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Atlantic Charter
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The Atlantic Charter was a pivotal policy statement issued during World War II on 14 August 1941, which defined the Allied goals for the postwar world. The leaders of the United Kingdom and the United States drafted the work and all the Allies of World War II later confirmed it. The Charter stated the ideal goals of the war – no territorial aggrandizement; no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people, self-determination; restoration of self-government to those deprived of it; reduction of trade restrictions; global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all; freedom from fear and want; freedom of the seas; and abandonment of the use of force, as well as disarmament of aggressor nations. Adherents of the Atlantic Charter signed the Declaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942, which became the basis for the modern United Nations.
The Atlantic Charter set goals for the postwar world and inspired many of the international agreements that shaped the world thereafter. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the postwar independence of European colonies, and much more are derived from the Atlantic Charter.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 Content and analysis
3 Origin of the name
4 Acceptance by Inter-Allied Council and by United Nations
5 Impact on the Axis powers
6 Impact on imperial powers and imperial ambitions
6.1 British Empire
6.2 Poland
6.3 Baltic states
7 Participants
8 See also
9 Notes
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Origin[edit]
Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill aboard HMS Prince of Wales in 1941
U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill drafted the Atlantic Charter at the Atlantic Conference (codenamed Riviera) in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland.[1] They issued it as a joint declaration on 14 August 1941 at Naval Station Argentia although the United States would not officially enter the War until four months later. The policy was issued as a statement; as such there was no formal, legal document entitled "The Atlantic Charter". It detailed the goals and aims of the Allied powers concerning the war and the postwar world.
Many of the ideas of the Charter came from an ideology of Anglo-American internationalism that sought British and American cooperation for the cause of international security.[2] Roosevelt's attempts to tie Britain to concrete war aims and Churchill's desperation to bind the U.S. to the war effort helped provide motivations for the meeting which produced the Atlantic Charter. It was assumed at the time that Britain and America would have an equal role to play in any postwar international organization that would be based on the principles of the Atlantic Charter.[3]
Churchill and Roosevelt began communicating in 1939; this was the first of their 11 wartime meetings.[4] Both men traveled in secret; Roosevelt was on a ten-day fishing trip.[5] On 9 August 1941, the British battleship HMS Prince of Wales steamed into Placentia Bay, with Churchill on board, and met the American heavy cruiser USS Augusta, where Roosevelt and members of his staff were waiting. On first meeting, Churchill and Roosevelt were silent for a moment until Churchill said "At long last, Mr. President", to which Roosevelt replied "Glad to have you aboard, Mr. Churchill". Churchill then delivered to the president a letter from King George VI and made an official statement which, despite two attempts, the movie sound crew present failed to record.[6]
Content and analysis[edit]
Winston Churchill's edited copy of the final draft of the charter
Printed copy of Atlantic Charter distributed as propaganda
The Atlantic Charter made clear that the United States was supporting the United Kingdom in the war. Both the USA and UK wanted to present their unity, regarding their mutual principles and hopes for a peaceful postwar world and the policies they agreed to follow once the Nazis had been defeated.[7] A fundamental aim was to focus on the peace that would follow, and not specific American involvement and war strategy, although American involvement appeared increasingly likely.[8]
The eight principal points of the Charter were:
no territorial gains were to be sought by the United States or the United Kingdom;
territorial adjustments must be in accord with the wishes of the peoples concerned;
all people had a right to self-determination;
trade barriers were to be lowered;
there was to be global economic cooperation and advancement of social welfare;
the participants would work for a world free of want and fear;
the participants would work for freedom of the seas;
there was to be disarmament of aggressor nations, and a common disarmament after the war.
Although Clause Three clearly states that all peoples have the right to decide their form of government, it fails to say what changes are necessary in both social and economic terms, so as to achieve freedom and peace.[9]
Clause Four, with respect to international trade, consciously emphasized that both "victor [and] vanquished" would be given market access "on equal terms." This was a repudiation of the punitive trade relations that were established within Europe after World War I, as exemplified by the Paris Economy Pact.
Only two clauses expressly discuss national, social, and economic conditions necessary after the war, despite this significance.
Origin of the name[edit]
When it was released to the public, the Charter was titled "Joint Declaration by the President and the Prime Minister" and was generally known as the "Joint Declaration". The Labour Party newspaper Daily Herald coined the name Atlantic Charter, but Churchill used it in Parliament on 24 August 1941, and it has since been generally adopted.[10]
No signed version ever existed. The document was threshed out through several drafts and the final agreed text was telegraphed to London and Washington. President Roosevelt gave Congress the Charter's content on 21 August 1941.[11] He said later, "There isn't any copy of the Atlantic Charter, so far as I know. I haven't got one. The British haven't got one. The nearest thing you will get is the [message of the] radio operator on Augusta and Prince of Wales. That's the nearest thing you will come to it ... There was no formal document."[4]
The British War Cabinet replied with its approval and a similar acceptance was telegraphed from Washington. During this process, an error crept into the London text, but this was subsequently corrected. The account in Churchill's The Second World War concludes "A number of verbal alterations were agreed, and the document was then in its final shape", and makes no mention of any signing or ceremony. In Churchill's account of the Yalta Conference he quotes Roosevelt saying of the unwritten British constitution that "it was like the Atlantic Charter – the document did not exist, yet all the world knew about it. Among his papers he had found one copy signed by himself and me, but strange to say both signatures were in his own handwriting."[12]
Acceptance by Inter-Allied Council and by United Nations[edit]
The Allied nations and leading organisations quickly and widely endorsed the Charter.[13] At the subsequent meeting of the Inter-Allied Council in London on 24 September 1941, the governments in exile of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and Yugoslavia, as well as the Soviet Union, and representatives of the Free French Forces, unanimously adopted adherence to the common principles of policy set forth in the Atlantic Charter.[14] On 1 January 1942, a larger group of nations, who adhered to the principles of the Atlantic Charter, issued a joint Declaration by United Nations stressing their solidarity in the defense against Hitlerism.[15]
Impact on the Axis powers[edit]
World map of colonization at the end of the Second World War in 1945
The Axis powers interpreted these diplomatic agreements as a potential alliance against them. In Tokyo, the Atlantic Charter rallied support for the militarists in the Japanese government, who pushed for a more aggressive approach against the U.S. and Britain.
The British dropped millions of flysheets over Germany to allay fears of a punitive peace that would destroy the German state. The text cited the Charter as the authoritative statement of the joint commitment of Great Britain and the U.S. "not to admit any economical discrimination of those defeated" and promised that "Germany and the other states can again achieve enduring peace and prosperity."[16]
The most striking feature of the discussion was that an agreement had been made between a range of countries that held diverse opinions, who were accepting that internal policies were relevant to the international problem.[17] The agreement proved to be one of the first steps towards the formation of the United Nations.
Impact on imperial powers and imperial ambitions[edit]
The problems came not from Germany and Japan, but from those of the allies that had empires and which resisted self-determination—especially the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the Netherlands. Initially it appears that Roosevelt and Churchill had agreed that the third point of Charter was not going to apply to Africa and Asia. However Roosevelt's speechwriter Robert E. Sherwood noted that "it was not long before the people of India, Burma, Malaya, and Indonesia were beginning to ask if the Atlantic Charter extended also to the Pacific and to Asia in general." With a war that could only be won with the help of these allies, Roosevelt's solution was to put some pressure on Britain but to postpone until after the war the issue of self-determination of the colonies.[18]
British Empire[edit]
Public opinion in Britain and the Commonwealth was delighted with the principles of the meetings but disappointed that the U.S. was not entering the war. Churchill admitted that he had hoped the U.S. would finally decide to commit itself.
The acknowledgement that all people had a right to self-determination gave hope to independence leaders in British colonies.[19]
The Americans were insistent that the charter was to acknowledge that the war was being fought to ensure self-determination.[20] The British were forced to agree to these aims but in a September 1941 speech, Churchill stated that the Charter was only meant to apply to states under German occupation, and certainly not to the countries who formed part of the British Empire.[21]
Churchill rejected its universal applicability when it came to the self-determination of subject nations such as British India. Mahatma Gandhi in 1942 wrote to President Roosevelt: "I venture to think that the Allied declaration that the Allies are fighting to make the world safe for the freedom of the individual and for democracy sounds hollow so long as India and for that matter Africa are exploited by Great Britain..."[22] While self-determination was Roosevelt's guiding principle, he was reluctant to place pressure on the British in regard to India and other colonial possessions as they were fighting for their lives in a war in which the United States was not a participant.[23] Gandhi refused to help either the British or the American war effort against Germany and Japan in any way, and Roosevelt chose to back Churchill.[24] India was already contributing significantly to the war effort, sending over 2.5 million men (the largest volunteer force in the world at the time) to fight for the Allies, mostly in West Asia and North Africa.[25]
Poland[edit]
Churchill was unhappy with the inclusion of references to peoples' right to "self-determination" and stated that he considered the Charter an "interim and partial statement of war aims designed to reassure all countries of our righteous purpose and not the complete structure which we should build after the victory." An office of the Polish Government in Exile wrote to warn Władysław Sikorski that if the Charter was implemented with regard to national self-determination, it would make the desired Polish annexation of Danzig, East Prussia and parts of German Silesia impossible, which led the Poles to approach Britain asking for a flexible interpretation of the Charter.[26]
Baltic states[edit]
During the war Churchill argued for an interpretation of the charter in order to allow the Soviet Union to continue to control the Baltic states, an interpretation rejected by the U.S. until March 1944.[27] Lord Beaverbrook warned that the Atlantic Charter "would be a menace to our [Britain's] own safety as well as to that of the Soviet Union." The U.S. refused to recognise the Soviet takeover of the Baltics, but did not press the issue against Stalin when he was fighting the Germans.[28] Roosevelt planned to raise the Baltic issue after the war, but he died in April 1945, before fighting had ended in Europe.[29]
Participants[edit]
United Kingdom
Prime Minister Winston Churchill
General Sir John Dill, British Army
Admiral Sir Dudley Pound, Royal Navy
United States
President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Admiral Ernest J. King, US Navy
Admiral Harold R. Stark, US Navy
General George C. Marshall, US Army
Presidential adviser Harry Hopkins
US Ambassador to Great Britain and Soviet Union W. Averell Harriman
See also[edit]
List of World War II conferences
Fourteen Points
United Kingdom–United States relations
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Langer and Gleason, chapter 21
Jump up ^ Cull, pp. 4, 6
Jump up ^ Cull, pp 15, 21.
^ Jump up to: a b Gunther, pp. 15–16
Jump up ^ Weigold, pp. 15–16
Jump up ^ Gratwick, p. 72
Jump up ^ Stone, p. 5
Jump up ^ O'Sullivan and Welles
Jump up ^ Stone, p. 21
Jump up ^ Wrigley, p. 29
Jump up ^ "President Roosevelt's message to Congress on the Atlantic Charter". The Avalon Project. Lillian Goldman Law Library. 21 August 1941. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Churchill, p. 393
Jump up ^ Lauren|, pp. 140–41
Jump up ^ "Inter-Allied Council Statement on the Principles of the Atlantic Charter". The Avalon Project. Lillian Goldman Law Library. 24 September 1941. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Joint Declaration by the United Nations". The Avalon Project. Lillian Goldman Law Library. 1 January 1942. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Sauer, p. 407
Jump up ^ Stone, p. 80
Jump up ^ Borgwardt, p. 29
Jump up ^ Bayly and Harper
Jump up ^ Louis (1985) pp. 395–420
Jump up ^ Crawford, p. 297
Jump up ^ Sathasivam, p. 59
Jump up ^ Joseph P. Lash, Roosevelt and Churchill, 1939-1941, W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 1976, pp. 447–448.
Jump up ^ Louis, (2006), p. 400
Jump up ^ "Second World War Memorials". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Prażmowska, p. 93
Jump up ^ Whitcomb, p. 18;
Jump up ^ Louis (1998), p. 224
Jump up ^ Hoopes and Brinkley, p. 52
Bibliography[edit]
Bayly, C.; Harper, T. (2004). Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. ISBN 9780674017481.
Beschloss, Michael R. (2003). The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780743244541.
Borgwardt, Elizabeth (2007). A new deal for the world: America's vision for human rights. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674281912.
Brinkley, Douglas G.; Facey-Crowther, David, eds. (1994). The Atlantic Charter. Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780312089306.
Charmley, John. "Churchill and the American Alliance". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. Royal Historical Society. Sixth Series 11. ISSN 0080-4401. JSTOR 3679428.
Churchill, Winston (2010). Triumph and Tragedy: The Second World War. RosettaBooks. ISBN 9780795311475.
Crawford, Neta C. (2002). Argument and Change in World Politics: Ethics, Decolonization, and Humanitarian Intervention. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521002790. )
Cull, Nicholas (March 1996). "Selling peace: the origins, promotion and fate of the Anglo-American new order during the Second World War". Diplomacy and Statecraft. 7 (1). doi:10.1080/09592299608405992.
Gratwick, Harry (2009). Penobscot Bay: People, Ports & Pastimes. The History Press.
Gunther, John (1950). Roosevelt in retrospect: a profile in history. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Hein, David (July 2013). "Vulnerable: HMS Prince of Wales in 1941". Journal of Military History. 77 (3).
Jordan, Jonathan W. (2015), American Warlords: How Roosevelt's High Command Led America to Victory in World War II (NAL/Caliber 2015).
Hoopes, Townsend; Brinkley, Douglas (2000). FDR and the Creation of the U.N. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300085532.
Kimball, Warren (1997). Forged in war: Churchill, Roosevelt and the Second World War. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 9780062034847.
Langer, William L.; Gleason, S. Everett (1953). The Undeclared War 1940–1941: The World Crisis and American Foreign Policy. Harper & Brothers. ISBN 978-1258766986.
Lauren, Paul Gordon (2011). The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen. U of Pennsylvania Press.
Louis, William Roger (Summer 1985). "American Anti-Colonialism and the Dissolution of the British Empire". International Affairs. Royal Institute of International (Affairs 1944–). 61 (3). ISSN 0020-5850. JSTOR 2618660.
Louis, William Roger (2006). Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization. London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781845113476.
Louis, William Roger (1998). More adventures with Britannia: Personalities, Politics and Culture in Britain. London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781860642937.
O'Sullivan, Christopher D. (2008). Sumner Welles, Post-War Planning and the Quest for a New World Order 1937–1943. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231142588.
Prażmowska, Anita (1995). Britain and Poland, 1939–1943: the betrayed ally. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521483858.
Sauer, Ernst (1955). Grundlehre des Völkerrechts, 2nd edition (in German). Cologne: Carl Heymanns.
Smith, Jean Edward (2008). FDR. New York: Random House LLC. ISBN 9780812970494.
Sathasivam, Kanishkan (2005). 'Uneasy Neighbors: India, Pakistan, and US Foreign Policy. Surrey, UK: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 9780754637622.
Stone, Julius (June 1942). "Peace Planning and the Atlantic Charter". Australian Quarterly. Australian Institute of Policy and Science. 14 (2). ISSN 0005-0091. JSTOR 20631017.
Whitcomb, Roger S. (1998). The Cold War in Retrospect: The Formative Years. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 9780275962531.
Weigold, Auriol (2008). Churchill, Roosevelt and India: Propaganda During World War II. Taylor & Francis US.
Wrigley, Chris (2002). Winston Churchill: A Biographical Companion. ABC-CLIO.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atlantic Charter.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Atlantic Charter
BBC News
The Atlantic Conference from the Avalon Project
Letter from The Ambassador Patrick J. Hurley to the U.S. Secretary of State TEHRAN, April 14, 1945. Describing meeting with Churchill, where Churchill vehemently states that the U.K. is in no way bound to the principles of the Atlantic Charter.
The Atlantic Charter
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text:
Scythe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Scythe (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Sickle.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Parts of a scythe:
1. Toe
2. Chine
3. Beard
4. Heel
5. Tang
6. Ring
7. Snath or snaith
8. Grips
A scythe (/saɪð, saɪθ/)[1] is an agricultural hand tool for mowing grass or reaping crops. It has largely been replaced by horse-drawn and then tractor machinery, but is still used in some areas of Europe and Asia.
The word "scythe" derives from Old English siðe.[1] In Middle English and after it was usually spelt sithe or sythe. However, in the 15th century some writers began to use the sc- spelling as they thought (wrongly) the word was related to the Latin scindere (meaning "to cut").[2] Nevertheless, the sithe spelling lingered and notably appears in Noah Webster's dictionaries.[3][4]
A traditional wooden scythe.
A modern scythe of a pattern common in parts of Europe
A scythe consists of a shaft about 170 centimetres (67 in) long called a snaith, snath, snathe or sned, traditionally made of wood but now sometimes metal. Simple snaiths are straight with offset handles, others have an "S" curve or are steam bent in three dimensions to place the handles in an ergonomic configuration but close to shaft. The snaith has either one or two short handles at right angles to it, usually one near the upper end and always another roughly in the middle. The handles are usually adjustable to suit the user. A curved, steel blade between 60 to 90 centimetres (24 to 35 in)) long is mounted at the lower end at 90°, or less, to the snaith. Scythes almost always have the blade projecting from the left side of the snaith when in use, with the edge towards the mower; left-handed scythes are made but cannot be used together with right-handed scythes as the left-handed mower would be mowing in the opposite direction and could not mow in a team.
Contents
[hide]
1 Use
1.1 The mowing action
1.2 Sharpening
2 History
3 In national cultures
4 In art
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Use[edit]
Using a scythe
The addition of a cradle aligns the seed heads and makes picking up and winnowing easier
The use of a scythe is traditionally called mowing, now often scything to distinguish it from machine mowing. The mower holds the top handle in the left hand and the central one in the right, with the arms straight, the blade parallel and very close to the ground and the uncut grass to the right. The body is then twisted to the right, the blade hooks the grass and is swung steadily to the left in a long arc ending in front of the mower and depositing the cut grass neatly to the left. The mower takes a small step forward and repeats the motion, proceeding with a steady rhythm, stopping at frequent intervals to hone the blade. The correct technique has a slicing action on the grass, cutting a narrow strip with each stroke, leaving a uniform stubble on the ground and forming a regular windrow on the left.[5]
The mower moves along the mowing-edge with the uncut grass to the right and the cut grass laid in a neat row to the left, on the previously mown land. Each strip of ground mown by a scythe is called a swathe (pronounced /sweɪð/: rhymes with "bathe") or swath (/swɒθ/: rhymes with "Goth"). Mowing may be done by a team of mowers, usually starting at the edges of a meadow then proceeding clockwise and finishing in the middle. Mowing grass is easier when it is damp, and so hay-making traditionally began at dawn and often stopped early, the heat of the day being spent raking and carting the hay cut on previous days or peening the blades.
Scythes are designed for different tasks. A long, thin blade 90 to 100 centimetres (35 to 39 in) is most efficient for mowing grass or wheat, while a shorter, more robust scythe 60 to 70 centimetres (24 to 28 in) is more appropriate for clearing weeds, cutting reed or sedge and can be used with the blade under water for clearing ditches and waterways. Skilled mowers using traditional long-bladed scythes honed very sharp were used to maintain short lawn grass until the invention of the lawnmower. Many cultures have used a variety of 'cradles' to catch cut different kinds of grain stems, keeping the seed heads aligned and laying them down in an orderly fashion to make them easier to sheaf and winnow.
Mowing with a scythe is a skilled task made to look easy by experienced mowers but needs time to learn the skill. Long-bladed traditional scythes, typically around 90 centimetres (35 in) (such as in the example below) and suitable for mowing grass or wheat are harder to use at first, consequently, beginners usually start on shorter blades, say 70 centimetres (28 in) or less. Common beginner's errors include: setting up the snaith with the handles in the wrong locations to suit the body, setting the blade at the wrong turn-in and turn-up angles to suit the conditions, choosing a blade that is too long for the skill level, failing to start with a sharp edge and persevering with a dull one during use, chopping or hacking at the grass, trying to cut too wide a strip of grass at once and striking the ground with the blade. Traditionally, beginners relied on mentors to help them set up and maintain their scythe and to teach them to mow comfortably and efficiently.
The mowing action[edit]
1. Start of the stroke after stepping forward into the swathe.
2. Swinging left into the cut and deepening the swathe.
3. Finish of the stroke and depositing on the windrow to the left.
Sharpening[edit]
The cutting edge of a scythe blade is traditionally maintained by occasional peening followed by frequent honing. Peening reforms the malleable edge, by hammering, to: create the desired profile, to temper the metal and to remove minor nicks and dents. For mowing fine grass the bevel angle may be peened extremely fine, while for coarser work a larger angle is created to give a more robust edge. Peening requires some skill and is done using a peening hammer and special anvils or by using a peening jig. Historically, a peening station was set up on the edge of the field during harvest but now more likely back in the workshop.
In the example below, a short scythe blade, being used to clear brambles, is being sharpened. Before going to the forest the blade is peened back in the workshop, this reforms the malleable steel to create an edge profile that can then be honed. Peening is done only occasionally, how often depends on the hardness of the steel and the nature of the work. The Austrian blade shown is being used to cut tough-stemmed brambles and it is being peened about every thirty hours of work. Nicks and cuts to the blade edge can usually be worked out of the blade by peening and a new edge profile formed for honing. A peening jig is being used here but blades can be free-peened using various designs of peening anvils. The peening jig shown has two interchangeable caps that set different angles; a coarse angle is set first about 3mm back from the edge and the fine angle is then set on the edge, leaving an edge that lends itself to being easily honed. The blade is then honed using progressively finer honing stones and then taken to the field. In the field the blade is honed using a fine, ovoid whetstone (or rubber), fine-grained for grass, coarser for cereal crops. Honing is done the moment the mower senses that the edge has gone off, this may be every half hour depending on the conditions. The laminated honing stone shown here has two grades of stone and is carried into the field soaking in a water-filled holster on the belt. A burr is set up on the outside of the blade by stroking the blade on the inside, the burr is then taken off by gently stroking it on the outside. There are a great many opinions, regional traditions and variations on exactly how to do this, some eastern European countries even set up the burr on the inside.[6][7]
A peening jig anvil, note the two colour-coded caps
Peening a scythe blade using the jig
A typical ovoid honing stone soaking in a water filled sheath
Setting up a burr on the outside of the blade by honing on the inside.
Taking the burr off the outside of the blade by honing on the outside.
The finished blade
Historical image, from a 1945 wheat harvest, showing a very long blade being honed on the job. Setting up the burr.
Removing the burr on the outside face, ready to mow again.
Unlike the European blades, typical American style blades are made of harder, more brittle steel and are not usually peened, or cannot be peened at all, without cracking. The harder blade holds an edge longer and requires less frequent honing in the field but after heavy use or damage the edge must be reshaped by grinding, which subtracts metal, rather than reforming the more malleable edge by peening. Some examples have a laminated construction with a hard, brittle, core providing the edge and softer sides providing strength.
History[edit]
German peasant with scythe from 850 AD
The scythe may have dated back as far as c. 500 BC, and seems to have been used in Ancient Rome, but became more common in Europe with agricultural developments during the Carolingian era (8th century AD).[8] Initially used mostly for mowing hay, it had replaced the sickle for reaping crops by the 16th century as the scythe was better ergonomically and consequently more efficient. In about 1800 the grain cradle, was sometimes added to the standard scythe when mowing grain; the cradle was an addition of light wooden fingers above the scythe blade which kept the grain stems aligned and the heads together to make the collection and threshing easier. In the developed world the scythe has largely been replaced by the motorised lawn mower and combine harvester. However, the scythe remained in common use for many years after the introduction of machines because a side-mounted finger-bar mower, whether horse or tractor drawn, could not mow in front of itself and scythes were still needed to open up a meadow by clearing the first swathe to give the mechanical mower room to start.
The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities of Sir William Smith claims that the scythe, known in Latin as the falx foenaria as opposed to the sickle, the falx messoria, was used by the ancient Romans.According to ancient Greek mythology it was believed that Gaea the Greek goddess mother of Titans gave 'a sickle was made out of the strongest metal' to her youngest son 'Kronos' who is also youngest of Titans (also known as God of Harvest) to seek vengeance against her Husband Ouranos for Torturing their oldest sons. To illustrate this, Smith cites an image of Saturn holding a scythe, from an ancient Italian cameo. The Grim Reaper and the Greek Titan Cronus were often depicted carrying or wielding a scythe. According to Jack Herer and "Flesh of The Gods" (Emboden, W.A., Jr., Praeger Press, NY, 1974.); the ancient Scythians grew hemp and harvested it with a hand reaper that we still call a scythe.
The Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet in Sheffield, England is a museum of a scythe-making works that was in operation from the end of the 18th century until the 1930s.[9] This was part of the former scythe-making district of north Derbyshire, which extended into Eckington.[10] Other English scythe-making districts include that around Belbroughton.[11]
The German Renaissance scythe sword, the Greek and Roman harpe and the Egyptian khopesh were scythes or sickles modified as weapons or symbols of authority. An improvised conversion of the agricultural scythe to a war scythe by re-attaching the blade parallel to the snaith, similar to a bill has also been used throughout history as a weapon. See Scythes in art below for an example.
In national cultures[edit]
The under-side of the blade normally facing the ground, note that it is convex across it width while the top side is concave or cupped.
This snaith has been steam-bent to place the handles in the correct position for the mower without the need to offset them. The diagonal tension brace is atypical.
The scythe is still an indispensable tool for farmers in developing countries and in mountainous terrain.
In Romania, for example, in the highland landscape of the Transylvanian Apuseni mountains,[12] scything is a very important annual activity, taking about 2–3 weeks to complete for a regular house. As scything is a tiring physical activity and is relatively difficult to learn, farmers help each other by forming teams. After each day's harvest, the farmers often celebrate by having a small feast where they dance, drink and eat, while being careful to keep in shape for the next day's hard work. In other parts of the Balkans, such as in Serbian towns, scything competitions are held where the winner takes away a small silver scythe.[13] In small Serbian towns, scything is treasured as part of the local folklore, and the winners of friendly competitions are rewarded richly[14] with food and drink, which they share with their competitors.
Among Basques scythe-mowing competitions are still a popular traditional sport, called segalaritza (from Spanish verb segar: to mow). Each contender competes to cut a defined section of grown grass before his rival does the same.
There is an international scything competition held at Goricko[15] where people from Austria, Hungary, Serbia and Romania, or as far away as Asia appear to showcase their culturally unique method of reaping crops.[16] In 2009, a Japanese gentleman showcased a wooden reaping tool with a metal edge, which he used to show how rice was cut. He was impressed with the speed of the local reapers, but said such a large scythe would never work in Japan.
The Norwegian municipality of Hornindal has three scythe blades in its coat-of-arms.
Scythes are beginning a comeback in American suburbs, since they "don't use gas, don't get hot, don't make noise, do make for exercise, and do cut grass".[17]
In art[edit]
1817 illustration of a Polish peasant sharpening a scythe. (Drawn by Jan Piotr Norblin, engraved by Philibert-Louis Debucourt.)
Death and the woodcutter by Jean-François Millet, 1859
Niittomiehet (Mowers men), by Pekka Halonen, 1891
Death and the Mother by Niels Hansen Jacobsen - Sankt Petri, Copenhagen
Peasant infantry armed with scythes pray before the battle of Racławice (1794) by Józef Chełmoński.
Winslow Homer, The Veteran in a New Field' 1865'
See also[edit]
Bagging hook, similar to the sickle
Billhook, a version of the sickle used for cutting woody stems
Grain cradle, for aligning grain stems
Harpe, a Greek or Roman long sickle or scythe
Khopesh, an Egyptian long sickle or scythe as a weapon
Scythe sword, scythe blade converted to use as a weapon
Sickle, the archetypal forerunner of the scythe
War scythe, a polearm resembling a modified scythe
Kama (weapon), a Japanese hand scythe used in farming, and martial arts
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 1933: Scythe
Jump up ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com.
Jump up ^ "Browse 1828 => Word SITHE :: Search the 1828 Noah Webster's Dictionary of the English Language". 1828.mshaffer.com. 2012-06-03. Retrieved 2012-06-03.
Jump up ^ "Browse 1913 => Word SITHE :: Search the 1913 Noah Webster's Dictionary of the English Language". 1913.mshaffer.com. 2012-06-03. Retrieved 2012-06-03.
Jump up ^ "How to Use a Scythe - Modern Homesteading - MOTHER EARTH NEWS".
Jump up ^ "Peening and Sharpening - Scythe Cymru".
Jump up ^ Tomlin, Steve (31 May 2016). "Learning to peen a scythe".
Jump up ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Scythe". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust. Simt.co.uk (2010-10-03). Retrieved on 2011-03-09.
Jump up ^ K. M. Battye, 'Sickle-makers and other metalworkers in Eckington 1534–1750: a study of metal workers tools, raw materials and made goods, using probate wills and inventories' Tools and Trades 12 (2000), 26–38.
Jump up ^ P. W. King, 'The north Worcestershire Scythe Industry' Historical Metallurgy 41(2), 124–47.
Jump up ^ Reif, Albert; Ruşdea, Evelyn; Păcurar, Florin; Rotar, Ioan; Brinkmann, Katja; Auch, Eckhard; Goia, Augustin; Bühler, Josef (2008). "A Traditional Cultural Landscape in Transformation". Mountain Research and Development. 28: 18. doi:10.1659/mrd.0806.
Jump up ^ Events in Serbia. Hay making on Rajac. Accommodation in Sumadija. Guaranted Tours. Visitserbia.org. Retrieved on 2011-03-09.
Jump up ^ Serbian Scything Competition on Mt. Plavinac photo | stock photos Profimedia #0071934552. Profimedia.rs (2010-06-13). Retrieved on 2011-03-09.
Jump up ^ Krajinski park Goričko. Park-goricko.org (2010-05-21). Retrieved on 2011-03-09.
Jump up ^ Blog Archives. The One Scythe Revolution (2010-02-28). Retrieved on 2011-03-09.
Jump up ^ Newman, Barry (June 29, 2012). "Who Needs a WeedWacker When You Can Use a Scythe? Grim Reaper Jokes Aside, Suburbanites Take Swing at Ancient Mower". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scythes.
Scythe Network, a site dedicated to modern usage, with links to numerous equipment suppliers in North America.
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text:
2014 FIFA World Cup statistics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The following article outlines the statistics for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, which took place in Brazil from 12 June to 13 July.
Goals scored from penalty shoot-outs are not counted, and matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.
Contents
[hide]
1 Goalscorers
2 Assists
3 Scoring
4 Wins and losses
5 Match awards
5.1 Man of the Match
5.2 Clean sheets
6 Discipline
7 Multiple World Cups
8 Overall results
8.1 By team
8.2 By confederation
9 Stadiums
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Goalscorers[edit]
The winner of the Golden Boot was James Rodríguez.
6 goals
James Rodríguez
5 goals
Thomas Müller
4 goals
Lionel Messi
Neymar
Robin van Persie
3 goals
Enner Valencia
Karim Benzema
André Schürrle
Arjen Robben
Xherdan Shaqiri
2 goals
Abdelmoumene Djabou
Islam Slimani
Tim Cahill
David Luiz
Oscar
Alexis Sánchez
Jackson Martínez
Bryan Ruiz
Mario Mandžukić
Ivan Perišić
Mario Götze
Mats Hummels
Miroslav Klose
Toni Kroos
André Ayew
Asamoah Gyan
Wilfried Bony
Gervinho
Memphis Depay
Ahmed Musa
Clint Dempsey
Luis Suárez
1 goal
Yacine Brahimi
Sofiane Feghouli
Rafik Halliche
Ángel Di María
Gonzalo Higuaín
Marcos Rojo
Mile Jedinak
Kevin De Bruyne
Marouane Fellaini
Romelu Lukaku
Dries Mertens
Divock Origi
Jan Vertonghen
Edin Džeko
Vedad Ibišević
Miralem Pjanić
Avdija Vršajević
Fernandinho
Fred
Thiago Silva
Joël Matip
Charles Aránguiz
Jean Beausejour
Jorge Valdivia
Eduardo Vargas
Pablo Armero
Juan Cuadrado
Teófilo Gutiérrez
Juan Quintero
Joel Campbell
Óscar Duarte
Marco Ureña
Ivica Olić
Wayne Rooney
Daniel Sturridge
Olivier Giroud
Blaise Matuidi
Paul Pogba
Moussa Sissoko
Mathieu Valbuena
Sami Khedira
Mesut Özil
Sokratis Papastathopoulos
Georgios Samaras
Andreas Samaris
Carlo Costly
Reza Ghoochannejhad
Mario Balotelli
Claudio Marchisio
Keisuke Honda
Shinji Okazaki
Giovani dos Santos
Andrés Guardado
Javier Hernández
Rafael Márquez
Oribe Peralta
Daley Blind
Stefan de Vrij
Leroy Fer
Klaas-Jan Huntelaar
Wesley Sneijder
Georginio Wijnaldum
Peter Odemwingie
Cristiano Ronaldo
Nani
Silvestre Varela
Aleksandr Kerzhakov
Aleksandr Kokorin
Koo Ja-cheol
Lee Keun-ho
Son Heung-min
Xabi Alonso
Juan Mata
Fernando Torres
David Villa
Blerim Džemaili
Admir Mehmedi
Haris Seferović
Granit Xhaka
John Brooks
Julian Green
Jermaine Jones
Edinson Cavani
Diego Godín
Own goals
Sead Kolašinac (against Argentina)
Marcelo (against Croatia)
John Boye (against Portugal)
Noel Valladares (against France)
Joseph Yobo (against France)
Source: FIFA[1]
Assists[edit]
Toni Kroos topped the assists table with four assists during the tournament.
4 assists
Toni Kroos
3 assists
Juan Cuadrado
Karim Benzema
André Schürrle
2 assists
Kevin De Bruyne
Eden Hazard
Alexis Sánchez
Abel Aguilar
James Rodríguez
Christian Bolaños
Walter Ayoví
Mathieu Valbuena
Philipp Lahm
Thomas Müller
Mesut Özil
Serge Aurier
Daley Blind
Daryl Janmaat
Josip Drmić
Graham Zusi
1 assist
Yacine Brahimi
Abdelmoumene Djabou
Sofiane Feghouli
Carl Medjani
Islam Slimani
Ángel Di María
Ezequiel Garay
Gonzalo Higuaín
Lionel Messi
Marcos Rojo
Ryan McGowan
Tommy Oar
Romelu Lukaku
Divock Origi
Edin Džeko
Senad Lulić
Miralem Pjanić
Tino-Sven Sušić
Dante
David Luiz
Luiz Gustavo
Marcelo
Neymar
Oscar
Thiago Silva
Allan Nyom
Charles Aránguiz
Mauricio Pinilla
Jorge Valdivia
Eduardo Vargas
Teófilo Gutiérrez
Adrián Ramos
Joel Campbell
Júnior Díaz
Cristian Gamboa
Eduardo
Nikica Jelavić
Ivan Perišić
Danijel Pranjić
Ivan Rakitić
Juan Carlos Paredes
Glen Johnson
Wayne Rooney
Mathieu Debuchy
Paul Pogba
Benedikt Höwedes
Sami Khedira
Kwadwo Asamoah
John Boye
Asamoah Gyan
Sulley Muntari
Theofanis Gekas
Georgios Samaras
Brayan Beckeles
Javad Nekounam
Antonio Candreva
Andrea Pirlo
Gervinho
Keisuke Honda
Yuto Nagatomo
Giovani dos Santos
Héctor Herrera
Rafael Márquez
Memphis Depay
Klaas-Jan Huntelaar
Arjen Robben
Wesley Sneijder
Michel Babatunde
Emmanuel Emenike
Cristiano Ronaldo
Miguel Veloso
Dmitri Kombarov
Lee Keun-ho
Yun Suk-young
Cesc Fàbregas
Andrés Iniesta
Juanfran
Gökhan Inler
Admir Mehmedi
Ricardo Rodríguez
Michael Bradley
Edinson Cavani
Fernando Muslera
Gastón Ramírez
Source: UEFA[2]
Scoring[edit]
Overall
Total number of goals scored: 171
Average goals per match: 2.67
Total number of braces: 14
Karim Benzema, Toni Kroos, Mario Mandžukić, Jackson Martínez, Lionel Messi, Ahmed Musa, Neymar (2), Robin van Persie, Arjen Robben, James Rodríguez, André Schürrle, Luis Suárez, Enner Valencia
Total number of hat-tricks: 2
Thomas Müller, Xherdan Shaqiri
Total number of penalty kicks awarded: 13
Total number of penalty kicks scored: 12
Xabi Alonso, Karim Benzema, Edinson Cavani, Juan Cuadrado, Sofiane Feghouli, Klaas-Jan Huntelaar, Mile Jedinak, Thomas Müller, Neymar, Robin van Persie, James Rodríguez, Georgios Samaras
Total number of penalty kicks missed or saved: 1
Karim Benzema
Penalty kick success rate: 7001923100000000000♠92.31%
Own goals scored: 5
John Boye, Sead Kolašinac, Marcelo, Noel Valladares, Joseph Yobo
Timing
First goal of the tournament: Marcelo (own goal) for Croatia against Brazil
First brace of the tournament: Neymar for Brazil against Croatia
First hat-trick of the tournament: Thomas Müller for Germany against Portugal
Last goal of the tournament: Mario Götze for Germany against Argentina
Last brace of the tournament: André Schürrle for Germany against Brazil
Last hat-trick of the tournament: Xherdan Shaqiri for Switzerland against Honduras
Fastest goal in a match from kickoff: 1st minute (0:30)
Clint Dempsey for United States - MS against Ghana
Fastest goal in a match after coming on as a substitute: 2 minutes
Marco Ureña for Costa Rica against Uruguay (introduced in the 83rd minute), Admir Mehmedi for Switzerland against Ecuador (introduced in the 46th minute), Miroslav Klose for Germany against Ghana (introduced in the 69th minute), Leroy Fer for Netherlands against Chile (introduced in the 75th minute), Julian Green for United States - MS against Belgium (introduced in the 105+2nd minute)
Latest goal in a match without extra time: 90+5th minute
Silvestre Varela for Portugal against United States - MS
Latest goal in a match with extra time: 120+1st minute
Abdelmoumene Djabou for Algeria against Germany
Latest winning goal in a match without extra time: 90+4th minute
Klaas-Jan Huntelaar for Netherlands against Mexico
Latest winning goal in a match with extra time: 118th minute
Ángel Di María for Argentina against Switzerland
Shortest time difference between two goals scored by the same team in a match: 2 minutes (1:06)
Olivier Giroud and Blaise Matuidi for France against Switzerland
Teams
Most goals scored by a team: 18
Germany
Fewest goals scored by a team: 1
Cameroon, Honduras, Iran
Most goals conceded by a team: 14
Brazil
Fewest goals conceded by a team: 2
Costa Rica
Best goal difference: +14
Germany
Worst goal difference: -8
Cameroon
Most goals scored in a match by both teams: 8
Brazil 1–7 Germany
Most goals scored in a match by one team: 7
Germany against Brazil
Most goals scored in a match by the losing team: 2
Australia against Netherlands, Switzerland against France, South Korea against Algeria, Nigeria against Argentina
Biggest margin of victory: 6 goals
Brazil 1–7 Germany
Most clean sheets achieved by a team: 4
Argentina, Germany, Netherlands
Fewest clean sheets achieved by a team: 0
Algeria, Australia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cameroon, Ghana, Honduras, Italy, Ivory Coast, Portugal, Russia, South Korea, United States
Most clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2
Argentina, Brazil, Cameroon, Costa Rica, France, Greece, Honduras, Iran, Italy, Netherlands, Nigeria
Fewest clean sheets given by an opposing team: 0
Algeria, Colombia, Croatia, Germany, Ghana, Ivory Coast
Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team: 3
Argentina, Netherlands
Most consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team: 2
Argentina, Cameroon, Greece, Iran, Italy, Netherlands
Individual
Most goals scored by an individual: 6
James Rodríguez
Most assists given by an individual: 4
Juan Cuadrado, Toni Kroos
Most goals and assists produced by an individual: 8
James Rodríguez (6 goals, 2 assists), Thomas Müller (5 goals, 3 assists)
Most clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper: 4
Jasper Cillessen, Manuel Neuer, Sergio Romero
Fewest clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper: 0
Igor Akinfeev, Boubacar Barry, Asmir Begović, Beto, Gianluigi Buffon, Iker Casillas, Fatau Dauda, Panagiotis Glykos, Joe Hart, Tim Howard, Charles Itandje, Jung Sung-ryong, Kim Seung-gyu, Adam Kwarasey, Raïs M'Bolhi, Rui Patrício, Mathew Ryan, Salvatore Sirigu, Noel Valladares
Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper: 3
Jasper Cillessen, Sergio Romero
Most goals scored by one player in a match: 3
Thomas Müller for Germany against Portugal, Xherdan Shaqiri for Switzerland against Honduras
Oldest goal scorer: 37 years and 43 days[3]
Noel Valladares (own goal) for France against Honduras
Youngest goal scorer: 19 years and 25 days[3]
Julian Green for United States - MS against Belgium
Wins and losses[edit]
Most wins: 6 – Germany
Fewest wins: 0 – Australia, Cameroon, England, Ghana, Honduras, Iran, Japan, Russia, South Korea
Most losses: 3 – Australia, Cameroon, Honduras
Fewest losses: 0 – Costa Rica, Germany, Netherlands
Most draws: 3 – Costa Rica
Fewest draws: 0 – Australia, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cameroon, Colombia, Croatia, Honduras, Italy, Ivory Coast, Spain, Switzerland, Uruguay
Most points in the group stage: 9 – Argentina, Belgium, Colombia, Netherlands
Fewest points in the group stage: 0 – Australia, Cameroon, Honduras
Match awards[edit]
Man of the Match[edit]
Main article: 2014 FIFA World Cup awards § Man of the Match
Rank
Name
Team
Opponent
Awards
1
Messi, LionelLionel Messi Argentina Bosnia and Herzegovina (GS), Iran (GS), Nigeria (GS), Switzerland (R16) 4
2
Navas, KeylorKeylor Navas Costa Rica England (GS), Greece (R16), Netherlands (QF) 3
Robben, ArjenArjen Robben Netherlands Australia (GS), Chile (GS), Brazil (TP)
Rodriguez, JamesJames Rodríguez Colombia Greece (GS), Ivory Coast (GS), Uruguay (R16)
5
Benzema, KarimKarim Benzema France Honduras (GS), Switzerland (GS) 2
Gotze, MarioMario Götze Germany Ghana (GS), Argentina (F)
Howard, TimTim Howard United States Portugal (GS), Belgium (R16)
Muller, ThomasThomas Müller Germany Portugal (GS), United States (GS)
Neymar, Neymar Brazil Croatia (GS), Cameroon (GS)
Ochoa, GuillermoGuillermo Ochoa Mexico Brazil (GS), Netherlands (R16)
Shaqiri, XherdanXherdan Shaqiri Switzerland Ecuador (GS), Honduras (GS)
Slimani, IslamIslam Slimani Algeria South Korea (GS), Russia (GS)
13
Balotelli, MarioMario Balotelli Italy England (GS) 1
Buffon, GianluigiGianluigi Buffon Italy Uruguay (GS)
Campbell, JoelJoel Campbell Costa Rica Uruguay (GS)
Julio Cesar Júlio César Brazil Chile (R16)
De Bruyne, KevinKevin De Bruyne Belgium Algeria (GS)
Dempsey, ClintClint Dempsey United States Ghana (GS)
Cristiano Ronaldo, Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Ghana (GS)
Domínguez, AlexanderAlexander Domínguez Ecuador France (GS)
Dzeko, EdinEdin Džeko Bosnia and Herzegovina Iran (GS)
Hazard, EdenEden Hazard Belgium Russia (GS)
Higuaín, GonzaloGonzalo Higuaín Argentina Belgium (QF)
Honda, KeisukeKeisuke Honda Japan Greece (GS)
Hummels, MatsMats Hummels Germany France (QF)
Kroos, ToniToni Kroos Germany Brazil (SF)
David Luiz, David Luiz Brazil Colombia (QF)
M'Bolhi, RaïsRaïs M'Bolhi Algeria Germany (R16)
Mandzukic, MarioMario Mandžukić Croatia Cameroon (GS)
Marquez, RafaelRafael Márquez Mexico Croatia (GS)
Martinez, JacksonJackson Martínez Colombia Japan (GS)
Mikel, John ObiJohn Obi Mikel Nigeria Iran (GS)
Odemwingie, PeterPeter Odemwingie Nigeria Bosnia and Herzegovina (GS)
Persie, Robin vanRobin van Persie Netherlands Spain (GS)
Pogba, PaulPaul Pogba France Nigeria (R16)
Romero, SergioSergio Romero Argentina Netherlands (SF)
Ruiz, BryanBryan Ruiz Costa Rica Italy (GS)
Samaras, GeorgiosGeorgios Samaras Greece Ivory Coast (GS)
Sanchez, AlexisAlexis Sánchez Chile Australia (GS)
Santos, Giovani dosGiovani dos Santos Mexico Cameroon (GS)
Son, Heung-minSon Heung-min South Korea Russia (GS)
Suarez, LuisLuis Suárez Uruguay England (GS)
Toure, YayaYaya Touré Ivory Coast Japan (GS)
Valencia, EnnerEnner Valencia Ecuador Honduras (GS)
Vargas, EduardoEduardo Vargas Chile Spain (GS)
Vertonghen, JanJan Vertonghen Belgium South Korea (GS)
Villa, DavidDavid Villa Spain Australia (GS)
Clean sheets[edit]
The winner of the Golden Glove was Manuel Neuer.
Rank
Name
Team
Opponent
Awards
1
Cillessen, JasperJasper Cillessen Netherlands Chile (GS), Costa Rica (QF), Argentina (SF), Brazil (TP) 4
Neuer, ManuelManuel Neuer Germany Portugal (GS), United States (GS), France (QF), Argentina (F)
Romero, SergioSergio Romero Argentina Iran (GS), Switzerland (R16), Belgium (QF), Netherlands (SF)
4
Lloris, HugoHugo Lloris France Honduras (GS), Ecuador (GS), Nigeria (R16) 3
Navas, KeylorKeylor Navas Costa Rica Italy (GS), England (GS), Netherlands (QF)
6
Courtois, ThibautThibaut Courtois Belgium Russia (GS), South Korea (GS) 2
Enyeama, VincentVincent Enyeama Nigeria Iran (GS), Bosnia and Herzegovina (GS)
Karnezis, OrestisOrestis Karnezis Greece Japan (GS), Ivory Coast (GS)
Ochoa, GuillermoGuillermo Ochoa Mexico Cameroon (GS), Brazil (GS)
Ospina, DavidDavid Ospina Colombia Greece (GS), Uruguay (R16)
11
Benaglio, DiegoDiego Benaglio Switzerland Honduras (GS) 1
Bravo, ClaudioClaudio Bravo Chile Spain (GS)
Julio Cesar Júlio César Brazil Mexico (GS)
Domínguez, AlexanderAlexander Domínguez Ecuador France (GS)
Eduardo, Eduardo Portugal Ghana (GS)
Foster, BenBen Foster England Costa Rica (GS)
Haghighi, AlirezaAlireza Haghighi Iran Nigeria (GS)
Kawashima, EijiEiji Kawashima Japan Greece (GS)
Krul, TimTim Krul Netherlands Costa Rica (QF)
Mondragón, FarydFaryd Mondragón Colombia Japan (GS)
Muslera, FernandoFernando Muslera Uruguay Italy (GS)
Pletikosa, StipeStipe Pletikosa Croatia Cameroon (GS)
Reina, PepePepe Reina Spain Australia (GS)
Vorm, MichelMichel Vorm Netherlands Brazil (TP)
Discipline[edit]
Main article: 2014 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record
Total number of yellow cards: 187
Average yellow cards per match: 2.92
Total number of red cards: 10
Average red cards per match: 0.16
First yellow card of the tournament:
Neymar for Brazil against Croatia
First red card of the tournament:
Maxi Pereira for Uruguay against Costa Rica
Fastest yellow card from kick off: 2 minutes
Thiago Silva for Brazil against Netherlands
Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute: 3 minutes
José Miguel Cubero for Costa Rica against Italy (introduced in the 68th minute)
Latest yellow card in a match without extra time: 90+4 minutes
João Moutinho for Portugal against Ghana
Latest yellow card in a match with extra time: 120+4 minutes
Ezequiel Garay for Argentina against Switzerland
Fastest dismissal from kick off: 37 minutes
Pepe for Portugal against Germany
Fastest dismissal of a substitute: 20 minutes
Ante Rebić for Croatia against Mexico (introduced in the 69th minute)
Latest dismissal in a match without extra time: 90+4 minutes
Maxi Pereira for Uruguay against Costa Rica
Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player: 11 minutes
Kostas Katsouranis for Greece against Japan (booked in the 27th minute and again in the 38th minute)
Most yellow cards (team): 14
Brazil
Most red cards (team): 1
Belgium, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Croatia, Ecuador, Greece, Honduras, Italy, Portugal, Uruguay
Fewest yellow cards (team): 2
Portugal
Most yellow cards (player): 3
Thiago Silva
Most red cards (player): 1
Steven Defour, Óscar Duarte, Kostas Katsouranis, Claudio Marchisio, Wilson Palacios, Pepe, Maxi Pereira, Ante Rebić, Alex Song, Antonio Valencia
Most yellow cards (match): 8
Costa Rica vs Greece
Most red cards (match): 1
Uruguay vs Costa Rica, France vs Honduras, Germany vs Portugal, Cameroon vs Croatia, Japan vs Greece, Croatia vs Mexico, Italy vs Uruguay, Ecuador vs France, South Korea vs Belgium, Costa Rica vs Greece
Fewest yellow cards (match): 1
England vs Italy, Iran vs Nigeria, Switzerland vs France, Germany vs Ghana, United States vs Portugal, Honduras vs Switzerland, Ecuador vs France, France vs Nigeria, Brazil vs Germany
Most cards in one match: 1 red card, 8 yellow cards
Costa Rica vs Greece
Multiple World Cups[edit]
Scoring at three or more World Cups
Name
2002
2006
2010
2014
Total goals
Goals
Against
Goals
Against
Goals
Against
Goals
Against
Cahill, Tim ! Tim Cahill N/A 2 JPN (2) 1 SRB 2 CHI, NED 5
Cristiano Ronaldo ! Cristiano Ronaldo N/A 1 IRN 1 PRK 1 GHA 3
Dempsey, Clint ! Clint Dempsey N/A 1 GHA 1 ENG 2 GHA, POR 4
Gyan, Asamoah ! Asamoah Gyan N/A 1 CZE 3 SRB, AUS, USA 2 GER, POR 6
Klose, Miroslav ! Miroslav Klose 5 KSA (3), IRL, CMR 5 CRC (2), ECU (2), ARG 4 AUS, ENG, ARG (2) 2 GHA, BRA 16
Marquez, Rafael ! Rafael Márquez 0 N/A 1 ARG 1 RSA 1 CRO 3
Persie, Robin van ! Robin van Persie N/A 1 CIV 1 CMR 4 ESP (2), AUS, BRA 6
Robben, Arjen ! Arjen Robben N/A 1 SCG 2 SVK, URU 3 ESP (2), AUS 6
Villa, David ! David Villa N/A 3 UKR (2), FRA 5 HON (2), CHI, POR, PAR 1 AUS 9
Appearing in four World Cups
Name
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
Total
Apps
Against
Apps
Against
Apps
Against
Apps
Against
Apps
Against
Beasley, Da Marcus ! DaMarcus Beasley N/A 3 POR, KOR, POL 3 CZE, ITA, GHA 1 ALG 4 GHA, POR, GER, BEL 11
Buffon, Gianluigi ! Gianluigi Buffon 0 N/A 4 ECU, CRO, MEX, KOR 7 GHA, USA, CZE, AUS, UKR, GER, FRA 1 PAR 2 CRC, URU 14
Casillas, Iker ! Iker Casillas N/A 5 SVN, PAR, RSA, IRL, KOR 3 UKR, TUN, FRA 7 SUI, HON, CHI, POR, PAR, GER, NED 2 NED, CHI 17
Eto'o, Samuel ! Samuel Eto'o 1 ITA 3 IRL, KSA, GER N/A 3 JPN, DEN, NED 1 MEX 8
Klose, Miroslav ! Miroslav Klose N/A 7 KSA, IRL, CMR, PAR, USA, KOR, BRA 7 CRC, POL, ECU, SWE, ARG, ITA, POR 5 AUS, SRB, ENG, ARG, ESP 5 GHA, USA, FRA, BRA, ARG 24
Marquez, Rafael ! Rafael Márquez N/A 4 CRO, ECU, ITA, USA 4 IRN, ANG, POR, ARG 4 RSA, FRA, URU, ARG 4 CMR, BRA, CRO, NED 16
Xavi ! Xavi N/A 3 PAR, RSA, KOR 3 UKR, TUN, FRA 7 SUI, HON, CHI, POR, PAR, GER, NED 1 NED 14
Notes
Gianluigi Buffon attended the 1998 FIFA World Cup as an unused substitute.
In 2014, Rafael Márquez became the first player to captain his team in four different World Cups.
Overall results[edit]
See also: List of 2014 FIFA World Cup matches
Bold numbers indicate the maximum values in each column.
By team[edit]
The Netherlands was the only team that used all 23 players during the tournament, making it the first team in World Cup history to ever use all of its squad players.[4]
Team
Pld
W
D
L
Pts
APts
GF
AGF
GA
AGA
GD
AGD
CS
ACS
YC
AYC
RC
ARC
Algeria 4 1 1 2 4 1.00 7 1.75 7 1.75 0 0.00 0 0.00 6 1.50 0 0.00
Argentina 7 5 1 1 16 2.29 8 1.14 4 0.57 +4 0.57 4 0.57 8 1.14 0 0.00
Australia 3 0 0 3 0 0.00 3 1.00 9 3.00 -6 -2.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00
Belgium 5 4 0 1 12 2.40 6 1.20 3 0.60 +3 0.60 2 0.40 7 1.40 1 0.20
Bosnia & Herz. 3 1 0 2 3 1.00 4 1.33 4 1.33 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 1.00 0 0.00
Brazil 7 3 2 2 11 1.57 11 1.57 14 2.00 -3 -0.43 1 0.14 14 2.00 0 0.00
Cameroon 3 0 0 3 0 0.00 1 0.33 9 3.00 -8 -2.67 0 0.00 4 1.33 1 0.33
Chile 4 2 1 1 7 1.75 6 1.50 4 1.00 +2 0.50 1 0.25 7 1.75 0 0.00
Colombia 5 4 0 1 12 2.40 12 2.40 4 0.80 +8 1.60 2 0.40 5 1.00 0 0.00
Costa Rica 5 2 3 0 9 1.80 5 1.00 2 0.40 +3 0.60 3 0.60 12 2.40 1 0.20
Croatia 3 1 0 2 3 1.00 6 2.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 1 0.33 4 1.33 1 0.33
Ecuador 3 1 1 1 4 1.33 3 1.00 3 1.00 0 0.00 1 0.33 5 1.67 1 0.33
England 3 0 1 2 1 0.33 2 0.67 4 1.33 -2 -0.67 1 0.33 4 1.33 0 0.00
France 5 3 1 1 10 2.00 10 2.00 3 0.60 +7 1.40 3 0.60 5 1.00 0 0.00
Germany 7 6 1 0 19 2.71 18 2.57 4 0.57 +14 2.00 4 0.57 6 0.86 0 0.00
Ghana 3 0 1 2 1 0.33 4 1.33 6 2.00 -2 -0.67 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00
Greece 4 1 2 1 5 1.25 3 0.75 5 1.25 -2 -0.50 1 0.25 8 2.00 1 0.25
Honduras 3 0 0 3 0 0.00 1 0.33 8 2.67 -7 -2.33 0 0.00 7 2.33 1 0.33
Iran 3 0 1 2 1 0.33 1 0.33 4 1.33 -3 -1.00 1 0.33 4 1.33 0 0.00
Italy 3 1 0 2 3 1.00 2 0.67 3 1.00 -1 -0.33 0 0.00 3 1.00 1 0.33
Ivory Coast 3 1 0 2 3 1.00 4 1.33 5 1.67 -1 -0.33 0 0.00 7 2.33 0 0.00
Japan 3 0 1 2 1 0.33 2 0.67 6 2.00 -4 -1.33 1 0.33 4 1.33 0 0.00
Mexico 4 2 1 1 7 1.75 5 1.25 3 0.75 +2 0.50 2 0.50 8 2.00 0 0.00
Netherlands 7 5 2 0 17 2.43 15 2.14 4 0.57 +11 1.57 4 0.57 11 1.57 0 0.00
Nigeria 4 1 1 2 4 1.00 3 0.75 5 1.25 -2 -0.50 2 0.50 3 0.75 0 0.00
Portugal 3 1 1 1 4 1.33 4 1.33 7 2.33 -3 -1.00 0 0.00 2 0.67 1 0.33
Russia 3 0 2 1 2 0.67 2 0.67 3 1.00 -1 -0.33 0 0.00 4 1.33 0 0.00
South Korea 3 0 1 2 1 0.33 3 1.00 6 2.00 -3 -1.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00
Spain 3 1 0 2 3 1.00 4 1.33 7 2.33 -3 -1.00 1 0.33 3 1.00 0 0.00
Switzerland 4 2 0 2 6 1.50 7 1.75 7 1.75 0 0.00 1 0.25 3 0.75 0 0.00
United States 4 1 1 2 4 1.00 5 1.25 6 1.50 -1 -0.25 0 0.00 4 1.00 0 0.00
Uruguay 4 2 0 2 6 1.50 4 1.00 6 1.50 -2 -0.50 1 0.25 8 2.00 1 0.25
Total
64(1)
51
13(2)
51
179
1.40
171
1.34
171
1.34
0
0.00
37
0.29
187
1.46
10
0.08
Team(s) rendered in italics represent(s) the host nation(s). The competition's winning team is rendered in bold.
(1) – Total games lost not counted in total games played (total games lost = total games won)
(2) – Total number of games drawn (tied) for all teams = Total number of games drawn (tied) ÷ 2 (both teams involved)
(3) – As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.
By confederation[edit]
Confederation
T
Pld
W
D
L
Pts
APts
Pts/T
AFC 4 12 0 3 9 3 0.25 0.75
CAF 5 17 3 3 11 12 0.71 2.40
CONCACAF 4 16 5 5 6 20 1.25 5.00
CONMEBOL 6 30 17 5 8 56 1.87 9.33
UEFA 13 53 26 10 17 88 1.66 6.77
Total
32
64(1)
51
13(2)
51
179
1.40
5.59
Host nation(s) are situated in the region(s) rendered in italics.
(1) – Total games lost not counted in total games played (total games lost = total games won)
(2) – Total number of games drawn (tied) for all teams = Total number of games drawn (tied) ÷ 2 (both teams involved)
(3) – As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.
Stadiums[edit]
See also: 2014 FIFA World Cup venues and List of 2014 FIFA World Cup matches
Stadium
City
Capacity
Elevation[5]
Matches
played
Total
attendance
Average
attendance
per match
Average
attendance
as % of capacity
Total
goals
scored
Average
goals scored
per match
Arena da Amazônia Manaus 40,549[6] 0072 !72 m 4 160,227 40,057 98.79% 14 3.50
Arena da Baixada Curitiba 39,631[7] 0920 !920 m 4 156,991 39,248 99.03% 8 2.00
Arena das Dunas Natal 39,971[8] 0045 !45 m 4 158,167 39,542 98.93% 5 1.25
Arena de São Paulo São Paulo 63,321[9] 0792 !792 m 6 375,593 62,599 98.86% 11 1.83
Arena Fonte Nova Salvador 51,900[10] 0 !0 m 6 300,674 50,112 96.56% 24 4.00
Arena Pantanal Cuiabá 41,112[11] 0165 !165 m 4 158,717 39,679 96.52% 12 3.00
Arena Pernambuco Recife 42,610[12] 0 !0 m 5 204,882 40,976 96.17% 11 2.20
Estádio Beira-Rio Porto Alegre 43,394[13] 0047 !47 m 5 214,969 42,994 99.08% 22 4.40
Estádio Castelão Fortaleza 60,342[14] 0 !0 m 6 356,896 59,483 98.58% 17 2.83
Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro 74,738[15] 0 !0 m 7 519,189 74,170 99.24% 10 1.43
Estádio Mineirão Belo Horizonte 58,170[16] 0800 !800 m 6 345,350 57,558 98.95% 17 2.13
Estádio Nacional Brasília 69,349[17] 1172 !1172 m 7 478,218 68,317 98.51% 20 2.86
See also[edit]
2010 FIFA World Cup statistics
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "adidas Golden Boot". FIFA.com (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Retrieved 18 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Statistics – Assists". UEFA (Union of European Football Associations). Retrieved 15 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil: List of Players" (PDF). FIFA. 11 June 2014. p. 19. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
Jump up ^ 3 Michel Vorm And Two Minutes Of Glory sbnation.com
Jump up ^ "2014 FIFA World Cup: Where are the 12 host stadiums in Brazil?". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 6 June 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Arena Amazonia, Manaus". FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Arena da Baixada, Curitiba". FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Estadio das Dunas, Natal". FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Arena de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo". FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Arena Fonte Nova, Salvador". FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Arena Pantanal, Cuiaba". FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Arena Pernambuco, Recife". FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Estadio Beira-Rio, Porto Alegre". FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Estadio Castelao, Fortaleza". FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Estadio Do Maracana, Rio de Janeiro". FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Estadio Mineirao, Belo Horizonte". FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Estadio Nacional de Brasilia, Brasilia". FIFA.com. 18 January 2012. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
External links[edit]
Official website
Official Brazil government website (in Portuguese) (in English) (in Spanish)
[show]
v
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2014 FIFA World Cup
Stages
Group stage
Group A
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