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List of World Organization of the Scout Movement members
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The World Scout Bureau is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland and has offices in six regional divisions:
European Region: Geneva, Switzerland; Brussels, Belgium and Belgrade, Serbia
Arab Region: Cairo, Egypt
Africa Region: Nairobi, Kenya; Cape Town, South Africa; and Dakar, Senegal
Asia-Pacific Region: Makati City, Philippines; Australia; Nepal[citation needed]; and Tokyo, Japan
Interamerican Region: Ciudad del Saber, Panama
Eurasian Region: Kiev, Ukraine
grey areas such as Laos and Cuba have no Scouting
Since its conception in 1907, the Scouting movement has spread from the United Kingdom to 216 countries and territories around the world. There are over 38 million Scouts and Guides worldwide, with 169 national organisations[1] governed by the World Organization of the Scout Movement and a nearly equal number governed by the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts.
Contents
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1 Table of members
2 Non-sovereign territories with independent WOSM member organizations
3 Countries and territories with Scouting run by overseas branches of WOSM member organizations
3.1 Sovereign countries
3.1.1 Served by the Boy Scouts of America
3.1.2 Served by The Scout Association (UK)
3.1.3 Served by Scouts Australia
3.2 Non-sovereign territories
3.2.1 Australia
3.2.2 Denmark
3.2.3 France
3.2.4 New Zealand
3.2.5 United Kingdom
3.2.6 United States
4 'Potential member countries' listed by WOSM
5 Countries with no Scouting organization
6 Other status
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Table of members[edit]
The World Organization of the Scout Movement recognizes at most one Scouting organization per country. Some countries have several organizations combined as a federation, with different component groups divided on the basis of religion (e.g., France and Denmark), ethnic identification (e.g., Israel), or language (e.g., Belgium). Canada is the only country to have two distinct recognized associations, which are divided by language.
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World Organization of the Scout Movement
Regional divisions and member organisations
Africa
Scout
Region
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Chad
Comoros
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé e Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
South Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Potential members: Central African Republic
Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Guinea-Bissau
Mali
Somalia
Arab
Scout
Region
Algeria
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Mauritania
Morocco
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Sudan
Syria
Tunisia
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Asia-
Pacific
Scout
Region
Australia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
Republic of China (Taiwan)
East Timor
Fiji
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Japan
Kiribati
South Korea
Macau
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
New Zealand
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Associate members: French Polynesia
Potential members: Afghanistan
People's Republic of China
Iran
Nauru
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Vietnam
Without Scouting: Laos; North Korea
Eurasian
Scout
Region
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Moldova
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Ukraine
Potential members: Kyrgyzstan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
European
Scout
Region
Austria
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Republic of Macedonia
Malta
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
Potential members: Albania
Without Scouting: Andorra
Inter-
american
Scout
Region
Argentina
Aruba
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Curaçao, Sint Maarten, Caribbean Netherlands
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Without Scouting: Cuba
Scouting portal
Country
Membership
(from 2012) [2]
Name of member organization
Year current Scouting organization joined WOSM [3]
Year member organization was founded [3]
Admits boys/girls
Algeria 33,622 Scouts Musulmans Algériens 1963 1934 both
Angola 16,179 Associação de Escuteiros de Angola 1998 1998 both
Argentina 42,779 Scouts de Argentina 1922 1912 both
Armenia 2,119 Hayastani Azgayin Scautakan Sharjum Kazmakerputiun 1997 1912 both
Aruba[a] Scouting Aruba 2016 2000 both
Australia 65,881 Scouts Australia 1953 1908 both
Austria 10,439 Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Österreichs 1922/1946 1912 both
Azerbaijan 1,091 Azərbaycan Skaut Assosiasiyasi 2000 1997 both
The Bahamas 1,521 The Scout Association of the Bahamas 1974 1913 both
Bahrain 1,790 Boy Scouts of Bahrain 1970 1953 boys only
Bangladesh 958,243 Bangladesh Scouts 1974 1972 both
Barbados 2,184 Barbados Boy Scouts Association 1969 1912 boys only
Belarus 1,201 Belarusian Republican Scout Association 1989 1909 both
Belgium 97,489 Guides and Scouts Movement of Belgium (federation of several organizations) 1922 1911 both
Belize 1,224 The Scout Association of Belize 1987 1911 both
Benin 5,226 Scoutisme Béninois 1964 1932 both
Bhutan 21,294 Bhutan Scout Tshogpa 1999 1991 both
Bolivia 7,894 Asociación de Scouts de Bolivia 1950 1915 both
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,941 Savez izviđača Bosne i Hercegovine 1999 1999/2011 both
Botswana 3,898 The Botswana Scouts Association 1958 1936 boys only
Brazil 70,388 União dos Escoteiros do Brasil 1922 1910 both
Brunei 1,904 Persekutuan Pengakap Negara Brunei Darussalam 1981 1933 both
Bulgaria 1,095 Organizatsia Na Bulgarskite Skauty 1999 1911–1913 both
Burkina Faso 9,700 Fédération Burkinabé du Scoutisme (federation of several organizations) 1972 1943 both
Burundi 28,559 Association des Scouts du Burundi 1979 1940 both
Cambodia 10,061 National Association of Cambodian Scouts 2008 2000 both
Cameroon 4,501 Les Scouts du Cameroun 1971 1937 both
Canada 116,044 Scouts Canada, with which is affiliated the Association des Scouts du Canada 1946 1908 both
Cape Verde 733 Associação dos Escuteiros de Cabo Verde 2002 2002 NA
Chad 14,500 Fédération du Scoutisme Tchadien (federation of several organizations) 1974 1960 both
Chile 19,672 Asociación de Guías y Scouts de Chile 1922/1974 1909 both
Republic of China (Taiwan) 49,057 Scouts of China 1937 1912 both
Colombia 11,118 Asociación Scouts de Colombia 1933 1917 both
Comoros 1,725 Wezombeli 1990 1975 both
Democratic Republic of the Congo 71,443 Fédération des Scouts de la République démocratique du Congo 1963 1924 both
Costa Rica 11,297 Asociación de Guías y Scouts de Costa Rica 1925 1915 both
Ivory Coast 8,335 Fédération Ivoirienne du Scoutisme (federation of several organizations) 1972 1937 both
Croatia 3,155 Savez izviđača Hrvatske 1993 1915 both
Curaçao
Sint Maarten
Caribbean Netherlands 1,600 Scouting Antiano 2016 1997 both
Cyprus 5,328 Cyprus Scouts Association 1961 1913 both
Czech Republic 23,074 Junák - český skaut, z. s. 1922/1990/1996 1911 both
Denmark 39,829 Fællesrådet for Danmarks Drengespejdere (federation of several organizations) 1922 1909 both
Dominica 1,100 The Scout Association of Dominica 1990 1929 both
Dominican Republic 1,269 Asociación de Scouts Dominicanos 1930 1926 both
Ecuador 3,006 Asociación de Scouts del Ecuador 1922 1920 both
Egypt 82,940 Egyptian Federation for Scouts and Girl Guides (federation of several organizations) 1922 1914 both
El Salvador 4,477 Asociación de Scouts de El Salvador 1940 1938 both
Estonia 1,423 Eesti Skautide Ühing 1922/1996 1911/1989 both
Ethiopia 60,191 Ethiopia Scout Association 2002 1950 both
Fiji 7,284 Fiji Scouts Association 1971 1914 both
Finland 43,811 Suomen Partiolaiset - Finlands Scouter ry 1922 1910 both
France 75,547 Scoutisme Français (federation of several organizations) 1922 1910 both
Gabon 3,736 Fédération Gabonaise du Scoutisme (federation of several organizations) 1971 1936 both
Gambia 18,422 The Gambia Scout Association 1984 1921 both
Georgia 1,568 Sakartvelos Skauturi Modzraobis Organizatsia 1997 1994 both
Germany 112,503 Ring deutscher Pfadfinderverbände (federation of several organizations) 1950 1910 both
Ghana 3,818 The Ghana Scout Association 1960 1912 both
Greece 15,218 Soma Hellinon Proskopon 1922 1910 both
Grenada 1,367 The Scout Association of Grenada 1979 1924 both
Guatemala 4,905 Asociación de Scouts de Guatemala 1930 1928 both
Guinea 10,522 Association Nationale des Scouts de Guinée 1990/2005 1984 NA
Guinea-Bissau 1,500 Corpo Nacional de Escutas da Guiné-Bissau 2017 1966 both
Guyana 399 The Scout Association of Guyana 1967 1909 both
Haiti 43,605 Scouts d'Haïti 1932/1940 1916 both
Honduras 1,473 Asociación de Scouts de Honduras 1957 1952 both
Hong Kong 66,895 The Scout Association of Hong Kong 1977 1914 both
Hungary 10,068 Magyar Cserkészszövetség 1922/1990 1912 both
Iceland 3,938 Bandalag Íslenskra Skáta 1924 1912 both
India 3,371,408 The Bharat Scouts and Guides 1938 1909 both
Indonesia 21,599,748 Gerakan Pramuka 1961 1912 both
Iraq 50,818 Iraq Scout Association 1922/1956/2017 1914 both
Ireland 42,666 Scouting Ireland 1949 1908 both
Israel 25,684 Hitachdut Hatsofim Ve Hatsofot Be Israel (federation of several organizations) 1951 1920 both
Italy 102,066 Federazione Italiana dello Scautismo (federation of several organizations) 1922/1946 1912 both
Jamaica 2,235 The Scout Association of Jamaica 1963 1910 both
Japan 111,180 Scout Association of Japan 1922/1950 1913 both
Jordan 15,521 Jordanian Association for Boy Scouts and Girl Guides 1955 1954 both
Kazakhstan 1,103 Organization of the Scout Movement of Kazakhstan 2008 1992 both
Kenya 323,884 The Kenya Scouts Association 1964 1910 both
Kiribati 1,333 Kiribati Scout Association 1993 1993 both
South Korea 190,539 Korea Scout Association 1953 1922 both
Kuwait 5,950 Kuwait Boy Scouts Association 1955 1952 boys only
Latvia 847 Latvijas Skautu un Gaidu Centrālā Organizācija 1993 1917 both
Lebanon 14,533 Lebanese Scouting Federation (federation of several organizations) 1947 1912 both
Lesotho 371 Lesotho Scouts Association 1971 1936 boys only
Liberia 2,418 Boy Scouts of Liberia 1922/1965 1922 boys only
Libya 14,716 Public Scout and Girl Guide Movement 1958 1954 both
Liechtenstein 753 Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Liechtensteins 1933 1931 both
Lithuania 1,446 Lietuvos Skautija 1997 1918 both
Luxembourg 7,083 Luxembourg Boy Scouts Association (federation of several organizations) 1922 1914 both
Macau ~5,000 Associação de Escoteiros de Macau 2017 1921 both
Republic of Macedonia 1,151 Sojuz na Izvidnici na Makedonija 1997 1921 both
Madagascar 38,262 Firaisan'ny Skotisma eto Madagasikara (federation of several organizations) 1960 1921 both
Malawi 12,810 The Scout Association of Malawi 2005 1996 NA
Malaysia 44,016 Persekutuan Pengakap Malaysia 1957 1911 both
Maldives 4,633 The Scout Association of Maldives 1990 1963 both
Malta 2,968 The Scout Association of Malta 1966 1908 both
Mauritania 3,724 Association des Scouts et Guides de Mauritanie 1983 1947 both
Mauritius 3,463 The Mauritius Scout Association 1971 1912 both
Mexico 33,487 Asociación de Scouts de México, A.C. 1926 1920 both
Moldova 2,042 Organizaţia Naţionala A Scouţilor Din Moldova 1997 1921 both
Monaco 1,001 Association des Guides et Scouts de Monaco 1990 1990 both
Mongolia 10,445 Mongolyn Skautyn Kholboo 1994 1992 both
Montenegro 768 Savez Izviđača Crne Gore 2008 2006 both
Morocco 12,304 Fédération Nationale du Scoutisme Marocain 1961 1933 both
Mozambique 21,487 Liga dos Escuteiros de Moçambique 1999 1960 both
Myanmar 25,000 Myanmar Scout 2016 2012 both
Namibia 2,836 Scouts of Namibia 1990 1917 both
Nepal 19,010 Nepal Scouts 1969 1952 both
Netherlands 47,655 Scouting Nederland 1922 1910 both
New Zealand 17,939 Scouting New Zealand 1953 1908 both
Nicaragua 1,011 Asociación de Scouts de Nicaragua 1946 1917 both
Niger 3,300 Association des Scouts du Niger 1996 1947 both
Nigeria 46,701 Scout Association of Nigeria 1961 1915 both
Norway 17,279 Speidernes Fellesorganisasjon (federation of several organizations) 1922 1911 both
Oman 12,847 The National Organisation for Scouts and Guides 1977 1948 both
Pakistan 630,476 Pakistan Boy Scouts Association 1948 1947 boys only
Palestinian Authority 33,629 Palestinian Scout Association 1996 1912 both
Panama 2,254 Asociación Nacional de Scouts de Panamá 1924/1950 1924 both
Papua New Guinea 3,509 The Scout Association of Papua New Guinea 1976 1926 boys only
Paraguay 1,210 Asociación de Scouts del Paraguay 1962 1960 both
Peru 6,724 Asociación de Scouts del Perú 1922 1916 both
Philippines 1,760,309 Boy Scouts of the Philippines 1946 1923 both
Poland 33,506 Związek Harcerstwa Polskiego 1922/1996 1918 both
Portugal 79,063 Federação Escotista de Portugal 1922 1913 both
Qatar 4,528 The Scout and Guide Association of Qatar 1965 1955 both
Romania 2,629 Cercetaşii României 1993 1914 both
Russia 7,186 Russian Association of Scouts/Navigators 2004 1909 both
Rwanda 18,859 Association des Scouts du Rwanda 1975 1940 both
Saint Lucia 355 The Saint Lucia Scout Association 1990 1910 both
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 353 The Scout Association of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1990 1911 both
San Marino 280 Associazione Guide Esploratori Cattolici Sammarinesi[4] 1990/2017 1973 both
São Tomé and Príncipe 421 Associação dos Escuteiros de São Tomé e Príncipe 2017 1993 both
Saudi Arabia 19,260 Saudi Arabian Boy Scouts Association 1963 1961 boys only
Senegal 9,857 Confédération Sénégalaise du Scoutisme (federation of several organizations) 1963 1930 both
Serbia 4,408 Savez Izviđača Srbije 1995 1911 both
Seychelles 169 Seychelles Scout Association 1927 2002 both
Sierra Leone 11,587 Sierra Leone Scouts Association 1964 1909 both
Singapore 11,451 The Singapore Scout Association 1966 1910 both
Slovakia 3,349 Slovenský skauting 1922/1990/1997 1913 both
Slovenia 5,494 Zveza tabornikov Slovenije 1994 1915 both
South Africa 69,316 Scouts South Africa 1937 1908 both
South Sudan 2,000 South Sudan Scout Association[5] 2013 2011 both
Spain 59,408 Federación de Escultismo en España 1922/1978 1912 both
Sri Lanka 40,925 Sri Lanka Scout Association 1953 1912 both
Sudan 14,682 Sudan Scouts Association 1956 1935 boys only
Suriname 2,601 Boy Scouts van Suriname 1968 1924 both
Swaziland 6,843 Swaziland Boy Scouts Association 1968 1928 boys only
Sweden 43,729 Scouterna 1922 1911 both
Switzerland 23,263 Swiss Guide and Scout Movement 1922 1912 both
Syria 9,260 Scouts of Syria 2008 1912/1949 both
Tajikistan 1,062 Ittihodi Scouthoi Tojikiston 1997 1991 both
Tanzania 538,933 Tanzania Scouts Association 1963 1929 both
Thailand 828,248 The National Scout Organization of Thailand 1922 1911 both
Timor-Leste[6] Unknown União Nacional dos Escuteiros de Timor Leste 2017 2003 both
Togo 9,196 Association Scoute du Togo 1977 1920 both
Trinidad and Tobago 8,686 The Scout Association of Trinidad and Tobago 1963 1911 both
Tunisia 18,494 Les Scouts Tunisiens 1957 1933 both
Turkey 40,579 Türkiye İzcilik Federasyonu 1950 1923 both
Uganda 116,054 The Uganda Scouts Association 1964 1915 both
Ukraine 2,429 National Organization of Scouts of Ukraine 2008 2007 both
United Arab Emirates 5,830 Emirates Scout Association 1977 1972 boys only
United Kingdom 528,263 The Scout Association 1922 1907 both
United States 2,988,612 Boy Scouts of America 1922 1910 both for Venturing, boys only for non-Venturing. As of 2018, girls will be admitted to Cub Scout programs at pack discretion, and in 2019 the Boy Scouts program will be available in some form to girls/women[7]
Uruguay 1,544 Movimiento Scout del Uruguay 1950 1946 both
Venezuela 14,893 Asociación de Scouts de Venezuela 1937 1913 both
Yemen 6,481 Yemen Scouts and Guides Association - Scout branch 1980 1927 boys only
Zambia 7,396 Zambia Scouts Association 1965 1930 both
Zimbabwe 5,880 The Scout Association of Zimbabwe 1980 1909 both
a Membership data not available
Non-sovereign territories with independent WOSM member organizations[edit]
Hong Kong - The Scout Association of Hong Kong: Full Member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement
Aruba - Scouting Aruba: Full Member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement
French Polynesia - Conseil du Scoutisme polynésien: Associate Member of the Asia-Pacific Region of the World Organization of the Scout Movement
Macau - Associação de Escoteiros de Macau: Full Member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement
Curaçao, Sint Maarten and the Caribbean Netherlands (former Netherlands Antilles) - Scouting Antiano: Full Member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement
Countries and territories with Scouting run by overseas branches of WOSM member organizations[edit]
Ten of these overseas branches of accredited National Scout Organizations are considered "potential members" by the WOSM (marked by *).[8]
Sovereign countries[edit]
Served by the Boy Scouts of America[edit]
Federated States of Micronesia - Scouting in the Federated States of Micronesia* - Aloha Council of the Boy Scouts of America
Marshall Islands - Scouting in the Marshall Islands* - Aloha Council of the Boy Scouts of America
Palau - Scouting in Palau* - Aloha Council of the Boy Scouts of America
Served by The Scout Association (UK)[edit]
Antigua and Barbuda - Antigua and Barbuda Branch of The Scout Association*
Saint Kitts and Nevis - The Scout Association of Saint Kitts and Nevis*
Solomon Islands - Solomon Islands branch of The Scout Association*
Tonga - Tonga branch of The Scout Association*
Tuvalu - Tuvalu Scout Association*
Vanuatu - Vanuatu branch of The Scout Association*
Served by Scouts Australia[edit]
Nauru - Scouting in Nauru*
Non-sovereign territories[edit]
Australia[edit]
Christmas Island - Scouts Australia
Cocos (Keeling) Islands - Scouts Australia
Norfolk Island - Scouts Australia
Denmark[edit]
Faroe Islands - Føroya Skótaráð
Greenland - Grønlands Spejderkorps
France[edit]
French Guiana - Scouting in French Guiana
Guadeloupe and Saint Martin - Scouting in Guadeloupe et Saint Martin
Martinique - Scouts et Guides de Martinique
Mayotte - Scouting in Mayotte
New Caledonia - Scouting in New Caledonia
Réunion - Scouting on Réunion
Saint Pierre and Miquelon - Scouting in Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Wallis and Futuna - Scouting in Wallis and Futuna
New Zealand[edit]
Cook Islands - Cook Islands Boy Scout Association
Niue - Scouting and Guiding on Niue
Tokelau - Scouting and Guiding in Tokelau
United Kingdom[edit]
Anguilla - The Scout Association of Anguilla
Bermuda - Scout Association of Bermuda
Cayman Islands - The Scout Association of the Cayman Islands
Falkland Islands - Scouting and Guiding in the Falkland Islands
Gibraltar - The Scout Association of Gibraltar
Montserrat - The Scout Association of Montserrat
Saint Helena and Ascension Island - Scouting and Guiding on Saint Helena and Ascension Island
Turks and Caicos Islands - The Scout Association of the Turks and Caicos
British Virgin Islands - The Scout Association of the British Virgin Islands
United States[edit]
American Samoa - Scouting in American Samoa - Aloha Council of the Boy Scouts of America
Guam - Scouting in Guam - Aloha Council of the Boy Scouts of America
Northern Marianas Islands - Scouting in the Northern Mariana Islands - Aloha Council of the Boy Scouts of America
Puerto Rico - Puerto Rico Council of the Boy Scouts of America
United States Virgin Islands - Scouting in the United States Virgin Islands is the responsibility of National Capital Area Council of the Boy Scouts of America
'Potential member countries' listed by WOSM[edit]
In 2014, WOSM listed 26 sovereign countries as potential members. 10 of these were served by oversea branches of WOSM member organizations (see #Countries and territories with Scouting run by overseas branches of WOSM member organizations).
Afghanistan - Afghanistan Scout Association
Albania - Scouting and Guiding in Albania. In 2014, the membership of Beslidhja Skaut Albania was terminated by WOSM with hopes to establish a new National Scouting Organization.[9]
Central African Republic - Fédération du scoutisme centrafricain
Republic of the Congo - Association des Scouts et Guides du Congo
Djibouti - Association des Scouts de Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea - Scouting in Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea - National Scout Association of Eritrea
Iran - Iran Scout Organization
Kyrgyzstan - Scouting in Kyrgyzstan
Mali - Scouting in Mali
Samoa - Scouting in Samoa
Somalia - Scouting in Somalia
Turkmenistan - Scouting in Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan - Scouting in Uzbekistan
Vietnam - Vietnamese Scout Association
Countries with no Scouting organization[edit]
In 2008, WOSM listed six sovereign countries as without Scouting; the list omitted Vatican City, which is also without Scouting. The People's Republic of China now has Scouting activity on their territory, hence they have been listed in the next section (see #Other status).
Andorra - Scouting in Andorra - dormant since the 1980s
Cuba - Cuban Scouting prior to 1961 and in exile
Laos - Laotian Scouting prior to 1975 and in exile
North Korea - shared history with Korea Scout Association prior to 1950
Vatican City - Scouting in Vatican City
Other status[edit]
Antarctica - Scouting in the Antarctic
Kosovo - Scouting in Kosovo - partially recognized state
People's Republic of China (mainland China) - Scouting in Mainland China - Scout Association of the People's Republic of China
Somaliland - Scouting in Somaliland - self-proclaimed unrecognized functional state within Somalia
Western Sahara - Scouting in Western Sahara
See also[edit]
Scouting portal
List of World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts members
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.scout.org/node/356081
Jump up ^ "WOSM MEMBERSHIP as at 31st December 2012" (PDF). World Organization of the Scout Movement. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-08. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "Some statistics". World Organization of the Scout Movement. Archived from the original on 2010-04-02. Retrieved 2010-03-30.
Jump up ^ https://www.scout.org/node/360301
Jump up ^ "South Sudan joins World Scouting family". World Organization of the Scout Movement. Archived from the original on 2013-06-05. Retrieved 2013-05-03.
Jump up ^ "The Scout Association of Timor-Leste joins WOSM". www.scout.org. Retrieved 2017-07-04.
Jump up ^ The BSA Expands Programs to Welcome Girls from Cub Scouts to Highest Rank of Eagle Scout
Jump up ^ "Scouting elsewhere". World Organization of the Scout Movement. Archived from the original on 2007-03-12. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Termination of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) Membership" (PDF). World Organization of the Scout Movement. Retrieved 2014-12-08.
World Scout Bureau (1979), Scouting 'round the World. Le scoutisme à travers le monde. 1979 edition. ISBN 2-88052-001-0
World Organization of the Scout Movement (1990), Scouting 'round the World. Facts and Figures on the World Scout Movement. 1990 edition. ISBN 2-88052-001-0
External links[edit]
WOSM: Scouting around the World
WOSM members worldmap
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_Organization_of_the_Scout_Movement_members&oldid=819383250"
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The Geographical Pivot of History
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Halford John Mackinder taught at Oxford
The geographical pivot of history, sometimes simply as the pivot of history is a geostrategic theory, also known as heartland theory.[1] "The Geographical Pivot of History" was an article submitted by Halford John Mackinder in 1904 to the Royal Geographical Society that advanced his heartland theory.[2][3] In this article, Mackinder extended the scope of geopolitical analysis to encompass the entire globe.
Contents
[hide]
1 The World-Island and the Heartland
2 Strategic importance of Eastern Europe
3 Influence of the theory on foreign and military policy
3.1 In the Western powers
4 Influence of the theory on other geopolitical models
5 Criticism
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
The World-Island and the Heartland[edit]
According to Mackinder, the Earth's land surface was divisible into:
The World-Island, comprising the interlinked continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa. This was the largest, most populous, and richest of all possible land combinations.
The offshore islands, including the British Isles and the islands of Japan.
The outlying islands, including the continents of North America, South America, and Australia.
The Heartland lay at the centre of the world island, stretching from the Volga to the Yangtze and from the Himalayas to the Arctic. Mackinder's Heartland was the area then ruled by the Russian Empire and after that by the Soviet Union, minus the Kamchatka Peninsula region, which is located in the easternmost part of Russia, near the Aleutian Islands and Kurile islands.
Strategic importance of Eastern Europe[edit]
Later, in 1919, Mackinder summarised his theory as:
"Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland;
who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island;
who rules the World-Island commands the world."
(Mackinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality, p. 150)
Any power which controlled the World-Island would control well over 50% of the world's resources. The Heartland's size and central position made it the key to controlling the World-Island.
The vital question was how to secure control for the Heartland. This question may seem pointless, since in 1904 the Russian Empire had ruled most of the area from the Volga to Eastern Siberia for centuries. But throughout the nineteenth century:
The West European powers had combined, usually successfully, in the Great Game to prevent Russian expansion.
The Russian Empire was huge but socially, politically and technologically backward—i.e., inferior in "virility, equipment and organization".
Mackinder held that effective political domination of the Heartland by a single power had been unattainable in the past because:
The Heartland was protected from sea power by ice to the north and mountains and deserts to the south.
Previous land invasions from east to west and vice versa were unsuccessful because lack of efficient transportation made it impossible to assure a continual stream of men and supplies.
He outlined the following ways in which the Heartland might become a springboard for global domination in the twentieth century (Sempa, 2000):
Successful invasion of Russia by a West European nation (most probably Germany). Mackinder believed that the introduction of the railroad had removed the Heartland's invulnerability to land invasion. As Eurasia began to be covered by an extensive network of railroads, there was an excellent chance that a powerful continental nation could extend its political control over the Eastern European gateway to the Eurasian landmass. In Mackinder's words, "Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland."
A Russo-German alliance. Before 1917 both countries were ruled by autocrats (the Tsar and the Kaiser), and both could have been attracted to an alliance against the democratic powers of Western Europe (the US was isolationist regarding European affairs, until it became a participant of World War I in 1917). Germany would have contributed to such an alliance its formidable army and its large and growing sea power.
Conquest of Russia by a Sino-Japanese empire (see below).
The combined empire's large East Asian coastline would also provide the potential for it to become a major sea power. Mackinder's "Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland ..." does not cover this scenario, probably because the previous 2 scenarios were seen as the major risks of the nineteenth century and the early 1900s.
One of Mackinder's personal objectives was to warn Britain that its traditional reliance on sea power would become a weakness as improved land transport opened up the Heartland for invasion and / or industrialisation (Sempa, 2000).
Influence of the theory on foreign and military policy[edit]
Colour representation, using a modern projection of the world.
In the Western powers[edit]
Mackinder identified the geopolitical nightmare that was to haunt the world's two sea powers during the first half of the twentieth century—Great Britain and, later on, the United States. The nightmare was that if Germany or Russia were allowed to control East Europe then this could lead to the domination of the Eurasian land mass by one of these two powers as a prelude to mastery of the world.
Influence of the theory on other geopolitical models[edit]
Signs of Mackinder's Heartland Theory can be found in the works of geopolitician Dimitri Kitsikis, particularly in his "Intermediate Region" model. There is a significant geographical overlap between the Heartland or "Pivot Area" and the Intermediate Region, with the exception of Germany-Prussia and north-eastern China, which Kitsikis excludes from the Intermediate Region. Mackinder, on the other hand, excludes North Africa, Eastern Europe and the Middle East from the Heartland. The reason for this difference is that Mackinder's model is primarily geo-strategic, while Kitsikis' model is geo-civilizational. However, the roles of both the Intermediate Region and the Heartland are regarded by their respective authors as being pivotal in the shaping of world history.
Criticism[edit]
K. S. Gadzhev, in his book Vvedenie v geopolitiku (Introduction to Geopolitics) raises a series of objections to Mackinder's Heartland to start with that the significance physiography is given there for political strategy is a form of geographical determinism.[4]
See also[edit]
Intermediate Region
The Grand Chessboard
Land hemisphere
The Nazis Strike
Rimland
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Charles Kruszewski, "The Pivot of History", Foreign Affairs, April 1954
Jump up ^ Mackinder, H.J., "The Geographical Pivot of History", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 23, No.4, (April 1904), 421-437
Jump up ^ Mackinder, H.J., Democratic Ideals and Reality. A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction, National Defense University Press, 1996, pp. 175–193
Jump up ^ Anita Sengupta, Heartlands of Eurasia: The Geopolitics of Political Space, Lexington Books, 2009
Further reading[edit]
CIA's Analysis of the Soviet Union, 1947-1991 links to a large number of CIA analyses of Soviet economic, technological and military capability (as well as e.g. foreign policy), all in PDF format.
Christopher, J.F. "Sir Halford Mackinder, Geopolitics, and Policymaking in the 21st Century", Parameters, Summer 2000
Mackinder, H.J. "The Geographical Pivot of History", in "Democratic Ideals and Reality", Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1996, pp. 175–193.
Odom, W.E. (1998) "The Collapse of the Soviet Military". Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08271-1
Sempa, F.P. (2000) "Mackinder's World" describes the background to Mackinder's thinking, the development of his theory after World War I (with many quotes) and its influence on geo-strategic thinking.
Venier, Pascal. "The Geographical Pivot of History and Early 20th Century Geopolitical Culture", Geographical Journal, vol. 170, no 4, December 2004, pp. 330–336.
William R. Keylor, The Twentieth-Century World and Beyond: An International History Since 1900, 2006. ISBN 0-19-516843-7
External links[edit]
The Geographical Pivot of History (The Internet Archive version) The Geographical Journal, April 1904.
Democratic Ideals and Reality, Washington, DC: National Defence University Press, 1996, pp. 175–194
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History&oldid=822158578"
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