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Honda CR-V
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"CR-V" redirects here. For other uses, see CRV.
Honda CR-V
Overview
Manufacturer
Honda
Production
1995–present
Model years
1997–present
Body and chassis
Class
Compact crossover SUV
Body style
5-door SUV
Layout
Transversely mounted, front engine, front-wheel drive / all-wheel drive
The Honda CR-V is a compact crossover manufactured by Honda since 1995. It uses the Honda Civic platform with an SUV body design. The CR-V is Honda's mid-range utility vehicle, slotting between the smaller HR-V and the larger Pilot. Honda states "CR-V” stands for "Comfortable Runabout Vehicle"[1][2][3] while the term "Compact Recreational Vehicle" is used in a British car review article that was republished by Honda.[4]
Honda began producing the CR-V in Sayama, Japan, and Swindon, UK, for worldwide markets, adding North American manufacturing sites in East Liberty, Ohio, in 2007; El Salto, Jalisco, Mexico, in late 2007 (ended in early 2017); Alliston, Ontario, Canada, in 2012; and Greensburg, Indiana in February 2017. The CR-V also is produced in Wuhan (Hubei province) for the Chinese market by the Dongfeng Honda Automobile Company, a joint venture with Dongfeng Motor Corporation.
Contents
[hide]
1 First generation (1995–2001)
1.1 Facelift
1.2 Safety
2 Second generation (2002–2006)
2.1 Facelift
3 Third generation (2007–2011)
3.1 Facelift
4 Fourth generation (2012–2016)
4.1 Facelift
5 Fifth generation (2017–present)
5.1 Engines
5.2 Safety
6 Sales
7 References
8 External links
First generation (1995–2001)[edit]
First generation (RD1–RD3)
Overview
Production
1995–2001
Model years
1997–2001
Assembly
Swindon, United Kingdom (HUKM)
Sayama, Japan
Hsinchu, Taiwan
Santa Rosa, Laguna, Philippines (Honda Santa Rosa, Laguna Plant)
Ayutthaya, Thailand (Honda Ayutthaya Plant)
Karawang, Indonesia (Honda Karawang Plant)
Designer
Hiroyuki Kawase (1993)
Body and chassis
Related
Honda Civic (sixth generation)
Honda Integra
Powertrain
Engine
2.0 L B20B I4
2.0 L B20Z I4
Transmission
5-speed manual
MDMA 4-speed automatic
MDLA 4-speed automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase
2,620 mm (103 in)
2,625.1 mm (103.35 in) (post-facelift)
Length
4,510 mm (178 in)
Width
1,780 mm (70 in)
Height
1,678 mm (66.1 in)1997–1998 (2WD version)
1,700 mm (67 in) 1997–1998(4WD LX)
1,725 mm (67.9 in) 1997–1998 (2WD EX 126 BHP)
1,745 mm (68.7 in) 1999–2001 (2WD EX 146 BHP 2.0 Engine)
1,755 mm (69.1 in) 1999–2001 (4WD EX 146 BHP 2.0 Engine)
1,770 mm (70 in) 1999–2001 (4WD EX-L With Navigation)
Introduced in Japan in 1995 as a concept[citation needed], the CR-V (Chassis Code RD1-RD3) was Honda's first in-house designed sport utility vehicle by Hiroyuki Kawase. The CR-V was introduced in Japan at Honda Verno dealerships only and was regarded as a luxury vehicle in Japan due to the exterior width dimensions exceeding Japanese Government dimension regulations. For North American market, it was displayed at the 1996 Chicago Auto Show and went on sale in February 1997.
Upon introduction, the model had only one trim level, which would later be known as the LX model trim; it was powered by the 2.0 L straight-four B20B producing 126 hp (94 kW) at 5400 rpm and 133 lb⋅ft (180 N⋅m) of torque at 4800 rpm. Outer dimensions for this engine would be identical to the Integra's 1.8 L engine, but internally the engine had a larger 84 mm (3.3 in) bore to add the extra displacement needed to produce more torque. The engine utilized a one-piece cylinder sleeve construction unique from any other B-series engine. The chassis was a unibody design with a four-wheel double wishbone suspension. Inside, the rear seats were able to fold down, and a picnic table was stowed in the rear floor area. A common external trait that was visible with this generation was plastic cladding covering the front bumper, rear bumper, and fender wells. In most countries, CR-Vs had a chrome grille; however, in the United States, the grille was made out of the same black plastic as the bumpers. A major difference between the LX and EX trims was that the EX had anti-lock brakes and 15 inch alloy wheels while the LX did not. Drivetrain options were front-wheel drive or Honda's Real Time AWD.
Facelift[edit]
Although the body style remained the same as the first generation, an update was made from 1999 to 2001 in response to criticism that the original engine lacked enough power for a vehicle of its weight – 3,200 lb (1,500 kg). The engine was changed to the 2.0 L B20Z engine, producing 147 hp (110 kW) at 6200 rpm and 133 lb⋅ft (180 N⋅m) of torque at 4500 rpm. Fuel economy of 23 mpg‑US (10 L/100 km; 28 mpg‑imp) city/28 mpg‑US (8.4 L/100 km; 34 mpg‑imp) highway (US) and price were not affected by the increase in power, which was the result of a higher compression ratio (9.6:1 compared to the B20B's 8.8:1), a new intake manifold, and slightly higher lift on the intake valves.
Safety[edit]
The 1997–2001 model tested by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) was the LX model with standard driver and passenger airbags. Even though the car's structure received an acceptable rating, the overall car received a marginal rating as the dummy's left leg would have been broken. Its head went through the airbag which would have caused a minor concussion. The chest was well protected.
Facelift Honda CR-V Sport, Australia
Honda CR-V (Japan)
Models equipped with an automatic transmission now had an overdrive cancel button that allowed the driver to lock the transmission in the first three gears to provide power for passing and climbing grades. The pattern of the cloth on the seats was also redesigned, and the head restraints earned an acceptable rating from the IIHS for whiplash protection.
The 1999 European, Australian, and Asian CR-V models featured more drastic changes. Exterior alterations included a new front bumper, smoothed off rear bumper, and a smaller plastic radio antenna on the rear of the roof. "Nighthawk Black" was added to the list of paint choices, while "Passion Orange" disappeared. New dark blue pearl and red pearl shades replaced the former solid red and metallic blue hues. European models received an enlarged Honda emblem on the front grille, and a new metallic yellow paint in certain markets.
In 2000, a Special Edition model was introduced in North America. The SE featured body-colored bumpers and side moldings, a body-colored hard spare tire cover, leather upholstery, CD/cassette audio deck, rear privacy glass, a Navtech navigation system, and chrome grille accent. Until 2001, the CR-V sold more than any other vehicle in its class. The North American models also received new exterior colors including Naples Gold Metallic and Taffeta White. Electron Blue was introduced in 2000 to replace Submarine Blue Pearl, while Satin Silver Metallic replaced Sebring Silver Metallic in 2001. However, that year, sales of the Ford Escape and its clone, the Mazda Tribute, surpassed those of the CR-V.
The Australian higher specification model was called the "Sport". It was added at the time of the first facelift and included body-colored bumpers, mirrors, door handles, and hard rear spare wheel cover. It also included alloy wheels, roof rails, and a large glass sunroof. The CR-V became the country's best-selling SUV in 2000, outselling the Toyota Landcruiser for the first time.
Second generation (2002–2006)[edit]
Second generation (RD4–RD9)
Overview
Production
2001–2006
Model years
2002–2006
Assembly
Swindon, England, United Kingdom
Ayutthaya, Thailand
Sayama, Japan
Ping-Tung, Taiwan
Santa Rosa, Laguna, Philippines
India
Karawang, Indonesia
Wuhan, China (Dongfeng Honda)
Designer
Mitsuhiro Honda (1999)[5]
Body and chassis
Related
Honda Civic (seventh generation)
Honda Element
Honda Integra DC5
Powertrain
Engine
2.0 L K20A1 I4
2.0 L K20A4 I4
2.2 L N22A2 turbodiesel I4
2.4 L K24A1 I4
Transmission
5-speed manual
6-speed manual
4-speed automatic
5-speed automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase
2,620 mm (103 in)
2,625 mm (103.3 in) (post-facelift)
Length
4,535 mm (178.5 in)
4,600 mm (180 in) (post-facelift)
Width
1,785 mm (70.3 in)
Height
1,680 mm (66 in) 2002–2004
1,700 mm (67 in) 2002–2004 2WD
1,750 mm (69 in) 2002–2004 4WD
1,759 mm (69.3 in) 2005–2006 2WD
1,780 mm (70 in) 2005–2006 4WD
1,800 mm (71 in) 2005–2006 2WD/4WD
Pre-facelift Honda CR-V Sport (Australia)
Pre-facelift Honda CR-V (Malaysia)
The bigger and heavier[6] second generation CR-V (Chassis Code RD4-RD8) was a full redesign, based on the seventh generation Civic, and powered by the K24A1 engine. North American versions of the new engine produced 160 hp (120 kW) and 162 lb⋅ft (220 N⋅m) of torque. Per new SAE regulations, the same engine is now rated at 156 hp (116 kW) and 160 lb⋅ft (220 N⋅m). Despite the power increase, the new CR-V retained the fuel economy of the previous model, thanks in part to the engine's i-VTEC system. The newly developed chassis had increased torsional and bending rigidity, while the new suspension possessed front toe control link MacPherson struts and a rear reactive-link double wishbone; the compact rear suspension increased cargo space to 72 cu ft (2,000 l). The second generation CR-V was Car and Driver magazine's Best Small SUV for 2002 and 2003. Second generation CR-Vs in countries outside of North America were again offered in both "low specification" and "high specification" variants, with the latter featuring body-colored bumpers and fittings. It also now did not require the glass hatch to be opened before the swinging door. Changes between model years 2002, 2003, and 2004 were minor, involving an enlargement of the center compartment bin and the addition of a front passenger door power lock in the latter two years respectively. The success of the CR-V prompted Honda to introduce an entry-level SUV, the Element.
It is reported that in late 2003, Honda took legal action against Shuanghuan of China accusing its Laibao SRV of copying the CR-V's exterior design.[7] Another manufacturer from China made a copy called the Tianqi Meiya TM6480A.
Facelift[edit]
In 2005, the CR-V received a mid-cycle refresh. The 2005 CR-V was now equipped with 16 inch wheels, the earlier models had 15 inch wheels. Visual changes included new taillights and headlights with clear indicators. The new headlights now have two separate H1 bulbs for low beams and high beams, the previous setup used H4 single bulb for both low and high beams. The taillights now used clear lenses instead of amber for the turning indicators. The grille was also changed; it had two horizontal bars instead of one. The front bumper design was slightly changed, it now has round fog lights compared to the previous rectangle fog lights and in addition to the lower grill there are two horizontal bars instead of one. The rear bumper reflectors were longer and narrower.
2005 facelift
On the inside of the car, the EX trim received upgrades which included steering wheel-mounted audio controls and an outside temperature monitor. The stereo system was also XM Satellite Radio ready (USA but not Canada). All CR-V models also had revised rear seat headrests, which had been redesigned to reduce rear view blockage.
Mechanically, the 2005 model was also changed. A major change included a drive-by-wire throttle for all CR-Vs. The all-wheel drive system was improved; it had been tuned to activate faster in low traction situations. US market models were equipped with a five-speed automatic, as opposed to the previous four-speed automatic.
In the United States and Canada, all 2005 MY and later CR-Vs have anti-lock brakes, electronic brake force distribution, traction control and Vehicle Stability Assist, front seat-mounted side airbags, and side-curtain airbags with rollover sensors for all occupants.
In Australia, the MY05 facelift went on sale in late 2004. Base models made do with only dual airbags and ABS as standard equipment, while the Sport came equipped with side airbags for the first time. Curtain airbags were unavailable on any model, until the next generation.
Following the tradition of adding a trim level above the EX during the refresh like the first generation CR-V, Honda added the SE trim level for the 2005 CR-V. The CR-V SE featured painted bumpers, body side molding, and hard, body-colored spare tire cover. For a more luxurious experience, Honda added a leather interior, leather-wrapped steering wheel, and heated side mirrors and front seats.
Third generation (2007–2011)[edit]
Main article: Honda CR-V (third generation)
Third generation (RE1–RE5, RE7)
Overview
Production
Sept 2006–2011
Model years
2007–2011
Assembly
East Liberty, Ohio, United States
El Salto, Mexico
Ping-Tung, Taiwan
Sayama, Saitama, Japan
Swindon, England
Vĩnh Phúc, Vietnam
Wuhan, China
Ayutthaya, Thailand
Karawang, Indonesia
Body and chassis
Related
Acura RDX
Honda Civic
Dimensions
Wheelbase
2,620 mm (103.1 in)
Length
4,518 mm (177.9 in)
Width
2007–09: 1,820 mm (71.7 in)
2010–2011: 1,819 mm (71.6 in)
Height
1,704 mm (67.1 in)
The third generation CR-V went on sale in the US in late September 2006, as the 2007 model year. The third generation CR-V was launched for the 2007 model year. Unlike preceding models it features a rear liftgate rather than a side-opening rear door and no longer has the spare tire mounted on the rear door.
The third generation CR-V is powered by the latest version of Honda's standard K-series 2.4 L inline-four engine, similar variants of which can also be found in the current-generation Honda Accord and Honda Element. In North American markets, this engine's power is rated at 166 hp (124 kW) at 5,800 rpm and 161 lb⋅ft (218 N⋅m) at 4,200 rpm.[8] A 2.2 L i-CTDI diesel engine is offered in the European and Asian markets. The European market CR-V offers a new R20A 2.0 L petrol engine, based on the Honda R-series i-VTEC SOHC engine found in the Honda Civic, as opposed to the previous CR-V offering the K20A.
Facelift[edit]
MY2010 facelift
For the 2010 model year, the CR-V received style, powertrain, and equipment changes. The exterior changes included a redesigned front fascia with a new horizontal-slat chrome grille and honeycomb-designed lower front grille, new front bumper, and revised taillights. The rear bumper was redesigned, as well as new five split-spoke 17-inch alloy wheels for EX and EX-L models. The interior received minor changes, including seat fabrics, as well as wider driver and front-passenger armrests. The audio head unit controls were altered and the information display backlighting in the gauges was changed to blue, instead of the previous black. A USB audio input became standard in the EX-L trim while hands-free Bluetooth connectivity was exclusive to the EX-L trim equipped with navigation system. In 2011, a mid-level SE trim debuted with a 6-disc CD changer and 17-inch 7-spoke alloy wheels that came from the pre-facelift EX and EX-L trims.
Fourth generation (2012–2016)[edit]
Main article: Honda CR-V (fourth generation)
Fourth generation (RM1, RM3, RM4)
Overview
Production
Nov 2011–2016
Model years
2012–2016
Body and chassis
Related
Acura RDX
Honda Civic (ninth generation)
Dimensions
Wheelbase
103.1 in (2,619 mm)
Length
178.3 in (4,529 mm)
Width
71.6 in (1,819 mm)
Height
65.1 in (1,654 mm)
The CR-V Concept debuted at the Orange County International Auto Show in September 2011,[9] the production 2012 CR-V debuted at the 2011 Los Angeles Auto Show.[10] The CR-V went on sale in the U.S. on December 15, 2011.[11]
It is powered with a 2.4-liter i-VTEC inline-four engine puts out 185 hp and 163 pound-feet (220Nm ) of torque at 4,400 rpm along with an all-new Real-Time all-wheel-drive (AWD) with intelligent control system. All North American Honda CR-Vs come equipped with a 5-speed automatic transmission.[12]
Facelift[edit]
2015 facelift
The facelifted 2015 model year CR-V went on sale during October 2014.[13] The CR-V uses the direct injected "Earth Dreams" engine and continuously variable transmission (CVT) transmission combination first introduced on the ninth generation Accord, EPA estimated fuel economy is improved +4/+3/+3 mpg (city/highway/combined). The structure has been modified to improve crash performance, particularly in the IIHS's small offset crash test. The suspension shock absorbers, springs, anti-roll bars and lower control arms are also revised to improve ride performance, while a reduced 15.6:1 steering gear ratio and larger brake booster gives it a sportier feel.
Fifth generation (2017–present)[edit]
Fifth generation
Overview
Production
Nov 2016–present
Model years
2017–present
Assembly
East Liberty, Ohio, United States (ELAP)
Greensburg, Indiana, United States (HMIN)
El Salto, Jalisco, Mexico (Honda Mexico)
Sayama, Saitama, Japan
Ping-Tung, Taiwan
Ayutthaya, Thailand (Honda Ayutthaya Plant)
Alliston, Ontario, Canada (HCM)
Alor Gajah, Melaka Malaysia
Swindon, England (HUKM)
Wuhan, China (Dongfeng Honda)
India (Honda India)
Karawang, Indonesia (Honda Prospect Motor)
Body and chassis
Related
Acura CDX
Honda Civic (tenth generation)
Powertrain
Engine
2.4 L K24W I4
1.5 L L15B7 I4 (turbo)
2.0 L R20A I4
1.6 L I4 (turbo-diesel)
Transmission
Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT)
9-speed ZF automatic (diesel)
Dimensions
Wheelbase
104.7 in (2,659 mm)[14]
Length
180.6 in (4,587 mm)
Width
73.0 in (1,854 mm)
Height
66.1 in (1,679 mm) (FWD)
66.5 in (1,689 mm) (AWD)
Curb weight
3307–3397 lbs (FWD)
3421–3512 lbs (AWD)
Honda CR-V VTi (Australia)
The fifth generation CR-V was unveiled in October 2016 in Detroit. Sales began on December 21, 2016 as a 2017 model year. It utilizes the same Honda compact global platform introduced on the 10th generation Civic.[15]
The base (LX) trim is powered by an Earth Dreams 2.4-liter I-4 engine with 184 hp (137 kW), premium trims are equipped with a 1.5-liter turbocharged I-4 with 190 hp (140 kW). Despite the similar power outputs, the turbocharged engine delivers peak torque at 2,000rpm-5,000rpm[16] whereas the naturally-aspirated engine delivers its peak torque at 3,900rpm.[17]
The body utilizes 56.5% high strength steel, a total of 37.2% are either of 780, 980 or 1,500 MPa yield strength types.[citation needed]
The "Honda Sensing" package, which includes features like Adaptive Cruise Control with Low-Speed Follow (ACC), Collision Mitigation Braking (CMBS) and Lane Keeping Assist (LKAS), are standard on EX and above trims; the package was formerly reserved to the Touring trim prior to the 5th gen release. New safety features include Blind Spot Information (BSI) with Rear Cross Traffic Monitor (CTM), replacing the LaneWatch system from the previous generation CR-V, and Auto High Beam (HSS) headlights.[18]
LED daytime-running lights, 18" Alloy Wheels, and electronic parking brake with a new auto-hold feature, are now standard on EX and up trim levels. Additional, new features include a power lift-gate, active grille shutter system to reduce aerodynamic drag, Android Auto/Apple CarPlay on an updated 7-inch touch screen display with volume knob, 7-inch TFT instrument display and LED headlights.[19]
Honda began producing the CR-V at Greensburg, Indiana (HMIN) during February 2017.[20]
The fifth generation CR-V was also launched in Thailand on March 24, 2017, and in Indonesia on April 27, 2017 at the 2017 Indonesia International Motor Show. Indonesian models went on sale on June 17, 2017. The ASEAN models (excluding Indonesia and Malaysia)[21] are available with a 1.6-liter Honda i-DTEC turbodiesel option (producing 160 horsepower and 350Nm of torque) paired to a ZF 9HP transversely-mounted 9-speed automatic transmission. The i-DTEC turbodiesel engine has been revised from having a single variable-nozzle turbocharger in the earlier version to having two turbochargers - one for low RPMs and the other for high RPMs - to minimize turbo lag. It uses an aluminum cylinder head paired to an open-deck cylinder block, with shorter and thinner piston skirts to reduce mechanical friction to levels comparable to a petrol engine. [22]
The CR-V Hybrid was unveiled at the 2017 Auto Shanghai in China during April 2017.
Engines[edit]
Engine
Horsepower
Torque
2.4L I4 184 hp (137 kW) @ 6,400 rpm 180 lb⋅ft (240 N⋅m) @ 3,900 rpm
1.5L I4 Turbo 190 hp (140 kW) @ 5,600 rpm 179 lb⋅ft (243 N⋅m) @ 2,200 rpm
2.0L I4 152 hp (113 kW) @ 6,500 rpm 139 lb⋅ft (188 N⋅m) @ 4,300 rpm
1.6L I4 Turbo Diesel 160 hp (120 kW) @ 4,000 rpm 258 lb⋅ft (350 N⋅m) @ 2,000 rpm.
Safety[edit]
NHTSA 2017 CR-V:[23][24]
Overall:
Frontal Driver:
Frontal Passenger:
Side Driver:
Side Passenger:
Side Pole Driver:
Rollover FWD: / 16.3%
Rollover AWD: / 16.2%
Sales[edit]
US Sales of Honda CR-V
Calendar year
Sales
1997[25]
66,752
1998
100,582
1999[26]
120,754
2000
118,260
2001[27]
118,313
2002
146,266
2003[28]
143,909
2004
149,281
2005[29]
150,219
2006
170,028
2007[30]
219,160
2008
197,279
2009[31]
191,214
2010
203,714
2011[32]
218,373
2012
281,652
2013[33]
303,904
2014[34]
335,019
2015[35]
345,647
2016
357,335
2017
377,895
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Honda Announces a Full Model Change for the CR-V" (Press release). Honda Worldwide. 18 September 2001. Retrieved 5 August 2017. The initials CR-V stand for "Comfortable Runabout Vehicle".
Jump up ^ "CR-V". Fact Book: Press Information (Press release) (in Japanese). Honda Japan. 18 September 2001. Retrieved 10 January 2018. 心地よく自由に走り回れる乗り物”＝Comfortable Runabout Vehicle
Jump up ^ "Cr-v 1995.10". Fact Book: Press Information (Press release) (in Japanese). Honda Japan. 9 October 1995. Retrieved 10 January 2018. Comfortable Runabout Vehicle «CR-V»
Jump up ^ Simister, John (15 September 2012). "It's a better CR-V in every way.." The Independent. London. Retrieved 10 January 2018. This is Honda's fourth car to wear the CR-V initials that stand for Compact Recreational Vehicle. Republished as "It's a better CR-V in every way.." (Press Reviews). Honda UK. 16 September 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived 2015-11-17 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Honda CRV Luxury". AutoSpeed. 2007-11-20. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
Jump up ^ "Lawsuits". Ortaffa, France: China Motor Vehicle Documentation Centre. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23.
Jump up ^ "2007 Honda CR-V Specs". JB car pages. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
Jump up ^ Lienert, Anita (2011-09-22). "2012 Honda CR-V Concept Debuts Sep 22, 2011". Insideline.com. Retrieved 2012-11-21.
Jump up ^ "All-new Honda CR-V debuts at LA Auto Show".
Jump up ^ Lienert, Paul (2011-11-17). "2012 Honda CR-V Is Redesigned: 2011 Los Angeles Auto Show". Insideline.com. Retrieved 2012-11-21.
Jump up ^ "Press Release". www.honda.com. Retrieved 2014-05-31.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-09-22.
Jump up ^ "2017 CR-V [Preliminary] Specifications & Features - Honda.com". News.honda.com. 2016-10-13. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
Jump up ^ "2017 Honda CR-V First Look Review". Motor Trend. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
Jump up ^ Snavely, Brent (October 13, 2016). "Honda reveals all-new CR-V in Detroit". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2017 Honda CR-V: Product & Performance Overview". Automoblog.net. February 28, 2017. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Abuelsamid, Sam (October 13, 2016). "2017 Honda CR-V: More Of Everything, Including A Volume Knob!". Forbes. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bold and Sophisticated Styling and Turbo Engine Power Restate the All-New 2017 Honda CR-V as the Outright Benchmark Compact SUV". Honda News. 2016-10-13. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
Jump up ^ http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/honda-to-add-production-of-best-selling-cr-v-in-indiana-300202297.html
Jump up ^ "Honda CR-V Specifications". Honda Prospect Motor (Indonesia). Retrieved 25 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "The new 1.6L i-DTEC Honda engine". Car-engineer.com. 2014-11-28. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
Jump up ^ "2017 HONDA CR-V SUV AWD | NHTSA". Nhtsa.gov. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
Jump up ^ "2017 HONDA CR-V SUV FWD | NHTSA". Nhtsa.gov. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
Jump up ^ http://www.honda.com/newsandviews/local_news_content/[5147d]_Honda_2012_Digital_FactBook.pdf
Jump up ^ "Honda Media Newsroom Release: American Honda Sets All-Time Sales Records". Hondanews.com. Archived from the original on 2009-07-21. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Honda Media Newsroom Release: American Honda Sets New All-Time Sales Record for 2002". Hondanews.com. Archived from the original on 2009-07-21. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Honda Media Newsroom Release: American Honda Sets New All-Time Sales Record". Hondanews.com. Archived from the original on 2009-07-21. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Honda Media Newsroom Release: American Honda Posts 10th Consecutive Year of Record Sales in 2006". Hondanews.com. Archived from the original on 2009-07-21. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Honda Media Newsroom Release: American Honda Reports 2008 Annual and December Monthly Sales". Hondanews.com. Archived from the original on 2010-01-06. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
Jump up ^ "American Honda December Sales Up 25.5 Percent – TORRANCE, Calif., Jan. 4, 2011 /PRNewswire/". California: Prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
Jump up ^ "American Honda Reports December Sales". California: Hondanews.com. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-01-04. Retrieved 2014-07-25.
Jump up ^ "Honda Division Breaks Annual Auto Sales Record as Honda and Acura Brands Set Numerous New Sales Marks". Honda News. 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
Jump up ^ "American Honda Sets New All-Time Annual Sales Record". Honda News. 2016-01-05. Retrieved 2017-09-17.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Honda CR-V.
CR-V at Honda Worldwide
CR-V New Zealand Model
CR-V Australia Model
CR-V UK & IRELAND Model
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Convertible City Cabriolet CR-X del Sol
Sport compact Civic Type R Civic Type R Civic Type R Civic Type R Civic Type R
Integra Type R Integra Type R
Sports car Accord Type R Accord Euro-R
Torneo Euro-R
NSX NSX
NSX Type R NSX-R
Mini Crossover Z
HR-V Vezel / HR-V
Compact Crossover Crossroad Crossroad
Element
CR-V CR-V CR-V
Mid-size Crossover Crosstour
Pilot Pilot
SUV Jazz
Passport Passport Pilot
Horizon MDX MDX MDX
Crossroad
Station wagon Civic Country Civic Shuttle Civic Shuttle Orthia Airwave Fit Shuttle Fit Shuttle
Accord Wagon CB9 Accord Wagon CEI Accord Wagon CF6 Accord Wagon CM Accord Tourer CW
Avancier Avancier
Mini MPV Capa Mobilio Spike Freed Spike Freed Spike
EV Plus Mobilio Mobilio
Compact MPV Stream Stream
S-MX Edix / FR-V Jade
Stepwgn Stepwgn Stepwgn Stepwgn Stepwgn
Minivan Shuttle Odyssey RA6 Odyssey RB Odyssey RB3 Odyssey RC
Odyssey LaGreat/Odyssey RL Odyssey RL3 Odyssey RL5
Elysion Elysion
Pickup Tourmaster Ridgeline Ridgeline
Microvan Acty Van Acty Acty Acty
Van City Pro
Civic Van Civic Pro Civic Pro Partner Van Partner
1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
[hide]
v
t
e
Honda road car timeline, North American market, 1980s–present
Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Subcompact Insight
Civic Civic Civic Civic Civic Fit Fit Fit
Compact Insight
Accord Accord Accord Accord Civic Civic Civic Civic
Mid-size Accord Accord Accord Accord Coupe Accord Accord
Clarity
Full-size Accord Sedan
Coupe Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude
Sport compact CR-X CR-X del Sol CR-Z
Sports car S2000
Crossover Mini HR-V
Compact Element
CR-V CR-V CR-V CR-V CR-V
Mid-size Crosstour
Pilot Pilot Pilot
Sport Utility Vehicle Passport Passport
Minivan Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey
Sport Utility Truck Ridgeline Ridgeline
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text:
List of United States hurricanes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Continental United States hurricane strikes 1950-2007
The list of United States hurricanes includes all tropical cyclones officially recorded to have produced sustained winds of greater than 74 mph (118 km/h) in the United States, which is the minimum threshold for hurricane intensity. The list, which is sorted by U.S. state, begins in 1851 with the start of the official Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT), as provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Research Division; the data from 1951 to 1979 is subject to change, due to the lack of official wind speed estimates during the time period. Since 1851, a total of 294 North Atlantic hurricanes produced hurricane-force winds in 19 states along the Atlantic coast. Some of these storms may not have made a direct landfall (i.e. remained just offshore) while producing hurricane-force winds on land; some of them may have weakened to a tropical storm or became extratropical before landfall but produced hurricane conditions on land while still a hurricane and some of them made landfall in an adjacent state but produced hurricane conditions over multiple states. This list does not include storms that only produced tropical storm conditions on land in the United States.
Additionally, three Pacific hurricanes struck Hawaii, and one Pacific tropical cyclone brought hurricane-force winds to California. The tables list hurricanes by category on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, based on winds that occurred in each state.
Contents
[hide]
1 Statistics
2 Impact
3 States bordering the Atlantic Ocean
3.1 Alabama
3.2 Delaware
3.3 Florida
3.4 Georgia
3.5 Louisiana
3.6 Maine
3.7 Maryland
3.8 Massachusetts
3.9 Mississippi
3.10 New Hampshire
3.11 New Jersey
3.12 New York
3.13 North Carolina
3.14 Pennsylvania
3.15 Rhode Island
3.16 South Carolina
3.17 Texas
3.18 Virginia
4 States bordering the Pacific Ocean
4.1 Southwestern United States
4.2 Hawaii
5 Climatological statistics
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Statistics[edit]
Map of the United States; click on individual states to be directed to its article,
or click on some coastal states to be directed to a list of tropical cyclones in those locations
A total of 293 Atlantic tropical cyclones have produced hurricane-force winds in every state along the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, as well as Pennsylvania. Florida more than any other hurricane.[1]
The earliest time in the year for a hurricane to strike the nation was June 9, which was set by Hurricane Alma in 1966. The earliest major hurricane to strike the nation occurred in 1934, when an unnamed tropical cyclone made landfall on June 16. The latest in the year for a hurricane to strike the nation was on November 24 with Hurricane Iwa in Hawaii; for the Atlantic basin the latest was on November 22, which was set by Hurricane Kate in 1985. The latest in the year for a major hurricane to strike the nation was from the 1921 Tampa Bay hurricane, which moved ashore on October 25.[1]
The 1880s were the most active decade for the United States, with a total of 25 hurricanes affecting the nation. By contrast, the least active decade was the 1970s, with a total of only 12 hurricanes affecting the American coastline. A total of 33 seasons on record passed without an Atlantic hurricane affecting the country—the most recent of which was the 2015 season. Seven Atlantic hurricanes affected the country in the 1886 season, which was the year with the most United States hurricanes.[1]
Impact[edit]
The Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 was the most intense hurricane to make landfall on the country, having struck the Florida Keys with a pressure of 892 mbar. It was one of only three hurricanes to move ashore as a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale; the others were Hurricane Camille in 1969 and Hurricane Andrew in 1992, which had a landfalling pressure of 900 mbar and 922 mbar, respectively. Hurricane Katrina in 2005 was the third most intense hurricane to strike the country with a pressure of 920 mbar, though its winds were not as strong as Andrew.[2]
The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 was the deadliest hurricane in the history of the United States, killing at least 8,000 people. The 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane caused at least 2,500 casualties, and in 2005, Hurricane Katrina killed about 1,500 people. In the 1893 season, two hurricanes each caused over 1,000 deaths.[2]
Accounting for inflation, nine Atlantic hurricanes caused a damage total of over $10 billion (2006 USD), including three from the 2005 season. The costliest was Hurricane Katrina, with damage amounting to $84.6 billion, though in normalized dollars it may only be second to the Great Miami Hurricane of 1926. Of the thirty costliest United States hurricanes, ten were after the year 2000.[2]
A 2010 study published in Natural Hazards Review, a journal of the American Society of Civil Engineers, "Normalized Hurricane Damage in the United State: 1900-2005" (PDF), analyzed storm-related property damage figures from 1900 through 2005 adjusted ("normalized") for inflation, wealth and population factors over time. The study found that: 1) Using normalized figures, hurricane-related damages steadily increased from 1900 to 2005; 2) Based on the adjusted data, Hurricane Katrina is the second-most destructive storm in U.S. history. The top-ranking storm in terms of property damage is the Great Miami Hurricane of 1926, with losses between $140–157 billion in 2005 dollars; 3) While 1996–2005 was the second-most costly period for storm-related damages, the preceding periods of 1976–1985 and 1986–1995 were "anomalously benign," accounting for only 10% of all storm damage reported since 1900; 4) Approximately 85% of all storm-related damages occur in the months of August (35%) and September (50%).[3]
States bordering the Atlantic Ocean[edit]
The category listed for each state indicates the maximum category of sustained winds that was recorded or analyzed to have occurred in that state. It is not necessarily the category of the storm at the time of landfall or closest approach (if the strongest winds were occurring elsewhere or only over water at the time).
Alabama[edit]
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Unnamed 3 August 26 1852 Unnamed 2 October 18 1916
Unnamed 1 September 29 1917 Unnamed 3 August 21 1926
Unnamed 1[notes 1] August 31 1856 Unnamed 1 September 1 1932
Unnamed 1 September 16 1859 Baker 1 August 31 1950
Unnamed 2 August 12 1860 Camille 1 August 18 1969
Unnamed 1 September 16 1860 Eloise 1[notes 1] September 23 1975
Unnamed 1 July 30 1870 Frederic 3 September 13 1979
Unnamed 1[notes 1] September 10 1882 Elena 3 September 2 1985
Unnamed 2 October 3 1893 Opal 1[notes 1] October 4 1995
Unnamed 1 August 15 1901 Danny 1 July 19 1997
Unnamed 2 September 27 1906 Ivan 3 September 16 2004
Unnamed 1 September 14 1912 Dennis 1 [notes 1] July 10 2005
Unnamed 2 July 5 1916 Katrina 1 August 29 2005
Source: Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States: 1851-2012[1]
Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT[4]
Delaware[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of Delaware hurricanes.
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Unnamed 1 October 23 1878
Unnamed 1 September 16 1903
Source: Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States: 1851-2012[1]
Florida[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of Florida hurricanes.
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Unnamed 3 August 23 1851 Unnamed 1 October 21 1924
Unnamed 1 August 26 1852 Unnamed 2 July 27 1926
Unnamed 1 September 12 1852 Unnamed 4 September 18 1926
Unnamed 2 October 9 1852 Unnamed 1[notes 2] October 21 1926
Unnamed 1 September 8 1854 Unnamed 2 August 8 1928
Unnamed 2 August 31 1856 Unnamed 4 September 17 1928
Unnamed 1 September 16 1859 Unnamed 3 September 28 1929
Unnamed 1 October 28 1859 Unnamed 1 September 1 1932
Unnamed 1[notes 2] August 16 1861 Unnamed 1 July 30 1933
Unnamed 2 October 23 1865 Unnamed 3 September 4 1933
Unnamed 1 October 6 1867 "Labor Day" 5 September 3 1935
Unnamed 1[notes 2] October 9 1870 Unnamed 2 November 4 1935
Unnamed 1 October 20 1870 Unnamed 2 July 31 1936
Unnamed 3 August 16 1871 Unnamed 1 August 11 1939
Unnamed 2 August 25 1871 Unnamed 2 October 6 1941
Unnamed 1 September 6 1871 Unnamed 3 October 19 1944
Unnamed 1 September 19 1873 Unnamed 1 June 24 1945
Unnamed 3 October 7 1873 Unnamed 3 September 15 1945
Unnamed 1 September 28 1874 Unnamed 1 October 8 1946
Unnamed 2 October 20 1876 Unnamed 4 September 17 1947
Unnamed 1 September 19 1877 Unnamed 1 October 11 1947
Unnamed 3 October 3 1877 Unnamed 4 September 21 1948
Unnamed 2 September 10 1878 Unnamed 2 October 5 1948
Unnamed 2 August 29 1880 Unnamed 4 August 26 1949
Unnamed 1 October 8 1880 Easy 3 September 5 1950
Unnamed 3 September 10 1882 King 4 October 18 1950
Unnamed 1 October 11 1882 Florence 1 September 26 1953
Unnamed 1 August 24 1885 Hazel 1 October 9 1953
Unnamed 2 June 21 1886 Flossy 1 September 24 1956
Unnamed 2 June 30 1886 Donna 4 September 10 1960
Unnamed 1 July 18 1886 Cleo 2 August 27 1964
Unnamed 1 July 27 1887 Dora 2 September 10 1964
Unnamed 3 August 16 1888 Isbell 2 October 14 1964
Unnamed 2 October 11 1888 Betsy 3 September 8 1965
Unnamed 1 August 24 1891 Alma 2 June 9 1966
Unnamed 1 August 27 1893 Inez 1 October 8 1966
Unnamed 2 September 25 1894 Gladys 2 October 19 1968
Unnamed 3 October 9 1894 Agnes 1 June 19 1972
Unnamed 2 July 7 1896 Eloise 3 September 23 1975
Unnamed 3 September 29 1896 David 2 September 3 1979
Unnamed 1 August 3 1898 Elena 3 September 1 1985
Unnamed 2 October 2 1898 Kate 2 November 21 1985
Unnamed 2 August 1 1899 Floyd 1 October 12 1987
Unnamed 1 August 11 1903 Andrew 5 August 24 1992
Unnamed 1 October 17 1904 Erin 2 August 3 1995
Unnamed 1 June 16 1906 Opal 3 October 4 1995
Unnamed 2 September 27 1906 Earl 1 September 3 1998
Unnamed 3 October 18 1906 Georges 2 September 25 1998
Unnamed 3 October 11 1909 Irene 1 October 15 1999
Unnamed 2 October 18 1910 Gabrielle 1 September 11 2001
Charley 4 August 13 2004
Unnamed 1 August 11 1911 Frances 2 September 5 2004
Unnamed 1 September 14 1912 Ivan 3 September 16 2004
Unnamed 1 August 1 1915 Jeanne 3 September 26 2004
Unnamed 1 September 4 1915 Dennis 3 July 10 2005
Unnamed 2 July 5 1916 Katrina 1 August 25 2005
Unnamed 2 October 18 1916 Rita 1[notes 2] September 20 2005
Unnamed 3 September 29 1917 Wilma 3 October 24 2005
Unnamed 4 September 10 1919 Hermine 1 September 2 2016
Unnamed 3 October 25 1921 Matthew 2[notes 2] October 7 2016
Unnamed 1 September 15 1924 Irma 4[notes 3] September 10 2017
Source: Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States: 1851-2012[1]
Georgia[edit]
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Unnamed 1[notes 1] August 24 1851 Unnamed 2 September 29 1896
Unnamed 1[notes 1] October 10 1852 Unnamed 1 August 31 1898
Unnamed 1 October 21 1853 Unnamed 4 October 2 1898
Unnamed 3 September 8 1854 Unnamed 1 August 28 1911
Unnamed 1[notes 1] August 31 1856 Unnamed 1 September 18 1928
Unnamed 1[notes 1] October 3 1877 "Labor Day" 1[notes 1] September 5 1935
Unnamed 1 September 11 1878 Unnamed 1 August 11 1940
Unnamed 2 August 28 1881 Unnamed 2 October 15 1947
Unnamed 1 August 25 1885 Unnamed 1 August 27 1949
Unnamed 1[notes 1] June 21 1886 David 2 September 4 1979
Unnamed 1[notes 1] June 30 1886 Kate 1[notes 1] November 22 1985
Unnamed 3 August 28 1893 Matthew 1[notes 2] October 8 2016
Unnamed 1[notes 1] October 9 1894
Source: Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States: 1851-2012[1]
Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT[4]
Louisiana[edit]
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Unnamed 2 August 25 1852 Unnamed 3 August 26 1926
Unnamed 3 September 16 1855 Unnamed 2 June 16 1934
Unnamed 4 August 11 1856 Unnamed 1 August 15 1938
Unnamed 3 August 11 1860 Unnamed 2 August 7 1940
Unnamed 2 September 15 1860 Unnamed 2 September 19 1947
Unnamed 2 October 2 1860 Unnamed 1 September 4 1948
Unnamed 2 September 13 1865 Flossy 2 September 24 1956
Unnamed 2 October 4 1867 Audrey 3 June 27 1957
Unnamed 1 September 5 1869 Ethel 1 September 15 1964
Unnamed 1 September 18 1877 Hilda 3 October 3 1964
Unnamed 2 August 23 1879 Betsy 3 September 10 1965
Unnamed 3 September 1 1879 Camille 5 August 17 1969
Unnamed 2 June 14 1886 Edith 2 September 16 1971
Unnamed 3 October 12 1886 Carmen 3 September 8 1974
Unnamed 1 October 19 1887 Babe 1 September 5 1977
Unnamed 2 August 19 1888 Bob 1 September 11 1979
Unnamed 1 September 23 1889 Danny 1 August 15 1985
Unnamed 2 September 7 1893 Juan 1 October 28 1985
Unnamed 4 October 2 1893 Florence 1 September 10 1988
Unnamed 1 September 12 1897 Andrew 3 August 26 1992
Unnamed 1 August 14 1901 Danny 1 July 18 1997
Unnamed 1 September 27 1906 Lili 1 October 3 2002
Unnamed 3 September 20 1909 Cindy 1 July 6 2005
Unnamed 1 August 17 1915 Katrina 3 August 29 2005
Unnamed 3 September 29 1915 Rita 3 September 24 2005
Unnamed 2 September 29 1917 Humberto 1 September 13 2007
Unnamed 3 August 7 1918 Gustav 2 September 1 2008
Unnamed 2 September 21 1920 Isaac 1 August 28 2012
Unnamed 1 October 16 1923 Nate 1[notes 3] October 7 2017
Source: Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States: 1851-2012[1]
Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT[4]
Maine[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of New England hurricanes.
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Unnamed 2 October 4 1869
Gerda 1 September 10 1969
Gloria 1 September 27 1985
Source: Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States: 1851-2012[1]
Maryland[edit]
Main article: List of Maryland hurricanes (1950–present)
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Unnamed 1 October 23 1878
Unnamed 1 August 23 1933
Source: Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States: 1851-2012[1]
Massachusetts[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of New England hurricanes.
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Unnamed 1 September 16 1858 Unnamed 2 September 21 1938
Unnamed 3 September 8 1869 Unnamed 1 September 15 1944
Unnamed 1 October 4 1869 Carol 2 August 31 1954
Unnamed 1 August 19 1879 Edna 2 September 11 1954
Unnamed 1 September 10 1896 Donna 1 September 12 1960
Unnamed 1 August 26 1924 Bob 2 August 19 1991
Source: Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States: 1851-2012[1]
Mississippi[edit]
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Unnamed 3 August 26 1852 Unnamed 1 October 16 1923
Unnamed 3 August 16 1855 Unnamed 1 September 21 1926
Unnamed 3 August 12 1860 Unnamed 2 September 19 1947
Unnamed 2 September 15 1860 Ethel 1 September 15 1960
Unnamed 1[notes 1] August 20 1888 Camille 5 August 18 1969
Unnamed 2 October 2 1893 Frederic 3 September 13 1979
Unnamed 1 August 15 1901 Elena 3 September 2 1985
Unnamed 2 September 27 1906 Georges 2 September 29 1998
Unnamed 2 September 21 1909 Katrina 3 August 29 2005
Unnamed 2 September 29 1915 Nate 1[notes 3] October 8 2017
Unnamed 3 July 6 1916
Source: Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States: 1851-2012[1]
New Hampshire[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of New England hurricanes.
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Gloria 2 September 27 1985
Source: Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States: 1851-2012[1]
New Jersey[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of New Jersey hurricanes.
Although Hurricane Sandy struck the state in October 2012 and produced hurricane-force winds, it became an extratropical cyclone before landfall or producing any hurricane-strength winds.[5]
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Unnamed 1[notes 2] October 23 1878
Unnamed 1 September 16 1903
Unnamed 1[notes 2] September 8 1934
Unnamed 1[notes 2] September 14 1944
Source: Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States: 1851-2012[1]
New York[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of New York hurricanes.
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Unnamed 1 September 16 1858 Edna 1 September 11 1954
Unnamed 1 September 8 1869 Donna 2 September 12 1960
Unnamed 1 August 24 1893 Agnes 1 June 22 1972
Unnamed 1 October 10 1894 Belle 1 August 10 1976
Unnamed 1 September 8 1934 Gloria 3 September 27 1985
Unnamed 3 September 21 1938 Bob 2 August 19 1991
Unnamed 2 September 15 1944 Sandy 1[notes 4] October 29 2012
Carol 3 August 31 1954
Source: Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States: 1851-2012[1]
North Carolina[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of North Carolina hurricanes.
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Unnamed 1 September 13 1857 Unnamed 2[notes 2] September 14 1944
Unnamed 1 September 27 1861 Unnamed 1[notes 2] August 24 1949
Unnamed 1 November 2 1861 Barbara 1 August 14 1953
Unnamed 1 September 24 1874 Carol 1[notes 2] August 31 1954
Unnamed 1 September 17 1876 Edna 1[notes 2] September 11 1954
Unnamed 2 October 23 1878 Hazel 4 October 15 1954
Unnamed 3 August 18 1879 Connie 2 August 12 1955
Unnamed 1 September 9 1880 Ione 2 September 19 1955
Unnamed 2 September 9 1881 Helene 3[notes 2] September 27 1958
Unnamed 2 September 11 1883 Donna 2 September 12 1960
Unnamed 2 September 25 1885 Ginger 1 September 30 1971
Unnamed 1[notes 2] August 20 1887 Diana 2 September 13 1984
Unnamed 1[notes 1] August 28 1893 Gloria 3 September 27 1985
Unnamed 1 October 13 1893 Charley 1 August 17 1986
Unnamed 1[notes 1] September 29 1896 Hugo 1[notes 1] September 22 1989
Unnamed 3 August 18 1899 Emily 3[notes 2] August 31 1993
Unnamed 2 October 31 1899 Bertha 2 July 12 1996
Unnamed 1 July 11 1901 Fran 3 September 6 1996
Unnamed 1 September 17 1906 Bonnie 2 August 27 1998
Unnamed 1 July 31 1908 Floyd 2 September 16 1999
Unnamed 1 September 3 1913 Irene 2[notes 2] October 18 1999
Unnamed 1 August 24 1918 Isabel 2 September 18 2003
Unnamed 1[notes 2] August 26 1924 Alex 1[notes 2] August 3 2004
Unnamed 1 August 23 1933 Charley 1 August 14 2004
Unnamed 2[notes 2] September 16 1933 Ophelia 1[notes 2] September 14 2005
Unnamed 1[notes 2] September 9 1934 Irene 1 August 27 2011
Unnamed 1 September 18 1936 Arthur 2 July 4 2014
Unnamed 1 August 1 1944 Matthew 1[notes 2] October 8 2016
Source: Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States: 1851-2012[1]
Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT[4]
Pennsylvania[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of Pennsylvania hurricanes.
Though not directly bordering the Atlantic Ocean, the Gale of 1878 produced hurricane-force winds in the state, the only tropical cyclone on record to do so.[1] Furthermore, Hurricane Agnes (1972) had a severe impact on the state. Although it had been only a Category 1 storm, and had weakened to a tropical depression by the time it reached Pennsylvania, Hurricane Agnes nevertheless caused severe flooding, as well as enormous economic damage.
Rhode Island[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of New England hurricanes.
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Unnamed 1 September 16 1858 Carol 3 August 31 1954
Unnamed 1 September 8 1869 Edna 1 September 11 1954
Unnamed 1 October 10 1894 Donna 1 September 12 1960
Unnamed 1 September 10 1896 Esther 1 September 21 1961
Unnamed 3 September 21 1938 Bob 2 August 19 1991
Unnamed 2 September 15 1944
Source: Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States: 1851-2012[1]
South Carolina[edit]
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Unnamed 2 September 8 1854 Unnamed 1 October 8 1913
Unnamed 1 June 22 1867 Unnamed 2 July 14 1916
Unnamed 1 September 28 1874 Unnamed 1 September 18 1928
Unnamed 1 September 12 1878 Unnamed 2 August 11 1940
Unnamed 1 August 28 1881 Unnamed 2 October 15 1947
Unnamed 1 September 11 1883 Able 2 August 31 1952
Unnamed 3 August 25 1885 Hazel 4 October 15 1954
Unnamed 3 August 28 1893 Cindy 1 July 9 1959
Unnamed 3 October 13 1893 Gracie 4 September 29 1959
Unnamed 1 September 27 1894 David 2 September 4 1979
Unnamed 1 September 29 1896 Bob 1 July 25 1985
Unnamed 1 August 31 1898 Hugo 4 September 22 1989
Unnamed 2 October 31 1899 Charley 1 August 14 2004
Unnamed 1 September 14 1904 Gaston 1 August 29 2004
Unnamed 1 September 17 1906 Matthew 1 October 8 2016
Unnamed 2 August 28 1911
Source: Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States: 1851-2012[1]

Texas[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of Texas hurricanes.
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Unnamed 1 June 25 1851 Unnamed 4 August 14 1932
Unnamed 1 June 26 1854 Unnamed 2[notes 5] August 7 1933
Unnamed 2 September 18 1854 Unnamed 3 September 5 1933
Unnamed 1 September 13 1865 Unnamed 2 July 25 1934
Unnamed 2 July 15 1866 Unnamed 1 June 27 1936
Unnamed 1 October 2 1867 Unnamed 2 August 8 1940
Unnamed 2 August 17 1869 Unnamed 3 September 23 1941
Unnamed 3 September 16 1875 Unnamed 1 August 21 1942
Unnamed 2 August 23 1879 Unnamed 3 August 30 1942
Unnamed 3[notes 5] August 13 1880 Unnamed 2 July 27 1943
Unnamed 2 June 14 1886 Unnamed 2 August 27 1945
Unnamed 4 August 20 1886 Unnamed 1 August 24 1947
Unnamed 1[notes 5] September 23 1886 Unnamed 2 October 4 1949
Unnamed 2 October 12 1886 Audrey 2 June 27 1957
Unnamed 2 September 21 1887 Debra 1 July 25 1959
Unnamed 1 June 17 1888 Carla 4 September 11 1961
Unnamed 1 July 5 1891 Cindy 1 September 17 1963
Unnamed 1[notes 5] August 30 1895 Beulah 3 September 20 1967
Unnamed 1 September 13 1897 Celia 3 August 3 1970
Unnamed 4 September 9 1900 Fern 1 September 10 1971
Unnamed 2 June 29 1909 Allen 3 August 10 1980
Unnamed 3 July 21 1909 Alicia 3 August 18 1983
Unnamed 1[notes 5] August 27 1909 Bonnie 1 June 28 1986
Unnamed 2 September 14 1910 Chantal 1 August 1 1989
Unnamed 2 October 16 1912 Jerry 1 October 16 1989
Unnamed 1 June 27 1913 Bret 3 August 23 1999
Unnamed 4 August 17 1915 Claudette 1 July 15 2003
Unnamed 4 August 18 1916 Rita 2 September 24 2005
Unnamed 1 August 7 1918 Humberto 1 September 13 2007
Unnamed 3 September 14 1919 Dolly 1 July 23 2008
Unnamed 1 June 22 1921 Ike 2 September 13 2008
Unnamed 1 June 28 1929 Harvey 4[notes 3] August 26 2017
Source: Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States: 1851-2012[1]
Virginia[edit]
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Unnamed 1 September 17 1876 Unnamed 1[notes 2] September 16 1933
Unnamed 1 October 23 1878 Unnamed 1 September 18 1936
Unnamed 2 August 18 1879 Unnamed 2[notes 2] September 14 1944
Unnamed 1[notes 1] October 13 1893 Connie 1 August 12 1955
Unnamed 1 September 29 1894 Donna 1[notes 2] September 12 1960
Unnamed 1[notes 1] September 30 1896 Isabel 1 September 19 2003
Source: Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States: 1851-2012[1]
States bordering the Pacific Ocean[edit]
Southwestern United States[edit]
Main articles: List of California hurricanes, List of Arizona hurricanes, and List of New Mexico hurricanes
The 1858 San Diego Hurricane is the only Pacific tropical cyclone known to have produced hurricane-force winds in California; it affected San Diego on October 2, 1858, though its center remained just offshore. In the 20th century, only four tropical cyclones produced tropical storm force winds in the southwestern United States: a tropical storm in September 1939 in California, Hurricane Joanne in October 1972 in Arizona, Hurricane Kathleen in September 1976 in Arizona and California, and Hurricane Nora in September 1997 in Arizona.[6]
Hawaii[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of Hawaii hurricanes.
Name
Saffir-Simpson
Category
Date of closest approach
Year
Dot 1 August 7 1959
Iwa 1 November 24 1982
Iniki 4 September 11 1992
Source: 1959 Central Pacific Hurricane Season[7]
1982 Central Pacific Hurricane Season[8]
1992 Central Pacific Hurricane Season[9]
Climatological statistics[edit]
Period
Number of recorded storms
affecting United States
1850s 17
1860s 15
1870s 19
1880s 25
1890s 20
1900–1909 17
1910s 21
1920s 15
1930s 18
1940s 23
1950s 20
1960s 15
1970s 12
1980s 17
1990s 15
2000–2009 19
2010s 9
See also[edit]
Tropical cyclones portal
Climate of the United States
List of Atlantic hurricanes
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Hurricane conditions in this state were limited to inland areas.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z This hurricane did not make landfall, but produced hurricane conditions over the state indicated.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Operational estimate. Actual landfall intensity to be finalized in post-analysis.
Jump up ^ This storm became extratropical before landfall, but produced hurricane conditions over the state indicated while still a tropical cyclone.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e This hurricane made landfall in Mexico but produced hurricane conditions in Texas.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Hurricane Research Division (2012). "Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States: 1851-2012". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2014-02-10. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Jump up to: a b c Eric S. Blake; Edward N. Rappaport; Christopher W. Landsea (2007). "The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones From 1851 to 2006" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
Jump up ^ "Normalized Hurricane Damage in the United States: 1900–2005". Journalist's Resource.org.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hurricane Research Division (2008). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
Jump up ^ Eric S. Blake; et al. (2013-02-12). Hurricane Sandy Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
Jump up ^ Michael Chenoweth & Chris Landsea (2004). "The San Diego Hurricane of October 2, 1858" (PDF). American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
Jump up ^ Central Pacific Hurricane Season. "1959 Central Pacific Hurricane Season". Retrieved 2008-01-26.
Jump up ^ Central Pacific Hurricane Season. "1982 Central Pacific Hurricane Season". Retrieved 2008-01-26.
Jump up ^ Central Pacific Hurricane Season. "1992 Central Pacific Hurricane Season". Retrieved 2008-01-26.
External links[edit]
Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United States: 1851-2012
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Pure tone audiometry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
See also: Audiometry
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Pure tone audiometry
Medical diagnostics
Diagram of the human ear
ICD-9-CM
95.41
MeSH
D001301
[edit on Wikidata]
Pure tone audiometry (PTA) is the key hearing test used to identify hearing threshold levels of an individual, enabling determination of the degree, type and configuration of a hearing loss.[1] Thus, providing the basis for diagnosis and management. PTA is a subjective, behavioural measurement of hearing threshold, as it relies on patient response to pure tone stimuli. Therefore, PTA is used on adults and children old enough to cooperate with the test procedure. As with most clinical tests, calibration of the test environment, the equipment and the stimuli to ISO standards is needed before testing proceeds. PTA only measures audibility thresholds, rather than other aspects of hearing such as sound localization and speech recognition. However, there are benefits of using PTA over other forms of hearing test, such as click auditory brainstem response (ABR). PTA provides ear specific thresholds, and uses frequency specific pure tones to give place specific responses, so that the configuration of a hearing loss can be identified. As PTA uses both air and bone conduction audiometry, the type of loss can also be identified via the air-bone gap. Although PTA has many clinical benefits, it is not perfect at identifying all losses, such as ‘dead regions’ of the cochlea and neuropathies such as auditory processing disorder (APD).[2][3][4] This raises the question of whether or not audiograms accurately predict someone’s perceived degree of disability.
Contents
[hide]
1 PTA procedural standards
2 Variations
3 Cross hearing and interaural attenuation
4 PTA thresholds and hearing disability
5 Audiograms and hearing loss
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
PTA procedural standards[edit]
There are both international and British standards regarding the PTA test protocol. The British Society of Audiology (BSA) is responsible for publishing the recommended procedure for PTA, as well as many other audiological procedures. The British recommended procedure is based on international standards. Although there are some differences, the BSA-recommended procedures are in accordance with BS EN ISO 8253-1, which is the international standard for PTA established by the International Organization for Standardization. The BSA-recommended procedures provide a "best practice" test protocol for professionals to follow, increasing validity and allowing standardisation of results across Britain. The British Society of Audiology. Recommended Procedure: Pure Tone air and bone conduction threshold audiometry with and without masking and determination of uncomfortable loudness levels.[5]
Variations[edit]
There are cases where conventional PTA is not an appropriate or effective method of threshold testing. Procedural changes to the conventional test method may be necessary with populations who are unable to cooperate with the test in order to obtain hearing thresholds. Sound field audiometry may be more suitable when patients are unable to wear earphones, as the stimuli are usually presented by loudspeaker. A disadvantage of this method is that although thresholds can be obtained, results are not ear specific. In addition, response to pure tone stimuli may be limited, because in a sound field pure tones create standing waves, which alter sound intensity within the sound field. Therefore, it may be necessary to use other stimuli, such as warble tones in sound field testing.[6] There are variations of conventional audiometry testing that are designed specifically for young children and infants, such as behavioral observation audiometry, visual reinforcement audiometry and play audiometry.[7][8]
Conventional audiometry tests frequencies between 250 hertz (Hz) and 8 kHz, whereas high frequency audiometry tests in the region of 8 kHz-16 kHz. Some environmental factors, such as ototoxic medication and noise exposure, appear to be more detrimental to high frequency sensitivity than to that of mid or low frequencies. Therefore, high frequency audiometry is an effective method of monitoring losses that are suspected to have been caused by these factors. It is also effective in detecting the auditory sensitivity changes that occur with aging.[9]
Cross hearing and interaural attenuation[edit]
Figure 1: Interaural attenuation with air conduction.
Figure 2: Interaural attenuation with bone conduction
When sound is applied to one ear the contralateral cochlea can also be stimulated to varying degrees, via vibrations through the bone of the skull. When the stimuli presented to the test ear stimulates the cochlea of the non-test ear, this is known as cross hearing. Whenever it is suspected that cross hearing has occurred it is best to use masking. This is done by temporarily elevating the threshold of the non-test ear, by presenting a masking noise at a predetermined level. This prevents the non-test ear from detecting the test signal presented to the test ear. The threshold of the test ear is measured at the same time as presenting the masking noise to the non-test ear. Thus, thresholds obtained when masking has been applied, provide an accurate representation of the true hearing threshold level of the test ear.[10]
A reduction or loss of energy occurs with cross hearing, which is referred to as interaural attenuation (IA) or transcranial transmission loss.[10] IA varies with transducer type. It varies from 40 dB to 80 dB with supra-aural headphones. However, with insert earphones it is in the region of 55 dB. The use of insert earphones reduces the need for masking, due to the greater IA which occurs when they are used (See Figure 1).[11]
Air conduction results in isolation, give little information regarding the type of hearing loss. When the thresholds obtained via air conduction are examined alongside those achieved with bone conduction, the configuration of the hearing loss can be determined. However, with bone conduction (performed by placing a vibrator on the mastoid bone behind the ear), both cochleas are stimulated. IA for bone conduction ranges from 0-20 dB (See Figure 2). Therefore, conventional audiometry is ear specific, with regards to both air and bone conduction audiometry, when masking is applied.
PTA thresholds and hearing disability[edit]
PTA is described as the gold standard for assessment of a hearing loss.[12] But, how accurate is PTA at classifying the hearing loss of an individual, in terms of hearing impairment and hearing disability? Hearing impairment is defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as a hearing loss with thresholds higher than 25db in one or both ears. The degree of hearing loss is classified as mild, moderate, severe or profound.[13] The results of PTA are a good indicator of hearing impairment.
Hearing disability is defined by the WHO as a reduction in ability to hear sounds in quiet and background noise (compared to people with normal hearing), which is caused by a hearing impairment.[14] Several studies have investigated whether self-reported hearing problems (via questionnaires and interviews) were associated with the results from PTA. The findings of these studies indicate that in general, the results of PTA correspond to self-reported hearing problems (i.e. hearing disability). However, for some individuals this is not the case. Therefore, the results of PTA cannot be used to ascertain an individual's hearing disability.[15][16]
Figure 10: Speech recognition threshold (SRT) in noise. To aid explanation of this concept the CHL and the SNHL have the same magnitude of hearing loss (50 dBHL). The horizontal part of the curves is where the noise is inaudible. Thus, there is no masking effect on the SRT. The horizontal portion of the curve for the SNHL and CHL extends further than that for a normal hearing person, as the noise needs to become audible to become a problem. Thus, more noise has to be applied, to produce a masking effect. At the right hand side of the graph, to identify 50% of the speech correctly, the speech needs to much more intense than in the quiet. This is because at this end of the graph, the noise is very loud whether the person has a hearing loss or not. There is a transition between these two areas described. Factor A is a problem only in low noise levels, whereas Factor D is a problem when the noise level is high.
Hearing impairment (based on the audiogram) and auditory handicap (based on speech discrimination in noise) data was reviewed by Reinier Plomp[who?]. This led to the formulation of equations, which described the consequences of a hearing loss on speech intelligibility. The results of this review indicated that there were two factors of a hearing loss, which were involved in the effect on speech intelligibility. These factors were named Factor A and Factor D. Factor A affected speech intelligibility by attenuating the speech, whereas Factor D affected speech intelligibility by distorting the speech.[17]
Speech recognition threshold (SRT) is defined as the sound pressure level at which 50% of the speech is identified correctly. For a person with a conductive hearing loss (CHL) in quiet, the SRT needs to be higher than for a person with normal hearing. The increase in SRT depends on the degree of hearing loss only, so Factor A reflects the audiogram of that person. In noise, the person with a CHL has the same problem as the person with normal hearing (See Figure 10).[17]
For a person with a Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in quiet, the SRT also needs to be higher than for a person with normal hearing. This is because the only factor that is important in quiet for a CHL and a SNHL is the audibility of the sound, which corresponds to Factor A. In noise, the person with a SNHL requires a better signal-to-noise ratio to achieve the same performance level, as the person with normal hearing and the person with a CHL. This shows that in noise, Factor A is not enough to explain the problems of a person with a SNHL. Therefore, there is another problem present, which is Factor D. At present, it is not known what causes Factor D. Thus, in noise the audiogram is irrelevant. It is the type of hearing loss that is important in this situation.[17]
These findings have important implications for the design of hearing aids. As hearing aids at present can compensate for Factor A, but this is not the case for Factor D. This could be why hearing aids are not satisfactory for a lot of people.[17]
Audiograms and hearing loss[edit]
Main article: Audiogram
The shape of the audiogram resulting from PTA audiometry gives an indication of the type of hearing loss as well as possible causes. Conductive hearing loss due to disorders of the middle ear shows as a flat increase in thresholds across the frequency range. Sensorineural hearing loss will have a contoured shape depending on the cause. Presbycusis or age-related hearing loss for example is characterized by a high frequency roll-off (increase in thresholds). Noise-induced hearing loss has a characteristic notch at 4000 Hz. Other contours may indicate other causes for the hearing loss.
See also[edit]
Hearing range
Auditory masking
Auditory filters
Absolute threshold of hearing
Equal-loudness contours
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Audiology Pure-Tone Testing at eMedicine
Jump up ^ Moore, BC (April 2004). "Dead regions in the cochlea: conceptual foundations, diagnosis, and clinical applications". Ear and hearing. 25 (2): 98–116. doi:10.1097/01.aud.0000120359.49711.d7. PMID 15064655.
Jump up ^ Moore BCJ (2001). "Dead Regions in the Cochlea: Diagnosis, Perceptual Consequences, and Implications for the Fitting of hearing aids". Trends Amplif. 5: 1–34. doi:10.1177/108471380100500102. PMC 4168936  . PMID 25425895.
Jump up ^ Landegger, LD; Psaltis, D; Stankovic, KM (May 2016). "Human audiometric thresholds do not predict specific cellular damage in the inner ear". Hearing Research. 335: 83–93. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2016.02.018. PMID 26924453.
Jump up ^ The British Society of Audiology. September 2011 amended 2015. http://www.thebsa.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Pure-Tone-Audiometry-1.pdf [Accessed 13/11/2016]
Jump up ^ http://www.emedicine.com/ent/topic311.htm [Accessed on 27/02/07]
Jump up ^ http://michiganotoplasty.com/understanding-deafness-pta-testing/ [Accessed on 07/18/15].
Jump up ^ "Hearing Testing and Screening in Young Children". patient.info. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Monteiro de Castro Silva, I; Feitosa, MA (2005). "High-frequency audiometry in young and older adults when conventional audiometry is normal". Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology. 72 (5): 665–72. doi:10.1590/S0034-72992006000500014. PMID 17221060.
^ Jump up to: a b Katz J. Clinical Handbook of Audiology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.
Jump up ^ Bagatto, M; Moodie, S; Scollie, S; Seewald, R; Moodie, S; Pumford, J; Liu, KP (2005). "Clinical protocols for hearing instrument fitting in the Desired Sensation Level method". Trends in amplification. 9 (4): 199–226. doi:10.1177/108471380500900404. PMC 4111495  . PMID 16424946.
Jump up ^ Sindhusake D, Mitchell P, Smith W, Golding M, Newall P, Hartley D, et al. Validation of self-reported hearing loss. The Blue Mountains Hearing Study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2001;30:1371-78.
Jump up ^ "Deafness and hearing loss Fact sheet N°300". WHO (World Health Organization). Retrieved 16 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sound Advice". Sound Advice Safety and Health Ltd. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Hietamen A, Era P, Henrichsen J, Rosenhall U, Sorri M, Heikkinen E. Hearing among 75-year old people in three Nordic localities: A comparative study. Int. J. Audiol. 2004;44:500-08.
Jump up ^ Uchida Y, Nakashima T, Ando F, Niino N, Shimokata H. Prevalence of Self-perceived Auditory Problems and their Relation to Audiometric Thresholds in a Middle-aged to Elderly Population. Acta. Otolaryngol. 2003;123:618-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Plomp, R (February 1978). "Auditory handicap of hearing impairment and the limited benefit of hearing aids". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 63 (2): 533–49. doi:10.1121/1.381753. PMID 670550.
External links[edit]
EMedicine.com.
GPNotebook.co.uk.
Springerlink.com.
Audition Cochlea Promenade oreille ear organ Corti C.R.I.C Montpellier. This website provides excellent diagrams and animated pictures that aid understanding of the topics covered. There are a wide range of topics covered including sound, cochlea, Organ of Corti, hair cell pathology and audiometry.
Audiology Resources. This site provides useful resources for people interested in audiology.
[1] This site provides excellent information regarding the Audiometric Testing procedure
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