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Hey Arnold!
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This article is about the series. For the 2002 film, see Hey Arnold!: The Movie.
Hey Arnold!
Genre
Animated sitcom
Created by
Craig Bartlett
Developed by
Craig Bartlett
Joe Ansolabehere
Steve Viksten
Creative director(s)
Tuck Tucker
Voices of
Toran Caudell (seasons 1–2)
Phillip Van Dyke (seasons 2–3)
Spencer Klein (seasons 4–5)
Alex D. Linz (season 5)
Jamil Walker Smith
Francesca Marie Smith
Dan Castellaneta
Tress MacNeille
Justin Shenkarow
Composer(s)
Jim Lang
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
5
No. of episodes
100 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Craig Bartlett
Mary Harrington
Co-Executive Producers:
Steve Viksten (Season 5)
Producer(s)
Co-Producers:
Joe Ansolabehere (Season 1)
Steve Viksten (Seasons 1–4)
Joseph Purdy (Seasons 2–5)
Michelle Lamoreaux (Season 5)
Supervising Producers:
Jamie Mitchell (Season 1)
Kathrin Seitz (Season 1)
Steve Socki (Seasons 4–5)
Line Producers:
Donna Smith (Seasons 3–5)
Melinda Dilger (Seasons 1–2)
Kelly Crews (Season 5)
Ryan Slater (Season 5)
Michael Lessa (Seasons 1–4)
Senior Producers:
Michael Lessa (Seasons 1–4)
Running time
23 minutes (two 11-minute segments each)
Production company(s)
Snee-Oosh, Inc.
Nickelodeon Animation Studios (as Games Animation, pilot and season 1)
Release
Original network
Nickelodeon
Picture format
480i (4:3 SDTV)
Original release
October 7, 1996 (1996-10-07) – June 8, 2004 (2004-06-08)[1]
External links
Website
www.nicksplat.com/social-wall/hey-arnold
Hey Arnold! is an American animated television series created by Craig Bartlett that aired on Nickelodeon from October 7, 1996 to June 8, 2004. The show centers on a fourth grader named Arnold, who lives with his grandparents in an inner-city boarding house. Episodes center on his experiences navigating big city life while dealing with the problems he and his friends encounter.
Bartlett's idea for the show is based on a minor character named Arnold whom he created while working on Pee-wee's Playhouse. The executives enjoyed the character, and Bartlett completed the cast by drawing inspiration from people he grew up with in Portland, Oregon, and Seattle, Washington. Bartlett created the pilot episode in his living room in 1994 and official production began in 1995. The animators worked to transform Arnold from clay animation to cel animation, leading to the series' premiere. The show finished production in 2001 after 5 seasons and 100 episodes. A feature film based on the series, Hey Arnold!: The Movie, was released in 2002. All five seasons have been released on DVD.
A television film continuation of the series, Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie, has been green-lit. It is expected to pick up from where the series ended and will resolve unanswered plot lines of the story.[2][3][4] The film is scheduled to premiere on November 24, 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
1.1 Characters
1.2 Setting
2 Production
3 Episodes
4 Merchandise
4.1 VHS
4.2 Books
4.3 Feature film
5 Broadcast
5.1 Home media releases
6 Television film
7 References
8 External links
Premise[edit]
Characters[edit]
Main article: List of Hey Arnold! characters
Hey Arnold! stars nine-year-old Arnold (voiced by Toran Caudell; Phillip Van Dyke; Spencer Klein; Alex D. Linz and Mason Vale Cotton) and his neighborhood friends: Gerald (voiced by Jamil Walker Smith and Benjamin Flores Jr.), a street-smart character who generally serves as the leader of the group, and Helga (Francesca Smith), a girl who bullies Arnold in order to hide the fact that she is in love with him. Bartlett drew inspiration from people he grew up with when creating the characters for the show.[5]
Arnold lives with his eccentric but loving paternal grandparents, Phil (Dan Castellaneta) and Gertrude (Tress MacNeille), proprietors of the Sunset Arms boarding house, in the fictional city of Hillwood. In each episode, he often helps a schoolmate or boarding home tenant solve a personal problem, or encounters a predicament of his own. Many episodes involve urban legends usually told by Gerald, such as superheroes or headless horsemen.
Other characters include students and faculty at P.S. 118, Arnold's school, and citizens of Hillwood. Certain episodes focus on the lives of supporting characters, such as the tenants of the boarding house that Arnold's grandparents own.
Setting[edit]
Hey Arnold! takes place in the fictional American city of Hillwood. While its geographic location is never revealed outright, some episodes suggest that the city is located in Washington State. Bartlett described the city as "an amalgam of large northern cities I have loved, including Seattle (my hometown), Portland (where I went to art school) and Brooklyn (the bridge, the brownstones, the subway)".[6] Bartlett, having grown up in Seattle, based many of the show's events on his own experience growing up in the city. Evan Levine of the Houston Chronicle commented on the series' "backdrop of dark streets, nighttime adventures and rundown buildings, all seen from a child's point of view".[7]
Production[edit]
Animator Craig Bartlett graduated from Anacortes High School and obtained a degree in communications from The Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington.[8] During high school and college, he studied painting and sculpture at the Museum Art School in Portland, and his first job after college was at Will Vinton Productions, a claymation house.[8] Originally, Bartlett intended to become a painter "in the 19th-century sense", but he became interested in animation during a trip to Italy.[5]
In 1987, while working on Pee-wee's Playhouse, he created claymation cutaways about a character named Penny and her friend Arnold, and made three "Arnold" shorts: Arnold Escapes from Church (1988), The Arnold Waltz (1990) and Arnold Rides His Chair (1991). Six years later, Bartlett was teamed up with five writers from Rugrats to develop animation projects for Nickelodeon.[8] These meetings were generally difficult and the writers became frustrated; Bartlett recalled: "Our ideas were OK, but such a large and motley group couldn't get far at pitch meetings. Network execs got migraines just counting us coming in the door."[8] As a last resort, Bartlett played the "Penny" tapes, intending to highlight the Penny character. However, the executives were more impressed by Arnold, despite him being a minor character.[8]
After the meeting, the group began developing Arnold, creating his personality and evolving him from claymation to cel animation. Bartlett stated: "We did a lot of talking about who Arnold is. We came up with a reluctant hero who keeps finding himself responsible for solving something, making the right choices, doing the right thing."[8] After creating ideas for Arnold, Bartlett began work on the supporting characters, drawing influence from his childhood: "A lot of the characters are an amalgam of people I knew when I was a kid. The girls in Hey Arnold! are girls that either liked or didn't like me when I was in school."[5]
In 1994, Bartlett created the pilot episode of Hey Arnold! in his living room, and showed it to producers at Nickelodeon. A year later, the network decided to begin work on the series.[5] The character was previously featured in a trilogy of clay animation shorts from 1988 to 1991: Arnold Escapes from Church (1988),[9] The Arnold Waltz (1990),[10][11] and Arnold Rides a Chair (1991), the latter having been aired as a filler short on Sesame Street in 1991. The 10-minute pilot episode, titled Arnold, was shown in theaters in 1996 before Nickelodeon's first feature-length film, Harriet the Spy.[8]
Apart from the animation style, Nick's Arnold wears a sweater, with his plaid shirt untucked (resembling a kilt). Only Arnold's cap remains unchanged from his original clay-animation wardrobe. Arnold comic strips also appeared in Simpsons Illustrated magazine, as Matt Groening, the creator of The Simpsons, is Craig Bartlett's brother-in-law.
Production of Hey Arnold! wrapped on December 7, 2001.[12] A dispute over a second planned Hey Arnold! movie, The Jungle Movie, then resulted in Bartlett leaving Nickelodeon. The last season's episodes were released over four years, beginning in 2000. The series aired its final episode, unannounced, on June 8, 2004.
The show aired in reruns on "Nick on CBS" for 2 years from September 14, 2002, to September 2004. In 2011, the Canadian Nickelodeon channel began airing episodes of Hey Arnold!. In September 2011, TeenNick brought Hey Arnold! reruns to "The '90s Are All That" programming block (which has been rebranded "NickSplat").
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Hey Arnold! episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
Pilot March 1, 1994 (1994-03-01)/July 10, 1996 (1996-07-10)
1 20 October 7, 1996 (1996-10-07) February 14, 1997 (1997-02-14)
2 19 September 21, 1997 (1997-09-21) January 18, 1998 (1998-01-18)
3 20 August 31, 1998 (1998-08-31) March 8, 1999 (1999-03-08)
4 17 March 10, 1999 (1999-03-10) December 11, 1999 (1999-12-11)
5 24 March 4, 2001 (2001-03-04) June 8, 2004 (2004-06-08)
Theatrical film June 28, 2002 (2002-06-28)
Television film November 24, 2017 (2017-11-24)
Merchandise[edit]
VHS[edit]
Urban Adventures
The Helga Stories
Arnold's Christmas
Love Stinks
Partners
Hey Arnold!: The Movie
Books[edit]
Arnold for President
Return of the Sewer King
Arnold's Valentine
Parents Day
Summer Love
The Mystery of the Bermuda Triangle
Arnold's Christmas
Arnold's E-Files
Hey Arnold!: The Movie
Feature film[edit]
Main article: Hey Arnold!: The Movie
In this 2002 feature film, Arnold, Helga and Gerald set out on a quest to save their old neighborhood from a greedy developer who plans on converting it into a huge shopping mall. This film was directed by Tuck Tucker, and featured guest voice talents of Jennifer Jason Leigh, Paul Sorvino and Christopher Lloyd.
In 1998, Nickelodeon gave Craig Bartlett the chance to develop a feature adaptation of the series.[13] As work on the fifth season was completing, Bartlett and company engaged in the production of Arnold Saves the Neighborhood, which would eventually become Hey Arnold!: The Movie.[13] The Neighborhood project was originally made for television and home video,[13][14] but executives at Paramount Pictures decided to release it theatrically after successful test screenings.[14] According to animation historian Jerry Beck (in his Animated Movie Guide), the decision was buoyed by the financial success of the first two Rugrats movies, The Rugrats Movie and Rugrats in Paris: The Movie.[13]
Broadcast[edit]
Apart from Nickelodeon in the United States, Hey Arnold! premiered on October, 30 1996 in the United Kingdom, originally on CITV. In 2002, Nicktoons began broadcasting the show, and screened Hey Arnold! episodes until September 8, 2008 when the show was taken off its nightly schedule. The show was also formerly part of Jamaican commercial television network CVM Television's children's programming.
Home media releases[edit]
Nickelodeon released all five seasons on DVD in Region 1 via Amazon.com through its CreateSpace Manufacture-on-demand program in 2008/2009. Season 1 was released on August 21, 2008, Season 2 on August 29, 2008, Season 3 on December 8, 2009,[15] Season 4 on November 27, 2009, and Season 5 on December 4, 2009.[16] All of these releases are now discontinued.[17]
On May 9, 2011, it was announced that Shout! Factory had acquired the rights to the series.[18] They subsequently released Season 1 in a 4 disc set on August 9, 2011.[19] Season 2, Part 1 was released on March 20, 2012,[20] followed by Season 2, Part 2 on July 24, 2012.[21] Season 3 was released on January 29, 2013, as a Shout Select title.[22] On May 14, 2013, season 4 was released as a shout exclusive followed by season 5 released on October 15, 2013, also as a shout exclusive[23] making the entire series available on DVD. On August 19, 2014, the complete series was released through Shout! Factory as a Walmart exclusive.
In Australia, all five seasons have been released by Beyond Home Entertainment. A 16-disc collector's edition was released on September 1, 2016, containing all five seasons.
DVD Name
Episodes
# of Discs
Release Date
Region 1
Region 4
Season 1 20 4 August 9, 2011 (2011-08-09) April 3, 2013
Season 2, Part 1
Season 2, Part 2 20 4 March 20, 2012 (2012-03-20)
July 2, 2012 (2012-07-02) April 3, 2013
Season 3♦ 19 3 January 29, 2013 (2013-01-29) June 3, 2015
Season 4♦ 17 2 May 14, 2013 (2013-05-14)[24] June 3, 2015
Season 5♦ 24 3 October 15, 2013 (2013-10-15)[25] September 1, 2015
The Complete Series 100 16 August 19, 2014 (2014-08-19)[26] September 1, 2016
♦ – Shout! Factory select title, sold exclusively through Shout's online store.
Television film[edit]
Main article: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie
In an interview with Arun Mehta, Craig Bartlett announced that he was working with Nickelodeon on a Hey Arnold! reboot.[27] In September 2015, Nickelodeon president Russell Hicks announced that the company was considering reboots for a number of series, including Hey Arnold!.[28] According to an announcement by The Independent, a Hey Arnold! reboot is "very much on the cards".[29] On November 23, 2015, Nickelodeon announced that a TV movie is in the works and will pick up right where the series left off.[30] The film will also answer unanswered questions about the fate of Arnold's parents.[30] On March 1, 2016, it was announced that the TV film, The Jungle Movie, would be divided into two parts and would air in 2017.[4] On March 6, 2016, voice actress Nika Futterman confirmed on Twitter that she and her character Olga Pataki would appear in the two-hour film.[31] The movie is expected to premiere in November 2017.[32] In June 2016, it was confirmed that the TV film would be titled The Jungle Movie, and that 19 of the original voice actors from the series would lend their voices in the film.[33] New cast-members will include Mason Vale Cotton as Arnold; Benjamin "Lil' P-Nut" Flores as Gerald; Gavin Lewis as Eugene; Jet Jurgensmeyer as Stinky; Aiden Lewandowski as Sid; Laya Hayes as Nadine; Nicolas Cantu as Curly; Wally Wingert as Oskar; Stephen Stanton as Pigeon Man; and Alfred Molina as the villain La Sombra.[34] At the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con International, Craig Bartlett confirmed that the film would premiere November 2017.[35] It was further revealed at the 2017 New York Comic Con that the exact release date would be November 24, 2017.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hey Arnold! - Nickelodeon Animation Studio". Nickanimationstudio.com. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Barsanti, Sam (March 2, 2016). "Nickeldoeon Wraps Up 14-Year Cliffhanger, Greenlights New Hey Arnold! Movie". AV Club. Onion. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nickelodeon is making a Hey, Arnold! movie, because the 90s never ended". November 25, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Steinberg, Brian. "Nickelodeon to Revive ‘Legends of the Hidden Temple’ as TV Movie (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved March 1, 2016. As part of a presentation to promote its upcoming slate of programs, the kids-content media empire (comprising several cable networks and more) will unveil a live-action TV movie inspired by its mid-1990s game show “Legends of the Hidden Temple,” as well as a two-part TV movie based on “Hey Arnold!,” one of its best-known animated series that ran between 1996 and 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Unmacht, Eric (November 9, 1999). "Here's How They Make a Cartoon". The Christian Science Monitor. Christian Science Publishing Society. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Burk, Kim (November 4, 1998). "Interview with Craig". HeyArnold.Madpage.com. Archived from the original on January 21, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Levine, Evan (April 27, 1997). "'Arnold' deals with life in the big city". Houston Chronicle. Hearst Corporation. Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Levesque, John (October 7, 1997). "'Hey, Arnold!' Toons in to Nick's Family Hour Seattle Native's Animated 9-Year-Old Debuts Tonight on Nickelodeon". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Hearst Corporation. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ James, Caryn (October 14, 1988). "Review/Film; Animated Works From All Over". The New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hicks, Chris (May 8, 1990). "Film review: XXII International Tournee of Animation, The". Deseret News. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bevilacqua, Joe K. (December 1998). "Craig Bartlett's Charmed Past Life". www.awn.com. Animation World Magazine. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Tladi, Tumelo (January 3, 2011). "Nickelodeon's Five Best Animated Shows". DStv. MultiChoice. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Beck, Jerry (2005). "Hey Arnold! The Movie". The Animated Movie Guide. Chicago Reader Press. p. 111. ISBN 1-55652-591-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Horn, John (July 9, 2003). "Nickelodeon flops on big screen". Chicago Tribune. Los Angeles Times. p. 3 (Tempo). Retrieved October 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Hey Arnold! DVD news: Now Available: Hey Arnold! – Season 3: Volume 1 and Volume 2". TVShowsOnDVD.com. May 25, 2007. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hey Arnold! DVD news: Now Available: Hey Arnold! – Season 4". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nickelodeon Brings Some of Its Most Popular Series to DVD for First Time, Exclusively on Amazon.com". WebWire. August 25, 2008. Retrieved July 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Hey Arnold! DVD news: General Retail Release for Hey Arnold! – Season 1". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hey Arnold!: Season One". Amazon.com. ASIN B004ZKKL32. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (December 8, 2011). "Hey Arnold! – 'Season 2, Part 1' Retail Release Announced by Shout! Factory". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (April 6, 2012). "Hey Arnold! – Nickelodeon/Shout! to Release 'Season 2, Part 2' in Stores this Summer **UPDATE: Box Art**". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (December 20, 2012). "Hey Arnold! – The 3rd Season of the Nickelodeon Show is Scheduled for a Shout! DVD". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 26, 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
Jump up ^ "Hey Arnold!: Season 4". Shout!Factory. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Shout! Factory". shoutfactory.com. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hey Arnold!: The Complete Series (Full Frame)". Walmart.com. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Craig Bartlett Discusses Hey Arnold! Returning To Nickelodeon". YouTube. June 29, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Steinberg, Brian. "Nickelodeon Mulls Revival of Classic Shows". Variety. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Christopher Hooton (September 3, 2015). "Hey Arnold! is coming back, and possibly Rugrats too | News | Culture". The Independent. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Steinberg, Brian. "‘Hey Arnold’ TV Movie in Works as Nickelodeon Aims to Revive Classic Shows (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Futterman, Nika. "Nika Futterman Confirms Olga Pataki Appearance in Jungle Movie". Twitter.com. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Instagram". Instagram. May 1, 2016. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Snierson, Dan. "Nickelodeon's Hey Arnold! movie gets title; 19 original voice actors returning". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Evry, Max (June 13, 2016). "Voice Cast Announced for Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie". Comingsoon.net. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Peters, Megan (July 22, 2016). "Hey Arnold! Movie To Premiere Next Thanksgiving". Comicbook.com. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
External links[edit]
Nickelodeon portal
Cartoon portal
Comedy portal
Television in the United States portal
1990s portal
2000s portal
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Hey Arnold!
Hey Arnold! on IMDb
Hey Arnold! at TV.com
Hey Arnold! at the Big Cartoon DataBase
Hey Arnold! at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on February 5, 2016.
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List of NBA players with most championships
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bill Russell won 11 championships with the Boston Celtics, an NBA record.
This is a list of NBA players with most championships won as a player. The National Basketball Association (NBA) is a major professional basketball league in North America. It was founded in 1946 as the Basketball Association of America (BAA).[1] The league adopted its current name at the start of the 1949–50 season when it merged with the National Basketball League (NBL).[2] The NBA Finals is the championship series for the NBA and the conclusion of the sport's postseason. The winning team of the series receives the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy. Players from the winning team usually receive championship rings from the team honoring their contribution.[3] However, in some rare occasion, the teams opted to give other commemorative items, such as wrist watches, instead of rings.[4][5] The number of championships won by NBA superstars is often used as a measurement of their greatness.[6]
Boston Celtics center Bill Russell holds the record for the most NBA championships won with 11 titles during his 13-year playing career.[7] He won his first championship with the Boston Celtics in his rookie year. Afterwards, he went on to win ten championships in the next 12 years, including eight consecutive championships from 1959 to 1966.[8] He won the last two championships in 1968 and 1969 as player-coach.[7] Russell's teammate, Sam Jones, won ten championships from 1959 to 1969, the second most in NBA history.[9] Four Celtics players, Tom Heinsohn, K. C. Jones, Satch Sanders and John Havlicek, won eight championships each.[10][11][12][13] Two other Celtics, Jim Loscutoff and Frank Ramsey, won seven championships each.[14][15][16] Four players, Bob Cousy, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen, won six championships each.[17][18] Jordan and Pippen are members of the Chicago Bulls team who won three consecutive championships twice in the 1990s.[19][20] George Mikan won two championships in the NBL before it merged with the BAA to form the NBA, and won five championships in the NBA.
Robert Horry and John Salley are the only players to have won the championships with three different teams.[21] Horry won seven championships with the Houston Rockets, the Los Angeles Lakers and the San Antonio Spurs,[16] while Salley won four championships with the Detroit Pistons, the Bulls and the Lakers.[22] Horry is also the only non-Celtic to win more than 6 times. Frank Saul and Steve Kerr are the only players to win two championships with two different teams in consecutive seasons.[23] Saul won consecutive championships with the Rochester Royals and the Minneapolis Lakers in the 1950s,[24] and Kerr won consecutive championships with the Bulls and the Spurs in the 1990s.[25] Both Saul and Kerr were NBA champions four years in a row, each having participated in three-peats, Saul with the Lakers and Kerr with the Bulls.
Contents
[hide]
1 List
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
List[edit]
Pos G Guard F Forward C Center
* Denotes players who have been inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame
^ Denotes players who are currently active in the NBA
Rank
Player
Pos
Seasons played
Total won
Championship teams
Ref.
1 Bill Russell C 13 11 Boston Celtics (1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969) [26]
2 Jones , SamSam Jones * G 12 10 Boston Celtics (1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969) [9]
3 Heinsohn, TomTom Heinsohn*[a] F/C 9 8 Boston Celtics (1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965) [10]
Jones, K. C.K. C. Jones*[b] G 9 8 Boston Celtics (1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966) [11]
Sanders, Tom "Satch"Tom "Satch" Sanders*[c] F 13 8 Boston Celtics (1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969) [12]
Havlicek, JohnJohn Havlicek* F/G 16 8 Boston Celtics (1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1976) [13]
7 Loscutoff, JimJim Loscutoff F 9 7 Boston Celtics (1957, 1959, 1960[d], 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964) [14]
Ramsey, FrankFrank Ramsey* F/G 9 7 Boston Celtics (1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964) [15]
Horry, RobertRobert Horry F 16 7 Houston Rockets (1994, 1995)
Los Angeles Lakers (2000, 2001, 2002)
San Antonio Spurs (2005, 2007) [16]
10 Cousy, BobBob Cousy* G 14 6 Boston Celtics (1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963) [17]
Abdul-Jabbar , KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar * (formerly Lew Alcindor)[e] C 20 6 Milwaukee Bucks (1971)
Los Angeles Lakers (1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988) [18]
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* G 15 6 Chicago Bulls (1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998) [19]
Pippen, ScottieScottie Pippen* F 17 6 Chicago Bulls (1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998) [20]
14 Mikan, GeorgeGeorge Mikan* C 7 5 Minneapolis Lakers (1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954) [27]
Pollard, JimJim Pollard* F/C 7 5 Minneapolis Lakers (1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954) [28]
Martin, SlaterSlater Martin* G 11 5 Minneapolis Lakers (1950, 1952, 1953, 1954)
St. Louis Hawks (1958) [29]
Siegfried, LarryLarry Siegfried F 9 5 Boston Celtics (1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969) [30]
Nelson, DonDon Nelson* G 14 5 Boston Celtics (1966, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1976) [31]
Cooper, MichaelMichael Cooper G/F 12 5 Los Angeles Lakers (1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988) [32]
Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson* G 13 5 Los Angeles Lakers (1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988) [33]
Rodman, DennisDennis Rodman* F 14 5 Detroit Pistons (1989, 1990)
Chicago Bulls (1996, 1997, 1998) [34]
Harper, RonRon Harper G 15 5 Chicago Bulls (1996, 1997, 1998)
Los Angeles Lakers (2000, 2001) [35]
Kerr, SteveSteve Kerr[g] G 15 5 Chicago Bulls (1996, 1997, 1998)
San Antonio Spurs (1999, 2003) [25]
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant G 20 5 Los Angeles Lakers (2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010) [36]
Fisher, DerekDerek Fisher G 18 5 Los Angeles Lakers (2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010) [37]
Duncan, TimTim Duncan F/C 19 5 San Antonio Spurs (1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014) [38]
27 Mikkelsen, VernVern Mikkelsen* F/C 10 4 Minneapolis Lakers (1950, 1952, 1953, 1954) [39]
Saul, FrankFrank Saul G/F 6 4 Rochester Royals (1951)
Minneapolis Lakers (1952, 1953, 1954) [24]
Sharman, BillBill Sharman*[h] G 11 4 Boston Celtics (1957, 1959, 1960, 1961) [40]
Wilkes, JamaalJamaal Wilkes* G/F 12 4 Golden State Warriors (1975)
Los Angeles Lakers (1980, 1982, 1985[f]) [41]
Rambis, KurtKurt Rambis F 14 4 Los Angeles Lakers (1982, 1985, 1987, 1988) [42]
Parish, RobertRobert Parish* C 21 4 Boston Celtics (1981, 1984, 1986)
Chicago Bulls (1997) [43]
Perdue, WillWill Perdue C 13 4 Chicago Bulls (1991, 1992, 1993)
San Antonio Spurs (1999) [44]
Salley, JohnJohn Salley F/C 11 4 Detroit Pistons (1989, 1990)
Chicago Bulls (1996)
Los Angeles Lakers (2000) [22]
Grant, HoraceHorace Grant F/C 17 4 Chicago Bulls (1991, 1992, 1993)
Los Angeles Lakers (2001) [45]
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal* C 19 4 Los Angeles Lakers (2000, 2001, 2002)
Miami Heat (2006) [46]
Ginóbili, ManuManu Ginóbili^ G 14 4 San Antonio Spurs (2003, 2005, 2007, 2014) [47]
Parker, TonyTony Parker^ G 15 4 San Antonio Spurs (2003, 2005, 2007, 2014) [48]
See also[edit]
National Basketball Association portal
List of NBA champions
List of NBA championship head coaches
Notes[edit]
a Heinsohn won two additional championships in 1974 and 1976 as head coach of the Boston Celtics.
b Jones won four additional championships in 1972 as assistant coach of the Los Angeles Lakers, in 1981 as assistant coach of the Boston Celtics, and in 1984 and 1986 as head coach of the Celtics.
c Sanders is a member of the Naismith Hall, but as a contributor rather than a player.[49]
d Loscutoff did not play in the 1960 Playoffs and Finals due to injury.[50]
e Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul-Jabbar in 1971. He also won two championships as an assistant coach with the Lakers in 2009 and 2010. [51]
f Wilkes did not play in the 1985 playoffs due to injury, but remained on the roster until after the Finals.[52]
g Kerr won additional championships in 2015 and 2017 as head coach of the Golden State Warriors.
h Sharman won an additional championship in 1972 as head coach of the Los Angeles Lakers.
References[edit]
General
"Most NBA Championships Won". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Specific
Jump up ^ Goldaper, Sam. "The First Game". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "1949–50 Season Overview: Powerful Lakers Repeat". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ McMenamin, Dave (June 10, 2011). "Phil Jackson, lord of the rings". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ May, Peter (June 10, 2011). "Havlicek doesn't have eight rings". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Aron, Jaime (June 14, 2011). "Mavs against Cuban's idea not to give title rings". USA Today. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Araton, Harvey (January 20, 2013). "Debate Over Brady's Place Among the Best Returns to the Shelf". New York Times. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bill Russell Bio". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bill Russell NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sam Jones NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tom Heinsohn NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "K.C. Jones NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tom Sanders NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "John Havlicek NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jim Loscutoff NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Frank Ramsey NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Robert Horry NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bob Cousy NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Michael Jordan NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Scottie Pippen NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Horry adds to ring collection". NBC Sports. NBC Universal. June 24, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "John Salley NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hudson, Jr., David L. (February 2007). Basketball Championships' Most Wanted. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 41. ISBN 1-59797-014-X.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pep Saul NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Steve Kerr NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bil Russell NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "George Mikan NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Jim Pollard NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Slater Martin NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Larry Siegfried NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Don Nelson NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Michael Cooper NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Magic Johnson NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Dennis Rodman NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ron Harper NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Kobe Bryant NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Derek Fisher NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Tim Duncan NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Vern Mikkelsen NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bill Sharman NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Jamaal Wilkes NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Kurt Rambis NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Robert Parish NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Will Perdue NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Horace Grant NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Shaquille O'Neal NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Manu Ginobili NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com LL. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Tony Parker NBA Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hall of Famers: Tom "Satch" Sanders". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on February 14, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Injury Hit Celtic Hopes". The Gettysburg Times. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. January 12, 1960.
Jump up ^ "Jabbar (Alcindor) Is The Name". The Spartanburg Herald. Spartanburg, South Carolina. September 17, 1971.
Jump up ^ Bonk, Thomas (August 29, 1985), "Wilkes Waived, Ending an 8-Year Laker Career", Los Angeles Times
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E. L. James
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
E. L. James
James in May 2012
Pen name
E. L. James
Snowqueen's Icedragon
Occupation
Novelist, film producer
Citizenship
British
Education
Wycombe High School
Alma mater
University of Kent
Genre
Romance, erotica, fan fiction
Years active
2011–present
Spouse
Niall Leonard (m. 1987)
Children
2
Website
eljamesauthor.com
Erika Mitchell Leonard (born 7 March 1963),[1] known by her pen name E. L. James, is an English author. She wrote the bestselling erotic romance trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey, Fifty Shades Darker, and Fifty Shades Freed,[2][3] along with the companion novels Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian and Darker: Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian; and under the name Snowqueen's Icedragon the Twilight fan fiction "Master of the Universe" that was the basis for the Fifty Shades trilogy.
The combined novels have sold over 125 million copies worldwide, over 35 million copies in the United States and set the record in the United Kingdom as the fastest selling paperback of all time.[4][5][6] In 2012, Time magazine named her one of "The World's 100 Most Influential People."[7] The novels were subsequently adapted into the films Fifty Shades of Grey, Fifty Shades Darker, and Fifty Shades Freed.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Fifty Shades trilogy
3 Charity work
4 Awards and honours
5 Bibliography
6 Filmography
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Erika Mitchell was born on 7 March 1963 in Willesden, Middlesex to a Chilean mother and a Scottish father who was a BBC cameraman.[9][10][11] She was brought up in Buckinghamshire.[10]
James was educated at the independent Pipers Corner School and at Wycombe High School, a state grammar school for girls in the town of High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire, followed by the University of Kent in South East England where she studied History.[10]
Career[edit]
After leaving university, James became a studio manager’s assistant at the National Film and Television School in Beaconsfield. She married Niall Leonard, a screenwriter, in 1987, and they have two teenage sons. As of 2012 they reside in Brentford, west London.[10][12]
Fifty Shades trilogy[edit]
Main article: Fifty Shades trilogy
James says the idea for the Fifty Shades trilogy began as a response to the vampire novel series Twilight. In late 2008 James saw the movie Twilight, and then became intensely absorbed with the novels that the movie was based on. She read the novels several times over in a period of a few days, and then, for the first time in her life, sat down to write a book: basically a sequel to the Twilight novels. Between January and August 2009 she wrote two such books in quick succession. She says she then discovered the phenomenon of fan fiction, and this inspired her to publish her novels as Kindle books under the pen name "Snowqueens Icedragon". Beginning in August 2009 she then began to write the Fifty Shades books.[12][13]
James has spoken of her shock at the success of the books. "The explosion of interest has taken me completely by surprise" she said.[14] James has described the Fifty Shades trilogy as "my midlife crisis, writ large. All my fantasies in there, and that's it."[15] She did not start to write until January 2009, as she revealed while still active on FanFiction.Net: "I started writing in January 2009 after I finished the Twilight saga, and I haven't stopped since. I discovered Fan Fiction in August 2009. Since then I have written my two fics and plan on doing at least one more. After that... who knows?"[16] In August 2013, sales of the trilogy saw James top the Forbes' list of the highest-earning authors[17] with earnings of $95m which included $5m for the film rights to Fifty Shades of Grey.[18] On 1 June 2015 James announced the upcoming release of Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian, which was released into stores on 18 June 2015. Darker: Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian was released November 28, 2017.[19]
Charity work[edit]
James was one of the British celebrities, including Tom Hiddleston, Benedict Cumberbatch and Rachel Riley, to design and sign her own card for the UK children's charity Thomas Coram Foundation for Children.[20] The campaign was launched by crafting company Stampin’ Up! UK and the cards were auctioned on eBay during May 2014.[20]
Awards and honours[edit]
2012 Time 100 by Time magazine, "The 100 Most Influential People in the World"[21]
2012 Publishers Weekly "Publishing Person of the Year".[22][23]
2012 National Book Award (UK), "Popular Fiction Book of the Year", Fifty Shades of Grey[24]
2012 National Book Award (UK), "Book of the Year", Fifty Shades of Grey[25]
Bibliography[edit]
Fifty Shades of Grey (2011)
Fifty Shades Darker (2012)
Fifty Shades Freed (2012)
Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian (2015)
Darker: Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian (2017)
Filmography[edit]
Year
Title
Note(s)
2015 Fifty Shades of Grey Producer
2017 Fifty Shades Darker Producer
2018 Fifty Shades Freed Producer
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "E.L. James". Waterstones.com. Waterstones. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Julie Bosman (21 May 2012). "Libraries Debate Stocking 'Fifty Shades of Grey' Trilogy". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "The Shy British Mum Behind 50 Shades of Grey". Time Magazine. 29 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Fifty Shades of Grey author EL James now worth £37m". The Guardian. 2 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Who Should be Time's Person of the Year 2012? E.L. James.
Jump up ^ ""Fifty Shades of Grey" coming in hardcover". Salon.com. 10 January 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
Jump up ^ The World's 100 Most Influential People.
Jump up ^ Belloni, Matthew (20 February 2013). "Universal Chairman Wants 'Fifty Shades' for Summer 2014, More 'Bourne' and 'Van Helsing' Reboot (Q&A)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Index entry". FreeBMD. ONS. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Brennan, Zoe (6 February 2015). "EL James: The shy housewife behind Fifty Shades of Grey". The Daily Telegraph (7 July 2012).
Jump up ^ "M&S meets S&M Mum who erotic bestseller Fifty Shades Of Grey". The Sun. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Who is E L James? Chicago Tribune Retrieved 31 May 2012
Jump up ^ Triple-X trilogy of novels has women talking (quietly). msnbc. Retrieved 31 May 2012
Jump up ^ "Fifty Shades of Grey author E L James – Exclusive interview" (16 July 2012) Shropshire Star. Retrieved 16 July 2012
Jump up ^ 'Fifty Shades' author 'stunned' at success of erotic trilogy TODAY MSNBC
Jump up ^ "The Lost History of Fifty Shades of Grey". mediabistro.com. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "E.L. James Seals A Spot On List of Britain's Richest Authors". Lia. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Fifty Shades makes EL James top-earning author". BBC News. 13 August 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "E.L. James teases Fifty Shades Darker from Christian's point of view". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Celebrity card auction raises over £8,500 for Coram". Coram.org. Retrieved 16 February 2015
Jump up ^ The 100 Most Influential People in the World Time Magazine. Retrieved 31 May 2012
Jump up ^ Alison Flood (3 December 2012). "EL James wins 'publishing person of the year' for making erotic fiction 'hot'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Molly Driscoll (3 December 2012). "E L James as 'Publishing Person of the Year' draws outcry from literary world". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Alison Flood (5 December 2012). "EL James comes out on top at National Book awards". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "EL James wins at National Book Awards". BBC News. 4 December 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: E. L. James
Wikimedia Commons has media related to E. L. James.
Official website
E. L. James on IMDb
[hide]
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Fifty Shades by E. L. James
Novels
Original trilogy
Fifty Shades of Grey
Fifty Shades Darker
Fifty Shades Freed
Retold
Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian
Darker: Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian
Film series
Films
Fifty Shades of Grey
Fifty Shades Darker
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Music
Fifty Shades of Grey
"Earned It"
"Love Me like You Do"
"I Know You"
Fifty Shades Darker
"I Don't Wanna Live Forever"
"Not Afraid Anymore"
Fifty Shades Freed
"For You"
"Capital Letters"
"Heaven"
Parodies
Fifty Shades of Oy Vey: A Parody
Spank! The Fifty Shades Parody
Fifty Shades of Black
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
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ISNI: 0000 0003 7830 6424
GND: 1023973413
SELIBR: 355990
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BNF: cb16630599x (data)
BIBSYS: 12049723
NLA: 53259882
NDL: 001122364
NKC: kv2012723230
BNE: XX5239399
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E._L._James&oldid=837777645"
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Synapsis
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Not to be confused with synapse, synapsid, or synopsis.
For the plant genus, see Synapsis (plant).
For the beetle genus, see Coprini.
Synapsis (also called syndesis) is the pairing of two homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis. It allows matching-up of homologous pairs prior to their segregation, and possible chromosomal crossover between them. Synapsis takes place during prophase I of meiosis. When homologous chromosomes synapse, their ends are first attached to the nuclear envelope. These end-membrane complexes then migrate, assisted by the extranuclear cytoskeleton, until matching ends have been paired. Then the intervening regions of the chromosome are brought together, and may be connected by a protein-RNA complex called the synaptonemal complex.[1] Autosomes undergo synapsis during meiosis, and are held together by a protein complex along the whole length of the chromosomes called the synaptonemal complex. Sex chromosomes also undergo synapsis; however, the synaptonemal protein complex that holds the homologous chromosomes together is only present at one end of each sex chromosome. [2]
This is not to be confused with mitosis. Mitosis also has prophase, but does not ordinarily do pairing of two homologous chromosomes.[3]
When the non-sister chromatids intertwine, segments of chromatids with similar sequence may break apart and be exchanged in a process known as genetic recombination or "crossing-over". This exchange produces a chiasma, a region that is shaped like an X, where the two chromosomes are physically joined. At least one chiasma per chromosome often appears to be necessary to stabilise bivalents along the metaphase plate during separation. The crossover of genetic material also provides a possible defence against 'chromosome killer' mechanisms, by removing the distinction between 'self' and 'non-self' through which such a mechanism could operate. A further consequence of recombinant synapsis is to increase genetic variability within the offspring. Repeated recombination also has the general effect of allowing genes to move independently of each other through the generations, allowing for the independent concentration of beneficial genes and the purging of the detrimental.
Following synapsis, a type of recombination referred to as synthesis dependent strand annealing (SDSA) occurs frequently. SDSA recombination involves information exchange between paired non-sister homologous chromatids, but not physical exchange. SDSA recombination does not cause crossing-over. Both the non-crossover and crossover types of recombination function as processes for repairing DNA damage, particularly double-strand breaks (see Genetic recombination).
The central function of synapsis is therefore the identification of homologues by pairing, an essential step for a successful meiosis. The processes of DNA repair and chiasma formation that take place following synapsis have consequences at many levels, from cellular survival through to impacts upon evolution itself.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Revenkova E, Jessberger R (2006). "Shaping meiotic prophase chromosomes: cohesins and synaptonemal complex proteins" (PDF). Chromosoma. 115 (3): 235–40. PMID 16518630. doi:10.1007/s00412-006-0060-x. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Page J, de la Fuente R, Gómez R, Calvente A, Viera A, Parra M, Santos J, Berríos S, Fernández-Donoso R, Suja J, Rufas J (2006). "Sex chromosomes, synapsis, and cohesins: a complex affair" (PDF). Chromosoma. 115 (3): 250–9. PMID 16544151. doi:10.1007/s00412-006-0059-3. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ McKee B (2004). "Homologous pairing and chromosome dynamics in meiosis and mitosis". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1677 (1-3): 165–80. PMID 15020057. doi:10.1016/j.bbaexp.2003.11.017.
External links[edit]
Look up synapsis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
UC Berkeley video of chromosome end migration and match assessment during prophase

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Sessile serrated adenoma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Sessile serrated adenoma
Micrograph of a sessile serrated adenoma. H&E stain.
Classification and external resources
[edit on Wikidata]
In gastroenterology, a sessile serrated adenoma (abbreviated SSA), also known as sessile serrated polyp (abbreviated SSP), is a premalignant flat (or sessile) lesion of the colon, predominantly seen in the cecum and ascending colon.
SSAs are thought to lead to colorectal cancer through the (alternate) serrated pathway.[1][2] This differs from most colorectal cancer, which arises from mutations starting with inactivation of the APC gene.
Multiple SSAs may be part of the serrated polyposis syndrome.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Symptoms
2 Diagnosis
3 Serrated polyposis syndrome
4 Treatment
5 Additional images
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Symptoms[edit]
SSAs, generally, are asymptomatic. They are typically identified on a colonoscopy and excised for a definitive diagnosis and treatment.
Diagnosis[edit]
SSAs are diagnosed by their microscopic appearance; histomorphologically, they are characterized by (1) basal dilation of the crypts, (2) basal crypt serration, (3) crypts that run horizontal to the basement membrane (horizontal crypts), and (4) crypt branching. The most common of these features is basal dilation of the crypts.
Unlike traditional colonic adenomas (e.g. tubular adenoma, villous adenoma), they do not (typically) have nuclear changes (nuclear hyperchromatism, nuclear crowding, elliptical/cigar-shaped nuclei).
Serrated polyposis syndrome[edit]
The serrated polyposis syndrome (SPS) is a relatively rare condition characterized by multiple and/or large serrated polyps of the colon. Diagnosis of this disease is made by the fulfillment of any of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) clinical criteria.[4]
Treatment[edit]
Complete removal of a SSA is considered curative.
Several SSAs confer a higher risk of subsequently finding colorectal cancer and warrant more frequent surveillance. The surveillance guidelines are the same as for other colonic adenomas. The surveillance interval is dependent on (1) the number of adenomas, (2) the size of the adenomas, and (3) the presence of high-grade microscopic features.[5]
Additional images[edit]
Low magnification micrograph of a SSA.
Intermediate magnification micrograph of a SSA.
High magnification micrograph of a SSA showing crypt branching.
See also[edit]
Polyp table
Colonic polyps
Colorectal polyps
Colorectal carcinoma
Microsatellite instability
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rüschoff J, Aust D, Hartmann A (2007). "[Colorectal serrated adenoma: diagnostic criteria and clinical implications]". Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol (in German). 91: 119–25. PMID 18314605.
Jump up ^ Mäkinen MJ (January 2007). "Colorectal serrated adenocarcinoma". Histopathology. 50 (1): 131–50. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02548.x. PMID 17204027.
Jump up ^ Rosty, C.; Parry, S.; Young, JP. (2011). "Serrated polyposis: an enigmatic model of colorectal cancer predisposition". Patholog Res Int. 2011: 157073. doi:10.4061/2011/157073. PMC 3109311  . PMID 21660283.
Jump up ^ World J Gastroenterol 2012 May 28; 18(20): 2452-2461
Jump up ^ Levine JS, Ahnen DJ (December 2006). "Clinical practice. Adenomatous polyps of the colon" (PDF). N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (24): 2551–7. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp063038. PMID 17167138.
External links[edit]
Intestinal adenomas - halflytely.com.
Pathology of Serrated Colon Adenomas - Medscape
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