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The Secret Life of Walter Mitty
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This article is about the original short story. For the 1947 film, see The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (1947 film). For the 2013 film, see The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (2013 film).
"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty"
Author
James Thurber
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre(s)
short story
Published in
The New Yorker
Publication type
Magazine
Publisher
Harcourt, Brace and Company
Media type
Print (Periodical, Hardback & Paperback)
Publication date
1939 (magazine), 1942 (book)
Preceded by
"Death in the Zoo"
Followed by
"Interview with a Lemming"
"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty" (1939) is a short story by James Thurber. The most famous of Thurber's stories,[1] it first appeared in The New Yorker on March 18, 1939, and was first collected in his book My World and Welcome to It (Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1942).[2] It has since been reprinted in James Thurber: Writings and Drawings (The Library of America, 1996, ISBN 1-883011-22-1), is available on-line on the New Yorker website,[3] and is one of the most anthologized short stories in American literature.[4] The story is considered one of Thurber's "acknowledged masterpieces".[5] It was made into a 1947 movie of the same name, with Danny Kaye in the title role, though the movie is very different from the original story. It was also adapted into a 2013 film, which is again very different from the original.
The name Walter Mitty and the derivative word "Mittyesque"[6] have entered the English language, denoting an ineffectual person who spends more time in heroic daydreams than paying attention to the real world, or more seriously, one who intentionally attempts to mislead or convince others that he is something that he is not.
The story had an influence on other humorists, notably Mad founder Harvey Kurtzman (who borrowed the story's sound effects), playwright George Axelrod (who employed Mitty-like fantasies in The Seven Year Itch) and animation director Chuck Jones (who created a Mitty-like child character for Warner Bros. cartoons).[citation needed]
Warner Brothers studio head Jack L. Warner in his autobiography My First Hundred Years in Hollywood, described the actor Errol Flynn in the following way: "To the Walter Mittys of the world he was all the heroes in one magnificent, sexy, animal package".
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Analysis
3 1947 film
4 2013 film
5 Stage adaptations
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
The short story deals with a vague and mild-mannered man who drives into Waterbury, Connecticut, with his wife for their regular weekly shopping and his wife's visit to the beauty parlor. During this time he has five heroic daydream episodes. The first is as a pilot of a U.S. Navy flying boat in a storm, then he is a magnificent surgeon performing a one-of-a-kind surgery, then as a deadly assassin testifying in a courtroom, and then as a Royal Air Force pilot volunteering for a daring, secret suicide mission to bomb an ammunition dump. As the story ends, Mitty imagines himself facing a firing squad, "inscrutable to the last." Each of the fantasies is inspired by some detail of Mitty's mundane surroundings:
The powering up of the "Navy hydroplane" in the opening scene is followed by Mrs. Mitty's complaint that Mitty is "driving too fast", which suggests that his driving is an action of the daydreaming and he has lost touch with the actual world.
Mitty's turn as a brilliant surgeon immediately follows his taking off and putting on his gloves (as a surgeon dons surgical gloves) and driving past a hospital.
The courtroom drama cliché "Perhaps this will refresh your memory," which begins the third fantasy, follows Mitty's attempt to remember what his wife told him to buy, when he hears a newsboy shouting about "the Waterbury Trial" ("You miserable cur" are the last words mentioned in the fantasy. Mitty was supposed to buy puppy biscuits.)
Mitty's fourth daydream comes as he waits for his wife and picks up an old copy of Liberty, reading "Can Germany Conquer the World Through the Air?", and envisions himself fighting Germany while volunteering to pilot a plane normally piloted by two people.
The closing firing-squad scene comes when Mitty is standing against a wall, smoking.
Analysis[edit]
Mitty is very much a Thurber protagonist, so much so that he has been called "the archetype for dreamy, hapless, Thurber Man".[4] Like many of his male characters, such as the husband in "The Unicorn in the Garden" and the physically unimposing men Thurber often paired with larger women in his cartoons, Mitty is dominated and put upon by his wife. Like the man who saw the unicorn, he escapes via fantasies. A similar dynamic is found in the Thurber story "The Curb in the Sky", in which a man starts recounting his own dreams as anecdotes as an attempt to stop his wife from constantly correcting him on the details.
In his 2001 book The Man Who Was Walter Mitty: The Life and Work of James Thurber (ISBN 0-930751-13-2), author Thomas Fensch suggests that the character was largely based on Thurber himself. This is consistent with Thurber's self-described imaginative interpretations of shapes seen with his "two-fifths vision" in his essay "The Admiral on the Wheel". Neurologist V.S. Ramachandran suggests that Thurber may have had Charles Bonnet syndrome, a neurological condition that causes vivid and bizarre hallucinations even in blind patients.[7]
Thurber's love of wordplay can be seen in his coining of several nonsense terms in the story, including the pseudo-medical jargon "obstreosis of the ductal tract", "streptothricosis", and the recurring onomatopoeia of "ta-pocketa-pocketa-pocketa." The medical nonsense that "coreopsis has set in" uses the name of a flower which sounds vaguely like a horrible medical condition.
1947 film[edit]
Main article: The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (1947 film)
The story was made into a 1947 movie starring Danny Kaye as a young daydreaming editor of pulp magazines. The film was adapted for the screen by Ken Englund, Everett Freeman, and Philip Rapp, and directed by Norman Z. McLeod. It was filmed in Technicolor.
Thurber was repeatedly consulted about the film's script, but his suggestions were largely ignored by producer Samuel Goldwyn, who had the writers alter the original story to showcase Kaye's talents.[8] In a letter to Life magazine, Thurber expressed his considerable dissatisfaction with the script, even as Goldwyn insisted in another letter that Thurber approved of it.[9]
A 1947 radio adaptation of the movie, with Danny Kaye and Virginia Mayo reprising their roles, was performed on The Screen Guild Theater.[10][not in citation given] Because the show was a half hour, including commercials, Kaye's extraneous routines are minimized, making it more like the original story. Even closer to the original story is a 1944 radio adaptation from This Is My Best, with Robert Benchley as the daydreaming Mitty.[10]
2013 film[edit]
Main article: The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (2013 film)
20th Century Fox produced and Ben Stiller directed an adaptation of the book in 2013, with Stiller starring as Mitty. Kristen Wiig, Shirley MacLaine, Patton Oswalt, Adam Scott, Kathryn Hahn, and Sean Penn[11] also appear in the film. Filming took place in Manhattan and the Bronx in May 2012 and in Iceland from July to September 2012.[citation needed] The film was released on December 25, 2013 in the US and in other countries. The film had a production budget of $90 million.[12]
Stage adaptations[edit]
"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty" was adapted for the stage by Thurber as part of the 1960 Broadway theater revue A Thurber Carnival. The sketch, which closed the show except for "Word Dance Part II", was nearly identical to the short story, except that at the end he cleverly avoids being shot.[13] The original cast for the sketch was as follows:[14]
Peggy Cass as Mrs. Mitty
Tom Ewell as Walter Mitty
Paul Ford as Mr. Pritchard-Mitford and The Leader
John McGiver as Dr. Renshaw
Wynne Miller as Nurse
Peter Turgeon as Narrator, Lt. Berg, and Dr. Remington
Charles Braswell as Dr. Benbow
The story was again adapted for the stage in 1964, this time by Joe Manchester. This musical version of The Secret Life of Walter Mitty depicts Mitty at age 40, tempted by "would-be chanteuse" Willa De Wisp to leave his wife Agnes and really live "the Secret Life". It features 17 songs, with lyrics by Earl Shuman and music by Leon Carr.[15] The musical opened off-Broadway at the Players Theatre on October 26, 1964, and ran for 96 performances.[16] Time magazine referred to the musical's plot as having been "boldly extrapolated" from the short story, and called the result "a thoroughly pleasant musical evening". [17] Columbia Records issued an original cast recording on LP, also dated 1964.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Literary fiction
Mr Benn
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Napierkowski, Marie Rose (editor) (January 2006). "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty: Introduction". Short Stories for Students, Vol. 1. eNotes.com. Retrieved 2008-07-14. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Note on the Texts", James Thurber: Writings and Drawings (The Library of America, 1996, ISBN 1-883011-22-1)
Jump up ^ James Thurber (18 March 1939). "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty". The New Yorker.
^ Jump up to: a b "Thurber: Mitty and Dangerous". Today in Literature. todayinliterature.com. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
Jump up ^ Dust jacket introduction, James Thurber: Writings and Drawings (The Library of America, 1996, ISBN 1-883011-22-1)
Jump up ^ "Walter Mitty" (http://www.answers.com/topic/walter-mitty). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2004. Retrieved 2007-02-13.
Jump up ^ V.S. Ramachandran; Sandra Blakeslee (1988). Phantoms in the Brain. HarperCollins. pp. 85–7.
Jump up ^ Fensch, Thomas (2001). The Man Who Was Walter Mitty: The Life and Work of James Thurber. New York: New Century Books. p. 267. ISBN 0-930751-13-2.
Jump up ^ "Notes for The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (1947)". TCM Movie Database. Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2008-03-02. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
^ Jump up to: a b https://archive.org/download/ScreenGuildTheater/Sgt_47-11-03_ep360_The_Secret_Life_of_Walter_Mitty.mp3
Jump up ^ "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty Official Trailer + Trailer Review : HD PLUS". YouTube. 31 July 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-13.
Jump up ^ "Box Office Mojo - Movie Index, A-Z". boxofficemojo.com.
Jump up ^ Thurber, James (1962). A Thurber Carnival. New York: Samuel French, Inc. ISBN 978-0-573-61668-6.
Jump up ^ "A Thurber Carnival". Internet Broadway Database. The Broadway League. Retrieved 2008-03-01.
Jump up ^ Manchester, Joe; James Thurber (1968). The Secret Life of Walter Mitty. New York: Samuel French, Inc. ISBN 0-573-68050-7.
Jump up ^ Lewis, David. "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty". The Guide to Musical Theatre. David Lewis. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Time Listings". Time. Time Inc. November 13, 1964. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
External links[edit]
The original short story from The New Yorker
Thurber House
A Thurber Carnival in the Internet Broadway Database (IBDB)
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty study guide, teaching guide, themes, quotes
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text:
In Memoriam A.H.H.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In Memoriam
by Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Title page of 1st edition (1850)
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Genre(s)
Requiem, Elegy
Pages
90 pages
Bust of Arthur Henry Hallam by Francis Leggatt Chantrey
"In Memoriam A.H.H." or simply "In Memoriam" is a poem by the British poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson, completed in 1849. It is a requiem for the poet's beloved Cambridge friend Arthur Henry Hallam, who died suddenly of a cerebral haemorrhage in Vienna in 1833. It contains some of Tennyson's most accomplished lyrical work, and is an unusually sustained exercise in lyric verse. It is widely considered to be one of the great poems of the 19th century.[1]
The original title of the poem was "The Way of the Soul", and this might give an idea of how the poem is an account of all Tennyson's thoughts and emotions as he grieves over the death of a close friend. He views the cruelty of nature and mortality in light of materialist science and faith. Owing to its length and its arguable breadth of focus, the poem might not be thought an elegy or a dirge in the strictest formal sense.
Contents
[hide]
1 Form
2 Quotation
3 Nature, red in tooth and claw
4 Queen Victoria and "In Memoriam"
5 Other themes
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Form[edit]
The poem is not arranged exactly in the order in which it was written. The prologue, for example, is thought to have been one of the last things written. The earliest material is thought to be that which begins "Fair ship, that from the Italian shore | Saileth the placid ocean-plains" and imagines the return of Hallam's body from Italy. Critics believe, however, that the poem as a whole is meant to be chronological in terms of the progression of Tennyson's grief. The passage of time is marked by the three descriptions of Christmas at different points in the poem, and the poem ends with a description of the marriage of Tennyson's sister.
"In Memoriam" is written in four-line ABBA stanzas of iambic tetrameter, and such stanzas are now called In Memoriam Stanzas. Though not metrically unusual, given the length of the work, the metre creates a tonal effect that often divides readers – is it the natural sound of mourning and grief, or merely monotonous? The poem is divided into 133 cantos (including the prologue and epilogue), and in contrast to its constant and regulated metrical form, encompasses many different subjects: profound spiritual experiences, nostalgic reminiscence, philosophical speculation, Romantic fantasizing and even occasional verse. The death of Hallam, and Tennyson's attempts to cope with this, remain the strand that ties all these together.
Quotation[edit]
The most frequently quoted lines in the poem are perhaps
I hold it true, whate'er befall;
I feel it when I sorrow most;
'Tis better to have loved and lost
Than never to have loved at all.
This stanza is to be found in Canto 27. The last two lines are usually taken as offering a meditation on the dissolution of a romantic relationship. However, the lines originally referred to the death of the poet's beloved friend. They are reminiscent of a line from William Congreve's popular 1700 play, The Way of the World: "'tis better to be left than never to have been loved."
Another much-quoted phrase from the poem is "nature, red in tooth and claw," found in Canto 56, referring to humanity:
Who trusted God was love indeed
And love Creation's final law
Tho' Nature, red in tooth and claw
With ravine, shriek'd against his creed
Also, the following are found in Canto 54
So runs my dream, but what am I?
An infant crying in the night
An infant crying for the light
And with no language but a cry.
Also occasionally quoted are these lines from Canto 123
The hills are shadows, and they flow
From form to form, and nothing stands;
They melt like mist, the solid lands,
Like clouds they shape themselves and go.
This references the recent discovery by geologists of Earth's great age and mutability, a scientific wonder that underlay emerging ideas of nature and evolution.[original research?]
Nature, red in tooth and claw[edit]
This poem was published before Charles Darwin made his theory public in 1859. However, the phrase "Nature, red in tooth and claw" in canto 56 quickly was adopted by others as a phrase that evokes the process of natural selection. It was and is used by both those opposed to and in favour of the theory of evolution.[2][3][4][5]
Although this phrase "tooth and claw" is commonly ascribed to Tennyson, it already was in use. For example, The Hagerstown Mail in March 1837: "Hereupon, the beasts, enraged at the humbug, fell upon him tooth and claw."[6]
In writing the poem, Tennyson was influenced by the evolutionary ideas of transmutation of species presented in Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation which had been published in 1844, and had caused a storm of controversy about the theological implications of impersonal nature functioning without direct divine intervention. An Evangelical focus on unquestioning belief in revealed truth taken from a literal interpretation of the Bible was already coming into conflict with emerging findings of science. Tennyson expressed the difficulties evolutionary ideas raised for faith in "the truths that never can be proved", while still believing the older idea that reason would eventually harmonise science and religion, as there could be no real contradiction.[7] Canto 55 asks:
Are God and Nature then at strife,
That Nature lends such evil dreams?
So careful of the type she seems,
So careless of the single life;
That I, considering everywhere
Her secret meaning in her deeds,
And finding that of fifty seeds
She often brings but one to bear,
I falter where I firmly trod,
And falling with my weight of cares
Upon the great world's altar-stairs
That slope thro' darkness up to God,
I stretch lame hands of faith, and grope,
And gather dust and chaff, and call
To what I feel is Lord of all,
And faintly trust the larger hope.
Then in Canto 56 Tennyson asks whether Man (Who trusted God was love indeed/ And love Creation's final law—/ Tho' Nature, red in tooth and claw/ With ravine, shriek'd against his creed) would also "Be blown about the desert dust, Or seal'd within the iron hills?"
However, at the end of the poem, Tennyson emerges with his Christian faith reaffirmed, progressing from doubt and despair to faith and hope, a dominant theme also seen in his poem "Ulysses".[8]
If e'er when faith had fallen asleep,
I hear a voice 'believe no more'
And heard an ever-breaking shore
That tumbled in the Godless deep;
A warmth within the breast would melt
The freezing reason's colder part,
And like a man in wrath the heart
Stood up and answer'd 'I have felt.'
No, like a child in doubt and fear:
But that blind clamour made me wise;
Then was I as a child that cries,
But, crying knows his father near;
Queen Victoria and "In Memoriam"[edit]
The poem was a great favourite of Queen Victoria, who after the death of Prince Albert wrote that she was "soothed & pleased" by it.[9] In 1862 Victoria requested a meeting with Tennyson because she was so impressed by the poem, and when she met him again in 1883 she told him what a comfort it had been.[10]
Other themes[edit]
The British literary scholar Christopher Ricks relates the following lines to Tennyson's childhood home at Somersby Rectory in Somersby, Lincolnshire, particularly the poet's departure after the death of his father.[11]
Unwatched, the garden bough shall sway,
The tender blossom flutter down,
Unloved, that beech will gather brown,
This maple burn itself away.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Andrew Hass; David Jasper; Elisabeth Jay (2007). The Oxford Handbook of English Literature and Theology. Oxford University Press. p. 607. ISBN 0-19-927197-6.
Jump up ^ Charles Darwin-A Short Biography, Coe College Biology Department, 1999.
Jump up ^ Red in Tooth and Claw, Gary Martin, Phrases, Sayings and Idioms at The Phrase Finder, 1996.
Jump up ^ Start of preface to 1976 edition Archived 12 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine., Excerpt from The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins. (2nd Edition 1989) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ 4. The Evolutionary Implications of Living with the Ice Age, William James Burroughts, Climate Change in Prehistory: The End of the Reign of Chaos, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-521-82409-5
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Josef L. Altholz, Professor of History, University of Minnesota (1976). "The Warfare of Conscience with Theology". The Mind and Art of Victorian England. Victorian Web. Retrieved 6 November 2007. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ AQA A AS English Literature: Victorian Literature: Student's Book
Jump up ^ http://www.queenvictoriasjournals.org/home.do 5 January 1862
Jump up ^ http://www.queenvictoriasjournals.org/home.do 7 August 1883
Jump up ^ Ricks, Christopher (1989). Tennyson. University of California Press. p. 136. ISBN 9780520067844.
Further reading[edit]
A. C. Bradley, A Commentary on Tennyson's In Memoriam. London, Macmillan and Co. 1901.
External links[edit]
Text of "In Memoriam A.H.H." from The Literature Network.
Find more aboutIn Memoriam A.H.H.at Wikipedia's sister projects
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Data from Wikidata
In Memoriam A.H.H. public domain audiobook at LibriVox
[hide]
v
t
e
Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson
Early poetry
"The Deserted House"
"The Lady of Shalott"
"The Lotos-Eaters"
"Mariana"
"Oenone"
Poetry
"Break, Break, Break"
"The Charge of the Light Brigade"
"The Day-Dream"
"Godiva"
Idylls of the King
"In Memoriam A.H.H."
"Lady Clara Vere de Vere"
"Locksley Hall"
"Now Sleeps the Crimson Petal"
Poems (1842)
"The Palace of Art"
The Princess
"Sir Galahad"
"St. Simeon Stylites"
"Tears, Idle Tears"
"The Two Voices"
"Ulysses"
Late poetry
"Crossing the Bar"
"The Eagle"
Enoch Arden
"Flower in the Crannied Wall"
Maud
"Ring Out, Wild Bells"
"Tithonus"
Other works
The Foresters (play)
The Window (song cycle)
Related
Chapel House, Twickenham
Farringford House
Blackdown, West Sussex
People
Arthur Hallam (friend)
Emily Tennyson (wife)
Hallam Tennyson (son)
Lionel Tennyson (grandson)
Charles Tennyson (grandson)
Emilia Tennyson (sister)
Charles Tennyson Turner (brother)
Frederick Tennyson (brother)
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text:
List of Hi-NRG artists and songs
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Hi-NRG is uptempo disco or electronic dance music usually featuring synthetic bassline octaves. This list contains some examples of Hi-NRG artists and songs. Songs by non-Hi NRG artists are included too.
Contents
Artists • Songs (1970s • Early 1980s • Mid to late 1980s • 1990s • 2000s • 2010s) • Albums • References
Songs[edit]
1970s[edit]
Year
Artist
Origin
Song
Label
1977 Donna Summer "I Feel Love"[1][2][3] Casablanca / GTO
1978 Peter Jacques band "Fly With the Wind"[4] Ariola
1978 Sylvester "You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real)"[1][5][6][7][8] Fantasy
Early 1980s[edit]
Year
Artist
Origin
Song
Label
1980 Donna Summer "Sunset People"[9] Casablanca
1981 Boys Town Gang "Remember Me / Ain't No Mountain High Enough"[10] Moby Dick
1981 Patrick Cowley "Get a Little"[11] Megatone
1981 Patrick Cowley "Megatron Man"[12] Megatone
1981 Patrick Cowley "Menergy"[8][12][13][14] Fusion
1981 Carol Jiani "Hit 'N Run Lover"[15][16] Matra
1982 Claudja Barry "Work Me Over"[17] Jupiter
1982 Patrick Cowley "Goin' Home"[14] Megatone
1982 Divine "Native Love (Step By Step)"[18][19] "O"
1982 The Flirts "Passion"[20] "O"
1982 Roni Griffith "Spys"[21][22] Vanguard
1982 Lime "Babe, We're Gonna Love Tonight"[23] Mantra
1982 Paul Parker "Right on Target"[8][12] Megatone
1982 Q-Feel "Dancing in Heaven (Orbital Be-Bop)"[24] Jive
1982 Donna Summer "I Feel Love" (Patrick Cowley Remix)[25] Casablanca
1982 Sylvester "Do Ya Wanna Funk"[8][12][13][26][27] London (UK)
1982 The Weather Girls "It's Raining Men"[28][29][30] CBS (UK)
1982 Viola Wills "Stormy Weather"[31][32] Sunergy
1983 Claudja Barry "For Your Love"[33] Personal
1983 Miquel Brown "So Many Men, So Little Time"[17][34][35][36] Record Shack
1983 Dead or Alive "Misty Circles" (Dance Mix)[37] Epic
1983 Hazell Dean "Searchin' (I Gotta Find a Man)"[17][29][38] Proto
1983 Divine "Shoot Your Shot"[39] "O"
1983 Frankie Goes to Hollywood "Relax"[40][41] ZTT
1983 New Order "Blue Monday"[42] Factory
1983 William Onyeabor "Good Name"[43] Wilfilms
1983 Sylvester "Don't Stop"[12][44] London
1984 Agents Aren't Aeroplanes "The Upstroke"[45] Proto (UK)
1984 Bronski Beat "Smalltown Boy"[46] London
1984 Bronski Beat "Why?"[46][47][48] London
1984 Dead or Alive "You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)"[49][50][51][52] Epic
1984 Hazell Dean "Whatever I Do (Wherever I Go)"[45] Proto (UK)
1984 Divine "You Think You're a Man"[19][29][39][45][53] Proto
1984 Fancy "Get Lost Tonight"[54] Metronome
1984 Fancy "Slice Me Nice"[55] Metronome
1984 The Flirts "Helpless (You Took My Love)"[56] Telefon
1984 Frankie Goes to Hollywood "Two Tribes"[57] ZTT
1984 Fun Fun "Colour My Love"[17] X-Energy
1984 Fun Fun "Give Me Your Love"[58] X-Energy
1984 Freddie Mercury "Love Kills"[59] Columbia
1984 Sylvester "Rock the Box"[13] Megatone
1984 Evelyn Thomas "High Energy"[15][29][34][35][36][60] Record Shack (UK)
1984 Kim Wilde "The Second Time"[61] MCA
Mid to late 1980s[edit]
Year
Artist
Origin
Song
Label
1985 Bronski Beat "Hit That Perfect Beat"[62][63][64] London
1985 Bronski Beat "Run From Love" / "Hard Rain"[65] London
1985 Bronski Beat and Marc Almond "I Feel Love"[7] London
1985 Divine "Walk Like a Man"[66] Proto
1985 Madleen Kane "I'm No Angel"[67] TSR
1985 Madleen Kane "On Fire"[67] TSR
1985 Lime "Unexpected Lovers"[68] Mantra
1985 Barbara Pennington "Vertigo"[69] Record Shack
1985 People Like Us "Reincarnation (Coming Back For Love)"[70] Passion (UK)
1985 Sinitta "So Macho"[71] Fanfare (UK)
1985 Suzy Q "Computer Music"[15] J.C.
1985 Taffy "I Love My Radio"[72] Ibiza (Italy) / Transglobal (UK)
1985 Village People "Sex Over the Phone"[73][74] Casablanca
1985 Betty Wright "Sinderella"[75] Jamaica
1986 Bananarama "Venus"[45][76][77] London
1986 Claudja Barry "Down and Counting"[78] Epic
1986 The Communards "Don't Leave Me This Way"[62][79][80] London
1986 Dead or Alive "Something In My House"[81] Epic
1986 Man 2 Man and Man Parrish "Male Stripper"[82] Bolts
1986 Stacey Q "Two of Hearts"[83][84] Atlantic
1986 Evelyn Thomas "How Many Hearts"[85] Record Shack
1986 Kim Wilde "You Keep Me Hangin' On"[86][87][88] MCA
1987 Bona-Riah "House of the Rising Sun"[49] Rise
1987 The Communards "Never Can Say Goodbye"[89] London
1987 Paul Lekakis "Boom Boom (Let's Go Back to My Room)"[90][91] ZYX / Polydor
1987 New Baccara "Call Me Up"[92] Bellaphon
1987 Pet Shop Boys "Always on My Mind"[93] Parlophone
1987 Taffy "Step by Step"[94] Transglobal
1987 Kylie Minogue "I Should Be So Lucky"[95] PWL
1988 Erasure "Knocking on Your Door"[96][97] Mute / Sire
1988 Erasure "Stop!"[96][97] Mute / Sire
1988 Kylie Minogue "The Loco-Motion"[98] PWL
1988 New Baccara "Fantasy Boy"[92] Bellaphon
1988 Quantize "The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine Anymore"[49] Passion
1989 Boy "Broken Wings"[49] Flea
1989 Eartha Kitt and Bronski Beat
"Cha Cha Heels"[99] Arista
1989 New Baccara "Touch Me"[92] Bellaphon
1989 Quantize "You've Lost That Lovin' Feeling"[49] Passion
1989 Donna Summer "I Don't Wanna Get Hurt"[100] Warner Bros.
1989 Donna Summer "This Time I Know It's for Real"[100][101][102] Warner Bros.
1989 Donna Summer "Whatever Your Heart Desires"[100] Atlantic / PWL
1990s[edit]
Year
Artist
Origin
Song
Label
1990 Quantize "Stop! In the Name of Love"[49] Passion
1991 Pet Shop Boys "Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You)"[93][103][104] Parlophone / EMI
1991 Quantize feat. Adrienne "Yesterday Once More"[49] Passion
1992 Erasure "Take a Chance on Me"[105][106] Mute
1993 Abigail "Constant Craving"[107] ZYX
1993 Abigail "Losing My Religion"[108] ZYX
1993 Cappella "U Got 2 Know"[109] ZYX
1993 Cappella "U Got 2 Let the Music"[109] ZYX
1993 Frankie Goes to Hollywood "Relax" (Jam & Spoon HI N-R-G Remix)[110] ZTT
1994 Abigail "Smells Like Teen Spirit"[107][111] ZYX
1994 Blur "Girls & Boys" (Pet Shop Boys 12" Remix)[112] ZYX
1994 Cappella "Move on Baby"[109] ZYX
1994 Fancy "Long Way to Paradise"[113] Koch International
1994 Fancy "Wait by the Radio"[113] Koch International
1994 Nicki French "Total Eclipse of the Heart"[114][115] Bags of Fun / Mega
1995 Nicki French "Did You Ever Really Love Me"[116] Love This
1995 Nicki French "For All We Know"[114] Bags of Fun
1995 Karel "Live to Tell"[117] Jellybean
1995 Outta Control "Tonight It's Party Time"[118] Interhit
1996 Gina G "Ooh Aah... Just a Little Bit"[119][120] Eternal
1996 Johnna "Do What You Feel"[121] PWL International
1997 Miquel Brown "It's a Sin"[122] Infinity
1997 Cappella "Be My Baby"[123] ZYX
1997 France Joli "Breakaway"[124] Jellybean
1997 Karel "I Am"[125] Jellybean
1997 Pet Shop Boys "Somewhere"[126] Parlophone / Atlantic
2000s[edit]
Year
Artist
Origin
Song
Label
2000 A Touch of Class (ATC) "Around the World (La La La La La)"[127] King Size
2003 The Knife "Listen Now"[128][129] Rabid
2004 Jimmy Somerville "Come On"[130] Sony BMG
2006 Moby feat. Debbie Harry "New York, New York"[131] Mute
2007 Bloc Party "Flux"[132] Wichita
2007 Sophie Ellis-Bextor "China Heart"[133][134] Fascination
2007 Róisín Murphy "Cry Baby"[135] EMI
2007 Britney Spears "Heaven on Earth"[136][137] Jive / Zomba
2008 Anastacia "Heavy Rotation"[138][139] Mercury
2008 Donna Summer "I'm a Fire"[140] Burgundy
2009 Bananarama "Dum Dum Boy"[141] Fascination
2009 Bananarama "Love Comes"[142][143] Fascination
2009 Silver Columns "Brow Beaten"[144] Silver Columns
2010s[edit]
Year
Artist
Origin
Song
Label
2011 Britney Spears "I Wanna Go"[145] Jive
2011 Rihanna "S&M"[146] Def Jam / SRP
2011 Kim Wilde "Remember Me"[147] Columbia SevenOne
2012 Pet Shop Boys "A Face Like That"[148] Parlophone
2013 Club 8 "Stop Taking My Time"[149][150] Labrador
2013 Pet Shop Boys "Axis"[151][152] x2
2013 Pet Shop Boys "Love Is a Bourgeois Construct"[153][154] x2
2013 Shit Robot feat. JENR
"Feels Real"[155][156] DFA
2014 Todd Terje "Delorean Dynamite"[157] Olsen
2015 Belle and Sebastian "Enter Sylvia Plath"[158] Matador
Albums[edit]
1981: Kim Wilde – Kim Wilde[159]
1981: Patrick Cowley – Megatron Man[25]
1982: Patrick Cowley – Mind Warp[25]
1984: Kim Wilde – Teases & Dares[160]
1985: Lime – Unexpected Lovers[161]
1988: Dead or Alive – Nude[162]
1991: Bananarama – Pop Life[163]
1995: Traci Lords – 1000 Fires[164][165]
2004: Bobby Orlando – I Love Bobby "O" (Volume 1)[166]
2007: Róisín Murphy – Overpowered[167][168]
2009: Bananarama – Viva[169]
2013: Patrick Cowley – School Daze[12]
Artists[edit]
Abigail[107]
Bananarama[102][163][170]
Claudja Barry[171][172]
Biddu[173]
Boys Town Gang[174]
Bronski Beat[175][176]
Miquel Brown[122][177][178]
Cappella[179]
The Communards[180]
Al Corley[181]
Corona[182][183]
Patrick Cowley[1][12][184][185]
Dead or Alive[45][78][186][187]
Hazell Dean[188][189]
Divine[39][176][190]
Jason Donovan[102]
Erasure[191][192]
Fancy[193]
The Flirts[194]
Frankie Goes to Hollywood[176][195][196][197]
Nicki French[183]
Fun Fun[198]
Eartha Kitt[199]
Ian Levine[34][200][201][202]
Lime[68][161]
Traci Lords[164]
Man 2 Man[203]
Kelly Marie[204][205]
Giorgio Moroder[1]
Alison Moyet[15]
Bobby Orlando[20][166][206]
Paul Parker[67]
Man Parrish[207]
People Like Us[70]
Pet Shop Boys[15][151][208]
Real McCoy[182][183]
RuPaul[209]
Sinitta[210]
Jimmy Somerville[211]
Stacey Q[212]
Stock Aitken Waterman[45][213][214]
Donna Summer[15][102]
Suzy Q[15]
Sylvester[5][15][177]
Take That[215][216][217]
Evelyn Thomas[176][218][219][178]
Jeanie Tracy[220]
Trans-X[221]
Fiachra Trench[222]
U.S.U.R.A.[223]
Village People[15]
The Weather Girls[15][224]
Kim Wilde[160]
Viola Wills[225]
Tom Wilson[47]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Butler 2006, p. 39.
Jump up ^ MacDonald, Ian (2003). The People's Music. Pimlico. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-8441-3093-1. Donna Summer's 'I Feel Love', a vocal topline ad-libbed over a simple chord-shifted sequence, inaugurated Hi-NRG, anticipating the galloping bass line of much post-House software-sequenced music
Jump up ^ Lynskey, Dorian (15 October 2004). "Change the record". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Mayer, Michael (11 August 2010). "Five Records: Michael Mayer – Page 3 of 5". Fact. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Echols 2010, p. 146.
Jump up ^ Strong 2002, p. 359.
^ Jump up to: a b Rees & Crampton 1999, p. 924.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Opperman, Derek (18 April 2012). "The Top 20 Greatest San Francisco Musicians, Nos. 10-6". SF Weekly. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Echols 2010, p. 116.
Jump up ^ Betts 2014, "Ain't No Mountain High Enough – Diana Ross [Single]".
Jump up ^ Duncan, Chris (27 May 2009). "DJ Chart: Hushpuppy". The Skinny. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Marke B (22 October 2013). "Money Shots – Five Things You Need to Know about Gay Electronic Wizard Patrick Cowley". XLR8R. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Flick, Larry (December 1998 – January 1999). "Sylvester". Vibe. Vol. 6 no. 7. p. 208. ISSN 1070-4701.
^ Jump up to: a b Needs, Kris. "Patrick Cowley & Jorge Socarras – Catholic". Record Collector. No. 368. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Hawkins 1997.
Jump up ^ Birchmeier, Jason. "Carol Jiani – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Henderson, Alex. "Various Artists – Music for a Hot Body, Vol. 1". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Walters, Barry (6 July 1999). "Enter Planet Love". The Village Voice. Retrieved 31 March 2015. Divine's "Native Love," a rowdy hi-NRG anthem previously pillaged by Nitzer Ebb, the Prodigy, even New Order.
^ Jump up to: a b Burston, Paul (2013). "London Lesbian & Gay Film Festival". Time Out. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "100 Greatest Dance Songs". Slant Magazine. 30 January 2006. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Girard, Stephane (May 2010). "Optimo – Fabric 52". Resident Advisor. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Tantum, Bruce (14 June 2010). "Fabric 52: Optimo". Time Out. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "100 Greatest Dance Songs". Slant Magazine. 30 January 2006. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Zaleski, Annie (16 August 2014). "The 12 best '80s high school movie jams". Salon. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rauscher, William (October 2009). "Patrick Cowley & Jorge Socarras – Catholic". Resident Advisor. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "100 Greatest Dance Songs". Slant Magazine. 30 January 2006. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Davis, Sharon. "Sylvester: Disco Diva". Blues & Soul. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Brewster & Broughton 1999, p. 200.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Perrone, Pierre (27 September 2004). "Izora Rhodes-Armstead". The Independent. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Sisario, Ben (28 September 2004). "Izora Armstead, a Singer in the Weather Girls Duo, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Arena 2013, p. 37.
Jump up ^ Jones & Kantonen 2000, p. 239.
Jump up ^ Henderson, Alex. "Claudja Barry – No La De Da, Part 2". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bush, John. "Ian Levine – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Arena 2013, p. 72.
^ Jump up to: a b Brewster, Bill. "Gay Pop". Djhistory.com. Archived from the original on 5 May 2004.
Jump up ^ "Angst Music For Sex People: Celebrate 10 Years Of Cosey Club". The Quietus. 13 December 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Arena 2013, p. 14.
^ Jump up to: a b c Shaw-Miller 1993, p. 117.
Jump up ^ Murray, Nick (17 September 2014). "100 Best Singles of 1984: Pop's Greatest Year > 30 – Frankie Goes to Hollywood, "Relax"". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Simon (2009). Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978–1984. New York: Faber & Faber. p. 504. ISBN 0-571-21570-X. 'Relax' tapped into Hi-NRG's remorseless, metronomic precision and orgiastic vibe — the spasming drum roll at the end of the single feels like an amyl nitrite rush.
Jump up ^ Reynolds 2011, p. 265.
Jump up ^ McLean, Callum (18 November 2013). "Release Review: "Who is William Onyeabor?" – William Onyeabor, Reissue, Out Now". ZYX. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Flick, Larry (9 March 1996). "World Wide Message Tribe Spreads 'Rhythm'n'Ministry'". Billboard. Vol. 108 no. 10. p. 24. ISSN 0006-2510.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f O'Brien, Stephen. "A Brief History of Stock Aitken Waterman". Stockaitkenwaterman.itgo.com. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Walters, Barry (20 June 2000). "His beat goes on". The Advocate. p. 115. ISSN 0001-8996. As Bronski Beat's falsetto leader, Somerville made gay politics a hot pop topic with such hi-NRG dance floor staples as "Why?" and "Smalltown Boy"
^ Jump up to: a b Strong 2002, p. 242.
Jump up ^ Olsen, Eric (15 August 2003). "Bronski Beat: The Age of Consent". Blogcritics. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Barron 2010, p. 214.
Jump up ^ Reynolds 2011, p. 416.
Jump up ^ Andrews, Isaac & Nichols 2011, p. 39.
Jump up ^ Ankeny, Jason. "Dead or Alive – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Knight, Aimee (12 May 2014). "You Think You're a Man: Why Drag Rocks". Rip It Up. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Reviews > Dance/Disco > Picks > Fancy – Check It Out". Billboard. Vol. 97 no. 25. 22 June 1985. p. 67. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Rees, Thomas (15 September 2009). "Sugar & Gold "Slice Me Nice"". XLR8R. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Reviews > Dance/Disco > Picks > Flirts – Dancin' Madly Backwards". Billboard. Vol. 97 no. 20. 18 May 1985. p. 67. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Lester, Paul. "Revolutions per minute – The Power of Love". Uncut. ZTT. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Reviews > Dance/Disco > Picks > Fun Fun – Give Me Your Love". Billboard. Vol. 97 no. 21. 25 May 1985. p. 75. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Bennun, David (10 November 2014). "Queen album review: Don't stop them now... They're still having such a good time". Daily Mail. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Jones & Kantonen 2000, p. 173.
Jump up ^ "Pop Profile: Kim Wilde". M Magazine. 10 September 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Robbins, Ira; Rompers, Terry. "Bronski Beat". Trouser Press. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
Jump up ^ LeRoy, Dan. "Bronski Beat – Truthdare Doubledare". AllMusic. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Reviews > Dance > Picks > Bronski Beat – Hit That Perfect Beat". Billboard. Vol. 98 no. 8. 22 February 1986. p. 71. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Chin, Brian (16 November 1985). "Dance Trax". Billboard. Vol. 97 no. 46. p. 55. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Eddy, Chuck (15 January 2012). "The 25 Best "Bad" Cover Songs – 9. Divine "Walk Like A Man" (1985)". Complex. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Arena 2013, p. 121.
^ Jump up to: a b Cotler, Amit (1 July 2007). "Offer Nissim". Electronic Musician. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Kantor, Justin. "Barbara Pennington – Out of the Darkest Night". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "People Like Us: Passion – PASH 12 46 – Reincarnation (Coming Back For Love)". Blues & Soul. No. 438. 1985. p. 13. This band originally hails from Africa so it's a bit of a surprise to find them performing a commercial slice of Hi-NRG which, compared to other tracks of this ilk, currently doing the rounds, lacks the necessary sparkle.
Jump up ^ "Let he who is without Sinitta!". Western Mail. 29 October 2006. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Smith, Richard (1995). Seduced and Abandoned: Essays on Gay Men and Popular Music. London and New York: Cassell. p. 166. ISBN 0-3043-3343-3.
Jump up ^ Jones, Dylan (2012). "The Village People". The Biographical Dictionary of Popular Music. Bedford Square Books. ISBN 978-1-90912-200-0.
Jump up ^ Walters, Barry (30 March 1999). "People who love People". The Advocate. Here Publishing. p. 90. ISSN 0001-8996.
Jump up ^ "Reviews > Dance/Disco > Recommended > Betty Wright – Sinderella". Billboard. Vol. 97 no. 8. 23 February 1985. p. 67. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Henderson, Alex. "Stock, Aitken & Waterman – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015. It was in 1986 that Stock, Aitken & Waterman produced Bananarama's smash Hi-NRG remake of Shocking Blue's "Venus."
Jump up ^ "Bananarama: Pop In The First Degree". M Magazine. 4 November 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Henderson, Alex. "Claudja Barry – I, Claudja". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Series: 1000 songs everyone must hear – Part two: Heartbreak". The Observer. The Guardian. Retrieved 25 October 2013. The Communards’ hi-NRG version makes it clear that the song is as concerned with sexual satisfaction as it is with romance; perhaps more so.
Jump up ^ "Reviews > Dance > Picks > Communards – Don't Leave Me This Way". Billboard. Vol. 98 no. 38. 20 September 1986. p. 73. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Hamilton, John (25 October 2012). "Halloween Playlist: 12 Spooky Songs To Frighten Your Night". Idolator. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Moore, John (20 November 2008). "How I nearly made a gay disco anthem". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "100 Greatest Dance Songs". Slant Magazine. 30 January 2006. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Maura (2 October 2008). "Annie Plays Her Trump Card". Idolator. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Chin, Brian (23 August 1986). "Dance Trax". Billboard. Vol. 98 no. 34. p. 45. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Mason, Stewart. "Kim Wilde – Another Step". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "I Survived The '80s". The Music. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Watson, Graeme (12 September 2013). "Kim Wilde Talks Pop, Parenthood and PVC". OutInPerth. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Betts 2014, "Never Can Say Goodbye – The Jackson 5 [Single]".
Jump up ^ Eddy, Chuck. "Hits You Never Heard Of, Part 6". Rhapsody. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Watson, Graeme (5 June 2012). "Paul Lekakis 25 Years Since 'Boom Boom'". OutInPerth. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hanson, Amy. "Baccara – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Price, Simon (2 July 2006). "Pet Shop Boys, Tower Of London, London / Pharrell Williams, Hyde Park, London". The Independent. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ McAleer 1990, p. 176.
Jump up ^ Lim, Dennis (26 February 2002). "Your Disco Needs Her". The Village Voice. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Robbins, Ira; Augusto, Troy J. "Erasure". Trouser Press. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Ruhlmann, William. "Erasure – Crackers International". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Martínez, Diego (26 January 2012). "Kylie: 25 Years On". The WILD Magazine. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Swash, Rosie (26 December 2008). "Eartha Kitt's finest moments on YouTube". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Henderson, Alex. "Donna Summer – Another Place and Time". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Sheffield, Rob (17 May 2012). "Dim All the Lights for Donna Summer". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Soto, Alfred (18 May 2012). "Donna Summer: Extraordinary girl". Resident Advisor. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Robbins, Ira. "Pet Shop Boys". Trouser Press. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "The boys are back in town". The Scotsman. 22 December 2006. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Oliver, Nic (23 February 2009). "Erasure – Total Pop! The First 40 Hits". musicOMH. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Lee, Darren (27 February 2009). "Erasure – Total Pop! Erasure's First 40 Hits". The Quietus. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Flick, Larry (18 May 1996). "Brutally Honest Ngedéocello Says A Mouthful". Billboard. Vol. 108 no. 20. p. 26. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Reighley, Kurt B. "Percentages". 10 Percent. No. March–April 1995. Browning Grace Communications. p. 104. a version of R.E.M.'s "Losing My Religion" that infuses the soul that Abigail's 1992 Hi-NRG version lacked.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bush, John. "Cappella – U Got 2 Know". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Rees & Crampton 1999, p. 386.
Jump up ^ Bush, John. "Abigail – Smells Like Teen Spirit". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Hammond, Didz (31 July 2012). "Blur – Parklife ('21' reissue)". Drowned in Sound. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Ankeny, Jason. "Fancy – The Hits 1984-1994". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Collar, Matt. "Nicki French – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Walters, Barry (7 January 2003). "999 Luftballons". The Village Voice. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Bush, John. "Nicki French – Did You Ever Really Love Me". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Flick, Larry (5 August 1995). "Single Reviews > Dance > Karel – Live To Tell". Billboard. Vol. 107 no. 31. p. 73. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Flick, Larry (8 July 1995). "Single Reviews > Dance > Outta Control – Tonight It's Party Time". Billboard. Vol. 107 no. 27. p. 65. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Flick, Larry (19 October 1996). "Reviews & Previews > New & Noteworthy > Gina G. – Ooh, Aah ... Just A Little Bit". Billboard. Vol. 108 no. 42. p. 62. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Clements, Paul (10 May 2014). "Eurovision: the best losers, from Gina G to Baccara". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Flick, Larry (13 January 1996). "Three Nervous Records; Nuyorican Soul Seepage". Billboard. Vol. 108 no. 2. p. 22. ISSN 0006-2510.
^ Jump up to: a b Arena 2013, p. 74.
Jump up ^ Flick, Larry (20 September 1997). "Burrus Branches Out With Hot Single, Set On The Way". Billboard. Vol. 109 no. 38. p. 31. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Flick, Larry (4 October 1997). "Reviews & Previews > Pop > France Joli – Breakaway". Billboard. Vol. 109 no. 40. p. 90. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Flick, Larry (26 April 1997). "Mary J. Blige Shares Her Soulful, Praiseworthy World". Billboard. Vol. 109 no. 17. p. 35. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Dean, Will (19 June 2013). "Music review: Pet Shop Boys bring cornucopia of hits to London's O2 Arena". The Independent. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Henderson, Alex. "ATC – Planet Pop". AllMusic. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Pytlik, Pytlik, Mark (4 December 2006). "The Knife: The Knife". Pitchfork. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Love, Josh (8 December 2004). "The Knife – Deep Cuts". Stylus Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Mason, Stewart. "Jimmy Somerville – Home Again". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Mathieson, Craig (14 December 2006). "Go – The Very Best of Moby". The Age. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Davis, Ben (19 November 2007). "Bloc Party – Flux Single Review". Contactmusic.com. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Empire, Kitty (20 May 2007). "Average grades for pop's head girl". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Haider, Arwa (21 May 2007). "Sophie Ellis-Bextor: Trip The Light Fantastic". Metro. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Darren. "Live: 02 Wirless Festival Special: Hyde Park (London) Part one – Fri 3rd July 2008". Blues & Soul. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Day, Elizabeth (7 October 2007). "Can anyone save the little girl lost?". The Observer. The Guardian. Retrieved 2 April 2015. 'Heaven On Earth', crafted by 'Gimme More' producer Danja, is a hi-NRG Moroder-esque dance track whose lyrics veer more into the territory of generic love song fluff
Jump up ^ McNulty, Bernadette (27 October 2007). "Pop CDs". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
Jump up ^ O'Brien, Jon. "Anastacia – Heavy Rotation". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Costa, Maddy (24 October 2008). "Rock & pop review: Anastacia: Heavy Rotation". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Ratliff, Ben (19 May 2008). "Critics' Choice – New CDs". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Levine, Nick (20 September 2009). "Bananarama: 'Viva'". Digital Spy. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Boyd, Brian (25 September 2009). "Rock/Pop". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Cragg, Michael (14 September 2009). "Bananarama – Viva". musicOMH. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Freeman, John (20 May 2010). "Silver Columns – Yes And Dance". Clash. No. 50. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Empire, Kitty (28 March 2011). "Britney Spears Britney Spears: Femme Fatale – review". The Observer. The Guardian. Retrieved 26 October 2013. "I Wanna Go" is all hi-NRG booty calling, with a possible reference to New Order's "Blue Monday" thrown in.
Jump up ^ Mackay, Emily (3 November 2010). "Rihanna, 'Loud' – Album First Listen". NME. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
Jump up ^ O'Brien, Jon. "Kim Wilde – Snapshots". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ McNaughton, Mac (5 October 2012). "Pet Shop Boys – Elysium". The Music. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ James, Matt (21 May 2013). "Club 8 : Above the City". PopMatters. Retrieved 31 March 2015. "Stop Taking My Time" is a Hi-NRG disco romp à la Nordic neighbour Annie Strand and features, amusingly, a rapping infant.
Jump up ^ Green, Thomas H. (14 May 2013). "CD: Club 8 – Above The City". The Arts Desk. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Haider, Arwa (5 July 2013). "Pet Shop Boys: We left major label Parlophone and now we're in control of our destiny". Metro. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Lee, Darren (25 June 2013). "LIVE REPORT: Pet Shop Boys". The Quietus. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Album review: Pet Shop Boys, Electric". The Scotsman. 14 July 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Walters, Barry. "SPIN's 20 Best Pop Albums of 2013: 16 – Pet Shop Boys, Electric (x2)". Spin. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Macdonald, Kit (23 May 2013). "Shit Robot feat JENR – Feels Real". Resident Advisor. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Burnip, Jonathan (28 May 2013). "Feels Real: Shit Robot". DJ Magazine. No. 522. Retrieved 2 April 2015. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Todd Terje – Delorean Dynamite". DummyMag. 10 February 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Ritchie, Kevin (14 January 2015). "Belle and Sebastian – Girls In Peacetime Want To Dance". Now. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Stone, Doug. "Kim Wilde – Kim Wilde". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Mason, Stewart. "Kim Wilde – Teases & Dares". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Henderson, Alex. "Lime – Unexpected Lovers". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Green, Jim; Robbins, Ira. "Dead or Alive". Trouser Press. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Mason, Stewart. "Bananarama – Pop Life". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Bush, John. "Juno Reactor – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ McGuirk, Mike. "1000 Fires by Traci Lords". Rhapsody. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Gill, Michael F. (24 December 2004). "Bobby Orlando – I Love Bobby "O" (Volume 1)". Stylus Magazine. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Mackay, Emily. "Róisín Murphy – London Camden Koko – 27th November, 2007". Record Collector. No. 346. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Haider, Arwa (17 December 2007). "The Best Albums of 2007". Metro. Retrieved 31 March 2015. Overpowered (EMI) was funky in all senses – skittering from glacial electro to hi-NRG disco
Jump up ^ O'Brien, Jon. "Bananarama – Viva". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015. Viva's 11 infectious hi-NRG tracks
Jump up ^ Levine, Nick (24 July 2009). "Music Interview – Bananarama". Digital Spy. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Arena 2013, p. 58.
Jump up ^ Jones & Kantonen 2000, p. 230.
Jump up ^ Buskin, Richard (December 2011). "The Buggles 'Video Killed The Radio Star'". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 31 March 2014. [Tina Charles]'s Indian-British producer, Biddu, hired both men as session musicians, and his work in the fields of Hi-NRG and electronic disco had a profound influence on [Trevor Horn]'s own production aspirations.
Jump up ^ McAleer 1990, p. 25.
Jump up ^ "Bronski Beat – Rainbow Nation". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Graham, Bill (14 December 1984). "Critics Roundup 1984". Hot Press. Retrieved 31 March 2015. HI-NRG was the club sound that boosted both Evelyn Thomas and the trash dementis of Divine but it also propelled both the Bronski and Frankie Goes To Hollywood.
^ Jump up to: a b Brewster & Broughton 1999, p. 196.
^ Jump up to: a b Jones & Kantonen 2000, p. 229.
Jump up ^ Loftus, Johnny. "Cappella – Best of Cappella [ZYX]". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ RollingStone 1992, p. 157.
Jump up ^ Jones & Kantonen 2000, p. 192.
^ Jump up to: a b Pareles, Jon (14 May 1995). "Niche Music: Tejano, Rave and, Yes, Bhangra". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2015. Another contender is hi-N.R.G., a fast, cheerful style, first heard in gay San Francisco clubs in the early 1980's and now on the pop Top 40 in hits by Corona and the Real McCoy.
^ Jump up to: a b c Walters, Barry (23 January 1996). "Profits and prophets". The Advocate. Here Publishing. ISSN 0001-8996.
Jump up ^ Jones & Kantonen 2000, p. 110.
Jump up ^ Potts, Diana. "Patrick Cowley – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Du Noyer 2007, pp. 184, 198.
Jump up ^ RollingStone 1992, p. 185.
Jump up ^ O'Brien, Jon. "Hazell Dean – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Watson, Graeme (21 December 2012). "Catching Up with Hazel Dean". OutInPerth. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Brewster & Broughton 1999, pp. 196, 304.
Jump up ^ Pareles, Jon (21 February 1990). "Reviews/Pop; Of Broken Hearts and a Broken World". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2015. Many of Erasure's songs exemplify the post-disco style called hi-N.R.G. -fast and openly artificial, with synthesized riffs bouncing and ticking in every register.
Jump up ^ "Erasure – Pop". The Times. 29 January 2005. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Jones & Kantonen 2000, p. 107.
Jump up ^ Martínez, Diego (28 November 2011). "Music to Start the Week With #010". The WILD Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Echols 2010, p. 229.
Jump up ^ Du Noyer 2007, p. 198.
Jump up ^ Robbins, Ira. "Frankie Goes to Hollywood". Trouser Press. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Henderson, Alex. "Fun Fun – Have Fun". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Shaw-Miller 1993, p. 116.
Jump up ^ Jones & Kantonen 2000, pp. 173–74, 228.
Jump up ^ Brewster & Broughton 1999, p. 96, 104.
Jump up ^ Andrews, Isaac & Nichols 2011, p. 135.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Sean. "Man Parrish – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Arena 2013, p. 154.
Jump up ^ "Kelly Marie – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Stone, Doug. "Bobby Orlando – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Larkin, Colin (2011). "Nomi, Klaus". The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th ed.). Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-85712-595-8. [Klaus Nomi] worked with Man Parrish, the New York electro and hi-NRG producer, on his self-titled debut album.
Jump up ^ Zuberi, Nabeel (2001). Sounds English: Transnational Popular Music. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. p. 74. ISBN 0-252-02620-9. Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe use electronic instruments and work within and across dance-floor genres such as house, Hi-NRG, techno, and many other subgenres.
Jump up ^ Bush, John. "RuPaul – Biography". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012.
Jump up ^ McAleer 1990, p. 163.
Jump up ^ O'Brien, Jon. "Jimmy Somerville – For a Friend: The Best of Bronski Beat, The Communards & Jimmy Somerville". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Ohanesian, Liz (3 July 2009). "Synthpop and Hi-NRG Star Stacey Q Returns with a New Album, Live Dates". LA Weekly. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Aaron, Charles (17 September 2014). "100 Best Singles of 1984: Pop's Greatest Year > 98 – Dead or Alive, "You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)"". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Eurovision 2010: Pete Waterman". BBC News Online. 28 May 2010. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Andrews, Isaac & Nichols 2011, p. 133.
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Take That – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015. Eventually, the group worked its way toward Hi-NRG dance music, while also pursuing an adult contemporary ballad direction.
Jump up ^ "Profile: Mark Owen". BBC News Online. 11 March 2010. Retrieved 31 March 2015. Owen's debut single Child showcased a more acoustic, psychedelic sound than his Hi-NRG Take That hits.
Jump up ^ Larkin, Colin, ed. (1992). "Johnson, L.J.". The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music. 2: Farian, Frank to Menza, Don. Guinness Publishing. ISBN 978-1-88226-702-6. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Kantor, Justin. "Evelyn Thomas – Have a Little Faith in Me". AllMusic. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Flick, Larry (25 February 1995). "N.Y. Hits Home With Crop Of New House Indies". Billboard. Vol. 107 no. 8. p. 31. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Locke, Jesse (8 November 2013). "6 of the best past and present videos you might have missed". Aux. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Jones & Kantonen 2000, p. 228.
Jump up ^ Flick, Larry (31 January 1998). "Reviews & Previews > Pop > Usura – Open Your Mind". Billboard. Vol. 110 no. 5. p. 26. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ McAleer 1990, p. 190.
Jump up ^ McAleer 1990, p. 194.
Bibliography[edit]
Andrews, Marc; Isaac, Claire; Nichols, David (2011). Pop Life: Inside Smash Hits Australia 1984 - 2007. Affirm Press. ISBN 978-0-98713-267-3.
Arena, James (2013). First Ladies of Disco: 32 Stars Discuss the Era and Their Singing Careers. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-7581-0.
Betts, Graham (2014). Motown Encyclopedia. AC Publishing. ISBN 978-1-31144-154-6.
Brewster, Bill; Broughton, Frank (1999). Last Night a Dj Saved My Life: The History of the Disc Jockey. Headline Book Publishing. ISBN 0-7472-6230-6.
Butler, Mark Jonathan (2006). Unlocking the Groove: Rhythm, Meter, and Musical Design in Electronic Dance Music. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-25334-662-9.
DeCurtis, Anthony; Henke, James; George-Warren, Holly, eds. (1992). The Rolling Stone Album Guide: Completely New Reviews : Every Essential Album, Every Essential Artist (3rd ed.). Random House. ISBN 0-679-73729-4.
Du Noyer, Paul (2007). Liverpool – Wondrous Place: From the Cavern to the Capital of Culture. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-75351-269-2.
Echols, Alice (2010). Hot Stuff: Disco and the Remaking of American Culture. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-3930-7701-8.
Hawkins, Stan (1997). "The Pet Shop Boys: Musicology, masulinity and banality". In Whiteley, Sheila. Sexing the Groove: Popular Music and Gender. Routledge. pp. 118–133. ISBN 0-415-14670-4.
Jones, Alan; Kantonen, Jussi (2000). Saturday Night Forever: The Story of Disco. A Cappella Books. ISBN 1-55652-411-0.
McAleer, Dave (1990). The Omnibus Book of British and American Hit Singles, 1960-1990. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-71192-180-1.
Barron, Lee (2010). "Camp Transitions: Genre Adaptation and the Hi-NRG/Dance Cover Version". In Plasketes, George. Play it Again: Cover Songs in Popular Music. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-6809-1.
Rees, Dafydd; Crampton, Luke (1999). Q Rock Stars Encyclopedia (New Revised ed.). DK. ISBN 0-7513-1113-8.
Reynolds, Simon (2011). Bring the Noise: 20 Years of Writing about Hip Rock and Hip Hop. Soft Skull Press. ISBN 978-1-59376-286-5.
Shaw-Miller, Simon (1993). The Last Post: Music After Modernism. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-3609-7.
Strong, Martin C. (2002). The Great Scots Musicography: The Complete Guide to Scotland's Music Makers. Mercat. ISBN 1-84183-041-0.
See also[edit]
List of Eurobeat artists
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