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Health and Safety Executive
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Organisation responsible for the encouragement, regulation and enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare in Great Britain
Health and Safety Executive
Agency overview
Formed
1 January 1975 (1 January 1975)
Type
Crown status non-departmental public body
Headquarters
Liverpool, England
Agency executives
Martin Temple, Chair
Richard Judge, Chief Executive
Parent department
Department for Work and Pensions
Key document
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, ss.10-11
Website
www.hse.gov.uk
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is the body responsible for the encouragement, regulation and enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare, and for research into occupational risks in Great Britain. It is a non-departmental public body of the United Kingdom with its headquarters in Liverpool, England.[1] In Northern Ireland, these duties lie with the Health and Safety Executive for Northern Ireland. The HSE was created by the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, and has since absorbed earlier regulatory bodies such as the Factory Inspectorate and the Railway Inspectorate though the Railway Inspectorate was transferred to the Office of Rail Regulation in April 2006. The HSE is sponsored by the Department for Work and Pensions. As part of its work, HSE investigates industrial accidents, small and large, including major incidents such as the explosion and fire at Buncefield in 2005. Though it formerly reported to the Health and Safety Commission, on 1 April 2008, the two bodies merged.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Functions
2 Structure and responsibilities
2.1 Health and Safety Executive, Science Division
2.2 HM Inspectorate of Mines
2.3 Offshore Safety Division
2.4 OSHCR (Occupational Safety & Health Consultants Register)
3 Personnel
3.1 Directors General of the Health and Safety Executive
3.2 Deputy Directors General of the Health and Safety Executive
3.3 Chair and Chief Executive of the Health and Safety Executive
3.4 Heads of OSD
4 Criticism
5 Areas of regulation
6 References
7 External links
Functions[edit]
The Executive's duties are to:[4]
Assist and encourage persons concerned with matters relevant to the operation of the objectives of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974.
Make arrangements for and encourage research and publication, training and information in connection with its work.
Make arrangements for securing government departments, employers, employees, their respective representative organisations, and other persons are provided with an information and advisory service and are kept informed of, and adequately advised on such matters.
Propose regulations.
The Executive is further obliged to keep the Secretary of State informed of its plans and ensure alignment with the policies of the Secretary of State, giving effect to any directions given to it.[5] The Secretary of State can give directions to the Executive.[6]
On 1 April 2006, the Executive ceased to have responsibility for railway safety.[7]
The Executive is responsible for the Employment Medical Advisory Service, which operates as part of its Field Operations Directorate.
Structure and responsibilities[edit]
Local authorities are responsible for the enforcement of health and safety legislation in shops, offices, and other parts of the service sector.
Agencies belonging to the HSE include
Health and Safety Executive, Science Division[edit]
Based in Buxton, Derbyshire, the Health and Safety Executive Science Division (HSL- Health & Safety Laboratory) employs over 350 people including scientists, engineers, psychologists, social scientists, health professionals and technical specialists.[8]
It was established in 1921 under the Safety in Mines Research Board to carry out large-scale tests related to mining hazards. Following the formation of the HSE, in 1975 the facilities became a Safety Engineering Laboratory and an Explosion and Flame Research Laboratory, operating as part of the Research Laboratories Service Division of the HSE. In 1995 the HSL was formed, including the Buxton site and laboratories in Sheffield. In 2004 the Sheffield activities moved to Buxton, and the University of Sheffield took over the Sheffield laboratory site.[9]
It now operates as an agency carrying out scientific research and investigations (e.g. on the Buncefield fire) for the HSE, other government agencies and the private sector.[8]
HM Inspectorate of Mines[edit]
HM Inspectorate of Mines is responsible for the correct implementation and inspection of safe working procedures within all UK mine workings. It is based in Sheffield, South Yorkshire.[10]
Offshore Safety Division[edit]
The Offshore Safety Division (OSD) was established as a division within HSE in April 1991. This was in response to recommendations of the Cullen Inquiry into the Piper Alpha disaster on 6 July 1988. At the time of the disaster, the Department of Energy (DEn) was responsible for both production and offshore safety; this was perceived as entailing a conflict of interests. Dr Tony Barrell, Director of HSE’s Technology and Air Pollution Division was appointed Chief Executive of OSD, having previously been seconded to the DEn to lead the transfer of responsibilities. At the same time, Ministerial oversight was transferred from the DEn to the Department of Employment. The Offshore Safety Act 1992 made the Mineral Workings (Offshore Installations) Act 1971 and its subsidiary Regulations relevant statutory provisions of the Health and Safety at work etc, Act 1974. The OSD’s initial responsibilities included the establishment of the Safety Case Regulations; a thorough review of existing safety legislation and the move towards a goal setting regulatory regime. OSD became part of the HSE’s new Hazardous Installations Directorate in 1999; it became part of the new Energy Division in 2013.
OSHCR (Occupational Safety & Health Consultants Register)[edit]
The HSE currently administrates the Occupational Safety & Health Consultants Register (OSHCR), a central register of registered safety consultants within the United Kingdom. The intention of the HSE is to pass responsibility of operating the register to the relevant trade & professional bodies once the register is up and running.[11]
Personnel[edit]
Directors General of the Health and Safety Executive[edit]
List of Directors General:[12]
January 1975 - December 1983: John Howard Locke CB (b. 26 December 1923, d. 26 September 1998)
January 1984 - 30 June 1995: John David Rimington CB (b. 27 June 1935)
3 July 1995 - 30 Sept 2000: Jennifer (Jenny) Helen Bacon CB (b. 16 April 1945)
1 October 2000 - November 2005: Timothy Edward Hanson Walker CB (b. 27 July 1945)
November 2005 - 31 March 2008: Geoffrey John Freeman Podger CB (b. 3 August 1952)
The HSE and the Health and Safety Commission merged on 1 April 2008.
Deputy Directors General of the Health and Safety Executive[edit]
(Lois) Audrey Pittom CB (b. 1918, d. 1990) 1975-78
Bryan Hugh Harvey (b. 1914, d. 2004) 1975-76
James Carver (b. 1916, d. 2007) 1976-77
Eric Williams (b. 1915, d. 1980) 1975-76
(Herbert) John Dunster CB (b. 1922, d. 2006) 1976-82
Dr Kenneth Playfair Duncan (b. 1924, d. 1999) 1982-84
David Charles Thomas Eves CB (b. 1942) 1989-2002
Jenny Helen Bacon CB (b. 1945) 1992-95
Richard Hillier CB 1996-2001
Kate Timms 2001-04
(James) Justin McCracken (b. 1955) 2002-08
Jonathan Rees 2004-08
The HSE and the Health and Safety Commission merged on 1 April 2008.
Chair and Chief Executive of the Health and Safety Executive[edit]
Chairs:
Dame Judith Elizabeth Hackitt CBE (b. 1 December 1954) 1 April 2008 - 31 March 2016
George Brechin interim chair April 2016
Martin Temple CBE 1 May 2016 - date
Chief Executives:
Geoffrey John Freeman Podger CB (b. 3 August 1952) 1 April 2008 - 31 August 2013
(Denis) Kevin Myers CBE (b. 30 September 1954) Acting Chief Executive 1 September 2013 - 9 November 2014
Richard Judge (b. 2 November 1962) 10 November 2014 - date
Heads of OSD[edit]
Dr Anthony (Tony) Charles Barrell (b.1933) CB, FEng, BSc, D Eng, FIChemE, Eur Ing (Chief Executive), April 1991 - June 1994
Roderick Stuart Allison (b.1936), CB, (Chief Executive) July 1994 - 1996
Dr Allan Douglas Sefton (b. 1945), 1996 - June 2000
T.A.F. Powell, June 2000 - December 2005
Ian Whewell, January 2006 - October 2009
Steve Walker, October 2009 - March 2013
Criticism[edit]
Some of the criticism of HSE has been that its procedures are inadequate to protect safety. For example, the public enquiry by Lord Gill into the Stockline Plastics factory explosion criticised the HSE for "inadequate appreciation of the risks associated with buried LPG pipework…and a failure properly to carry out check visits".[13] However, most criticism of the HSE is that their regulations are over-broad, suffocating, and part of a nanny state. The Daily Telegraph has claimed that the HSE is part of a "compensation culture," that it is undemocratic and unaccountable,[14] and that its rules are costing jobs.[15]
However, the HSE denies this,[16] saying that much of the criticism is misplaced because it relates to matters outside the HSE's remit. The HSE also responded to criticism by publishing a "Myth of the Month" section on its website between 2007 and 2010, which it described as "exposing the various myths about ‘health and safety’".[17][18] This has become a political issue in the UK. The Lord Young report, published in October 2010, recommended various reforms aiming "to free businesses from unnecessary bureaucratic burdens and the fear of having to pay out unjustified damages claims and legal fees."[19]
Areas of regulation[edit]
The HSE focuses regulation of health and safety in the following sectors of industry:
Agriculture
Air transport
Armed forces
Catering and hospitality
Construction industries
Crown establishments
Chemical manufacture and storage industries
Professional diving
Dockwork
Education sector e.g. schools
Engineering sector
Entertainment and leisure industry
Fire service
Food and drink manufacturing
Footwear and leather industries
Haulage
Health services e.g. hospitals
Gas supply and installation; Gas Safe Register
Laundries and dry-cleaning
Mining
Motor vehicle repair
Nuclear installations; Nuclear Installations Inspectorate (aka NII)
Office work
Offshore oil and gas installations
Paper and board manufacturing industry
Pesticides
Police forces
Printing industries
Public services
The quarrying industry
Recycling and waste management industries
Textiles industries
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "HSE offices". Health & Safety Executive. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
Jump up ^ Department for Work and Pensions (1 April 2008). "Health and Safety Commission and Health and Safety Executive merge to form a single regulatory body". Retrieved 2008-04-06. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Legislative Reform (Health and Safety Executive) Order 2008, SI 2008/960
Jump up ^ Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, s.11(2)
Jump up ^ Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, s.11(3)
Jump up ^ Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, s.12
Jump up ^ Railways Act 2005, ss.2, 60/ Sch.3 para.3(1)(b)(2); Railways Act 2005 (Commencement No.5) Order 2006, SI 2006/266, art.2(2), Sch.
^ Jump up to: a b "HSL Annual Report and Accounts 2010/2011" (PDF). nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
Jump up ^ www.hsl.gov.uk Archived 13 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. A Century of Science
Jump up ^ "Health and safety in mining". www.hse.gov.uk. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "About OSHCR on the HSE website". Hse.gov.uk. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
Jump up ^ "Who's Who". www.ukwhoswho.com. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
Jump up ^ "HSE response to Stockline 'too little, too late'". Daily Herald. 30 August 2009. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
Jump up ^ "David Cameron declares war on the "nonsense" of the "over-the-top health and safety culture" The Tory Diary". Conservativehome.blogs.com. 2009-12-01. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
Jump up ^ Political, Deputy (27 August 2010). "Health and safety laws are costing jobs". The Daily Telegraph. London.
Jump up ^ Dudman, Jane (30 June 2010). "Dispelling the myths around health and safety". The Guardian. London.
Jump up ^ "Busting the health and safety myths". Hse.gov.uk. 2014-06-30. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
Jump up ^ "HSE and local authorities hit back at 'health and Safety' myths". HSE. 3 July 2007. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
Jump up ^ "Common Sense Common Safety: A report by Lord Young of Graffham to the Prime Minister" (PDF). HM Government. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2012.
External links[edit]
HSE website
HSE news service website
HSL website
Gill Report into the Stockline explosion
Young Report "Common Sense, Common Safety"
HSE Podcast to mark centenary of HSL
Catalogue of HSE publications
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Zuko
Avatar: The Last Airbender / The Legend of Korra character
First appearance
"The Boy in the Iceberg"
Created by
Michael Dante DiMartino
Bryan Konietzko
Portrayed by
Dev Patel (The Last Airbender)
Voiced by
Dante Basco[1] (Avatar: The Last Airbender)
Bruce Davison (The Legend of Korra)
Dev Patel (The Last Airbender video game)
Elijah Runcorn (Young Zuko)
Information
Aliases
The Blue Spirit (alter ego)
Lee (refugee alias)
Junior (refugee alias)
Zuzu (nickname from Azula)
Gender
Male
Family
Ozai (father)
Ursa (mother)
Azula (younger sister)
Ikem (stepfather)
Kiyi (maternal half-sister)
Significant other(s)
Mai (Girlfriend)
Children
Izumi (daughter)
Relatives
Iroh (paternal uncle)
Lu Ten (first cousin)
Grandfamily:
Iroh Jr. (grandson)
Azulon (paternal grandfather)
Ilah (paternal grandmother)
Jinzuk (maternal grandfather)
Rina (maternal grandmother)
Sozin (paternal great-grandfather)
Roku (maternal great-grandfather)
Ta Min (maternal great-grandmother)
Nationality
Fire Nation
Bending element
Primary:
Firebending
Sub-styles:
Lightning redirection
Age
16 (Avatar: The Last Airbender)
17 (The Promise
18 The Search)
87 (The Legend of Korra)
Hair color
Dark brown
White (elderly)
Eye color
Yellow
Prince Zuko (祖寇, Zǔ Kòu) is a fictional character in Nickelodeon's animated television series Avatar: The Last Airbender. Created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko, the character is voiced by Dante Basco and is portrayed by Dev Patel in M. Night Shyamalan's 2010 film The Last Airbender.
Zuko is the Fire Prince of the Fire Nation and an incredibly powerful Firebender, meaning he has the elemental ability to create and control fire and to redirect lightning through martial arts. He is the eldest child of Fire Lord Ozai and Princess Ursa, the older brother of Princess Azula and older half-brother of Kiyi. Before the events of the series, Zuko is exiled from the Fire Nation by his father and told he must capture the Avatar to restore his honor and right to the throne. Zuko is accompanied and advised in his search by his uncle, Iroh. Over time, Zuko sympathizes with oppressed peoples, and joins the Avatar to restore peace. Zuko has two well known great-grandfathers: on his father's side, Fire Lord Sozin, who started the hundred-year-war, and on his mother's side Avatar Roku, the Avatar preceding Aang.
In "The Deserter", Zuko's name was listed on a Fire Nation wanted poster as "祖寇" (zǔ kòu). In "Tales of Ba Sing Se", his name was written as "蘇科" (sū kè) on his segment's title card.
Contents
[hide]
1 Character overview
2 Creation and conception
2.1 Design
2.2 Voice
2.3 Personality and characteristics
3 Appearance
3.1 Avatar: The Last Airbender
3.1.1 Book One: Water
3.1.2 Book Two: Earth
3.1.3 Book Three: Fire
3.2 Graphic Novel Trilogies
3.2.1 Avatar: The Promise
3.2.2 Avatar: The Search
3.2.3 Avatar: Smoke and Shadow
3.3 Avatar: The Legend of Korra
3.3.1 Book One: Air
3.3.2 Book Three: Change
3.3.3 Book Four: Balance
4 Firebending and special skills
4.1 Firebending
4.2 Other skills
5 Reception
6 References
7 External links
Character overview[edit]
Zuko lives in a fantasy world where a large fraction of the human population can manipulate any one of the four classical elements: water, earth, fire, or air. The art of controlling and manipulating an element is called "bending" within the narrative. A few years before the events of the series, Fire Prince Zuko voiced opposition to a general's suggestion that the Fire Nation soldiers be sacrificed in their nation's battle with the Earth Kingdom. Fire Lord Ozai, Zuko's father, ordered Zuko to submit to an Agni Kai, a ritual duel fought with fire bending, to teach him respect. Zuko accepted the challenge believing that he would fight the general who proposed the plan, but instead he faced Ozai. When Zuko refused to fight his father, the Fire Lord scarred him over his left eye and sent him into exile. Zuko's uncle, the decorated general Iroh, decided to join him as a companion and tutor.
Creation and conception[edit]
Design[edit]
Zuko is a handsome young man with pale skin, golden eyes, and black hair. The majority of the left side of his face is taken up by a distinctive scar he received from a disastrous Agni Kai against his father Ozai. In Book One, Zuko has a shaved head with a ponytail. In Book Two, he cuts off his ponytail in the season premiere and allows his hair to grow back. He obtains a topknot in Book Three, but is usually seen without it outside the royal palace. Zuko has a muscular physique in Book One but becomes thinner as the series progresses before regaining weight in Book Three. In Legend of Korra, the elderly Zuko sports a lengthy beard and long white hair, much like his Avatar great-grandfather Roku. He is still quite fit and powerful despite being in his early nineties (by the time of Book 4).
Voice[edit]
Dante Basco voices Zuko in The Last Airbender as a Teenager while Elijah Runcorn voices him as a child and Dev Patel in the video game adaptation of the movie. Bruce Davison voices Zuko in The Legend of Korra as Fire Lord of the Fire Nation, now in his 80's.
Personality and characteristics[edit]
Due to his banishment, he is hot-tempered, impatient and at times also depressive. He is shown to be caring and thoughtful, though his judgement was heavily clouded by his jealousy towards Azula. He has a close bond with his mother Ursa and his Uncle Iroh. He strives to regain honor and attention in his father's eyes by trying to capture the Avatar in his name. But after returning to the Fire Nation from his years of banishment, he realized his father's ill feelings towards him couldn't be fixed even by capturing the Avatar. Zuko decided that trying to regain honour, as a substitute for love, was worthless and a waste of time. He displayed aggression towards Aang when training him in fire-bending, because of the fact that it was imperitive Aang learn it before Sozin's Comet arrived at the end of the summer, though he was still being caring. He is shown to have a sarcastic side on several occasions. Due to his scar, he also has an inferiority complex about his appearance, stating angrily that: "Normal teenagers worry about bad skin! I don't have that luxury! My father decided to teach me a permanent lesson -- on my face!"
Appearance[edit]
Avatar: The Last Airbender[edit]
Book One: Water[edit]
At the beginning of the series, Zuko is introduced as the main antagonist who is searching for Aang in hopes of reclaiming his honor. Throughout the season he is hot on the Avatar's trail, at times both helped and hindered by Iroh. Zuko competes in his quest against Zhao, an ambitious Fire Nation admiral. In The Blue Spirit, Zuko rescues Aang from Zhao's fortress to prevent Zhao from accomplishing his goal. Zhao arranges an assassination plot against Zuko, but Zuko escapes with Iroh's help. During the invasion of the Northern Water Tribe, Zuko captures Aang, but both are nearly killed in a snowstorm. Aang then saves Zuko from dying of hypothermia. Zuko encounters Zhao and attacks in an act of revenge, but the Ocean Spirit abducts Zhao before the fight is concluded. Zuko attempts to save Zhao from the Ocean Spirit, but Zhao is too proud to accept Zuko's help. Ozai thereafter assigns Zuko's younger sister Azula to seize Zuko and Iroh due to Zuko's failure to capture Aang and Iroh's betrayal during the siege.
Book Two: Earth[edit]
Pursued by Azula, sixteen-year-old Zuko and Iroh travel the Earth Kingdom as impoverished refugees. After briefly quarreling with and parting ways with Iroh, Zuko reunites with his uncle against Azula. When Azula wounds Iroh with a bolt of lightning, Zuko nurses Iroh back to health and Iroh teaches Zuko to redirect lightning. Zuko and Iroh arrive at the walled city of Ba Sing Se, meeting Jet in the process. Iroh and Zuko find employment at a tea shop in the slums. Jet accuses Zuko and Iroh of being firebenders, but is arrested after he attacks Zuko. Zuko reluctantly adapts to his new life until he learns of Aang's presence in Ba Sing Se and attempts to steal Appa. However, Iroh convinces Zuko to abandon his quest and let Appa go. Azula infiltrates the city to stage a coup and arranges a trap for Zuko and Iroh. Captured and placed in Crystal Catacombs, Zuko encounters Katara, and both are rescued by Aang. Although Zuko and Katara share a brief moment of compassion, Azula convinces Zuko to betray Iroh and the Avatar. In the resulting fight, Aang is wounded and Iroh is arrested.
Book Three: Fire[edit]
Returning to his country a hero, Zuko learns that Azula lied and told Fire Lord Ozai that Zuko killed the Avatar. Zuko suspects that Aang survived and hires an assassin to ensure Aang's death to cover up Azula's lie. Iroh is imprisoned, but manages to lead Zuko to learn that his maternal great-grandfather was Avatar Roku, Aang's previous incarnation. Prior to the Day of Black Sun, Zuko inadvertently catalyzes his father's plan to destroy the Earth Kingdom with Sozin's Comet. Zuko becomes guilty over betraying Iroh and contributing to a second genocide, leading him to confront Ozai during the eclipse. Zuko openly berates his father and states his intention to help Aang. Although they initially reject him, Aang and his companions grow to accept Zuko as a member of the group after he proves his allegiance by helping defeat the assassin and journeys with Aang to meet the last dragons.
After helping Sokka free Suki and Hakoda from the Boiling Rock prison, Zuko amends with Katara by locating her mother's killer. When Aang disappears shortly before Sozin's Comet, Zuko leads the effort to track down the Avatar which leads him to Iroh. Zuko tearfully apologizes to Iroh, who forgives him for his mistakes. Iroh suggests that Zuko become the next Fire Lord, citing Zuko's "unquestionable honor". Arriving at the Fire Nation capital with Katara, Zuko duels Azula for the throne. When Azula faces defeat she forces Zuko to place himself in the path of a lighting bolt aimed at Katara, which leaves him wounded and immobile. Katara defeats Azula and heals Zuko. After Aang wins the war, Zuko becomes the new Fire Lord, promising world order and harmony with the aid of the Avatar.
Graphic Novel Trilogies[edit]
Avatar: The Promise[edit]
Following Zuko's crown ceremony, seventeen year-old Zuko asks Aang to promise to kill him if he ever becomes like his father. Aang reluctantly agrees. One year later, Zuko is working with the other nations to return captured colonial lands to the Earth Kingdom as part of the Harmony Restoration Movement. Kori Morishita attempts to assassinate Zuko in retaliation for forcibly relocating the multicultural residents of the Fire Nation colonies. Zuko travels to Kori's hometown, Yu Dao, where he meets people of Fire Nation and Earth Kingdom ancestry living and working together. Zuko becomes conflicted and consults with the imprisoned Ozai, who advises Zuko that whatever decision he makes is inherently the correct choice because he exercises the power of the Fire Lord. Zuko decides to break from the Harmony Restoration Movement. The Earth King responds with a military force of his own and Zuko is forced to lead troops to Yu Dao to protect the Fire Nation civilians. In the battle, Aang and Zuko clash. However, Katara convinces the Earth King that the colonies are neither Fire Nation nor Earth Kingdom, but rather a multicultural people. Peace is restored, and Zuko realizes that forcing Aang to make the promise was a way of distancing himself from his responsibilities as Fire Lord. He releases Aang from the promise, and the two reestablish their friendship and trust.
Avatar: The Search[edit]
In the sequel to the first comic book adaptation of the cartoon series, The Search, Zuko sets his younger sister Azula—now sixteen—with his father Ozai to discuss finding his long-lost mother Ursa. It is later revealed that Azula has access to letters written by Ursa to Ikem (a possible paramour), hidden away by Ozai. It is also revealed that Azula wishes to kill Ursa. Later, Zuko finds a note Azula concealed, saying that Ursa wanted to return to her hometown but refrained to protect Zuko. Ozai lied to Ursa and told her he had Ikem killed. In order to save Zuko's life, Ursa made Ozai a toxic potion he could use on his father Azulon and become Fire Lord. After her banishment, Ursa returned to her hometown and found Ikem still alive but with a new face and name given to him by a spirit to protect himself. Ursa is granted a new face as well, but chooses to have her memories of her children erased because she cannot bear the pain of having been separated from them. She then marries Ikem with her new identity and they have a daughter together. Azula tracks their mother down and almost kills her but is stopped by Zuko. Without her memories, Ursa apologizes for not loving her enough and abandoning her if she really is Azula's mother. Azula's mind is still broken and she runs off into the forest, rejecting Zuko's offer to help. Ursa has her old face and memories restored and also apologizes to Zuko, who does not blame her. In the following comic story arc, The Rift, Iroh mentions Ursa and her new family are visiting the Fire Nation capital with Zuko's support.
Avatar: Smoke and Shadow[edit]
Zuko will be escorted back home to the Fire Nation's capital by Team Avatar to assist his mother, Ursa, and her new family adjust to royal life. Unfortunately, an ancient prophecy is foretold that Zuko must be dethroned immediately or annihilation will befall the country. Also, he must deal with the deadly New Ozai Society that threatens both his life and rulership, as well as his ex-sweetheart Mai.
Avatar: The Legend of Korra[edit]
Book One: Air[edit]
In The Legend of Korra , now eighty-seven years old, Lord Zuko had aided the late Avatar Aang in the creation of the "United Republic of Nations" after the Hundred Year War. The creators of the series revealed by the time of the series, he has abdicated his position as Fire Lord in favor of his daughter, Izumi, and travels the world, usually on his dragon Druk, as an ambassador for peace. He is memorialized by a statue at Republic City's Central City Station. His grandson Iroh (also voiced by Dante Basco) serves as a general of the United Forces alongside Aang's eldest son, Bumi.
Book Three: Change[edit]
Making his debut in Book Three: Change, Zuko is revealed to have been working with the Order of the White Lotus to keep major threats in check while Korra was still in training. Most notably, he worked alongside Sokka, Tenzin (Aang's younger son), and Korra's father Tonraq to thwart an attempt by the criminal Zaheer and his Red Lotus followers to kidnap Korra when she was a child. Fourteen years later, Zuko learnt of Zaheer's new air bending skills and subsequent escape. He enlists Korra's father Tonraq and her cousins, Desna and Eska, to keep the last of Zaheer's allies from being freed, but their efforts were unsuccessful. When Zaheer fatally suffocated Earth Queen Hou-Ting and gave an ultimatum to Korra, Zuko immediately returned to the Fire Nation, fearing the anarchists would target his daughter. Zuko briefly councils Korra regarding the situation before he departs, and is surprised to learn that the Avatar has spoken to his long-deceased uncle in the Spirit World. When Zaheer is defeated in the season finale, Zuko attends Jinora's ceremony as airbending master, and expresses concerns about the lingering threat of the Red Lotus.
Book Four: Balance[edit]
Zuko makes a final non-speaking appearance in Book Four: Balance, attending the coronation of Prince Wu with his daughter, Izumi, and the other world leaders.
Firebending and special skills[edit]
Despite his youth, he has shown great agility and strength. His chief education in this is derived from his uncle Iroh; flashbacks reveal that Zuko's skills were subpar as a preteen, but that they improved dramatically under Iroh's tutelage. He is twice shown to be a match in combat to his sister Azula, although he lacks the emotional discipline to generate lightning. He is depicted throughout the series as both powerful and skillful in both martial and aesthetic applications of firebending.
Firebending[edit]
Zuko is highly skilled in Firebending which utilizes chinese martial arts techniques of Changquan, Shaolinquan, Lóng Xíng Mó Qiáo and Xing Yi Quan.[2][3][4][5] Firebending represents the element of power,[6] and is categorized as the most aggressive of the "four bending arts". Firebending involves "external styles" that prioritize one's legwork (as opposed to the arms) and emphasizes "kicking over hand fighting"; the highly technical kicking strikes are meant to "extend as far as possible" without compromising balance. This is intended to sacrifice defense for optimized preemptive strikes and attrition warfare. Zuko's interpretation of firebending uses long, aggressive techniques that explode and drive through the opponent; quick, successive attacks that utilize momentary bursts of extreme "explosive" power; with fundamentally strong movements' and the usage of swift, direct maneuvers.
Other skills[edit]
Zuko is skilled in "Dao duel-wielding", as in the episode "The Blue Spirit" wherein he withstands a large number of adversaries. In "Avatar: The Lost Adventures", it was revealed that he studied under Master Piandao, his uncle's colleague and Sokka's master sword fighting instructor. Zuko has also demonstrated an ability in stealth and unarmed combat, as when able to infiltrate a Fire Nation fortress, the Northern Water Tribe's city, and the Dai Li's base in the Earth Kingdom without detection.[7][8] His proficiency at stealth was also utilized during the episode "The Southern Raiders" in which he and Katara stalked and cornered the former commander of the eponymous Raiders in his home village without revealing themselves. Avatar Extras revealed he has abnormal hearing and that he is also naturally gifted at playing the Tsungi horn (though he is never heard playing).
Reception[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2016)
Zuko's character reception has been overwhelmingly positive from critics and fans alike. Tory Ireland Mell of IGN thought it was "painful" to watch Zuko try to win the trust of Team Avatar as he was "completely vulnerable, and no one cared."[9] Mell found his reunion with Iroh to be "heartwarming".[10] Zuko was listed by Paste Magazine as the best character from the Avatar universe, with writer Zach Blumenfeld noting his complex transformation and redemption story over the course of the series.[11]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Dante Basco". 2005. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
Jump up ^ The Lost Scrolls: Fire, page 159 of The Lost Scrolls Collection.
Jump up ^ http://www.kungfumagazine.com/ezine/article.php?article=1038
Jump up ^ "Nickelodeon's Official Avatar: The Last Airbender Flash Site". Nick.com. Retrieved December 2, 2006.
Jump up ^ Director: Ethan Spaulding; Writer: Elizabeth Welch Ehasz (April 7, 2006). "Return to Omashu". Avatar: The Last Airbender. Season 2. Episode 3. Nickelodeon.
Jump up ^ Ehasz, Aaron (writer) & Spaulding, Ethan (director). (June 2, 2006). "Bitter Work". Avatar: The Last Airbender. Season 2. Episode 9. Nickelodeon.
Jump up ^ Director: Dave Filoni; Writers: Michael Dante DiMartino, Bryan Konietzko (2005-06-17). "The Blue Spirit". Avatar: The Last Airbender. Season 1. Episode 13. Nickelodeon.
Jump up ^ "Zuko Alone". Avatar: The Last Airbender. Season 2 (Book 2). Episode 7. 2006-05-12. Nickelodeon.
Jump up ^ Mell, Tory Ireland (July 16, 2008). "Avatar: The Last Airbender: "The Western Air Temple" Review". IGN.
Jump up ^ Mell, Tory Ireland (July 22, 2008). "Avatar: The Last Airbender: "Sozin's Comet" Review". IGN.
Jump up ^ Blumenfeld, Zach (June 21, 2016). "The 20 Best Characters From The Avatar Universe". pastemagazine.com.
External links[edit]
Zuko at Nick.com
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Wall Street Crash of 1929
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Black Tuesday" redirects here. For other uses, see Black Tuesday (disambiguation).
For other uses, see Wall Street Crash (disambiguation).
Crowd gathering on Wall Street after the 1929 crash
The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as Black Tuesday (October 29),[1] the Great Crash, or the Stock Market Crash of 1929, began on October 24, 1929 ("Black Thursday"), and was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States (acting as the most significant predicting indicator of the Great Depression), when taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its after effects.[2] The crash, which followed the London Stock Exchange's crash of September, signalled the beginning of the 12-year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Timeline
2 Analysis
2.1 Economic fundamentals
2.2 Subsequent actions
2.3 World War II
3 Effects
3.1 Effect on Europe
4 Academic debate
5 See also
6 Notes
7 Further reading
8 External links
Timeline[edit]
The Dow Jones Industrial Average, 1928–1930
The Roaring Twenties, the decade that followed World War I and led to the crash,[4] was a time of wealth and excess. Building on post-war optimism, rural Americans migrated to the cities in vast numbers throughout the decade with the hopes of finding a more prosperous life in the ever-growing expansion of America's industrial sector.[5] While the American cities prospered, the overproduction of agricultural produce created widespread financial despair among American farmers throughout the decade.[5] This would later be blamed as one of the key factors that led to the 1929 stock market crash.[6]
Despite the dangers of speculation, many believed that the stock market would continue to rise forever. On March 25, 1929, after the Federal Reserve warned of excessive speculation, a mini crash occurred as investors started to sell stocks at a rapid pace, exposing the market's shaky foundation.[7] Two days later, banker Charles E. Mitchell announced his company the National City Bank would provide $25 million in credit to stop the market's slide.[7] Mitchell's move brought a temporary halt to the financial crisis and call money declined from 20 to 8 percent.[7] However, the American economy showed ominous signs of trouble:[7] steel production declined, construction was sluggish, automobile sales went down, and consumers were building up high debts because of easy credit.[7] Despite all these economic trouble signs and the market breaks in March and May 1929, stocks resumed their advance in June and the gains continued almost unabated until early September 1929 (the Dow Jones average gained more than 20% between June and September). The market had been on a nine-year run that saw the Dow Jones Industrial Average increase in value tenfold, peaking at 381.17 on September 3, 1929.[7] Shortly before the crash, economist Irving Fisher famously proclaimed, "Stock prices have reached what looks like a permanently high plateau."[8] The optimism and financial gains of the great bull market were shaken after a well publicized early September prediction from financial expert Roger Babson that "a crash was coming". The initial September decline was thus called the "Babson Break" in the press. This was the start of the Great Crash, although until the severe phase of the crash in October, many investors regarded the September "Babson Break" as a "healthy correction" and buying opportunity.
On September 20, the London Stock Exchange crashed when top British investor Clarence Hatry and many of his associates were jailed for fraud and forgery.[9] The London crash greatly weakened the optimism of American investment in markets overseas.[9] In the days leading up to the crash, the market was severely unstable. Periods of selling and high volumes were interspersed with brief periods of rising prices and recovery.
Selling intensified in mid-October. On October 24 ("Black Thursday"), the market lost 11 percent of its value at the opening bell on very heavy trading. The huge volume meant that the report of prices on the ticker tape in brokerage offices around the nation was hours late, so investors had no idea what most stocks were actually trading for at that moment, increasing panic. Several leading Wall Street bankers met to find a solution to the panic and chaos on the trading floor.[10] The meeting included Thomas W. Lamont, acting head of Morgan Bank; Albert Wiggin, head of the Chase National Bank; and Charles E. Mitchell, president of the National City Bank of New York. They chose Richard Whitney, vice president of the Exchange, to act on their behalf.
With the bankers' financial resources behind him, Whitney placed a bid to purchase a large block of shares in U.S. Steel at a price well above the current market. As traders watched, Whitney then placed similar bids on other "blue chip" stocks. This tactic was similar to one that ended the Panic of 1907. It succeeded in halting the slide. The Dow Jones Industrial Average recovered, closing with it down only 6.38 points for the day. The rally continued on Friday, October 25, and the half day session on Saturday the 26th but, unlike 1907, the respite was only temporary.
The trading floor of the New York Stock Exchange in 1930, six months after the crash of 1929
Over the weekend, the events were covered by the newspapers across the United States. On October 28, "Black Monday",[11] more investors facing margin calls decided to get out of the market, and the slide continued with a record loss in the Dow for the day of 38.33 points, or 13%.
The next day, "Black Tuesday", October 29, 1929, about 16 million shares traded as the panic selling reached its peak. Some stocks actually had no buyers at any price that day ("air pockets"). The Dow lost an additional 30 points, or 12 percent.[12][13][14][15] The volume of stocks traded on October 29, 1929, was a record that was not broken for nearly 40 years.[13]
On October 29, William C. Durant joined with members of the Rockefeller family and other financial giants to buy large quantities of stocks to demonstrate to the public their confidence in the market, but their efforts failed to stop the large decline in prices. Due to the massive volume of stocks traded that day, the ticker did not stop running until about 7:45 p.m. The market had lost over $30 billion in the space of two days which included $14 billion on October 29 alone.[16]
Dow Jones Industrial Average on Black Monday and Black Tuesday[17]
Date
Change
% Change
Close
October 28, 1929 −38.33 −12.82 260.64
October 29, 1929 −30.57 −11.73 230.07
After a one-day recovery on October 30, where the Dow regained an additional 28.40 points, or 12 percent, to close at 258.47, the market continued to fall, arriving at an interim bottom on November 13, 1929, with the Dow closing at 198.60. The market then recovered for several months, starting on November 14, with the Dow gaining 18.59 points to close at 217.28, and reaching a secondary closing peak (i.e., bear market rally) of 294.07 on April 17, 1930. The following year, the Dow embarked on another, much longer, steady slide from April 1931 to July 8, 1932, when it closed at 41.22—its lowest level of the 20th century, concluding an 89 percent loss rate for all of the market's stocks. For most of the 1930s, the Dow began slowly to regain the ground it lost during the 1929 crash and the three years following it, beginning on March 15, 1933, with the largest percentage increase of 15.34 percent, with the Dow Jones closing at 62.10, with an 8.26 point increase. The largest percentage increases of the Dow Jones occurred during the early and mid-1930s. In late 1937, there was a sharp dip in the stock market, but prices held well above the 1932 lows. The market would not return to the peak closing of September 3, 1929, until November 23, 1954.[18][19]
Analysis[edit]
Economic fundamentals[edit]
The crash followed a speculative boom that had taken hold in the late 1920s. During the later half of the 1920s, steel production, building construction, retail turnover, automobiles registered, even railway receipts advanced from record to record. The combined net profits of 536 manufacturing and trading companies showed an increase, in fact for the first six months of 1929, of 36.6% over 1928, itself a record half-year. Iron and steel led the way with doubled gains.[20] Such figures set up a crescendo of stock-exchange speculation which had led hundreds of thousands of Americans to invest heavily in the stock market. A significant number of them were borrowing money to buy more stocks. By August 1929, brokers were routinely lending small investors more than two-thirds of the face value of the stocks they were buying. Over $8.5 billion was out on loan,[21] more than the entire amount of currency circulating in the U.S. at the time.[16][22]
The rising share prices encouraged more people to invest; people hoped the share prices would rise further. Speculation thus fueled further rises and created an economic bubble. Because of margin buying, investors stood to lose large sums of money if the market turned down—or even failed to advance quickly enough. The average P/E (price to earnings) ratio of S&P Composite stocks was 32.6 in September 1929,[23] clearly above historical norms.[24] As per the economist John Kenneth Galbraith, this exuberance also resulted in a large number of people placing their savings and money in leverage investment products like Goldman Sachs' "Blue ridge trust" and "Shenandoah trust". These too crashed in 1929 resulting in losses of $475 billion to banks.[25][26]
Sir George Paish
Good harvests had built up a mass of 250 million bushels of wheat to be "carried over" when 1929 opened. By May there was also a winter-wheat crop of 560 million bushels ready for harvest in the Mississippi Valley. This oversupply caused a drop in wheat prices so heavy that the net incomes of the farming population from wheat were threatened with extinction. Stock markets are always sensitive to the future state of commodity markets, and the slump in Wall Street predicted for May by Sir George Paish arrived on time. In June 1929, the position was saved by a severe drought in the Dakotas and the Canadian West, plus unfavorable seed times in Argentina and eastern Australia. The oversupply would now be wanted to fill the big gaps in the 1929 world wheat production. From 97¢ per bushel in May, the price of wheat rose to $1.49 in July. When it was seen that at this figure the American farmers would get rather more for their smaller crop than for that of 1928, up went stocks again and from far and wide orders came to buy shares for the profits to come.
In August, the wheat price fell when France and Italy were bragging of a magnificent harvest, and the situation in Australia improved. This sent a shiver through Wall Street and stock prices quickly dropped, but word of cheap stocks brought a fresh rush of "stags", amateur speculators and investors. Congress had also voted for a 100 million dollar relief package for the farmers, hoping to stabilize wheat prices. By October though, the price had fallen to $1.31 per bushel.[27]
Other important economic barometers were also slowing or even falling by mid-1929, including car sales, house sales, and steel production. The falling commodity and industrial production may have dented even American self-confidence, and the stock market peaked on September 3 at 381.17 just after Labor Day, then started to falter after Roger Babson issued his prescient "market crash" forecast. By the end of September, the market was down 10% from the peak (the "Babson Break"). Selling intensified in early and mid October, with sharp down days punctuated by a few up days. Panic selling on huge volume started the week of October 21 and intensified and culminated on October 24, the 28th and especially the 29th ("Black Tuesday").[28]
The president of the Chase National Bank said at the time: "We are reaping the natural fruit of the orgy of speculation in which millions of people have indulged. It was inevitable, because of the tremendous increase in the number of stockholders in recent years, that the number of sellers would be greater than ever when the boom ended and selling took the place of buying."[29]
Subsequent actions[edit]
In 1932, the Pecora Commission was established by the U.S. Senate to study the causes of the crash. The following year, the U.S. Congress passed the Glass–Steagall Act mandating a separation between commercial banks, which take deposits and extend loans, and investment banks, which underwrite, issue, and distribute stocks, bonds, and other securities.
After the experience of the 1929 crash, stock markets around the world instituted measures to suspend trading in the event of rapid declines, claiming that the measures would prevent such panic sales. However, the one-day crash of Black Monday, October 19, 1987, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 22.6%, was worse in percentage terms than any single day of the 1929 crash (although the combined 25% decline of October 28–29, 1929 was larger than October 19, 1987, and remains the worst two-day decline ever).
World War II[edit]
The American mobilization for World War II at the end of 1941 moved approximately ten million people out of the civilian labor force and into the war.[30] World War II had a dramatic effect on many parts of the economy, and may have hastened the end of the Great Depression in the United States.[31] Government-financed capital spending accounted for only 5 percent of the annual U.S. investment in industrial capital in 1940; by 1943, the government accounted for 67 percent of U.S. capital investment.[31]
Effects[edit]
Further information: Causes of the Great Depression
Crowd at New York's American Union Bank during a bank run early in the Great Depression
Together, the 1929 stock market crash and the Great Depression formed the largest financial crisis of the 20th century.[32] The panic of October 1929 has come to serve as a symbol of the economic contraction that gripped the world during the next decade.[33] The falls in share prices on October 24 and 29, 1929 were practically instantaneous in all financial markets, except Japan.[34]
The Wall Street Crash had a major impact on the U.S. and world economy, and it has been the source of intense academic debate—historical, economic, and political—from its aftermath until the present day. Some people believed that abuses by utility holding companies contributed to the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Depression that followed.[35] Many people blamed the crash on commercial banks that were too eager to put deposits at risk on the stock market.[36]
In 1930, 1,352 banks held more than $853 million in deposits; in 1931, one year later, 2,294 banks went down with nearly $1.7 billion in deposits. Many businesses failed (28,285 failures and a daily rate of 133 in 1931).
The 1929 crash brought the Roaring Twenties to a shuddering halt.[37] As tentatively expressed by economic historian Charles P. Kindleberger, in 1929, there was no lender of last resort effectively present, which, if it had existed and were properly exercised, would have been key in shortening the business slowdown[s] that normally follows financial crises.[34] The crash marked the beginning of widespread and long-lasting consequences for the United States. Historians still debate the question: did the 1929 Crash spark The Great Depression,[38] or did it merely coincide with the bursting of a loose credit-inspired economic bubble? Only 16% of American households were invested in the stock market within the United States during the period leading up to the depression, suggesting that the crash carried somewhat less of a weight in causing the depression.
Unemployed men march in Toronto
However, the psychological effects of the crash reverberated across the nation as businesses became aware of the difficulties in securing capital market investments for new projects and expansions. Business uncertainty naturally affects job security for employees, and as the American worker (the consumer) faced uncertainty with regards to income, naturally the propensity to consume declined. The decline in stock prices caused bankruptcies and severe macroeconomic difficulties including contraction of credit, business closures, firing of workers, bank failures, decline of the money supply, and other economically depressing events.
The resultant rise of mass unemployment is seen as a result of the crash, although the crash is by no means the sole event that contributed to the depression. The Wall Street Crash is usually seen as having the greatest impact on the events that followed and therefore is widely regarded as signaling the downward economic slide that initiated the Great Depression. True or not, the consequences were dire for almost everybody. Most academic experts agree on one aspect of the crash: It wiped out billions of dollars of wealth in one day, and this immediately depressed consumer buying.[38]
The failure set off a worldwide run on US gold deposits (i.e. the dollar), and forced the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates into the slump. Some 4,000 banks and other lenders ultimately failed. Also, the uptick rule,[39] which allowed short selling only when the last tick in a stock's price was positive, was implemented after the 1929 market crash to prevent short sellers from driving the price of a stock down in a bear raid.[40]
Effect on Europe[edit]
The stock market crash of October 1929 led directly to the Great Depression in Europe. When stocks plummeted on the New York Stock Exchange, the world noticed immediately. Although financial leaders in the United Kingdom, as in the United States, vastly underestimated the extent of the crisis that would ensue, it soon became clear that the world's economies were more interconnected than ever. The effects of the disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy were soon felt throughout Europe.[41] During 1930 and 1931, in particular, unemployed workers went on strike, demonstrated in public, and otherwise took direct action to call public attention to their plight. Protests often focused on the so-called Means Test, which the government had instituted in 1931 as a way to limit the amount of unemployment payments made to individuals and families. For working people, the Means Test seemed an intrusive and insensitive way to deal with the chronic and relentless deprivation caused by the economic crisis. The strikes were met forcefully, with police breaking up protests, arresting demonstrators, and charging them with crimes related to the violation of public order.[41]
Academic debate[edit]
Economists and historians disagree as to what role the crash played in subsequent economic, social, and political events. The Economist argued in a 1998 article that the Depression did not start with the stock market crash,[42] nor was it clear at the time of the crash that a depression was starting. They asked, "Can a very serious Stock Exchange collapse produce a serious setback to industry when industrial production is for the most part in a healthy and balanced condition?" They argued that there must be some setback, but there was not yet sufficient evidence to prove that it will be long or that it need go to the length of producing a general industrial depression.[43]
But The Economist also cautioned that some bank failures were also to be expected and some banks may not have any reserves left for financing commercial and industrial enterprises. They concluded that the position of the banks is the key to the situation, but what was going to happen could not have been foreseen.[43]
Academics see the Wall Street Crash of 1929 as part of a historical process that was a part of the new theories of boom and bust. According to economists such as Joseph Schumpeter, Nikolai Kondratiev and Charles E. Mitchell, the crash was merely a historical event in the continuing process known as economic cycles. The impact of the crash was merely to increase the speed at which the cycle proceeded to its next level.
Milton Friedman's A Monetary History of the United States, co-written with Anna Schwartz, advances the argument that what made the "great contraction" so severe was not the downturn in the business cycle, protectionism, or the 1929 stock market crash in themselves – but instead, according to Friedman and Schwartz, what plunged the country into a deep depression was the collapse of the banking system during three waves of panics over the 1930–33 period.[44]
See also[edit]
United States portal
1920s portal
List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Depression & WWII (1929–1945)". Americaslibrary.gov. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bone, James. "The beginner's guide to stock markets". The Times. London. Archived from the original on May 25, 2010. Retrieved January 29, 2012. The most savage bear market of all time was the Wall Street Crash of 1929–1932, in which share prices fell by 89 per cent.
Jump up ^ "Stock Market Crash of 1929". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "America gets depressed by thoughts of 1929 revisited" The Sunday Times
^ Jump up to: a b Dan Bryan. "The Great (Farm) Depression of the 1920s". American History USA. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://millercenter.org/president/coolidge/essays/biography/8
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Timeline: A selected Wall Street chronology". PBS. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ Teach, Edward (May 1, 2007). "The Bright Side of Bubbles". CFO. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Harold Bierman, Jr. (April 1998). The Causes of the 1929 Stock Market Crash: A Speculative Orgy or a New Era?. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 19–29. ISBN 978-0-313-30629-7.
Jump up ^ The Great Depression, by Robert Goldston, pages 39–40
Jump up ^ "The Panic of 2008? What Do We Name the Crisis?" The Wall Street Journal
Jump up ^ "Timeline". NYSE Euronext. NYSE. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Weeks, Linton. "History's Advice During A Panic? Don't Panic". NPR. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Crash of 1929". PBS. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
Jump up ^ Salsman, Richard M. "The Cause and Consequences of the Great Depression, Part 1: What Made the Roaring '20s Roar", The Intellectual Activist, ISSN 0730-2355, June 2004, p. 16.
^ Jump up to: a b New York: A Documentary Film PBS
Jump up ^ "Dow Jones Industrial Average All-Time Largest One Day Gains and Losses". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "DJIA 1929 to Present", Yahoo! Finance
Jump up ^ "U.S. Industrial Stocks Pass 1929 Peak", The Times, November 24, 1954, p. 12.
Jump up ^ "Broad Facts of, Ilsa Crisis". The Daily News. Perth, Western Australia: National Library of Australia. November 1, 1929. p. 6 (Edition: Home Final Edition). Retrieved November 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lambert, Richard (July 19, 2008). "Crashes, Bangs & Wallops". Financial Times. Retrieved September 30, 2008. At the turn of the 20th century stock market speculation was restricted to professionals, but the 1920s saw millions of 'ordinary Americans' investing in the New York Stock Exchange. By August 1929, brokers had lent small investors more than two-thirds of the face value of the stocks they were buying on margin – more than $8.5bn was out on loan.
Jump up ^ Facing the facts: an economic diagnosis. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ Shiller, Robert (March 17, 2005). "Irrational Exuberance, Second Edition". Princeton University Press. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
Jump up ^ Doug Short (April 3, 2013). "The Stock Market's Valuation Rarely Gets This High". Business Insider.
Jump up ^ Galbraith, John Kenneth. The Great Crash, 1929 (ch: "In Goldman Sachs We Trust"). |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Taibbi, Matt (5 April 2010). "The great American bubble machine". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Grain Plunges". The Courier-Mail. Brisbane, Qld: National Library of Australia. October 26, 1929. p. 19. Retrieved November 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Wild Selling. New York Panic". The Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney, NSW: National Library of Australia. October 26, 1929. p. 17. Retrieved November 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Second Crash". The Sydney Morning Herald. Sydney, NSW: National Library of Australia. October 30, 1929. p. 17. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Selective Service System. (May 27, 2003). Induction Statistics. In Inductions (by year) from World War I Through the End of the Draft (1973). Retrieved September 8, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Hyman, Louis (December 16, 2011). "How Did World War II End the Great Depression?: Echoes". Bloomberg. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Paulson affirms Bush assessment", The Washington Times
Jump up ^ Scardino, Albert (October 21, 1987). "The Market Turmoil: Past lessons, present advice; Did '29 Crash Spark The Depression?". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b "Crashes, Bangs & Wallops" Financial Times
Jump up ^ Jameson, Angela (August 10, 2005),"Pyramid structures brought down by Wall Street Crash" The Times, Retrieved March 17, 2010
Jump up ^ "Death of the Brokerage: The Future of Wall Street" National Public Radio
Jump up ^ "Kaboom!...and bust. The crash of 2008" The Times
^ Jump up to: a b "The Market Turmoil: Past lessons, present advice; Did '29 Crash Spark The Depression?" The New York Times
Jump up ^ "Practice has plenty of historical precedents" Financial Times
Jump up ^ "Funds want 'uptick' rule back" Financial Times
^ Jump up to: a b "Context :: European History". www.dhr.history.vt.edu. Retrieved 2016-11-04.
Jump up ^ "Economics focus: The Great Depression", The Economist (September 17, 1998)
^ Jump up to: a b "Reactions of the Wall Street slump", The Economist (November 23, 1929)
Jump up ^ "Panic control" The Washington Times
Further reading[edit]
Axon, Gordon V. The Stock Market Crash of 1929. London, England: Mason & Lipscomb Publishers Inc., 1974.
Bierman, Harold (March 26, 2008). Whaples, Robert, ed. "The 1929 Stock Market Crash". EH.Net Encyclopedia. Santa Clara, California: Economic History Association. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
Brooks, John. (1969). Once in Golconda: A True Drama of Wall Street 1920–1938. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-393-01375-8.
Galbraith, John Kenneth. "1929: New York City." Lapham's Quarterly, no. 2 (Spring 2015): 145–146
Galbraith, John Kenneth. (1954). The Great Crash, 1929. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-85999-9.
Klein, Maury. (2001). Rainbow's End: The Crash of 1929. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513516-4.
Klingaman, William K. (1989). 1929: The Year of the Great Crash. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-016081-0.
Leone, Bruno. The Great Depression: Opposing Viewpoints, 14–25. San Diego, CA: Bender, David L., 1994.
Pendergast, Tom. American Decades: 1920–1929. Farmington Hills, MI: UXL American Decades Publishing, 2003.
Reed, Lawrence W. (1981 & 2008). Great Myths of the Great Depression. Midland, Michigan: Mackinac Center.
Rothbard, Murray N. (2000). America's Great Depression (PDF) (5th ed.). Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute. ISBN 978-0-945466-05-5. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
Salsman, Richard M. "The Cause and Consequences of the Great Depression" in The Intellectual Activist, ISSN 0730-2355:
"Part 1: What Made the Roaring '20s Roar", June 2004, pp. 16–24.
"Part 2: Hoover's Progressive Assault on Business", July 2004, pp. 10–20.
"Part 3: Roosevelt's Raw Deal", August 2004, pp. 9–20.
"Part 4: Freedom and Prosperity", January 2005, pp. 14–23.
Shachtman, Tom. (1979). The Day America Crashed: A Narrative Account of the Great Stock Market Crash of October 24, 1929. New York: G.P. Putnam. ISBN 0-399-11613-3.
Thomas, Gordon and Morgan-Witts, Max. (1979). The Day the Bubble Burst: A Social History of the Wall Street Crash of 1929. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-14370-2.
Watkins, Tom H. The Great Depression: America in the 1930s, 22–55. New York, NY: Little, Brown & Company, 1993.
External links[edit]
Media related to Wall Street Crash of 1929 at Wikimedia Commons
The Crash of 1929, American Experience documentary
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929&oldid=819466486"
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values: انهيار وول ستريت (1929) – Arabic

values: ওয়াল স্ট্রিট মন্দা, ১৯২৯ – Bangla

values: 1929 йылғы Уолл-Стрит һәләкәте – Bashkir

values: Крах на Уолстрийт (1929) – Bulgarian

values: Κραχ της Γουόλ Στριτ (1929) – Greek

values: سقوط وال‌استریت در سال ۱۹۲۹ (میلادی) – Persian

values: 검은 목요일 – Korean

values: Keruntuhan Wall Street 1929 – Indonesian

values: יום חמישי השחור – Hebrew

values: Crahul de pe Wall Street din 1929 – Romanian

values: Биржевой крах 1929 года – Russian

values: Wall Street Crash of 1929 – Simple English

values: 1929 வால் வீதி வீழ்ச்சி – Tamil

values: เหตุการณ์ตลาดหลักทรัพย์วอลล์สตรีทตก ค.ศ. 1929 – Thai

values: Біржовий крах 1929 – Ukrainian

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