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Cadbury
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This article is about the confectionery company. For other uses, see Cadbury (disambiguation).
Cadbury UK Limited
Type
Subsidiary
Industry
Confectionery
Founded
Birmingham, United Kingdom
1824 (194 years ago) (1824)
Founders
John Cadbury
Headquarters
Uxbridge, London, United Kingdom
Key people
Irene Rosenfeld
(Chairman and CEO)
Products
See list of Cadbury products
Number of employees
71,657 (2008)[1]
Parent
Mondelez International
Website
www.cadbury.co.uk
Cadbury, formerly Cadbury's, is a British multinational confectionery company wholly owned by Mondelez International (originally Kraft Foods) since 2010. It is the second-largest confectionery brand in the world after Wrigley's.[2] Cadbury is internationally headquartered in Uxbridge, West London, and operates in more than 50 countries worldwide. It is famous for its Dairy Milk chocolate, the Creme Egg and Roses selection box, and many other confectionery products. One of the best-known British brands, in 2013 The Daily Telegraph named Cadbury among Britain's most successful exports.[3]
Cadbury was established in Birmingham, England in 1824, by John Cadbury who sold tea, coffee and drinking chocolate. Cadbury developed the business with his brother Benjamin, followed by his sons Richard and George. George developed the Bournville estate, a model village designed to give the company's workers improved living conditions. Dairy Milk chocolate, introduced in 1905, used a higher proportion of milk within the recipe compared with rival products. By 1914, the chocolate was the company's best-selling product. Cadbury, alongside Rowntree's and Fry, were the big three British confectionery manufacturers throughout much of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.[4]
Cadbury was granted its first Royal Warrant from Queen Victoria in 1854. It has been a holder of a Royal Warrant from Elizabeth II since 1955.[5] Cadbury merged with J. S. Fry & Sons in 1919, and Schweppes in 1969. Cadbury was a constant constituent of the FTSE 100 on the London Stock Exchange from the index's 1984 inception until the company was bought by Kraft Foods in 2010.[6][7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 1800–1900: Early history
1.2 1900–1969
1.3 Schweppes merger (1969)
1.3.1 Schweppes demerger
1.4 2007–2010
1.5 Acquisition by Kraft Foods
2 Operations
2.1 Head office
2.2 Production sites
2.2.1 Bournville
3 Markets
3.1 United Kingdom
3.2 Ireland
3.3 United States
3.4 Australia
3.5 New Zealand
3.6 Canada
3.7 India
3.8 Malta
4 Advertising
5 Executive pay
6 Accounting
7 Products
8 Health and safety controversies
8.1 2006 salmonella scare
8.2 2007 recalls
8.3 2008 melamine contamination in China
8.4 2009 hydrogenation
8.5 2014 pork traces in Malaysia
8.6 2017 "Easter" controversy
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of Cadbury
1800–1900: Early history[edit]
An 1885 advertisement for Cadbury's Cocoa
In 1824, John Cadbury, a Quaker, began selling tea, coffee and drinking chocolate in Bull Street in Birmingham, England.[8] From 1831 he moved into the production of a variety of cocoa and drinking chocolates, made in a factory in Bridge Street and sold mainly to the wealthy because of the high cost of production.[9] In 1847, John Cadbury became a partner with his brother Benjamin and the company became known as "Cadbury Brothers".[9] In 1847, Cadbury's competitor Fry's of Bristol produced the first chocolate bar (which would be mass produced as Fry's Chocolate Cream in 1866).[10] Cadbury introduced his brand of the chocolate bar in 1849, and that same year, Cadbury and Fry's chocolate bars were displayed publicly at a trade fair in Bingley Hall, Birmingham.[11] The Cadbury brothers opened an office in London, and in 1854 they received the Royal Warrant as manufacturers of chocolate and cocoa to Queen Victoria.[5] The company went into decline in the late 1850s.[9]
John Cadbury's sons Richard and George took over the business in 1861.[8] At the time of the takeover, the business was in rapid decline: the number of employees had reduced from 20 to 11, and the company was losing money.[8] By 1866, Cadbury was profitable again.[8] The brothers had turned around the business by moving the focus from tea and coffee to chocolate, and by increasing the quality of their products.[8]
Cadbury Factory, Bournville is located on the south side of Birmingham, England
The firm's first major breakthrough occurred in 1866 when Richard and George introduced an improved cocoa into Britain.[9] A new cocoa press developed in the Netherlands removed some of the unpalatable cocoa butter from the cocoa bean.[9] The firm began exporting its products in the 1850s.[9][12] In 1861, the company created Fancy Boxes — a decorated box of chocolates — and in 1868 they were sold in boxes in the shape of a heart for Valentine's Day.[10] Boxes of filled chocolates quickly became associated with the holiday.[10]
In 1878, the brothers decided to build new premises in countryside four miles from Birmingham.[8] The move to the countryside was unprecedented in business.[8] Better transport access for milk that was inward shipped by canal, and cocoa that was brought in by rail from London, Southampton and Liverpool docks was taken into consideration. With the development of the Birmingham West Suburban Railway along the path of the Worcester and Birmingham Canal, they acquired the Bournbrook estate, comprising 14.5 acres (5.9 ha) of countryside 5 miles (8.0 km) south of the outskirts of Birmingham. Located next to the Stirchley Street railway station, which itself was opposite the canal, they renamed the estate Bournville and opened the Bournville factory the following year.
In 1893, George Cadbury bought 120 acres (49 ha) of land close to the works and planned, at his own expense, a model village which would 'alleviate the evils of modern more cramped living conditions'. By 1900 the estate included 314 cottages and houses set on 330 acres (130 ha) of land. As the Cadbury family were Quakers there were no pubs in the estate.[8]
In 1897, following the lead of Swiss companies, Cadbury introduced its own line of milk chocolate bars.[13] In 1899 Cadbury became a private limited company.[13]
1900–1969[edit]
The packing room at Bournville, circa 1903
In 1905, Cadbury launched its Dairy Milk bar, a production of exceptional quality with a higher proportion of milk than previous chocolate bars.[9] Developed by George Cadbury Jr, it was the first time a British company had been able to mass-produce milk chocolate.[13] From the beginning, it had the distinctive purple wrapper.[13] It was a great sales success, and became the company's best selling product by 1914.[9] The stronger Bournville Cocoa line was introduced in 1906.[9] Cadbury Dairy Milk and Bournville Cocoa were to provide the basis for the company's rapid pre-war expansion.[9] In 1910, Cadbury sales overtook those of Fry for the first time.[13]
Cadbury's Milk Tray was first produced in 1915 and continued in production throughout the remainder of the First World War. More than 2,000 of Cadbury's male employees joined the British Armed Forces, and to support the British war effort, Cadbury provided chocolate, books and clothing to the troops.[14] George Cadbury handed over two company-owned buildings for use as hospitals – “The Beeches” and “Fircroft”, and the management of both hospitals earned the War Office’s highest award.[14] Factory girls, dubbed ‘The Cadbury Angels’, volunteered to do the laundry of injured soldiers recovering in the hospitals.[14] After the war, the Bournville factory was redeveloped and mass production began in earnest. In 1918, Cadbury opened their first overseas factory in Hobart, Tasmania.
Cadbury Wharf, Knighton, Staffordshire. It was operated by Cadbury between 1911 and 1961 to process locally collected milk and produce "chocolate crumb" which was transported to Cadbury's in Bournville.
In 1919, Cadbury merged with J. S. Fry & Sons, another leading British chocolate manufacturer, resulting in the integration of well-known brands such as Fry's Chocolate Cream and Fry's Turkish Delight.[9] In 1921, the many small Fry's factories around Bristol were closed down, and production was consolidated at a new Somerdale Factory, outside Bristol.[13]
Cadbury soon expanded its product range with Flake (1920), Creme eggs (1923), Fruit and Nut (1928), and Crunchie (1929) (originally under the Fry's label). By 1930 Cadbury had become the 24th-largest British manufacturing company as measured by estimated market value of capital.[9] Cadbury took direct control of the under-performing Fry in 1935.[13] Dairy Milk Whole Nut arrived in 1933, and Roses were introduced in 1938.[15]
Chocolate ceased to be a luxury product and became affordable to the working classes for the first time.[13] By the mid-1930s, Cadbury estimated that 90 percent of the British population could afford to buy chocolate.[16] By 1936, Dairy Milk accounted for 60 percent of the UK milk chocolate market.[13]
During World War II, parts of the Bournville factory were turned over to war work, producing milling machines and seats for fighter aircraft. Workers ploughed football fields to plant crops. As chocolate was regarded as an essential food, it was placed under government supervision for the entire war. The wartime rationing of chocolate ended in 1950, and normal production resumed. Cadbury subsequently invested in new factories and had an increasing demand for their products.[17] In 1952 the Moreton factory was built.[18]
Cadbury has been a holder of a Royal Warrant from Queen Elizabeth II since 1955.[5] In 1967 Cadbury acquired an Australian confectioner, MacRobertson's, beating a rival bid from Mars.[19] As a result of the takeover, Cadbury built a 60 percent market share in the Australian market.[19]
Schweppes merger (1969)[edit]
The Cadbury Schweppes logo used until the demerger in 2008
Cadbury merged with drinks company Schweppes to form Cadbury Schweppes in 1969.[20] Head of Schweppes, Lord Watkinson, became chairman, and Adrian Cadbury became deputy chairman and managing director.[20] The benefits of the merger were to prove elusive.[21]
The merger put an end to Cadbury's close links to its Quaker founding family and its perceived social ethos by instilling a capitalist venturer philosophy in management.[22]
In 1978, the company acquired Peter Paul, the third largest chocolate manufacturer in the United States for $58 million, which gave it a 10 percent share of the world's largest confectionery market.[23] The highly successful Wispa chocolate bar was launched in the North East of England in 1981, and nationwide in 1984.[24] In 1982, trading profits were greater outside of Britain than in the UK for the first time.[21]
In 1986, Cadbury Schweppes sold its Beverages and Foods division to a management buyout known as Premier Brands for £97 million.[25] This saw the company divest itself of such brands as Typhoo Tea, Kenco, Smash and Hartley Chivers jam.[25] The deal also saw Premier take the licence for production of Cadbury brand biscuits and drinking chocolate.[25]
Meanwhile, Schweppes switched its alliance in the UK from Pepsi to Coca-Cola, taking a 51 percent stake in the joint venture Coca-Cola Schweppes.[25] The acquisition of Canada Dry doubled its worldwide drinks market share, and it took a 30 percent stake in Dr Pepper.[25] As a result of these acquisitions, Cadbury Schweppes became the third largest soft drinks manufacturer in the world.[25] In August 1988, the company sold its U.S. confectionery operations to Hershey's for $284.5 million cash plus the assumption of $30 million in debt.[26]
Snapple, Mistic and Stewart's (formerly Cable Car Beverage) were sold by Triarc to Cadbury Schweppes in 2000 for $1.45 billion.[27] In October of that same year, Cadbury Schweppes purchased Royal Crown from Triarc.[28]
Schweppes demerger[edit]
In March 2007, it was revealed that Cadbury Schweppes was planning to split its business into two separate entities: one focusing on its main chocolate and confectionery market; the other on its US drinks business.[29] The demerger took effect on 2 May 2008, with the drinks business becoming Dr Pepper Snapple Group.[30] In December 2008 it was announced that Cadbury was to sell its Australian beverage unit to Asahi Breweries.[31]
2007–2010[edit]
Cadbury's Somerdale Factory located in Keynsham near Bristol, south west England (1921–2010)
In October 2007, Cadbury announced the closure of the Somerdale Factory, in Keynsham, Somerset, formerly part of Fry's. Between 500 and 700 jobs were affected by this change. Production transferred to other plants in England and Poland.[32]
In 2008 Monkhill Confectionery, the Own Label trading division of Cadbury Trebor Bassett was sold to Tangerine Confectionery for £58 million cash. This sale included factories at Pontefract, Cleckheaton and York and a distribution centre near Chesterfield, and the transfer of around 800 employees.[33]
In mid-2009 Cadbury replaced some of the cocoa butter in their non-UK chocolate products with palm oil. Despite stating this was a response to consumer demand to improve taste and texture, there was no "new improved recipe" claim placed on New Zealand labels. Consumer backlash was significant from environmentalists and chocolate lovers in both Australia and New Zealand, with consumers objecting to both the taste from the cheaper formulation, and the use of palm oil given its role in the destruction of rainforests. By August 2009, the company announced that it was reverting to the use of cocoa butter in New Zealand and Australia, although palm oil is still listed as an ingredient in Cadbury's flavoured sugar syrup based fillings (where it referred to as 'vegetable oil').[34] In addition, Cadbury stated they would source cocoa beans through Fair Trade channels.[35] In January 2010 prospective buyer Kraft pledged to honour Cadbury's commitment.[36]
Acquisition by Kraft Foods[edit]
On 7 September 2009, Kraft Foods made a £10.2 billion (US$16.2 billion) indicative takeover bid for Cadbury. The offer was rejected, with Cadbury stating that it undervalued the company.[37] Kraft launched a formal, hostile bid for Cadbury valuing the firm at £9.8 billion on 9 November 2009.[38] The UK Business Secretary Peter Mandelson warned Kraft not to try to "make a quick buck" from the acquisition of Cadbury.[39]
On 19 January 2010, it was announced that Cadbury and Kraft Foods had reached a deal and that Kraft would purchase Cadbury for £8.40 per share, valuing Cadbury at £11.5bn (US$18.9bn). Kraft, which issued a statement stating that the deal will create a "global confectionery leader", had to borrow £7 billion (US$11.5bn) in order to finance the takeover.[40]
The Hershey Company, based in Pennsylvania, manufactures and distributes Cadbury-branded chocolate (but not its other confectionery) in the United States and has been reported to share Cadbury's "ethos".[41] Hershey had expressed an interest in buying Cadbury because it would broaden its access to faster-growing international markets.[42] But on 22 January 2010, Hershey announced that it would not counter Kraft's final offer.[43][44][45]
The acquisition of Cadbury faced widespread disapproval from the British public, as well as groups and organisations including trade union Unite,[46] who fought against the acquisition of the company which, according to Prime Minister Gordon Brown, was very important to the British economy.[47] Unite estimated that a takeover by Kraft could put 30,000 jobs "at risk",[41][48][49] and UK shareholders protested over the mergers and acquisitions advisory fees charged by banks. Cadbury's M&A advisers were UBS, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley.[50][51][52] Controversially, RBS, a bank 84% owned by the United Kingdom Government, funded the Kraft takeover.[53][54]
On 2 February 2010, Kraft secured over 71% of Cadbury's shares thus finalising the deal.[55] Kraft had needed to reach 75% of the shares in order to be able to delist Cadbury from the stock market and fully integrate it as part of Kraft. This was achieved on 5 February 2010, and the company announced that Cadbury shares would be de-listed on 8 March 2010.[56]
On 3 February 2010, the Chairman Roger Carr, chief executive Todd Stitzer and chief financial officer Andrew Bonfield[57] all announced their resignations. Stitzer had worked at the company for 27 years.[58]
On 9 February 2010, Kraft announced that they were planning to close the Somerdale Factory, Keynsham, with the loss of 400 jobs.[59] The management explained that existing plans to move production to Poland were too advanced to be realistically reversed, though assurances had been given regarding sustaining the plant. Staff at Keynsham criticised this move, suggesting that they felt betrayed and as if they have been "sacked twice".[60] On 22 April 2010, Phil Rumbol, the man behind the famous Gorilla advertisement, announced his plans to leave the Cadbury company in July following Kraft's takeover.[61]
In June 2010, the Polish division, Cadbury-Wedel, was sold to Lotte of Korea. The European Commission made the sale a condition of the Kraft takeover. As part of the deal Kraft will keep the Cadbury, Hall's and other brands along with two plants in Skarbimierz. Lotte will take over the plant in Warsaw along with the E Wedel brand.[62]
On 4 August 2011, Kraft Foods announced they would be splitting into two companies beginning on 1 October 2012. The confectionery business of Kraft became Mondelez International, of which Cadbury is a subsidiary.[63][64]
In response to diminishing margins in early 2014, Mondelez hired Accenture to implement a US$3 billion cost-cutting program of the company's assets including Cadbury and Oreo. Beginning in 2015, Mondelez began closing Cadbury factories in several developed countries including Ireland, Canada, the United States, and New Zealand and shifting production to "advantaged" country locations like China, India, Brazil, and Eastern Europe. The closure of Cadbury factories in centers such as Dublin, Montreal, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Dunedin in New Zealand generated outcries from the local populations. The plan received approval from several market shareholders including the Australian and New Zealand banks Westpac and ASB Bank.[65][66][67]
Operations[edit]
Head office[edit]
Cadbury has its head office at Cadbury House in the Uxbridge Business Park in Uxbridge, London Borough of Hillingdon, England.[68] The company occupies 84,000 square feet (7,800 m2) of leased space inside Building 3 of the business park,[69] which it shares with Mondelez's UK division.[70] After acquiring Cadbury, Kraft confirmed that the company would remain at Cadbury House.[71]
Cadbury relocated to Uxbridge from its previous head office at 25 Berkeley Square in Mayfair, City of Westminster in 2007 as a cost-saving measure.[72][73] In 1992, the company leased the space for £55 per 1 square foot (0.093 m2);[69] by 2002 this had reached £68.75 per square foot.[72]
Production sites[edit]
Bournville[edit]
Bournville employs almost 1,000 people.[74] In 2014, Mondelez announced a £75 million investment in the site.[74]
Bournville is home to Mondelez's Global Centre of Excellence for Chocolate research and development, so every new chocolate product created by the company anywhere in the world starts life at the Birmingham plant.[74]
Markets[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
Cadbury
Founded
1824
Headquarters
Bournville, Birmingham, England
Website
www.cadbury.co.uk
The confectionery business in the UK is called Cadbury (formerly Cadbury Trebor Bassett) and, as of August 2004, had eight factories and 3,000 staff in the UK. Mondelez also sells biscuits bearing the Cadbury brand, such as Cadbury Fingers. Cadbury also owns Trebor Bassett, Fry's and Maynards
Ice cream based on Cadbury products, like 99 Flake, is made under licence by Frederick's Dairies. Cadbury cakes and chocolate spread are manufactured under licence by Premier Foods, but the cakes were originally part of Cadbury Foods Ltd with factories at Blackpole in Worcester and Moreton on the Wirral, with distribution depots throughout the UK.
Other Kraft subsidiaries in the UK include: Cadbury Two LLP, Cadbury UK Holdings Limited, Cadbury US Holdings Limited, Cadbury Four LLP, Cadbury Holdings Limited, and Cadbury One LLP.
Ireland[edit]
Main article: Cadbury Ireland
Cadbury Ireland Limited is based in Coolock in Dublin, where the headquarters of Cadbury Ireland are located, and Tallaght. The third is in Rathmore, County Kerry. Products made by Cadbury in Ireland include Cadbury Dairy Milk Range, Cadbury Twirl, Cadbury Cadbury Snacks Range Flake and Boost (formerly Moro). Cadbury used to produce the Time Out bar in Ireland for the European market however this production was moved to Poland.[75]
United States[edit]
Cadbury
Founded
December 2002
Headquarters
Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey, United States
Products
Trident, Certs, Chiclets, Halls (cough drop)
Website
www.cadbury.co.uk
Cadbury Adams produces candy, gum, breath mints and cough drops. It is headquartered in Parsippany, New Jersey. The company was formed after the then Cadbury Schweppes purchased the Adams brand from Pfizer in December 2002 for US$4.2 billion.
American Chicle was purchased by Warner-Lambert in 1962; Warner-Lambert renamed the unit Adams in 1997 and merged with Pfizer in 2000.
In 1978, Cadbury merged with Peter Paul, makers of Mounds and Almond Joy.[76] In 1988, The Hershey Company acquired the U.S. rights to their chocolate business. Accordingly, although the Cadbury group's chocolate products have been sold in the U.S. since 1988, the products are manufactured by Hershey, causing complaints by consumers, who claim they are inferior to the originals.[77] Before the May 2008 demerger, the North American business also contained beverage unit Cadbury Schweppes Americas Beverages. In 1982, Cadbury Schweppes purchased the Duffy-Mott Company.[78]
Cadbury Adams' products include:
Maynards
Wine Gums (original and Sour)
Swedish Fish
Swedish Berries
Juicy Squirts (Sours, Citrus, and Berry)
Original Gummies
Fuzzy Peach
Sour Chillers
Sour Patch Kids
Mini Fruit Gums
Sour Cherry Blasters
Fruit Mania
Bassett's Liquorice Allsorts
Gum
Black Jack chewing gum
Bubbaloo bubble gum
Bubblicious bubble gum
Chiclets
Clorets
Dentyne
Freshen Up Gum
Sour Cherry Gum (Limited)
Sour Apple Gum (Limited)
Stride
Trident
Other
Certs breath mints
Halls (cough drop)
Discontinued products
Beemans chewing gum
Cinn*a*Burst gum
Clove gum
Fruit*a*Burst gum
Mint*a*Burst gum
Sparkies
Australia[edit]
Milk processing plant at Cooee, Burnie, Tasmania.
Cadbury's products were first imported into Australia as early as 1853 when 3 cases of Cadbury's cocoa and chocolate were advertised for sale in Adelaide.[79] Cadbury’s first overseas order in 1881 was made for the Australian market. In 1919, as part of its plans to expand internationally, the company decided to build a factory in Australia. In 1920 Claremont, Tasmania was chosen for the location because of its close proximity to the city of Hobart, good source of inexpensive hydro-electricity and plentiful supply of high-quality fresh milk. The first products from the factory were sold in 1922.[80] The Claremont factory was modelled on Bournville, with its own village and sporting facilities.[81][82] Cadbury operates three Australian factories; two in Melbourne, Victoria (Ringwood and Scoresby), and one in Hobart, Tasmania (Claremont). Cadbury also operates a milk processing plant in Cooee, Tasmania. Claremont factory was once a popular tourist attraction and operated daily tours; however, the factory ceased running full tours mid-2008, citing health and safety reasons.[83] Cadbury has been upgrading its manufacturing facility at Claremont, Tasmania, Australia, since 2001[84]
On 27 February 2009, the confectionery and beverages businesses of Cadbury Schweppes in Australia were formally separated and the beverages business began operating as Schweppes Australia Pty Ltd. In April 2009, Schweppes Australia was acquired by Asahi Breweries.[85] In late June 2012, Cadbury introduced Marvellous Creations a new chocolate range with three flavours – Peanut Toffee Cookie, Jelly Crunchie Bits or Jelly Popping Candy Beanies covered in Dairy Milk Chocolate.[86]
In 2015 the Australian Cadbury, factory located in Hobart, reduced its work force by 80[87] and in 2017 closed its visitor's centre.[88] In August 2017 Cadbury announced that 50 workers will be shed from its Hobart factory.[89] Within Australia there is debate regarding halal certification. Many of Cadbury's products are halal certified.[90] This certification has generated controversy.[91][92]
New Zealand[edit]
Factory in Dunedin
Cadbury also operates a factory in Dunedin in New Zealand's South Island. In 1930, Cadbury partnered up with local confectionery businessman Richard Hudson, who owned a chocolate, confectionery, biscuit factory on Castle Street. Hudson's factorywas rebranded as Cadbury Hudson and later became known as the Cadbury Confectionery.[93][94][95] Cadbury later established a second factory in Auckland in the North Island. In 2003, Cadbury established a tourist attraction on the premises of the Dunedin factory known as Cadbury World, which featured a large chocolate waterfall. In 2007, Cadbury closed down its Auckland factory, leading to the loss of 200 jobs. In 2009, the Cadbury Dunedin factory attracted criticism from consumers and local environmentalists when it replaced cocoa butter with palm oil. In response, the company backtracked but still retained palm oil as a filling some ingredients. Over the next several years, Cadbury began downsizing its products, including trimming chocolate blocks in 2015.[96]
On 16 February 2017, it was reported that Cadbury would be closing its factory in Dunedin, New Zealand by March 2018. This is estimated to lead to the loss of 350 jobs. Amanda Banfield, Mondelez's vice-president for Australia, New Zealand, and Japan, clarified that the closure was done due to Mondelez's decision to shift chocolate manufacturing to Cadbury's Australian factories.[94][97][98] However, Mondelez has also confirmed that Dunedin's Cadbury World tourist attraction would remain open due to its popularity with tourists.[99]
Following four weeks of consultations with local Cadbury employee, the Mayor of Dunedin Dave Cull, and local trade union representatives, Banfield confirmed that the closure would go ahead the following year due to the lack of viable options to continue production in New Zealand. She also confirmed that Cadbury would offer a redundancy support package to staff and would also sponsor staff willing to move to Australia to work. Mondelez also confirmed that it was looking for a third-party manufacturer to continue making Cadbury's New Zealand brands Pineapple Lumps, Jaffas, Chocolate Fish and Buzz Bar.[100] In early June 2017, local city councillor Jim O'Malley and a group of volunteers launched a crowdfunding campaign to keep the Dunedin factory running on a portion of the site.[101] They formed a group called Dunedin Manufacturing Holdings (DMH). Despite generating NZ$6 million in funds, DMH abandoned its bid on 22 June due to Mondelez's stringent production and supply requirements and difficulties in acquiring manpower and machinery. Mondelez has also indicated that it is negotiating with two local chocolate companies to ensure the production of iconic local brands such as Pineapple Lumps, Jaffas, Chocolate Fish, Buzz Bars, and Pinky Bars in New Zealand.[102] Following the failure of DMH's bid, spokesperson O'Malley announced on 12 September that his group would launch a new crowdfunding campaign to buy and expand local craft chocolate manufacturer OCHO (the Otago Chocolate Company).[103]
On 17 October 2017, Cadbury announced that it would be shifting all production of its New Zealand brands to Australia after failing to find a local supplier. The termination of New Zealand production will take effect in March 2018. Mondelez's New Zealand country head James Kane confirmed the shift on the grounds that the production of Cadbury products would require certain technologies, production processes and skills that local New Zealand manufacturers lacked.[104][105]
Canada[edit]
Cadbury Canada produces and imports several products that are sold under the Cadbury and Maynards labels, including the following:
Cadbury
Dairy Milk (various flavours)
Crunchie
Crispy Crunch
Starbar as Wunderbar
Cadbury Coconut
Mr. Big
Caramilk
Flake
Creme Egg
Mini Eggs
Pep
Maynards
Wine Gums
Sour Wine Gums
Swedish Berries
Swedish Fish
Sour Patch Kids
Juicy Squirts
Cadbury Canada is now part of Mondelez Canada and products are featured on the Snackworks website.
India[edit]
Cadbury
Founded
19 July 1948
Headquarters
Mumbai, India
Key people
Anand Kripalu, Managing Director[106]
Products
Cadbury Dairy Milk, 5-star, Perk, Gems, Eclairs, Oreo and Bournvita
Number of employees
2000
Website
www.cadbury.co.uk
In 1948, Cadbury India began its operations in India by importing chocolates. On 19 July 1948, Cadbury was incorporated in India. It now has manufacturing facilities in Thane, Induri (Pune) and Malanpur (Gwalior), Hyderabad, Bangalore and Baddi (Himachal Pradesh) and sales offices in New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. The corporate head office is in Mumbai. The head office is presently situated at Pedder Road, Mumbai, under the name of "Cadbury House". This monumental structure at Pedder Road has been a landmark for the citizens of Mumbai since its creation. Since 1965 Cadbury has also pioneered the development of cocoa cultivation in India. For over two decades, Cadbury has worked with the Kerala Agricultural University to undertake cocoa research.[107][108]
Currently, Cadbury India operates in five categories – Chocolate confectionery, Beverages, Biscuits, Gum and Candy. Its products include Cadbury Dairy Milk, Dairy Milk Silk, Bournville, 5-Star, Temptations, Perk, Eclairs, Bournvita, Celebrations, Gems, Bubbaloo, Cadbury Dairy Milk Shots, Toblerone, Halls, Bilkul, Tang, and Oreo.[109][110]
It is the market leader in the chocolate confectionery business with a market share of over 70%.[111]
On 21 April 2014, Cadbury India changed its name to Mondelez India Foods Limited.[112] In 2017, Cadbury/Mondelez agreed to pay a $13 million FCPA penalty for making illicit payments to government officials to obtain licenses and approvals to build a factory in Baddi.[113][114]
Malta[edit]
In 2012, Alf Mizzi & Sons Marketing (Ltd) took over the importation and distribution of Cadbury, as well as several other Mondelez brands. Most of the Cadbury products are imported directly from the UK. The advertising of the brand was taken over by Sloane Ltd., which proved to be highly successful in creating market specific commercials, reaching more of the Maltese population than ever through digital advertising.
Advertising[edit]
The Cadbury signature logo is derived from the signature of William Cadbury.[115] It was adopted as the worldwide logo in the 1970s.[115]
Cadbury famously trademarked the colour purple for chocolates with registrations in 1995[116] and 2004.[117] However, the validity of these trademarks is the matter of an ongoing legal dispute following objections by Nestlé.[118][119]
Executive pay[edit]
In 2008, Todd Stitzer, Cadbury's CEO, was paid a £2,665,000 bonus. Combined with his annual salary of £985,000 and other payments of £448,000 this gives a total remuneration of over £4 million.[120]
Accounting[edit]
In July 2007, Cadbury Schweppes announced that it would be outsourcing its transactional accounting and order capture functions to Shared Business Services (SBS) centres run by a company called Genpact (a businesses services provider) in India, China, and Romania. This was to affect all business units and be associated with US and UK functions being transferred to India by the end of 2007, with all units transferred by mid-2009. Depending on the success of this move, other accounting Human Resources functions may follow. This development is likely to lead to the loss of several hundred jobs worldwide, but also to several hundred jobs being created, at lower salaries commensurate with wages paid in developing countries.[121]
Products[edit]
Main article: List of Cadbury products
Major chocolate brands produced by Cadbury include the bars Dairy Milk, Crunchie, Caramel, Wispa, Boost, Picnic, Flake, Curly Wurly, Chomp, and Fudge; chocolate Buttons; the boxed chocolate brand Milk Tray; and the twist-wrapped chocolates Heroes.
As well as Cadbury's chocolate, the company also owns Maynards and Halls, and is associated with several types of confectionery including former Trebor and Bassett's brands or products such as Liquorice Allsorts, Jelly Babies, Flumps, Mints, Black Jack chews, Trident gum, and Softmints. Global sales of Cadbury products amounted to £491M in the 52 weeks to 16 August 2014.[122]
A Cadbury Wispa chocolate bar that has been split in half. These are available in the UK.
A Cadbury Dairy Milk Caramel bar in its foil wrapper
A Cadbury Flake split in half
Notable product introductions include:
1866: Cocoa Essence
1875: Easter Eggs
1897: Milk Chocolate and Fingers
1905: Dairy Milk
1908: Bournville
1914: Fry's Turkish Delight
1915: Milk Tray
1920: Flake
1923: Creme Egg (launched as Fry's)
1926: Cadbury Dairy Milk Fruit & Nut
1929: Crunchie (launched as Fry's)
1938: Roses
1948: Fudge
1958: Picnic
1960: Dairy Milk Buttons
1968: Aztec
1970: Curly Wurly
1974: Snack
1976: Double Decker
1976: Starbar
1981: Wispa (relaunched 2007)
1985: Boost
1987: Twirl
1992: Time Out
1995: Wispa Gold (relaunched 2009 and 2011)
1996: Fuse (promotional relaunched 2015)
2001: Brunch Bar, Dream and Flake
2009: Dairy Milk Silk[123]
2010: Dairy Milk Bliss
2011: Big Race oreo
2012: Marvellous Creations and Crispello
2014: Pebbles
2014: Bubbly
2016: Cadbury Silk Oreo
Health and safety controversies[edit]
2006 salmonella scare[edit]
On 19 January 2006, Cadbury Schweppes detected a rare strain of the Salmonella bacteria, affecting seven of its products. It has been said that it was caused by a leaking pipe. The leak occurred at its Marlbrook plant, in Herefordshire, which produces chocolate crumb mixture; the mixture is then transported to factories at Bournville (formerly Somerdale) to be turned into milk chocolate.[124] It was not until around six months after the leak was detected that Cadbury Schweppes officially notified the Food Standards Agency, which recalled more than a million chocolate bars.[124] In December 2006, the company announced that the cost of dealing with the contamination reached £30 million.[125]
In April 2007, Birmingham City Council announced that it would be prosecuting Cadbury Schweppes in relation to three alleged offences of breaching food safety legislation. At that time, the Health Protection Agency identified 31 people who had been infected with Salmonella Montevideo. One of the alleged victims had to be kept on a hospital isolation ward for five days after eating a Cadbury's caramel bar.[126] An investigation that was carried by Herefordshire Council led to a further six charges being brought.[125] The company pleaded guilty to all nine charges,[127][128] and was fined one million pounds at Birmingham Crown Court—the sentencing of both cases was brought together.[129] Analysts have said the fine is not material to the group, with mitigating factors limiting the fine being that the company quickly admitted its guilt and said it had been mistaken that the infection did not pose a threat to health.[129]
2007 recalls[edit]
On 10 February 2007, Cadbury recalled a range of products due to a labelling error. The products were produced in a factory handling nuts, potential allergens, but this was not made clear on the packaging. As a precaution, all items were recalled.[130]
On 14 September 2007, Cadbury Schweppes investigated a manufacturing error over allergy warning, recalling for the second time in two years thousands of chocolate bars. A printing mistake at Somerdale Factory resulted in the omission of tree nut allergy labels from 250g Dairy Milk Double Chocolate bars.[131]
2008 melamine contamination in China[edit]
On 29 September 2008, Cadbury withdrew all of its 11 chocolate products made in its three Beijing factories, on suspicion of contamination with melamine. The recall affected the mainland China markets, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Australia.[132] Products recalled included Dark Chocolate, a number of products in the 'Dairy Milk' range and Chocolate Éclairs.[133]
2009 hydrogenation[edit]
Cadbury continues to use hydrogenated oils in many of its signature products. Although trans fats are present, the nutrition labels round the values down to zero.[134]
2014 pork traces in Malaysia[edit]
Cadbury recalled two chocolate products after it was tested positive for traces of pork DNA, namely Cadbury Dairy Milk Hazelnut and Cadbury Dairy Milk Roast Almond.[135] The traces were found during a periodic check for non-halal ingredients in food products by the Ministry of Health in Malaysia which on 24 May 2014 said two of three samples of the company's products may contain pork traces.[136]
On 2 June 2014, Malaysia's Department of Islamic Development (JAKIM) declared that the sample did not contain pig DNA, as claimed in earlier reports. This statement was made after new tests were conducted.
JAKIM reportedly said in a statement that they tested 11 samples of Cadbury Dairy Milk Hazelnut, Cadbury Dairy Milk Roast Almond and other products from the company's factory but none of them tested positive for pork. The investigation followed reports that unscheduled checks had shown that two chocolates produced by Mondelez International Inc., the parent company of Cadbury, violated Islamic law and led to a boycott of all its products in the country.[137]
2017 "Easter" controversy[edit]
In 2017 the Church of England condemned the company and the National Trust for rebranding their annual "Easter Egg Trails" to "Cadbury Egg Hunts".[138] Prime Minister Theresa May called the rebranding "absolutely ridiculous", however Cadbury dismissed the criticism, a spokesperson saying "It is clear to see that within our communications we visibly state the word Easter. It is included a number of times across promotional materials."[139] An ensuing controversy followed in Australia, where Cadbury was accused of removing the word 'Easter' from the packaging of its Easter eggs. Cadbury Australia rebutted that Easter was mentioned on "the back of pack", and that its eggs were obviously Easter eggs.[140]
See also[edit]
United Kingdom portal
London portal
Companies portal
Food portal
Cadbury World, Birmingham
Cadbury World, Dunedin
Eyebrows (advertisement)
Gorilla (advertisement)
General:
Big Chocolate
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Further reading[edit]
Bradley, John (2008). Cadbury's Purple Reign: The Story Behind Chocolate's Best-Loved Brand. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. ISBN 978-0-470-72524-5.
Cadbury, Deborah (2010). Chocolate Wars: The 150-Year Rivalry Between the World's Greatest Chocolate Makers. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-820-8.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cadbury.
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False awakening
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A false awakening is a vivid and convincing dream about awakening from sleep, while the dreamer in reality continues to sleep. After a false awakening, subjects often dream they are performing daily morning rituals such as showering, cooking, cleaning, eating and using the toilet. False awakenings, mainly those in which one dreams that they have awoken from a sleep that featured dreams, take on aspects of a double dream or a dream within a dream. A classic example is the double false awakening of the protagonist in Gogol's Portrait (1835).
Contents
[hide]
1 Further concepts
1.1 Lucidity
1.2 Continuum
2 Symptoms
2.1 Realism and unrealism
2.2 Repetition
3 Types
3.1 Type 1
3.2 Type 2
4 Cultural references
5 References
Further concepts[edit]
Lucidity[edit]
A false awakening may occur following a dream or following a lucid dream (one in which the dreamer has been aware of dreaming). Particularly, if the false awakening follows a lucid dream, the false awakening may turn into a "pre-lucid dream",[1] that is, one in which the dreamer may start to wonder if they are really awake and may or may not come to the correct conclusion. In a study by Harvard psychologist Deirdre Barrett, 2,000 dreams from 200 subjects were examined and it was found that false awakenings and lucidity were significantly more likely to occur within the same dream or within different dreams of the same night. False awakenings often preceded lucidity as a cue, but they could also follow the realization of lucidity, often losing it in the process.[2]
Continuum[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2012)
Another type of false awakening is a continuum. In a continuum, the subject falls asleep in real life, but in the dream following, the brain simulates the subject as though they were still awake; i.e. the subject thinks he or she is still awake, but in reality, is asleep. At times the individual can perform actions unknowingly. The movie A Nightmare on Elm Street popularized this phenomenon. This phenomenon can be related to that of sleep-walking or carrying out actions in a state of unconsciousness.
Symptoms[edit]
Realism and unrealism[edit]
Certain aspects of life may be dramatized or out of place in false awakenings. Things may seem wrong: details, like the painting on a wall, not being able to talk or difficulty reading (reportedly, reading in lucid dreams is often difficult or impossible,[3]) In some experiences, the subject's senses are heightened, or changed.
Repetition[edit]
Because the mind still dreams after a false awakening, there may be more than one false awakening in a single dream. Subjects may dream they wake up, eat breakfast, brush their teeth, and so on; suddenly awake again in bed (still in a dream), begin morning rituals again, awaken again, and so forth. The philosopher Bertrand Russell claimed to have experienced "about a hundred" false awakenings in succession while coming around from a general anesthetic.[4]
Types[edit]
Celia Green suggested a distinction should be made between two types of false awakening:[1]
Type 1[edit]
Type 1 is the more common, in which the dreamer seems to wake up, but not necessarily in realistic surroundings, that is, not in their own bedroom. A pre-lucid dream may ensue. More commonly, dreamers will believe they have awakened, and then either wake up for real in their own bed or "fall back asleep" in the dream.
A common false awakening is a "late for work" scenario. A person may "wake up" in a typical room, with most things looking normal, and realize he or she overslept and missed the start time at work or school. Clocks, if found in the dream, will show time indicating that fact. The resulting panic is often strong enough to jar the person awake for real (much like from a nightmare). Another common Type 1 example of false awakening can result in bedwetting. In this scenario the dreamer has false awakened and while in the state of dream has performed all the traditional behaviors that precede urinating, including arising from bed, while still asleep and in bed.
Type 2[edit]
The type 2 false awakening seems to be considerably less common. Green characterized it as follows:
The subject appears to wake up in a realistic manner, but to an atmosphere of suspense.[...] The dreamers surroundings may at first appear normal, and they may gradually become aware of something uncanny in the atmosphere, and perhaps of unwonted [unusual] sounds and movements, or they may "awake" immediately to a "stressed" and "stormy" atmosphere. In either case, the end result would appear to be characterized by feelings of suspense, excitement or apprehension.[5]
Charles McCreery[6] drew attention to the similarity between this description and the description by the German psychopathologist Karl Jaspers (1923) of the so-called "primary delusionary experience" (a general feeling that precedes more specific delusory belief). Jaspers wrote:
Patients feel uncanny and that there is something suspicious afoot. Everything gets a new meaning. The environment is somehow different—not to a gross degree—perception is unaltered in itself but there is some change which envelops everything with a subtle, pervasive and strangely uncertain light.[...] Something seems in the air which the patient cannot account for, a distrustful, uncomfortable, uncanny tension invades him.[7]
McCreery suggests this phenomenological similarity is not coincidental, and results from the idea that both phenomena, the Type 2 false awakening and the primary delusionary experience, are phenomena of sleep.[8] He suggests that the primary delusionary experience, like other phenomena of psychosis such as hallucinations and secondary or specific delusions, represents an intrusion into waking consciousness of processes associated with stage 1 sleep. It is suggested that the reason for these intrusions is that the psychotic subject is in a state of hyper-arousal, a state that can lead to what Ian Oswald called "micro-sleeps"[9] in waking life.
Subjects may also experience sleep paralysis.
Cultural references[edit]
The ancient Chinese text, "Zhuangzi".
The video game Neverending Nightmares.
The film An American Werewolf in London.
The television program, Star Trek: Voyager, Season 4, Episode 13, "Waking Moments".
The movie Inception.
The movie Waking Life.
The album Until the Quiet Comes by Flying Lotus
The book Doctor Sleep by Stephen King
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Green, C. (1968). Lucid Dreams. London: Hamish Hamilton.
Jump up ^ Barrett, Deirdre. Flying dreams, false awakenings, and lucidity: An empirical study of their relationship. Dreaming: Journal of the Association for the Study of Dreams. Vol 1(2) p. 129–134, Jun 1991.
Jump up ^ see Green, C., and McCreery, C. (1994). People may also experience blindness. Lucid Dreaming: the Paradox of Consciousness During Sleep. London: Routledge, Ch. 10, for a discussion of this topic
Jump up ^ Russell, B. (1948). Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits. London: Allen and Unwin.
Jump up ^ Green, C. (1968). Lucid Dreams. London: Hamish Hamilton, p. 121.
Jump up ^ McCreery, C. (1997). "Hallucinations and arousability: pointers to a theory of psychosis". In Claridge, G. (ed.): Schizotypy, Implications for Illness and Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ Jaspers, K. (1923). General Psychopathology (translated by J. Hoenig and M.W. Hamilton). Manchester: Manchester University Press (first published in Germany, 1923, as Allgemeine Psychopathologie), p. 98.
Jump up ^ McCreery, C. (2008)."Dreams and psychosis: a new look at an old hypothesis." Psychological Paper No. 2008-1. Oxford: Oxford Forum.[1]
Jump up ^ Oswald, I. (1962). Sleeping and Waking: physiology and psychology. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
[show]
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