text:
List of national independence days
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"Independence Day" redirects here. For other uses, see Independence Day (disambiguation).
For patriotic days not necessarily linked to independence, see National Day.
Independence-related National Day
Other National Day
No official National Day
An Independence Day is an annual event commemorating the anniversary of a nation's independence or statehood, usually after ceasing to be a group or part of another nation or state; more rarely after the end of a military occupation; and in the unique case of Singapore, expulsion from Malaysia.
Most countries observe their respective independence days as national holidays.
List[edit]
The following is a partial list of independence days of countries around the world:
Country
Date of holiday
Year celebrated
Event celebrated
Name of holiday
Afghanistan 08-19 !August 19 1919 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1919. Afghan Independence Day
Albania 11-28 !November 28 1912 Declared by Ismail Qemali in 1912 and signaled the end of five centuries of Ottoman rule. Independence Day/Dita e Pavarësisë
Algeria 07-05 !July 5 1962 Independence from France in 1962. Independence Day (Algeria)
Angola 11-11 !November 11 1975 Independence from Portugal in 1975.
Anguilla 05-30 !May 30 1967 Independence from St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla in 1967. Anguilla Day
Antigua and Barbuda 11-01 !November 1 1981 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1981.
Argentina 07-09 !July 9 1816 Independence declared from the Spanish Empire in 1816. Independence Day
Armenia 05-28 !May 28 1918 Declaration of independence from Russian Empire in 1918.
09-21 !September 21 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Independence Day
Australia 01-26 !January 26 1901 Independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1901 celebrated first fleet landing on 26 January. Australia Day
Austria 10-26 !October 26 1955 Restoration of sovereignty and signing of the Declaration of Neutrality in 1955. National Day
Azerbaijan 05-28 !May 28 1918 Independence from the Russian Empire in 1918 and declaration of the Republic. Republic Day
10-18 !October 18 1991 Independence re-declared from the Soviet Union in 1991. Day of the State Independence of Azerbaijan
Bahamas 07-10 !July 10 1973 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1973.
Bahrain 12-16 !December 16 1971 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1971. Bahrain Independence Day
Bangladesh 03-26 !March 26 1971 Independence was declared from Pakistan and this led to a nine-month war ending on December 16, 1971. Independence Day of Bangladesh
Barbados 11-30 !November 30 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1966.
Belarus 07-03 !July 3 1944 The liberation of Minsk after several years of German occupation in 1944. Independence Day of Belarus
Belgium 07-21 !July 21 1831 Independence from the United Netherlands (Belgian revolution) on October 4, 1830. Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld took the oath as first King of the Belgians on July 21, 1831. Belgian National Day
Belize 09-21 !September 21 1981 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1981. September Celebrations
Benin 08-01 !August 1 1960 Independence from France in 1960.
Bhutan August 8 1949 Never under any rule.
Bolivia 08-06 !August 6 1825 Independence from Spain in 1825.
Bosnia and Herzegovina 03-01 !March 1 1992 Independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992. Independence Day (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Botswana 09-30 !September 30 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1966. Independence Day (Botswana)
Brazil 09-07 !September 7 1822 Independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves on September 7, 1822. Recognized on August 29, 1825. Dia da Independência or Sete de Setembro
Brunei 01-01 !January 1 1984 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1984. National Day celebrations are held on February 23.
Bulgaria 09-22 !March 3 1878 Independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878.
Burkina Faso 08-05 !August 5 1960 Independence from France in 1960.
Burma 01-04 !January 4 1948 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1948. Independence Day (Myanmar)
Burundi 07-01 !July 1 1962 Independence from Belgium in 1962.
Cambodia 11-09 !November 9 1953 Independence from France in 1953.
Cameroon 01-01 !January 1 1960 Independence from France and United Kingdom in 1960.
Canada 07-01 !July 1 1867 Granted nominal independence from United Kingdom in 1867. However, as the current province of Newfoundland and Labrador was a former British dominion, it celebrates Discovery Day on June 24 and mourns on July 1 for their World War I war dead. See Memorial Day (Newfoundland and Labrador). Canada Day (Prior to 1982 known as Dominion Day)
Cape Verde 07-05 !July 5 1975 Independence from Portugal in 1975.
Central African Republic 08-13 !August 13 1960 Independence from France in 1960.
Chad 08-11 !August 11 1960 Independence from France in 1960.
Chile 09-18 !September 18 1810 Chileans celebrate the date of the first Government Junta, September 18, 1810. This date was not recognized as such until April 25, 1844.[clarification needed] Fiestas Patrias
02-12 !February 12 1818 Independence from Spain in 1818. Not a holiday
Colombia 07-20 !July 20 and August 7 1810 and 1819 Independence from Spain in 1810.
Comoros 07-06 !July 6 1975 Independence from France in 1975.
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 06-30 !June 30 1960 Independence from Belgium in 1960.
Congo, Republic of the 08-15 !August 15 1960 Independence from France in 1960.
Costa Rica 09-15 !September 15 1821 Independence from Spain in 1821.
Croatia 10-08 !October 8 1991 Independence from SFR Yugoslavia in 1991. Independence Day (Croatia)
Cuba 05-20 !May 20 1902 Independence from Spain in 1902.
Cyprus 10-01 !October 1 1960 Independence from the United Kingdom on August 16, 1960, but Cyprus Independence Day is commonly celebrated on October 1. Independence Day (Cyprus)
Czech Republic 10-28 !October 28 1918 As Czechoslovakia, marking independence from Austria-Hungary on October 28, 1918.
01-01 !January 1 1993 As the Czech Republic after the split of Czechoslovakia in 1993.
Djibouti 06-27 !June 27 1977 Independence from France in 1977.
Dominica 11-03 !November 3 1978 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1978.
Dominican Republic 02-27 !February 27 1844 Independence re-declared from Haiti in 1844, after a 22-year occupation.
East Timor 05-20 !May 20 2002 Independence from Portugal in 2002 (recognition, East Timor was invaded by Indonesia from 1975 to 1999, officially it never ceased to be considered as administrated by Portugal).
Ecuador 08-10 !August 10 1809 Proclaimed independence from Spain on August 10, 1809, but failed with the execution of all the conspirators of the movement on August 2, 1810.
05-24 !May 24 1822 Independence finally occurred on May 24, 1822 at the Battle of Pichincha.
El Salvador 09-15 !September 15 1821 Independence from Spain in 1821.
Equatorial Guinea 10-12 !October 12 1968 Independence from Spain in 1968.
Eritrea 05-24 !May 24 1993 Independence from Ethiopia in 1993. Independence Day (Eritrea)
Estonia 02-24 !February 24 1918 Independence from the Russian Empire in 1918. Independence Day (Estonia)
08-20 !August 20 1991 Independence re-declared from the Soviet Union in 1991.
Fiji 10-10 !October 10 1970 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1970. Fiji Day
Finland 12-06 !December 6 1917 Independence from Russia in 1917. Recognized on January 4, 1918. Independence Day (Finland)
Gabon 08-17 !August 17 1960 Independence from France in 1960.
Gambia, The 02-18 !February 18 1965 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1965.
Georgia 05-26 !May 26 1918 Day of the proclamation of the Democratic Republic of Georgia in 1918. Independence Day
04-09 !April 9 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Day of National Unity
Ghana 03-06 !March 6 1957 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1957.
Greece 03-25 !March 25 1821 Declaration of independence from Ottoman Empire in 1821. Start of the Greek War of Independence.
Grenada 02-07 !February 7 1974 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1974. Independence Day (Grenada)
Guatemala 09-15 !September 15 1821 Independence from Spain in 1821.
Guinea 10-02 !October 2 1958 Independence from France in 1958.
Guinea-Bissau 09-24 !September 24 1973 Declaration of independence from Portugal in 1973.
Guyana 05-26 !May 26 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1966.
Haiti 01-01 !January 1 1804 Declaration of independence from France in 1804.
Honduras 09-15 !September 15 1821 Independence from Spain in 1821.
Iceland 06-17 !June 17 1944 Foundation of republic in 1944. Icelandic National Day
India 08-15 !August 15 1947 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1947. Independence Day (India)
Indonesia 08-17 !August 17 1945 Declaration of Independence day (Hari Proklamasi Kemerdekaan R.I.) from the Netherlands on August 17, 1945. The Netherlands acknowledged Indonesian independence and sovereignty in 1949. The Dutch government formally acknowledged August 17, 1945 as the only true date of Indonesian Independence in 2008.[1] Independence Anniversary Day of Indonesia (Hari Ulang Tahun Kemerdekaan Indonesia)
Iraq 10-03 !October 3 1932 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1932.
Ireland 04-24 !April 24 1916 Proclamation of the Irish Republic commencing the Easter Rising on April 24, 1916. Independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Usually celebrated on Easter Monday.
Israel 05-14 !Iyar 5
(On or between April 15 and May 15, depending on the Hebrew calendar). 1948 !1948 Independence from the British Mandate for Palestine, which took place on May 14, 1948 (5 Iyar 5708 in the Hebrew calendar). Yom Ha'atzmaut is celebrated on the Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday nearest to 5 Iyar, so it occurs between 3 and 6 Iyar each year; this means that the holiday can fall any time between and including April 15 and May 15, according to the Gregorian calendar. Yom Ha'atzmaut
Ivory Coast 08-07 !August 7 1960 Independence from France in 1960.
Jamaica 08-06 !August 6 1962 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1962.
Jordan 05-25 !May 25 1946 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1946.
Kazakhstan 12-16 !December 16 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Kazakhstan Independence Day
Kenya 12-12 !December 12 1963 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1963. Jamhuri Day
Kiribati 07-12 !July 12 1979 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1979.
Korea, North 08-15 !August 15 1945 Founding of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 1948. Korean War 1950-1953. Chogukhaebangŭi nal
Korea, South 08-15 !August 15 1945 Independence from the Empire of Japan in 1945. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was founded in 1919. Korean War 1950-1953. Gwangbokjeol
Kosovo 02-17 !February 17 2008 Independence from Serbia in 2008. (Only partially recognized)
Kuwait 02-25 !February 25 1961 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1961.
Kyrgyzstan 08-31 !August 31 1991 Independence from USSR in 1991. Independence Day (Kyrgyzstan)
Laos 10-22 !October 22 1953 Independence from France on October 22, 1953.
Latvia 11-18 !November 18 1918 Proclamation of independence on November 18, 1918. Latvia was part of Russian Empire prior to the WWI, but its territory had been ceded to German Empire in March 1918 Proclamation Day of the Republic of Latvia
05-04 !May 4 1990 Restoration of independence from Soviet Union on May 4, 1990.
Lebanon 11-22 !November 22 1943 Independence from France in 1943. Lebanese Independence Day
Lesotho 10-04 !October 4 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1966.
Liberia 07-26 !July 26 1847 Independence from the American Colonization Society in 1847.
Libya 12-24 !December 24 1951 Independence from Italy on 10 February 1947, released from British and French on December 24, 1951.
Lithuania 02-16 !February 16 1918 Act of Independence of Lithuania: Independence from the Russian and German Empires in February 1918.
03-11 !March 11 1990 Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania: independence from the Soviet Union in March 1990.
Macedonia, Republic of 09-08 !September 8 1991 Independence from Yugoslavia in 1991. Den na nezavisnosta or Ден на независноста
Madagascar 06-26 !June 26 1960 Independence from France in 1960.
Malawi 07-06 !July 6 1964 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1964.
Malaysia 08-31 !August 31 1957 Independence of the Federation of Malaya from the United Kingdom in 1957. Hari Merdeka
Maldives 07-26 !July 26 1965 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1965.
Mali 09-22 !September 22 1960 Independence from France in 1960.
Malta 09-21 !September 21 1964 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1964. Independence Day
Mauritania 11-28 !November 28 1960 Independence from France in 1960.
Mauritius 03-12 !March 12 1968 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1968.
Mexico 09-16 !September 16 1810 Independence from Spain declared in 1810. ("grito" ceremony at night of Sep 15; military parade at midday of Sep 16). Recognized on September 27, 1821. Grito de Dolores
Moldova 08-27 !August 27 1991 Declaration of Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Independence Day
Mongolia 12-29 !December 29[2] 1911 Independence from the Qing Dynasty in 1911.[3][4] However, the newly established Mongolian government was too weak to resist the occupation of the Republic of China in 1919 and later White Russia in early 1921. After ousting Roman von Ungern-Sternberg's forces, the new communist government was officially established on June 11, 1921.[5] Independence Day (Mongolia)
Montenegro 05-21 !May 21 2006 Referendum on independence from Serbia and Montenegro in 2006.
Morocco 11-18 !November 18 1955 Independence from France and Spain in 1956. Independence Day
Mozambique 06-25 !June 25 1975 Independence from Portugal in 1975.
Namibia 03-21 !March 21 1990 Independence from South Africa mandated in 1990.
Nauru 01-31 !January 31 1968 Independence from Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom in 1968.
Nicaragua 09-15 !September 15 1821 Independence from Spain in 1821.
Niger 08-03 !August 3 1960 Independence from France in 1960. Independence Day (Niger)
Nigeria 10-01 !October 1 1960 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1960. Independence Day (Nigeria)
Northern Cyprus 11-15 !November 15 1983 Declaration of independence from the Republic of Cyprus in 1983. (Partially recognized)
Norway 05-17 !May 17 1814 Independence from Denmark (1814) and the Constitution of Norway (May 17, 1814). National day/Constitution Day
06-7 !June 7 1905 Finally independence from Sweden in 1905. The Norwegian Royal Family's return from exile during WWII in 1945. Independence Day/Union Dissolution Day
Oman 18 !November 18 1650 Independence from Portugal in 1650. National Day
Pakistan 08-14 !August 14 1947 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1947. Youm-e-Azadi
Panama 11-28 !November 28 1821 Independence from Spain in 1821.
11-03 !November 3 1903 Panama was member of the "Gran Colombia" until 1903. The 1903 separation from Colombia is celebrated as an official holiday day on November 3.
Papua New Guinea 09-16 !September 16 1975 Independence from Australia of the former Territory of Papua and New Guinea in 1975.
Paraguay 05-15 !May 15 1811 Independence from Spain in 1811.[6] Día de Independencia
Peru 07-28 !July 28 1821 Independence from Spain in 1821. Fiestas Patrias
Philippines 06-12 !June 12 1898 Commemorates 1898 declaration by Emilio Aguinaldo during the Philippine Revolution against Spain. The Philippines achieved self-rule from the United States on July 4, 1946, and celebrated July 4 as Independence Day until 1964.[9] Araw ng Kalayaan or Araw ng Kasarinlan
Poland 11-11 !November 11 1918 Restoration of Poland's independence in 1918 after 123 years of partitions by Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Święto Niepodległości (Independence Day)
Portugal 12-01 !December 1 1143 Portugal was officially an autonomous state, but the country was in a personal union with the Spanish crown from 1580 to 1640 - date of the restoration of full Portuguese autonomy from Iberian Union with Spain.[10] Restoration of Independence Day
Qatar 12-18 !December 18 1971 Original independence from the United Kingdom on 7 September. Qatar National Day
Rhodesia 11-11 !November 11 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom in 1965. Independence Day
Romania 05-09 !May 10 1877 Romania's first celebration of its independence, on prince Carol's coronation day, 1877, while the ultimately victorious independence war against the Ottoman Empire in 1877–1878 alongside Russia, was just beginning.
Russia 06-12 !June 12 1992 It commemorates the adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) on June 12, 1990. The passage of this Declaration by the First Congress of People's Deputies marked the beginning of constitutional reform in the Russian Soviet state. Russia Day
Rwanda 07-01 !July 1 1962 Independence from Belgium in 1962.
Saint Kitts and Nevis 09-19 !September 19 1983 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1983.
Saint Lucia 02-22 !February 22 1979 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1979. Independence Day
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 10-27 !October 27 1979 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1979.
Samoa 01-01 !January 1 1962 Independence from New Zealand in 1962.
São Tomé and Príncipe 07-12 !July 12 1975 Independence from Portugal in 1975.
Senegal 04-04 !April 4 1960 Independence from France in 1960.
Serbia 02-15 !February 15 1804 The beginning of First Serbian Uprising in 1804, it evolved into a Serbian Revolution, war for independence from Ottoman Empire; and the adoption of the first Constitution in 1835. Statehood Day
Seychelles 06-29 !June 29 1976 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1976.
Sierra Leone 04-27 !April 27 1961 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1961.
Singapore 08-09 !August 9 1965 Marks expulsion from the Malaysian Federation in 1965. Only independent state to have an Independence Day due to its expulsion. National Day (Singapore)
Slovakia 07-17 !July 17 1992 Declaration of Independence in 1992 (only a remembrance day), de jure independence came on January 1, 1993 after the division of Czechoslovakia (public holiday).
Slovenia 12-26 !December 26 and June 25 1990 Date of the release of the official results of the independence plebiscite in 1990, confirming secession from Yugoslavia. (Statehood Day) Declared independence from Yugoslavia in 1991. Independence and Unity Day
Solomon Islands 07-07 !July 7 1978 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1978.
Somalia 07-01 !July 1 1960 Union of the Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) and British Somaliland to form the Somali Republic. Event commemorated annually. Independence Day (Somalia)
Somaliland 05-18 !May 18 1991 Somaliland declares independence from The Somali Republic Independence Day (Somaliland)
South Africa 12-11 !December 11 1931 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1931 in terms of the Balfour Declaration of 1926 which is not a public holiday. The Union of South Africa formed on May 31, 1910 and the Republic of South Africa declared on May 31, 1961 under minority rule during Apartheid. Majority rule achieved on April 27, 1994, which is celebrated annually as Freedom Day.
South Sudan 07-09 !July 9 2011 Independence from Sudan in 2011.
Sri Lanka 02-04 !February 4 1948 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1948. Independence Day (Sri Lanka)
Sudan 01-01 !January 1 1956 Independence from Egypt and the United Kingdom in 1956.
Suriname 11-25 !November 25 1975 Independence from the Netherlands in 1975.
Swaziland 09-06 !September 6 1968 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1968.
Sweden 06-06 !June 6 1523 Celebrates the election of King Gustav Vasa in 1523 and the new constitutions in 1809 and 1974. The election of King Gustav Vasa was the de facto end of the Kalmar Union and has been seen as a formal declaration of independence. National Day of Sweden
Switzerland 08-01 !August 1 1291 Alliance against the Holy Roman Empire in 1291. Swiss National Day
Syria 04-17 !April 17 1946 End of the French Mandate of Syria in 1946. Evacuation Day
Tajikistan 09-09 !September 9 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Independence Day (Tajikistan)
Tanzania 12-09 !December 9 1961 Independence of Tanganyika from the United Kingdom in 1961.
Togo 04-27 !April 27 1960 Independence from France in 1960.
Tibet 02-13 !February 13 1913 Independence from Manchu's Qing Dynasty in 1913. Later invaded in October 1950 by China and currently administered by China. Tibetan Independence Day
Tonga 06-04 !June 4 1970 Termination of protectorate status under the United Kingdom in 1970.
Trinidad and Tobago 08-31 !August 31 1962 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1962.
Tunisia 03-20 !March 20 1956 Independence from France in 1956.
Turkey 10-29 !October 29 1923 Foundation of the Republic of Turkey. Republic Day (Turkey)
Turkmenistan 10-27 !October 27 1991 Declaration of independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.[11] Independence Day (Turkmenistan)
Tuvalu 10-01 !October 1 1978 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1978.
Uganda 10-09 !October 9 1962 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1962.
Ukraine 08-24 !August 24 1991 Declaration of Independence of Ukraine from the Soviet Union in 1991. Independence Day of Ukraine
01-22 !January 22 1919 Unification of Ukraine on January 22, 1919.[12] Day of Unity of Ukraine
United Arab Emirates 12-02 !December 2 1971 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1971. National Day
United States 07-04 !July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain (now the United Kingdom) in 1776. Independence Day (United States) or Fourth of July
Uruguay 08-25 !August 25 1825 Declaration of independence from the Empire of Brazil and union with the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata. Declaratoria de la Independencia
Uzbekistan 09-01 !September 1 1991 Independence from Soviet Union in 1991. Independence Day (Uzbekistan)
Vanuatu 07-30 !July 30 1980 Independence from the United Kingdom and France in 1980.
Venezuela 07-05 !July 5 1811 Declaration of independence from Spain in 1811.
Vietnam 09-02 !September 2 1945 Proclamation of independence from Japan and France in 1945. Independence Day (Vietnam)
Western Sahara 02-27 !February 27 1976 Declaration of independence from Spain in 1976. But was invaded by Morocco since then.
Yemen 11-30 !November 30 1967 South Yemen Declaration of independence from the United Kingdom in 1967.
Zambia 10-24 !October 24 1964 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1964.
Zimbabwe 04-18 !April 18 1980 Independence from the United Kingdom in 1980.
See also[edit]
Decolonization
Liberation Day
References[edit]
Specific
Jump up ^ "detikNews - Berita hari ini di Indonesia dan Internasional".
Jump up ^ Xiaoyuan Liu – Reins of Liberation, p.6
Jump up ^ Stephen Kotkin, Bruce A. Elleman – Mongolia in the twentieth century: landlocked cosmopolitan, p.74
Jump up ^ David Sneath – The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia, p.36
Jump up ^ Duke University. School of Law – Unification of law, 1965, Volume 30, p.282
Jump up ^ "Paraguay Independence Day".
Jump up ^ Diosdado Macapagal, Proclamation No. 28 Declaring June 12 as Philippine Independence Day, Philippine History Group of Los Angeles, archived from the original on May 12, 2009, retrieved November 11, 2009
Jump up ^ "Republic Act No. 4166". August 4, 1964. Retrieved August 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ In 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal signed a proclamation which declared Tuesday, June 12, 1962 as a special public holiday in commemoration of the declaration of independence from Spain on that date in 1898. That proclamation did not move the date of the Independence Day holiday in the Philippines.[7] The date of the holiday was moved in 1964, with the signing of Republic Act No. 4166.[8]
Jump up ^ The country's original independence (from the Kingdom of León) occurred in June 24, 1128 (Battle of São Mamede) and was recognized on October 5, 1143. That day is a holiday in Portugal, but for a different reason. (Implantation of the Republic, or Republic Day. Event of 1910.) Note that none of these events are similar to today's declarations or recognition of independence as these are in fact the recognition of the rule of a king to the land. Portugal existed as a separate entity before 1143 and during the union with Spain between 1580 and 1640.
Jump up ^ Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2004). Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-691-11775-6. On October 27, 1991, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic declared its independence from the Soviet Union.
Jump up ^ "Holidays". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 2006-04-20. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
General
"National holiday of member states". United Nations. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
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Stevia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the sweetener. For other uses, see Stevia (disambiguation).
Steviol, the basic building block of stevia's sweet glycosides
Stevia (/ˈstiːviə, ˈstɛviə/)[1][2] is a sweetener and sugar substitute extracted from the leaves of the plant species Stevia rebaudiana.
The active compounds of stevia are steviol glycosides (mainly stevioside and rebaudioside), which have up to 150 times the sweetness of sugar,[3] are heat-stable, pH-stable, and not fermentable.[4] Stevia's taste has a slower onset and longer duration than that of sugar, and some of its extracts may have a bitter or licorice-like aftertaste at high concentrations.
The legal status of stevia as a food additive or dietary supplement varies from country to country. In the United States, high-purity stevia glycoside extracts are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) and allowed as ingredients in food products, but stevia leaf and crude extracts do not have GRAS or Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for use in food.[5] The European Union approved stevia additives in 2011,[6] and in Japan, stevia has been widely used as a sweetener for decades.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Discovery
1.2 Early regulation
1.3 Commercial use
2 Industrial extracts
3 Mechanism of action
4 Safety and regulations
4.1 Availability and legal status by country
5 See also
6 References
History[edit]
Discovery[edit]
Stevia rebaudiana
The plant Stevia rebaudiana has been used for more than 1,500 years by the Guaraní peoples of South America, who called it ka'a he'ê ("sweet herb").[8] The leaves have been used traditionally for hundreds of years in both Brazil and Paraguay to sweeten local teas and medicines, and as a "sweet treat".[8] The genus was named for Spanish botanist and physician Petrus Jacobus Stevus (Pedro Jaime Esteve 1500–1556), a professor of botany at the University of Valencia.[9]
In 1899, Swiss botanist Moisés Santiago Bertoni, while conducting research in eastern Paraguay, first described the plant and the sweet taste in detail.[10] Only limited research was conducted on the topic until in 1931 two French chemists isolated the glycosides that give stevia its sweet taste.[4][11]
Early regulation[edit]
During the 1990s, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) received two petitions requesting that stevia be classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS), but the FDA "disagreed with [the] conclusions [detailed in the petitions]".[12] In 2015,[contradictory] the FDA still regarded stevia as "not an approved food additive", and stated that it "has not been affirmed as GRAS in the United States due to inadequate toxicological information".[13] Stevia remained banned for all uses until the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, after which the FDA revised its stance and permitted stevia to be used as a dietary supplement, although still not as a food additive.[14]
In December 2008, the FDA gave a "no objection" approval for GRAS status to Truvia (developed by Cargill and the Coca-Cola Company) and PureVia (developed by PepsiCo and the Whole Earth Sweetener Company, a subsidiary of Merisant), both of which use rebaudioside A derived from the stevia plant.[15] However, the FDA said that these products are not stevia, but a highly purified product.[16] As of 2017, high-purity stevia glycosides are considered safe and allowable as ingredients in food products sold in the United States.[5]
In June 2016, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection issued an order of detention for stevia products made in China based on information that the products were made using prison labor.[17]
Early studies prompted the European Commission in 1999 to ban stevia's use in food in the European Union pending further research.[18] In 2006, research data compiled in the safety evaluation released by the World Health Organization found no adverse effects.[19]
Commercial use[edit]
In the early 1970s, sweeteners such as cyclamate and saccharin were gradually decreased or removed from a variant formulation of Coca-Cola. Consequently, use of stevia as an alternative began in Japan, with the aqueous extract of the leaves yielding purified steviosides developed as sweeteners. The first commercial stevia sweetener in Japan was produced by the Japanese firm Morita Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd. in 1971.[20] The Japanese have been using stevia in food products and soft drinks, (including Coca Cola), and for table use. In 2006, Japan consumed more stevia than any other country, with stevia accounting for 40% of the sweetener market.[21]
In the mid-1980s, stevia became popular in U.S. natural foods and health food industries, as a noncaloric natural sweetener for teas and weight-loss blends.[22][23] The makers of the synthetic sweetener NutraSweet (at the time Monsanto) asked the FDA to require testing of the herb.[23] In 2007, the Coca-Cola Company announced plans to obtain approval for its stevia-derived sweetener, Rebiana, for use as a food additive within the United States by 2009, as well as plans to market Rebiana-sweetened products in 12 countries that allow stevia's use as a food additive.[24][25] In May 2008, Coca Cola and Cargill announced the availability of Truvia, a consumer brand stevia sweetener containing erythritol and Rebiana,[26] which the FDA permitted as a food additive in December 2008.[27] Coca-Cola announced intentions to release stevia-sweetened beverages in late December 2008.[28] From 2013 onwards, Coca-Cola Life, containing stevia as a sweetener, was launched in various countries around the world.[29]
Shortly afterward, PepsiCo and Pure Circle announced PureVia, their brand of stevia-based sweetener, but withheld release of beverages sweetened with rebaudioside A until receipt of FDA confirmation. Since the FDA permitted Truvia and PureVia, both Coca Cola and PepsiCo have introduced products that contain their new sweeteners.[30]
As of 2006, China was the world's largest exporter of stevioside products.[21]
Industrial extracts[edit]
Rebaudioside A has the least bitterness of all the steviol glycosides in the Stevia rebaudiana plant. To produce rebaudioside A commercially, stevia plants are dried and subjected to a water extraction process. This crude extract contains about 50% rebaudioside A. The various glycosides are separated and purified via crystallization techniques, typically using ethanol or methanol as solvent.[31]
Stevia extracts and derivatives are produced industrially and marketed under different trade names.
Rebiana is an abbreviated name for the stevia extract, rebaudioside A.[32]
Truvia is the brand for an Erythritol, Rebiana, and natural flavoring concoction manufactured by Cargill and developed jointly with the Coca-Cola Company.[33]
PureVia is PepsiCo's brand of rebiana.[30]
Mechanism of action[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Glycosides are molecules that contain glucose residues bound to other non-sugar substances called aglycones (molecules with other sugars are polysaccharides). Preliminary experiments deduce that the tongue's taste receptors react to the glycosides and transduce the sweet taste sensation and the lingering bitter aftertaste by direct activation of sweet and bitter receptors.[34]
According to basic research, steviol glycosides and steviol interact with a protein channel called TRPM5, potentiating the signal from the sweet or bitter receptors, amplifying the taste of other sweet, bitter and umami tastants.[35] The synergetic effect of the glycosides on the sweet receptor and TRPM5 explains the sweetness sensation. Some steviol glycosides (rebaudioside A) are perceived sweeter than others (stevioside).[36]
Steviol cannot be further digested in the digestive tract and is taken up into the bloodstream, metabolised by the liver to steviol glucuronide, and excreted in the urine.[37]
Safety and regulations[edit]
A 2011 review found that the use of stevia sweeteners as replacements for sugar might benefit people with diabetes, children, and those wishing to lower their intake of calories.[38]
Although both steviol and rebaudioside A have been found to be mutagenic in laboratory in vitro testing,[39] these effects have not been demonstrated for the doses and routes of administration to which humans are exposed.[19][40][41] Two 2010 review studies found no health concerns with stevia or its sweetening extracts.[38][42]
The WHO's Joint Experts Committee on Food Additives has approved, based on long-term studies, an acceptable daily intake of steviol glycoside of up to 4 mg/kg of body weight.[43] In 2010, The European Food Safety Authority established an acceptable daily intake of 4 mg/kg/day of steviol, in the form of steviol glycosides. Meanwhile, the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center warns that "steviol at high dosages may have weak mutagenic activity,"[44] and a review "conducted for" the Center for Science in the Public Interest notes that there are no published carcinogenicity results for rebaudioside A (or stevioside).[39]
Availability and legal status by country[edit]
The plant may be grown legally in most countries, although some countries restrict its use as a sweetener. The legally allowed uses and maximum dosage of the extracts and derived products vary widely from country to country.
Argentina: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain[45]
Australia and New Zealand:
All steviol glycoside extracts were approved in 2008.[46]
Brazil: stevioside extract approved as food additive since 1986[third-party source needed]
Canada (as of November 2012)
Steviol glycosides became available as a food additive on 30 November 2012.[47]
Stevia rebaudiana leaf and extracts are available as dietary supplements.
Chile: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain[45]
China: available since 1984, regulatory status uncertain
Colombia: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain[45]
European Union: Steviol glycosides were approved and regulated as food additives by the European Commission on 11 November 2011.[6][48][49]
Hong Kong: steviol glycosides approved as food additives since January 2010[50]
India: In a notification dated 13 Nov 2015 FSSAI has permitted its use in a range of products. This includes carbonated water, dairy-based desserts and flavoured drinks, yoghurts, ready-to-eat cereals, fruit nectars and jams. Madhu-Tulsi (Sweeteners in Food Regulations; Public Health and Municipal Services Ordinance).[51]
Indonesia: (2012)
Steviol glycosides are available as food additives since 2012.[52]
Stevia leaf is available as a dietary supplement.
Israel: approved as food additive since January 2012.[53]
Japan: widely available since the 1970s and regulated as an existing additive since 1995.[54]
Korea: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.[45]
Malaysia: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.[45]
Mexico: mixed steviol glycoside extract (not separate extracts) approved since 2009.:[third-party source needed]
Norway:
Steviol glycoside approved as food additive (E 960) since June 2012.[55]
The plant itself has not been approved as of September 2012.
Stevia extract on sale in a supermarket in Paraguay
Paraguay: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.[45]
Peru: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.[45]
Philippines: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.[45]
Russian Federation: stevioside approved as food additive since 2008, in the "minimal dosage required" to achieve the goal.[56]
Saudi Arabia: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.[45]
Singapore: steviol glycosides approved as food additive in certain foods, since 2005[57] Previously it was banned.[58]
South Africa: approved since September 2012 and widely available.[59]
Taiwan: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.[45]
Thailand: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.[45]
Turkey: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.[45]
United Arab Emirates: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.[45]
Uruguay: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.[45]
United States (as of April 2017):
Purified rebaudioside A has been allowed since December 2008 as a food additive (sweetener), sold under various trade names, and classified as "generally recognized as safe" ("GRAS").[5][60]
Stevia rebaudiana leaf and extracts have been available as dietary supplements since 1995, but the 2008 FDA authorization does not extend to them, and they do not have GRAS status.[5]
Vietnam: available as of 2008, regulatory status uncertain.[45]
See also[edit]
Asteraceae, botanical family containing Stevia
Steviol glycoside, the chemical responsible for the sweetness
Sugar substitute, primary usage of stevia
Thaumatin, a natural sweetener, derived from an African fruit
Miraculin, a substance that modifies the perception of sour foods into sweet
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Raji Akintunde Abdullateef, Mohamad Osman (1 January 2012). "Studies on effects of pruning on vegetative traits in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Compositae)". International Journal of Biology. 4 (1). doi:10.5539/ijb.v4n1p146. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
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^ Jump up to: a b Stones, Mike (2011). "Stevia wins final EU approval". foodmanufacture.co.uk. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
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^ Jump up to: a b Misra, H.; Soni, M.; Silawat, N.; Mehta, D.; Mehta, B. K.; Jain, D. C. (April 2011). "Antidiabetic activity of medium-polar extract from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bert. (Bertoni) on alloxan-induced diabetic rats". J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 3 (2): 242–8. doi:10.4103/0975-7406.80779. PMC 3103919  . PMID 21687353.
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Jump up ^ "Commission Regulation (EU) No 1131/2011" (PDF). Official Journal of the European Union: 205. 11 November 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2011. The CE regulation establishes steviol glycosides as food additive, and establishes maximum content levels in foodstuff and beverages.
Jump up ^ Halliday, Jess (8 September 2009). "France approves high Reb A stevia sweeteners". foodnavigator.com. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Cap 132U Schedule (Sweeteners in Food Regulations; Public Health and Municipal Services Ordinance) |". legislation.gov.hk. 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sweetener Stevia clears FSSAI hurdle | Business Standard News". Business-standard.com. 2015-11-24. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
Jump up ^ Indonesia's Minister of Health (2012), Regulation of No. 033 on Food Additives
Jump up ^ "Stevia Sweeteners Now Approved in Israel". greenprophet.com. 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Act for Partial Provisions of the Food Sanitation Act and the Nutrition Improvement Act, Supplementary Provisions Article 2". houko.com. 1995. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Norwegian Stevia fact sheet Norwegian Institute of Public Health". Fhi.no. 17 June 1999. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1537. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Technical regulations for juice products from fruits and vegetables" (PDF). Russian Federation Federal Law. 27 October 2008. p. Table 5.
Jump up ^ "Sale of Food Act, Chapter 283, Section 56(1): Food Regulations" (PDF). Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore. 2005.
Jump up ^ Li, Simon (27 March 2002). Fact Sheet: Stevioside (PDF). Hong Kong Legislative Council Secretariat Research and Library Services Division.
Jump up ^ "Stevia approved for use in South Africa". Foodstuffsa.co.za. 2012-09-10. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
Jump up ^ Curry, Leslie Lake. "Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000287". Retrieved 28 August 2010.
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Justiciability
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Justiciability concerns the limits upon legal issues over which a court can exercise its judicial authority.[1] It includes, but is not limited to, the legal concept of standing, which is used to determine if the party bringing the suit is a party appropriate to establishing whether an actual adversarial issue exists.[2] Essentially, justiciability in American law seeks to address whether a court possesses the ability to provide adequate resolution of the dispute; where a court feels it cannot offer such a final determination, the matter is not justiciable.
In the United States[edit]
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Justiciability is one of several criteria that the United States Supreme Court use to make a judgment granting writ of certiorari ("cert.").
For an issue to be justiciable by a United States federal court, all of the following conditions must be met:
The parties must not be seeking an advisory opinion.
There must be an actual controversy between the parties,[3] meaning that the parties cannot agree to a lawsuit where all parties seek the same particular judgment from the court (known as a collusive suit or friendly suit); rather, the parties must each be seeking a different outcome.
The question must be neither unripe nor moot.[4]
An unripe question is one for which there is not yet at least a threatened injury to the plaintiff, or where the available judicial alternatives have not all been exhausted.
A moot question is one for which the potential for an injury to occur has ceased to exist, or where the injury has been removed. However, if the issue is likely to reoccur, yet will continually become moot before any challenge can reach a court of competent jurisdiction ("capable of repetition, yet evading review"), courts may allow a case that is moot to be litigated.[5]
The suit must not be seeking judgment upon a political question.[6]
Political questions involve matters where there is:
"a textually demonstrable constitutional commitment of the issue to a coordinate political department" (meaning that the U.S. Constitution requires another branch of government to resolve questions regarding the issue);
"a lack of judicially discoverable and manageable standards for resolving it";
an "impossibility of deciding [a matter] without an initial policy determination of a kind clearly for nonjudicial discretion";
an "impossibility of a court's undertaking independent resolution without expressing lack of the respect due coordinate branches of government";
"an unusual need for unquestioning adherence to a political decision already made"; or
a "potentiality of embarrassment from multifarious pronouncements by various departments on one question."[7]
Political questions include such issues as whether the nation is "at war" with another country, or whether the U.S. Senate has properly "tried" an impeached federal officer.
If the case meets any one of these requirements, the court cannot hear it.
State courts tend to require a similar set of circumstances, although some states permit their courts to give advisory opinions on questions of law, even though there may be no actual dispute between parties to resolve.
In the United Kingdom[edit]
The issue of non-justiciability has been recognized in Buttes Gas,[8] where it was stated that this principle is not a matter of discretion, but is "inherent in the nature of the judicial process".[9][10] The principle was further developed in Kuwait Airlines[11] litigation.[12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ May, Christopher N.; Ides, Allan (2007). Constitutional Law: National Power and Federalism (4th ed.). New York, NY: Aspen Publishers. pp. 97–99.
Jump up ^ Flast v. Cohen , 392 U.S. 83, 100 (1968) (“[W]hen standing is placed in issue in a case, the question is whether the person whose standing is challenged is a proper party to request an adjudication of a particular issue, and not whether the issue itself is justiciable.”).
Jump up ^ Muskrat v. United States, 219 U.S. 346 (1911)
Jump up ^ Poe v. Ullman, 367 U.S. 497 (1961); DeFunis v. Odegaard, 416 U.S. 312 (1974)
Jump up ^ Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973)
Jump up ^ Nixon v. United States, 506 U.S. 224 (1993)
Jump up ^ Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186 (1962)
Jump up ^ Buttes Gas and Oil Co. v. Hammer [1982] AC 888
Jump up ^ McGoldrick, Dominic (2010) THE BOUNDARIES OF JUSTICIABILITY, 59 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 981
Jump up ^ Martyniszyn, Marek (2011) Avoidance Techniques: State Related Defences in International Antitrust Cases, CCP Working Paper No. 11-2
Jump up ^ Kuwait Airways Corp. v. Iraqi Airways Co. [2002] UKHL 19
Jump up ^ Case note: Kuwait Airways Corporation v Iraqi Airways Company, Janeen M. Carruthers and Elizabeth B. Crawford, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 52, No. 3 (Jul., 2003), pp. 761-774
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Legal representation

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Question of fact

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