text:
Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
March 10, 2017 (2017-03-10)[1]
Recorded
2015–2017
Genre
Film soundtrack
Length
53:31
2:11:26 (Deluxe Edition)
Label
Walt Disney
Producer
Alan Menken
Matt Sullivan
Mitchell Leib
Singles from Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
"Beauty and the Beast"
Released: February 2, 2017
"Evermore"
Released: March 3, 2017[2]
Beauty and the Beast: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2017 film Beauty and the Beast. In the film, Belle is taken prisoner by a fearsome Beast in his enchanted castle and learns to look beyond his appearance while evading a narcissistic hunter who seeks to take Belle for himself.
The album, largely based on material from Disney's 1991 animated version, features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three new songs composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Tim Rice. The songs feature vocal performances by the film's ensemble cast including Emma Watson, Dan Stevens, Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor, Stanley Tucci, Audra McDonald, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Nathan Mack, Ian McKellen, and Emma Thompson.
Contents
[hide]
1 Track listing
2 Commercial performance
3 Charts
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Certifications
5 See also
6 References
Track listing[edit]
All music composed by Alan Menken. Songs originally written for the 1991 version by Menken and Howard Ashman. Lyrics for original songs are written by Tim Rice.
No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length
1. "Overture" (Score) Alan Menken 3:05
2. "Main Title: Prologue Pt. 1" Hattie Morahan (narration) 0:42
3. "Aria" Audra McDonald 1:02
4. "Main Title: Prologue Pt. 2" Hattie Morahan (narration) 2:21
5. "Belle" Emma Watson, Luke Evans, Ensemble 5:33
6. "How Does a Moment Last Forever (Music Box)" Kevin Kline 1:03
7. "Belle (Reprise)" Emma Watson 1:15
8. "Gaston" Luke Evans, Josh Gad, Ensemble 4:25
9. "Be Our Guest" Ewan McGregor, Emma Thompson, Gugu Mbatha-Raw and Ian McKellen 4:48
10. "Days in the Sun" Adam Mitchell, Stanley Tucci, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Emma Thompson, Audra McDonald, Emma Watson, Ian McKellen, Clive Rowe 2:40
11. "Something There" Emma Watson, Dan Stevens, Emma Thompson, Nathan Mack, Ian McKellen, Ewan McGregor, Gugu Mbatha-Raw 2:54
12. "How Does a Moment Last Forever (Montmartre)" Emma Watson 1:55
13. "Beauty and the Beast" Emma Thompson 3:19
14. "Evermore" Dan Stevens 3:14
15. "The Mob Song" Luke Evans, Josh Gad, Ensemble, Emma Watson, Ian McKellen, Stanley Tucci, Nathan Mack, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Ewan McGregor, Gerard Horan, Haydn Gwynne 2:28
16. "Beauty and the Beast (Finale)" Audra McDonald, Emma Thompson, Ensemble 2:14
17. "How Does a Moment Last Forever" Celine Dion 3:37
18. "Beauty and the Beast" Ariana Grande & John Legend 3:47
19. "Evermore" Josh Groban 3:09
Total length: 53:31
[show]Deluxe edition – Disc one (Bonus Tracks)
No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length
20. "Aria" (Demo) Menken 0:36
21. "How Does a Moment Last Forever" (Demo) Menken 0:59
22. "Days in the Sun" (Demo) Menken 3:30
23. "How Does a Moment Last Forever" (Demo) Menken 1:21
24. "Evermore" (Demo) Menken 2:55
Total length: 62:52
[show]Deluxe edition – Disc two
No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length
1. "Main Title: Prologue" (Score) Menken 3:01
2. "Belle Meets Gaston" (Score) Menken 0:54
3. "Your Mother" (Score) Menken 2:13
4. "The Laverie" (Score) Menken 1:22
5. "Wolf Chase" (Score) Menken 3:14
6. "Entering the Castle" (Score) Menken 1:18
7. "A White Rose" (Score) Menken 3:57
8. "The Beast" (Score) Menken 4:03
9. "Meet the Staff" (Score) Menken 1:00
10. "Home" (extended mix) (Score) Menken 2:04
11. "Madame de Garderobe" (Score) Menken 1:28
12. "There's a Beast" (Score) Menken 2:02
13. "A Petal Drops" (Score) Menken 1:02
14. "A Bracing Cup of Tea" (Score) Menken 2:06
15. "The West Wing" (Score) Menken 2:58
16. "Wolves Attack Belle" (Score) Menken 3:17
17. "The Library" (Score) Menken 3:05
18. "Colonnade Chat" (Score) Menken 2:54
19. "The Plague" (Score) Menken 0:51
20. "Maurice Accuses Gaston" (Score) Menken 2:01
21. "Beast Takes a Bath" (Score) Menken 1:21
22. "The Dress" (Score) Menken 1:01
23. "You Must Go to Him" (Score) Menken 2:50
24. "Belle Stops the Wagon" (Score) Menken 2:42
25. "Castle Under Attack" (Score) Menken 4:20
26. "Turret Pursuit" (Score) Menken 2:12
27. "You Came Back" (Score) Menken 5:13
28. "Transformations" (Score) Menken 4:06
Total length: 68:34
The Spotify version of the album instead opens with Celine Dion's "How Does a Moment Last Forever", followed by Ariana Grande and John Legend's "Beauty and the Beast", and Josh Groban's "Evermore", with the rest of the songs in the same order.
Commercial performance[edit]
The album debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 chart with 57,000 units, 48,000 of which are traditional album sales.[3] It has sold 337,000 copies in the United States as of July 2017.[4]
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2017)
Peak
position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[5]
4
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[6]
10
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[7]
5
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[8]
11
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[9]
7
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)[10]
32
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[11]
33
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[12]
23
Irish Albums (IRMA)[13]
8
Mexican Albums (AMPROFON)[14]
(Spanish version)
11
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[15]
7
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[16]
12
Polish Albums (ZPAV)[17]
46
Scottish Albums (OCC)[18]
6
South Korean Albums (Gaon)[19]
34
South Korean Albums International (Gaon)[20]
1
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[21]
7
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[22]
19
UK Albums (OCC)[23]
8
UK Soundtrack Albums (OCC)[24]
1
US Billboard 200[25]
3
US Soundtrack Albums (Billboard)[26]
1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2017)
Position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[27]
37
US Billboard 200[28]
45
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United Kingdom (BPI)[29]
Silver 60,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
See also[edit]
Beauty and the Beast (1991 soundtrack)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Coggan, Devan (January 19, 2017). "Celine Dion to perform new song for live-action Beauty and the Beast". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Evermore from beauty and the beast single".
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (March 19, 2017). "Ed Sheeran's 'Divide' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200, 'Beauty and the Beast' Debuts at No. 3". Billboard.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (July 4, 2017). "Kendrick Lamar's 'DAMN.' & Ed Sheeran's 'Shape of You' Lead Nielsen Music's Mid-Year 2017 Charts". Billboard. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Australiancharts.com – Soundtrack – Beauty and the Beast %5B2017%5D". Hung Medien. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Soundtrack – Die Schöne und das Biest %5B2017%5D" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Soundtrack – Beauty and the Beast %5B2017%5D" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Soundtrack – Beauty and the Beast %5B2017%5D" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "On The Charts...This Week". FYIMusicNews. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Soundtrack – Beauty and the Beast %5B2017%5D". Hung Medien. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Soundtrack – Beauty and the Beast %5B2017%5D" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Elokuvamusiikkia: Beauty And The Beast (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Irish-charts.com – Discography Soundtrack". Hung Medien. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top Album - Semanal (del 24 de Marzo al 30 de Marzo)" (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Soundtrack – Beauty and the Beast %5B2017%5D". Hung Medien. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Soundtrack – Beauty and the Beast %5B2017%5D". Hung Medien. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart". OLiS. Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "2017년 10주차 Album Chart" (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "2017년 12주차 Album Chart" (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Soundtrack – Beauty and the Beast %5B2017%5D". Hung Medien. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Soundtrack – Beauty and the Beast %5B2017%5D". Hung Medien. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Soundtrack Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ed Sheeran's 'Divide' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200, 'Beauty and the Beast' Debuts at No. 3". Billboard. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Soundtrack Albums: The Week of April 1, 2017". Billboard. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ARIA End of Year Albums 2017". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2017". Billboard. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "British album certifications – Motion Picture Cast Recording – Beauty and the Beast". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Beauty and the Beast in the search field and then press Enter.
[show]
v
t
e
Disney's Beauty and the Beast
Films
Animation
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas (1997)
Belle's Magical World (1998)
Belle's Tales of Friendship (1999)
Live-action
Beauty and the Beast (2017)
Adaptations
Musical (1994)
The Fire Rose (novel) 1995
Live on Stage (1991)
Sing Me a Story with Belle (1995–1999)
Be Our Guest Restaurant (2012)
Video games
Beauty & The Beast: Belle's Quest (1993)
Beauty & The Beast: Roar of the Beast (1993)
Beauty and the Beast (1994; NES)
Disney's Beauty and the Beast (1994; Super NES)
Disney's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit (1994)
Disney's Beauty & The Beast: A Boardgame Adventure (1999)
Disney's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom (2000)
Music
1991 film soundtrack
"Belle"
"Gaston"
"Be Our Guest"
"Something There"
"Beauty and the Beast"
"The Mob Song"
1994 musical soundtrack
"If I Can't Love Her"
"Human Again"
"A Change in Me"
2017 film soundtrack
"How Does a Moment Last Forever"
"Days in the Sun"
"Evermore"
Related
The Music Behind the Magic
Characters
Belle
Beast
Gaston
[show]
v
t
e
Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve's Beauty and the Beast
Film
La Belle et la Bête (1946)
The Scarlet Flower (1952)
Beauty and the Beast {1962)
Beauty and the Beast {1976)
Panna a netvor (1978)
Beauty and the Beast (1987)
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
soundtrack
Beauty and the Beast (1992)
Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas (1997)
Beauty and the Beast (or Blood of Beasts, 2005)
Beauty and the Beast (2009)
Beastly (2011)
Beauty and the Beast (2014)
Little Miss Perfect (2016)
Beauty and the Beast (2017)
soundtrack
Television
Series
Beauty and the Beast, (1987)
Exile (2003)
Beauty & the Beast (2012)
episodes
Brahmarakshas (2016)
Episodes
"Reptar on Ice" (1992)
"Skin Deep" (2012)
"Her Handsome Hero" (2016)
Literature
The Scarlet Flower (1858)
Beauty: A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast (1978)
Lord of Scoundrels (1995)
Rose Daughter (1997)
The Quantum Rose (2000)
Beastly (2007)
Fashion Beast (2012)
Stage
Zémire et Azor (opera)
Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage (stage)
Beauty and the Beast (musical)
Songs
"Beauty and the Beast" (1983)
"Election Day" (1985)
"Beauty and the Beast" (1991)
Other
Disney Characters
Disney's Beauty and the Beast (video game)
Beauty and the Beast (Disney franchise)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_soundtrack)&oldid=818652023"
Categories:
2017 soundtracks
Disney film soundtracks
Walt Disney Records soundtracks
Soundtracks produced by Alan Menken
Beauty and the Beast (franchise)
Hidden categories:
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)
Articles with hAudio microformats
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Track listings with deprecated parameters
Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Nederlands
Português
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 4 January 2018, at 20:12.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background-color: gainsboro

value: tr

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: span

value: sup

values:
/wiki/Film_soundtrack
mw-redirect
Film soundtrack

values:
/wiki/Days_in_the_Sun_(Disney_song)
mw-redirect
Days in the Sun (Disney song)

values: padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:right;background-color:#eee

values:
tlheader mbox-text
4
text-align:left;background-color:#fff

values: display: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);

values: display: none; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

attrs: scope data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
col
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
nofollow
https://www.bpi.co.uk/bpi-awards/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template talk:Disney's Beauty and the Beast

values:
/wiki/The_Fire_Rose
mw-redirect
The Fire Rose

values: Disney's Beauty and the Beast (SNES video game)

values: List of Disney's Beauty and the Beast characters

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: List of Beauty & the Beast (2012 TV series) episodes

values: Beauty and the Beast (Stevie Nicks song)

values: Category:Walt Disney Records soundtracks

values: Category:Soundtracks produced by Alan Menken

values: Category:Beauty and the Beast (franchise)

values: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

values: Category:CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Track listings with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Beauty and the Beast (soundtrack 2017) – Indonesian

values: La bella e la bestia (colonna sonora 2017) – Italian

values: Beauty and the Beast (album uit 2017) – Dutch

values: Beauty and the Beast (trilha sonora de 2017) – Portuguese

values: Beauty and the Beast (nhạc phim 2017) – Vietnamese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Beauty_and_the_Beast_2017_soundtrack rootpage-Beauty_and_the_Beast_2017_soundtrack skin-vector action-view


text:
School holidays in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
School holidays in the United States
Observed by
Schools in the United States
Type
National
In the United States, the academic year typically has about 180[1] school days for K-12, running from the early (Northern Hemisphere) fall to early summer. Colleges and universities often have shorter years. School holidays (also referred to as vacations, breaks, and recess) are the periods during which schools are closed.
Public schools for grades K-12 typically have the following vacations and holidays:
All federal and state holidays.
Thanksgiving Holiday - Fourth Thursday in November. Usually Black Friday is also a holiday marked "Day After Thanksgiving" and the Wednesday before is often a holiday or early-dismissal day. Some schools give students the entire fourth week of November off.
Christmas/Holiday break - Typically there are no classes on Christmas Eve and December 23 might be a half-day. The break lasts until first weekday in January after New Year's Day. In years where January 1 falls on a Sunday (such as 2017), New Year's Day is federally celebrated on Monday and classes begin on Tuesday, January 3. Some areas include the entirety of the Christmas or New Year's week in the vacation.
Fall break - (not taken in all parts of the country) one to two weeks in September or October, sometimes coinciding with Labor Day.
Winter break - (not taken in all parts of the country) one week in February or March, sometimes coinciding with Presidents' Day.
Spring break - one week in March or April (usually around Easter).
Summer break - Around 10–11 weeks, either from end of May to early August, early June to Mid-August, or the end of June to the day after Labor Day in early September, - depending on region and state. Except that students with disabilities may receive special education services during the summer as mentioned in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. The break generally includes Independence Day.
Religious holidays such as Good Friday, Jewish holidays, and Islamic holidays - depending on school demographics.
Many public schools also have Teacher's Day Off/In-Service (Convention)/Professional Day 2 or 3 days per year, usually devoted to professional development.
Schools offering summer camp are also off on Independence Day though the regular school year generally includes this holiday as part of the larger summer break.
Most colleges and universities have the following breaks/holidays:
Thanksgiving Holiday - End of November (Thanksgiving & Day after, and most often also on Wednesday)
Christmas/Holiday & Winter break - December 23 to mid/end of January (winter term classes might be offered after New Year).
Spring Break - one week in March or April, usually following Easter or Patriots' Day, and involving warm-weather trip traditions
Summer Break - Early/mid of May to day after Labor day in early September (summer term classes might be offered).
Major federal and state holidays (Private may observe religious holidays) (such as Memorial Day, Veterans Day, and Columbus Day).
Most colleges and universities divide the school year into two semesters. The fall semester often begins the day after Labor Day in early September and runs until mid-December. The spring semester typically starts in the middle or end of January and runs until May. Winter and summer classes might be offered in January and May–August.
Contents
[hide]
1 Unscheduled days off
2 See also
3 Sources
4 References
Unscheduled days off[edit]
When cars are covered and roads are impassable, closings and cancellations are likely to occur
Weather-related cancellations, such as snow days and hurricane-related closures, can affect school calendars, as can local emergencies such as water main breaks, gas leaks, structural problems, or shootings. Some K-12 districts build in a certain number of expected snow days, though in warmer climates typically none are scheduled. If the expected number is different from the actual number of canceled days, the beginning of summer vacation might be adjusted to keep the school year the same length. If there are too many canceled days, some districts will keep the beginning of summer vacation from moving too far by holding school during a scheduled spring vacation, or by holding school on Saturdays, professional development days, or other scheduled holidays. If the cancellation does reduce the number of days of instruction below the state minimum, the district may decide to simply drop the missed day from the academic year.
Colleges and universities set their own cancellation policies, and typically do not add makeup days, though they also cancel school more rarely, especially for residential campuses.
Where different days have different schedules (e.g. math and English on Mondays, science and art on Tuesdays), the schedule of remaining days might be adjusted to ensure all subjects retain the same number of instructional days per year.
See also[edit]
Academic year
Sources[edit]
"School Holidays in the United States." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2016.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "List of school calendar dates for school districts6hu46uh6 in the USA".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_holidays_in_the_United_States&oldid=832305086"
Categories:
Public holidays in the United States
Schools in the United States
Hidden categories:
Articles that may contain original research from June 2015
All articles that may contain original research
Infobox holiday with missing field
Infobox holiday (other)
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 25 March 2018, at 04:05.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

value: b

attrs: class href

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research

values:
/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)
mw-redirect
Public school (government funded)

values:
/wiki/State_holiday
mw-redirect
State holiday

values:
/wiki/Presidents%27_Day
mw-redirect
Presidents' Day

values:
/wiki/Religious_holiday
mw-redirect
Religious holiday

values:
/wiki/Jewish_holiday
mw-redirect
Jewish holiday

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
https://www.schoolcalendardates.com/
external text

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Public holidays in the United States

values: Category:Articles that may contain original research from June 2015

values: Category:All articles that may contain original research

values: Category:Infobox holiday with missing field

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-School_holidays_in_the_United_States rootpage-School_holidays_in_the_United_States skin-vector action-view


text:
Public Provident Fund (India)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Public Provident Fund is a savings-cum-tax-saving instrument in India,[1] introduced by the National Savings Institute of the Ministry of Finance in 1968. The aim of the scheme is to mobilize small savings by offering an investment with reasonable returns combined with income tax benefits.[2] The scheme is fully guaranteed by the Central Government. Balance in PPF account is not subject to attachment under any order or decree of court. However, Income Tax & other Government authorities can attach the account for recovering tax dues.
Contents
[hide]
1 Eligibility
2 Investment and returns
2.1 Interest rates
2.1.1 2016-17
2.1.2 2017-18
2.1.3 2018-19
3 Duration of scheme
4 PPF maturity options
5 Loans
6 Features
7 Withdrawals from PPF account
8 Nomination
9 PPF defaults and revival
10 Premature closure of PPF account
11 Transfer of account
12 PPF tax concessions
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
Eligibility[edit]
Individuals who are residents of India are eligible to open their account under the Public Provident Fund, and are entitled to tax-free return later.
Investment and returns[edit]
A minimum yearly deposit of Rs. 500 is required to open and maintain a PPF account. A PPF account holder can deposit a maximum of Rs 1.5 lacs in his/her PPF account (including those accounts where he is the guardian) per financial year. There must be a guardian for PPF accounts opened in the name of minor children. Parents can act as guardians in such PPF accounts of minor children. Any amount deposited in excess of Rs 1.5 lacs in a financial year won't earn any interest. The amount can be deposited in lump sum or in a maximum of 12 installments per year. However, this does not mean a single deposit once in a month.
The Ministry of Finance, Government of India announces the rate of interest for PPF account every quarter. The current interest rate effective from 1 January 2018 is 7.6% Per Annum' (compounded annually). Interest will be paid on 31 March every year. Interest is calculated on the lowest balance between the close of the fifth day and the last day of every month.
Interest rates[edit]
2014-2016
Period
Interest Rate
2014 - March 2016 8.7%
2016-17[edit]
Quarter
Interest Rate
April 2016 - June 2016[3] 8.1%
July 2016 - September 2016[4] 8.1%
October 2016 - December 2016[5] 8.0%
January 2017 - March 2017 8.0%
2017-18[edit]
Quarter
Interest Rate
April 2017 - June 2017[6] 7.9%
July 2017 - September 2017[7] 7.8%
October 2017 - December 2017 7.8%
January 2018 - March 2018 7.6%
2018-19[edit]
Quarter
Interest Rate
April 2018 - June 2018[8] 7.6%
Duration of scheme[edit]
Original duration is 15 years. Thereafter, on application by the subscriber, it can be extended for 1 or more blocks of 5 years each.
PPF maturity options[edit]
Subscriber has 3 options once the maturity period is over.[9]
Complete withdrawal'
Extend the PPF account with no contribution – PPF account can be extended after the completion of 15 years, subscriber doesn’t need to put any amount after the maturity. This is the default option meaning if subscriber doesn't take any action within one year of his PPF account maturity this option activates automatically. Any amount can be withdrawn from the PPF account if the option of extension with no contribution is chosen. Only restriction is only one withdrawal is permitted in a financial year. Rest of the amount keeps earning interest.
Extend the PPF account with contribution - With this option subscriber can put money in his PPF account after extension. If subscriber wants to choose this option then he needs to submit Form H in the bank where he is having a PPF account within one year from the date of maturity (before the completion of 16 yrs in PPF). With this option subscriber can only withdraw maximum 60% of his PPF amount (amount which was there in the PPF account at the beginning of the extended period) within the entire 5 yrs block. Every year only a single withdrawal is permitted.
Loans[edit]
Loan facility available from 3rd financial year up to 5th financial year. The rate of interest charged on loan taken by the subscriber of a PPF account on or after 01.12.2011 shall be 2% more than the prevailing interest on PPF. However, the rate of interest of 1% more than PPF interest p.a. shall continue to be charged on the loans already taken or taken up to 30.11.2013.
Up to a maximum of 25 per cent of the balance at the end of the 2nd immediately preceding year would be allowed as loan. Such withdrawals are to be repaid within 36 months.
A second loan could be availed as long as you are within the 3rd and before the 6th year, and only if the first one is fully repaid. Also note that once you become eligible for withdrawals, no loans would be permitted. Inactive accounts or discontinued accounts are not eligible for loan.
Features[edit]
The public provident fund is established by the central government. One can voluntarily open an account with any nationalized bank,selected authorized private bank or post office. The account can be opened in the name of individuals including minor.
The minimum amount is Rs.500 which can be deposited. The rate of interest at present is 7.6% per annum, which is also tax-free. The entire balance can be withdrawn on maturity. Interest received is tax free. The maximum amount which can be deposited every year is Rs. 1,50,000 in an account at present. The interest earned on the PPF subscription is compounded annually. All the balance that accumulates over time is exempted from wealth tax. Moreover, it has low risk – risk attached is Government risk. PPF is available at post offices and banks.
Withdrawals from PPF account[edit]
There is a lock-in period of 15 years and the money can be withdrawn in full after its maturity period. However, pre-mature withdrawals can be made from the start of the seventh financial year. The maximum amount that can be withdrawn pre-maturely is equal to 50% of the amount that stood in the account at the end of 4th year preceding the year in which the amount is withdrawn or the end of the preceding year whichever is lower.
After 15 years of maturity, full PPF amount can be withdrawn and all is tax free, including the interest amount as well.
Nomination[edit]
Nomination facility is available in the name of one or more persons. The shares of nominees may also be defined by the subscriber.
PPF defaults and revival[edit]
If any contribution of minimum amount in any year is not invested, then the account will be deactivated. To activate the bearer needs to pay Rs.50 as penalty for each inactive year. He/she also needs to deposit Rs.500 each as each inactive year’s contribution.
In case death of account holder then the balance amount will be paid to his nominee or legal heir even before 15 years. Nominees or legal heirs are not eligible to continue the account of the deceased.
If balance amount in the account of a deceased is higher than Rs.1,50,000 then the nominee or legal heir has to prove the identity to claim the amount
Premature closure of PPF account[edit]
The Public Provident Fund (Amendment) Scheme, 2016 made changes in Paragraph 9, for sub-rule 3(C) of Public Provident Fund Scheme, 1968 to facilitate the premature closure of PPF Account.[10] Premature closure of PPF account is permitted after completion of 5 years for medical treatment of family members and for higher education of PPF account holder. However, premature closure comes with an interest rate penalty of 1%.
Transfer of account[edit]
The account can be transferred to other branches/ other banks or Post Offices and vice versa upon request by the subscriber. The service is free of charges.
Step 1 – Approach the bank or post office branch where the PPF account is held and ask for the form for making the transfer. The bank or post office will provide you with a form which is to be filled.
Step 2 – The existing bank will then forward the certified copy of the account, the account opening application, nomination form, and specimen signature. It will also forward the cheque/dd for the outstanding amount in the PPF account to the new bank at the branch specified by the customer.
Step 3 – Once your bank receives these documents, the bank will inform you and ask you to submit a new PPF account opening form along with the old PPF passbook. You can also provide nominations for this new account. You will also be required to submit the KYC documents.
Step 4 – If you hold an internet banking facility with your bank, after a few weeks, check that the transferred PPF account now shows up under the PPF account tab/link in your login. If that is not the case, inquire the local bank branch.
PPF tax concessions[edit]
Annual contributions qualify for tax deduction under Section 80C of income tax. The tax benefit is capped at Rs 1.5 lacs per financial year. Contributions to PPF accounts of the spouse and children are also eligible for tax deduction.
PPF falls under EEE (Exempt,Exempt,Exempt) tax basket. Contribution to PPF account is eligible for tax benefit under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act. Interest earned is exempt from income tax and maturity proceeds are also exempt from tax.
See also[edit]
Equity-linked savings scheme
National Pension System
National Savings Certificates (India)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "PPF rate to fetch 7.6%: Why it is still a winner".
Jump up ^ "PPF Scheme". Retrieved 20 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Interest rates on PPF, other savings to be lower from April 1". The Economic Times. 2016-03-31. Retrieved 2017-06-16.
Jump up ^ "PPF Interest Rate History & What You Should Really Know". Stable Investor. 2016-08-24. Retrieved 2017-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Interest Rates On PPF, Other Savings Schemes Cut - NDTV". Retrieved 2017-06-16.
Jump up ^ "Interest on PPF and other such small savings schemes cut: What this means". hindustantimes.com/. 2017-04-01. Retrieved 2017-06-16.
Jump up ^ Zaidi, Babar (2017-06-30). "Government cuts PPF, NSC rate to 7.8 per cent". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2017-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Revision of interest rates for Small Savings Schemes for first quarter of Financial Year 2018-19" (PDF). dea.gov.in/. 2018-03-28. Retrieved 2018-04-03.
Jump up ^ "PPF maturity options".
Jump up ^ "Premature Closure of PPF Account".
External links[edit]
Find more aboutPublic Provident Fundat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from Wikiversity
India Post. Ministry of Communications & Information Technology
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Provident_Fund_(India)&oldid=837828758"
Categories:
Retirement in India
Tax-advantaged savings plans in India
Indian labour law
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles needing style editing from May 2014
All articles needing style editing
Use Indian English from June 2016
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
Use dmy dates from June 2016
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
हिन्दी
मराठी
தமிழ்
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 April 2018, at 08:41.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: tbody

value: table

attrs: class role

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone

values: Edit section: Withdrawals from PPF account

values: Edit section: Premature closure of PPF account

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

values: Category:Tax-advantaged savings plans in India

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing style editing from May 2014

values: Category:All articles needing style editing

values: Category:Use Indian English from June 2016

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Public_Provident_Fund_(India)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: सार्वजनिक भविष्य निधि – Hindi

values: सार्वजनिक भविष्य निर्वाह निधी – Marathi

values: பொது சேமநல நிதியம் (இந்தியா) – Tamil

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Public_Provident_Fund_India rootpage-Public_Provident_Fund_India skin-vector action-view


text:
Blister pack
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Risperdal tablets in a blister pack
Blister pack[1] is a term for several types of pre-formed plastic packaging used for small consumer goods, foods, and for pharmaceuticals.
The primary component of a blister pack is a cavity or pocket made from a formable web, usually a thermoformed plastic. This usually has a backing of paperboard or a lidding seal of aluminum foil or plastic. A blister that folds onto itself is often called a clamshell.
Blister packs are useful for protecting products against external factors, such as humidity and contamination for extended periods of time. Opaque blisters also protect light-sensitive products against UV rays.
Contents
[hide]
1 Uses
1.1 Unit dose packaging of pharmaceuticals
1.2 Consumer goods
1.3 Clamshell
1.4 Medical blister trays
2 Production
2.1 Thermoforming
2.2 Cold forming
3 Materials
3.1 PVC
3.2 PVDC
3.3 PCTFE
3.4 COC
3.5 Cold form foil
3.6 Lidding foils
4 Benefits
4.1 Cost savings
4.2 Advertising space
4.3 Clear product display
4.4 Theft deterrent packaging
4.5 Tamper evident
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
Uses[edit]
Blister packs are used to package products such as toys, hardware, medication, etc.
Many blister packaging machines use heat and pressure via a die to form the cavity or pocket from a roll or sheet of plastic. In recent years, improvements in cold forming, specifically allowing steeper depth/angles during forming, which minimizes the amount of material used for each cavity—have helped this technology increase. The main advantages of the plastic-based blister pack are its more compact size compared to cold formed aluminum and its transparency to see the product.
Unit dose packaging of pharmaceuticals[edit]
Tablets in a blister
Blister packs are commonly used as unit-dose packaging for pharmaceutical tablets, capsules or lozenges. Blister packs can provide barrier protection for shelf life requirements, and a degree of tamper resistance. In the US, blister packs are mainly used for packing physician samples of drug products or for over-the-counter (OTC) products in the pharmacy. In other parts of the world, blister packs are the main packaging type since pharmacy dispensing and re-packaging are not common. A series of blister cavities is sometimes called a blister card or blister strip as well as blister pack. The difference between a strip pack and blister pack is that a strip pack does not have thermo-formed or cold formed cavities; the strip pack is formed around the tablet at a time when it is dropped to the sealing area between sealing moulds. In some parts of the world the pharmaceutical blister pack is known as a push-through pack (PTP), an accurate description of two key properties (i) the lidding foil is brittle, making it possible to press the product out while breaking the lidding foil and (ii) a semi-rigid formed cavity being sufficiently collapsible to be able to dispense the tablet or capsule by means of pressing it out with the thumb. Breaking the lidding foil with a fingernail for the appropriate tablet will make the pressing out easier.
The main advantages of unit-dose blister packs over other methods of packing pharmaceutical products are the assurance of product/packaging integrity (including shelf-life) of each individual dose and the ability to create a compliance pack or calendar pack by printing the days of the week above each dose.
Blister packs are created by means of a form-fill-seal process at the pharmaceutical company or designated contract packer. A form-fill-seal process means that the blister pack is created from rolls of flat sheet or film, filled with the pharmaceutical product and closed (sealed) on the same equipment. Such equipment is called a blisterline. There are two types of blister machine' design: rotary and flat-plate, depending on the mechanism for sealing the lidding foil.[2][3]
Consumer goods[edit]
A typical blister-packaged consumer good
Other types of blister packs consist of carded packaging where goods such as toys, hardware, and electrical items are contained between a specially made paperboard card and clear pre-formed plastic such as PVC. The consumer can visually examine the product through the transparent plastic. The plastic shell is vacuum-formed around a mold so it can contain the item snugly. The card is colored and designed depending on the item inside, and the PVC is affixed to the card using heat and pressure to activate an adhesive (heat seal coating) on the blister card. The adhesive is strong enough so that the pack may hang on a peg, but weak enough so that the package can be easily opened (in theory). Sometimes, with large items, the card (cold seal card) has a perforated window for access.
Clamshell[edit]
Main article: Clamshell (container)
A hinged blister is known as a clamshell, used for a variety of products. It can be used as a security package to deter package pilferage for small high-value items, such as consumer electronics. It consists of one sheet folded over onto itself and sometimes fused at the edges. They can be securely heat sealed, making them difficult to open by hand to deter tampering. A pair of scissors or a sharp knife is often required to open them (although these are often sold in similar packages).[4] Care must be used to safely open some of these packages, as opening it without care can result in injury; 6,000 Americans are sent to the emergency room each year by injuries suffered in opening such packages.[5][6] Wrap rage is sometimes the result.
Medical blister trays[edit]
Medical blister trays differ from pharmaceutical blister packs in that these are not push-through packs. The thermoformed base web is made of a thicker plastic sheet, generally between 500 and 1000 µ and can not be collapsed, thus forming a solid tray. The lidding film provides a peel-open feature and is generally porous to allow sterilization (such as the Dupont medical Tyvek material). Such medical blister packs are used for sterile medical devices, used in hospitals.
Production[edit]
Thermoforming[edit]
In the case of thermoforming, a plastic film or sheet is unwound from the reel and guided though a pre-heating station on the blister line. The temperature of the pre-heating plates (upper and lower plates) is such that the plastic will soften and become pliable. The warm plastic will then arrive in a forming station where a large pressure (4 to 8 bar) will form the blister cavity into a negative mold. The mold is cooled such that the plastic becomes rigid again and maintains its shape when removed from the mold. In case of difficult shapes, the warm film will be physically pushed down partially into the cavity by a "plug-assist" feature. Plug-assist results in a blister cavity with more uniform wall distribution and is typically used when the cavity size and shape is larger than a small tablets and capsules.
Cold forming[edit]
In the case of cold forming, an aluminum-based laminate film is simply pressed into a mold by means of a stamp. The aluminum will be elongated and maintain the formed shape. In the industry these blisters are called cold form foil (CFF) blisters. The principal advantage of cold form foil blisters is that the use of aluminum offers a near complete barrier for water and oxygen, allowing an extended product expiry date. The principal disadvantages of cold form foil blisters are: the slower speed of production compared to thermoforming; the lack of transparency of the package (a therapy compliance disadvantage); and the larger size of the blister card (aluminum can not be formed with near 90 degree angles).[citation needed]
Materials[edit]
This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
PVC[edit]
The most basic material for the forming web is polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The principal advantages of PVC are the low cost and the ease of thermoforming. The main disadvantages are the poor barrier against moisture ingress and oxygen ingress. In the case of blister packaging the PVC sheet does not contain any plasticizer and is sometimes referred to as Rigid PVC or RPVC. In the absence of plasticizers, PVC blisters offer structural rigidity and physical protection for the pharmaceutical dosage form. On the other hand, the blister cavity must remain accessible by the push-through effect and the formed web may not be too hard to collapse when pressed upon; for this reason the PVC sheet thickness is typically chosen between 200µ to 300µ depending on the cavity size and shape. Most PVC sheets for pharmaceutical blisters are 250µ or 0.250 mm in thickness. Typical values for the Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR or MVTR) of a 250µ PVC film are around 3.0 g/m2/day measured at 38 °C/90% RH and the Oxygen Transmission Rate (OTR) is around 20 mL/m2/day. In order to overcome the lack of barrier properties of PVC film, it can be coated with PVDC or laminated to PCTFE or COC to increase the protective properties. Multi-layer blister films based on PVC are often used for pharmaceutical blister packaging, whereby the PVC serves as the thermoformable backbone of the structure. Also, the PVC layer can be colored with pigments and/or UV filters. The European Pharmacopoeia (Ph Eur) references the requirements for PVC blister packs for pharmaceutical primary packaging in the monograph EP 3.1.11 "MATERIALS BASED ON NON-PLASTICISED POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) FOR CONTAINERS FOR DRY DOSAGE FORMS FOR ORAL ADMINISTRATION". In order to be suitable for pharmaceutical blister packs, the PVC formulation also needs to comply with the US Pharmacopoeia <661>; EU food legislation; US 21.CFR and Japanese food contact requirements.
PVDC[edit]
Main article: Polyvinylidene chloride
Polyvinylidene chloride or PVDC can be coated onto a PVC film to obtain very high moisture and oxygen barrier properties depending on the coating weight. PVDC coated blister films are the most common and prevailing barrier films used for pharmaceutical blister packs. PVDC coatings are also the most economical method for adding water barrier and oxygen barrier properties to a PVC film. PVDC blister films are available in 2 or 3 layer specifications referred to as duplex or triplex. Since the PVDC is applied by a coating process, the coating weight is expressed in grams per square meter (gsm). Duplex structures are typically PVC/PVDC films, ranging from 250µPVC/40gsmPVDC to 250µPVC/120gsmPVDC with WVTR from 0,65 to 0,25 g/m2/d and OTR from 1 to 0,1 cc/m2/d. For very deep draw thermoformed cavities, the triplex specifications are used : PVC/PE/PVDC, where the PE layer assists when forming deeper cavities. The PE (polyethylene) forms a soft intermediate layer between the rigid PVC and PVDC layers. Triplex specifications exists in similar coating weights as duplex specifications: 250µPVC/25µPE/40gsmPVDC up to 250µPVC/25µPE/120gsmPVDC. In order to obtain high barrier properties, PVDC is always applied using an emulsion coating process using a PVDC resin dispersed in water. The film producer applies the coating in several steps, drying-off the water between each coating station.
PVDC grades are available in 2 types of polymer: (I) the historic grades offering medium to high barrier properties and (II) a super barrier coating grade offering the highest barrier. The super barrier coating grade has over two times the barrier to moisture and oxygen per gram coating weight compared to the historic grades. The most common structures using the super barrier PVDC are triplex configurations 250µPVC/25µPE/120gsmPVDC up to 250µPVC/25µPE/180gsmPVDC, with WVTR of 0,11 down to 0,06 g/m2/day and available from various suppliers.
PCTFE[edit]
Main article: Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
Polychlorotrifluoro ethylene or PCTFE can be laminated to PVC to obtain very high moisture barrier. Typical constructions used for pharmaceutical products are 250µ PVC film laminated to 15µ-150µ PCTFE film. Duplex structures are PVC/PCTFE and triplex laminates are PVC/PE/PCTFE. Deeper cavities can be formed by using the triplex structures with PE. Typical WVTR values are 0.06–0.40 g/m2/day.PCTFE films have the lowest water vapor permeation compared to all other plastic films used in blister packaging and have thermoforming properties similar to plain PVC though it is also the most expensive.Despite narrow thermoforming temperatures and required cooling steps PP is increasingly popular. This popularity is due in part to it not suffering the environmental liability that PVC suffers in discharging hydrochloric acid during incineration. Unplasticised PVC has good thermoforming properties but may not provide good moisture protection for some products. After the forming process a 250 µm film will have a final thickness of 50 to 100 µm in some deep drawn pockets.The reduction in thickness will result in an increase in WVT.[7]
COC[edit]
Cyclic olefin copolymers (COC) or polymers (COP) can provide moisture barrier to blister packs, typically in multilayered combinations with polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), or glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PETg). Cyclic olefin resins are generally amorphous and are noted for good thermoforming characteristics even in deep cavities, leading some to use COC in blister packaging as a thermoforming enhancer, particularly in combination with semicrystalline resins such as PP or PE. Films can be manufactured via coextrusion or lamination. WVTR values of commercial cyclic olefin-based pharmaceutical blister films typically range from 0.20 to 0.35 g/m2/day at 38 °C/90% RH. Unlike PVC and other common pharmaceutical barrier resins, cyclic olefin resins do not contain chlorine or other halogens in their molecular structure, being composed solely of carbon and hydrogen. Cyclic olefin resins are available which comply with pharmaceutical packaging guidelines in the US, Europe, and Japan.
Cold form foil[edit]
Cold form foil film is made of a 3-layer laminate: PVC/Aluminum/Polyamide. The PVC side is on the inside in contact with the product.
Cold Form Foil blister pack
Lidding foils[edit]
Pharmaceutical blister packs are mostly closed by a push-through or peel-open lidding foil. The most common lidding foil with push-through features is 20µ hard temper aluminum, which can be supplied pinhole-free from the producers. The lidding foil is coated with a heat-seal lacquer on the inside and a print primer on the outside.
Benefits[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Cost savings[edit]
Blister packaging is a cost effective way of showcasing a product. Due to the nature of the material and design, it makes it more cost effective than other types of packages that are on the market. There are several different types of blister packaging – Face Seal, Trap, Mock, Slide and Interactive. Each one has its unique qualities and price points, from entry level to high end.
Advertising space[edit]
There is a wide range of colors and finishes that blister packaging can be constructed to feature. Manufacturers can use that to help make their products stand out on shelves. Blister packaging allows either the manufacturer or retailer to include promotional materials or advertisements to help build a brand and increase customer loyalty.
Clear product display[edit]
Blister packaging helps shoppers see product, further aiding in their purchase decision. More than half of shoppers believe it is important to see a product through its packaging.[citation needed]
Theft deterrent packaging[edit]
To prevent retail theft, packages are specifically designed so that the customer cannot “touch and feel” the product. Clear, protective, and durable thermoformed plastic packaging enables the customer to fully view the product while maintaining the security of the product. Blister packaging can easily be sealed using heat sealing machinery.
Tamper evident[edit]
A tamper-evident package, according to the regulations of the Food and Drug Administration (21 CFR § 211.132), “is one having one or more indicators or barriers to entry which, if breached or missing, can reasonably be expected to provide visible evidence to consumers that tampering has occurred.” In addition, the indicator or barrier must be “distinctive by design,” which means the tamper-evident feature is designed from material not readily available to the public. Therefore, it can’t be easily duplicated. The labeling must also include a description of the safety feature. For blister packaging, each tablet or capsule is individually sealed, so any form of tampering is immediately visible. The product label needs to include a statement similar to the following: “Do not use if blister is cut or broken.”
See also[edit]
Heat sealer
Pharmacy automation
Skin pack
Ultrasonic welding
Wrap rage
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Soroka, W. Illustrated Glossary of Packaging Terminology (Second ed.). Institute of Packaging Professionals.
Jump up ^ Pilchik, R (Nov 2000), "Pharmaceutical Blister Packaging, Part 1, Rationale and Materials" (PDF), Pharmaceutical Technology: 68–77, retrieved 26 June 2017
Jump up ^ Pilchik, R (Dec 2000), "Pharmaceutical Blister Packaging, Part 2, Machinery and Assembly" (PDF), Pharmaceutical Technology: 56–60, retrieved 26 June 2017
Jump up ^ Clifford, Stephanie (2 June 2011). "Clamshell packaging is being tossed". The Bulletin. Bend, OR. New York Times News Service. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Stone, Brad (2008-11-14). "Packages You Won't Need a Saw to Open". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2012-11-21.
Jump up ^ Elliot, V S (22 December 2008). "Ho ho woes: Wrap rage results in lacerations and bad tempers". American Medical News. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "How To Minimize Blister Packaging Water Vapor Transmission Rates". PharmaCMC. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Yam, K. L., Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6
Lockhart, H., and Paine, F.A., Packaging of Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare Products, 2006, Blackie, ISBN 0-7514-0167-6
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blister packs.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blister packs (pharmaceutical products).
[hide]
v
t
e
Packaging
General topics
Active packaging
Child-resistant packaging
Contract packager
Disposable food packaging
Food packaging
Luxury packaging
Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging
Package pilferage
Package testing
Packaging engineering
Pharmaceutical packaging
Reusable packaging
Shelf life
Sustainable packaging
Tamper-evident
Tamper resistance
Wrap rage
Containers
Aerosol Container
Aluminium bottle
Aluminum can
Ampoule
Antistatic bag
Bag-in-box
Bags and flexible containers
Barrel
Beer bottle
Biodegradable bag
Blister pack
Boil-in-Bag
Bottle
Box
Bulk box
Cage
Case
Carboy
Carton
Chub
Clamshell
Corrugated box design
Crate
Disposable cup
Drum
Envelope
Flexible intermediate bulk container
Foam food container
Folding carton
Glass bottle
Growler
Insulated shipping container
Intermediate bulk container
Jar
Jerrycan
Jug
Juicebox
Keg
Multi-pack
Oyster pail
Packet (container)
Padded mailer
Pail
Paper bag
Paper sack
Plastic bag
Plastic bottle
Popcorn bag
Retort pouch
Sachet
Security bag
Self-heating can
Self-heating food packaging
Shipping container
Skin pack
Spray bottle
Tetra Brik
Tin can
Tub (container)
Tube
Unit load
Vial
Wooden box
Materials and
components
Adhesive
Aluminium foil
Bail handle
Bioplastic
Biodegradable plastic
BoPET
Bubble wrap
Bung
Cellophane
Closure
Coated paper
Coating
Coextrusion
Corrugated fiberboard
Corrugated plastic
Cushioning
Desiccant
Double seam
Foam peanut
Glass
Hot-melt adhesive
Kraft paper
Label
Lid
Linear low-density polyethylene
Liquid packaging board
Low-density polyethylene
Metallised film
Modified atmosphere
Molded pulp
Nonwoven fabric
Overwrap
Oxygen scavenger
Package handle
Packaging gas
Pallet
Paper
Paper pallet
Paperboard
Plastic film
Plastic pallet
Plastic wrap
Polyester
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Pressure-sensitive tape
Screw cap
Screw cap (wine)
Security printing
Security tape
Shock detector
Shock and vibration data logger
Shrink wrap
Slip sheet
Staple (fastener)
Strapping
Stretch wrap
Susceptor
Tamper-evident band
Tear tape
Temperature data logger
Time temperature indicator
Tinplate
Velostat
Processes
Aseptic processing
Authentication
Automatic identification and data capture
Blow fill seal
Blow molding
Calendering
Canning
Coating
Containerization
Curtain Coating
Die cutting
Die forming (plastics)
Electronic article surveillance
Extrusion
Extrusion coating
Glass production
Graphic design
HACCP
Hermetic seal
Induction sealing
Injection molding
Laminating
Laser cutting
Molding
Papermaking
Plastic welding
Plastics extrusion
Printing
Quality assurance
Radio-frequency identification
Roll slitting
Shearing (manufacturing)
Thermoforming
Track and trace
Vacuum forming
Ultrasonic welding
Vacuum packaging
Verification and validation
Machinery
Barcode printer
Barcode reader
Bottling line
Calender
Can seamer
Cartoning machine
Case sealer
Check weigher
Conveyor system
Extended core stretch wrapper
Filler
Heat gun
Heat sealer
Industrial robot
Injection molding machine
Label printer applicator
Lineshaft roller conveyor
Logistics automation
Material handling equipment
Mechanical brake stretch wrapper
Multihead weigher
Orbital stretch wrapper
Palletizer
Rotary wheel blow molding systems
Shrink tunnel
Staple gun
Tape dispenser
Turntable stretch wrapper
Vertical form fill sealing machine
Environment,
post-use
Biodegradation
Environmental engineering
Glass recycling
Industrial ecology
Life-cycle assessment
Litter
Paper recycling
Plastic recycling
Recycling
Reusable packaging
Reverse logistics
Source reduction
Sustainable packaging
Waste management
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blister_pack&oldid=838074761"
Categories:
Packaging
Medicine storage containers
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from October 2012
Articles needing additional references from October 2017
All articles needing additional references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012
Wikipedia articles needing style editing from July 2017
All articles needing style editing
Articles needing additional references from July 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017
Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Català
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
Հայերեն
Italiano
Lëtzebuergesch
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenščina
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
9 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 April 2018, at 19:27.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: p

attrs: href class

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Aluminum_foil
mw-redirect
Aluminum foil

values: Edit section: Unit dose packaging of pharmaceuticals

values:
/wiki/Unit-dose_packaging
mw-redirect
Unit-dose packaging

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed

values:
/wiki/Oxygen_Transmission_Rate
mw-redirect
Oxygen Transmission Rate

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times_News_Service
mw-redirect
New York Times News Service

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: commons:Category:Blister packs (pharmaceutical products)

values:
/wiki/Pharmaceutical_packaging
mw-redirect
Pharmaceutical packaging

values:
/wiki/Aerosol_Container
mw-redirect
Aerosol Container

values:
/wiki/Cage_(enclosure)
mw-redirect
Cage (enclosure)

values:
/wiki/Jug_(container)
mw-redirect
Jug (container)

values:
/wiki/Plastic_pallet
mw-redirect
Plastic pallet

values: Automatic identification and data capture

values:
/wiki/Curtain_Coating
mw-redirect
Curtain Coating

values: Hazard analysis and critical control points

values:
/wiki/Injection_molding
mw-redirect
Injection molding

values:
/wiki/Vacuum_packaging
mw-redirect
Vacuum packaging

values:
/wiki/Material_handling_equipment
mw-redirect
Material handling equipment

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Use dmy dates from October 2012

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing style editing from July 2017

values: Category:All articles needing style editing

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017

values: Category:Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values:
/wiki/Blister_pack
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezikpako
Vezikpako – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: بسته‌بندی حبابی – Persian

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blister
Blister – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values: Բլիստեր – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blister
Blister – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: ブリスターパック – Japanese

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blister
Blister – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Блистерная упаковка – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Blister_pack rootpage-Blister_pack skin-vector action-view


text:
Patriot (American Revolution)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 16 April 2018.
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Patriots in the American Revolution. For other uses, see Patriot (disambiguation).
The Spirit of '76 (originally entitled Yankee Doodle), painted by Archibald Willard in the late nineteenth century, an iconic image relating to the patriotic sentiment surrounding the American Revolutionary War
Patriots (also known as Revolutionaries, Continentals, Rebels, or American Whigs) were those colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rebelled against British control during the American Revolution and in July 1776 declared the United States of America an independent nation. Their rebellion was based on the political philosophy of republicanism, as expressed by spokesmen such as Thomas Jefferson, John Adams and Thomas Paine. They were opposed by the Loyalists who instead supported continued British rule.
As a group, Patriots represented a wide array of social, economic and ethnic backgrounds. They included lawyers like John Adams and Alexander Hamilton; planters like Thomas Jefferson and George Mason; merchants like Alexander McDougall and John Hancock; and ordinary farmers like Daniel Shays and Joseph Plumb Martin. Patriots also included slaves and freemen such as Crispus Attucks, a free man and the first martyr of the American Revolution; James Armistead Lafayette, who served as a double agent for the Continental Army; and Jack Sisson, who, under the command of Colonel William Barton, was leader of the first successful black operation mission in American history, resulting in the capture of British General Richard Prescott.
Contents
[hide]
1 Terms
2 Influence
3 Motivations
4 No taxation without representation
5 Geographic distribution
6 List of prominent Patriots
6.1 Statesmen and office holders
6.2 Pamphleteers and activists
6.3 Military officers
6.4 African-American Patriots
6.5 Native American Patriots
7 References
8 Bibliography
Terms[edit]
The critics of British rule called themselves "Whigs" after 1768, identifying with members of the British Whig party (including the Radical Whigs and Patriot Whigs), who favored similar colonial policies. The Oxford English Dictionary's third definition of "Patriot" is "A person actively opposing enemy forces occupying his or her country; a member of a resistance movement, a freedom fighter. Originally used of those who opposed and fought the British in the American War of Independence." The earliest citation is a 1773 letter by Benjamin Franklin.[citation needed] In Britain at the time, "patriot" had a negative connotation, and was used, says Samuel Johnson, as a negative epithet for "a factious disturber of the government."[1]
Prior to the Revolution, colonists who supported British authority called themselves Tories or royalists, identifying with the political philosophy then dominant in Great Britain, traditionalist conservatism. During the Revolution, these persons became known primarily as Loyalists. Afterward, many emigrated north to the remaining British territories in what is now modern Canada. There they called themselves the United Empire Loyalists.
Influence[edit]
Many Patriots were active before 1775 in groups such as the Sons of Liberty. The most prominent leaders of the Patriots are referred to today by Americans as the Founding Fathers. The Patriots came from many different backgrounds. Among the most active of the Patriots group were highly educated and fairly wealthy individuals. However, without the support of the ordinary men and women, such as farmers, lawyers, merchants, seamstresses, homemakers, shopkeepers, and ministers, the struggle for independence would have failed.
Historian Robert Calhoon said the consensus of historians is that between 40 and 45 percent of the white population in the Thirteen Colonies supported the Patriots' cause, between 15 and 20% supported the Loyalists, and the remainder were neutral or kept a low profile.[2] With a white population of about 2.5 million, that makes about 380,000 to 500,000 Loyalists. The great majority of them remained in America, since only about 80,000 Loyalists left the United States 1775–1783. They went to Canada, Britain, Florida or the West Indies, but some eventually returned.[3][4]
Motivations[edit]
To understand how people made the choice between being a Patriot or a Loyalist, historians have compared the motivations and personalities of leading men on each side. Labaree (1948) has identified eight characteristics that differentiated the two groups. Psychologically, Loyalists were older, better established, and more likely to resist innovation than the Patriots. Loyalists said the Crown was the legitimate government and resistance to it was morally wrong, while the Patriots thought morality was on their side because the British government had violated the constitutional rights of Englishmen. Men who were alienated by physical attacks on Royal officials took the Loyalist position, while those who applauded were being Patriots. Most men who wanted to find a compromise solution wound up on the Loyalist side, while the proponents of immediate action became Patriots. Merchants in the port cities with long-standing financial and sentimental attachments to the Empire were likely to remain loyal to the system, while few Patriots were so deeply enmeshed in the system. Some Loyalists were procrastinators who believed that independence was bound to come some day, but wanted to postpone the moment; the Patriots wanted to seize the moment. Loyalists were cautious and afraid of anarchy or tyranny that might come from mob rule; Patriots made a systematic effort to use and control mob violence. Finally, Labaree argues that Loyalists were pessimists who lacked the Patriots' confidence that independence lay ahead.[5][6][7]
No taxation without representation[edit]
The Patriot faction came to reject taxes imposed by legislatures in which the tax-payer was not represented. "No taxation without representation" was their slogan, referring to the lack of representation in the British Parliament. The British countered there was "virtual representation", that is, all members of Parliament represented the interests of all the citizens of the British Empire.
Though some Patriots declared that they were loyal to the king, they believed that the assemblies should control policy relating to the colonies. They should be able to run their own affairs. In fact, they had been running their own affairs since the period of "salutary neglect" before the French and Indian War. Some radical Patriots tarred and feathered tax collectors and customs officers, making those positions dangerous; the practice was especially prevalent in Boston, where many Patriots lived, but was curbed there sooner than elsewhere.[8]
Geographic distribution[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Due to the large geographical spread of the British colonies as well as the large degree of ethnic diversity within them, support for the patriot cause was not equal in all areas. One group that was particularly in favor of severing ties with Britain included most of the descendants of the original Puritan settlers of Massachusetts. The merchants of Boston, led by Samuel Adams and John Hancock, were particularly zealous in their revolutionary sentiment. Other major patriot groups included Virginia planters (who were disgruntled by British officials looking down on them as inferior provincials and afraid of what they saw as the British government taking steps to abolish slavery) and Scots-Irish, English, and German-origin back-country farmers (who resented British attempts to control their expansion into the Ohio River valley). In general, people who had been long-established in the colonies tended to favor the revolutionary cause, while recent emigrants remained loyal to the crown.
List of prominent Patriots[edit]
Most of the individuals listed below served the American Revolution in multiple capacities.
Statesmen and office holders[edit]
Thomas Jefferson
John Adams
John Hancock
John Jay
John Dickinson
Benjamin Franklin
Richard Henry Lee
Jonathan Shipley
William Paca
James Madison
Alexander Hamilton
Pamphleteers and activists[edit]
Samuel Adams
Alexander Hamilton
William Molineux
Timothy Matlack
Thomas Paine
Paul Revere
Patrick Henry
Samuel Prescott
Molly Pitcher
Roger Sherman
Philip Mazzei
Elkanah Watson
Military officers[edit]
See also: Military leadership in the American Revolutionary War
Nathanael Greene
Nathan Hale
Francis Marion
Andrew Pickens
Daniel Morgan
James Mitchell Varnum
Joseph Bradley Varnum
George Washington
John Paul Jones
Thomas Sumter
Francis Vigo
Elijah Isaacs
Benedict Arnold (defected)
Charles Lee
Daniel Shays
African-American Patriots[edit]
See also: African Americans in the Revolutionary War
Crispus Attucks
Peter Salem
Jack Sisson
James Armistead Lafayette
1st Rhode Island Regiment
William Flora
Saul Matthews
Prince Whipple
Salem Poor
Native American Patriots[edit]
Main articles: Saratoga campaign, Battle of Oriskany, and Stockbridge Militia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Patriot" in Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed. online 2011). accessed 19 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Robert M. Calhoon, "Loyalism and neutrality" in Jack P. Greene; J. R. Pole (2008). A Companion to the American Revolution. John Wiley & Sons. p. 235.
Jump up ^ Thomas B. Allen, Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War (2011) p. xviii
Jump up ^ John Adams has sometimes been cited as having claimed, in an 1813 letter, that one-third of Americans supported the revolution and one-third were against. However, the passage in question actually refers to the French Revolution of 1789. Robert D. Marcus (1971). The American Scene: Varieties of American History. p. 147.
Jump up ^ Leonard Woods Larabee, Conservatism in Early American History (1948) pp. 164–65
Jump up ^ See also N. E. H. Hull,Peter C. Hoffer and Steven L. Allen, "Choosing Sides: A Quantitative Study of the Personality Determinants of Loyalist and Revolutionary Political Affiliation in New York," Journal of American History, Vol. 65, No. 2 (Sept. 1978), pp. 344–66 in JSTOR
Jump up ^ The most in-depth study of the Patriot psychology is Edwin G. Burrows and Michael Wallace, "The American Revolution: The Ideology and Psychology of National Liberation," Perspectives in American History, (1972) vol. 6 pp. 167–306
Jump up ^ Benjamin H. Irvin, "Tar and Feathers in Revolutionary America," (2003) Archived 2010-06-18 at the Wayback Machine.
Bibliography[edit]
Ellis, Joseph J. . Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation (2002), Pulitzer Prize
Kann, Mark E.; The Gendering of American Politics: Founding Mothers, Founding Fathers, and Political Patriarchy, (1999) online version
Middlekauff, Robert; The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789 (2005) online version
Miller, John C. Origins of the American Revolution. (1943) online version
Miller, John C. Triumph of Freedom, 1775-1783, (1948) online version
Previdi, Robert; "Vindicating the Founders: Race, Sex, Class, and Justice in the Origins of America," Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 29, 1999
Rakove, Jack. Revolutionaries: A New History of the Invention of America (2010) excerpt and text search
Raphael, Ray. A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence (2002)
Roberts, Cokie. Founding Mothers: The Women Who Raised Our Nation (2005)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patriot_(American_Revolution)&oldid=836805208"
Categories:
Patriots in the American Revolution
People of the American Revolution
Native Americans in the American Revolution
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Wikipedia pending changes protected pages
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017
Articles needing additional references from March 2018
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Dansk
Deutsch
فارسی
Français
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
עברית
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
中文
8 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 16 April 2018, at 23:31.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: Page protected with pending changes level 1

values: All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class src alt title

values: Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page.

attrs: id class src style alt

attrs: id style class

values: flaggedrevs_short flaggedrevs_stable_synced plainlinks noprint nomobile

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Patriot_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Patriot (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values: United States Declaration of Independence

values: Reliable source needed for the whole sentence (September 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalists
mw-redirect
United Empire Loyalists

values: Edit section: No taxation without representation

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values: Edit section: List of prominent Patriots

values: Edit section: Statesmen and office holders

values:
/wiki/John_Dickinson_(delegate)
mw-redirect
John Dickinson (delegate)

values: Edit section: Pamphleteers and activists

values: African Americans in the Revolutionary War

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/138899

values:
/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1789
mw-redirect
French Revolution of 1789

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1894084

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Joseph_J._Ellis
mw-redirect
Joseph J. Ellis

values:
/wiki/Jack_Rakove
mw-redirect
Jack Rakove

values: Category:Patriots in the American Revolution

values: Category:People of the American Revolution

values: Category:Native Americans in the American Revolution

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Wikipedia pending changes protected pages

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2018

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: وطنيون (الثورة الأميركية) – Arabic

values: Patriot (amerikanske revolution) – Danish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: Patrioten (amerikanische Unabhängigkeit) – German

values: میهن‌دوست (انقلاب آمریکا) – Persian

values: Patriot (révolution américaine) – French

values: Patrioti (Američka revolucija) – Croatian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values: פטריוטים (המהפכה האמריקנית) – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: パトリオット (アメリカ革命) – Japanese

values: Patriot (den amerikanske revolusjon) – Norwegian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Patrioci (rewolucja amerykańska) – Polish

values: Patriota (Revolução Americana) – Portuguese

values: Патриоти (Америчка револуција) – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values: Patrioti (Američka revolucija) – Serbo-Croatian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values: Patriootti (Amerikan vallankumous) – Finnish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: Patriot (amerikanska revolutionen) – Swedish

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Patriot_American_Revolution rootpage-Patriot_American_Revolution skin-vector action-view