird-of-paradise, and Komodo dragon.
Indonesia's size, tropical climate, and archipelagic geography, support the world's third highest level of biodiversity after Brazil and Colombia.[16] Its flora and fauna is a mixture of Asian and Australasian species.[90] The islands of the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali) were once linked to the Asian mainland, and have a wealth of Asian fauna. Large species such as the Sumatran tiger, rhinoceros, orangutan, Asian elephant, and leopard, were once abundant as far east as Bali, but numbers and distribution have dwindled drastically. Forests cover approximately 70% of the country.[91] In Sumatra and Kalimantan, these are predominantly of Asian species. However, the forests of the smaller, and more densely populated Java, have largely been removed for human habitation and agriculture. Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku – having been long separated from the continental landmasses—have developed their own unique flora and fauna.[92] Papua was part of the Australian landmass, and is home to a unique fauna and flora closely related to that of Australia, including over 600 bird species.[93]
Indonesia is second only to Australia in terms of total endemic species, with 36% of its 1,531 species of bird and 39% of its 515 species of mammal being endemic.[94] Indonesia's 80,000 kilometres (50,000 miles) of coastline are surrounded by tropical seas that contribute to the country's high level of biodiversity. Indonesia has a range of sea and coastal ecosystems, including beaches, sand dunes, estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds, coastal mudflats, tidal flats, algal beds, and small island ecosystems.[20] Indonesia is one of Coral Triangle countries with the world's greatest diversity of coral reef fish with more than 1,650 species in eastern Indonesia only.[95]
The British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace described a dividing line between the distribution of Indonesia's Asian and Australasian species.[96] Known as the Wallace Line, it runs roughly north–south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. West of the line the flora and fauna are more Asian – moving east from Lombok they are increasingly Australian until the tipping point at the Weber Line. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area.[97] The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termed Wallacea.[96]
Environment
Main article: Environment of Indonesia
Indonesia's large and growing population, and rapid industrialisation, present serious environmental issues. They are often given a lower priority due to high poverty levels and weak, under-resourced governance.[98] Issues include the destruction of peatlands, large-scale illegal deforestation and related wildfires causing heavy smog over parts of western Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; over-exploitation of marine resources; and environmental problems associated with rapid urbanisation and industrial development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services.[98] Indonesia has a below average but slightly improving performance in the global Environmental Performance Index (EPI) with an overall ranking of 107 out of 180 countries in 2016. This is also below average in the Asia-Pacific region, behind Thailand but slightly ahead of China.[99]
Much of Indonesia's deforestation is caused by the expansion of palm oil industry[100] that requires land reallocation as well as changes to the natural ecosystems. Expansions can generate wealth for local communities, but it can also degrade ecosystems and cause social problems.[101] This makes Indonesia the world's fourth largest emitter of greenhouse gases.[99] Such activity also threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species, including 140 species of mammals identified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as threatened, and 15 as critically endangered, including the Bali starling,[102] Sumatran orangutan,[103] and Javan rhinoceros.[104]
Government and politics
Main articles: Politics of Indonesia and Government of Indonesia
A presidential inauguration by the MPR in the Parliament Complex Jakarta, 2014
Indonesia is a republic with a presidential system. As a unitary state, power is concentrated in the central government. Following the resignation of President Suharto in 1998, political and governmental structures have undergone major reforms, with four constitutional amendments revamping the executive, legislative and judicial branches.[105] The President of Indonesia is the head of state and head of government, commander-in-chief of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia), and the director of domestic governance, policy-making, and foreign affairs. The president appoints a council of ministers, who are not required to be elected members of the legislature. The president may serve a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms.[106]
The highest representative body at national level is the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, MPR). Its main functions are supporting and amending the constitution, inaugurating–and impeaching[107][108]–the president, and formalising broad outlines of state policy. The MPR comprises two houses; the People's Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPR), with 560 members, and the Regional Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, DPD), with 132 members.[109] The DPR passes legislation and monitors the executive branch. Reforms since 1998 have markedly increased its role in national governance,[105] while the DPD is a new chamber for matters of regional management.[110][108]
Most civil disputes appear before the State Court (Pengadilan Negeri); appeals are heard before the High Court (Pengadilan Tinggi). The Supreme Court of Indonesia (Mahkamah Agung) is the country's highest court, and hears final cessation appeals and conducts case reviews. Other courts include the Commercial Court, which handles bankruptcy and insolvency; the State Administrative Court (Pengadilan Tata Negara) to hear administrative law cases against the government; the Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi) to hear disputes concerning legality of law, general elections, dissolution of political parties, and the scope of authority of state institutions; and the Religious Court (Pengadilan Agama) to deal with codified Sharia Law cases.[111] In addition, the Judicial Commission (Komisi Yudisial) monitors the performance of judges.
Parties and elections
Main articles: List of political parties in Indonesia and Elections in Indonesia
Since 1999, Indonesia has had a multi-party system. In all legislative elections since the fall of New Order, no political party has managed to win an overall majority of seats, resulting in coalition governments. The Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan), which secured the most votes in the 2014 elections, is the party of the current President, Joko Widodo.[112] The Great Indonesia Movement Party (Partai Gerindra) is the third largest political party.[113] Other notable parties include Party of the Functional Groups (Partai Golkar), Democratic Party (Partai Demokrat), and National Awakening Party (Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa). The current DPR consists of 10 political parties, with a parliamentary threshold of 3.5% of the national vote.[114]
The first general election was held in 1955 to elect members of the DPR and the Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia (Konstituante). At the national level, Indonesian people did not elect a president until 2004. Since then, the president is elected for a five-year term, as are the party-aligned members of the DPR and the non-partisan DPD.[109][105] Beginning with 2015 local elections, Indonesia started to elect governors and mayors simultaneously on the same date.
Administrative divisions
Main articles: Provinces of Indonesia and Subdivisions of Indonesia
Administratively, Indonesia consists of 34 provinces, five of which have special status. Each province has its own legislature (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, DPRD) and an elected governor. The provinces are subdivided into regencies (kabupaten) and cities (kota), led by regents (bupati) and mayors (walikota) respectively and also their own legislature (DPRD Kabupaten/Kota). These are further subdivided into districts (kecamatan or distrik in Papua), and again into administrative villages (either desa, kelurahan, kampung, nagari in West Sumatra, or gampong in Aceh). This number has evolved over time, the most recent change being the split of North Kalimantan from East Kalimantan in October 2012.[115]
The village is the lowest level of government administration. Furthermore, it is divided into several community groups (rukun warga, RW) which are further divided into neighbourhood groups (rukun tetangga, RT). In Java, the village (desa) is divided further into smaller units called dusun or dukuh (hamlets), these units are the same as RW. Following the implementation of regional autonomy measures in 2001, the regencies and cities have become key administrative units, responsible for providing most government services. The village administration level is the most influential on a citizen's daily life and handles matters of a village or neighbourhood through an elected village chief (lurah or kepala desa).
The provinces of Aceh, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Papua, and West Papua have greater legislative privileges and a higher degree of autonomy from the central government than the other provinces. Aceh, for example, has the right to create certain elements of an independent legal system and several regional parties participate only in elections within the province.[116] In 2003, it instituted a form of sharia (Islamic law).[117] Yogyakarta was granted the status of Special Region in recognition of its pivotal role in supporting Indonesian Republicans during the National Revolution and its willingness to join Indonesia as a republic.[118] Papua, formerly known as Irian Jaya, was granted special autonomy status in 2001 and was split into Papua and West Papua in February 2003.[119][120] Jakarta is the country's special capital region (Daerah Khusus Ibukota).
Aceh
North
Sumatra
West
Sumatra
Riau
Riau
Islands
Bangka–
Belitung
Jambi
South
Sumatra
Bengkulu
Lampung
Banten
Jakarta
West
Java
Central
Java
Yogyakarta
East
Java
Bali
West Nusa
Tenggara
East Nusa
Tenggara
West
Kalimantan
Central
Kalimantan
North
Kalimantan
East
Kalimantan
South
Kalimantan
North
Sulawesi
North
Maluku
Central
Sulawesi
Gorontalo
West
Sulawesi
South
Sulawesi
Southeast
Sulawesi
Maluku
West
Papua
Papua
Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of Indonesia
Joko Widodo and U.S. President Donald Trump, in July 2017
Since independence, Indonesia has adhered to a "free and active" foreign policy, seeking to play a role in regional affairs commensurate with its size and location but avoiding involvement in conflicts among other countries.[121] In contrast to Sukarno's anti-imperialistic antipathy to Western powers and tensions with Malaysia, foreign relations since the New Order have been based on economic and political cooperation with the West.[122] Indonesia maintains close relations with its neighbours in Asia, and is a founding member of ASEAN and the East Asia Summit.[123] The country restored relations with China in 1990 following a freeze in place since anti-communist purge early in the Suharto era. Indonesia also developed close relations with the Soviet Union during the early-to-mid 1960s.[124]
Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950,[a] and was a founder of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).[125] Indonesia is signatory to the ASEAN Free Trade Area agreement, the Cairns Group, and the World Trade Organization (WTO), and an occasional member of OPEC.[126] Indonesia has received humanitarian and development aid since 1966, in particular from the United States, the European Union (EU), Australia, and Japan.[citation needed] The EU has spent more than €500 million development assistance in the last ten years, in particular to promote basic education and good governance in public finance management and justice, and to support efforts against climate change and deforestation and trade.[127]
The Indonesian government has worked with other countries to apprehend and prosecute perpetrators of major bombings linked to militant Islamism.[128] The deadliest bombing killed 202 people (including 164 international tourists) in the Bali resort town of Kuta in 2002.[129] The attacks, and subsequent travel warnings issued by other countries, severely damaged Indonesia's tourism industry and foreign investment prospects.[130]
Military
Main articles: Indonesian National Armed Forces and Military history of Indonesia
Indonesian Armed Forces. Clockwise from top: Indonesian Army during training session, Sukhoi Su-30, Pindad Anoa, and Indonesian naval vessel KRI Sultan Iskandar Muda 367.
Indonesia's Armed Forces (TNI) include the Army (TNI–AD), Navy (TNI–AL, which includes Marine Corps), and Air Force (TNI–AU).[131] The army has about 400,000 active-duty personnel. Defense spending in the national budget was 0.9% of GDP in 2015,[132] and is controversially supplemented by revenue from military commercial interests and foundations.[133] The Armed Forces was formed during the Indonesian National Revolution, when it undertook a guerrilla warfare along with informal militia. As a result of this, and the need to maintain internal security, the Armed forces including the Army, Navy, and Air Force has been organised along territorial lines, aimed at defeating internal enemies of the state and potential external invaders.[citation needed] After a three-decade involvement and support for the Suharto regime, the TNI's formal representation in parliament was removed following political reforms in 1998. However, its political influence remains extensive.[134][135]
Since independence, the country has struggled to maintain unity against local insurgencies and separatist movements.[136] Some, notably in Aceh and Papua, have led to an armed conflict, and subsequent allegations of human rights abuses and brutality from all sides.[137][138] The former was resolved peacefully in 2005,[73] while the latter still continues, amid a significant, albeit imperfect, implementation of regional autonomy laws, and a reported decline in the levels of violence and human rights abuses, since the presidency of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.[139] Other engagements of the army include the campaign against the Netherlands New Guinea to incorporate the territory into Indonesia, the Konfrontasi to oppose the creation of Malaysia, the mass killings against the PKI, and the invasion of East Timor, which was–and remains–Indonesia's largest military operation.[140][141]
Economy
Main articles: Economy of Indonesia, Economic history of Indonesia, and List of main infrastructure projects in Indonesia
Jakarta, the capital city and the country's commercial centre
The Indonesian rupiah (IDR) banknotes denominations in circulation since 2016
Indonesia has a mixed economy in which both the private sector and government play significant roles.[142] The country is the largest economy in Southeast Asia and a member of the G20 major economies.[143] Indonesia's estimated nominal gross domestic product, as of 2017[update], is US$1.020 trillion while GDP in PPP terms is US$$3.257 trillion. It is the 16th largest economy in the world by nominal GDP and is the 7th largest in terms of GDP (PPP). As of 2017[update], per capita GDP in PPP is US$12,432 while nominal per capita GDP is US$3,895.[8] The debt ratio to GDP is 26%.[144] The services are the economy's largest and accounts for 43.3% of GDP (2016), followed by manufacturing sector (42.9%) and agriculture (13.7%).[145] Since 2012, it has employed more people than other sectors, accounting for 44.8% of the total labour force, followed by agriculture (34.3%) and industry (20.9%).[146] Agriculture, however, had been the country's largest employer for centuries.[citation needed]
Overview
Vast palm oil plantation. Currently, Indonesia is the world's largest producer of palm oil.
Over time, the structure of the Indonesian economy has changed considerably.[147] Historically, it has been heavily weighted towards agriculture, reflecting both its stage of economic development and government policies in the 1950s and 1960s to promote agricultural self-sufficiency.[147] A gradual process of industrialisation and urbanisation began in the late 1960s, and accelerated in the 1980s as falling oil prices saw the government focus on diversifying away from oil exports and towards manufactured exports.[147] This development continued throughout the 1980s and into the next decade despite the 1990 oil price shock, during which the GDP rose at an average rate of 7.1%. The consistent growth saw the official poverty rate falling from 60% to 15%.[148] From the mid 1980s, the economy became more globally integrated as trade barriers were reduced. The 1997 Asian financial crisis affected Indonesia both economically and politically. The government's initial response was to float the rupiah, raise key domestic interest rates, and tighten fiscal policy. The effects of the crisis were severe. By November 1997, rapid currency depreciation had caused public debt to reach US$60 billion, imposing severe strains on the government's budget.[149] In 1998, real GDP contracted by 13.1% and inflation reached 72% (slowed to 2% in 1999). The economy reached its low point in mid-1999 with only 0.8% real GDP growth.
Recent strong economic growth has been accompanied by relatively steady inflation.[150] Since an inflation target was introduced in 2000, the GDP deflator and the CPI have grown at an average annual pace of 10¾% and 9%, respectively, similar to the pace recorded in the two decades prior to the 1997 crisis, but well below the pace in the 1960s and 1970s.[151] Inflation has also generally trended lower through the 2000s, with some of the fluctuations in inflation reflecting government policy initiatives such as the changes in fiscal subsidies in 2005 and 2008, which caused large temporary spikes in CPI growth.[150] Since 2007, however, with improvement in banking sector and domestic consumption, growth has accelerated to over 6% annually.[152][153] This helped Indonesia weather the 2008–2009 Great Recession,[154] during which the economy performed strongly, and later in 2011 saw the country regain the investment grade rating it lost in 1997.[155] The growth, however, has slowed to 5% since 2014 due to a ban on exports of unprocessed mineral ores in an attempt to boost the domestic mineral processing industry and encourage exports of higher value-added mineral products,[156] and a rise in interest rates.[157] As of 2016[update], 10.8% of the population lived below the poverty line and the official open unemployment rate was 5.5%.[158][159]
Palm oil production is important to the economy as Indonesia is the world's biggest producer and consumer of the commodity, providing about half of the world's supply.[100] Plantations in the country stretch across 6 million hectares as of 2007,[160] with a replanting plan set for an additional 4.7 million to boost productivity in 2017.[161] As of 2012[update], Indonesia produces 35% of the world's certified sustainable palm oil (CSPO).[162] Automotive industry produced almost 1.18 million motor vehicles in 2016, ranking Indonesia as the 17th largest producer in the world.[163] Nowadays, Indonesian automotive companies are able to produce cars with high ratio of local content (80%–90%).[164] With production of 13 billion packs in 2016, Indonesia is the second largest producer of instant noodle after China which produces 38.5 billion packs a year.[165] Indofood, the world's largest instant noodle producer, is known for Indomie, one of Indonesia's best known brands.[166] Of the world's 500 largest companies measured by revenue in 2016, the Fortune Global 500, Pertamina was the sole Indonesian company on the list.[167]
A proportional representation of Indonesia's exports (2012)
Indonesia ran a trade surplus in 2016, with total exports and imports of US$140 billion and US$132 billion, respectively. During the last five years, exports and imports have decreased at an annual rate of 3 to 4.8%, from US$224 billion and US$173 billion, respectively in 2011. The country's main exports are led by palm oil and coal briquettes, with jewellery, cars and vehicle parts, rubber, and copper ore making up the majority of other exports, while imports mainly consist of refined petroleum and crude petroleum, with telephones, computers, vehicle parts and wheat cover the majority of other imports. The country's main export markets are China (12%), the United States (11%), Japan (11%), Singapore (8%) and India (7.2%), while its main import partners are China (23%), Singapore (11%), Japan (9.8%), Thailand (6.5%) and Malaysia (5.4%).[17]
Transport
Main article: Transport in Indonesia
The road transport system is predominant, with a total length of 523,974 kilometres (325,582 miles) as of 2015[update].[168] Many cities and towns have some form of transportation for hire available such as taxis. There are usually bus services such as the Kopaja buses and the more sophisticated TransJakarta, the longest bus rapid transit (BRT) system in the world that boasts some 230.9 kilometres (143.5 miles) in 13 corridors and 10 cross-corridor routes[169] and carrying 430,000 passengers daily in 2016.[170] In addition, BRT systems exist in Yogyakarta, Palembang, Bandung, Denpasar, Pekanbaru, Semarang, Makassar, and Padang without segregated lanes. Many cities have motorised auto rickshaws (bajaj), and share taxis known locally as Angkot are a common sight in even medium-sized towns. Becak, a cycle rickshaw, is a regular sight on city roads and provide inexpensive transportation.
Rail transport system has four unconnected networks in Java and Sumatra primarily dedicated to transport bulk commodities and long-distance passenger traffic. The inter-city rail network on Java is complemented by local commuter rail services in the Jakarta metropolitan area, Surabaya, Medan, and Bandung. In Jakarta, the suburban rail services carry 885,000 passengers a day.[171] In addition, mass rapid transit and light rail transit systems are currently under construction in Jakarta and Palembang.[172][173] The government's plan to build a high-speed rail (HSR) was announced in 2015, the first in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. It is expected to connect the capital Jakarta with Bandung, covering a distance of around 140 kilometres (87 miles). Plans were also mentioned for its possible extension to Surabaya, the country's second largest city.[174]
Major means of transport in Indonesia. Clockwise from top: TransJakarta bus, Jabodetabek Commuter Line, Garuda Indonesia Boeing 737-800, Pelni ship
Since Indonesia encompasses a sprawling archipelago, maritime transport is vital for economic integration, as it provides essential links between parts of the country, and for domestic and foreign trade, with each of the major islands having at least one significant port city. Boats in common use include large container ships, a variety of ferries, passenger ships, sailing ships, and smaller motorised vessels. Traditional wooden vessel pinisi are widely used as the inter-island freight service in the archipelago. Port of Tanjung Priok is Indonesia's busiest port, handling over 5.20 million TEUs.[175] A two-phase "New Tanjung Priok" extension project is currently underway to boost capacity, which will triple the existing annual capacity when fully operational in 2023. In 2015, ground breaking of the strategic North Sumatra's Kuala Tanjung Port has been completed. It is expected to accommodate 500,000 TEUs per year,[176] overtaking Johor's Tanjung Pelepas Port and could even compete with the port of Singapore.[177]
Frequent ferry services cross the straits between nearby islands, especially in the chain of islands stretching from Sumatra through Java to the Lesser Sunda Islands. On the busy crossings between Sumatra, Java, and Bali, car ferries frequently run 24 hours per day. There are international ferry services between across the Strait of Malacca between Sumatra and Malaysia, and between Singapore and nearby Indonesian islands, such as Batam. A network of passenger ships makes longer connections to more remote islands, especially in the eastern part of the archipelago. The national shipping line, Pelni, provides passenger service to ports throughout the country on a two- to four-week schedule. These ships generally provide the least expensive way to cover long distances between islands. Smaller privately run boats also provide service between islands.
As of 2014[update], there were 237 airports in Indonesia,[178] including 17 international airports. Soekarno–Hatta International Airport is the 22nd busiest airport in the world, serving 54,969,536 passengers in 2016.[179] Today the airport is running over capacity. After an expansion with a third terminal was completed in 2016, the total capacity of the three terminals increased to 43 million passengers a year. The first and second terminals will be revitalised in order to accommodate 67 million passengers a year.[180] Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali and Juanda International Airport in Surabaya are the country's second and third busiest airport. Garuda Indonesia, the country's flag carrier since 1949, is one of the world's leading airlines and the 20th member of the global airline alliance SkyTeam. The airline's modernisation plan in 2009 has resulted in numerous awards, such as Skytrax's "5-Star Airline" rating and "The World's Best Cabin Crew."[181][182]
Energy and water supply
Main article: Energy in Indonesia
According to IEA, Indonesia was the 10th top natural gas producer in 2009: 76 billion cubics (bcm) 2.5% of world production of which 36 bcm was exported.[183] In 2009, Indonesia was the 5th top coal producer: 263 million tonnes hard coal and 38 million tonnes brown.[183] The majority of this, 230 Mt of hard coal, was exported.[184] Indonesia has significant energy resources, starting with oil – it has 22 billion barrels of conventional oil and gas reserves, of which about 4 billion are recoverable. That's the equivalent of about 10 years of oil production and 50 years of gas. It has about 8 billion barrels of oil-equivalent of coal-based methane (CBM) resources. It has 28 billion tonnes of recoverable coal and has 28 gigawatts (GW) of geothermal potential. 1 Includes recoverable resources of oil and gas yet to be discovered. It has even more in the form of solar, wind, biomass and biofuel potential. Indonesia's domestic oil consumption has grown from 1.2 million barrels per day in 2003 to 1.6 million barrels per day in 2013.[183] As of 2015, Indonesia's total national installed power generation capacity stands at 55,528.51 MW.[185]
Jatiluhur Dam, the country's largest dam, serves several purposes including the provision of hydroelectric power generation, water supply, flood control, irrigation and aquaculture. The power station has an installed capacity of 186.5 MW which feeds into the Java grid managed by the state-owned electricity company (Perusahaan Listrik Negara). The Jatiluhur reservoir helps irrigate 240,000 ha (593,053 acres) of rice fields. The earth-fill dam is 105 m (344 ft) high and withholds a reservoir of 3,000,000,000 m3 (2,432,140 acre⋅ft).[186][187][188]
Science and technology
Main article: Science and technology in Indonesia
Though not considered as a leading country in science and technology, there are many examples of notable scientific and technological developments and achievements contributed by Indonesians. Living in an agrarian and maritime culture, they have been famous in some traditional technologies, particularly in agriculture and marine. In the former, as with other people in Southeast Asia, they are famous in paddy cultivation technique namely terasering. Bugis and Makassar people are well known in the latter, making wooden sailing vessel called pinisi boats.[189] A recent notable invention, a road construction technique named Sosrobahu by Tjokorda Raka Sukawati, allows long stretches of flyovers to be constructed above existing main roads with a minimum of disruption to the traffic. It later became famous and widely used in many countries, including Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and the United States.[190] The country is also an active producer of passenger trains and freight wagons with its state-owned train manufacturer company, the Indonesian Railway Industry (INKA), and has exported trains to several countries, such as Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Malaysia.[191]
Palapa satellite launch in 1984.
Indonesia has a long history in developing military and small commuter aircraft as the only country in Southeast Asia to produce and develop its own aircraft. With state-owned aircraft company, the Indonesian Aerospace (PT. Dirgantara Indonesia), Indonesia has produced aircraft components for Boeing and Airbus, and with EADS CASA of Spain, developed the CN-235 aircraft that has been exported to several countries.[192] Former President B. J. Habibie played an important role in this achievement. While active as a professor in Germany, he conducted many research assignments, producing theories on thermodynamics, construction, and aerodynamics, known as the Habibie Factor, Habibie Theorem, and Habibie Method respectively.[193] Indonesia also has joined the South Korean program to manufacture the KAI KF-X fighter.[194]
Indonesia has its own space agency and space program, and is also the first developing country to operate its own satellite system, known as Palapa.[195] It is a series of communication satellites owned by Qatari-controlled company Indosat Ooredoo. The first satellite, PALAPA A1 was first launched on 8 July 1976 from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, United States.[196] As of 2016[update], Indonesia has launched 11 satellites to connect alongside the archipelago,[citation needed] and the space agency has expressed desire to put satellites in orbit with native launch vehicles by 2040.[197]
Tourism
Main articles: Tourism in Indonesia and List of national parks of Indonesia
Borobudur, the world's largest Buddhist temple, is the single most visited tourist attraction in Indonesia.[198]
Tourism contributes around US$17 billion to national GDP in 2016.[199] In the same year, Indonesia received 12 million visitors, a growth of 15.5% in one year.[200] In the previous year, Indonesia recorded 10.4 million international visitors, staying in hotels for an average of 8.5 nights and spending an average of US$1,190 per person during their visit, or US$140 per person per day.[201] China, Singapore, Australia, Malaysia, and Japan are the top five source of visitors to Indonesia. Since January 2011, Wonderful Indonesia has been the slogan of an international marketing campaign directed by the Ministry of Tourism to promote tourism.[202]
Natural and cultural attractions are major components of Indonesian tourism. The former can boast a unique combination of tropical climate, vast archipelago and long stretch of beaches, and they are complemented by a rich cultural heritage that reflects Indonesia's dynamic history and ethnic diversity. Indonesia has a well-preserved natural ecosystem with rain forests that stretch over about 57% of Indonesia's land (225 million acres). Forests on Sumatra and Kalimantan are examples of popular destinations, such as the Orangutan wildlife reserve. Moreover, Indonesia has one of world's longest coastlines, measuring 54,716 kilometres (33,999 mi). The ancient Prambanan and Borobudur temples, Toraja and Bali, with its Hindu festivities, are some of the popular destinations for cultural tourism.
With 20% of the world's coral reefs, over 3,000 different species of fish and 600 coral species, deep water trenches, volcanic sea mounts, World War II wrecks, and an endless variety of macro life, scuba diving in Indonesia is both excellent and inexpensive.[203] Bunaken National Marine Park, at the northern tip of Sulawesi has more than 70% of all the known fish species of the Indo-Western Pacific Ocean.[204] According to Conservation International, marine surveys suggest that the marine life diversity in the Raja Ampat Islands is the highest recorded on Earth.[205] Moreover, there are over 3,500 species living in Indonesian waters, including sharks, dolphins, manta rays, turtles, moray eels, cuttlefish, octopus and scorpaenidae, compared to 1,500 on the Great Barrier Reef.
Raja Ampat Islands, one of the world's richest areas of marine biodiversity
Indonesia has 8 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, such as the Komodo National Park, Cultural Landscape of Bali, Ujung Kulon National Park, Lorentz National Park, Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra, comprises three national parks on the island of Sumatra: Gunung Leuser National Park, Kerinci Seblat National Park and the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park; and 18 World Heritage Sites in tentative list, such as the historic urban centres of Jakarta Old Town, Sawahlunto Old Coal Mining Town, Semarang Old Town, as well as Muara Takus Compound Site.[206] The heritage tourism is focussed on specific interest on Indonesian history, such as colonial architectural heritage of the Dutch East Indies era. The activities among others are visiting museums, churches, forts and historical colonial buildings, as well as spending some nights in colonial heritage hotels. The popular heritage tourism attractions are Jakarta Old Town and the royal Javanese courts of Yogyakarta, Surakarta and the Mangkunegaran.
Bali, Indonesia's most famous tourist destination, has been named among the world's best islands by some publications.[207][208] It is known for its attractive surroundings (both mountain and coastal areas), diverse attractions, international and local restaurants, and the friendliness of the local people.[207] It is also a major spot for surfing, with popular breaks dotted across the southern coastline and around the offshore island of Nusa Lembongan.[209] As part of the Coral Triangle, Bali, including Nusa Penida, offers a wide range of dive sites with varying types of reefs.
Urban tourism activities includes shopping, sightseeing in big cities, and enjoying modern amusement parks, resorts, spas, nightlife and entertainment. Bandung is a popular shopping destination for fashion products among Malaysians and Singaporeans.[210] Taman Mini Indonesia Indah as well as Ancol Dreamland with Fantasy World (Dunia Fantasi) theme park and Atlantis Water Adventure are Jakarta's answer to Disneyland-style amusement park and water park. Jakarta is also a shopping hub in Southeast Asia, with numerous shopping malls and traditional markets. The annual "Jakarta Great Sale" is held every year in June and July to celebrate Jakarta's anniversary.[211] With a total of 550 hectares, Jakarta has the world's largest shopping mall floor area within a single city.[212]
Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Indonesia, Indonesians, and Women in Indonesia
The 2010 national census recorded Indonesia's population as 237.6 million, with high population growth at 1.9%.[213] 58% of the population lives in Java,[214] the world's most populous island.[14] The population density is 138 people per km2 (357 per sq mi), ranking 88th in the world,[215] although Java has a population density of 1,067 people per km2 (2,435 per sq mi). The population is unevenly spread throughout the islands within a variety of habitats and levels of development, ranging from the megalopolis of Jakarta to uncontacted tribes in Papua.[216] In 1961, the first post-colonial census gave a total population of 97 million.[217] The country currently possess a relatively young population, with a median age of 28.6 years (2016 estimate).[218] The population is expected to grow to around 295 million by 2030 and 321 million by 2050.[219] Around 2 to 8 million Indonesians live overseas, with most of them settled in Malaysia, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong, Singapore, the United States, and Australia.[220]
Ethnicity and language
Main articles: Ethnic groups in Indonesia, Native Indonesians, and Languages of Indonesia
A map of major ethnic groups in Indonesia
Indonesia is a very ethnically diverse country, with around 300 distinct native ethnic groups.[221] Most Indonesians are descended from Austronesian-speaking peoples whose languages can be traced to Proto-Austronesian, which possibly originated in prehistoric Taiwan. Another major grouping are the Melanesians, who inhabit eastern Indonesia.[31][15][222] Javanese people are the largest ethnic group, comprising 40.2% of the population.[4] They are predominantly located in the central to eastern parts of Java and also significant numbers in most provinces of Indonesia. The Sundanese, Batak and Madurese are the largest non-Javanese groups.[b] A sense of Indonesian nationhood exists alongside strong regional identities.[223]
A manuscript from the early 1800s from central Sumatra, in Batak Toba language, one of many languages of Indonesia
More than 742 different languages and dialects are spoken in the country.[224][3] Some belong to the Austronesian language family, while over 270 Papuan languages are spoken in Papua.[3] The official language is Indonesian, a variant, and based on the prestige dialect of Malay, which for centuries had been the lingua franca of the archipelago. It was promoted by nationalists in the 1920s, and declared the official language under the name Bahasa Indonesia in the 1945 proclamation of independence.[225] The language has experienced centuries of local and foreign influences, including Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau, Hindi, Sanskrit, Chinese, Arabic, Dutch, Portuguese and English.[225][226][227] Nearly every Indonesian speaks the language due to its wide use in education, academics, communications, business, politics, and mass media, albeit as a second language (the first language being the local languages and dialects, of which Javanese is the most widely spoken[12]).
In 1930, Dutch and other Europeans (Totok), Eurasians, and derivative people like the Indos, numbered 240,000 or 0.4% of the total population.[228] Historically, they constituted only a tiny fraction of the whole Indonesian population and continue to do so today. Despite the Dutch presence for almost 350 years, the Dutch language has no official status[229] and the small minority that can speak the language fluently are either educated members of the oldest generation, or employed in the legal profession,[230] as certain law codes are still only available in Dutch.[231]
Urban centres
v
t
e
Largest cities or towns in Indonesia
Statistics Indonesia (2014)[232]
Rank
Name
Province
Pop.
Rank
Name
Province
Pop.

Jakarta 1 Jakarta Jakarta 10,075,310 11 Makassar South Sulawesi 1,429,242
Bekasi

Bandung
2 Surabaya East Java 2,853,661 12 Bogor West Java 1,030,720
3 Bekasi West Java 2,663,011 13 Batam Riau Islands 1,030,528
4 Bandung West Java 2,470,802 14 Pekanbaru Riau 1,005,014
5 Medan North Sumatra 2,191,140 15 Bandar Lampung Lampung 960,695
6 Depok West Java 2,033,508 16 Padang West Sumatra 880,646
7 Tangerang Banten 1,999,894 17 Denpasar Bali 863,600
8 Semarang Central Java 1,584,881 18 Malang East Java 845,973
9 Palembang South Sumatra 1,558,494 19 Samarinda East Kalimantan 797,006
10 South Tangerang Banten 1,492,999 20 Banjarmasin South Kalimantan 666,223
Religion
Main article: Religion in Indonesia
Religion in Indonesia (2010)[5]
Religion Percent
Islam
87.2%
Protestantism
7%
Roman Catholicism
2.9%
Hinduism
1.6%
Buddhism
0.72%
Confucianism
0.05%
Other
0.5%
While religious freedom is stipulated in the constitution,[233][108] the government officially recognises only six religions: Islam, Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism;[234] although indigenous faiths are also recognised.[235][236] Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority country with 227 million adherents in 2017, with the majority being Sunnis (99%).[237][12] The Shias and Ahmadis respectively constitute 0.5% and 0.2% of the Muslim population.[238][239] Christians made up almost 10% of the population (7% Protestant, 2.9% Roman Catholic), 1.7% were Hindu, and 0.9% were Buddhist or other. Most Indonesian Hindus are Balinese,[240] and most Buddhists in the country are ethnic Chinese.[241]
A Hindu shrine dedicated to Sri Baduga Maharaja in Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta, Bogor, West Java. Hinduism left a significant impact and imprint in Indonesian art and culture.
The natives of the archipelago practiced indigenous animism and dynamism, beliefs that are common to the Austronesian people.[242] They venerated and revered ancestral spirit and believed that some spirits may inhabit certain places such as large trees, stones, forests, mountains, or sacred places.[242] This unseen spiritual entity with supernatural power is identified by the ancient Javanese, Sundanese and Balinese as "hyang" that can mean either "divine" or "ancestral", and tends to be associated with God in modern Indonesian.[243]
Examples of Indonesian native belief systems include the Sundanese Sunda Wiwitan, Dayak's Kaharingan, Torajan Aluk' To Dolo, Manusela and Nuaulu's Naurus, Batak's Parmalim faith, and the Javanese Kejawèn. These native customs and beliefs had significant impact on how certain faiths are practiced in the country, evidenced by a large proportion of people—such as the Javanese abangan, Balinese Hindus, and Dayak Christians—practicing a less orthodox, syncretic form of their religion.[244] Though no longer a majority, Hinduism and Buddhism remain defining influences in Indonesian culture. Hindu influences reached the archipelago as early as the first century CE.[245] Around 130 AD, a Sundanese kingdom named Salakanagara emerged in western Java, and is the first historically recorded Indianised kingdom in the archipelago, created by an Indian trader after marrying a local Sundanese princess.[246]
Eid al-Fitr mass prayer in Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta
Islam was introduced to the archipelago by Sunni traders of the Shafi'i fiqh, as well as Sufi traders from the Indian subcontinent and southern Arabian Peninsula.[247] Italian explorer Marco Polo is credited with the earliest known record of a Muslim community around 1297 AD, whom he referred to as a new community of Moorish traders in Perlak.[248] Over the 15th and 16th centuries, Islamic militant campaign led by sultans attacked Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms and various communities, with each trying to carve out a region or island for control.[249] Four diverse and contentious sultanates emerged in northern and southern Sumatra, west and central Java, and southern Borneo. They declared Islam as state religion and pursued war against each other as well as the Hindus and other non-Muslim infidels.[250]
Subsequently, Hindu, Buddhist, Confucian, animist communities and unbelievers bought peace by agreeing to pay jizya tax to a Muslim ruler, while others began adopting Islam to escape the tax.[251] In some regions, people continued their old beliefs and adopted a syncretic version of Islam, while others left and concentrated as communities in islands that they could defend. For example, Hindus of western Java moved to Bali and neighbouring small islands.[252] While this period of religious conflict and inter-Sultanate warfare was unfolding, and new power centers were attempting to consolidate regions under their control, European powers arrived.[252] The archipelago was soon dominated by the Dutch empire,[253] who helped prevent inter-religious conflict, and slowly began the process of excavating, preserving and understanding the archipelago's ancient Hindu and Buddhist cultural foundations, particularly in Java and the western islands.[254]
Mass at the Jakarta Cathedral
Roman Catholicism was brought to the archipelago by early Portuguese traders and missionaries such as Saint Francis Xavier, SJ.[255][256] After the arrival of VOC, the Catholic Church was banned and only survived in Flores and Timor as the Netherlands was known to support Protestantism and tried to limit the influence and authority of the Holy See.[257][258] During the Napoleonic Wars, the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies fell under the French Empire, and Napoleon installed his Catholic younger brother Louis Napoleon (Dutch: Lodewijk) as the Dutch King in 1806. Since then, the Catholic Church has been free to operate in the East Indies.[258] Kingdom of Larantuka in present-day Flores was the only native Catholic kingdom in Indonesia and Southeast Asia, with the first king named Lorenzo.[259] In present-day Indonesia, unique Catholic traditions close to Easter days remain, locally known as the Semana Santa. It involves a procession carrying statues of Jesus and Virgin Mary (locally referred to as Tuan Ana and Tuan Ma) to a local beach, then to Cathedral of the Queen of the Rosary in Larantuka, the seat of the bishop.[260][261]
Indonesia religions map
Protestantism is largely a result of Calvinist and Lutheran missionary efforts during the colonial period.[262][263][264] The Dutch Reformed Church was long at the forefront in introducing Christianity to Indonesians, and was later joined by other Reformed churches that separated from it during the 19th century.[265] The VOC regulated the missionary work so it could serve its own interests and restricted it to the eastern part of the archipelago.[266] Although the Calvinist and Lutheran branch are the most common, a multitude of other denominations can be found elsewhere in Indonesia.[267] The Batak Protestant Christian Church, founded in 1861 by German Lutheran missionary Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen, is the largest one.[268]
Education and health
Main articles: Education in Indonesia and Health in Indonesia
Bandung Institute of Technology is considered as one of the most prestigious universities in Indonesia, along with University of Indonesia, and Gadjah Mada University.[269]
Education in Indonesia is compulsory for twelve years,[270] and the constitution dictates that 20% of the national budget is to be prioritised for education.[271][108] Parents can choose between state-run, non sectarian public schools supervised by the Ministry of Education and Culture or private or semi-private religious (usually Islamic) schools supervised and financed by the Department of Religious Affairs.[272] Private international schools, which are not based on the national curriculum, are also available. The enrolment rate is 90% for primary education (2015), 76% for secondary education, and 24% for tertiary education. The literacy rate is 95.22% (2016) and the government expenditure on education as 3.59% of GDP (2015).[273]
By 2014, there were 118 state universities and 1,890 private higher educational institutions in Indonesia. Entry to state universities depends on the nationwide entrance examination (SNMPTN and SBMPTN). According to the 2017 QS World University Rankings, the top university in Indonesia is University of Indonesia (rank 277), followed by Bandung Institute of Technology (rank 331). Other universities include Gadjah Mada University (in the 401–410 rank range), Airlangga University (in the 701–750 rank range), Bogor Agricultural University (in the 751–800 rank range), as well as Diponegoro University, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta and the University of Brawijaya all huddled in the 801–1000 rank range.[274] All of them are located in Java. Andalas University is pioneering the establishment of a leading university outside of Java.[275]
Government expenditure on healthcare is about 2.9% of GDP (2014).[276] Every citizen is protected under the National Health Insurance (Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional, JKN), a scheme to implement universal health care launched by the Ministry of Health in 2014. It is expected that spending on healthcare will increase by 12% a year and reach US$46 billion a year by 2019.[277] Under JKN, all citizens will receive coverage for a range of treatments via health services from public providers as well as private organisations that have opted to join the scheme. Although health indicators have significantly improved in recent decades such as improvement in life expectancy (from 63 in 1990 to 71 in 2012)[278] and declining child mortality (from 85 deaths per 1,000 births in 1990 to 27 deaths in 2015),[279] Indonesia continues to face health challenges that include maternal and child health, low air quality, malnutrition, high rate of smoking,[277] and communicable diseases.
Demographic issues
Close to 80% of the population lives in the western parts of the archipelago,[280] but they are growing at a slower pace than the rest of the country.[281] This has created a wealth, unemployment rate, and health gap between the densely populated islands and economic centres (such as Sumatra and Java) and sparsely populated, disadvantaged areas (such as Maluku and Papua).[281] Economic inequality affects both the economy and the social structure, resulting in social discrimination.[282] Racism, especially against the Chinese Indonesians since the colonial period, is a controversial issue that still continues to this day.[283][284] Recently, LGBT issues have gained attention in Indonesia.[285] While homosexuality is legal in most parts of the country, it is illegal in Aceh and South Sumatra.[286] LGBT people and activists face fierce opposition, homophobic attacks, and hate speech, launched even by authorities.[287]
Culture
Main article: Culture of Indonesia
Dancers in Watublapi, Flores, in traditional costume
Indonesia has a multicultural, multilingual and multi-ethnic society.[221][224] Each ethnic group has their own arts, architecture and housing, cuisine, traditional dresses, festivals, music and dance, rituals, myths, philosophies, and language.[288] The cultural identities developed over centuries, and influenced by Indian, Arabic, Chinese, and European sources, resulting in many cultural practices being strongly influenced by a multitude of religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Islam and Christianity.[289] The result is a complex and unique cultural mixture that differs from the original indigenous cultures. Examples include the fusion of Islam with Hindu in Javanese Abangan belief, the fusion of Hinduism, Buddhism and animism in Bodha, and the fusion of Hinduism and animism in Kaharingan.[290] Traditional Javanese and Balinese dances, for example, contain aspects of Hindu culture and mythology, as do wayang kulit (shadow puppet) performances. Indonesia currently holds 9 items of UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage, which include wayang puppet theatre, kris, batik, education and training on making Indonesian batik, angklung, saman dance, noken, and the three genres of traditional Balinese dance.[291]
Art and architecture
Main articles: Indonesian art and Architecture of Indonesia
Traditional Balinese painting depicting cockfighting
Indonesian arts include both age-old art forms developed through centuries, and a recently developed contemporary art. Despite often displaying local ingenuity, Indonesian arts have experienced foreign influences—most notably from India, the Arab world, China and Europe, as the result of centuries of contacts and interactions facilitated, and often motivated, by trade.[292] They are either work of arts produced by its people—created by Indonesian artists, or influenced by its culture and traditions.
Painting is quite developed in Bali, where its people are famed for their artistry.[293] The Balinese art paintings tradition started as classical Kamasan or Wayang style visual narrative, derived from East Javanese visual art discovered on candi bas reliefs.[293] This painting tradition is notable for its highly vigorous yet refined intricate art that resembles baroque folk art with tropical themes.[293]
Megalithic sculpture has been discovered on several sites in Indonesia.[294] Subsequently, tribal art has flourished within the culture of Nias, Batak, Asmat, Dayak and Toraja.[citation needed] Wood and stone are common materials used as the media for sculpting among these tribes. Between the 8th and 15th century, Javanese civilisation has developed a refined stone sculpting art and architecture which was influenced by Hindu-Buddhist Dharmic civilisation. The temples of Borobudur and Prambanan are among the most famous examples of the practice.[295]
An avenue of Tongkonan houses in a Torajan village
Indonesian architecture has been influenced by foreign invaders, colonisers, missionaries, merchants and traders that brought cultural changes and profound effect on building styles and techniques. The most dominant influence has traditionally been Indian; however, Chinese, Arab, and European influences have also been significant. Traditional carpentry, masonry, stone and woodwork techniques and decorations thrive in the vernacular architecture, with numbers of traditional houses' styles have been developed.
The traditional houses and settlements of the several hundreds ethnic groups of Indonesia are extremely varied and all have their own specific history. They are at the centre of a web of customs, social relations, traditional laws, taboos, myths and religions that bind the villagers together. The house provides the main focus for the family and its community, and is the point of departure for many activities of its residents.[296] Examples include Toraja's Tongkonan, Minangkabau's Rumah Gadang and Rangkiang, Javanese style Pendopo pavilion with Joglo style roof, Dayak's longhouses, various Malay houses, Balinese houses and temples, and also various styles of rice barns (lumbung).
Craft and clothing
Main article: National costume of Indonesia
An Asmat woodcarver
Indonesia is considered as home of world handicraft.[297] Every ethnic group has its own uniqueness, style, and philosophy of crafting.[297] Most of them are made from wooden, bone, fabric, stone, and paper. These natural materials were crafted using hands into profitable and aesthetic items.[297] Handicraft manufacturing serves not only as an important economic sector, but also a tradition and has a social function as well.[298] The handicraft industry employs thousands of people in towns and villages across the country. About half a billion dollar worth of handicraft is exported every year, and many more is consumed domestically.[297][298]
There are many varieties of handicraft from other regions.[297] West Sumatra and South Sumatra are particularly noted for their songket cloths.[299] Villages in the Lesser Sunda Islands produce ikat while provinces in Kalimantan are long known for their basketry and weaving using rattan and other natural fabrics.[300] Wood art produced by the Asmat people of Papua is highly valued.[301] Cities along Java's northern coast, Cirebon, Pekalongan, and Rembang are known as centres of batik.[302] Cirebon and Jepara are important cities in furniture, producing rattan and carved wood respectively,[303] while Tasikmalaya is known for embroidery.[304] Pasuruan also produces furniture and other products and support stores and galleries in Bali.[297] Bandung and Surabaya, both modern, cosmopolitan, and industrialised cities—much like Jakarta but on a lesser scale—are creative cities with a variety of innovative startups.[297]
An elderly Sundanese woman wearing batik, sarong, and headdress
Each province in the country has their own representation of traditional attire and dress with unique and distinguished designs.[288] Notable dresses include the Javanese Kebaya and Batik;[305] Ulos of Batak from North Sumatra; Songket of Malay and Minangkabau from Sumatra; and Ikat of Sasak from Lombok. Batik and Kebaya are arguably Indonesia's most recognised national costume, although they originally belong not only to the Javanese, but also Sundanese and Balinese cultures.[306] National costumes are worn during traditional ceremonies as well as official occasions,[306] with the most visible display being those worn by some diplomats, the President and the First Lady. In 2009, Batik was recognised by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.[307]
Music and dance
Main articles: Music of Indonesia and Dance in Indonesia
Indonesian music and dance. Clockwise from top: A gamelan player, Angklung, Sundanese Jaipongan Mojang Priangan dance, Balinese Pendet dance
The music of Indonesia predates historical records. Various indigenous tribes incorporate chants and songs accompanied with musical instruments in their rituals. Angklung, kacapi suling, siteran, gong, gamelan, degung, gong kebyar, bumbung, talempong, kulintang and sasando are examples of traditional Indonesian instruments.
The diverse world of Indonesian music genres are the result of the musical creativity of its people, and subsequent cultural encounters with foreign influences. They include gambus and qasida from the Middle Eastern Islamic music,[308] keroncong from Portuguese influences,[309] and dangdut—one of the most popular music genres in Indonesia—with notable Hindi music influence as well as Malay orchestras.[310] Today, Indonesian music industry enjoys both nationwide and regional popularity in Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, due to common culture and intelligible languages between Indonesian and Malay.
Indonesian dances are believed by scholars to have had their beginning in rituals and religious worship.[311] Such dances are usually based on rituals, like the war dances, the dance of witch doctors, and dance to call for rain or any agricultural related rituals such as Hudoq dance ritual of Dayak people. In Bali, dances have become the integral part of Hindu Balinese rituals. Sacred ritual dances are performed only in Balinese temples such as Sanghyang dedari and Barong dance.
Dances such as the Javanese, Sundanese, Minang, Balinese, Acehnese are age old but also a living and dynamic traditions in Indonesia. Several royal houses—the istanas and keratons—still exist in some parts of the archipelago and have become haven of cultural conservation. The difference between courtly dance and common folk dance traditions is most evident in the Javanese dance. The palace court traditions are also evident in the Balinese and Malay court which usually imposes refinement and prestige. Java and Bali are more deeply rooted in their Hindu-Buddhist heritage, while Sumatran courtly culture such as the remnant of Aceh and Palembang Sultanates, are more influenced by Islamic culture. The commoners folk dance is more concerned with social function and entertainment value than rituals. The Javanese Ronggeng and the Sundanese Jaipongan are examples of this tradition. Certain traditional folk dances have been developed into a mass dance with simple but structured steps and movements, such as Poco-poco dance from Minahasa and Sajojo dance from Papua.
Cuisine
Main article: Indonesian cuisine
Nasi Padang with rendang, gulai and vegetables
Indonesian cuisine is one of the most diverse, vibrant and colourful in the world, full of intense flavour.[312][313] Many regional cuisines exist, often based upon indigenous culture and foreign influences such as Chinese, European, Middle Eastern, and Indian precedents.[314] Rice is the main staple food and is served with side dishes of meat and vegetables. Spices (notably chili), coconut milk, fish and chicken are fundamental ingredients.[315]
Some popular dishes such as nasi goreng, gado-gado, sate, and soto are very common in the country and considered as national dishes. The Ministry of Tourism, however, chose tumpeng as the official national dish in 2014, describing it as binding the diversity of various culinary traditions.[313] Another popular dishes include rendang, one of the many Padang cuisines along with dendeng and gulai. In 2017, rendang was chosen as the "World's Most Delicious Food" by the CNN Travel reader's choice.[316] Another fermented food is oncom, similar in some ways to tempeh but uses a variety of bases (not only soy), created by a different fungi, and particularly popular in West Java.
Theatre and cinema
Main article: Cinema of Indonesia
Pandava and Krishna in an act of the wayang wong performance
Wayang, the Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese shadow puppet theatre display several mythological legends such as Ramayana and Mahabharata.[317][318][319] Various Balinese dance drama can also be included within the traditional form of Indonesian drama. Another form of local drama is the Javanese Ludruk and Ketoprak, the Sundanese Sandiwara, and Betawi Lenong.[320][321] These dramas incorporate humor and jest, and often involving audiences in their performances.[322] Randai is a folk theatre tradition of the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra, usually performed for traditional ceremonies and festivals.[323][324] It incorporates music, singing, dance, drama and the silat martial art, with performances often based on semi-historical Minangkabau legends and love story.[324] Modern performing art also developed in Indonesia with their distinct style of drama. Notable theatre, dance, and drama troupe such as Teater Koma are popular in the country as it often portrays social and political satire of Indonesian society.[325]
Advertisement for Loetoeng Kasaroeng (1926), the first fiction film produced in the Dutch East Indies.
The first domestically produced film in Indonesia was Loetoeng Kasaroeng, a silent film by Dutch director L. Heuveldorp. This adaptation of the Sundanese legend was made with local actors by the NV Java Film Company in Bandung. After independence, the film industry expanded rapidly, with six films made in 1949 rising to 58 in 1955. Djamaluddin Malik's Persari Film often emulated American genre films and the working practices of the Hollywood studio system, as well as remaking popular Indian films.[326] The Sukarno government used the cinema for nationalistic, anti-Western purposes and foreign films were subsequently banned. After the overthrow of Sukarno, films during the New Order were regulated through a censorship code that aimed to maintain social order.[327] Usmar Ismail, a director from West Sumatra made a major imprint in Indonesian film in the 1950s and 1960s.[328] The film industry's popularity peaked later in the 1980s and dominated cinemas,[329] although it declined significantly in the early 1990s.[330] Films made in this period include Pintar-pintar Bodoh (1982), Maju Kena Mundur Kena (1984), Nagabonar (1987), Catatan Si Boy (1989), and Warkop's comedy films, directed by Arizal. Deddy Mizwar, Eva Arnaz, Meriam Bellina, and Rano Karno were popular actors during this period.
Independent filmmaking was a rebirth of the film industry in the post-Suharto era, where films started addressing topics that were previously banned, such as religion, race, and love.[327] Between 2000 and 2005, the number of films released each year steadily increased.[329] Riri Riza and Mira Lesmana were among the new generation of film figures who co-directed Kuldesak (1999), Petualangan Sherina (2000), Ada Apa dengan Cinta? (2002), Gie (2005), and Laskar Pelangi (2008). Quality of local films has increased in recent years, attested by the international release of films such as The Raid: Redemption,[331] Modus Anomali, Dilema, Lovely Man, and Java Heat. In 2016, Warkop DKI Reborn: Jangkrik Boss Part 1 smashed box office records, becoming the most-watched Indonesian film with 6.8 million spectators.[332] Indonesia has held annual film festivals and awards, including the Indonesian Film Festival (Festival Film Indonesia) that has been held intermittently since 1955. It hands out the Citra Award, the most prestigious award among film workers. From 1973 to 1992, the festival was held annually and then discontinued until it was later revived in 2004.
Sports
Main article: Sport in Indonesia
A demonstration of Pencak Silat, a form of martial arts
Sports are generally male-oriented and spectators are often associated with illegal gambling.[333] Badminton and football are the most popular sports in the country. Indonesian badminton players have won the Thomas Cup (the world team championship of men's badminton) thirteen times since it was held in 1949, as well as numerous Olympic medals since the sport gained full Olympic status in 1992. Indonesian women have won the Uber Cup, the female equivalent of the Thomas Cup, 3 times, in 1975, 1994 and 1996. Liga 1 is the country's premier football club league. On the international stage, Indonesia has experienced limited success despite being the first Asian team to qualify for the FIFA World Cup in 1938 as Dutch East Indies.[334] In 1956, the football team played in the Olympics and played a hard-fought draw against the Soviet Union. On continental level, Indonesia won the bronze medal in the 1958 Asian Games. Indonesia's first appearance in Asian Cup was in 1996, and successfully qualified for the next three tournaments in 2000, 2004 and 2007. They, however, failed to move through the next stage in all occasions.
Another popular sports include boxing and basketball, which has a long history in Indonesia and was part of the first National Games in 1948.[335] Some of the famous Indonesian boxers include Ellyas Pical, three times IBF Super flyweight champion; Nico Thomas, Muhammad Rachman, and Chris John.[336] In motorsport, Rio Haryanto became the first Indonesian to compete in Formula One in 2016.[337] Sepak takraw, and karapan sapi (bull racing) in Madura are some examples of traditional sports played in Indonesia. In areas with a history of tribal warfare, mock fighting contests are held, such as caci in Flores and pasola in Sumba. Pencak Silat is an Indonesian martial art and in 1987, became one of the sporting events in Southeast Asian Games, with Indonesia appearing as one of the leading forces. In Southeast Asia, Indonesia is one of the major sport powerhouses by winning the Southeast Asian Games 10 times since 1977, most recently in 2011.
Media
Main article: Media of Indonesia
An Indonesian TV channel at Jakarta Stadium, reporting a football match
Media freedom increased considerably after the end of President Suharto's rule, during which the now-defunct Ministry of Information monitored and controlled domestic media, and restricted foreign media.[338] The television market includes ten national commercial networks, and provincial networks that compete with public TVRI, which, for 27 years, was the only channel that Indonesians could watch. By early 21st century, the improved communications system had brought television signals to every village in the country, and most Indonesians could choose from up to 14 channels.[339][340] Private radio stations carry their own news bulletins and foreign broadcasters supply programs. The number of printed publications has increased significantly since 1998.[339] More than 30 million cell phones are sold each year, and 27% of them are local brands.[341]
Like other developing countries, Indonesia began the development of Internet in the early 1990s. Its first commercial Internet service provider, PT. Indo Internet, began operation in Jakarta in 1994.[342] With estimated users of 88 million as of 2016, Indonesia is among the largest countries by number of Internet users,[343] though Internet penetration is relatively low. The majority of Internet users are between the ages of 18 and 25, with an average Internet usage of 4.7 hours daily,[344] and depend primarily on mobile phones for access, which outnumber both laptop and personal computer users.[343]
Literature
Main article: Indonesian literature
The oldest evidence of writing in the archipelago is a series of Sanskrit inscriptions dated to the 5th century. Many of Indonesia's peoples have strongly rooted oral traditions, which help to define and preserve their cultural identities.[345] In written poetry and prose, a number of traditional forms dominate, mainly syair, pantun, gurindam, hikayat and babad. Some of these works are Syair Raja Siak, Syair Abdul Muluk, Hikayat Abdullah, Hikayat Bayan Budiman, Hikayat Hang Tuah, Sulalatus Salatin, and Babad Tanah Jawi.[346]
Early modern Indonesian literature originates in Sumatran tradition.[347] Balai Pustaka, the government bureau for popular literature, was instituted around 1920 to promote the development of indigenous literature, it adopted Malay as the preferred common medium for Indonesia. Important figures in modern Indonesian literature include: Dutch author Multatuli, who criticised treatment of the Indonesians under Dutch colonial rule; Sumatrans Mohammad Yamin and Hamka, who were influential pre-independence nationalist writers and politicians;[348] and proletarian writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesia's most famous novelist.[349][350] Pramoedya earned several accolades, and was often discussed as Indonesia's and Southeast Asia's best candidate for a Nobel Prize in Literature.[351]
Literature and poetry flourished even more in the first half of the 20th century. Chairil Anwar was considered as the greatest literary figure of Indonesia by American poet and translator, Burton Raffel.[352] He was among those youngsters who pioneered in changing the traditional Indonesian literature and modifying it on the lines of the newly independent country. Some of his popular poems include Krawang-Bekasi, Diponegoro and Aku. Other major authors include Marah Roesli (Sitti Nurbaya), Merari Siregar (Azab dan Sengsara), Abdul Muis (Salah Asuhan), Djamaluddin Adinegoro (Darah Muda), Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana (Layar Terkembang), and Amir Hamzah (Nyanyi Sunyi) whose works are among the most well known in Maritime Southeast Asia.[353]
Public holidays
Main article: Public holidays in Indonesia
There are around 13 to 17 national holidays every year in Indonesia. The government sometimes declares a collective leave known as cuti bersama, usually on a Monday or Friday between national holidays to create a long weekend. Four types of holidays exist in the country: religious, national, international and commemorative. These dates are known locally as tanggal merah (literally, "red date"), so called because they are marked red on calendars. Many of the dates of religious holidays vary from year to year, as they are based on different calendars. For example, the Muslim holidays are based on the Islamic calendar. Others, such as the Christian Easter, Chinese New Year and the Buddhist Waisak are based on lunar calculations.[354]
Buddhist Waisak ceremony at Borobudur temple, Central Java
Date
English name
Indonesian name
Type
1 January New Year's Day Tahun Baru Masehi International
January–February Chinese New Year Tahun Baru Imlek International
March / Kasa 1 Pawukon 40 Day of Silence (Balinese New Year) Hari Raya Nyepi (Tahun Baru Saka) Religious
March–April Good Friday Wafat Yesus Kristus (Jumat Agung) Religious
1 May Labor Day Hari Buruh Internasional International
May–June Ascension of Jesus Christ Kenaikan Yesus Kristus Religious
Rajab 27 Ascension of the Prophet Isra Mi'raj Nabi Muhammad Religious
May / every May of Vaisakha Buddha's Birthday Hari Raya Waisak Religious
1 June Pancasila Day Hari Lahir Pancasila Commemorative
Shawwal 1–2 Eid al-Fitr Hari Raya Idul Fitri Religious
17 August Independence Day Hari Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia National
Dhu al-Hijjah 10 Feast of the Sacrifice Hari Raya Idul Adha Religious
Muharram 1 Islamic New Year Tahun Baru Hijriyah Religious
Rabi' al-awwal 12 Birth of the Prophet Maulid Nabi Muhammad Religious
25 December Christmas Hari Raya Natal Religious
See also
Indonesia portal
Asia portal
Islands portal
List of Indonesia-related topics
Index of Indonesia-related articles
Outline of Indonesia
Indonesia – Wikipedia book
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b Temporarily withdrew on 20 January 1965.
Jump up ^ Small but significant populations of ethnic Chinese, Indians, Europeans and Arabs are concentrated mostly in urban areas.
References
Jump up ^ "Pancasila". U.S. Library of Congress. 3 February 2017. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Vickers 2005, p. 117.
^ Jump up to: a b c Simons, Gary F. and Charles D. Fennig. "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth edition". SIL International. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Na'im, Akhsan; Syaputra, Hendry (2010). "Nationality, Ethnicity, Religion, and Languages of Indonesians" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b "2010 Census: Population by Region and Religion". Statistics Indonesia. 15 May 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "UN Statistics" (PDF). United Nations. 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 31 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision". ESA.UN.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "World Economic Outlook: Report for Selected Countries and Subjects - Indonesia". International Monetary Fund. April 2017. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects - Indonesia". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "GINI Ratio Indonesia Declines: Economic Inequality Narrows". Indonesia Investments. 20 August 2016. Archived from the original on 27 June 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Human Development Report 2016: Human Development for Everyone" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 21 March 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The World Factbook: Indonesia". Central Intelligence Agency. 12 December 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Indonesia - The Next Major Oil Importer?". Seeking Alpha. 10 January 2017. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Highest population, island". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Witton 2003, pp. 139, 181, 251, 435.
^ Jump up to: a b Butler, Rhett A. (21 May 2016). "The top 10 most biodiverse countries". Mongabay. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Indonesia". The Observatory of Economic Complexity. 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Burhanudin, Jajat; van Dijk, Kees (31 January 2013). "Islam in Indonesia: Contrasting Images and Interpretations". Amsterdam University Press. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016 – via Google Books. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Lamoureux, Florence (2003). "Indonesia: A Global Studies Handbook". ABC-CLIO Corporate. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016 – via Google Books.
^ Jump up to: a b Tomascik, T.; Mah, J.A.; Nontji, A.; Moosa, M.K. (1996). The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas – Part One. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions. ISBN 962-593-078-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Anshory, Irfan (16 August 2004). "The origin of Indonesia's name". Pikiran Rakyat. Archived from the original on 15 December 2006. Retrieved 15 December 2006.
Jump up ^ Earl 1850, p. 119.
Jump up ^ Logan, James Richardson (1850). "The Ethnology of the Indian Archipelago: Embracing Enquiries into the Continental Relations of the Indo-Pacific Islanders". Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA): 4:252–347.
Jump up ^ Earl 1850, pp. 254, 277–278.
^ Jump up to: a b Justus M van der Kroef (1951). "The Term Indonesia: Its Origin and Usage". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 71 (3): 166–171. doi:10.2307/595186. JSTOR 595186.
Jump up ^ Brown, Colin (2003). A short history of Indonesia: the unlikely nation?. Allen & Unwin. p. 13. ISBN 1-86508-838-2.
Jump up ^ Choi, Kildo; Driwantoro, Dubel (2007). "Shell tool use by early members of Homo erectus in Sangiran, central Java, Indonesia: cut mark evidence". Journal of Archaeological Science. 34: 48. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.03.013.
Jump up ^ "Finding showing human ancestor older than previously thought offers new insights into evolution". TerraDaily. 5 July 2011. Archived from the original on 27 November 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Pope, G.G. (1988). "Recent advances in far eastern paleoanthropology". Annual Review of Anthropology. 17: 43–77. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.17.100188.000355. cited in Whitten, T.; Soeriaatmadja, R.E.; Suraya, A.A. (1996). The Ecology of Java and Bali. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions. pp. 309–412. ; Pope, G.G. (1983). "Evidence on the age of the Asian Hominidae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 80 (16): 4988–4992. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.16.4988. PMC 384173  . PMID 6410399. ; de Vos, J.P.; Sondaar, P.Y. (1994). "Dating hominid sites in Indonesia". Science. 266 (16): 4988–4992. doi:10.1126/science.7992059.
Jump up ^ Gugliotta, Guy (July 2008). "The Great Human Migration". Smithsonian Maganize. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Taylor 2003, pp. 5–7.
Jump up ^ Taylor 2003, pp. 8–9.
Jump up ^ Taylor 2003, pp. 15–18.
Jump up ^ Taylor 2003, pp. 3, 9–11, 13–5, 18–20, 22–3.
Jump up ^ Vickers 2005, pp. 18–20, 60, 133–4.
Jump up ^ Taylor 2003, pp. 22–26; Ricklefs 1991, p. 3
Jump up ^ Shelby, Karen. "Buddhist Art and Architecture in Southeast Asia After 1200". Art History Teaching Resources. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Coedès, George (1968). "The Indianized States of South-East Asia". University of Hawaii Press. p. 128. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Peter Lewis (1982). "The next great empire". Futures. 14 (1): 47–61. doi:10.1016/0016-3287(82)90071-4.
Jump up ^ Ricklefs 1991, pp. 3–14.
Jump up ^ Ricklefs 1991, pp. 12–14.
Jump up ^ Ricklefs 1991, pp. 22–24.
Jump up ^ van Elderen, Wieze. "The Dutch East India Company". European Heritage Project. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Ricklefs 1991, p. 24.
Jump up ^ Schwarz 1994, pp. 3–4, writes: "Dutch troops were constantly engaged in quelling rebellions both on and off Java. The influence of local leaders such as Prince Diponegoro in central Java, Imam Bonjol in central Sumatra and Pattimura in Maluku, and a bloody thirty-year war in Aceh weakened the Dutch and tied up the colonial military forces."
Jump up ^ Ricklefs 1991; Gert Oostindie; Bert Paasman (1998). "Dutch Attitudes towards Colonial Empires, Indigenous Cultures, and Slaves". Eighteenth-Century Studies. 31 (3): 349–55. doi:10.1353/ecs.1998.0021.
Jump up ^ "Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle for Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45". Library of Congress. November 1992. Archived from the original on 11 February 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Cited in: Dower, John W. War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (1986; Pantheon; ISBN 0-394-75172-8)
Jump up ^ H.J. Van Mook (1949). "Indonesia". Royal Institute of International Affairs. 25 (3): 274–285. JSTOR 3016666.
^ Jump up to: a b Charles Bidien (5 December 1945). "Independence the Issue". Far Eastern Survey. 14 (24): 345–348. doi:10.1525/as.1945.14.24.01p17062. JSTOR 3023219.
Jump up ^ Taylor 2003, p. 325
Jump up ^ "Indonesian War of Independence". Global Security. Archived from the original on 10 December 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2006.
Jump up ^ Marni Cordell (28 August 2013). "The West Papuan independence movement - a history". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Ricklefs 1991, pp. 237–280.
Jump up ^ Friend 2003, pp. 107–109.
Jump up ^ Chris Hilton (writer and director) (2001). Shadowplay (Television documentary). Vagabond Films and Hilton Cordell Productions.
Jump up ^ Ricklefs 1991, pp. 280–283, 284, 287–290.
Jump up ^ "Indonesia's killing fields". Al Jazeera. 21 December 2012. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Gellately, Robert; Kiernan, Ben (July 2003). "The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective". Cambridge University Press. pp. 290–291. ISBN 0-521-52750-3. Archived from the original on 26 October 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Chapter 5, Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide Aarons, Mark (December 2007). "The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance?". Brill Publishers. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
Jump up ^ John D. Legge (1968). "General Suharto's New Order". Royal Institute of International Affairs. 44 (1): 40–47. JSTOR 2613527.
Jump up ^ US National Archives, RG 59 Records of Department of State; cable no. 868, ref: Embtel 852, 5 October 1965.
Jump up ^ Vickers 2005, p. 163.
Jump up ^ David Slater, Geopolitics and the Post-Colonial: Rethinking North–South Relations, London: Blackwell, p. 70
Jump up ^ Ricklefs 1991.
Jump up ^ Vickers 2005.
Jump up ^ Schwarz 1994.
Jump up ^ Delhaise, Philippe F (1998). Asia in Crisis: The Implosion of the Banking and Finance Systems. Willey. p. 123. ISBN 0-471-83450-5.
Jump up ^ "President Suharto resigns". BBC. 21 May 1998. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ford and Kissinger Gave Green Light to Indonesia's Invasion of East Timor, 1975: New Documents Detail Conversations with Suharto". National Security Archive. 6 December 2001. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Carter Center 2004 Indonesia Election Report" (PDF). The Carter Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 14 June 2007.
Jump up ^ "Ethnic and Religious Violence in Indonesia". Indonesia Investments. 23 December 2016. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Aceh rebels sign peace agreement". BBC. 15 August 2005. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Kuoni 1999, p. 88.
Jump up ^ Hidayat, Rafki (7 June 2017). "Indonesia counts its islands to protect territory and resources". BBC. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Republic of Indonesia". Microsoft Encarta. 2006. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Climate: Observations, projections and impacts" (PDF). Met Office Hadley Centre. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Indonesia and Climate Change: Current Status and Policies" (PDF). World Bank. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Witton 2003, p. 38.
Jump up ^ "Indonesia: Volcano nation". BBC. 5 November 2015. Archived from the original on 28 November 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Whitten, T; Soeriaatmadja, R. E.; Suraya A. A. (1996). The Ecology of Java and Bali. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. pp. 95–97.
Jump up ^ Sylviane L. G. Lebon (January 2009). "Volcanic activity and environment: Impacts on agriculture and use of geological data to improve recovery processes" (PDF). University of Iceland. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
Jump up ^ David Bressan (11 August 2017). "Early Humans May Have Lived Through A Supervolcano Eruption". Forbes. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Jonathan Amos (30 April 2013). "Toba super-volcano catastrophe idea 'dismissed'". BBC. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Charles Q. Choi (29 April 2013). "Supervolcano Not to Blame for Humanity's Near-Extinction". Live Science. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tambora". Volcano Discovery. 29 May 2016. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "The 1883 Krakatoa Explosion Made the Loudest Sound in History–So Loud It Traveled Around the World Four Times". Open Culture. 20 December 2017. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
Jump up ^ David Bressan (31 August 2016). "The Eruption of Krakatoa Was the First Global Catastrophe". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "UN Office of the Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery". United Nations. 25 March 2007. Archived from the original on 19 May 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2007.
Jump up ^ Mumtazah, Hani (22 May 2003). "Indonesia's Natural Wealth: The Right of a Nation and Her People". Islam Online. Archived from the original on 17 October 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2006.
Jump up ^ "Indonesia" (in Norwegian). United Nations Association of Norway. 18 December 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Whitten, T.; Henderson, G.; Mustafa, M. (1996). The Ecology of Sulawesi. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. ISBN 962-593-075-2. ; Monk, K.A.; Fretes, Y.; Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. (1996). The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. ISBN 962-593-076-0.
Jump up ^ "Indonesia". InterKnowledge Corp. 6 October 2006. Archived from the original on 15 October 2006. Retrieved 15 October 2006.
Jump up ^ Lambertini, Marco (10 April 2011). "A Naturalist's Guide to the Tropics, excerpt". The University of Chicago Press. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Tamindael, Otniel (17 May 2011). "Coral reef destruction spells humanitarian disaster". Antara News. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Severin, Tim (1997). The Spice Island Voyage: In Search of Wallace. Great Britain: Abacus Travel. ISBN 0-349-11040-9.
Jump up ^ Wallace, A.R. (2000) [1869]. The Malay Archipelago. Periplus Editions. ISBN 962-593-645-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Miller, Jason R. (14 August 2007). "Deforestation in Indonesia and the Orangutan Population". TED Case Studies. Archived from the original on 11 August 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Enviromental Performance Index: 2016 report" (PDF). Yale University. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b McClanahan, Paige (11 September 2013). "Can Indonesia increase palm oil output without destroying its forest?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Marcus Colchester; Normal Jiwan; Andiko, Martua Sirait; Asup Y. Firdaus; A. Surambo; Herbert Pane (26 March 2012). "Palm Oil and Land Acquisition in Indonesia: Implications for Local Communities and Indigenous People" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ BirdLife International (2015). "Leucopsar rothschildi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2015: e.T22710912A78289078. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Extinction crisis escalates: Red List shows apes, corals, vultures, dolphins all in danger". International Union for Conservation of Nature. 12 September 2007. Archived from the original on 16 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
Jump up ^ van Strien, N.J.; Steinmetz, R.; Manullang, B.; Sectionov, Han; K.H., Isnan; W., Rookmaaker; K., Sumardja; E., Khan; M.K.M. & Ellis, S. (2008). "Rhinoceros sondaicus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2008: e.T19495A8925965. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T19495A8925965.en. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dwi Harijanti, Susi; Lindsey, Tim (1 January 2006). "Indonesia: General elections test the amended Constitution and the new Constitutional Court". Oxford Academic. pp. 138–150. Archived from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2018. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ (2002), The fourth Amendment of 1945 Indonesia Constitution, Chapter III – The Executive Power, Article 7.
Jump up ^ Chapter II, Article 3, 3rd Clause of the 1945 Constitution.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia" (PDF). International Labour Organization. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Pope, Timothy ; Longmuir, Scott (3 April 2014). "Indonesia's parliamentary and presidential elections: How does the system work?". ABC News. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Chapter VIIA, Article 22D of the 1945 Constitution.
Jump up ^ Cammack, Mark E.; Feener, R. Michael (January 2012). "The Islamic Legal System in Indonesia" (PDF). Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Cochrane, Joe (15 March 2014). "Governor of Jakarta Receives His Party's Nod for President". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "KPU Successfully Set and Authorize Pileg Results On Time". Indonesia Election Portal. 10 May 2014. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Wardah, Fathiyah (10 May 2014). "KPU: 2 Parpol Tak Penuhi Ambang Batas Parlemen" (in Indonesian). VOA Indonesia. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "House Agrees on Creation of Indonesia's 34th Province: 'North Kalimantan'". The Jakarta Globe. 22 October 2012. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Simanjuntak, Hotli (18 August 2008). "Finally, Aceh local parties to take part in general election". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Michelle Ann Miller (2004). "The Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam law: a serious response to Acehnese separatism?". Asian Ethnicity. 5 (3): 333–351. doi:10.1080/1463136042000259789.
Jump up ^ The positions of governor and its vice governor are prioritised for descendants of the Sultan of Yogyakarta and Paku Alam, respectively, much like a sultanate. (Elucidation on the Indonesia Law No. 22/1999 Regarding Regional Governance. People's Representative Council (1999). Chapter XIV Other Provisions, Art. 122; "Indonesia Law No. 5/1974 Concerning Basic Principles on Administration in the Region" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2007. (146 KB) (translated version). The President of Republic of Indonesia (1974). Chapter VII Transitional Provisions, Art. 91)
Jump up ^ Part of the autonomy package was the introduction of the Papuan People's Council, which was tasked with arbitration and speaking on behalf of Papuan tribal customs. However, the implementation of the autonomy measures has been criticised as half-hearted and incomplete. Dursin, Richel; Kafil Yamin (18 November 2004). "Another Fine Mess in Papua". Editorial. The Jakarta Post. p. 6.
Jump up ^ "Papua Chronology Confusing Signals from Jakarta". The Jakarta Post. 18 November 2004. Archived from the original on 15 January 2006. Retrieved 15 January 2006.
Jump up ^ Péter, Klemensits; Márton, Fenyő (16 August 2017). "The Foreign Policy of Indonesia In Light of President Jokowi's "Visi-Misi" Program" (PDF). Pázmány Péter Catholic University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Indonesia - Foreign Policy". U.S. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 27 September 2006.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Relations With Indonesia". U.S. Department of State. 17 January 2017. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Muraviev, Alexey; Brown, Colin (December 2008). "Strategic Realignment or Déjà vu? Russia-Indonesia Defence Cooperation in the Twenty-First Century" (PDF). Australian National University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Indonesia's Ascent: Power, Leadership, and the Regional Order". 25 February 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Jensen, Fergus; Asmarini, Wilda. "Net oil importer Indonesia leaves producer club OPEC, again". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "International Cooperation and Development". European Commission. 17 January 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Chris (11 October 2001). "Indonesia and Transnational Terrorism". Parliament of Australia. Archived from the original on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013. ; Huang, Reyko (23 May 2002). "Priority Dilemmas: U.S. – Indonesia Military Relations in the Anti Terror War". Center for Defense Information. Archived from the original on 12 October 2006. Retrieved 12 October 2006.
Jump up ^ "Services to honour victims of 2002 Bali bombing". The Age. 12 October 2005. Archived from the original on 1 April 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Travel Warning - Indonesia". U.S. Embassy Jakarta. 10 May 2006. Archived from the original on 11 November 2006. Retrieved 11 November 2006.
Jump up ^ Chew, Amy (7 July 2002). "Indonesia military regains ground". CNN. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Dharma Agastia (1 November 2016). "Uphill battle for Indonesia's defense modernization". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Jessica Vincentia Marpaung (17 June 2016). "TNI's Gold Mine: Corruption and Military-Owned Businesses in Indonesia". The Global Anti Corruption Blog. Archived from the original on 18 December 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Stephen Wright. "Indonesia: Army's influence sparks fear for democracy". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 18 December 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Fabi, Randy & Kapoor, Kanupriya (19 May 2016). "Indonesia's 'red scare' stokes unease over military's growing influence". Reuters. Retrieved 18 December 2017. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Indonesia Faces 3 Separatist Movements". Los Angeles Times. 9 September 1990. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Friend 2003, pp. 270–273, 477–480.
Jump up ^ "Indonesia flashpoints: Aceh". BBC. 29 December 2005. Archived from the original on 22 August 2006. Retrieved 22 August 2006.
Jump up ^ "Papua: Answer to Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). International Crisis Group. 5 September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 18 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Indonesia (1977), p. 39.
Jump up ^ Budiardjo and Liong, p. 22.
Jump up ^ "Economy of Indonesia". Indonesia Invesments. Archived from the original on 4 May 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "What is the G20?". G20. 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Munawwaroh; Aprilia, Eka Utami (13 June 2011). "SBY: Indonesia Will Be in the Top 10". Embassy of Indonesia, Washington DC. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2011. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Indonesia's economy overview". ASEAN Up. 10 February 2016. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Indonesia: Distribution of employment by economic sector from 2005 to 2015". Statista. November 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Elias, Stephen; Noone, Clare (December 2011). "The Growth and Development of the Indonesian Economy" (PDF). Reserve Bank of Australia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Indonesia - Poverty and Wealth". Encyclopedia of the Nations. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Robison, Richard (17 November 2009). "A Slow Metamorphosis to Liberal Markets". Australian Financial Review.
^ Jump up to: a b Temple, Jonathan (15 August 2001). "Growing into trouble: Indonesia after 1966" (PDF). University of Bristol. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
Jump up ^ van der Eng, Pierre (4 February 2002). "Indonesia's growth experience in the 20th century: Evidence, queries, guesses" (PDF). Australian National University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "World Economic Outlook Database: Report for Selected Countries and Subjects - Indonesia". International Monetary Fund. October 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Kian Wie, Thee (25 September 2010). "Indonesia's economy continues to surprise". East Asia Forum. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "IMF Survey: Indonesia's Choice of Policy Mix Critical to Ongoing Growth". International Monetary Fund. 28 July 2009. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fitch Upgrades Indonesia's Rating to Investment Grade". Jakarta Globe. 15 December 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Market Intelligence of Indonesia". Hong Kong Trade Development Council. 10 February 2015. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Bland, Ben (5 August 2014). "Indonesian economic growth lowest for almost five years". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Unemployment Rate Indonesia Falls to 5.5% of Labor Force". Indonesia Invesments. 5 May 2016. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Poverty in Indonesia: 10.86% of Indonesians is Poor (March 2016)". Indonesia Investments. 18 July 2016. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Palm Oil". Greenpeace. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Indonesia to replant 4.7m hectares of palm oil plantation". UkrAgroConsult. 30 August 2017. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Sarif, Edy (17 June 2011). "Malaysia expected to maintain position as world's largest producer of Certified Sustainable Palm Oil". The Star Online. Archived from the original on 18 June 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "2016 Production Statistics". Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles. Archived from the original on 18 November 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Localization". PT. Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Global Demand for Instant Noodles". World Instant Noodle Association. 11 May 2017. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Soebroto, Chris (2004). Indonesia OK!!: The Guide with a Gentle Twist. Galangpress Group. p. 78. ISBN 978-979-9341-79-2.
Jump up ^ Agustian, Widi (26 July 2016). "PLN Terdepak, Pertamina pun Turun Peringkat di Fortune Global 500" (in Indonesian). Okezone Finance. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Length of Road by Surface, 1957-2015 (Km)" (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Koridor". TransJakarta. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Tristia Tambun, Lenny (25 January 2017). "This Year, TransJakarta targets 185 million passengers" (in Indonesian). Berita Satu. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Diana, Lani; Sugiharto, Jobpie (11 August 2016). "KRL passengers rise by 105% in 3 years" (in Indonesian). Tempo. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "MRT and LRT, Jakarta's New Rapid Transportation: Coming Soon". Indo Indians. 25 September 2017. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Alexander, Hilda B. (22 October 2016). "Palembang LRT to begin operation in June 2018" (in Indonesian). Kompas. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Istianur Praditya, Ilyas (25 September 2017). "Jakarta-Surabaya High-Speed Rail Project to begin in 2018" (in Indonesian). Liputan6. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 50 World Container Ports". World Shipping Council. 2015. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pelindo I Needs IDR 34 Trillion to Run Kuala Tanjung Port Project". Nusantara Maritime News. 28 May 2015. Archived from the original on 14 May 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Amin, Khoirul (22 January 2015). "Pelindo has high hopes for Kuala Tanjung". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
Jump up ^ M. Razi Rahman (5 April 2014). "Wamenhub: Indonesia bakal miliki 299 bandara". Antara News. Archived from the original on 7 November 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "2016 Annual Airport Traffic" (PDF). Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Agar Penumpang Lebih Aman dan Nyaman di Bandara Soekarno-Hatta" (in Indonesian). Kompas. 17 November 2014. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Garuda Indonesia". Skytrax. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Garuda Indonesia named World's Best Airline Cabin Crew". Skytrax World Airline Awards. 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Budiman, Arief; Das, Kaushik; Mohammad, Azam; Tee Tan, Khoon; Tonby, Oliver (September 2014). "Ten ideas to reshape Indonesia's energy sector". McKinsey&Company. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Key World Energy Statistics" (PDF). International Energy Agency. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Statistik Ketenagalistrikan" (PDF). Kementerian ESDM. September 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Javed, Farhat; Asghar Nasim, Muhammad (2005). "Construction of Seepage Measurement System at Jatiluhur Dam, Indonesia". Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Dr. Coyne & Bellier (9 October 2007). "Jatiluhur in Indonesia" (in French). Planete-TP. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Country Report: Indonesia" (PDF). Asian Development Bank. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2004. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Kasten, Michael. "History of the Indonesian Pinisi". Archived from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Sertori, Trisha (11 December 2014). "Man of 1000 shoulders". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Rika Stevani, Louis (4 February 2017). "INKA to Manufacture Trains for Export to Bangladesh, Sri Lanka". Tempo. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Dwi Sutianto, Feby (5 February 2016). "PTDI Ekspor 40 Unit Pesawat, Terlaris CN235" (in Indonesian). detikFinance. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Habibie receives honorary doctorate". The Jakarta Post. 30 January 2010. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "KF-X Fighter: Korea's Future Homegrown Jet". Defense Industry Daily. 21 November 2017. Archived from the original on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Johanes Indri Prijatmodjo. "Satellite Communication Helps Cross the Digital Divide in Indonesia" (PDF). Online Journal of Space Communication. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Planning and Development of Indonesia's Domestic Communications Satellite System PALAPA". Online Journal of Space Communication. 2005. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Faris Sabilar Rusydi (17 June 2016). "Lapan Target Luncurkan Roket Pengorbit Satelit Pada 2040" (in Indonesian). National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN). Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Elliott, Mark (November 2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd. pp. 211–215. ISBN 1-74059-154-2.
Jump up ^ "Travel & Tourism: Economic Impact 2017 Indonesia" (PDF). World Travel & Tourism Council. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Tourist arrivals up 15.54 percent last year". ANTARA News. 16 February 2017. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Foreign tourists in 2015 exceed target" (in Indonesian). Indonesian Ministry of Tourism. 1 February 2016. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Erwida, Maulia (6 January 2011). "Tourism Ministry set to launch 'Wonderful Indonesia' campaign". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Diving in Indonesia". Dive the World. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bunaken Scuba Diving". Dive the World. Archived from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Indonesia Undersea". National Geographic. September 2007. Archived from the original on 6 August 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "Indonesia - Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List". UNESCO. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Gold, Sarah (13 October 2011). "World's Best Islands 2010". Travel + Leisure. Archived from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bali Named as One of the Five Best Islands in the World". The Beat. 1 December 2011. Archived from the original on 4 December 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "About Bali + Lombok". magicseaweed.com. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Choo, Bryan (7 August 2014). "Bandung Guide - 10 Reasons to visit the Paris of Indonesia". The Smart Local. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "How to prepare for the Jakarta Great Sale's midnight sale". The Jakarta Post. 16 June 2017. Archived from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Rudi, Alsadad (22 October 2015). ""Jakarta, Kota dengan Lahan Mal Terluas di Dunia"" (in Indonesian). Kompas. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Fifty years needed to bring population growth to zero". Waspada Online. 19 March 2011. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Census 2010" (PDF). Statistics Indonesia. August 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Indonesia Population Projection" (PDF). Central Burreau of Statistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "BBC: First contact with isolated tribes?". Survival International. 25 January 2007. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Nitisastro, Widjojo (2006). "Population Trends in Indonesia". Equinox Publishing. p. 268. Retrieved 5 September 2015 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Population of Indonesia". Indonesia Investments. 5 September 2007. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "World Population Prospect: 2017 Revision" (PDF). United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs - Population Division. 21 June 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Krisetya, Beltsazar (14 September 2016). "Tapping the Indonesian Diaspora Potential". Forum for International Studies. Archived from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "An Overview of Indonesia". Living in Indonesia: A Site for Expatriates. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Dawson, B.; Gillow, J. (1994). The Traditional Architecture of Indonesia. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. p. 7. ISBN 0-500-34132-X.
Jump up ^ Ricklefs 1991, p. 256.
^ Jump up to: a b Merdekawaty, Eka (17 July 2006). ""Bahasa Indonesia" and Languages of Indonesia" (PDF). Free University of Bozen. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2006. Retrieved 21 September 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b Sneddon, James N. (April 2013). "The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society". University of South Wales Press Ltd. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Anwar, Khaidir (1976). "Minangkabau, Background of the main pioneers of modern standard Malay in Indonesia". Retrieved 9 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Amerl, Ivana (May 2006). "Language interference: Indonesian and English". MED Magazine. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
Jump up ^ van Nimwegen, Nico (2002). "The Demographic History of the Dutch in the East Indies" (PDF). Nederlands Interdisciplinair Demografisch Instituut. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Baker (1998), p.202.
Jump up ^ Ammon (2005), p.2017.
Jump up ^ Booij (1999), p.2
Jump up ^ "Badan Pusat Statistik (multiple subsites)" (in Indonesian). Badan Pusat Statistik. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Chapter XA, Article 28E, 1st Clause of the 1945 Constitution.
Jump up ^ Yang, Heriyanto (August 2005). "The history and legal position of Confucianism in post-independence Indonesia" (PDF). Marburg Journal of Religion. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2006.
Jump up ^ "Court recognises Indonesian native faiths in victory for religious freedom". The Sydney Morning Herald. 8 November 2017. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Allard, Tom & Damiana, Jessica (7 November 2017). "Indonesian court recognizes native religions in landmark ruling". Reuters. Retrieved 8 December 2017. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Sunni and Shia Muslims". Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
Jump up ^ There are approximately 1-3 million Shia Muslims and 200,000-400,000 Ahmadi Muslims in the country.
Jump up ^ Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2017). "2016 Indonesia International Religious Freedom Report" (PDF). U.S. Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Oey, Eric (1997). "Bali" (3rd ed.). Singapore: Periplus Editions. ISBN 962-593-028-0.
Jump up ^ Leo Suryadinata (editor) (23 October 2008). "Ethnic Chinese in Contemporary Indonesia". Retrieved 20 December 2017 – via Google Books. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Ooi, Keat Gin (editor) (2004). Southeast Asia: A historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor (3 volume set). ABC-CLIO. p. 177. ISBN 1576077705. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ The word sembahyang in Indonesian actually originated from the combined word sembah-hyang which means "worship the hyang". [1]
Jump up ^ Magnis-Suseno, F. 1981, Javanese Ethics and World-View: The Javanese Idea of the Good Life, PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 1997, pp.15–18 ISBN 979-605-406-X, "2003 International Religious Freedom Report". U.S. Department of State. 2003. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Jan Gonda, The Indian Religions in Pre-Islamic Indonesia and their survival in Bali, in Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions, p. 1, at Google Books, pp. 1–54
Jump up ^ Darsa, Undang A. 2004. "Kropak 406; Carita Parahyangan dan Fragmen Carita Parahyangan", Makalah disampaikan dalam Kegiatan Bedah Naskah Kuna yang diselenggarakan oleh Balai Pengelolaan Museum Negeri Sri Baduga. Bandung-Jatinangor: Fakultas Sastra Universitas Padjadjaran: hlm. 1–23.
Jump up ^ Gerhard Bowering et al. (2012), The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691134840, pp. xvi
Jump up ^ Michael Laffan, The Makings of Indonesian Islam: Orientalism and the Narration of a Sufi Past, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691162164, pp. 3-6
Jump up ^ Taufiq Tanasaldy, Regime Change and Ethnic Politics in Indonesia, Brill Academic, ISBN 978-9004263734
Jump up ^ Gerhard Bowering et al., The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691134840
Jump up ^ David Morgan and Anthony Reid, The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 3, The Eastern Islamic World, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1107456976, pp 587-589
^ Jump up to: a b James Fox, Indonesian Heritage: Religion and ritual, Volume 9 of Indonesian heritage, Editor: Timothy Auger, ISBN 978-9813018587
Jump up ^ Wendy Doniger (2000), Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, Meriam-Webster, ISBN 978-0877790440, pp. 516-517
Jump up ^ Jean Gelman Taylor, Indonesia: Peoples and Histories, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0300105186, pp. 21-83 and 142-173
Jump up ^ Ricklefs 1991, pp. 25, 26, 28.
Jump up ^ "An Online Timeline of Indonesian History - 1500 to 1670: Great Kings and Trade Empires". Archived from the original on 24 May 2007. Retrieved 24 May 2007.
Jump up ^ "Brief history of KAJ" (in Indonesian). Archdiocese of Jakarta. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Perjalanan Iman Gereja Katedral" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Museum Katedral. 2008.
Jump up ^ Barnes, R.H. (2008). "Raja Lorenzo II: A Catholic kingdom in the Dutch East Indies" (PDF). University of Oxford. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Hidayat, Fikria (27 March 2016). "Semana Santa di Larantuka, Ritual Pekan Suci Paskah Berusia 5 Abad" (in Indonesian). Kompas. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cerita Ketika Warga Larantuka Merayakan Ritual Semana Santa" (in Indonesian). Jawa Pos. 16 April 2017. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Ricklefs 1991, pp. 28, 62.
Jump up ^ Vickers 2005, p. 22.
Jump up ^ Goh, Robbie B.H. (2005). Christianity in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 80. ISBN 981-230-297-2.
Jump up ^ Indonesia: A Country Study by William H. Frederick, Robert L. Worden, p. 122
Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set by Hans J. Hillerbrand, chapter on Indonesia, p. 824
Jump up ^ "Indonesia - (Asia)". Reformed Online. Archived from the original on 5 December 2006. Retrieved 5 December 2006.
Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set by Hans J. Hillerbrand, chapter on Indonesia, p. 337
Jump up ^ "ITB, UGM, UI named top three universities in Indonesia". The Jakarta Post. 17 August 2016. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
Jump up ^ al-Samarrai, Samer; Cerdan-Infantes, Pedro (9 March 2013). "Awakening Indonesia's Golden Generation: Extending Compulsory Education from 9 to 12 Years". The World Bank Blog. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Chapter XIII, Article 31, 4th Clause of the 1945 Constitution.
Jump up ^ Tan, Charlene (2014). "Educative Tradition and Islamic Schools in Indonesia" (PDF). Nanyang Technological University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Indonesia: Education Expenditures". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "QS World University Rankings". QS Top Universities. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Andalas University". Global Business Guide Indonesia. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Indonesia". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Britnell, Mark (2015). In Search of the Perfect Health System. London: Palgrave. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-137-49661-4.
Jump up ^ "The Republic of Indonesia Health System Review" (PDF). Asia Pacific Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "UNICEF: Indonesia's Child Mortality Rate Has Fallen Substantially since 1990". Indonesia Investments. 5 September 2015. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Tadjoeddin, Mohammad Zulfan; Chowdury, Anis; Murshed, Syed Mansoob (October 2010). "Routine Violence in Java, Indonesia: Neo-Malthusian and Social Justice Perspectives" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Upton, Stuart (January 2009). "The impact of migration on the people of Papua, Indonesia: A historical demographic analysis" (PDF). University of New South Wales. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Indonesia's Rising Divide". World Bank. 7 December 2015. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Indonesia: The population of Chinese Indonesians and Chinese Christians in the Sulawesi provinces and the cities of Medan and Banda Aceh; incidents of violence and state protection available" (PDF). Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 17 March 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Setijadi, Charlotte (17 March 2016). "Ethnic Chinese in Contemporary Indonesia: Changing Identity Politics and the Paradox of Sinification". ISEAS Perspective. 12 (2016). ISSN 2335-6677.
Jump up ^ Knight, Kyle (27 January 2016). "Dispatches: LGBT Backlash in Indonesia". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Caning for gay men in Indonesia for Sharia law 'crime' of being gay". The Australian. 23 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Tang, Alisa (8 March 2016). "Under attack, Indonesian LGBT groups set up safehouses, live in fear". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 June 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Jill Forshee (2006). "Culture and Customs of Indonesia" (PDF). Greenwood Press. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Henley, David (2015). "Indonesia". The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 1–7. doi:10.1002/9781118663202.wberen460.
Jump up ^ Nolan, Brooke (16 August 2017). "Dayak 'Keharingan' belief systems" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Indonesia - Intangible heritage, cultural sector". UNESCO. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Indonesian Arts and Crafts". Living in Indonesia: A site for expats. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Forge, Anthony (1978). "Balinese Traditional Paintings" (PDF). The Australian Museum. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Indonesian Culture; Arts and Tradition". Embassy of Indonesia, Athens. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Borobudur Temple Compounds". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Reimar Schefold; P. Nas; Gaudenz Domenig, eds. (2004). Indonesian Houses: Tradition and Transformation in Vernacular Architecture. NUS Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-9971-69-292-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Indonesia's Remarkable Handicraft" (PDF). Indonesian Ministry of Trade. February 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Barber, Ted; Krivoshlykova, Marina (July 2016). "Global Market Assessments of Handicrafts" (PDF). USAID. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Sanday, Peggy R.; Kartiwa, Suwati (August 1984). "Cloth and Custom in West Sumatra: The Codification of Minangkabau Worldview". Penn Museum. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Indonesian Endless-Basket Creativity" (PDF). Indonesian Ministry of Trade. 8 December 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Andersen, Øystein L. (March 2006). "Babrongko, Material culture of a Lake Sentani Village" (PDF). Cenderawashi University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Situngkir, Hokky (August 2009). "The Phylomemetics of Batik" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Puntodewo, Atie; Melati; Achdiawan, Ramadhani; Irawati, Rika Harini; Purnomo, Herry. "Jepara Furniture: Tourist map and shopping guide" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Indonesian Embroidery: The Elegant Motifs" (PDF). Indonesian Ministry of Trade. 8 December 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Ziyi, Xia (16 November 2011). "Cultural feast at ASEAN Fair". Xinhua. Archived from the original on 19 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Jill Forshee, Culture and customs of Indonesia, Greenwood Publishing Group: 2006: ISBN 0-313-33339-4. 237 pages
Jump up ^ "Indonesian Batik". UNESCO. 2009. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Harnish, David; Rasmussen, Anne, eds. (2011). Divine Inspirations: Music and Islam in Indonesia. Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ "'Keroncong': Freedom music from Portuguese descendants". The Jakarta Post. 16 June 2011. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Heryanto, Ariel (2008). Popular Culture in Indonesia: Fluid Identities in Post-Authoritarian Politics. Routledge.
Jump up ^ "Indonesia Tourism : The Dance and Theater in the Archipelago". Indonesia Tourism. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 24 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "About Indonesian food". Special Broadcasting Service. 13 May 2015. Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Natahadibrata, Nadya (10 February 2014). "Celebratory rice cone dish to represent the archipelago". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Witton, Patrick (2002). World Food: Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74059-009-0.
Jump up ^ Compared to the infused flavors of Vietnamese and Thai food, flavors in Indonesia are kept relatively separate, simple and substantial. Brissendon, Rosemary (2003). South East Asian Food. Melbourne: Hardie Grant Books. ISBN 1-74066-013-7.
Jump up ^ Cheung, Tim (12 July 2017). "Your pick: World's 50 best foods". CNN Travel. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "The History of Indonesian Puppet Theater (Wayang)". Asian Education. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "The story of Mahabharata epic performed by Wayang Puppets". Masked Art. Archived from the original on 19 December 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Traditions, Wayang Wong Priangan: Dance Drama of West Java" (PDF). 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Maceda José. "Southeast Asian arts". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Dewangga, Kusuma (10 November 2013). "Ketoprak: Javanese Folk Art (Part 1 of 2)". Indonesia's Global Portal. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Indonesia - Theatre and Dance". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Pauka, Kirstin (1998). "The Daughters Take Over? Female Performers in Randai Theatre". The Drama Review. 42 (1): 113–121. doi:10.1162/105420498760308706.
^ Jump up to: a b "Randai (Indonesian folk theater form, uses silat) « MIT Global Shakespeares".
Jump up ^ Hatley, Barbara (13 November 2017). "Review: Indonesian post-colonial theatre". Inside Indonesia. Archived from the original on 21 December 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Kuhn, Annette (2012). A Dictionary of Film Studies. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-19-958726-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Sen, Krishna (2006). Giecko, Anne Tereska, ed. Contemporary Asian Cinema, Indonesia: Screening a Nation in the Post-New Order. Oxford/New York: Berg. pp. 96–107. ISBN 978-1-84520-237-8.
Jump up ^ Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey (1996). The Oxford History of World Cinema. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. p. 690. ISBN 978-0-19-811257-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Kristianto, JB (2 July 2005). "The Last 10 Years of Indonesia's Film Industry" (in Indonesian). Kompas. Archived from the original on 13 January 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
Jump up ^ "The State of Indonesia's Film Industry". Archived from the original on 21 December 1999.
Jump up ^ Bradshaw, Peter (17 May 2012). "The Raid - review". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Pramantie, Caroline (30 March 2017). "Menengok 10 Film Indonesia Terlaris Dalam 10 Tahun Terakhir" (in Indonesian). Kumparan. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Witton 2003, p. 103.
Jump up ^ Alex Monnig, World Cup, 2013
Jump up ^ "History of Basketball in Indonesia". National Basketball League Indonesia. Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Widazulfia, Fahmiranti (3 May 2015). "7 Boxing World Champions from Indonesia" (in Indonesian). Good News from Indonesia. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Baldwin, Alan (18 February 2016). "Haryanto becomes Indonesia's first F1 driver". Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Shannon L., Smith; Lloyd Grayson J. (2001). Indonesia Today: Challenges of History. Melbourne, Australia: Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 0-7425-1761-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Kuipers, Joel C. "Post and Telecommunications". William H. Frederick and Robert L. Worden, editors (2011). "Indonesia: A country study" (PDF). Library of Congress, Federal Research Division. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jump up ^ Budiman, Ahmad (February 2012). "Sistem Penyiaran Televisi Berjaringan" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Info Singkat Pemerintahan Dalam Negri. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Phoning from home". Globe Asia. 30 August 2010. Archived from the original on 27 March 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Jennifer Yang Hui (2 December 2009). "The Internet in Indonesia: Development and Impact of Radical Websites" (PDF). Routledge. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ai Lei Tao (25 April 2016). "Indonesian internet users turn to smartphones to go online". Computer Weekly. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Emanuel Kure (30 March 2015). "Majority of Indonesian netizens aged 18-25" (in Indonesian). Berita Satu. Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Czermak, Karin; Delanghe, Philippe; Weng, Wei. "Preserving intangible cultural heritage in Indonesia" (PDF). SIL International. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Nursisto (2000). Ikhtisar Kesusastraan Indonesia: dari pantun, bidal, gurindam hingga puisi kontemporer : dari dongeng, hikayat, roman hingga cerita pendek dan novel. Adicita. ISBN 978-979-9246-28-8. [page needed]
Jump up ^ Seong Chee Tham (1981). Essays on Literature and Society in Southeast Asia: Political and Sociological Perspectives. Kent Ridge, Singapore: Singapore University Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-9971-69-036-6.
Jump up ^ Taylor 2003, pp. 299–301.
Jump up ^ Vickers 2005, pp. 3–7.
Jump up ^ Friend 2003, pp. 74, 180.
Jump up ^ "Author Pramoedya Ananta Toer dies". BBC. 30 April 2006. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chairil Anwar Biography". The Famous People. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Joy Freidus, Alberta (1977). Sumatran Contributions to the Development of Indonesian Literature, 1920–1942. Asian Studies Program, University of Hawaii.
Jump up ^ "Indonesian Holidays". Living in Indonesia: A Site for Expatriates. 27 December 2017. Archived from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Works cited
Earl, George SW (1850). "On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations". Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA).
Friend, T. (2003). Indonesian Destinies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01137-6.
Kuoni – Far East, A world of difference. Kuoni Travel & JPM Publications. 1999.
Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300 (Second ed.). MacMillan. ISBN 0-333-57689-6.
Schwarz, A. (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Westview Press. ISBN 1-86373-635-2.
Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10518-5.
Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.
Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. pp. 139, 181, 251, 435. ISBN 1-74059-154-2.
External links
Find more aboutIndonesiaat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Data from Wikidata
Government
Government of Indonesia
Minister of The State Secretary (in Indonesian)
Statistics Center
Chief of State and Cabinet Members
General information
"Indonesia". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Indonesia from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Indonesia at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Indonesia profile from the BBC News
Indonesia at Encyclopædia Britannica
Wikimedia Atlas of Indonesia
Geographic data related to Indonesia at OpenStreetMap
Official Site of Indonesian Tourism
Key Development Forecasts for Indonesia from International Futures
[show]
v
t
e
Indonesia articles
History
Timeline
Hinduism-Buddhism era
Spread of Islam
VOC era (1603–1800)
Dutch East Indies (1800–1942)
Japanese occupation (1942–45)
National Revolution (1945–49)
Liberal democracy era (1950–57)
Guided Democracy (1957–65)
Transitional period (1965–66)
New Order (1966–98)
Reformasi (since 1998)
Geography
Cities
Deforestation
Earthquakes
Environmental issues
Geology
Islands
Lakes
Mountains
National parks
Natural history
Fauna
Flora
Rivers
Volcanoes
Politics
Administrative divisions
Provinces
Cabinet
Constitution
Elections
Foreign relations
Human rights
Law
enforcement
Military
History
Pancasila
People's Consultative Assembly
Police
Political parties
President
Economy
Agriculture
Aviation
Banks
Energy
History
Palm oil production
Science and technology
Stock Exchange
Telecommunications
Tourism
Transport
Water supply and sanitation
Culture
Architecture
Art
Batik
Cinema
Cuisine
Dance
Ikat
Heroes
Legends
Literature
Martial arts
Media
Music
Properties
Public holidays
Sport
Demographics
Education
Ethnic groups
Health
Languages
Indonesian
Nusantara
Religion
Women
Symbols
Anthem
Costume
Emblem
Faunal emblems
Asian arowana
Javan hawk-eagle
Komodo dragon
Flag
Floral emblems
Common jasmine
Moon orchid
Giant padma
Garuda
Motto
Personification
Songs
Tree
Outline
Index
Book
Category
Portal
Gallery
Atlas
[show]
Articles relating to Indonesia
[show]
v
t
e
Government of Indonesia
Executive Branch
National
Government
Elected Officials
President of Indonesia
list
Vice President of Indonesia
list
Cabinet (List) and
Ministries
Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs
Coordinating Minister for Human Development and Cultural Affairs
Coordinating Minister for Maritime Affairs
Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs
Agriculture
Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform
Communication and Informatics Technology
Cooperation and Small & Medium Enterprises
Defence
Education and Culture
Energy and Mineral Resources
Environment and Forestry
Female Empowerment and Child Protection
Finance
Foreign Affairs
Health
Home Affairs
Industry
Land and Spatial Planning
Law and Human Rights
Manpower
Maritime Affairs and Fisheries
National Development Planning
Public Works and Public Housing
Religious Affairs
Research, Technology and Higher Education
Social Services
State Owned Enterprises
Ministry of State Secretariat
Tourism
Trade
Transportation
Village, Disadvantaged Regions and Transmigration
Youth and Sports Affairs
Non-Ministrial
Government Agency
National Archives of Indonesia
Creative Economy Agency
Geospatial Information Agency
State Intelligence
Maritime Security Board
Civil Service
Population and Family Planning
Investment Coordination
Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics
National Anti-Narcotics Agency
National Disaster Management
National Agency for Combating Terrorism
Indonesian Workers Placement and Protection
Financial and Development Comptroller
Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency
National Agency of Drug and Food Control
Technological Assessment and Application
National Development Planning
National Land Agency
Central Statistics
Search and Rescue
Indonesian Standardization Body
National Nuclear Energy Agency
State Administration Body
Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Government Procurement Policy
National Resilience
National Institute of Aeronautics and Space
State Code and Cyber Agency
National Library of Indonesia
Non-Structural
Agency
Corruption Eradication Commission
Financial Services Authority
Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center
General Elections Commission
National Team for Transportation Safety and Security
Local
Government
Governor
Regent
Mayor
Legislative Branch
National
Government
People's Consultative Assembly
People's Representative Council
Regional Representative Council
Local
Government
Regional People's Representative Council
Judicial Branch
Supreme Court
Constitutional Court
Judicial Commission
Other Government
Agencies
Bank Indonesia
Military and
Police
Indonesian National Armed Forces
Air Force
Army
Marine Corps
Navy
Indonesian National Police
Mobile Brigade Corps
Municipal Police
Indonesia portal
WikiProject
Commons
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Provinces of Indonesia
Capital: Jakarta
Sumatra
Aceh
Bangka-Belitung Islands
Bengkulu
Jambi
Lampung
North Sumatra
Riau
Riau Islands
South Sumatra
West Sumatra
Java
Banten
Central Java
East Java
West Java
Jakarta
Yogyakarta
Kalimantan
Central Kalimantan
East Kalimantan
North Kalimantan
South Kalimantan
West Kalimantan
Lesser Sunda
Bali
East Nusa Tenggara
West Nusa Tenggara
Sulawesi
Central Sulawesi
Gorontalo
North Sulawesi
Southeast Sulawesi
South Sulawesi
West Sulawesi
Maluku
Maluku
North Maluku
Papua
Papua
West Papua
Former
Timor Timur
Lists by
GRP per capita
HDI
ISO codes
[show]
Geographic locale
[show]
v
t
e
Countries and other territories in Southeast Asia
Sovereign states
Brunei
Cambodia
East Timor
Indonesia
Laos
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
Dependent territories or Special Administrative Regions
Christmas Island (Australia)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia)
Subdivisions
Paracel Islands (controlled by China)
Pratas Islands (controlled by Taiwan)
Spratly Islands (disputed among and controlled by various claimants)
Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India)
[show]
v
t
e
Countries and territories of Oceania
Sovereign states
Entire
Australia
Federated States of Micronesia
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Nauru
New Zealand
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
In part
Chile
Easter Island
Juan Fernández Islands
Indonesia
West Papua
Papua
Japan
Bonin Islands
Minami-Tori-Shima
United States
Hawaii
Palmyra Atoll
Associated states
of New Zealand
Niue
Cook Islands
Dependencies and
other territories
Australia
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
Coral Sea Islands
Kangaroo Island
Lord Howe Island
Macquarie Islands
Norfolk Island
United States
American Samoa
Baker Island
Guam
Howland Island
Jarvis Island
Johnston Atoll
Kingman Reef
Midway Atoll
Northern Mariana Islands
Wake Island
New Zealand
Auckland Islands
Bounty Islands
Chatham Islands
Campbell Island
Tokelau
France
French Polynesia
New Caledonia
Wallis and Futuna
United Kingdom
Pitcairn Islands
[show]
v
t
e
Countries and dependencies of Asia
Sovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
Egypt
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Palestine
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
States with limited recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Northern Cyprus
South Ossetia
Taiwan
Dependencies and special
administrative regions
Australia
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
China
Hong Kong
Macau
United Kingdom
Akrotiri and Dhekelia
British Indian Ocean Territory
[show]
International membership
[show]
v
t
e
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Politics
Charter
Customs union
Date of Establishment
Organisations
Secretariat
Treaty of Amity and Cooperation
Visa policies
Symbols
Anthem
Emblem
Flag
Hymn
Membership
Brunei
Cambodia
Indonesia
Laos
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
Observer and Candidate for Member
Papua New Guinea
East Timor
Events
Summits
ASEAN Summit
East Asia Summit
Other
ASEAN Plus Three
Asian Monetary Unit
ASEAN Regional Forum
Asia–Europe Meeting
Chiang Mai Initiative
Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
Competitions
SEA Games
ASEAN University Games
ASEAN School Games
ASEAN Para Games
ASEAN Football Championship
ASEAN Armies Rifle Meet
Related
ASEAN Football Federation
ASEAN Free Trade Area
ASEAN–China Free Trade Area
ASEAN–India Free Trade Area
Common Time
Economy
[show]
v
t
e
G20 major economies
Argentina
Australia
Brazil
Canada
China
European Union
France
Germany
India
Indonesia
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Russia
Saudi Arabia
South Africa
Republic of Korea
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
[show]
v
t
e
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
Members
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Benin
Burkina Faso
Brunei
Cameroon
Chad
Comoros
Djibouti
Egypt
Gabon
Gambia
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ivory Coast
Jordan
Kuwait
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Lebanon
Libya
Maldives
Malaysia
Mali
Mauritania
Morocco
Mozambique
Niger
Nigeria
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Somalia
Sudan
Suriname
Tajikistan
Turkey
Tunisia
Togo
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Uzbekistan
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Suspended
Syria
Observers
Countries
and territories
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Central African Republic
Northern Cyprus1
Russia
Thailand
Muslim
communities
Moro National Liberation Front
International
organizations
Economic Cooperation Organization
African Union
Arab League
Non-Aligned Movement
United Nations
1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".
[show]
v
t
e
Non-Aligned Movement
Members
List of members of Non-Aligned Movement
India and the Non-Aligned Movement
Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement
Egypt and the Non-Aligned Movement
Structure
Organizations
NAM News Network
Principles
Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
Summits
Bandung Conference
Non-Aligned Foreign Ministers Conference
16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement
People
Josip Broz Tito
Sukarno
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Houari Boumediene
Fidel Castro
Nelson Mandela
Mohamed Morsi
[show]
D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation
Members
Bangladesh
Egypt
Indonesia
Iran
Malaysia
Nigeria
Pakistan
Turkey
[show]
v
t
e
Next Eleven Economies
Bangladesh
Egypt
Indonesia
Iran
Mexico
Nigeria
Pakistan
Philippines
South Korea
Turkey
Vietnam
[show]
v
t
e
Nations in the Group of 15 (G-15)
Summits
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2004
2006
2010
2012
Members
Algeria
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Egypt
India
Indonesia
Iran
Jamaica
Kenya
Malaysia
Mexico
Nigeria
Senegal
Sri Lanka
Venezuela
Zimbabwe
[show]
v
t
e
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Nations
Australia
Brunei
Canada
Chile
China
Hong Kong¹
Indonesia
Japan
South Korea
Malaysia
Mexico
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Russia
Singapore
Chinese Taipei²
Thailand
United States
Vietnam
Summits
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Other
APEC Business Travel Card
APEC blue
APEC Climate Center
APEC Youth Science Festival
1. A special administrative region of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China"; 2. Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Chinese Taipei"
[show]
v
t
e
Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)
Members
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
Nauru
New Zealand
Niue
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Associate members
French Polynesia
New Caledonia
Observers
Commonwealth of Nations
East Timor
Tokelau
United Nations
Wallis and Futuna
Guam
American Samoa
Northern Mariana Islands
Asian Development Bank
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)
Dialogue partners
Canada
China
Cuba
European Union
France
India
Indonesia
Italy
Japan
Korea
Malaysia
Philippines
Spain
Thailand
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
Meetings
45th
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 125405737
LCCN: n80083633
ISNI: 0000 0004 0392 1382
GND: 4026761-1
SUDOC: 026385864
BNF: cb15323043s (data)
HDS: 3408
NDL: 00871922
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesia&oldid=821906047"
Categories:
Indonesia
Southeast Asian countries
Countries in Melanesia
Republics
Developing 8 Countries member states
E7 nations
G15 nations
G20 nations
Island countries
Former OPEC member states
Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Member states of the United Nations
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)
CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
Articles with Indonesian-language external links
Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2016
Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
EngvarB from December 2016
Use dmy dates from November 2017
Coordinates on Wikidata
Articles containing Indonesian-language text
Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters
Articles with hAudio microformats
Articles including recorded pronunciations (English)
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014
Articles containing Dutch-language text
Articles with DMOZ links
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikinews
Wikiquote
Wikivoyage
Languages
Acèh
Адыгэбзэ
Адыгабзэ
Afrikaans
Akan
Alemannisch
አማርኛ
Ænglisc
العربية
Aragonés
Arpetan
অসমীয়া
Asturianu
Avañe'ẽ
Aymar aru
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Bahasa Banjar
Bân-lâm-gú
Basa Banyumasan
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
भोजपुरी
Bikol Central
Bislama
Български
Boarisch
བོད་ཡིག
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Буряад
Català
Чӑвашла
Cebuano
Čeština
Chamoru
Chavacano de Zamboanga
Chi-Chewa
ChiShona
ChiTumbuka
Corsu
Cymraeg
Dansk
Davvisámegiella
Deutsch
ދިވެހިބަސް
Diné bizaad
Dolnoserbski
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Estremeñu
Euskara
Eʋegbe
فارسی
Fiji Hindi
Føroyskt
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Gaelg
Gagauz
Gàidhlig
Galego
贛語
Gĩkũyũ
ગુજરાતી
गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
Хальмг
한국어
Hausa
Hawaiʻi
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hornjoserbsce
Hrvatski
Ido
Ilokano
বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Interlingue
ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut
Iñupiak
Ирон
IsiZulu
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
Kalaallisut
ಕನ್ನಡ
Kapampangan
ქართული
Kaszëbsczi
Қазақша
Kernowek
Kinyarwanda
Kiswahili
Коми
Kongo
Kreyòl ayisyen
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Кырык мары
Ladino
Лезги
ລາວ
لۊری شومالی
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Ligure
Limburgs
Lingála
Livvinkarjala
La .lojban.
Lumbaart
Magyar
मैथिली
Македонски
Malagasy
മലയാളം
Malti
Māori
मराठी
მარგალური
مصرى
مازِرونی
Bahasa Melayu
Baso Minangkabau
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
Mirandés
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Dorerin Naoero
Na Vosa Vakaviti
Nederlands
Nedersaksies
नेपाली
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Napulitano
Нохчийн
Nordfriisk
Norfuk / Pitkern
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Novial
Occitan
Олык марий
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
Oromoo
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
पालि
Pangasinan
پنجابی
Papiamentu
پښتو
Patois
ភាសាខ្មែរ
Picard
Piemontèis
Tok Pisin
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Qaraqalpaqsha
Qırımtatarca
Română
Runa Simi
Русиньскый
Русский
Саха тыла
Gagana Samoa
संस्कृतम्
Sängö
Scots
Seeltersk
Shqip
Sicilianu
සිංහල
Simple English
سنڌي
SiSwati
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ
Ślůnski
Soomaaliga
کوردی
Sranantongo
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Taqbaylit
Tarandíne
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
Tetun
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
ᏣᎳᎩ
Türkçe
Türkmençe
Twi
Удмурт
ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ
Українська
اردو
ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
Vahcuengh
Vèneto
Vepsän kel’
Tiếng Việt
Volapük
Võro
Walon
文言
West-Vlams
Winaray
Wolof
吴语
ייִדיש
Yorùbá
粵語
Zazaki
Zeêuws
Žemaitėška
中文
डोटेली
Kabɩyɛ
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 January 2018, at 08:52.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This article is semi-protected due to vandalism

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: class title

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

value: p

values:
/wiki/File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg
image
Flag of Indonesia

values: display:table-cell; width:58%; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;

values: display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values: mediaContainer mwPlayerContainer k-player videoHolder

values: width:220px width: 220px; position: relative;

values: Area controlled by Indonesia shown in green

values: List of writing systems of the languages in Indonesia

values:
/wiki/Ethnic_groups
mw-redirect
Ethnic groups

values:
/wiki/Confucianism_in_Indonesia
mw-redirect
Confucianism in Indonesia

values: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Indonesia

values: Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies

values: List of countries and dependencies by area

values: List of countries and dependencies by population

values: List of countries and territories by population density

values: List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita

values: List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita

values: List of countries by Human Development Index

values:
/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic
mw-redirect
Right- and left-hand traffic

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.indonesia.go.id/en.html

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values: French and British interludes in the Dutch East Indies

values:
/wiki/Isyana_Dynasty
mw-redirect
Isyana Dynasty

values: Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence

values: East Timorese independence referendum, 1999

values:
/wiki/Sepik_River
mw-redirect
Sepik River

values:
/wiki/Savanna_climate
mw-redirect
Savanna climate

values:
/wiki/Volcanoes_of_Indonesia
mw-redirect
Volcanoes of Indonesia

values: A chart with the heading "Major Volcanoes of Indonesia (with eruptions since 1900 A.D.)". Depicted below the heading is an overhead view of a cluster of islands.

values:
/wiki/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire
mw-redirect
Pacific Ring of Fire

values:
/wiki/Eurasian_plate
mw-redirect
Eurasian plate

values:
/wiki/Nusa_Tenggara
mw-redirect
Nusa Tenggara

values:
/wiki/Genetic_bottleneck
mw-redirect
Genetic bottleneck

values: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

values: International Union for Conservation of Nature

values: List of regencies and cities of Indonesia

values:
/wiki/Districts_of_Indonesia
mw-redirect
Districts of Indonesia

values:
/wiki/Bangka%E2%80%93Belitung_Islands
mw-redirect
Bangka–Belitung Islands

values:
/wiki/Lampung_(province)
mw-redirect
Lampung (province)

values:
/wiki/Yogyakarta_(special_region)
mw-redirect
Yogyakarta (special region)

values:
/wiki/Gorontalo_(province)
mw-redirect
Gorontalo (province)

values:
/wiki/South_East_Sulawesi
mw-redirect
South East Sulawesi

values:
/wiki/Maluku_(Indonesian_province)
mw-redirect
Maluku (Indonesian province)

values:
/wiki/Papua_(Indonesian_province)
mw-redirect
Papua (Indonesian province)

values: overflow:auto; width: 800px; float: none; clear: none; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative; max-width: 100%; overflow-x: auto;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: List of active separatist movements in Asia

values: List of main infrastructure projects in Indonesia

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values: Social and environmental impact of palm oil

values: List of countries by motor vehicle production

values:
/wiki/Light_rail_transit
mw-redirect
Light rail transit

values:
/wiki/Tanjung_Pelepas_Port
mw-redirect
Tanjung Pelepas Port

values: List of the world's busiest airports by passenger traffic

values: National Institute of Aeronautics and Space

values:
/wiki/Indosat_Ooredoo
mw-redirect
Indosat Ooredoo

values: List of World Heritage Sites in Indonesia

values: List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index

values:
/wiki/Overseas_Indonesian
mw-redirect
Overseas Indonesian

values:
/wiki/Batak_people
mw-redirect
Batak people

values: Template talk:Largest cities of Indonesia

values:
plainlinks hlist navbar mini
float: left;height:2.6em;

values: List of cities in Indonesia by population

values: margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray; background: #f9f9f9

values: padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;

values: padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;

values: background:Green; width:87.2%; overflow: hidden;

values: width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;

values: padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;

values: background:violet; width:7%; overflow: hidden;

values:
/wiki/Roman_Catholicism
mw-redirect
Roman Catholicism

values: background:purple; width:2.9%; overflow: hidden;

values: background:Orange; width:1.6%; overflow: hidden;

values: background:Gold; width:0.72%; overflow: hidden;

values: background:Blue; width:0.05%; overflow: hidden;

values: background:grey; width:0.5%; overflow: hidden;

values: overflow-x: auto; border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white;

values:
/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Indonesia
mw-redirect
Roman Catholicism in Indonesia

values: Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia

values:
/wiki/Austronesian_people
mw-redirect
Austronesian people

values:
/wiki/Batak_(Indonesia)
mw-redirect
Batak (Indonesia)

values: St. Mary of the Assumption Cathedral, Jakarta

values:
/wiki/Semana_Santa
mw-redirect
Semana Santa

values:
/wiki/Virgin_Mary
mw-redirect
Virgin Mary

values:
/wiki/Batak_Protestant_Christian_Church
mw-redirect
Batak Protestant Christian Church

values: Ministry of Education and Culture (Indonesia)

values: Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology

values:
/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian
mw-redirect
Chinese Indonesian

values:
/wiki/Indian_culture
mw-redirect
Indian culture

values:
/wiki/Arabian_culture
mw-redirect
Arabian culture

values: UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists

values:
/wiki/Saman_dance
mw-redirect
Saman dance

values:
/wiki/Rumah_Melayu
mw-redirect
Rumah Melayu

values: Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity

values:
/wiki/Shadow_puppet
mw-redirect
Shadow puppet

values:
/wiki/The_Raid:_Redemption
mw-redirect
The Raid: Redemption

values:
/wiki/Citra_Award
mw-redirect
Citra Award

values:
/wiki/2010_AFF_Suzuki_Cup
mw-redirect
2010 AFF Suzuki Cup

values:
/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus_Christ
mw-redirect
Ascension of Jesus Christ

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Overseas_Indian
mw-redirect
Overseas Indian

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values:
nofollow
https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/
external text

values: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F595186

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/595186

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2006.03.013

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.80.16.4988

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6410399

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7992059

values:
/wiki/Prince_Diponegoro
mw-redirect
Prince Diponegoro

values:
/wiki/Imam_Bonjol
mw-redirect
Imam Bonjol

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1353%2Fecs.1998.0021

values:
/wiki/Hubertus_Johannes_van_Mook
mw-redirect
Hubertus Johannes van Mook

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3016666

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/3023219

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/2613527

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.fn.no/Land/Indonesia

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.american.edu/TED/ORANG.HTM

values:
/wiki/Sultan_of_Yogyakarta
mw-redirect
Sultan of Yogyakarta

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.infid.be/papua_mess.htm

values: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (Indonesia)

values: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

values:
nofollow
external autonumber
https://kbbi.web.id/sembahyang

values:
nofollow
external text
http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/ID

values:
nofollow
http://www.who.int/countries/idn/en/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/2335-6677

values:
nofollow
external text
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592

values:
nofollow
external text
http://cogprints.org/6641/1/2009-8.pdf

values:
/wiki/Vietnamese_food
mw-redirect
Vietnamese food

values: This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2016)

values:
/wiki/Singapore_University_Press
mw-redirect
Singapore University Press

values: -moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

values:
nofollow
http://www.indonesia.go.id/en/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.setneg.go.id/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.bps.go.id/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.indonesia.travel/
external text

values: National emblem of Indonesia Garuda Pancasila.svg

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Water supply and sanitation in Indonesia

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Government ministries of Indonesia

values: Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs (Indonesia)

values: Coordinating Ministry for Human Development and Cultural Affairs (Indonesia)

values: Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs (Indonesia)

values: Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs (Indonesia)

values: Ministry of Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform (Indonesia)

values: Ministry of Communication and Informatics (Indonesia)

values: Ministry of Cooperation and Small & Medium Enterprises (Indonesia) (page does not exist)

values: Ministry of Environment and Forestry (Indonesia)

values: Ministry of Female Empowerment and Child Protection (Indonesia) (page does not exist)

values: Ministry of Land and Spatial Planning (Indonesia) (page does not exist)

values: Ministry of Law and Human Rights (Indonesia)

values: Ministry of Manpower (Indonesia) (page does not exist)

values: Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (Indonesia)

values: Ministry of National Development Planning (Indonesia) (page does not exist)

values: Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (Indonesia) (page does not exist)

values: Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)

values: Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (Indonesia)

values: Ministry of Social Services (Indonesia) (page does not exist)

values: Ministry of State Owned Enterprises (Indonesia)

values: Ministry of State Secretariat (Indonesia)

values: Ministry of Village, Disadvantaged Regions and Transmigration (Indonesia) (page does not exist)

values: Ministry of Youth and Sports Affairs (Indonesia) (page does not exist)

values: National Family Planning Coordinating Board (page does not exist)

values: Investment Coordination Board (Indonesia) (page does not exist)

values: Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics

values: National Anti-Narcotics Agency (Indonesia)

values: Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management

values: National Agency of Drug and Food Control of Republic of Indonesia

values: National Development Planning Agency (page does not exist)

values: Financial Services Authority (Indonesia)

values: Indonesian Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center

values: General Elections Commission (Indonesia)

values: National Team for Transportation Safety and Security

values: Category:Government agencies of Indonesia

values:
/wiki/Mobile_Brigade_(Indonesia)
mw-redirect
Mobile Brigade (Indonesia)

values: Coat of arms of Bangka Belitung Islands.svg

values:
/wiki/Bangka-Belitung_Islands
mw-redirect
Bangka-Belitung Islands

values:
navbox-image
8
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: List of Indonesian provinces by GRP per capita

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia

values: Template talk:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia

values: Template:Countries and territories of Oceania

values: Template talk:Countries and territories of Oceania

values: List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania

values:
navbox-image
3
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Macquarie_Islands
mw-redirect
Macquarie Islands

values: List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia

values: width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

values: Template talk:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

values: Organisations associated with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations

values: List of Secretaries-General of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations

values: Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia

values: Emblem of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations

values: Flag of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations

values: Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations

values: Enlargement of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations

values:
/wiki/ASEAN_Regional_Forum
mw-redirect
ASEAN Regional Forum

values: Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia

values: Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

values:
/wiki/ASEAN_ParaGames
mw-redirect
ASEAN ParaGames

values:
/wiki/ASEAN_Football_Championship
mw-redirect
ASEAN Football Championship

values: List of ASEAN countries by GDP (nominal)

values: Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

values: Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement (page does not exist)

values: Egypt and the Non-Aligned Movement (page does not exist)

values: Non-Aligned Foreign Ministers Conference

values:
/wiki/Houari_Boumediene#Foreign_policy
mw-redirect
Houari Boumediene

values: D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation

values: Template talk:Next 11 Economies (page does not exist)

values: Template talk:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

values: APEC Singapore 1990 (page does not exist)

values: APEC Republic of Korea 1991 (page does not exist)

values: APEC Thailand 1992 (page does not exist)

values: APEC United States 1993 (page does not exist)

values: APEC Indonesia 1994 (page does not exist)

values: APEC Malaysia 1998 (page does not exist)

values: APEC New Zealand 1999 (page does not exist)

values: Template talk:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)

values: Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission

values:
/wiki/Republic_of_Korea
mw-redirect
Republic of Korea

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/125405737

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000403921382

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4026761-1

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/026385864

values: Category:Developing 8 Countries member states

values: Category:Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations

values: Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

values: Category:Member states of the United Nations

values: Category:CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)

values: Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)

values: Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)

values: Category:Articles with Indonesian-language external links

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2016

values: Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

values: Category:Use dmy dates from November 2017

values: Category:Articles containing Indonesian-language text

values: Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Articles including recorded pronunciations (English)

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014

values: Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Indonesia
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Индонезиэ – Kabardian

values: Индонезие – Adyghe

values:
https://ak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Akan
ak
ak
interlanguage-link-target

values: ኢንዶኔዥያ – Amharic

values: إندونيسيا – Arabic

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Aragonese
an
an
interlanguage-link-target

values: ইণ্ডোনেছিয়া – Assamese

values:
https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Guarani
gn
gn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indunisya
Indunisya – Aymara
ay
ay
interlanguage-link-target

values: ইন্দোনেশিয়া – Bangla

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: Индонезия – Bashkir

values: Інданезія – Belarusian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: Інданэзія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: इंडोनेशिया – Bhojpuri

values:
https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Bislama
bi
bi
interlanguage-link-target

values: Индонезия – Bulgarian

values: ཨིན་རྡུ་ནི་ཤིས་ཡ། – Tibetan

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezia
Indonezia – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values: Индонези – Chuvash

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Chamorro
ch
ch
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Nyanja
ny
ny
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Shona
sn
sn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indunesia
Indunesia – Corsican
co
co
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Northern Sami
se
se
interlanguage-link-target

values: އިންޑޮނޭޝިޔާ – Divehi

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: Ινδονησία – Greek

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezio
Indonezio – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Ewe
ee
ee
interlanguage-link-target

values: اندونزی – Persian

values:
https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Faroese
fo
fo
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Kikuyu
ki
ki
interlanguage-link-target

values: ઈંડોનેશિયા – Gujarati

values: इंडोनेशिया – Goan Konkani

values: Эндонесин Орн – Kalmyk

values: 인도네시아 – Korean

values: Ինդոնեզիա – Armenian

values: इंडोनेशिया – Hindi

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezia
Indonezia – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values: ইন্দোনেশিয়া – Bishnupriya

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Interlingue
ie
ie
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Inupiaq
ik
ik
interlanguage-link-target

values: Индонези – Ossetic

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: אינדונזיה – Hebrew

values:
https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Kalaallisut
kl
kl
interlanguage-link-target

values: ಇಂಡೋನೇಷ್ಯಾ – Kannada

values: ინდონეზია – Georgian

values: Индонезия – Kazakh

values:
https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesi
Indonesi – Cornish
kw
kw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values: Индонезия – Komi

values:
https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Kongo
kg
kg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonezi
Endonezi – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

values: Индонезия – Kyrgyz

values: Индонезия – Lezghian

values: ປະເທດອິນໂດເນເຊຍ – Lao

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values: इन्डोनेसिया – Maithili

values: Индонезија – Macedonian

values:
https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezia
Indonezia – Malagasy
mg
mg
interlanguage-link-target

values: ഇന്തോനേഷ്യ – Malayalam

values: इंडोनेशिया – Marathi

values: ინდონეზია – Mingrelian

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: အင်ဒိုနီးရှားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese

values:
https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idonisia
Idonisia – Fijian
fj
fj
interlanguage-link-target

values: इण्डोनेशिया – Nepali

values: इन्दोनेसिया – Newari

values: ХӀиндонези – Chechen

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values: ଇଣ୍ଡୋନେସିଆ – Odia

values: ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆ – Punjabi

values: इन्दोनेशिया – Pali

values: اندونيزيا – Pashto

values: ឥណ្ឌូនេស៊ី – Khmer

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezja
Indonezja – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezia
Indonezia – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indunisya
Indunisya – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values: Індонезія – Rusyn

values: Индонезия – Russian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: Индонезия – Sakha

values: इण्डोनेशिया – Sanskrit

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezia
Indonezia – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values: ඉන්දුනීසියාව – Sinhala

values: انڊونيشيا – Sindhi

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: Индонезија – Serbian

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: இந்தோனேசியா – Tamil

values: Индонезия – Tatar

values: ఇండోనేషియా – Telugu

values: ประเทศอินโดนีเซีย – Thai

values: Индонезия – Tajik

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonezya
Endonezya – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Twi
tw
tw
interlanguage-link-target

values: Индонезия – Udmurt

values: ᨕᨗᨉᨚᨙᨊᨔᨗᨕ – Buginese

values: Індонезія – Ukrainian

values: انڈونیشیا – Urdu

values: ھىندونېزىيە – Uyghur

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia
Indonesia – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoneesi
Endoneesi – Wolof
wo
wo
interlanguage-link-target

values: אינדאנעזיע – Yiddish

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: इण्डोनेशिया – Doteli

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Indonesia rootpage-Indonesia skin-vector action-view