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The World Is Not Enough
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This article is about the 1999 film. For other uses, see The World Is Not Enough (disambiguation).
The World Is Not Enough
British cinema poster for The World Is Not Enough, designed by Brian Bysouth
Directed by
Michael Apted
Produced by
Michael G. Wilson
Barbara Broccoli
Screenplay by
Neal Purvis
Robert Wade
Bruce Feirstein
Story by
Neal Purvis
Robert Wade
Based on
James Bond
by Ian Fleming
Starring
Pierce Brosnan
Sophie Marceau
Robert Carlyle
Denise Richards
Robbie Coltrane
Judi Dench
Music by
David Arnold
Cinematography
Adrian Biddle
Edited by
Jim Clark
Production
company
Eon Productions
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Distributed by
MGM Distribution Co. (US)
United International Pictures (International)
Release date
8 November 1999 (1999-11-08) (Los Angeles, premiere)
26 November 1999 (1999-11-26) (United Kingdom)
Running time
128 minutes
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Budget
$125 million
Box office
$362 million
Yacht used in the opening boat chase, on display at boot Düsseldorf in spring 2000.
The World Is Not Enough is a 1999 British spy film, the nineteenth in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions, and the third to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. The film was directed by Michael Apted, with the original story and screenplay written by Neal Purvis, Robert Wade, and Bruce Feirstein.[1] It was produced by Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli. The title is taken from a line in the 1963 novel On Her Majesty's Secret Service.
The film's plot revolves around the assassination of billionaire Sir Robert King by the terrorist Renard, and Bond's subsequent assignment to protect King's daughter Elektra, who had previously been held for ransom by Renard. During his assignment, Bond unravels a scheme to increase petroleum prices by triggering a nuclear meltdown in the waters of Istanbul.
Filming locations included Spain, France, Azerbaijan, Turkey, and the UK, with interiors shot at Pinewood Studios. Despite mixed critical reception, The World Is Not Enough earned $361,832,400 worldwide. It was also the first Eon-produced Bond film to be officially released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer instead of United Artists, the original distributor.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
3.2 Music
4 Release and reception
5 Adaptations
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
MI6 agent James Bond arrives at a Swiss bank in Bilbao, Spain to retrieve money for Sir Robert King, a British oil tycoon and friend of M. Bond tells the banker that King was buying a report stolen from an MI6 agent who was killed for it, and wants to know who killed him. The banker is killed by his assistant before he can reveal the assassin's name. Bond escapes from the banker's office with the money, but it is revealed to be booby-trapped; Sir Robert is killed by an explosion inside MI6 headquarters back in London. Bond gives chase to the assistant/assassin on a Q-modified speedboat on the Thames to the Millennium Dome, where she attempts to escape via hot air balloon. Bond offers her protection, but she refuses and blows up the balloon, killing herself.
Although injured falling from the balloon, Bond is cleared by the MI6 doctor, and traces the recovered money to Viktor "Renard" Zokas, a KGB agent-turned-terrorist. Following an earlier attempt on his life by MI6, Renard was left with a bullet in his brain which is gradually destroying his senses, making him immune to pain until he dies. M assigns Bond to protect King's daughter Elektra against Renard, who had previously abducted her. Bond flies to Azerbaijan, where Elektra is overseeing the construction of an oil pipeline. During a tour of the pipeline's proposed route in the mountains, Bond and Elektra are attacked by a hit squad in armed, paraglider-equipped snowmobiles. Despite being unarmed, Bond is able to dispatch the snowmobiles by using the terrain to his advantage.
Bond visits Valentin Zukovsky at a casino to acquire information about Elektra's attackers; he deduces that Elektra's head of security, Davidov, is secretly in league with Renard. Bond kills Davidov and boards a plane bound for a Russian ICBM base in Kazakhstan. He poses as a Russian nuclear scientist, meets American nuclear physicist Christmas Jones, and enters the silo. Inside, Renard is removing the GPS locator card and weapons-grade plutonium from a nuclear bomb. Before Bond can kill him, Jones blows his cover. Renard drops a hint that he and Elektra are collaborating and flees with the plutonium, while Bond and Jones escape the exploding silo with the locator card.
Back in Azerbaijan, Bond discloses to M that Elektra may not be as innocent as she seems. An alarm sounds while he is handing M the locator card as proof of the theft, which reveals that the stolen bomb from Kazakhstan is attached to an inspection rig heading towards the oil terminal. Bond and Jones enter the pipeline to deactivate the bomb, and Jones discovers that half of the plutonium is missing. They both jump clear of the rig, a large section of pipeline is destroyed, and they are presumed killed. Back at the command centre, Elektra reveals she and Renard are conspirators and that she killed her father as revenge for using her as bait for Renard. She abducts M, whom she resents for advising her father not to pay the ransom money, and imprisons her in the Maiden's Tower.
Bond accosts Zukovsky at his caviar factory in the Caspian Sea, which is then attacked by Elektra's sawing helicopters. Later, Zukovsky reveals his arrangement with Elektra was in exchange for the use of a submarine, currently being captained by Zukovsky's nephew, Nikolai. The group goes to Istanbul, where Jones realises that if Renard were to insert the stolen plutonium into the submarine's nuclear reactor, the resulting nuclear explosion would destroy Istanbul, sabotaging the Russians' oil pipeline in the Bosphorus. Bond then receives a signal from the locator card M has activated using a clock battery, just before Zukovsky's underling, Bullion blows up the command centre. Bond and Jones are captured by Elektra's henchmen. Jones is taken aboard the submarine. Bond is taken to the tower, where Elektra tortures him with a garrote. Zukovsky and his men seize the tower, but Zukovsky is shot by Elektra, freeing Bond with his cane gun with his last act. Bond frees M and kills Elektra.
Bond dives after the submarine, boards it, and frees Jones. Following a fight, the submarine hits the bottom of the Bosphorus, causing its hull to rupture. Bond catches up with Renard and kills him after a lengthy fight in the submarine's reactor room. Bond and Jones escape from the submarine via the torpedo launcher, leaving the flooded reactor to detonate safely underwater.
Cast[edit]
Pierce Brosnan as James Bond, 007.
Sophie Marceau as Elektra King, an oil heiress who is seemingly being targeted by Renard, the world's most wanted terrorist. Bond is tasked by M to protect her at all costs, although he suspects that there is more to her than meets the eye.
Robert Carlyle as Victor "Renard" Zokas, a former KGB agent turned high-tech terrorist. Years ago, Renard kidnapped Elektra King in exchange for a massive ransom demand. The ordeal resulted in a failed assassination attempt by MI6 and left Renard with a bullet lodged in his brain which renders him impervious to pain as well as slowly killing off his other senses. Renard now seeks revenge on both the King family and MI6.
Denise Richards as Dr. Christmas Jones, an American nuclear physicist assisting Bond in his mission.[2] Richards stated that she liked the role because it was "brainy", "athletic", and had "depth of character, in contrast to Bond girls from previous decades".[3] Richards stated that a lot of viewers "made fun of" the character's attire but that "These Bond girls are so outrageous and if I did really look like a scientist, the Bond fans would have been disappointed."[4] Writer Ben Bussey stated in a Yahoo! Movies article that "it's clear that Eon were never aiming especially high with this character" since the company "reportedly" auditioned Geri Halliwell and Tiffani Thiessen for the role.[5]
Robbie Coltrane as Valentin Zukovsky: A former Russian mafia boss and Baku casino owner. Bond initially seeks out Zukovsky for intel on Renard and is subsequently aided by him when Zukovsky's nephew falls into Renard's captivity. Coltrane reprises his role from GoldenEye.
Judi Dench as M: The head of MI6.
Michael Kitchen as Bill Tanner: M's Chief of Staff.
Colin Salmon as Charles Robinson: M's Deputy Chief of Staff.
Desmond Llewelyn as Q: MI6's "quartermaster" who supplies Bond with multi-purpose vehicles and gadgets useful for the latter's mission. The film would be Llewelyn's final performance as Q. Although the actor was not officially retiring from the role, the Q character was training his eventual replacement in this film. Llewelyn was killed in a car accident shortly after the film's premiere.
John Cleese as R: Q's assistant and successor. The character is never formally introduced as "R" – This was simply an observation on Bond's part: "If you're Q....does that make him R?"
Samantha Bond as Miss Moneypenny: M's secretary
Serena Scott Thomas as Dr. Molly Warmflash.
John Seru as Gabor: Elektra King's bodyguard who is seen accompanying King wherever she travels.
Ulrich Thomsen as Sasha Davidov: Elektra King's head of security in Azerbaijan and Renard's secret liaison.
Goldie as Bull: Valentin Zukovsky's gold-toothed bodyguard. Although listed as 'Bull' in the credits, Zukovsky refers to him as 'Bullion' in the film.
Maria Grazia Cucinotta as Giulietta da Vinci, credited in the film as "Cigar Girl": An experienced assassin working for Renard.
David Calder as Sir Robert King: Elektra's father and an oil tycoon who is later killed during a bomb attack on MI6 headquarters.
Sean Cronin as Renard's Henchman (uncredited)
Production[edit]
Joe Dante and then Peter Jackson were offered the opportunity to direct the film. Barbara Broccoli enjoyed Jackson's Heavenly Creatures, and a screening of The Frighteners was arranged for her. She disliked the latter film, however, and showed no further interest in Jackson. Jackson, a lifelong Bond fan, remarked that as Eon tended to go for less famous directors, he would likely not get another chance to direct a Bond film after The Lord of the Rings.[6]
Russian Victor III-class submarine used in filming.
The pre-title sequence lasts for about 14 minutes, the longest pre-title sequence in the Bond series to date. In the "making of" documentaries on the Ultimate Edition DVD release, director Michael Apted said that the scene was originally much longer than that. Originally, the pre-credits sequence was to have ended with Bond's leap from the window and descent to the ground, finishing as Bond rushes away from the area as police cars approach. Then, after the credits the sequence in MI6 headquarters would have been next, with the boat scenes the next major action sequence. However, the pre-credits scenes were viewed as lacklustre when compared to ones from previous 007 films, so the credits were pushed back to appear after the boat sequence. The Daily Telegraph claimed that the British Government prevented some filming in front of the actual MI6 Headquarters at Vauxhall Cross, citing a security risk. However, a Foreign Office spokesperson rejected the claims and expressed displeasure with the article.[7]
Initially the film was to be released in 2000, rumoured to be titled Bond 2000. Other rumoured titles included Death Waits for No Man, Fire and Ice, Pressure Point and Dangerously Yours.[8] The title The World Is Not Enough is an English translation of the Latin phrase Orbis non sufficit, which in real life was the motto of Sir Thomas Bond. In the novel On Her Majesty's Secret Service and its film adaptation, this is revealed to be the Bond family motto. The phrase originates from the epitaph of Alexander the Great.[9]
Writers Neal Purvis and Robert Wade were hired after their work on Plunkett & Macleane.[10] Dana Stevens did an uncredited rewrite before Bruce Feirstein, who worked in the previous two films, took over the script.[11]
Filming[edit]
The pre-title sequence begins in Bilbao, Spain, featuring the Guggenheim Museum. After the opening scene, the film moves to London, showcasing the SIS Building and the Millennium Dome on the Thames. Following the title sequence, Eilean Donan castle in Scotland is used by MI6 as a location headquarters. Other locations include Baku, Azerbaijan, the Azerbaijan Oil Rocks and Istanbul, Turkey, where Maiden's Tower and Küçüksu Palace are shown.[12]
Principal photography began on January 17, 1999, and lasted until June of that year. The studio work for the film was shot as usual in Pinewood Studios, including Albert R. Broccoli's 007 Stage. Bilbao, Spain was used briefly for the exterior of the Swiss bank and flyover-bridge adjacent to the Guggenheim Museum. In London outdoor footage was shot of the SIS Building and Vauxhall Cross with several weeks filming the boat chase on the River Thames eastwards towards the Millennium Dome, Greenwich.[13] The canal footage of the chase where Bond soaks the parking wardens was filmed at Wapping and the boat stunts in Millwall Dock and under Glengall Bridge were filmed at the Isle of Dogs. Chatham Dockyard was also used for part of the boat chase.[14] Stowe School, Buckinghamshire, was used as the site of the King family estate on the banks of Loch Lomond. Filming continued in Scotland at Eilean Donan Castle which was used to depict the exterior of MI6 temporary operations centre "Castle Thane". The skiing chase sequence in the Caucasus was shot on the slopes of Chamonix, France.[12] Filming of the scene was delayed by an avalanche; the crew helped in the rescue operation.[15]
The interior (and single exterior shot) of L'Or Noir casino in Baku, Azerbaijan, was shot at Halton House, the Officers' Mess of RAF Halton. RAF Northolt was used to depict the airfield runway in Azerbaijan.[12] Zukovsky's quayside caviar factory was shot entirely at the outdoor water tank at Pinewood.
The exterior of Kazakhstan nuclear facility was shot at the Bardenas Reales, in Navarre, Spain, and the exterior of the oil refinery control centre at the Motorola building in Groundwell, Swindon.[16] The exterior of the oil pipeline was filmed in Cwm Dyli, Snowdonia, Wales,[17] while the production teams shot the oil pipeline explosion in Hankley Common, Elstead, Surrey. Istanbul, Turkey, was indeed used in the film and Elektra King's Baku villa was actually in the city, also using the famous Maiden's Tower which was used as Renard's hideout in Turkey. The underwater submarine scenes were filmed in The Bahamas.[18]
The filming occurred a few months before the BMW Z8 (unit pictured) was released
The BMW Z8 driven by Bond in the film was the final part of a three-film product placement deal with BMW (which began with the Z3 in GoldenEye and continued with the 750iL in Tomorrow Never Dies) but, due to filming preceding release of the Z8 by a few months, several working mock-ups and models were manufactured for filming purposes.
Music[edit]
Main article: The World Is Not Enough (soundtrack)
The soundtrack to The World Is Not Enough is the second Bond soundtrack to be composed by David Arnold.[19] Arnold broke tradition by not ending the film with a reprise of the opening theme or, as with the previous three films, a new song. Originally, Arnold intended to use the song "Only Myself to Blame" at the end of the film; however, Apted discarded this and the song was replaced by a remix of the "James Bond Theme".[20] "Only Myself to Blame", written by Arnold and Don Black and sung by Scott Walker, is the nineteenth and final track on the album and its melody is Elektra King's theme. The theme is heard in "Casino", "Elektra's Theme" and "I Never Miss".[20] Arnold added two new themes to the final score, both of which are reused in the following film, Die Another Day.
The title song, "The World Is Not Enough", was written by David Arnold with Don Black and performed by Garbage. It is the fifth Bond theme co-written by Black, preceded by "Thunderball",[21] "Diamonds Are Forever",[22] "The Man with the Golden Gun",[23] and "Tomorrow Never Dies".[24] IGN chose "The World Is Not Enough" as the ninth-best James Bond theme of all time.[25] In 2012 Grantland ranked the song as the second-best Bond song of all-time, behind only "Goldfinger."[26] The song also appeared in two "best of 1999" polls: #87 in 89X's "Top 89 Songs of 1999"[27] and No. 100 in Q101's "Top 101 of 1999".[28]
Release and reception[edit]
The World Is Not Enough premiered on 19 November 1999 in the United States and on 26 November 1999 in the United Kingdom. Its world premiere was 8 November 1999 at the Fox Bruin Theater, Los Angeles, USA.[29] At that time MGM signed a marketing partnership with MTV, primarily for American youths, who were assumed to have considered Bond as "an old-fashioned secret service agent". As a result, MTV broadcast more than 100 hours of Bond-related programmes immediately after the film was released, most being presented by Denise Richards.[30]
The film opened at the top of the North American box office with $35.5 million. Its final worldwide gross was $361 million worldwide, with $126 million in the United States alone.[31] It became the highest grossing James Bond film of all time until the release of Die Another Day.[32] The film was also selected for the first round of nominations for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects but failed.[33] The film was nominated for a Best Action/Adventure/Thriller Film Saturn Award, Pierce Brosnan won both the Empire Award and the Blockbuster Entertainment Award as Best Actor, and David Arnold won a BMI Film Music Award for his score. The film became the first in the Bond series to win a Golden Raspberry when Denise Richards was chosen as "Worst Supporting Actress" at the 1999 Razzie Awards. Richards and Brosnan were also nominated for "Worst Screen Couple".[34]
The initial release of the DVD includes the featurette "Secrets of 007", which cuts into "making of" material during the film; the documentary "The Making of The World Is Not Enough"; two commentary tracks—one by director Michael Apted, and the other by production designer Peter Lamont, second unit director Vic Armstrong, and composer David Arnold; a trailer for the PlayStation video game, and the Garbage music video.[35] The Ultimate Edition released in 2006 had as additional extras a 2000 documentary named "Bond Cocktail", a featurette on shooting the Q Boat scenes, Pierce Brosnan in a press conference in Hong Kong, deleted scenes, and a tribute to Desmond Llewelyn.[36]
Reception was mixed. Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert said the film was a "splendid comic thriller, exciting and graceful, endlessly inventive", and gave it three-and-a-half stars out of four.[37] On the other hand, Eleanor Ringel Gillespie of The Atlanta Journal-Constitution disliked the film, calling it "dated and confused".[38] Rotten Tomatoes gave The World Is Not Enough a 51% rating,[39] the lowest of the Brosnan films, and Metacritic gave the film a score of 59 out of 100.[40] Negative criticism was focused on the execution of the plot, and the action scenes were considered excessive.[41] Entertainment Weekly picked it as the worst Bond film of all time, saying it had a plot "so convoluted even Pierce Brosnan has admitted to being mystified".[42] Norman Wilner of MSN chose it as the third worst film, above A View to a Kill and Licence to Kill,[43] while IGN chose it as the fifth worst.[44]
Richards was criticised as not being credible in the role of a nuclear scientist.[45][46] She was ranked as one of the worst Bond girls of all time by Entertainment Weekly in 2008.[47]
Adaptations[edit]
Main articles: The World Is Not Enough (novel), 007: The World Is Not Enough (Nintendo 64), and 007: The World Is Not Enough (PlayStation)
Bond novelist Raymond Benson wrote his adaptation of The World Is Not Enough from the film's screenplay. It was Benson's fourth Bond novel and followed the story closely, but with some details changed. For instance, Elektra sings quietly before her death and Bond still carries his Walther PPK instead of the newer P99. The novel also gave the cigar girl/assassin the name Giulietta da Vinci and retained a scene between her and Renard that was cut from the film.
In 2000, the film was adapted by Electronic Arts to create two first-person shooters of the same name for the Nintendo 64 and PlayStation. The Nintendo 64 version was developed by Eurocom and the PlayStation version was developed by Black Ops.[48] Versions of The World Is Not Enough for the PC and the PlayStation 2 were planned for release in 2000, but both were cancelled.[49] These versions would have used the id Tech 3 game engine. Although this game marks Pierce Brosnan's fifth appearance in a Bond video game, the game includes only his likeness; the character is voiced by Adam Blackwood.[50]
See also[edit]
James Bond portal
Film portal
1990s portal
United Kingdom portal
Outline of James Bond
References[edit]
Simpson, Paul (7 November 2002). The Rough Guide to James Bond. London: Rough Guides. ISBN 1-84353-142-9.
Jump up ^ Simpson, p 26
Jump up ^ Parker, Barry R. (2005). Death Rays, Jet Packs, Stunts & Supercars: The Fantastic Physics of Film's Most Celebrated Secret Agent. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8248-7.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Rebecca (19 November 1999). "One girl is not enough". BBC News. Retrieved 23 December 2007.
Jump up ^ Freydkin, Donna (2012-11-06). "Denise Richards: Bond showed me the 'World'". USA Today. Retrieved 2017-05-16.
Jump up ^ Bussey, Ben (2013-12-15). "Dr Christmas Jones: biggest turkey of the Bond girls?". Yahoo! Movies UK. Retrieved 2017-05-16.
Jump up ^ Brian Sibley (2006). Peter Jackson: A Film-maker's Journey. London: Harpercollins. pp. 397–8. ISBN 0-00-717558-2.
Jump up ^ "Bond is backed... by the government". The Guardian. 27 April 1999. Retrieved 29 December 2007.
Jump up ^ "TWINE & The Rumoured Titles". 26 June 2001. Archived from the original on 17 January 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2007.
Jump up ^ EulogySpeech.net. "Famous Epitaphs - Unusual Epitaphs and Tombstones - Famous Eulogies - Great Eulogies - Free Eulogy Samples". www.eulogyspeech.net. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Priggé, Steven. Movie moguls speak: interviews with top film producers (p.27)
Jump up ^ Dye, Kerry Douglas (15 November 1999). "His Word is Bond: An Interview With 007 Screenwriter Bruce Feirstein". LeisureSuit.net. Archived from the original on 5 December 2006. Retrieved 5 January 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Filming locations for The World Is Not Enough (1999)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "British Waterways' Film Map: Canals and rivers on screen". Waterscape.com. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Kent Film Office. "Kent Film Office The World Is Not Enough Film Focus".
Jump up ^ Ian Nathan (October 2008). "Unseen Bond". Empire. p. 105.
Jump up ^ "Motorola building". SwindonWeb. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Hollywood Films & TV Locations - Visit Wales". www.visitwales.com. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
Jump up ^ The Making of The World Is Not Enough (DVD). Danjaq. 1999. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
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^ Jump up to: a b "David Arnold official website". Archived from the original on 29 December 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Thunderball (Audio CD). EMI. 25 February 2003. UPN: 7-2435-80589-2-5. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Diamonds Are Forever (Audio CD). EMI. 11 February 2003. UPN: 7-2435-41420-2-4. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ The Man with the Golden Gun (Audio CD). EMI. 25 February 2003. UPN: 7-2435-41424-2-0. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Tomorrow Never Dies (Audio CD). A&M Records. 25 November 1997. UPN: 7-3145-40830-2-7. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Spence D. (17 November 2006). "Top 10 James Bond Theme Songs". IGN. Retrieved 4 November 2007.
Jump up ^ What’s the Greatest Bond Song of All Time? « Archived 29 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "89X's "Top 89 Songs of 1999". Rocklists.com. Retrieved 2 March 2007.
Jump up ^ "Q101's "Top 101 of 1999". Rocklists.com. Retrieved 2 March 2007.
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Jump up ^ "Selling a super spy". BBC News. 19 November 1999. Retrieved 1 October 2007.
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Jump up ^ "TWINE Could Be Up for an Oscar". Commanderbond.net. 4 January 2000. Archived from the original on 19 March 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2007.
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Jump up ^ "The World Is Not Enough DVD review". TimeForDVD.com. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "The World Is Not Enough DVD & Soundtrack". UGO. Archived from the original on 21 November 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger. "The World is Not Enough". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
Jump up ^ Gillespie, Eleanor Ringel. "The World Is Not Enough". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on 12 February 2006. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "The World Is Not Enough". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "The World Is Not Enough". Metacritic. Retrieved 26 December 2007.
Jump up ^ Matt Venendaal (16 May 2006). "The World Is Not Enough (DVD) review". IGN. Retrieved 25 December 2007.
Jump up ^ Benjamin Svetkey, Joshua Rich (15 November 2006). "Countdown: Ranking the Bond Films". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 5 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Norman Wilner. "Rating the Spy Game". MSN. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 25 December 2007.
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Jump up ^ Black Ops had previously adapted Tomorrow Never Dies for the PlayStation and would go on to develop Nightfire in 2002.
Jump up ^ "The World Is Not Enough preview (PS2)". IGN. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
Jump up ^ "Adam Blackwood". IMDb. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
External links[edit]
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Jugantar Patrika
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Anushilan Samiti
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Jugantar Patrika (Bengali: যুগান্তর) was a Bengali revolutionary newspaper founded in 1906 in Calcutta by Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Abhinash Bhattacharya and Bhupendranath Dutt. A political weekly, it was founded in March 1906 and served as the propaganda organ for the nascent revolutionary organisation Anushilan Samiti that was taking shape in Bengal at the time. The journal derived its name Jugantar (Lit:New Era) from a political novel of the same name by renowned Bengali author Shivnath Shastri. The journal went on to lend its name to the Western Bengal wing of the Anushilan Samiti, which came to be known as the Jugantar group. The journal expounded and justified revolutionary violence against the British Raj as a political tool for independence, and denounced the right and legitimacy of the British rule in India. It was also critical of the Indian National Congress and its moderate methods which was viewed as aiding the Raj. Its target audience was the young, literate and politically motivated youth of Bengal, and was priced at one paisa.
The paper rapidly acquired a broad popularity, at one time having a readership of 20,000. Bhupendranath Dutt served as the editor of the newspaper till his arrest in 1907, although it also published articles from a number of noted Bengali revolutionaries including Barindra Kumar Ghosh and Aurobindo Ghosh. It faced prosecution a number of times by the British Indian government for publishing seditious articles. Bhupendranath Dutt was arrested in 1907 for publication of articles "inciting violence against the Government of India", for which he was sentenced to a year's rigorous imprisonment. The paper was ultimately forced to shut down in 1908, amidst financial ruins following the prosecutions, and after the passage of The Newspapers (Incitement to offences) act in June 1908 which made its position vulnerable.
References[edit]
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Legitimising Violence: Seditious Propaganda and Revolutionary Pamphlets in Bengal, 1908-1918. Sanyal S. The Journal of Asian Studies. Vol.67. No.3. 2008. pp759–787.
This Asian newspaper–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Toilet (room)
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This article is about rooms in private residences. For facilities outside the home, see Public toilet.
A small room with a flush toilet. A toilet brush (hidden in a decorative holder) and a toilet roll holder for toilet paper can be seen to the right of the flush toilet.
A toilet, in this sense, is a small room used for privately accessing the sanitation fixture (toilet) for urination and defecation. Toilet rooms usually include a sink (basin) with soap for handwashing, as this is important for personal hygiene.
This room is commonly known as a "bathroom" in American English, a "loo" in British English, a "washroom" in Canadian English, and by many other names across the English-speaking world.
Contents
[hide]
1 Names
2 Other items in the room
3 History
4 Society and culture
5 Gallery
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
Names[edit]
See also: Toilet § Names
"Toilet" originally referred to personal grooming and came by metonymy to be used for the personal rooms used for bathing, dressing, and so on. It was then euphemistically used for the similarly private rooms used for urination and defecation. By metonymy, it then came to refer directly to the fixtures in such rooms.[1][2] At present, the word refers primarily to such fixtures and using "toilet" to refer to the room or activity ("use the toilet") is somewhat blunt and may be considered indiscreet.[3][n 1] It is, however, a useful term since it is quickly understood by English-speakers across the world, whereas more polite terms vary by region.
"Lavatory" (from the Latin lavatorium, "wash basin" or "washroom")[4] was common in the 19th century and is still broadly understood, although it is taken as quite formal in American English, and more often refers to public toilets in Britain.[citation needed] The contraction "lav"[5] is commonly used in British English.[6]
In American English, the most common term for a private toilet is "bathroom", regardless of whether a bathtub or shower is present.[7][8] In British English, "bathroom" is a common term but is typically reserved for private rooms primarily used for bathing; a room without a bathtub or shower is more often known as a "WC", an abbreviation for water closet,[9] or "loo".[10] Other terms are also used, some as part of a regional dialect.
Some forms of jargon have their own terms for toilets, including ""lavatory" on commercial airplanes, "head" on ships,[11] and "latrine" in military contexts.[12][n 2] Larger houses often have a secondary room with a toilet and sink for use by guests.[13] These are typically known as "powder rooms" or "half baths" in North America,[14] and "cloakrooms" in Britain.[15]
Other items in the room[edit]
The main item in the room is the sanitation fixture itself, the toilet. This may be the flushing sort, which is plumbed into a cistern (tank) operated by a ballcock (float valve). Or it may be a dry model, which does not need water.
The toilet room may also include a plunger, a rubber or plastic tool mounted on a handle, which is used to remove blockages from the toilet drain. Toilets often have a wall mirror above the sink for grooming, checking one's appearance and/or makeup. Some toilets have a cupboard where cleaning supplies and personal hygiene products may be kept. If it is a flush toilet, then the room usually also includes a toilet brush for cleaning the bowl.
Methods of anal cleansing vary between cultures. If the norm is to use paper, then typically the room will have a toilet roll holder, with the toilet paper hanging either next to or away from the wall. If instead, people are used to cleaning themselves with water, then the room may include a bidet shower (health faucet) or a bidet. Toilets such as the Washlet, popular in Japan, provide an automatic washing function.
A sink (hand basin), with soap, is usually present in the room or immediately outside it, to ensure easy handwashing. Above the sink there may be a mirror, either mounted on the wall, or on a medicine cabinet. This cabinet (which is more typically located in the household's main bathroom). typically contains prescription and over the counter drugs, first aid supplies, and grooming equipment for shaving or makeup.
History[edit]
Main articles: History of water supply and sanitation and Toilet § History
Into the modern era, humans typically practiced open defecation or employed latrines or outhouses over a pit toilet in rural areas and used chamber pots emptied into streets or drains in urban ones. The Indus Valley Civilization had particularly advanced sanitation, which included common use of private flush toilets. The ancient Greeks and Romans had public toilets and, in some cases, indoor plumbing connected to rudimentary sewer systems. The latrines of medieval monasteries were known as reredorters; in some cases, these were connected to sophisticated water systems that swept its effluent away without affecting the community's drinking, cooking, or washing water.[16][17] In the early modern period, "night soil" from municipal outhouses became an important source of nitrates for creating gunpowder.[18] 19th century refinements of the outhouse included the privy midden and the pail closet.
Indoor toilets were at first a luxury of the rich and only gradually spread to the lower classes. As late as the 1890s, building regulations in London did not require working-class housing to have indoor toilets; into the early 20th century, some English homes were built with an upstairs toilet for use by the owners and an outhouse for use by the servants.[19] In some cases, there was a transitional stage where toilets were built into the house but accessible only from the outside.[20] After World War I, all new housing in London and its suburbs had indoor toilets.[21]
Bathrooms became standard later than toilets, but entered working-class houses at around the same time.[22][23] For plumbing reasons, flush toilets have usually been located in or near residences' bathrooms. (Both were initially located above the kitchen and scullery on the same account.) In upper-class homes, the first modern lavatories were washrooms with sinks located near the bedrooms; in lower-class homes, there was often only a collapsible tub for bathing. In Britain, there was long a prejudice against having the toilet located in the bathroom proper: in 1904, Hermann Muthesius noted that "a lavatory [i.e., toilet] is practically never found in an English bathroom; indeed it is considered downright inadmissible to have one there".[27] When toilets were placed within bathrooms, the original reason was cost savings.[21] In 1876 Edward William Godwin, a progressive architect-designer, drew up affordable housing with the toilet in the bathroom, and faced criticism for it.[28]
America and most European countries now combine their toilets and bathrooms.[29] Separate toilets remain common in British homes[23] and remain a builder's option even in places where the norm is for the toilet to be in the bathroom.[30] In France,[29][31] Japan,[32][33] and some other countries,[13] separate toilets remain the norm for reasons of hygiene and privacy. In modern homes outside of France,[29] such separate toilets typically contain a sink. In Japan, the toilet sometimes has a built-in sink (whose waste water is used for the next flush) to allow users to clean themselves immediately.[34] Japanese toilets also often provide special slippers—apart from those worn in the rest of the house—for use within the toilet.[33][35][36]
Society and culture[edit]
In English, all terms for toilets were originally euphemisms.[2] It is generally considered coarse or even offensive to use such direct terms as "shitter",[37] although they are used in some areas. Formerly, broadcast censorship even banned mentions of the euphemisms: Jack Paar temporarily quit the Tonight Show in February 1960 when NBC broadcast news footage in place of a joke he had taped involving the term "WC".
Gallery[edit]
An Australian "dunny", a form of outhouse with a pit toilet
A toilet room with an older style flush toilet. The chain (on the upper right) is pulled to empty the elevated cistern (tank).
A Delftware-style toilet
A Japanese temple hotel, with squat toilet and toilet slippers
See also[edit]
Bathroom (for personal hygiene, with or without a toilet inside)
Sanitation
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ In British contexts, it is considered non-U, with the upper class generally preferring "loo", "lavatory", and "bog".
Jump up ^ For other synonyms for toilet, see "bathroom" at Wikisaurus.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "toilet, n.", Oxford English Dictionary .
^ Jump up to: a b Campbell, Lyle (2006), Historical Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd ed., Cambridge: MIT Press, p. 263, ISBN 978-0-262-53267-9 .
Jump up ^ "What Are the Important Differences between Canadian and American (USA) English?", Stack Exchange, 9 December 2010 .
Jump up ^ "lavatory, n.", Oxford English Dictionary .
Jump up ^ "lav., n.", Oxford English Dictionary .
Jump up ^ "lav", Collins English Dictionary
Jump up ^ "bathroom, n.", Oxford English Dictionary .
Jump up ^ Kovecses, Zoltan (2000), American English: An Introduction, Petersborough: Broadview, p. 253, ISBN 978-1-55111-229-9 .
Jump up ^ "W, n." & "water closet, n.", Oxford English Dictionary .
Jump up ^ "loo, n.⁴", Oxford English Dictionary .
Jump up ^ "head, n.¹", Oxford English Dictionary .
Jump up ^ "latrine, n.", Oxford English Dictionary .
^ Jump up to: a b Thompson, John; et al. (2009), An Uncommon History of Common Things, Washington: National Geographic Society, p. 140, ISBN 978-1-4262-0420-3 .
Jump up ^ "half-, comb. form", Oxford English Dictionary .
Jump up ^ "'cloak-room, n.", Oxford English Dictionary .
Jump up ^ Wright, Geoffrey N. (2004), Discovering Abbeys and Priories (4th ed.), Princes Risborough: Shire, p. 27, ISBN 978-0-7478-0589-2 .
Jump up ^ Greene, J. Patrick (1992), Medieval Monasteries, Archaeology of Medieval Britain, Leicester: Leicester University Press, ISBN 978-0-7185-1296-5 .
Jump up ^ Chase, Kenneth, Firearms: A Global History to 1700 .
Jump up ^ Muthesius, Stefan (1982), The English Terraced House, New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 60, ISBN 978-0-300-02871-3 .
Jump up ^ As in plates 86 and 87 depicting homes in Leeds and Halifax, Muthesius, p. 121.
^ Jump up to: a b Jackson, Alan A. (1973), Semi-Detached London: Suburban Development, Life and Transport, 1900–39, London: Allen & Unwin, p. 145, ISBN 978-0-04-902003-0 .
Jump up ^ Muthesius, pp. 61–62, 100, 137.
^ Jump up to: a b Schmidt, William E. (3 January 1992), "English Bathrooms: Out of the Closet", The New York Times .
Jump up ^ Muthesius, Hermann (1904), Das englische Haus: Entwicklung, Bedingungen, Anlage, Aufbau, Einrichtung und Innenraum, Vol. II, Berlin: Wasmuth, OCLC 3437464 . (in German)
Jump up ^ Seligman, Janet, The English House, London: Granada, p. 236, ISBN 978-0-258-97101-7 .
Jump up ^ Long, Helen C. (1993), The Edwardian House: The Middle-Class Home in Britain, 1880-1914, Studies in Design and Material Culture, Manchester: Manchester University Press, p. 193, ISBN 978-0-7190-3728-3 .
Jump up ^ Muthesius,[24] quoted in translation by Seligman[25] in Long.[26]
Jump up ^ Grant, Sandra. "The Architects: Edward W Godwin". The Bedford Park Society. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Léger, Jean-Michel (1990), Derniers Domiciles Connus: Enquête sur les Nouveaux Logements, 1970–1990, Paris: Créaphis, p. p. 129, ISBN 978-2-907150-18-7 . (in French)
Jump up ^ Harrison, Henry (1998), Houses: The Illustrated Guide to Construction, Design, and Systems, 3rd ed., Chicago: Real Estate Education Co., pp. 64–65, ISBN 978-0-7931-2967-6 .
Jump up ^ Taylor, Sally Adamson (2003), Culture Shock!: France, 2nd ed., Portland: Graphic Arts Center, p. 199, OCLC 30753428 .
Jump up ^ Goldman, Alan (1994), Doing Business With the Japanese: A Guide to Successful Communication, Management and Diplomacy, SUNY Series in Speech Communication, Albany: State University of New York Press, p. 73, ISBN 978-0-7914-1946-5 .
^ Jump up to: a b "Toilets", Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture, London: Routledge, 2002, pp. 527 f., ISBN 978-0-415-14344-8 .
Jump up ^ Molotch, Harvey Luskin (2003), Where Stuff Comes From: How Toasters, Toilets, Cars, Computers, and Many Other Things Come to Be As They Are, London: Routledge, p. pp. 101–02, ISBN 978-0-415-94400-7 .
Jump up ^ Phillips, Jennifer (2003), "Personal Hygiene", In the Know in Japan: The Indispensable Cross-cultural Guide to Working and Living in Japan, New York: Terra Cognita, ISBN 978-0-609-61114-2 .
Jump up ^ Horvat, Andrew (2000), Japanese Beyond Words: How to Walk and Talk Like a Native Speaker, Berkeley: Stone Bridge, pp. 28–29, ISBN 978-1-880656-42-6 .
Jump up ^ "shitter, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press .
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Judicial independence
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Judicial independence is the concept that the judiciary needs to be kept away from the other branches of government. That is, courts should not be subject to improper influence from the other branches of government, or from private or partisan interests. Judicial Independence is vital and important to the idea of separation of powers.
Different countries deal with the idea of judicial independence through different means of judicial selection, or choosing judges. One way to promote judicial independence is by granting life tenure or long tenure for judges, which ideally frees them to decide cases and make rulings according to the rule of law and judicial discretion, even if those decisions are politically unpopular or opposed by powerful interests. This concept can be traced back to 18th century England.
In some countries, the ability of the judiciary to check the legislature is enhanced by the power of judicial review. This power can be used, for example, by mandating certain action when the judiciary perceives that a branch of government is refusing to perform a constitutional duty, or by declaring laws passed by the legislature unconstitutional.
Contents
[hide]
1 Economic basis
2 Development of the concept
2.1 National and international developments
2.2 International standards
2.3 The justice system
3 Canada
4 Hong Kong
5 United Kingdom
5.1 England and Wales
5.1.1 History
5.1.2 Contemporary usage
6 United States of America
6.1 Federal courts
6.2 State courts
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Economic basis[edit]
Constitutional economics studies issues such as the proper distribution of national wealth including government spending on the judiciary. In transitional and developing countries, spending on the judiciary may be controlled by the executive. This undermines the principle of judicial independence because it creates a financial dependence of the judiciary on the executive. It is important to distinguish between two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the state (through budget planning and privileges) being the most dangerous, and private. State corruption of the judiciary can impede the ability of businesses to optimally facilitate the growth and development of a market economy.[1]
In some countries, the constitution also prohibits the legislative branch from reducing salaries of sitting judges.
Development of the concept[edit]
National and international developments[edit]
The development of judicial independence has been argued to involve a cycle of national law having an impact on international law, and international law subsequently impacting national law.[2] This is said to occur in three phases: the first phase is characterized by the domestic development of the concept of judicial independence, the second by the spread of these concepts internationally and their implementation in international law, and the third by the implementation in national law of these newly formulated international principles of judicial independence.[2]
A notable example illustrating this cycle is the United Kingdom. The first phase occurred in England with the original conception of judicial independence in the Act of Settlement 1701.[3] The second phase was evident when England’s concepts regarding judicial independence spread internationally, and were adopted into the domestic law of other countries; for instance, England served as the model for Montesquieu’s separation of powers doctrine,[4] and the Founding Fathers of the US Constitution used England as their dominant model in formulating the Constitution’s Article III, which is the foundation of American judicial independence.[5] Other common law countries, including Canada, Australia, and India, also adopted the British model of judicial independence.[6]
In recent decades the third phase of judicial independence has been evident in the UK,[7] as it has been significantly influenced by judicial independence principles developed by international human rights constitutional documents. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has had a significant impact on the conceptual analysis of judicial independence in England and Scotland. This process began in the 1990s with the ECtHR hearing UK cases and, more significantly, in the application of the European Convention on Human Rights in British law through the Human Rights Act 1998, which came into force in the UK in 2000.[8]
Where British national law had previously impacted the international development of judicial independence, the British Constitutional Reform Act 2005[9] marked a shift, with international law now impacting British domestic law. The Constitutional Reform Act dramatically reformed government control over the administration of justice in England and Wales; importantly, it discontinued the position of the Lord Chancellor, one of the country’s oldest constitutional offices, who was entrusted with a combination of legislative, executive, and judicial capacities.[10] The Lord Chancellor served as speaker of the Upper House of Parliament, the House of Lords; as a member of the executive branch and member of the senior cabinet; and as the head of the judiciary. Historically, the appellate function had a connection with the executive branch due to the types of cases typically heard – impeachment and the hearing of felony charges against peers.[11] The Constitutional Reform Act established new lines of demarcation between the Lord Chancellor and the judiciary, transferring all the judicial functions to the judiciary and entrusting the Lord Chancellor only with what are considered administrative and executive matters. In addition, the Constitutional Reform Act replaced the Lord Chancellor by the Lord Chief Justice as head of the judiciary, separated the judicial Appellate Committee of the House of Lords from the legislative parliament, reforming it as the Supreme Court, and creating a Judicial Appointments Commission.[12] The creation of the Supreme Court was important, for it finally separated the highest court of appeal from the House of Lords.[13]
Thus, the United Kingdom, where judicial independence began over three hundred years ago, illustrates the interaction over time of national and international law and jurisprudence in the area of judicial independence. In this process, concepts and ideas have become enriched as they have been implemented in successive judicial and political systems, as each system has enhanced and deepened the concepts and ideas it actualized. In addition to the UK, similar developments of conceptual cross-fertilization can be seen internationally, for example in European Union law,[14] in civil law countries such as Austria, and in other common law jurisdictions including Canada.[15]
International standards[edit]
The International Association of Judicial Independence and World Peace produced the Mt. Scopus International Standards of Judicial Independence between 2007 and 2012. These built on the same association's New Delhi Minimum Standards on Judicial independence adopted in 1982 and their Montréal Universal Declaration on the Independence of Justice in 1983. Other influences they cite for the standards include the UN Basic Principles of Judicial Independence from 1985, the Burgh House Principles of Judicial Independence in International Law (for the international judiciary), Tokyo Law Asia Principles, Council of Europe Statements on judicial independence (particularly the Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the independence, efficiency and role of judges), the Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct 2002, and the American Bar Association's revision of its ethical standards for judges.[16]
The justice system[edit]
In recent years, the principle of judicial independence has been described as one of the core values of the justice system.[17]
Canada[edit]
Canada has a level of judicial independence entrenched in its Constitution, awarding superior court justices various guarantees to independence under sections 96 to 100 of the Constitution Act, 1867. These include rights to tenure (although the Constitution has since been amended to introduce mandatory retirement at age 75) and the right to a salary determined by the Parliament of Canada (as opposed to the executive). In 1982 a measure of judicial independence was extended to inferior courts specializing in criminal law (but not civil law) by section 11 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, although in the 1986 case Valente v. The Queen it was found these rights are limited. They do, however, involve tenure, financial security and some administrative control.
The year 1997 saw a major shift towards judicial independence, as the Supreme Court of Canada in the Provincial Judges Reference found an unwritten constitutional norm guaranteeing judicial independence to all judges, including civil law inferior court judges. The unwritten norm is said to be implied by the preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867. Consequently, judicial compensation committees such as the Judicial Compensation and Benefits Commission now recommend judicial salaries in Canada. There are two types of judicial independence: institutional independence and decisional independence. Institutional independence means the judicial branch is independent from the executive and legislative branches. Decisional independence is the idea that judges should be able to decide cases solely based on the law and facts, without letting the media, politics or other concerns sway their decisions, and without fearing penalty in their careers for their decisions.
Hong Kong[edit]
In Hong Kong, independence of the judiciary has been the tradition since the territory became a British crown colony in 1842. After the 1997 transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China pursuant to the Sino-British Joint Declaration, an international treaty registered with the United Nations, independence of the judiciary, along with continuation of English common law, has been enshrined in the territory's constitutional document, the Basic Law.[18][19] In recent years, this independence has been put into question after a number of interventions from China on several cases which swayed rulings in the Executive's favour, most notably the Hong Kong Legislative Council oath-taking controversy of 2016.[20]
United Kingdom[edit]
England and Wales[edit]
Main article: Judiciary of England and Wales
History[edit]
During the middle ages, under the Norman monarchy of the Kingdom of England, the king and his Curia Regis held judicial power. Judicial independence began to emerge during the early modern period; more courts were created and a judicial profession grew. By the fifteenth century, the king's role in this feature of government became small.[21] Nevertheless, kings could still influence courts and dismiss judges. The Stuart dynasty used this power frequently in order to overpower the Parliament of England. After the Stuarts were removed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, some advocated guarding against royal manipulation of the judiciary. King William III approved the Act of Settlement 1701, which established tenure for judges unless Parliament removed them.[22][23]
Contemporary usage[edit]
Under the uncodified British Constitution, there are two important conventions which help to preserve judicial independence. The first is that the Parliament of the United Kingdom does not comment on the cases which are before the court. The second is the principle of parliamentary privilege: that Members of Parliament are protected from prosecution in certain circumstances by the courts.[citation needed]
Furthermore, the independence of the judiciary is guaranteed by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005.[24] In order to try to promote the independence of the judiciary, the selection process is designed to minimize political interference. The process focuses on senior members of the judiciary rather than on politicians. Part 2 of the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 aims to increase diversity among the judiciary.[citation needed]
The pay of judges is determined by an independent pay review body. It makes recommendations to the government after taking evidence from a variety of sources. The government accepts these recommendations and will traditionally implement them fully. As long as judges hold their positions in "good order," they remain in post until they wish to retire or until they reach the mandatory retirement age of 70.[citation needed]
Until 1 January 2010, the legal profession was self-regulating; with responsibility for implementing and enforcing its own professional standards and disciplining its own members. The bodies which performed this function were the Bar Council and the Law Society. However, this self-regulation came to an end when approved regulators came under the regulation of the Legal Services Board, composed of non-lawyers, following the passage of the Legal Services Act 2007. This saw the establishment of the Solicitors Regulation Authority to regular solicitors and the Bar Standards Board to regulate barristers.[25]
United States of America[edit]
Federal courts[edit]
Article III of the United States Constitution establishes the federal courts as part of the federal government.
The Constitution provides that federal judges, including judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, are appointed by the President "by and with the advice and consent of the Senate." Once appointed, federal judges:
...both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behavior, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services a Compensation which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.
Federal judges vacate office only upon death, resignation, or impeachment and removal from office by Congress; only 13 federal judges have ever been impeached. The phrase "during good behavior" predates the Declaration of Independence. John Adams equated it with quamdiu se bene gesserint in a letter to the Boston Gazette published on 11 January 1773,[26] a phrase that first appeared in section 3 of the Act of Settlement 1701 in England.
The President is free to appoint any person to the federal bench, yet typically he consults with the American Bar Association, whose Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary rates each nominee "Well Qualified," "Qualified" or "Not Qualified."
State courts[edit]
State courts deal with independence of the judiciary in many ways, and several forms of judicial selection are used for both trial courts and appellate courts (including state supreme courts), varying between states and sometimes within states. In some states, judges are elected (sometime on a partisan ballot, other times on a nonpartisan one), while in others they are appointed by the governor or state legislature.
The 2000 case of Bush v. Gore, in which a majority of the Supreme Court, including some appointees of President George H. W. Bush, overruled challenges to the election of the George W. Bush then pending in the Florida Supreme Court, whose members had all been appointed by Democratic governors, is seen by many as reinforcing the need for judicial independence, both with regard to the Florida Supreme Court and the US Supreme Court. This case has increased focus and attention on judicial outcomes as opposed to the traditional focus on judicial qualifications.
See also[edit]
Judicial reform
Judiciary in Russia
Political corruption § Judiciary corruption
Rule According to Higher Law
Rule of law
Separation of powers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Peter Barenboim, Defining the rules, The European Lawyer, Issue 90, October 2009
^ Jump up to: a b S Shetreet, ‘The Normative Cycle of Shaping Judicial Independence in Domestic and International Law: The Mutual Impact of National and International Jurisprudence and Contemporary Practical and Conceptual Challenges’ (2009) 10 Chicago Journal of International Law 275-332
Jump up ^ See generally Shimon Shetreet book, Judges on Trial.
Jump up ^ See Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (Hafner 1949) (Thomas Nugent, trans).
Jump up ^ Article III of the US Constitution provides that “the judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.”
Jump up ^ Shetreet, Judicial Independence. See also Peter H. Russell, The Judiciary in Canada: The Third Branch of Government (McGraw-Hill Ryerson 1987); John Bell, Judicial Cultures and Judicial Independence, 4 Cambridge YB Eur Legal Studies 47 (2001).
Jump up ^ UK Human Rights Act - 1998
Jump up ^ Human Rights Act (1998), ch 42 (UK), available online at < "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-09-01. Retrieved 2013-01-02. > (visited Mar 27, 2009).
Jump up ^ Constitutional Reform Act (2005), ch 4 (UK). For a detailed analysis of the history of this act, see Lord Windlesham, The Constitutional Reform Act 2005: The Politics of Constitutional Reform, 2006 Pub L 35; Lord Windlesham, The Constitutional Reform Act 2005: Ministers, Judges and Constitutional Change, 2005 Pub L 806. For accounts of the main players, see Lord Woolf, The Pursuit of Justice 161–74 (Oxford 2008); Lord Phillips, Constitutional Reform: One Year On, The Judicial Studies Board Annual Lecture (Mar 22, 2007); Lord Woolf, The Rule of Law and a Change in the Constitution, 2004 Camb L J 317; Tom Bingham, The Business of Judging: Selected Essays and Speeches 55–68 (Oxford 2000). All three authors served as lord chief justice in these formative years. Lord Woolf was active in the shaping of the legislation and Lord Phillips succeeded him
Jump up ^ Anthony Seldon, Ed., Blair's Britain, 1997-2007 (Cambridge University Press: 2007), at 294
Jump up ^ Robert Stevens, Law and Politics: The House of Lords as a Judicial Body, 1800-1976 (University of North Carolina Press, 1978), at 6
Jump up ^ Anthony Seldon, Ed., Blair's Britain, 1997-2007 (Cambridge University Press: 2007), at 294
Jump up ^ Anthony Seldon, Ed., Blair's Britain, 1997-2007 (Cambridge University Press: 2007), at 113
Jump up ^ See Treaty on European Union, art F, 1992 OJ (C 191) 1 (Jul 29, 1992). Paragraph 2 of Article F states, “The Union shall respect fundamental rights, as guaranteed by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms . . . and as they result from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States, as general principles of Community law.”
Jump up ^ See, for example, Valente v The Queen, [1985] 2 SCR 673 (Canada)
Jump up ^ "Mt. Scopus Approved Revised International Standards of Judicial Independence Approved March 19, 2008". International Association of Judicial Independence and World Peace - International Project of judicial independence. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Shimon Shetreet, Fundamental Values of the Justice System, 23 THE EUROPEAN BUSINESS LAW REVIEW 61-76, (2012).
Jump up ^ "The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China"- Chapter 1, basiclaw.gov.HK, 17 March 2008. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
Jump up ^ "The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China"- Chapter 4, Section 4, basiclaw.gov.HK, 17 March 2008. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Hundreds of Hong Kong lawyers in silent march against Beijing oath ruling". South China Morning Post. 8 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Justice Gerard La Forest, Provincial Judges Reference, Supreme Court of Canada, para. 305.
Jump up ^ "Independence". Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Justice Gerard La Forest, Provincial Judges Reference, para. 306.
Jump up ^ "Constitutional reform". Courts and Tribunals Judiciary. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
Jump up ^ UK Parliament. Legal Services Act 2007 as amended (see also enacted form), from legislation.gov.uk.
Jump up ^ Adams, John (1851). The Works of John Adams, Vol 3. Boston: Little and Brown. p. 522.
External links[edit]
Independence of the judicial system Part I. The Independence of Judges Part II - the Prosecution Service Venice Commission, 2010
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