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Naruto the Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow
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Naruto the Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow
Japanese film poster
Japanese
劇場版 NARUTO 大活劇! 雪姫忍法帖だってばよ!!
Hepburn
Gekijōban Naruto Daikatsugeki! Yukihime Ninpōchō dattebayo!!
Directed by
Tensai Okamura
Screenplay by
Katsuyuki Sumisawa
Based on
Naruto
by Masashi Kishimoto
Starring
Junko Takeuchi
Yūko Kaida
Tsutomu Isobe
Music by
Toshio Masuda
Production
company
Studio Pierrot
Distributed by
Toho (Japan)
Viz Media (USA)
Release date
August 21, 2004 (2004-08-21)
Running time
82 minutes
Country
Japan
Language
Japanese
Box office
¥1.37 billion
(US$11.1 million)
Naruto the Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow (劇場版 NARUTO 大活劇! 雪姫忍法帖だってばよ!!, Gekijōban Naruto Daikatsugeki! Yukihime Ninpōchō dattebayo!!, lit. Great Action Scene! Snow Princess' Book of Ninja Arts) is a 2004 Japanese animated film based on Masashi Kishimoto's manga and anime series. It was released in Japan on August 21, 2004. The popularity of the series has spawned several sequels, beginning with Naruto the Movie: Legend of the Stone of Gelel. The film is set after episode 101. The ending song Home Sweet Home is performed by Yuki. The English adaptation replaced the song with Jeremy Sweet's "Never Give Up", due to licensing restrictions.
An original video animation, Konoha Annual Sports Festival (木ノ葉運動会 Konoha Undōkai), was included with the Japanese release of the film. The ten-minute opening short revolves around Naruto's inability to use the bathroom while participating in a sports tournament. It is notable because virtually every character, living or dead, in the Naruto universe makes an appearance in it (most of them standing in a restroom-queue). Minato Namikaze makes a cameo in the shot.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Releases
4 Reception
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Naruto Uzumaki, Sasuke Uchiha and Sakura Haruno watch a film starring Yukie Fujikaze, in a local cinema. Kakashi Hatake has summoned them to watch it as preparation for their next mission: to prevent Yukie, who plays Princess Gale in the films, from being captured during production of her latest film. Yukie is later revealed to be Koyuki Kazahana, a princess from an island known as the Land of Snow. Doto Kazahana, who is revealed to be Koyuki's uncle, was responsible for the murder of her father Sosetsu in a coup d'etat. During the shooting of the film, Doto's henchmen, wearing Chakra armor, attempt to capture the princess, but Team 7 manages to delay the princess from being captured. Doto eventually captures Koyuki and kills her bodyguards, who reveal themselves in an attempt to protect and restore her rightful place as the ruler of the Land of Snow. Naruto enters the ship to rescue the princess, only to be captured and forced to wear a chakra-draining device. Doto forces Koyuki to hand over a crystal necklace her father had given her when she was young, thinking that this is a key that can unlock the hidden treasure Sosetsu had left behind before detaining both Koyuki and Naruto.
Sasuke, Sakura and Kakashi infiltrate the fortress while Naruto and Koyuki escape from captivity. They confront Doto but he manages to capture the crystal necklace and flees with Koyuki. Naruto proceeds to follow Doto while the remaining members of Team 7 confront Doto's henchmen. Kakashi gets his revenge by defeating Doto's henchman Nadare Roga, while Sasuke and Sakura defeat the other two henchmen Fubuki Kakuyoku and Mizore Fuyukuma. Meanwhile, Doto discovers the hidden treasure to transform the island into the Land of Spring using a heat generator. Naruto confronts him in a duel, but gets overpowered while Sasuke uses his Chidori to weaken Doto's armour. Soon after, Naruto releases his energy and uses his new Seven Colored Chakra Rasengan, killing Doto and activating a mirror to transform the land. In the aftermath, Koyuki decides to reclaim her rightful place of royalty and even mentions personally with Team 7 that even in the life of royalty, her acting career will not end.
Cast[edit]
Role
Japanese actor
American actor
Naruto Uzumaki Junko Takeuchi Maile Flanagan
Sasuke Uchiha Noriaki Sugiyama Yuri Lowenthal
Sakura Haruno Chie Nakamura Kate Higgins
Kakashi Hatake Kazuhiko Inoue Dave Wittenberg
Sōsetsu Kazahana Hidehiko Ishizuka Cam Clarke
Yukie Fujikaze Yūko Kaida Kari Wahlgren
Nadare Rōga Hirotaka Suzuoki Liam O'Brien
Sandayū Asama Ikuo Nishikawa Daran Norris
Fubuki Kakuyoku Jun Karasawa Cindy Robinson
Mizore Fuyukuma Holly Kaneko Kyle Hebert
Dotō Kazahana Tsutomu Isobe Lex Lang
Director Makino Chikao Ōtsuka Michael McConnohie
Assistant Director Akimitsu Takase Sam Riegel
Kin/Buriken Yutaka Nakano Doug Stone
Hidero Kan Tanaka Jamieson Price
Releases[edit]
The film was originally released in Japan on August 21, 2004. It was later released on DVD on April 28, 2005. The film was released in 160 theaters in the United States as a one-day showing on June 6, 2007 courtesy of Fathom Events.[1][2] Fifty threaters in Canada would see a one-day showing on June 23, 2007.[3] Madman Entertainment did a special one-day theater release in Australia on October 14, 2007.[4] In 2007, the film was shown at the Fantasia Festival and in the British Museum.[5][6]
The DVD release debuted at rank 25 on Nielsen Videoscan.[7]
Instead of the OVA included with the Japanese release, the American release included a short featurette entitled World of Naruto, as well as a behind the scenes featurette afterwards with interviews with the main English cast and select members of the main Japanese cast. The OVA will, however, appear in the North American DVD release. The DVD was released on September 4, 2007. The film premiered on Cartoon Network on September 8, 2007. The film also played at Cineplex Odeon and Empire Theatres cinemas in Canada, distributed via Bell TV to play the film at all cinemas at the same time.
On November 13, 2007, a three-disc Deluxe Edition of the film was released. It has many extras and features that the standard DVD, released a few months earlier, did not include. It includes the ten-minute short "Konoha Annual Sports Festival" that was originally shown with the Japanese release of the film, the complete soundtrack to the movie, documentaries of the American voice recording of the movie, movie art postcards, and more.
Reception[edit]
Helen McCarthy in 500 Essential Anime Movies calls it "a good introduction to the main themes of the series, with ideas of persistence, determination, believing in yourself, and never giving up", and praises setting and backgrounds, "with the frozen Northern landscapes looking especially good". [8]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Naruto Movie to Premiere in Theaters". Anime News Network. 21 March 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Naruto Movie Tickets, Theater List Now Open to Public". Anime News Network. 4 May 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "First Naruto Movie Adds 17 More Theaters to Canada Run". Anime News Network. 30 May 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Madman Naruto Ninja". Anime News Network. 10 September 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Montreal Fest Shows Ghost in the Shell, Naruto, Tekkon". Anime News Network. 28 June 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "British Museum Hosts Ghibli, Ghost in the Shell, More". Anime News Network. 6 July 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Naruto Movie Debuted at #25 on Nielsen's VideoScan 100". Anime News Network. 25 September 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Helen. 500 Essential Anime Movies: The Ultimate Guide. — Harper Design, 2009. — P. 232. — 528 p. — ISBN 978-0061474507
Further reading[edit]
Douglass, Todd (September 30, 2007). "Naruto the Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow". DVD Talk.
Ellingwood, Holly (November 7, 2007). "Naruto The Movie Ninja Clash In The Land Of Snow Deluxe Edition (Advance Review)". Active Anime.
Kratina, Al (November 14, 2007). "Naruto The Movie: Ninja Clash In The Land Of Snow". Comic Book Bin. Toon Doctor.
Johnston, Chris (September 2007). "Naruto The Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow". Newtype USA. 6 (9). p. 92. ISSN 1541-4817.
External links[edit]
Naruto the Movie on IMDb
Naruto the Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
http://narutoshippudenninjastorm.com/ "Naruto Shippuden Ninja Storm"
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values: فيلم ناروتو: صدام النينجا في أرض الثلج – Arabic

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values: 대활극!! 설희인법첩 – Korean

values: Naruto the Movie: La primavera nel Paese della Neve – Italian

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values: 劇場版 NARUTO -ナルト- 大活劇!雪姫忍法帖だってばよ!! – Japanese

values: Gekijōban Naruto: Daikatsugeki! Yuki-hime ninpōchō dattebayo!! – Polish

values: Gekijōban Naruto: Daikatsugeki! Yukihime Ninpōchō Dattebayo!! – Portuguese

values: Naruto Filmul: Bătălia Ninja în Tărâmul Zăpezii – Romanian

values: Naruto the Movie: Snow Princess' Book of Ninja Arts – Swedish

values: นารูโตะ เดอะมูฟวี่ ศึกชิงเจ้าหญิงหิมะ – Thai

values: Naruto film: Kar Prensesi'nin Ninja Sanatları Kitabı!! – Turkish

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values: 火影忍者劇場版：大活劇！雪姬忍法帖！！ – Chinese

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text:
Puppy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the domestic dog. For other uses, see Puppy (disambiguation).
Golden Retriever puppy
Basset Hound puppy
Newborn Welsh Springer Spaniel puppies
A puppy is a juvenile dog. Some puppies can weigh 1–3 lb (0.45–1.36 kg), while larger ones can weigh up to 15–23 lb (6.8–10.4 kg). All healthy puppies grow quickly after birth. A puppy's coat color may change as the puppy grows older, as is commonly seen in breeds such as the Yorkshire Terrier. In vernacular English, puppy refers specifically to dogs, while pup may often be used for other mammals such as seals, giraffes, guinea pigs, or even rats.
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
2 Socialization
3 Docking and declawing
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Development
Born after an average of 63 days of gestation, puppies emerge in an amnion that is bitten off and eaten by the mother dog.[1] Puppies begin to nurse almost immediately. If the litter exceeds six puppies, particularly if one or more are obvious runts, human intervention in hand-feeding the stronger puppies is necessary to ensure that the runts get proper nourishment and attention from the mother. As they reach one month of age, puppies are gradually weaned and begin to eat solid food. The mother may regurgitate partially digested food for the puppies or might let them eat some of her solid food.[2] The mother dog usually refuses to nurse at this stage, though she might let them occasionally nurse for comfort.
At first, puppies spend the large majority of their time sleeping and the rest feeding. They instinctively pile together into a heap, and become distressed if separated from physical contact with their littermates, by even a short distance.[3]
Puppies are born with a fully functional sense of smell but can't open their eyes. During their first two weeks, a puppy's senses all develop rapidly. During this stage the nose is the primary sense organ used by puppies to find their mother's teats, and to locate their littermates, if they become separated by a short distance. Puppies open their eyes about nine to eleven days following birth. At first, their retinas are poorly developed and their vision is poor. Puppies are not able to see as well as adult dogs. In addition, puppies' ears remain sealed until about thirteen to seventeen days after birth, after which they respond more actively to sounds. Between two and four weeks old, puppies usually begin to growl, bite, wag their tails, and bark.[4]
Puppies develop very quickly during their first three months, particularly after their eyes and ears open and they are no longer completely dependent on their mother. Their coordination and strength improve, they spar with their littermates, and begin to explore the world outside the nest. They play wrestling, chase, dominance, and tug-of-war games.
Socialization
Puppies playing with each other
Puppies socializing
Puppies are highly social animals and spend most of their waking hours interacting with either their mother or littermates. When puppies are socialized with humans, particularly between the ages of eight and twelve weeks, they develop social skills around people. Those that do not receive adequate socialization during this period may display fearful behavior around humans or other dogs as adults. The optimum period for socialisation is between eight and twelve weeks; professional animal trainers and the American Kennel Club advise puppies should be introduced to "100 People by 12 Weeks" and have encountered a wide and varied selection of people and environments.[5]
Docking and declawing
The practice of docking began primarily as a preventive measure for injury among working dogs. Docking is now primarily performed for purely cosmetic reasons, and some breeds traditionally have their tails cropped anywhere from slightly to almost entirely.[6] Many countries now ban cropping and docking for cosmetic purposes, like Australia, parts of Canada, the majority of the European countries (Austria, Greece, Finland, Netherlands, Italy, Czech Republic, Turkey, Poland, Slovakia, England, Scotland, Slovenia, Ireland, Norway and Sweden), while others, such as the United States, permit it. As of 2008, the practice is opposed by the American Veterinary Medical Association.[7] Some breeders also prefer to declaw the dogs to prevent future injuries caused by scratching, or in the case of dewclaws, ingrown and ripped-off nails. Docking and declawing procedures are usually performed within the first few days after birth, by a veterinarian, or by an experienced breeder.
Gallery
Puppies
Australian Cattle Dog puppy
A mongrel puppy
Westie pups
St. Bernard puppy
Cavapoo puppy
Bloodhound puppy
Chihuahua puppy
Jack Russell Terrier puppy
Puggle puppy, a designer dog that is a cross of a Pug and a Beagle
Newborn Basenji puppies
A little mongrel puppy on the shore, on Halong Bay
Basenji puppy
Two Shih Tzu puppies
See also
Companion dog
Canine Developmental Diet
Docking (dog)
Sell a pup, buy a pup (idioms)
Kitten
References
Jump up ^ Whitehead, Sarah; Dog: The complete guide, 1999, page 158
Jump up ^ Coren, Stanley; Why Does My Dog Act That Way?: A Complete Guide to Your Dog's Personality, 2006, page 44
Jump up ^ Larkin, Peter; The ultimate encyclopedia of dogs, dog breeds & dog care, 2006, page 53
Jump up ^ White, Linda; First Steps with Puppies and Kittens: A Practice-Team Approach to Behavior, 2009, page 54
Jump up ^ Paddock, Arliss. "The Importance of Puppy Socialization". American Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 28 January 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Serpell, James A; Companion Animals And Us: Exploring the Relationships Between People And Pets, 2000, page 307
Jump up ^ AVMA.org, AVMA opposes cosmetic ear cropping, tail docking of dogs - December 15, 2008
Further reading
Cunliffe, Juliette (2004). The Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds. Parragon Publishing. ISBN 0-7525-8276-3.
Fogle, Bruce (2000). The New Encyclopedia of the Dog. Doring Kindersley (DK). ISBN 0-7894-6130-7.
Mehus-Roe, Kristin (2005). (editor), ed. Dog Bible. BowTie. ISBN 1-931993-34-3. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
External links
Great breeds for First-Time Dog Owners from AKC
Legislation and rules - Be your dogs best friend and a good neighbor; from AKC
Look up puppy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Puppy.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Puppies.
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text:
List of love and lust deities
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli (1485), depicting Venus, the Roman goddess of love, lust and beauty
A love deity is a deity in mythology associated with sexual love, lust or sexuality. Love deities are common in mythology and may be found in many polytheistic religions.
Contents
[hide]
1 List of love deities
1.1 Albanian folklore
1.2 Armenian mythology
1.3 Aztec mythology
1.4 Buddhism
1.5 Canaanite mythology
1.6 Celtic mythology
1.7 Chinese mythology
1.8 Egyptian mythology
1.9 Etruscan mythology
1.10 Greek mythology
1.11 Guaraní mythology
1.12 Hindu mythology
1.13 Lithuanian mythology
1.14 Mesopotamian mythology
1.15 Moroccan mythology
1.16 Norse and Germanic mythology
1.17 Persian mythology
1.18 Roman mythology
1.19 Slavic mythology
1.20 Turco-Mongol
1.21 Vodun
1.22 Yoruba mythology
2 References
List of love deities[edit]
Albanian folklore[edit]
Prende, goddess of love and beauty
Armenian mythology[edit]
Astghik, goddess of fertility and love
Aztec mythology[edit]
Xochiquetzal, goddess of fertility, beauty, prostitutes, female sexual power, protection of young mothers, pregnancy, childbirth, and women's crafts
Xochipilli, god of love, art, games, beauty, dance, flowers, maize, fertility, and song
Tlazolteotl, goddess of lust, carnality, sexual misdeeds
Ixcuiname, goddess of the carnality.
Tiacapan, goddess of sexual hunger.
Teicu, goddess of sexual appetite.
Tlaco, goddess of sexual longing.
Xocotzin, goddess of sexual desire.
Buddhism[edit]
Aizen Myō-ō or Rāgarāja, a deity who transforms worldly lust into spiritual awakening; his red-skinned appearance represents suppressed lust and passion
Kuni, god of love
Canaanite mythology[edit]
Astarte, goddess of sexual love, fertility, and warfare
Qetesh, goddess of love, beauty and sex
Celtic mythology[edit]
Áine, Irish goddess of love, summer, wealth and sovereignty
Cliodhna Irish goddess, sometimes identified as a goddess of love and beauty[1]
Chinese mythology[edit]
Jiutian Xuannü, goddess of war, sexuality, and longevity[2]
Yue-Lao, a god of love, who binds two people together with an invisible red string.
Tu Er Shen, a deity who oversees the love between homosexual men.
White Peony (Bai Mudan or Pai Mu-Tan), a goddess who tempts men, especially ascetics.
Wutong Shen, a group of five wanton deities from Southern China. They ravished and possessed beautiful women.
Baimei Shen, Chinese god for prostitution and brothel. On her first assignment with a client, a prostitute was supposed to make sacrifice to him
Qian Keng (Peng Zu), God of health-focused sex.
Nüwa, Goddess of the wedding band and wedding jewelry. Represents Heaven and the never ending sexual desire between married couples.
Chuangmu, Chinese goddess of the bedchamber. She and her husband Chuanggong look after everything that may happen in the bed room, including sex, sleep, and childbirth.
King Zhou, one of worst tyrants in Chinese history. He is known as the god of sodomy
Egyptian mythology[edit]
Bes, god of music, dance, and sexual pleasure
Hathor, goddess of the sky, love, beauty, and music
Bastet, goddess of felines, love, sexuality, protection, perfume, beauty, and dance
Min, god of sexuality, reproduction, love, and sexual pleasure
Etruscan mythology[edit]
Albina, goddess of the dawn and protector of ill-fated lovers
Turan, goddess of love and vitality
Greek mythology[edit]
Aphrodite, goddess of Love & Beauty
The Erotes
Anteros, god of requited love
Eros, god of love and sexual desire
Himeros, god of sexual desire and unrequited love
Hedylogos, god of sweet talk and flattery.
Hermaphroditus, god of hermaphrodites and of effeminate men.
Hymen, god of marriage, weddings, and the bridal hymn
Pothos, god of sexual longing, yearning and desire
Peitho, personification of persuasion and seduction
Pan, god of the wild, shepherds and flocks, nature, hunting and rustic music, and companion of the nymphs, also associated with sexuality and fertility. Famous for his sexual powers and is often depicted with an erect phallus. Diogenes of Sinope, speaking in jest, related a myth of Pan learning masturbation from his father, Hermes, and teaching the habit to shepherds. Pan's greatest conquest was that of the moon goddess Selene. He accomplished this by wrapping himself in a sheepskin to hide his hairy black goat form, and drew her down from the sky into the forest where he seduced her.
Philotes (mythology), either Goddess of Affection or a Daimon of sexual intercourse.
Guaraní mythology[edit]
Kurupi, god of sexuality and fertility
Hindu mythology[edit]
Kama (left) with Rati on a temple wall of Chennakesava Temple, Belur.
Kama , god of love and sexuality
Rati, goddess of passion and lust, wife of Kama
Chama or Kamadeva, god of young love
Lithuanian mythology[edit]
Milda, goddess of love and freedom
Mesopotamian mythology[edit]
Inanna or Ishtar, goddess of sexual love, fertility, and warfare[3]
Nanaya, goddess personifying voluptuousness and sensuality
Moroccan mythology[edit]
Booba valentino, Jinn (ghost) who first seduces women then drives them insane[4]
Norse and Germanic mythology[edit]
Freya, goddess associated with love, beauty, magic, shamanism, seiðr, sacrifice, war, death, and sexuality
Freyr, worshipped as a phallic fertility god; he was said to "[bestow] peace and pleasure on mortals"
Frigg, goddess of marriage, married women, household duty, and divination
Lofn, goddess of forbidden loves; servant of the queen of Asgard, Frigg
Sjöfn, goddess associated with love
Persian mythology[edit]
Anahita, ancient water goddess, fertility goddess, and patroness of women, marriageable girls and childbirth
Roman mythology[edit]
Venus, the Roman equivalent of the Greek goddess Aphrodite
Cupid, the Roman equivalent of the Greek god Eros
Suadela, the Roman equivalent of the Greek goddess Peitho
Slavic mythology[edit]
Dogoda, Polish spirit of the west wind, associated with love and gentleness
Dzydzilelya, Polish goddess of love and marriage and of sexuality and fertility
Lada, fakeloric goddess of harmony, merriment, youth, love and beauty
Siebog, god of love and marriage
Živa, goddess of love and fertility
Turco-Mongol[edit]
Aisyt
Vodun[edit]
Baron La Croix, lwa of the dead and sexuality
Baron Samedi, lwa of the dead, sex and resurrection
Erzulie Freda Dahomey, lwa of love, beauty, jewelry, dancing, luxury, and flowers
Yoruba mythology[edit]
Mami Wata, a pantheon of water deities sometimes associated with love and lust
Osun, goddess of love, intimacy, beauty, wealth and diplomacy
Yemoja, mother goddess of the oceans, fertility, prosperity, peace, and protection
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Evans-Wentz, W. Y. (1998). The Fairy-Faith in Celtic Countries. Citadel. p. 572. ISBN 0-8065-1160-5.
Jump up ^ Cahill, Suzanne E. (18 July 2013). "Sublimation in Medieval China: The Case of the Mysterious Woman of the Nine Heavens". Journal of Chinese Religions. 20 (1): 91–102. doi:10.1179/073776992805307692.
Jump up ^ Leick, Gwendolyn (1994). Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature. Routledge. p. 320. ISBN 0-415-06534-8.
Jump up ^ Lurker, Manfred (1987). Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons. Routledge. p. 293. ISBN 0-7102-0877-4.
[hide]
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Economy of Youngstown, Ohio
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Republic Iron and Steel Works, Youngstown, early 1900s
The economy of Youngstown, Ohio flourished in the 19th and early 20th centuries, with steel production reaching all-time highs at that time. The steel boom led to an influx of immigrants to the area looking for work, as well as construction of skyscrapers in the area. The city's population peaked at 170,002 in 1930, just at the onset of the Great Depression. World War II also brought a great demand for steel. After World War II, demand for steel dropped off dramatically, and industrial base of Youngstown began to see a decline.
Youngstown's economy has been impacted by a loss of the steel industry jobs which started on September 19, 1977, on what became known to locals as "Black Monday", and continued into the mid-1980s. While the loss of steel industry jobs in the region coincided with the general deindustrialization of Rust Belt cities such as Youngstown as well as the United States as a whole, Youngstown's economic struggles have been well documented. In the Mahoning Valley region, where Youngstown is located, the city's population was halved, while non-industrial businesses were forced to close or relocate due to cascading effects resulting from Youngstown's deindustrialization.
Contents
[hide]
1 Steel boom
2 Black Monday
3 After Black Monday
3.1 Alternate enterprises
3.2 Remaining steel operations
3.3 Defunct retail and amusement sectors
4 "Youngstown 2010" project
5 See also
6 References
7 Sources
Steel boom[edit]
Founded by John Young in 1797 in the Connecticut Western Reserve section of the Northwest Territory, Youngstown spent the first half of the 19th century as a small village, dependent on mostly agricultural needs, until the beginning of the Second Industrial Revolution. The discovery of iron ore along the Mahoning River, however, would make the city a viable and logical place to manufacture steel. The city sits roughly in between Cleveland and Pittsburgh—steel manufacturers in their own right—and halfway between New York City and Chicago. Youngstown Sheet and Tube and Republic Steel were among the region's largest locally owned steel companies, while U.S. Steel also had major operations in the region.
Molten iron is blown in an Eastern Bessemer converter at Republic Steel, Youngstown, November 1941
Endowed with large deposits of coal and iron as well as "old growth" hardwood forests needed to produce charcoal, the Youngstown area eventually developed a thriving steel industry. The area's first blast furnace was established to the east of town in 1803 by James and Daniel Heaton.[1] In time, the availability of fossil fuels contributed to the development of other coal-fired mills, including the Youngstown Rolling Mill Company, which was established in 1846.[2] By the mid-19th century, Youngstown was the site of several iron industrial plants, notably David Tod's Brier Hill Iron & Coal Company.[3] The iron industry continued to expand in the 1890s, despite the depletion of local natural resources. Numerous rail connections ensured a consistent supply of coal and iron ore from neighboring states.[4]
At the turn of the 20th century, local industrialists began to convert to steel manufacturing, amid a wave of industrial consolidations that placed much of the Mahoning Valley's industry in the hands of national corporations.[5] Shortly after the establishment of U.S. Steel in 1901, the corporate entity absorbed Youngstown's premier steel producer, the National Steel Company.[5] One year earlier, a group of city investors had taken steps to ensure high levels of local ownership in the area's industrial sector. Led by local industrialists George D. Wick and James A. Campbell, they organized what became the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company,[5] among the nation's most important regional steel producers.[6] The firm significantly expanded its operations in 1923, when it acquired plants in South Chicago and East Chicago, Indiana. This impulse to support local ownership surfaced again in 1931, when Campbell, as chairman of the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, attempted to merge the firm with Bethlehem Steel, in a bid to create the nation's second-largest steel corporation.[7] Other area industrialists blocked the move,[8][9] with the financial backing of Republic Steel founder Cyrus S. Eaton, who feared the implications of a strengthened Bethlehem Steel.[10]
In the late 1930s, the community's steel sector gained national attention once again, when Youngstown became a site of the so-called "Little Steel Strike", an effort by the Steel Workers Organizing Committee, a precursor to United Steelworkers, to secure contract agreements with smaller steel companies.[11] These firms included Republic Steel, Bethlehem Steel, Youngstown Sheet and Tube, National Steel, Inland Steel, and American Rolling Mills.[11] Gus Hall, one of the committee's founding organizers, led strikes in Youngstown and Warren.[11] On June 21, 1937, strike-related violence in Youngstown resulted in two deaths and 42 injuries.[11] Despite violent episodes in Youngstown and Chicago, the Little Steel Strike proved to be a turning point in the history of the U.S. labor movement. Historian William Lawson observed that the strike transformed industrial unions from "basically local and ineffective organizations into all-encompassing, nationwide collective bargaining representatives of American workers".[11]
In 1969, Youngstown Sheet and Tube merged with the New Orleans-based Lykes Corporation, and in 1979 the combined Lykes-Youngstown was bought by the conglomerate LTV.[12] This brought decisions to the local economy out of the hands of the Youngstown area for the first time, although Republic Steel had moved to nearby Cleveland years earlier. LTV had discovered that the numerous mills in the area had not been upgraded in decades, and would not meet pollution regulations set forth by the United States government without an expensive upgrade. In addition, many steel manufacturers were outsourcing steel to developing nations, where the costs would be cheaper and with fewer pollution regulations.
Black Monday[edit]
An abandoned facility of the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, owner of the Jeanette Blast Furnace. The Furnace is called "Jenny" in the 1995 Bruce Springsteen song "Youngstown", which is about the decline of Youngstown as an industrial city.
Between the 1920s and 1960s, the city was known as an important industrial hub that featured the massive furnaces and foundries of such companies as Republic Steel and U.S. Steel. At the same time, Youngstown never became economically diversified, as did larger industrial cities such as Chicago, Pittsburgh, Akron, or Cleveland. Though population levels remained flat for a few more decades, population had not grown since the Great Depression, though General Motors had opened Lordstown Assembly in 1966 to help offset some losses.[6] Hence, when economic changes forced the closure of plants throughout the 1970s, the city was left with few substantial economic alternatives. The 1969 corporate merger between the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company and the New Orleans-based Lykes Corporation proved to be a turning point in the demise of the local steel industry.[13] The merger and subsequent takeover of Youngstown Sheet and Tube burdened the community's primary steel producer with hundreds of thousands of dollars in debt.[13] Further, the deal placed control of the company outside of the Mahoning Valley.[13] On September 19, 1977, it was announced a large portion of Youngstown Sheet and Tube would be closing. Although federal laws now require employers to give 60 days notice to its employees if they plan on doing mass layoffs, the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act was still eleven years from going into effect at the time, and Youngstown Sheet and Tube instantly put 5,000 workers out of work. The day is still known locally as "Black Monday".[14][15]
Youngstown Sheet and Tube's announcement had a ripple effect in the area. In 1979–1980, U.S. Steel pulled out of the Youngstown area and started scaling back its operations in Pittsburgh before eventually merging with Marathon Oil and filing with bankruptcy. In the mid-1980s, Republic Steel also filed for bankruptcy.[16] Attempts to revive the local steel industry proved unsuccessful. Shortly after the closure of most of Youngstown Sheet and Tube's area operations, local religious leaders, steelworkers, and activists such as Staughton Lynd participated in a grassroots effort to purchase and refurbish one of the company's abandoned plants in neighboring Campbell, Ohio.[17] This project met with failure in April 1979. The failure to reopen the mills led Youngstown State University professors Terry Buss and F. Stevens Redburn to conclude that the mill closings resulted from forces beyond the control of the community. Youngstown was simply just one piece of a national problem, and there was no way that Youngstown could solve this problem alone. In 1982, Staughton Lynd wrote about the effects of the mill closings in Youngstown in the book entitled The Fight Against Black Monday.[17][18] In the wake of the steel plant shutdowns, the community lost an estimated 40,000 manufacturing jobs, 400 satellite businesses, $414 million in personal income, and from 33 to 75 percent of the school tax revenues.[19] The Youngstown area has yet to fully recover from the loss of jobs in the steel sector.[20]
The move had an effect on non-industrial businesses as well. Fast food chain Arby's, which at the time was beginning to make a national push, moved its corporate headquarters out of the Youngstown area. Idora Park, an amusement park in the area, suffered several fires before closing its doors in 1984. The Strouss department store would be consolidated into Kaufmann's by its parent company, May Department Stores, before its own consolidation into Macy's.
The city made attempts to attract another steel manufacturer, and even re-open Youngstown Sheet and Tube as a community-owned steel mill, but all these attempts failed. There have also been several instances of General Motors threatening to close Lordstown Assembly, especially after its 2009 bankruptcy. However, GM Lordstown remains open and is the area's largest industrial employer. Currently, Youngstown State University is the area's largest overall employer, a far cry from the city's industrial past. Even though the area was embarrassed by the collapse of the Phar-Mor chain, Entrepreneur named Youngstown one of the top 10 cities to start a business in 2009.[21]
After Black Monday[edit]
The loss of industrial jobs has had a lasting impact in the Mahoning Valley region of Youngstown, as the city's population was cut in half as a result,[14] while non-industrial businesses were forced to close or relocate due to the ripple effect of the loss of the steel industry. Although some other Rust Belt cities such as Pittsburgh have since successfully been able to diversify their economic base,[22] as of December 2010, more than a generation after deindustrialization, Youngstown has not recovered.[23] The deindustrialization of Youngstown has been well documented.[24]
Alternate enterprises[edit]
Downtown Youngstown at night
A number of products and enterprises other than steel introduced in Youngstown during the manufacturing era became national household names. Among these is Youngstown-based Schwebel's Bakery, which was established in neighboring Campbell in the 20th century. The company now distributes bread products nationally.[25] In the 1920s, Youngstown was the birthplace of the Good Humor brand of ice cream novelties,[26] and the popular franchise of Handel's Homemade Ice Cream & Yogurt was established there in the 1940s. In the 1950s, the suburb of Boardman became the site of one of the country's first modern shopping plazas, which was established by Youngstown-born developer Edward J. DeBartolo, Sr.[27] The fast-food chain, Arby's, opened the first of its restaurants in Boardman in 1964, and Arthur Treacher's Fish & Chips was headquartered in Youngstown in the late 1970s. More recently, the city's downtown hosted the corporate headquarters of the now-defunct pharmacy chain store Phar-Mor, which was established by Youngstown native Mickey Monus.[28]
The blow dealt to the community's industrial economy in the 1970s had been slightly mitigated by the presence of auto production plants in the metropolitan area. In the late 1980s, the Avanti, an automobile with a fiberglass body originally designed by Studebaker to compete with the Corvette, was manufactured in an industrial complex on Youngstown's Albert Street. This company moved away after just a few years.[29] A mainstay, though, of Youngstown's industrial economy has long been the GM Lordstown plant. The General Motors' Lordstown Assembly plant is the largest industrial employer in the area.[30] One of the nation's largest auto plants in terms of square feet, the Lordstown facility was home to production of the Chevrolet Impala, Vega, and Cavalier. Recently expanded and retooled with a new paint facility, it is the current home of the Cavalier's successor, the 2011 Chevrolet Cruze.[30]
The re-opened Federal Street
Downtown Youngstown has seen modest levels of new construction. Recent additions include the George Voinovich Government Center and state and federal courthouses: the Seventh District Court of Appeals and the Nathaniel R. Jones Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse. The latter features an award-winning design by the architectural firm, Robert A. M. Stern Architects.[31] Youngstown's downtown is a site of new business growth. The Youngstown Business Incubator, located in the heart of the downtown, houses several start-up technology companies, which have received office space, furnishings, and access to utilities.[32] Some companies supported by the incubator have earned recognition, and a few are starting to outgrow their current space. One such company–Turning Technologies–has been rated by Inc. Magazine as the fastest-growing privately held software company in the United States and 18th fastest-growing privately held company overall.[33] In an effort to retain companies downtown, the incubator secured approval to demolish a row of vacant buildings nearby to clear space for expansion. The project will be funded by a $2 million federal grant awarded in 2006.[32] In 2005, Federal Street, a major downtown thoroughfare that was closed off to create a pedestrian-oriented plaza, was reopened to through traffic. The downtown area has also seen the razing of structurally unsound buildings and the expansion or restoration of others.[34]
New construction has dovetailed with efforts to cultivate business growth. One of the area's more successful business ventures in recent years has been the Youngstown Business Incubator. This nonprofit organization, based in a former downtown department store building, fosters the growth of fledgling technology-based companies. The incubator, which boasts more than a dozen business tenants, has recently completed construction on the Taft Technology Center, where some of its largest tenants will locate their offices.[32]
Reversing the trend, in 2010, Vallourec & Mannesman broke ground for a $620 million-dollar pipe mill north of its existing business V&M Star.[35] Production of steel pipes began in October 2012.[36] The facility is 1 million square feet in area and produces tube goods to service natural gas exploration in the Marcellus Formation, which is the largest gas field discovered in the past decade, estimated to provide enough natural gas to supply the United States for 100 years.
In 2010, Vallourec and Mannesman Tubes broke ground for a $620 million-dollar pipe mill north of its existing business V&M Star, at the site of the former Youngstown Sheet and Tube company. Opened in 2012, the facility is 1 million square feet (93,000 m2) in area and produces tube goods to service natural gas exploration in the Marcellus Formation, and currently employs 350 people.[37]
Remaining steel operations[edit]
Youngstown is the site of several steel and metalworking operations, though nothing on the scale seen during the "glory days" of the "Steel Valley". The largest employer in the city is Youngstown State University (YSU), an urban public campus that serves about 15,000 students, located just north of downtown.[38][39]
The largest industrial employers within the Youngstown city limits are Vallourec Star Steel Company (formerly North Star Steel), in the Brier Hill district, and Exal Corporation on Poland Avenue. The latter has recently expanded its operations.[40]
Defunct retail and amusement sectors[edit]
Downtown Youngstown at night
Several of the city's recreational resources disappeared amid the economic hardships that began in the late 1970s. Among these was Idora Park, an amusement park that served as a convenient alternative for residents who preferred not to travel to larger parks in Northern Ohio and Western Pennsylvania.[41] (These included Conneaut Lake Park in Conneaut Lake, Pennsylvania, Geauga Lake in Aurora, Ohio, Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio, and Kennywood in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.) The park, which closed in 1984, held sentimental value for many local residents and enjoyed a degree of historical significance. Former Youngstown resident Jack L. Warner noted in his autobiography that the Warner brothers took their first step into the movie business when they screened a used copy of The Great Train Robbery at Idora Park and other local venues.[42]
From the early 20th century to the mid-1970s, Youngstown was the retail center of the Mahoning Valley. There were two flagship department stores in the downtown area, including Strouss Hirshberg's (later absorbed by Kaufmann's, now part of Macy's) and McKelvey's (later Higbee's, now part of Dillard's). Specialty shops lined the main artery of West Federal Street, and the district had four upscale movie theaters, including the Palace Theater, the Warner Brothers' first Theater, the State Theater, and the Paramount Theater. These businesses were the first to close as a result of declining attendance in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. In the early 1970s, the appearance of two suburban malls (the Southern Park Mall, in Boardman, and the Eastwood Mall, in Niles) hastened the closure or relocation of many businesses that remained. The collapse of the community's steel industry at the end of the decade created additional challenges for downtown business owners,[43] and throughout the 1980s and 1990s, efforts to revive the former retail hub were unsuccessful.[44]
"Youngstown 2010" project[edit]
Dilapidated house in Youngstown, 2009
In the 2000s, residents and city planners became motivated to change the city's course, eventually producing the "Youngstown 2010" project. This project is also colloquially referred to as "The Greening of Youngstown" due to the large scale demolition of dilapidated structures in favor of green space and the expansion of public parks.
"The City of Youngstown is operating under a comprehensive plan that was formulated over a four year period in the early 1950s. The plan was reviewed and updated with two additional volumes in 1974. These plans were for a different era that anticipated a population of between 200,000 and 250,000. The Youngstown 2010 Plan is based on a new vision for the new reality that accepts we are a smaller city that will stabilize at 80,000 people."[45]
Major Vision Principles of Youngstown 2010 include:[46]
Accepting that Youngstown is a smaller city.
The dramatic collapse of the steel industry led to the loss of tens of thousands of jobs and a precipitous decline in population. Having lost more than half its population and almost its entire industrial base in the last 30 years, the city is now left with an oversized urban structure. (It has been described as a size 40 man wearing a size 60 suit.) There are too many abandoned properties and too many underutilized sites. Many difficult choices will have to be made as Youngstown recreates itself as a sustainable mid-sized city. A strategic program is required to rationalize and consolidate the urban infrastructure in a socially responsible and financially sustainable manner.
Defining Youngstown's role in the new regional economy.
The steel industry no longer dominates Youngstown’s economy. Most people work in different industries today. The city must align itself with the present realities of the regional economy. This new positioning means support for a more diverse and vibrant economy founded on the current strengths within the city and region, such as the university, the health care sector, and the arts community.
Improving Youngstown's image and enhancing quality of life.
Youngstown must become a healthier and better place to live and work. Over time people have grown accustomed to seeing rundown buildings and streets. Urban decay is a constant and demoralizing reminder of Youngstown’s decline. It is important that Youngstown begin to "fix its broken windows" and support initiatives to improve neighborhoods, the downtown, the river, and the education system. The city must also begin dealing with difficult issues such as public safety and racism.
A call to action
The people of Youngstown are ready for change. The city already has a large number of local leaders who want to involve others and make a contribution. The citywide plan must ensure that the excitement and optimism fostered through the planning process is maintained and advanced. To that end, the city needs a practical, action-oriented plan and a process through which local leaders can continue to be empowered and the city’s successes constantly celebrated.
Besides embracing downsizing and green space expansion, the plan focuses strongly on attracting more diverse businesses. This has resulted in the city gaining international recognition for addressing the negative consequences of deindustrialization, which are common across the world.[47]
See also[edit]
Decline of Detroit
Deindustrialization
Rust Belt
Steel crisis
Steel Valley (Ohio-Pennsylvania)
Urban decay
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c Blue et al. (1995), p. 94.
^ Jump up to: a b Fuechtmann (1989), p. 16.
Jump up ^ "Bethlehem Merger Great Blow of Last Years". The Youngstown Daily Vindicator. September 21, 1933.
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Jump up ^ "Bethlehem Cancels Youngstown Deal; Grace Announces $970,000,000 Merger Is Unfeasible". The New York Times. October 18, 1931.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e Shellock, Marie (1 May 2007). "Defining moment in local labor history occurred 70 years ago". The Metro Monthly. Retrieved 2007-10-20.
Jump up ^ Williams, Robert Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company-Lykes Corporation Merger Letter, Libert-Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company-Lykes Collection, September 4, 1969
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^ Jump up to: a b Christie, Les (April 24, 2008). "The Incredible Shrinking City". money.cnn.com. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
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Jump up ^ Solomon, Jolie (August 31, 1992). "Mickey's Secret Life: The mystery man behind the Phar-Mor scandal was obsessed with winning–and lost big". Newsweek. pp. 70–72.
Jump up ^ Washington, Frank (April 3, 1989). "Buffing Up an Old Classic–Avanti Drives Again". Newsweek. CXIII: 46.
^ Jump up to: a b Lyne, Jack (2002). GM Doling Out $500M to Build New Model in North Ohio. Site Selection Online Insider. Retrieved 2007-03-08
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^ Jump up to: a b c Shilling, Don (September 8, 2006). "$2M will expand incubator". The Vindicator. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
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Jump up ^ Toland, Bill (April 19, 2011). "$650 million plant to transform Youngstown: Steel mill, expected to bring 350 jobs, atop natural-gas fields". The Blade. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
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Jump up ^ "City of Youngstown, Ohio - About Youngstown - Youngstown 2010 - About Youngstown 2010 - Preface". Retrieved 3 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "City of Youngstown, Ohio - About Youngstown - Youngstown 2010 - About Youngstown 2010 - The Vision". Retrieved 3 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Downsizing Detroit: Youngstown 2010 may foreshadow Detroit circa 2020. MLive.com. Retrieved on 2010-12-23.
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Akpadock, Frank (2012). City in transition: strategies for economic regeneration of inner-city communities : the case of Youngstown, Ohio. Victoria, BC: FriesenPress. ISBN 9781770972568.
Aley, Howard C. (1975). A Heritage to Share: The Bicentennial History of Youngstown and the Mahoning Valley. Youngstown, OH: The Bicentennial Commission of Youngstown and Mahoning County, Ohio.
Blue, Frederick J.; Jenkins, William D.; Lawson, William H.; Reedy, Joan M. (1995). Mahoning Memories: A History of Youngstown and Mahoning County. Virginia Beach, VA: The Donning Company. ISBN 0-89865-944-2.
Bluestone, Barry (1982). The deindustrialization of America: plant closings, community abandonment, and the dismantling of basic industry. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0465015905.
Brody, David (1960). Steelworkers in America. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Bruno, Robert (1999). Steelworker Alley: How Class Works in Youngstown. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3439-4.
Fuechtmann, Thomas G. (1989). Steeples and Stacks: Religion and Steel Crisis in Youngstown. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-33481-0.
Jenkins, William D. (1990). Steel Valley Klan: The Ku Klux Klan in Ohio's Mahoning Valley. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-87338-415-6.
Knepper, George W. (1989). Ohio and Its People. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-87338-377-X.
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