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American entry into Canada by land
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Cars approaching Canada border at White Rock, BC in Canada from Blaine, WA in the U.S.
U.S. citizens and permanent residents entering Canada by land are required to possess the requisite documentation, and to meet other criteria before they are allowed entry into Canada. Consequently, travelers must also meet the requirements for re-entering the U.S. at the end of their visit.
Contents
[hide]
1 Visitor entry into Canada
2 Documentation
2.1 Enhanced driver's licenses
2.2 NEXUS/FAST
2.3 United States permanent residents
2.4 Minors 16 and under
2.5 Documentation for vehicles
3 Visas and admissibility
3.1 Inadmissibility
3.1.1 Grounds for inadmissibility
3.1.2 Avoiding inadmissibility
3.1.3 Criminal inadmissibility
3.1.3.1 Rehabilitation
3.1.3.2 Temporary resident permits
3.1.3.3 Inadmissible family member
3.1.3.4 Offenses committed as a minor
3.2 Policies
3.2.1 Importation of firearms
3.2.2 Items requiring declaration
3.2.3 Prohibited items
3.3 Handling disagreements
3.3.1 Appeals
3.4 Business visits
4 Return entry into the U.S.
4.1 Documentation
4.2 Searches
4.3 Policies
5 Expedited entry
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Visitor entry into Canada[edit]
Entry into Canada is solely determined by Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) officials in accordance with Canadian law.[1] Visitors are required to have the necessary travel documentation and be in good health.[2] If asked, they must satisfy an immigration officer of ties to their country of origin, such as a job, home, and family.[2] They must also satisfy the officer that they will leave Canada at the end of their visit.[2] Additionally, they must have sufficient money for their stay,[2] and all items belonging to an individual, including the vehicle the individual may be traveling in, are subject to search by the CBSA.[citation needed]
Documentation[edit]
Canadian law requires that all persons entering Canada must carry proof of both citizenship and identity.[1] A valid U.S. passport[1] or passport card[1] is preferred, although a birth certificate, naturalization certificate, citizenship certificate, or another document proving U.S. nationality, together with a government-issued photo ID (such as a driver's license) are acceptable to establish identity and nationality.[3] However, the documents required to return to the United States can be more restrictive (for example, a birth certificate and photo ID are insufficient) – see the section below on Return entry into the U.S.
Enhanced driver's licenses[edit]
An enhanced driver's license (EDL), currently issued by the states of Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Vermont, and Washington, is specifically designed to meet the requirements of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI) to re-enter the United States via a land or water border. An EDL will also suffice as proof of identity and citizenship for American citizens entering Canada by road.[4]
NEXUS/FAST[edit]
NEXUS is a joint U S./Canadian program for pre-approved, low-risk travelers and requires an extensive background check and face to face interview with border officials of both nations. FAST (Free and Secure Trade) is the equivalent for international truck drivers. Membership in either program can expedite border clearance through the use of dedicated lanes.
United States permanent residents[edit]
United States permanent residents are required to show their Permanent Resident Card (green card). No passport or visa is required.[4]
Minors 16 and under[edit]
Children under 16 need only present proof of U.S. citizenship.[1] Nevertheless, it is recommended that identification for children be carried anyway.[5] Any person under 18 traveling alone requires a letter from a parent or guardian granting permission to travel to Canada.[5] The letter must state the traveler's name and the duration of the trip.[5]
A divorced parent who has or shares custody of a child should carry a copy of the custody document.[5] An adult who is not the parent or legal guardian of a child they are accompanying should have written permission from the parents or guardians to supervise the child.[5] When traveling in a group of vehicles, parents or guardians should be in the same vehicle as their children when arriving at the border.[5] CBSA personnel are looking for missing children and may question adults about children traveling with them.[5]
Documentation for vehicles[edit]
Persons driving into Canada must have their vehicle's registration document and proof of insurance.[5]
Visas and admissibility[edit]
A visa is not required for U.S. citizens to visit Canada for up to 180 days.[1] Anyone seeking to enter Canada for any purpose besides a visit (e.g. to work, study or immigrate) must qualify for the appropriate entry status and can see the Canadian immigration website.[1] The Canadian embassy or nearest consulate can be contacted for additional information.[1]
Inadmissibility[edit]
"Allowed to Leave Canada" form (as of 2008[update]) issued by CIC to an inadmissible person
Some persons are inadmissible—they are not allowed to enter Canada.[2]
As of 2011[update], if a person is denied entry and advised to re-enter the U.S., they are issued form IMM 1282B.[6] This form indicates that the person is allowed to withdraw their application to enter Canada, and is allowed to leave Canada. Persons who have been denied entry and provided this form are advised by the CBSA to show this form to the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). There appears to be no legal precedent, however, for the traveler to voluntarily submit this form to the CBP, and doing so may cause the CBP to consider the traveler suspicious, and as a result they may subject the traveler to exhaustive questioning and search.[verification needed] Information about the denial of entry may nevertheless be automatically and immediately available to the CBP.
Grounds for inadmissibility[edit]
Individuals may be refused entry to or removed from Canada on the following grounds:[7]
Security reasons, including espionage, subversion, violence or terrorism, or membership in an organization involved in such activities.[7]
Human or international rights violations.[7]
Criminality.[7]
Organized crime, including membership in an organization that takes part in organized criminal activity.[7]
Health reasons, if their condition is likely to endanger public health or public safety, or might reasonably be expected to cause excessive demands on health or social services.[7]
Financial reasons, if they are unable or unwilling to support themselves and their family members.[7]
Misrepresentation, which includes providing false information or withholding information directly related to decisions made under Canada's Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA).[7]
Failure to comply with any provision of IRPA.[7] For instance, an attempt by persons who, having previously been deported from Canada, seek to enter Canada without written authorization.[7]
Having an inadmissible family member.[7]
Avoiding inadmissibility[edit]
Persons can be denied entry into Canada on the basis of suspicion alone. In particular, the CBSA may deny entry to persons they doubt will be able to support themselves and their dependents, or whose willingness and means to return to the U.S. is in doubt.[5] Certain documents, such as the following, can serve to reduce these doubts:[8][not in citation given]
Evidence of financial support, such as bank statements and passbooks.[8]
Income tax records, both recent and past.[8]
Evidence of employment, such as recent pay stubs, employment ID, and current letter from employer.[8]
Proof of residence, such as recent rent receipts, and copies of mortgage, deed, and utility bills.[8]
Confirmed means of departure from Canada, such as an airline, bus or train ticket with date and time of departure indicated.[8]
Information about destination in Canada, including destination address, destination telephone number, and name of the person being visited.[8]
Criminal inadmissibility[edit]
A single criminal conviction, no matter how minor or how long ago, is grounds for exclusion from Canada.[2] With the exception of civil traffic violations such as speeding, and some municipal ordinance infractions (which are typically not handled through the legal system) such as parking violations or littering, persons with a conviction must either have received a pardon, applied for and been accepted for rehabilitation, met the requirement to be considered deemed rehabilitated, or if ineligible for rehabilitation or deemed rehabilitated status, apply for and receive a temporary resident permit (a special type of visa) to enter Canada.[9]
Individuals with a criminal conviction that has been expunged are allowed entry into Canada.[10] Since the criminal database might not be up-to-date, it is best to have paperwork of the expungement to guarantee entry. A letter from an attorney will suffice.[11]
Rehabilitation[edit]
To be a candidate for rehabilitation, at least five years (or more depending on the severity of the offense) since the conclusion of any sentence imposed (imprisonment, probation, fine paid, suspension of driver's license, etc...) must have elapsed. Due to differences between legal systems, an overturned conviction or dismissed charges does not automatically overcome inadmissibility, unless the offense itself occurred in Canada. However, applicants in either of these situations can use an abbreviated process and the five-year waiting period generally does not apply. In simple cases, such as a single misdemeanor conviction, the application can typically be reviewed and approved by a Canadian Embassy, High Counsel, or CIC office. For more complicated histories or in the case of a felony conviction, the application will need to be forwarded to Ottawa for approval. Processing time in either case can take several months to a year or more, so it is advisable to begin the process of applying for rehabilitation well in advance of any planned travel to Canada. Factors considered when determining whether to approve an application for rehabilitation or not include the nature of the offense, the time elapsed and one's behavior since the offense was committed or since the sentence. Applicants are required to obtain clearances from law enforcement in the communities in which they have lived, and are strongly urged to submit documentation showing stability and reform such as records of employment and any education or treatment programs completed, as well as character references.[9]
A person with a past conviction can also be "deemed rehabilitated" by an immigration officer at the port of entry. Ten years must have elapsed since the conclusion of any sentence imposed and other criteria must be satisfied. Persons attempting to enter under the deemed rehabilitated system should also bring law enforcement clearances, documents showing a stable and reformed life, and character references, as the decision as to whether to admit someone as deemed rehabilitated is completely at the discretion of the border official and there is no recourse or right of appeal should deemed rehabilitated status be denied.[9] It should be noted that anyone with a felony conviction (unless a pardon was granted) cannot be deemed rehabilitated and must instead apply for rehabilitation or a temporary resident permit.
Temporary resident permits[edit]
Temporary resident permits are a one-time authorization for someone who is otherwise criminally inadmissible to enter Canada. Permits are rarely granted without cause, typically only in extenuating circumstances (such as a documented family emergency), on significant humanitarian grounds (such as sponsoring an inadmissible spouse or child), or for reasons of Canadian national interest, or in circumstances where the reasons for criminal inadmissibility are negligible.[12] TRP's are usually issued with varying restrictions and can be revoked if deemed necessary. Temporary resident permits can, however, be obtained by an individual who has a criminal record if it can be proven that he has been rehabilitated and is able to demonstrate that the need for him to enter Canada outweighs any risk that he may cause to Canada.[13]
Inadmissible family member[edit]
If an individual is deemed inadmissible, members of his or her family may also be deemed inadmissible solely based on that fact.
Offenses committed as a minor[edit]
In theory, a person is not inadmissible if they were convicted of a crime before the age of 18 and were tried as a young offender or through the juvenile justice system. If the person in question could have been tried as an adult (which is frequently the case in the US, where minors as young as 8 can be tried as an adult), regardless of whether they actually were or not, they are inadmissible.
Policies[edit]
Importation of firearms[edit]
Firearms are much more strictly controlled in Canada than in the U.S. Visitors bringing any firearms into Canada, or planning to borrow and use firearms while in Canada, are required to declare the firearms in writing using a Non-Resident Firearm Declaration form.[1] Multiple firearms can be declared at the same time.[1] Upon acceptance, this declaration serves as a temporary license and registration certificate for up to 60 days.[1] The Non-Resident Firearm Declaration has a cost of $25 (Canadian).[14] Visitors planning to borrow a firearm in Canada are required to obtain in advance a Temporary Firearms Borrowing License, the cost of which is $30 (Canadian), payable at the border.[1] These forms are required to be signed before a CBSA officer at the border.[1] Note that the forms are not available at the border itself. Details and downloadable forms are provided by the Canadian Firearms Program.[1]
Canada has three classes of firearms: non-restricted, restricted, and prohibited.[1] Non-restricted firearms include most ordinary hunting rifles and shotguns.[1] These can be brought temporarily into Canada for sporting or hunting use during hunting season, use in competitions, in-transit movement through Canada, or personal protection against wildlife in remote areas of Canada.[1] Any person wishing to bring a hunting rifle into Canada is required to be at least 18 years old, and the firearm must be properly stored for transport.[1] Restricted firearms are primarily handguns.[1] A restricted firearm may be brought into Canada, but an Authorization to Transport permit must be obtained in advance from a Chief Firearms Officer.[1] Prohibited firearms include fully automatic, converted automatics and assault-type weapons. Prohibited firearms are not allowed into Canada.[1] A comprehensive guide on importation of firearms and weapons is published by the CBSA.[15]
It is recommended that the Canadian embassy or a consulate, or the Canadian Firearms Program be contacted for detailed information and instructions on temporarily importing firearms in advance of any travel.[1] In all cases, travelers are required to declare to Canadian authorities any firearms and weapons in their possession when entering Canada.[1] If a traveler is denied permission to bring in the firearm, there may be facilities near border crossings where firearms may be stored, pending the traveler's return to the U.S.[1] Canadian law requires that officials confiscate firearms and weapons from those crossing the border that deny having them in their possession.[1] Confiscated firearms and weapons are never returned.[1] Possession of an undeclared firearm can result in a five-year prison sentence.[16]
Items requiring declaration[edit]
Food, plants, animals and related products are required to be declared when entering Canada[17] using a declaration form.[18] Once declared, a CBSA officer will ask questions about these items, such as their country of origin or intended use.[18] The items may be inspected.[18] Non-allowable items are either seized, disposed of, or ordered removed from Canada.[18]
A failure to declare can lead to confiscation of products, fines of up to $400 (Canadian) per undeclared item, as well as prosecution.[19] Persons wishing to dispose product needing declaration can do so in product disposal bins.[18]
Prohibited items[edit]
Electronic media of travelers entering Canada can be randomly checked.[1] Computers are subject to search without a warrant at the border, and illegal content can result in the seizure of the computer as well as detention, arrest and prosecution of the bearer.[1]
Certain weapons that may be legal to possess in the U.S. are prohibited weapons in Canada, most notably pepper spray, mace and Tasers. Under the Canadian Criminal Code, a person can face a maximum of five years in prison for unauthorized possession[20] and five years for unauthorized importation of an illegal weapon.[21] If, however, it can be proven that the person, despite knowing that its importation or possession is illegal, imports or possess a prohibited weapon, the maximum penalty increases to ten years imprisonment.
Canadian law prohibits the unlawful importation or trafficking of controlled substances and narcotics.[1] A number of travelers, including Americans, have been arrested for attempting to smuggle khat, an herbal stimulant from East Africa, into Canada.[1] Smugglers risk substantial fines, a permanent bar from Canada, and imprisonment.[1]
It is recommended that prescription medicines be in their original prescription container. Suspicious looking or unidentifiable pills found during a search can be tested for narcotics. Entry into Canada can be delayed until the tests have completed. Moreover, their discovery can lead to being denied entry even if the tests passed.
Handling disagreements[edit]
A person or organization may disagree with the CBSA about an assessment or decision made by the CBSA.[22] If at the border, the Border Services Officer (BSO) or superintendent can be consulted.[22] To address disagreements afterwards, a CBSA office can be contacted.[22]
Appeals[edit]
Persons who believe that they have not received their full entitlements under Canadian law, and have been unable to reach an agreement with the CBSA on a duty or penalty matter, have the right to a formal review of their file.[23] A formal review is conducted by appeals representatives who were not involved in the original decision, and is impartial.[23] Appeals staff are trained to review the client's and the CBSA's facts and reasons.[23]
The role of the appeals representative who reviews a case is to carry out a complete, professional, and impartial review.[23] This representative reviews the case by interpreting acts administered by the CBSA and reviewing CBSA policies, considering the appellant's point of view; and when necessary, asking for a technical opinion from CBSA experts or seeking legal advice from the Canadian Department of Justice.[23]
The representative who reviews the case will not have been involved in the original assessment, determination, or ruling of a duty, penalty or other matter.[23] The appellant can discuss the case with an appeals representative, and has the right to obtain certain documents related to the case.[23]
The CBSA does not charge for a review.[23] If a person is not satisfied with the review, a further appeal can be made to the appropriate court or, to the Canadian International Trade Tribunal for relevant matters.[23]
Business visits[edit]
A business visitor is someone who comes to Canada to engage in international business activities without directly entering the Canadian labor market.[24] Such visitors may be in Canada for business meetings or site visits (to observe only), but not to work.[24] Business visitors are required to prove that their main source of income and their main place of business are outside Canada.[24]
A visa is not required for a business visitor who is an American citizen.[25] All business visitors are required to have a passport valid until the end of their stay, a letter of support from their parent company, a letter of invitation from the Canadian host business, a copy of any contracts or bills to support the visit, 24-hour contact details of the business host in Canada, and proof of enough money for both the stay in Canada and the return home.[26] Business visitors do not need a temporary work permit unless they plan on doing executive, managerial, technical or production work.[27]
Return entry into the U.S.[edit]
Documentation[edit]
Beginning June 1, 2009, U.S. citizens aged 16 and older traveling into the U.S. from Canada by land or sea (including ferries) have had to present documents denoting citizenship and identity, which include a valid U.S. passport, U.S. passport card, Trusted Traveler Program card (NEXUS, SENTRI, Global Entry or FAST), an Enhanced Driver’s License, U.S. Military identification card when traveling on official orders, U.S. Merchant Mariner document when traveling in conjunction with official maritime business, Form I-872 American Indian Card, or (when available) Enhanced Tribal Card. Children under age 16 (or under 19, if traveling with a school, religious group, or other youth group) need only to present a birth certificate issued by an appropriate state or local authority, or a Naturalization Certificate.[28] [29] Persons who do not present acceptable documents may be delayed as U.S. Customs and Border Protection officers at the port of entry attempt to verify identity and citizenship.[30]
Searches[edit]
The U.S. Customs and Border Protection has the authority from the U.S. Congress to conduct searches of persons and their baggage, cargo, and means of transportation entering the United States.[31] Persons unhappy with their treatment can ask to have a supervisor listen to their comments, or can make a complaint online.[31]
Persons whose vehicles are searched can be asked to leave their phones in the car. There exists the potential of data on a phone or laptop being collected, rapidly copied and searched. Contrary to Fourth Amendment protections, persons including U.S. citizens can be detained until they unlock their device so it can be searched.[32][33] It is recommended that an alternative phone be used and that it be reset before entering the country.[32][34]
Policies[edit]
Certain items such as monetary instruments over U.S. $10,000, hunting trophies, and firearms require a declaration.[31] Prescription medicines are required to be in their original prescription container.[31] Prohibited items include absinthe, biological materials, Cuban cigars and other products of Cuba, endangered species and products thereof; explosives, including fireworks; some fruits, vegetables, and meats; narcotics and paraphernalia, pornographic materials, seditious or treasonable matter, and switchblade knives (except by one-armed persons).[31] Pets must be accompanied with a valid rabies vaccination certificate.[31]
Expedited entry[edit]
Wait times for vehicles at popular border crossings can sometimes be excessive on either side of the border. It is recommended that the estimated wait time be checked in advance of travel. These are provided by both the CBSA[35] and the CBP.[36]
Both the U.S. and Canadian governments urge frequent travelers to join the NEXUS trusted traveler program.[1] NEXUS members receive a card that allows expedited border crossings for both private and commercial travelers through both U.S. and Canada border controls quickly.[1]
See also[edit]
Canada–United States border
List of Canada–United States border crossings
Canada–United States relations
United States border security concerns
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag "Country Specific Information: Canada". U.S. Department of State Bureau of Consular Affairs. December 11, 2007. Archived from the original on September 13, 2008. Retrieved August 27, 2008. [1]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Visiting Canada: Who can apply". Citizenship and Immigration Canada. April 29, 2008. Archived from the original on August 29, 2008. Retrieved August 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Visitors to Canada and other Temporary Residents: Identification documents required". Canada Border Services Agency. 2010-05-19. Retrieved 2012-04-20. If you are a United States citizen (U.S.), you do not need a passport to enter Canada; however, you should carry proof of your citizenship such as a birth certificate, a certificate of citizenship or naturalization or a Certificate of Indian Status, as well as a photo ID.
^ Jump up to: a b "Guide for Transporters". Canada Border Services Agency. Retrieved 2014-04-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Canada: Planning a Trip: Entry Requirements". Frommer's. FrommerMedia LLC. Retrieved 2013-08-04.
Jump up ^ "Clearance of Commercial Passenger Vessels Evaluation Study" (PDF). 2011-05-01. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "Visiting Canada: Who is inadmissible?". Visiting Canada. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2012-10-09. Archived from the original on 18 August 2008. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "A guideline for meeting the minimum requirements for entry to Canada as a temporary resident". Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2007-02-04.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Visiting Canada: Overcoming criminal inadmissibility". Visiting Canada. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2006-03-29. Archived from the original on 30 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-31. Depending on the nature of the offence, the time elapsed and your behaviour since it was committed or since you were sentenced, you may no longer be considered inadmissible to Canada. You may be permitted to come to Canada if you are able to satisfy an immigration officer that you meet the legal requirement to be deemed rehabilitated; or you have applied for rehabilitation and your application has been approved; or you have obtained a pardon; or you have obtained a temporary resident permit.
Jump up ^ "ENF 2/OP 18 Evaluating Inadmissibility" (PDF). CIC.GA.CA. Retrieved 29 September 2014. The “committing an act” inadmissibility provisions would generally not be applied in the following scenarios: [...] the person admits to committing the act but has received a record suspension or the record is expunged;
Jump up ^ "Can I Get into Canada with a DUI Expungement?". CDUIL. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Niren, Michael. "Denied Entry To Canada: TRP Applications". Retrieved 24 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Can you travel to Canada with a misdemeanor charge on your record?". 2016-10-21. Retrieved 2017-01-09.
Jump up ^ Fees for Firearm Documents
Jump up ^ http://cbsa.gc.ca/publications/pub/bsf5044-eng.html
Jump up ^ Importation and Exportation of Firearms Regulations (Individuals) (SOR/98-215) which is an offence under S.109 of the Firearms Act Archived June 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Visitor to Canada". Be Aware and Declare. 2007-12-28. Archived from the original on 11 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-07. Travellers entering Canada are required to declare all food, plants, animals and related products when entering the country
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Frequently Asked Questions". Be Aware and Declare. 2007-12-28. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
Jump up ^ "Brochure – Be Aware and Declare". Be Aware and Declare. 2007-10-28. Archived from the original on 31 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-07. Failure to declare could lead to: * Confiscation of products * Fines of up to $400 per undeclared item * Prosecution
Jump up ^ Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 91. Archived December 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 104. Archived December 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Disagreements, reviews and appeal". Canada Border Services Agency. 2005-06-01. Archived from the original on 13 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Formal review". Canada Border Services Agency. 2004-02-02. Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Frequently asked questions: Visiting Canada: What is a business visitor?". Visiting Canada. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2008-05-01. Archived from the original on 1 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-01. What is a business visitor? A business visitor is someone who comes to Canada to engage in international business activities without directly entering the Canadian labour market. For example, someone who comes to Canada to meet with representatives of companies doing business with their country would be considered a business visitor. Visitors may be in Canada for business meetings or site visits (to observe only). A person invited to Canada by a Canadian company for training in product use, sales or other functions related to a business transaction would also be included. Business visitors must prove that their main source of income and their main place of business are outside Canada.
Jump up ^ "Frequently asked questions: Visiting Canada: Does a business visitor need a special visa to enter Canada?". Visiting Canada. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2008-05-01. Archived from the original on 1 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-01. Does a business visitor need a special visa to enter Canada? No. There are no special visas for business visitors. Every temporary resident, except people from countries exempted by Canadian law, must get a temporary resident visa before coming to Canada.
Jump up ^ "Business visitors: Arriving". Visiting Canada. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2008-03-30. Archived from the original on 1 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-01. You should have all relevant documents on hand to present to the officer when you arrive. These documents include, but are not limited to a valid passport or travel document that will be valid until the end of your stay; if applicable, a temporary resident visa, letters of support from your parent company and a letter of invitation from the Canadian host business, a copy of any contracts or bills to support your visit, 24-hour contact details of your business host in Canada and proof that you have enough money for both your stay in Canada and your return home.
Jump up ^ "Frequently asked questions: Visiting Canada: Do I need a work permit as a business visitor?". Visiting Canada. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2008-05-01. Archived from the original on 1 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-01. Do I need a work permit as a business visitor? You do not need a temporary work permit unless you are doing work such as executive, managerial, technical or production activities.
Jump up ^ "WHTI Program Background". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ U.S. Customs and Border Protection. "Fact Sheet: Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (Land and Sea Travel Document Requirements)" (PDF). U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 29, 2014. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Background Note: Canada". Background Notes. Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs. May 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-21. Since January 2007 U.S. citizens traveling by air to and from Canada have needed a valid passport to enter or re-enter the United States. Beginning January 31, 2008, U.S. and Canadian citizens aged 19 and older traveling into the U.S. from Canada by land or sea (including ferries) have had to present documents denoting citizenship and identity. This change primarily affects American and Canadian citizens who have previously been permitted entry into the U.S. by oral declaration alone, and marks the transition toward standard and consistent documents for all travelers entering the U.S. Acceptable documentation includes a valid passport or government-issued photo identification such as a driver's license and proof of citizenship such as a birth certificate. Children aged 18 and under need only to present a birth certificate. A list of acceptable documents is found at http://canada.usembassy.gov. Travelers who do not present acceptable documents may be delayed as U.S. Customs and Border Protection officers at the port of entry attempt to verify identity and citizenship. Beginning in June 2009, all travelers, including U.S. citizens, will have to present a passport or other secure document that denotes identity and citizenship when entering the U.S. from Canada.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Your Inspection at the U.S. Border: Questions and Answers". U.S. – Canada Relations: Border Issues. Embassy of the United States in Ottawa. Archived from the original on 2008-03-29. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
^ Jump up to: a b "I'll never bring my phone on an international flight again. Neither should you". 2017.
Jump up ^ "Law Enforcement Uses Border Search Exception as Fourth Amendment Loophole". 2016.
Jump up ^ "Defending Privacy at the U.S. Border: A Guide for Travelers Carrying Digital Devices". p. 16. Just get a different GSM-compatible phone and transfer your SIM card from your regular phone into the new phone. Your temporary phone will have far less of your private data on it
Jump up ^ "Border Wait Times". Canada Border Services Agency. 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2008-09-07. The table below shows the estimated wait times for reaching the primary inspection booth, the first point of contact with CBSA when crossing the Canada/U.S. land border.
Jump up ^ "CBP Border Wait Times". U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Retrieved 2008-09-07. The table below shows the estimated wait times for reaching the primary inspection booth, the first point of contact with CBP when crossing the Canada/U.S. and Mexico/U.S. land borders.
External links[edit]
Border wait times for Canada bound persons from U.S. by the Canada Border Services Agency
Border wait times for U.S. bound persons from Canada by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_entry_into_Canada_by_land&oldid=822528568"
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Spilling water for luck
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Spilling water for luck is a Serbian folk custom.[1][2][3] According to a Serbian belief, spilling water behind the person who goes on a journey, or to do a job, will bring good luck, and is done so that the travel or the job will end happily. It is also practiced when going to school, on an exam,[3] for a job interview, going into the army and the like.[1][3]
In ethnology, it is considered that spilled or running water symbolizes mobility and ease of movement,[2] since it does not stop or get stuck, and so spilling of water is done so that the job someone started would go as smoothly as the spilled water.[1] At the very act of spilling water in some areas it is said: "Let him go clean and clear as water."[2]
See also[edit]
Serbian traditions
Break a leg
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Одговор.Но 1: Зашто проливамо воду за срећу? (in Serbian). Radio-Television of Republika Srpska. 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2011-10-03.
^ Jump up to: a b c Žarko Trebješanin (2009). Антологија српске књижевности: Представа о детету у српској култури (docx) (in Serbian). Учитељски факултет Универзитета у Београду. p. 32. Retrieved 2011-10-03.
^ Jump up to: a b c Milorad Radunović (April 22–26, 2010). Зборник радова конференције "Развој астрономије код Срба VI": Одрази космичких сила на духовни живот српског народа у Метохији: Обичаји и веровања, стр. 901 (PDF) (in Serbian). Публ. Астр. друш. „Руђер Бошковић“ бр. 10, 2011, 889-904. Retrieved 2011-10-03.
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text:
One Tree Hill (New Zealand)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Maungakiekie" redirects here. For the electorate, see Maungakiekie (New Zealand electorate).
Maungakiekie
One Tree Hill
Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill after the removal of the "one tree".
Highest point
Elevation
182 m (597 ft)
Coordinates
36°54′0″S 174°46′59″E / 36.90000°S 174.78306°E / -36.90000; 174.78306Coordinates: 36°54′0″S 174°46′59″E / 36.90000°S 174.78306°E / -36.90000; 174.78306
Geography
Location
North Island, New Zealand
Geology
Volcanic arc/belt
Auckland volcanic field
Location of Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill in the Auckland area.
Crater of One Tree Hill, with Auckland city in the background.
Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill is a 182-metre (597 ft) volcanic peak in Auckland, New Zealand. It is an important memorial place for both Māori and other New Zealanders. The suburb around the base of the hill is also called One Tree Hill. It is surrounded by the suburbs of Royal Oak to the west, and clockwise, Epsom, Greenlane, Oranga, and Onehunga. The summit provides views across the Auckland area, and allows visitors to see both of Auckland's harbours.
The hill's scoria cones were erupted from three craters – one is intact and two have been breached by lava flows that rafted away part of the side of the scoria cone. Lava flows went in all directions, many towards Onehunga, covering an area of 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi), making it the second largest (in area covered) of the Auckland volcanic field, behind Rangitoto Island. The age of eruption is currently unknown, but it is older than 28,500 years as it has a mantling of volcanic ash erupted at that time from Te Tātua-a-Riukiuta volcano.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Māori pā (fort)
1.2 One Tree Hill Domain
1.2.1 Cornwall Park
1.3 Treaty settlement
2 Features
2.1 Obelisk
2.2 Stardome Observatory
3 New trees
4 In popular culture
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
History[edit]
Māori pā (fort)[edit]
The Māori name Maungakiekie means "mountain of the kiekie vine".[2] Māori also knew it as "tōtara that stands alone".[3] The mountain and its surrounds were home to the Te Wai ō Hua tribe from the early 1700s and probably before that time. Other Māori tribes in the Auckland area can also trace their ancestry to the mountain.
Maungakiekie was the largest and most important Māori pā in pre-European times. The cone and its surroundings are estimated to have been home to a population of up to 5,000.[4] At this time, the Nga Marama chief Kiwi Tamaki held the pa and used its strategic placement to exact tribute from travellers passing from Northland to the rest of the North Island through the rich isthmus. Its position between the Waitematā Harbour to the east (opening upon the Pacific Ocean) and the Manukau Harbour to the west (opening onto the Tasman Sea) offered a wide variety of seafood from the two harbours. The volcanic soil on the scoria cone was highly fertile, and the inhabitants terraced the slopes extensively. The hill was relatively easy to defend from raiding parties from other tribes by its steep sides and imposing wooden palisades. Waiohua occupation of the Māori pā ended around 1740-1750 AD when they were defeated in a war against the invading Ngati Whatua-o-Kaipara[5] The pā was abandoned around 1795 AD with the death of Te Taou leader Tuperiri.[6]
In 1845 the Ngati Whatua, with the concurrence of representatives of the Waiohua people, sold a block of land which included Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill to a merchant, Thomas Henry. The Government under its preemptive rights excluded 115 acres of the hill itself from the sale and this was vested in the Crown. This is now One Tree Hill Domain.[7] In 1853 Brown & Campbell purchased Henry's land surrounding the recently protected One Tree Hill Domain. This land ultimately became Cornwall Park in 1901.[8]
In 1964 the government led an initiative to restore the mountain. After two years the initiative was cancelled and the mountain left alone.[citation needed]
One Tree Hill Domain[edit]
One Tree Hill Domain, a 118-acre (48 ha) park, is owned by Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau Collective and administered by Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau Authority. One Tree Hill Domain adjoins Cornwall Park's 425 acres (172 ha), creating a total of 540 acres (220 hectares) of public green space.[9]
The hilltop is always accessible by foot, but because it became a nightly party stop for boy racers and other (often drunk) groups of youths, after-dark road access to the summit was closed in 2008.[3]
The area contains two parks, One Tree Hill Domain and Cornwall Park, which are next to each other and thus often perceived as one. One Tree Hill Domain is open to the public and was formerly administered by Auckland City Council but since 2012 has been owned and administered by Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau Collective.[10] All decisions are made by the owners, who have delegated minor day-to-day operations to Cornwall Park Trust. Cornwall Park is a private park, also open to the public, administered by the Cornwall Park Trust Board. The Trust's endowment includes income from leasehold properties adjoining the park's borders.[11]
Because One Tree Hill Domain is high and relatively central, the city has long used it for its potable water reservoirs. The first of these was constructed in 1900 atop the western peak; though it is no longer in service, the small structure remains in place. Five further reservoirs were subsequently built underground, with the latest completed in 1977. They are currently used to maintain supply to the Onehunga area and to the reservoirs atop Maungawhau / Mount Eden.
Cornwall Park
Cornwall Park[edit]
Main article: Cornwall Park, Auckland
Cornwall Park, which adjoins the domain, was given by Sir John Logan Campbell to a private trust he had established to hold the land for the use of the public.[12]
Treaty settlement[edit]
In the 2014 Treaty of Waitangi settlement with the Tamaki Makaurau Collective of 13 Auckland iwi, the volcano was officially named Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill and ownership was vested to the collective. It is now co-governed by the collective and Auckland Council in common benefit of the iwi "and all other people of Auckland".[13][14][15][16][17][18]
Features[edit]
Obelisk[edit]
Detail of the obelisk
On the summit of the hill is an obelisk, a memorial to Māori.[19] Before the obelisk stands a bronze statue of a Māori warrior. The stone obelisk was designed by Richard Atkinson Abbot and completed in 1940, but the unveiling of the obelisk was delayed until after World War II on 24 April 1948. This was in keeping with Māori custom of not holding such ceremonies during a time of bloodshed.
Beneath it is the grave of Sir John Logan Campbell who bequeathed £5,000 for the obelisk. His grave is a plain granite slab, ornamented only by a bronze wreath. It lies in the middle of the viewing platform, on axis with the main memorial plaques on the Obelisk base and the bronze Warrior Statue.[19]
Campbell, like many European New Zealanders of his generation, had expected that Māori would gradually die out and that an impressive memorial would be a most fitting symbol to perpetuate their memory.[20] By the 1930s this had obviously not happened, and some considered the term "memorial" was inappropriate with many Māori objecting to its use. During construction of the obelisk, a suggestion was made that it should be described as a centennial tower to mark the centennial year of the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi and not a memorial.[20]
Stardome Observatory[edit]
Main article: Stardome Observatory
The Stardome Observatory (previously known as Auckland Observatory), is located within One Tree Hill Domain, and contains two telescopes and a planetarium. The observatory has, amongst other research, discovered and named the asteroid 19620 Auckland. Its current functions combine entertainment and education (via the planetarium and via public access to the older telescope) as well as ongoing research with both telescopes. It is operated by a charitable trust.
New trees[edit]
A well-attended dawn ceremony conducted by Tupuna Maunga Authority took place upon Maungakiekie on 11 June 2016 planting nine young tōtara and pōhutukawa grown from parent trees on the hill. A kiekie will be added later.[21]
When Auckland was founded as a colonial town a tree stood near the summit which gave the hill its English name. Two accounts identify it as a pōhutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa). This tree was cut down by a white settler in 1852, in an act of vandalism in one account,[22] or for firewood in another.[3] It seems likely this was a different tree from the tōtara (Podocarpus totara) which, as a sacred tree, had given the hill one of its Maori names. A radiata pine was planted in the 1870s to replace the previous tōtara .[23] John Logan Campbell repeatedly tried to grow native trees on the hill's summit, but the trees failed to survive - with only two pines, originally part of a shelter belt for the native trees, surviving for long. However, in 1960, one of the two was felled in another attack,[3] possibly for firewood.[citation needed]
Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill with tree, in 1996.
The remaining tree was later attacked twice with chainsaws by Māori activists to draw attention to injustices they believed the New Zealand government had inflicted upon Māori (as the tree was not a native New Zealand species, they considered it an appropriate target). The first attack happened on 28 October 1994, the anniversary of the 1835 Declaration of Independence.[24] A second attack on 5 October 2000[25] left the tree unable to recover even though substantial efforts were made, and so it was removed on 26 October due to the risk of it collapsing.[3] The chainsaw used in the first attack was later placed on sale on popular New Zealand auction site, TradeMe in 2007,[26] but later withdrawn by the website after complaints and a poll of users. It was later listed on eBay.[27]
In popular culture[edit]
Irish rock band U2 wrote a song about the hill, "One Tree Hill", which appeared on their album The Joshua Tree. It was written to honour New Zealander Greg Carroll, an employee of the band who died in a motorcycle accident in Dublin on 3 July 1986.
The naming of the teen television drama, One Tree Hill and the show's final episode, was inspired in turn by the U2 song.[28] In the series Andy Hargrove hails from New Zealand. His mother moved the family to Tree Hill, North Carolina because of the common name.
Asteroid 23988 Maungakiekie was named after the hill by Ian P. Griffin, a British astronomer. The asteroid was discovered at the Auckland Observatory which is located in the One Tree Hill Domain, a kilometre southwest of the peak.
Mozilla Firefox 0.9 was named One Tree Hill by Auckland resident and (at that time) Firefox lead engineer Ben Goodger.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hayward, Bruce W.; Murdoch, Graeme; Maitland, Gordon (2011). Volcanoes of Auckland: The Essential Guide. Auckland University Press. ISBN 978-1-86940-479-6.
Jump up ^ Cornwall Park website. Retrieved 8 November 2009
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Vandals force One Tree Hill to be locked". The New Zealand Herald. NZPA. 8 October 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Domain (Maungakiekie) Archived 4 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. (from the Auckland City Council website. Retrieved 2007-12-10.)
Jump up ^ http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/auckland-region/page-6
Jump up ^ [1] From Tamaki Makau-Rau to Auckland
Jump up ^ [2](One Tree Hill Domain Origin)
Jump up ^ (Brochure "Sir John Logan Campbell" - Cornwall Park Information Center )
Jump up ^ [all decisions are made by the owners Auckland Council] accessed 10 February 2016
Jump up ^ "Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau Collective Redress Act 2014". New Zealand Legislation. Retrieved 2017-09-20.
Jump up ^ "Ground Leases and Conditions of Entry". www.cornwallpark.co.nz. Retrieved 2017-09-20.
Jump up ^ "About Us". www.cornwallpark.co.nz. Retrieved 2017-09-20.
Jump up ^ Dearnaley, Mathew (27 September 2014). "Volcanic cones regain Maori names". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau Collective Redress Act 2014". New Zealand Legislation. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau Collective Redress Act 2014 registration guideline" (PDF). Land Information New Zealand. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "NZGB decisions - September 2014". Land Information New Zealand. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Protection of tupuna maunga assured under ownership transfer". Auckland Council. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "New governance structure for treasured tūpuna maunga". Auckland Council. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Maori Memorial. Obelisk on One Tree Hill. Scheme to divert fund". Auckland Star. 19 March 1931. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Delay encountered". Auckland Star. 22 August 1940. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Simon Maude (11 June 2016). "Hundreds turn out for One Tree Hill planting". Auckland Now. Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "The History of One Tree Hill, the volcanic mountain known to the Maori people as 'Maungakiekie' | NZETC". nzetc.victoria.ac.nz. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
Jump up ^ "One Tree Hill loses its tree". BBC News. 26 October 2000.
Jump up ^ The Evolution of Contemporary Maori Protest (from a Tino Rangatiratanga website)
Jump up ^ "Attempt to attack One Tree Hill". Television New Zealand. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Trevett, Claire (19 January 2007). "One Tree Hill chainsaw goes on sale at $5000 plus". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
Jump up ^ McKenzie-Minifie, Martha (22 January 2007). "Chips flying as chainsaw seller tries to rev up interest on US auction site". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Building a Winning Team: The Making of One Tree Hill" (Documentary). One Tree Hill: The Complete First Season: Warner Brothers Home Entertainment.
Further reading[edit]
McLauchlan, Gordon (Ed) (1989). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of New Zealand. David Bateman Ltd. ISBN 1-86953-007-1. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
External links[edit]
One Tree Hill (official Auckland Council mention)
Cornwall Park (official website of the park surrounding One Tree Hill)
Photographs of Maungakiekie held in Auckland Libraries' heritage collections.
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e
Auckland volcanic field
Central Auckland
Pukekawa / Auckland Domain
Grafton Volcano
Albert Park Volcano
Te Pou Hawaiki
Maungawhau / Mt. Eden
Ohinerangi / Mt. Hobson
Te Kopuke / Mt. St John
Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill
Te Tatua a Riukiuta / Three Kings
Puketapapa / Mt. Roskill
Te Ahi ka roa a Raka / Mt Albert / Owairaka
Te Hopua a Rangi / Gloucester Park
Rarotonga / Mt Smart
Orakei Basin
Maungarahiri / Little Rangitoto
East Auckland
Maungarei / Mt. Wellington
Te Tauoma / Purchas Hill
Whakamuhu / Glover Park
Taurere / Taylors Hill
Te Kopua Kai a Hiku / Panmure Basin
Ō Huiarangi / Pigeon Mountain
Hampton Park
Te Puke o Taramainuku / Ōtara Hill
Matanginui / Green Hill
Styaks Swamp
Pukewairiki / Highbrook Park
Te Apunga o Tainui / McLennan Hills
Ōtāhuhu / Mt. Richmond
Mt. Robertson / Sturges Park
South Auckland
Te Pane a Mataaho/Mangere Mountain
Māngere Lagoon
Te Motu a Hiaroa / Puketutu
Moerangi / Waitomokia / Mt. Gabriel
Puketapapakanga a Hape / Pukeiti
Ōtuataua
Maungataketake / Ellett's Mount
Te Pukaki Tapu o Poutukeka / Pukaki Lagoon
Crater Hill
Kohuora
Matukutūruru / Te Manurewa o Tamapahore / Wiri Mountain
Ash Hill
Matukutūreia / McLaughlins Mountain
Waitematā Harbour
and North Shore
Rangitoto
Motukorea / Browns Island
Pupuke Moana / Pupuke Volcano
Te Kopua o Matakamokamo / Tank Farm
Te Kopua o Matakerepo / Onepoto Basin
Maungauika / North Head
Takarunga / Mt. Victoria
Takararo / Mt. Cambria
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Tree_Hill_(New_Zealand)&oldid=828648140"
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