text:
Free cash flow to equity
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In corporate finance, free cash flow to equity (FCFE) is a metric of how much cash can be distributed to the equity shareholders of the company as dividends or stock buybacks—after all expenses, reinvestments, and debt repayments are taken care of. Whereas dividends are the cash flows actually paid to shareholders, the FCFE is the cash flow simply available to shareholders.[1][2] The FCFE is usually calculated as a part of DCF or LBO modelling and valuation. The FCFE is also called the levered free cash flow.
Contents
[hide]
1 Basic formulae
2 FCFF vs. FCFE
3 Negative FCFE
4 Uses
5 References
6 External links
Basic formulae[edit]
Assuming there is no preferred stock outstanding:
F C F E = F C F F + N e t B o r r o w i n g − I n t e r e s t ∗ ( 1 − t ) {\displaystyle FCFE=FCFF+Net\ Borrowing-Interest*(1-t)}
where:
FCFF is the free cash flow to firm;
Net Borrowing is the difference between debt principals paid and raised;
Interest*(1–t) is the firm's after-tax interest expense.[3]
or
F C F E = N I + D & A − C a p e x − Δ W C + N e t B o r r o w i n g {\displaystyle FCFE=NI+D\&A-Capex-\Delta WC+Net\ Borrowing}
or
F C F E = N I − [ ( 1 − b ) ( C a p e x − D & A ) + ( 1 − b ) ( Δ W C ) ] {\displaystyle FCFE=NI-[(1-b)(Capex-D\&A)+(1-b)(\Delta WC)]}

where:
NI is the firm's net income;
D&A is the depreciation and amortisation;
b is the debt ratio;
Capex is the capital expenditure;
ΔWC is the change in working capital;
Net Borrowing is the difference between debt principals paid and raised;
In this case, it is important not to include interest expense, as this is already figured into net income.[4]
FCFF vs. FCFE[edit]
Free cash flow to firm (FCFF) is the cash flow available to all the firm's providers of capital once the firm pays all operating expenses (including taxes) and expenditures needed to support the firm's productive capacity. The providers of capital include common stockholders, bondholders, preferred stockholders, and other claimholders.
Free cash flow to equity (FCFE) is the cash flow available to the firm’s common stockholders only.
If the firm is all-equity financed, its FCFF is equal to FCFE.
Negative FCFE[edit]
Like FCFF, the free cash flow to equity can be negative. If FCFE is negative, it is a sign that the firm will need to raise or earn new equity, not necessarily immediately. Some examples include:
Large negative net income may result in the negative FCFE;
Reinvestment needs, such as large capex, may overwhelm net income, which is often the case for growth companies, especially early in the life cycle.
Large debt repayments coming due that have to be funded with equity cash flows can cause negative FCFE; highly levered firms that are trying to bring their debt ratios down can go through years of negative FCFE.
The waves of the reinvestment process, when firms invest large amounts of cash in some years and nothing in others, can cause the FCFE to be negative in the big reinvestment years and positive in others;[5]
FCFF is a preferred metric for valuation when FCFE is negative or when the firm's capital structure is unstable.
Uses[edit]
There are two ways to estimate the equity value using free cash flows:
Discounting free cash flows to firm (FCFF) at the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) yields the enterprise value. The firm’s net debt and the value of other claims are then subtracted from EV to calculate the equity value.
If only the free cash flows to equity (FCFE) are discounted, then the relevant discount rate should be the required return on equity. This provides a more direct way of estimating equity value.
In theory, both approaches should yield the same equity value if the inputs are consistent.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Free Cash Flow To Equity - FCFE". investopedia.com. Retrieved 2015-02-13.
Jump up ^ "Free Cash Flow - Valuation". cfainstitute.org. Archived from the original on 2015-02-13. Retrieved 2015-02-13.
Jump up ^ Damodaran, Aswath (1999). Investment Valuation: Tools and Techniques for Determining the Value of Any Asset. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1118011522.
Jump up ^ "Free Cash Flow to Equity". financeformulas.net. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
Jump up ^ "The Little Book of Valuation". stern.nyu.edu. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
External links[edit]
Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE)
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Hydrogen bond
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
AFM image of napthalenetetracarboxylic dimide molecules on silver-terminated silicon, interacting via hydrogen bonding, taken at 77 K.[1] ("Hydrogen bonds" in the top image are exaggerated by artifacts of the imaging technique.[2][3])
Model of hydrogen bonds (1) between molecules of water
A hydrogen bond is an electrostatic attraction between two polar groups that occurs when a hydrogen (H) atom, covalently bound to a highly electronegative atom such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or fluorine (F), experiences the electrostatic field of another highly electronegative atom nearby.
Hydrogen bonds can occur between molecules (intermolecular) or within different parts of a single molecule (intramolecular).[4] Depending on the nature of the donor and acceptor atoms which constitute the bond, their geometry, and environment, the energy of a hydrogen bond can vary between 1 and 40 kcal/mol.[5] This makes them somewhat stronger than a van der Waals interaction, and weaker than covalent or ionic bonds. This type of bond can occur in inorganic molecules such as water and in organic molecules like DNA and proteins.
Intermolecular hydrogen bonding is responsible for the high boiling point of water (100 °C) compared to the other group 16 hydrides that have much weaker hydrogen bonds.[6] Intramolecular hydrogen bonding is partly responsible for the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins and nucleic acids. It also plays an important role in the structure of polymers, both synthetic and natural.
In 2011, an IUPAC Task Group recommended a modern evidence-based definition of hydrogen bonding, which was published in the IUPAC journal Pure and Applied Chemistry. This definition specifies:
The hydrogen bond is an attractive interaction between a hydrogen atom from a molecule or a molecular fragment X–H in which X is more electronegative than H, and an atom or a group of atoms in the same or a different molecule, in which there is evidence of bond formation.[7]
An accompanying detailed technical report provides the rationale behind the new definition.[8]
Recent work proves that the hydrogen bond (O:H-O) integrates both the inter-molecular O:H lone pair ":" nonbond and the intra-molecular H-O polar-covalent bond associated with O-O repulsive coupling.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Bonding
2 History
3 Hydrogen bonds in water
3.1 Bifurcated and over-coordinated hydrogen bonds in water
4 Hydrogen bonds in DNA and proteins
5 Hydrogen bonds in polymers
6 Symmetric hydrogen bond
7 Dihydrogen bond
8 Advanced theory of the hydrogen bond
9 Dynamics probed by spectroscopic means
10 Hydrogen bonding phenomena
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Bonding[edit]
An example of intermolecular hydrogen bonding in a self-assembled dimer complex reported by Meijer and coworkers.[10] The hydrogen bonds are represented by dotted lines.
Intramolecular hydrogen bonding in acetylacetone helps stabilize the enol tautomer.
A hydrogen atom attached to a relatively electronegative atom will play the role of the hydrogen bond donor.[11] This electronegative atom is usually fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. A hydrogen attached to carbon can also participate in hydrogen bonding when the carbon atom is bound to electronegative atoms, as is the case in chloroform, CHCl3.[12][13][14] An example of a hydrogen bond donor is the hydrogen from the hydroxyl group of ethanol, which is bonded to an oxygen.
In a hydrogen bond, the electronegative atom not covalently attached to the hydrogen is named proton acceptor, whereas the one covalently bound to the hydrogen is named the proton donor.
Examples of hydrogen bond donating (donors) and hydrogen bond accepting groups (acceptors)
Cyclic dimer of acetic acid; dashed green lines represent hydrogen bonds
In the donor molecule, the electronegative atom attracts the electron cloud from around the hydrogen nucleus of the donor, and, by decentralizing the cloud, leaves the atom with a positive partial charge. Because of the small size of hydrogen relative to other atoms and molecules, the resulting charge, though only partial, represents a large charge density. A hydrogen bond results when this strong positive charge density attracts a lone pair of electrons on another heteroatom, which then becomes the hydrogen-bond acceptor.
The hydrogen bond is often described as an electrostatic dipole-dipole interaction. However, it also has some features of covalent bonding: it is directional and strong, produces interatomic distances shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii, and usually involves a limited number of interaction partners, which can be interpreted as a type of valence. These covalent features are more substantial when acceptors bind hydrogens from more electronegative donors.
The partially covalent nature of a hydrogen bond raises the following questions: "To which molecule or atom does the hydrogen nucleus belong?" and "Which should be labeled 'donor' and which 'acceptor'?" Usually, this is simple to determine on the basis of interatomic distances in the X−H···Y system, where the dots represent the hydrogen bond: the X−H distance is typically ≈110 pm, whereas the H···Y distance is ≈160 to 200 pm. Liquids that display hydrogen bonding (such as water) are called associated liquids.
Hydrogen bonds can vary in strength from very weak (1–2 kJ mol−1) to extremely strong (161.5 kJ mol−1 in the ion HF−
2).[15][16] Typical enthalpies in vapor include:
F−H···:F (161.5 kJ/mol or 38.6 kcal/mol)
O−H···:N (29 kJ/mol or 6.9 kcal/mol)
O−H···:O (21 kJ/mol or 5.0 kcal/mol)
N−H···:N (13 kJ/mol or 3.1 kcal/mol)
N−H···:O (8 kJ/mol or 1.9 kcal/mol)
HO−H···:OH+
3 (18 kJ/mol[17] or 4.3 kcal/mol; data obtained using molecular dynamics as detailed in the reference and should be compared to 7.9 kJ/mol for bulk water, obtained using the same molecular dynamics.)
Quantum chemical calculations of the relevant interresidue potential constants (compliance constants) revealed[how?] large differences between individual H bonds of the same type. For example, the central interresidue N−H···N hydrogen bond between guanine and cytosine is much stronger in comparison to the N−H···N bond between the adenine-thymine pair.[18]
The length of hydrogen bonds depends on bond strength, temperature, and pressure. The bond strength itself is dependent on temperature, pressure, bond angle, and environment (usually characterized by local dielectric constant). The typical length of a hydrogen bond in water is 197 pm. The ideal bond angle depends on the nature of the hydrogen bond donor. The following hydrogen bond angles between a hydrofluoric acid donor and various acceptors have been determined experimentally:[19]
Acceptor···donor VSEPR geometry Angle (°)
HCN···HF linear 180
H2CO···HF trigonal planar 120
H2O···HF pyramidal 46
H2S···HF pyramidal 89
SO2···HF trigonal 142
History[edit]
In the book The Nature of the Chemical Bond, Linus Pauling credits T. S. Moore and T. F. Winmill with the first mention of the hydrogen bond, in 1912.[20][21] Moore and Winmill used the hydrogen bond to account for the fact that trimethylammonium hydroxide is a weaker base than tetramethylammonium hydroxide. The description of hydrogen bonding in its better-known setting, water, came some years later, in 1920, from Latimer and Rodebush.[22] In that paper, Latimer and Rodebush cite work by a fellow scientist at their laboratory, Maurice Loyal Huggins, saying, "Mr. Huggins of this laboratory in some work as yet unpublished, has used the idea of a hydrogen kernel held between two atoms as a theory in regard to certain organic compounds."
Hydrogen bonds in water[edit]
Crystal structure of hexagonal ice. Gray dashed lines indicate hydrogen bonds
The most ubiquitous and perhaps simplest example of a hydrogen bond is found between water molecules. In a discrete water molecule, there are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Two molecules of water can form a hydrogen bond between them; the simplest case, when only two molecules are present, is called the water dimer and is often used as a model system. When more molecules are present, as is the case with liquid water, more bonds are possible because the oxygen of one water molecule has two lone pairs of electrons, each of which can form a hydrogen bond with a hydrogen on another water molecule. This can repeat such that every water molecule is H-bonded with up to four other molecules, as shown in the figure (two through its two lone pairs, and two through its two hydrogen atoms). Hydrogen bonding strongly affects the crystal structure of ice, helping to create an open hexagonal lattice. The density of ice is less than the density of water at the same temperature; thus, the solid phase of water floats on the liquid, unlike most other substances.
Liquid water's high boiling point is due to the high number of hydrogen bonds each molecule can form, relative to its low molecular mass. Owing to the difficulty of breaking these bonds, water has a very high boiling point, melting point, and viscosity compared to otherwise similar liquids not conjoined by hydrogen bonds. Water is unique because its oxygen atom has two lone pairs and two hydrogen atoms, meaning that the total number of bonds of a water molecule is up to four. For example, hydrogen fluoride—which has three lone pairs on the F atom but only one H atom—can form only two bonds; (ammonia has the opposite problem: three hydrogen atoms but only one lone pair).
H−F···H−F···H−F
The exact number of hydrogen bonds formed by a molecule of liquid water fluctuates with time and depends on the temperature.[23] From TIP4P liquid water simulations at 25 °C, it was estimated that each water molecule participates in an average of 3.59 hydrogen bonds. At 100 °C, this number decreases to 3.24 due to the increased molecular motion and decreased density, while at 0 °C, the average number of hydrogen bonds increases to 3.69.[23] A more recent study found a much smaller number of hydrogen bonds: 2.357 at 25 °C.[24] The differences may be due to the use of a different method for defining and counting the hydrogen bonds.
Where the bond strengths are more equivalent, one might instead find the atoms of two interacting water molecules partitioned into two polyatomic ions of opposite charge, specifically hydroxide (OH−) and hydronium (H3O+). (Hydronium ions are also known as "hydroxonium" ions.)
H−O− H3O+
Indeed, in pure water under conditions of standard temperature and pressure, this latter formulation is applicable only rarely; on average about one in every 5.5 × 108 molecules gives up a proton to another water molecule, in accordance with the value of the dissociation constant for water under such conditions. It is a crucial part of the uniqueness of water.
Because water may form hydrogen bonds with solute proton donors and acceptors, it may competitively inhibit the formation of solute intermolecular or intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Consequently, hydrogen bonds between or within solute molecules dissolved in water are almost always unfavorable relative to hydrogen bonds between water and the donors and acceptors for hydrogen bonds on those solutes.[25] Hydrogen bonds between water molecules have an average lifetime of 10−11 seconds, or 10 picoseconds.[26]
Bifurcated and over-coordinated hydrogen bonds in water[edit]
A single hydrogen atom can participate in two hydrogen bonds, rather than one. This type of bonding is called "bifurcated" (split in two or "two-forked"). It can exist, for instance, in complex natural or synthetic organic molecules.[27] It has been suggested that a bifurcated hydrogen atom is an essential step in water reorientation.[28]
Acceptor-type hydrogen bonds (terminating on an oxygen's lone pairs) are more likely to form bifurcation (it is called overcoordinated oxygen, OCO) than are donor-type hydrogen bonds, beginning on the same oxygen's hydrogens.[29]
Hydrogen bonds in DNA and proteins[edit]
The structure of part of a DNA double helix
Hydrogen bonding between guanine and cytosine, one of two types of base pairs in DNA
Hydrogen bonding also plays an important role in determining the three-dimensional structures adopted by proteins and nucleic bases. In these macromolecules, bonding between parts of the same macromolecule cause it to fold into a specific shape, which helps determine the molecule's physiological or biochemical role. For example, the double helical structure of DNA is due largely to hydrogen bonding between its base pairs (as well as pi stacking interactions), which link one complementary strand to the other and enable replication.
In the secondary structure of proteins, hydrogen bonds form between the backbone oxygens and amide hydrogens. When the spacing of the amino acid residues participating in a hydrogen bond occurs regularly between positions i and i + 4, an alpha helix is formed. When the spacing is less, between positions i and i + 3, then a 310 helix is formed. When two strands are joined by hydrogen bonds involving alternating residues on each participating strand, a beta sheet is formed. Hydrogen bonds also play a part in forming the tertiary structure of protein through interaction of R-groups. (See also protein folding).
The role of hydrogen bonds in protein folding has also been linked to osmolyte-induced protein stabilization. Protective osmolytes, such as trehalose and sorbitol, shift the protein folding equilibrium toward the folded state, in a concentration dependent manner. While the prevalent explanation for osmolyte action relies on excluded volume effects, that are entropic in nature, recent circular dichroism (CD) experiments have shown osmolyte to act through an enthalpic effect.[30] The molecular mechanism for their role in protein stabilization is still not well established, though several mechanism have been proposed. Recently, computer molecular dynamics simulations suggested that osmolytes stabilize proteins by modifying the hydrogen bonds in the protein hydration layer.[31]
Several studies have shown that hydrogen bonds play an important role for the stability between subunits in multimeric proteins. For example, a study of sorbitol dehydrogenase displayed an important hydrogen bonding network which stabilizes the tetrameric quaternary structure within the mammalian sorbitol dehydrogenase protein family.[32]
A protein backbone hydrogen bond incompletely shielded from water attack is a dehydron. Dehydrons promote the removal of water through proteins or ligand binding. The exogenous dehydration enhances the electrostatic interaction between the amide and carbonyl groups by de-shielding their partial charges. Furthermore, the dehydration stabilizes the hydrogen bond by destabilizing the nonbonded state consisting of dehydrated isolated charges.[33]
Hydrogen bonds in polymers[edit]
Para-aramid structure
A strand of cellulose (conformation Iα), showing the hydrogen bonds (dashed) within and between cellulose molecules
Many polymers are strengthened by hydrogen bonds in their main chains. Among the synthetic polymers, the best known example is nylon, where hydrogen bonds occur in the repeat unit and play a major role in crystallization of the material. The bonds occur between carbonyl and amine groups in the amide repeat unit. They effectively link adjacent chains to create crystals, which help reinforce the material. The effect is greatest in aramid fibre, where hydrogen bonds stabilize the linear chains laterally. The chain axes are aligned along the fibre axis, making the fibres extremely stiff and strong. Hydrogen bonds are also important in the structure of cellulose and derived polymers in its many different forms in nature, such as wood and natural fibres such as cotton and flax.
The hydrogen-bond networks make both natural and synthetic polymers sensitive to humidity levels in the atmosphere because water molecules can diffuse into the surface and disrupt the network. Some polymers are more sensitive than others. Thus nylons are more sensitive than aramids, and nylon 6 more sensitive than nylon-11.
Symmetric hydrogen bond[edit]
A symmetric hydrogen bond is a special type of hydrogen bond in which the proton is spaced exactly halfway between two identical atoms. The strength of the bond to each of those atoms is equal. It is an example of a three-center four-electron bond. This type of bond is much stronger than a "normal" hydrogen bond. The effective bond order is 0.5, so its strength is comparable to a covalent bond. It is seen in ice at high pressure, and also in the solid phase of many anhydrous acids such as hydrofluoric acid and formic acid at high pressure. It is also seen in the bifluoride ion [F−H−F]−.
Symmetric hydrogen bonds have been observed recently spectroscopically in formic acid at high pressure (>GPa). Each hydrogen atom forms a partial covalent bond with two atoms rather than one. Symmetric hydrogen bonds have been postulated in ice at high pressure (Ice X). Low-barrier hydrogen bonds form when the distance between two heteroatoms is very small.
Dihydrogen bond[edit]
The hydrogen bond can be compared with the closely related dihydrogen bond, which is also an intermolecular bonding interaction involving hydrogen atoms. These structures have been known for some time, and well characterized by crystallography;[34] however, an understanding of their relationship to the conventional hydrogen bond, ionic bond, and covalent bond remains unclear. Generally, the hydrogen bond is characterized by a proton acceptor that is a lone pair of electrons in nonmetallic atoms (most notably in the nitrogen, and chalcogen groups). In some cases, these proton acceptors may be pi-bonds or metal complexes. In the dihydrogen bond, however, a metal hydride serves as a proton acceptor, thus forming a hydrogen-hydrogen interaction. Neutron diffraction has shown that the molecular geometry of these complexes is similar to hydrogen bonds, in that the bond length is very adaptable to the metal complex/hydrogen donor system.[34]
Advanced theory of the hydrogen bond[edit]
In 1999, Isaacs et al.[35] showed from interpretations of the anisotropies in the Compton profile of ordinary ice that the hydrogen bond is partly covalent. However, this interpretation was challenged by Ghanty et al.,[36] who concluded that considering electrostatic forces alone could explain the experimental results. Some NMR data on hydrogen bonds in proteins also indicate covalent bonding.
Most generally, the hydrogen bond can be viewed as a metric-dependent electrostatic scalar field between two or more intermolecular bonds. This is slightly different from the intramolecular bound states of, for example, covalent or ionic bonds; however, hydrogen bonding is generally still a bound state phenomenon, since the interaction energy has a net negative sum. The initial theory of hydrogen bonding proposed by Linus Pauling suggested that the hydrogen bonds had a partial covalent nature. This remained a controversial conclusion until the late 1990s when NMR techniques were employed by F. Cordier et al. to transfer information between hydrogen-bonded nuclei, a feat that would only be possible if the hydrogen bond contained some covalent character.[37] While much experimental data has been recovered for hydrogen bonds in water, for example, that provide good resolution on the scale of intermolecular distances and molecular thermodynamics, the kinetic and dynamical properties of the hydrogen bond in dynamic systems remain unchanged.
O:H-O bond cooperativity:
Since 2012, Sun et al [38] [39][40] proposed and intensively verified that the hydrogen bond (O:H-O) performs like an asymmetrical, short range, coupled oscillator pair. The O:H-O bond segmental disparity and the O-O repulsivity form the soul dictating the extraordinary adaptivity, cooperativity, recoverability, and sensitivity of water and ice.[41]
Under external excitation,the oxygen anions dislocate in the same direction but by different amounts along the O:H-O with respect to the H+ as the coordination origin. The O:H always relaxes more than the H-O in length.[42][43] This theory has enabled resolution of multiple mysteries of water and ice.[44][45]
Dynamics probed by spectroscopic means[edit]
The dynamics of hydrogen bond structures in water can be probed by the IR spectrum of OH stretching vibration.[46] In the hydrogen bonding network in protic organic ionic plastic crystals (POIPCs), which are a type of phase change material exhibiting solid-solid phase transitions prior to melting, variable-temperature infrared spectroscopy can reveal the temperature dependence of hydrogen bonds and the dynamics of both the anions and the cations.[47] The sudden weakening of hydrogen bonds during the solid-solid phase transition seems to be coupled with the onset of orientational or rotational disorder of the ions.[47]
Hydrogen bonding phenomena[edit]
Dramatically higher boiling points of NH3, H2O, and HF compared to the heavier analogues PH3, H2S, and HCl.
Increase in the melting point, boiling point, solubility, and viscosity of many compounds can be explained by the concept of hydrogen bonding.
Occurrence of proton tunneling during DNA replication is believed to be responsible for cell mutations.[48]
Viscosity of anhydrous phosphoric acid and of glycerol
Dimer formation in carboxylic acids and hexamer formation in hydrogen fluoride, which occur even in the gas phase, resulting in gross deviations from the ideal gas law.
Pentamer formation of water and alcohols in apolar solvents.
High water solubility of many compounds such as ammonia is explained by hydrogen bonding with water molecules.
Negative azeotropy of mixtures of HF and water
Deliquescence of NaOH is caused in part by reaction of OH− with moisture to form hydrogen-bonded H
3O−
2 species. An analogous process happens between NaNH2 and NH3, and between NaF and HF.
The fact that ice is less dense than liquid water is due to a crystal structure stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
The presence of hydrogen bonds can cause an anomaly in the normal succession of states of matter for certain mixtures of chemical compounds as temperature increases or decreases. These compounds can be liquid until a certain temperature, then solid even as the temperature increases, and finally liquid again as the temperature rises over the "anomaly interval"[49]
Smart rubber utilizes hydrogen bonding as its sole means of bonding, so that it can "heal" when torn, because hydrogen bonding can occur on the fly between two surfaces of the same polymer.
Strength of nylon and cellulose fibres.
Wool, being a protein fibre, is held together by hydrogen bonds, causing wool to recoil when stretched. However, washing at high temperatures can permanently break the hydrogen bonds and a garment may permanently lose its shape.
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Dillon, P. F. (2012). Biophysics. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-139-50462-1.
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^ Jump up to: a b Luo, Jiangshui; Jensen, Annemette H.; Brooks, Neil R.; Sniekers, Jeroen; Knipper, Martin; Aili, David; Li, Qingfeng; Vanroy, Bram; Wübbenhorst, Michael; Yan, Feng; Van Meervelt, Luc; Shao, Zhigang; Fang, Jianhua; Luo, Zheng-Hong; De Vos, Dirk E.; Binnemans, Koen; Fransaer, Jan (2015). "1,2,4-Triazolium perfluorobutanesulfonate as an archetypal pure protic organic ionic plastic crystal electrolyte for all-solid-state fuel cells". Energy & Environmental Science. 8 (4): 1276. doi:10.1039/C4EE02280G.
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Jump up ^ Law-breaking liquid defies the rules. Physicsworld.com (September 24, 2004 )
Further reading[edit]
George A. Jeffrey. An Introduction to Hydrogen Bonding (Topics in Physical Chemistry). Oxford University Press, USA (March 13, 1997). ISBN 0-19-509549-9
Chang Q Sun and Yi SunThe Attribute of Water: Single Notion, Multiple Myths.. Springer-Verlag, USA (March, 2016). ISBN 978-981-10-0178-9
External links[edit]
The Bubble Wall (Audio slideshow from the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory explaining cohesion, surface tension and hydrogen bonds)
isotopic effect on bond dynamics
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The Finale (Seinfeld)
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"The Finale"
Seinfeld episode
Episode no.
Season 9
Episode 23/24
Directed by
Andy Ackerman
Written by
Larry David
Production code
923/924
Original air date
May 14, 1998
Running time
42 minutes
Guest appearance(s)
Wayne Knight as Newman
Ian Abercrombie as Justin Pitt
Stanley Anderson as Judge Arthur Vandelay
Frances Bay as Mabel Choate
Lee Bear as George Steinbrenner, Prison Heckler (uncredited)
Larry David as George Steinbrenner (voice, uncredited)
Melanie Chartoff as Robin
Brian Doyle-Murray as Mel Sanger
Van Epperson as Passerby
Richard Fancy as Mr. Lippman
Warren Frost as Henry Ross
Brian George as Babu Bhatt
Philip Baker Hall as Joe Bookman
Barney Martin as Morty Seinfeld
Liz Sheridan as Helen Seinfeld
Len Lesser as Uncle Leo
Estelle Harris as Estelle Costanza
Jerry Stiller as Frank Costanza
Teri Hatcher as Sidra Holland
Jon Hayman as Donald Sanger, the Bubble Boy (voice), Prison Guard (uncredited)
Richard Herd as Matt Wilhelm
Keith Hernandez as himself
Steve Hytner as Kenny Bania
Carlos Jacott as Ramon the Pool Guy
Scott Jaeck as Officer Matt Vogel
Scott Klace as Guard
Jane Leeves as Marla Penny
Bruce Mahler as Rabbi Glickman
Wendel Meldrum as Leslie the Low-Talker
Phil Morris as Jackie Chiles
Sheree North as Babs Kramer
John O'Hurley as Jacopo "J" Peterman
Ed O'Ross as Detective Blake
Kevin Page as Stu Chermak
James Pickens, Jr. as Detective Hudson
John Pinette as Howie
Victor Raider-Wexler as Dr. Wexler
James Rebhorn as District Attorney Hoyt
Peter Riegert as NBC President James Kimbrough
Geraldo Rivera as himself
Miguel Sandoval as Marcelino
Reni Santoni as Poppie
Gary Thomas as O'Neal
Larry Thomas as Yev Kassem
Myra Turley as Forewoman
Patrick Warburton as David Puddy
Gay Thomas Wilson as O'Neal
Danny Woodburn as Mickey Abbott
Jane Wells as herself
Grace Zabriskie as Mrs. Ross
Jim Zulevic as Bernie
Episode chronology
← Previous
"The Chronicle Part 2" Next →
—
Seinfeld (season 9)
List of Seinfeld episodes
"The Finale" is the two-part series finale of the American sitcom Seinfeld. They are the 179th and 180th episodes of the show and the 23rd and 24th episodes of the ninth season. It aired on NBC May 14, 1998 to an audience of 76 million viewers. Its initial running time was 1 hour and 15 minutes.[1]
The fake working title for this show was "A Tough Nut to Crack" to throw off outsiders about the contents of the episode.[2] For the first and final time since season seven, Jerry performs a stand-up comedy routine. Larry David, co-creator of the series, returned to write the script for this episode.
The episode garnered strongly divided responses upon airing, and continues to polarize critics and audiences.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
1.1 Part I
1.2 Part II
2 Broadcast and reception
3 Syndication version
4 Deleted scenes
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Part I[edit]
Jerry and George have finally struck a deal with NBC to produce their pilot Jerry as a series, upon receiving a call from Elizabeth Clark calling from the office of NBC President James Kimbrough (Peter Riegert). Jerry and George will be leaving New York City for California to begin work. Jerry is given use of NBC's private jet by NBC executives Jay Crespi and Stu Chermak as a courtesy and he, George, Elaine, and Kramer decide to go to Paris for "one last hurrah". Elaine tries to get hold of her friend Jill. First, she can't get any reception with her cell phone on the street. Then, Jerry interrupts her with news of the pilot pickup and Elaine hangs up on Jill to take the call. Jerry then scolds her for trying to rush the call before they all leave for Paris, and for thinking about calling from the plane. On the plane that is piloted by Captain Mattox and his co-pilot Kurt Adams, George and Elaine argue over the quality of the plane and what Elaine considers an "effeminate" way in which George sits in the jet, while Kramer is still trying to get water out of his ears from a trip to the beach he made earlier in the day.
Kramer's desperation to get the water out of his ears causes him to jump up and down on the plane and, as a result, he stumbles and falls into the cockpit, which causes the pilots to lose control. While the plane is nosediving, the four prepare for death. George, momentarily feeling the need to confess, reveals he cheated in "The Contest," and Elaine begins to tell Jerry that she always loved him; but the plane steadies itself and they make a safe emergency landing in the fictional small town of Latham, Massachusetts.
While waiting for the airplane to be repaired, they witness an overweight man named Howie (John Pinette) getting carjacked at gunpoint by a criminal (Jerry Thomas Johnson). Instead of helping him, they crack jokes about his size while Kramer films it all on his camcorder, then proceed to walk away. The victim notices this and tells the reporting officer Matt Vogel (Scott Jaeck), who arrests them on a duty to rescue violation that requires bystanders to help out in such a situation.
Because this is the first case implementing this law, they are advised by the deputy to call a lawyer to represent them. Jerry and his friends do not have any choice but to call on Jackie Chiles to represent them for the upcoming trial. District Attorney Hoyt (James Rebhorn) hears that Jackie Chiles will be representing Jerry and his friends and tells the prosecutor that he will find out everything about them.
Part II[edit]
Jerry, Elaine, George, and Kramer are in their cell having their meal while awaiting the trial when Jerry's beeper goes off stating that their airplane is ready. Geraldo Rivera and Jane Wells cover the news about the trial of Jerry, Elaine, George, and Kramer. The people associated with the main characters are packing for the trial and heading to Latham, Massachusetts. Jerry's parents Morty and Helen, George's parents Frank and Estelle, Newman, Jerry's Uncle Leo, Jacopo "J." Peterman, David Puddy, Mickey Abbot, Kenny Bania, Susan Ross' parents, Rabbi Glickman, Keith Hernandez, and George Steinbrenner are among those shown making their way to Latham, Massachusetts. In addition to these people, many others from New York like Kramer's mother Babs Kramer and Matt Wilhelm have made the trip to watch the trial in the courtroom. A lengthy trial ensues presided over by Judge Arthur Vandelay (Stanley Anderson). George considers this to be a good sign as Arthur Vandelay was one of the many fake names he used for himself and phony companies he claimed to have worked for.
District Attorney Hoyt starts his opening statement that the defendants have ignored their Good Samaritan Law and mocked the victim of a mugging. He also states that the defendants must pay for this crime. Jackie Chiles starts his opening statement that this trial is a waste of the taxpayer's money, the defendants are innocent from bystanding, and that the real criminal is still out there.
District Attorney Hoyt starts to ask a lot of witnesses in hopes to make Jerry, Elaine, George, and Kramer pay for breaking the duty to rescue law.
Officer Matt Vogel testifies that Jerry, George, Kramer, and Elaine were simply standing there while the victim was being robbed. During his testimony, Kramer's video is played upon Matt Vogel getting permission from the court to play it.
Howie claims that Jerry, Elaine, Kramer, and George just did nothing while he was getting robbed. District Attorney Hoyt has no further questions towards Howie. Following the testimony, Jay Crespi and Stu Chermak take their seats as George shouts at them for the jet nearly killing them causing Judge Vandelay to bang his gavel.
Mabel Choate (Frances Bay), the elderly woman Jerry mugged for a loaf of marble rye bread for George to give to his soon-to-be in-laws in "The Rye," recounts this incident that took place on January 4, 1996. Her use as a witness upon her taking the stand leads to an objection by Jackie Chiles because she was not present at the crime. District Attorney Hoyt states that they plan to use a series of character witnesses and the judge overrules the objection so that he can hear what she has to say.
Marla Penny (Jane Leeves), the virgin whom Jerry dates in "The Virgin" and "The Contest," reluctantly explains that she broke up with Jerry on October 28, 1992 after learning of the contest that the four had to see who could go the longest without "gratifying themselves." This caused everyone to groan as J. Peterman even quotes "For the love of God."
Donald Sanger (voiced by Jon Hayman), the Bubble Boy whom Jerry tried to visit, was brought in the courtroom by his father Mel Sanger (Brian Doyle-Murray). Donald describes the argument he had with George on October 7, 1992 while playing a game of Trivial Pursuit where Moors was misprinted as "Moops" when it came to the "Who invaded Spain in the 8th Century" question. Their argument ultimately led to Susan Ross accidentally destroying the protective bubble in which he lives (due to an unspecified medical condition). The bubble actually popped while Donald was choking George who was framed for trying to kill him by those who knew Donald. George and Donald then start their "Moors or Moops" argument again.
Lola (Donna Evans) describes events from "The Handicap Spot". George parked in a handicapped space, which caused her to travel a greater distance to get to where she was going. Her electric wheelchair was destroyed in an accident when it lost power and Kramer bought her a used wheelchair with faulty brakes which caused her to go careening down a hill.
Dr. Wexler (Victor Raider-Wexler) recaps the events of "The Invitations" where he treated George's ex-fiancee Susan Ross after she passed out from licking envelopes covered with toxic glue on May 16, 1996. Dr. Wexler described a look of "restrained jubilation" on George's face when he was informed she died. His testimony causes Susan Ross' parents to angrily react (which confirmed Mr. and Mrs. Ross' suspicion in "The Wizard" that George was behind their daughter's death) where Henry Ross calls George a murderer and Mrs. Ross stating that George knew those envelopes were toxic as Judge Vandelay had to do an "order in the court" to break up the commotion. George is last seen looking quite upset at himself for treating Susan rather negatively.
Sidra Holland (Teri Hatcher), the woman Jerry dated from the health club in "The Implant," recounts an incident in 1993 when Elaine tripped in the sauna and landed on her breasts. She claimed that Jerry had sent Elaine into the sauna to find out if her breasts were real or implants. When Sidra entered the courtroom, Jackie Chiles developed a crush on her.
Lt. Joe Bookman (Philip Baker Hall), the library cop from "The Library", talks about what a library cop does and mentions about how Jerry had a 25-year-overdue library book. He calls Jerry a "criminal" which is what a "delinquent" for 25 years have been called.
Robin (Melanie Chartoff), a comedy club waitress and George's girlfriend from "The Fire," recounts her child's birthday party where a flashback shows George cowardly and selfishly pushing children and an elderly woman out of the way to escape a small kitchen fire is shown. A deleted scene had Robin also answering yes to the question if her mother was also knocked down during the incident.
The Garden Valley Shopping Mall Security Guard from "The Parking Garage" (David Dunard) testifies about catching Jerry urinating in public and his reasoning for doing so. The flashback showed Jerry telling the security guard that "I could get uromysitisis poisoning and die, that's why." District Attorney Hoyt quotes "Uromycitisis! I wonder if they're having any trouble controlling themselves during this trial? Perhaps these two hooligans would like to have a pee party right here in the courtroom!" When Jackie Chiles objects stating that his clients' bathroom problems are not an issue of the trial, Judge Vandalay tells him to sit down when Jackie tries to refer to the Disability Act of 1990.
Detective Hudson (James Pickens, Jr.) refers to an incident that took place at the end of "The Wig Master" due to an odd set of circumstances that led to Kramer being mistaken for a pimp and getting arrested by the police.
Kramer's ex-girlfriend Leslie the Low-Talker (Wendel Meldrum) from "The Puffy Shirt" is apparently there to testify against Jerry for bad-mouthing the puffy shirt she had him promote on The Today Show. Jackie Chiles objects because Leslie is a low-talker and that nobody can hear her. He tells Judge Vandalay to either get Leslie a microphone or they should move on with the trial. A deleted scene had District Attorney Hoyt getting close enough to hear that Jerry's negative comment ruined her business prior to Jackie Chiles' objection.
George's former boss with the New York Yankees George Steinbrenner (played by Lee Bear and voiced by Larry David) recalls how he was rumored to be a Communist in "The Race", but did not state how he was traded for Tyler Chicken in "The Muffin Tops". Frank Costanza stands up and shouts to Steinbrenner "How could you give $12,000,000.00 to Hideki Irabu?" Judge Vandelay had to do an "order in the court" to break up the argument.
Marcelino (Miguel Sandoval), the sleazy grocer and cockfighting ringleader from "The Little Jerry", has his testimony simply consisting of him saying "cockfighting" in response to a question from District Attorney Hoyt.
Roger Hoffman (David Byrd), the Pharmacist from "The Sponge," testifies about the event on the night of December 7, 1995 where Elaine came into Pasteau Pharmacy and "said she needed a whole case" of Today sponges shortly after they were pulled from the market. Roger also added that the sponges in question are not "the kind you clean your tub with. They're for sex." This caused everyone to groan upon hearing this testimony. A deleted scene had him also stating that Elaine was agitated and desperate at the time.
Elaine's ex-boyfriend and co-worker Fred (Tony Carlin) from "The Pick" testifies about Elaine's accidental nipple exposure in a Christmas card on December 1992. A deleted scene had Elaine stating that it was inadvertent and that Kramer took the picture for the Christmas card as Kramer claimed that the lighting called for it. Judge Vandelay banged his gavel.
Elaine's former boss Justin Pitt (Ian Abercrombie) mentioned that he fired her over a misunderstanding in "The Diplomat's Club". Pitt even believed Elaine was trying to kill him and testifies she tried to smother him with a pillow. A deleted scene prior to this accusation had him mentioning how he hired Elaine where she worked for him for September 1994 to May 1995. When Elaine shouted to Pitt that her trying to smother him with the pillow wasn't true, Judge Vandelay banged his gavel. When asked by District Attorney Hoyt on why she tried to kill him, Pitt stated that she and Jerry had somehow found out that she was in his will.
Yev Kassem The Soup Nazi (Larry Thomas) is first asked to spell his name, which he refuses to do. Then he testifies that the four used to come into his soup shop, mentioning that George didn't know how to order right. He even banned Elaine from the soup shop for a year. Elaine later found soup recipes in an old armoire that once belonged to the Soup Nazi and in an act of revenge reveals his recipes to the public. This caused the Soup Nazi to close his soup shop and move to Argentina while mentioning that Elaine ruined his business. When Elaine whispers to Jerry, Kramer, George, and Jackie that his soup wasn't good anyway, Yev stands up and shouts "WHAT DID YOU SAY?!"
Babu Bhatt (Brian George), a former Pakistani restaurateur who appeared in "The Cafe" and "The Visa", was brought back into the United States where he retells the story of how Jerry's advice to change the menu of his restaurant "The Dream Cafe" from varied to Pakistani caused his customer base to dry up. Then he charges that Elaine and Jerry purposely mixed up his mail so he did not get his visa renewal papers and was deported back to Pakistan. Babu ended his testimony by quoting "All they do is mock me, just like they did the fat fellow. All the time. Mocking, mocking, mocking, mocking, mocking. All the time! Now it is Babu's turn to mock. Finally I will have some justice. Send them away! Send them all away! Lock them up forever! They are not human. Very bad! Very, very, very bad!" Babu then waves his index finger at them. Babu's story is only partially true where his restaurant did not get any business except for Jerry's patronage before he changed the menu, and his renewal papers were accidentally delivered to Jerry's house while Jerry was out of town. When back in Pakistan, Bhatt had stated to a friend that he made a promise that he would go back to the US one day to have his revenge on Seinfeld.
As the jury goes over the evidence, Geraldo Rivera and Jane Wells recap to those watching their show about what was heard during the trial. Jane Wells even stated that the testimonies went into the night until Judge Vandelay has decided that he has heard enough. It was also mentioned that the closing arguments have occurred and that the jury has been deliberating for four and a half hours. Jerry, Elaine, George, and Kramer hope that Jackie Chiles would get them acquitted. Estelle enters Judge Vandelay's office in order to get him to reduce the punishment for her son if he is found guilty by doing something for him. Judge Vandelay asks "What do you mean"' Estelle says "You know."
Everyone else is seen killing time awaiting for the jury to be done:
Mabel Choate, Justin Pitt, Marla Penny, Marcelino, Joe Bookman, Dr. Wexler, Jay Crespi, and Stu Chermak are standing in the halls of the courthouse.
Rabbi Glickman is reading something from his book to Jerry's parents and Frank Costanza.
J. Peterman, Keith Hernandez, Kenny Bania, and Mickey Abbot are playing pool for money at the bar.
David Puddy is lying under a tree using a tanning mirror on his face.
Matt Wilhelm is trying to break up an argument between George Steinbrenner and a waiter.
Newman is eating food in his car while lying down in his back seat.
Yev Kassem is seen outside a building serving some of his soup to Babu Bhatt, Robin, Mr. Lippman, and Poppie. When Poppie is seen asking for some salt for his soup, Yev Kassem does his "No Soup for You" gesture and takes away his soup and spoon.
Henry Ross is seen buying a gun.
Jackie Chiles is in bed with Sidra Holland until he gets a call that the jury has reached a verdict.
The jury re-enters the courtroom. When Kramer claims that a woman on the jury is smiling at them, Jerry tells him that she's smiling at them because they might go to prison. Everyone rises when Judge Vandelay enters the courtroom. When it comes to the verdict, the forewoman of the jury (Myra Turley) states that the jury finds Jerry, George, Elaine, and Kramer guilty of criminal indifference. Mr. and Mrs. Ross and the testifiers are pleased with the verdict, Estelle faints, and Newman has a brief choking moment from laughing while eating food. Judge Vandelay breaks up the commotion by threatening to clear the courtroom if they didn't stop.
He then says to the four "I do not know how, or under what circumstances the four of you found each other, but your callous indifference and utter disregard for everything that is good and decent has rocked the very foundation upon which our society is built. I can think of nothing more fitting than for the four of you to be sentenced to death." Judge Vandalay adjourns the court and takes his leave from the courtroom as George angrily quotes to Kramer "You had to hop! You had to hop on the plane!" As everyone starts to leave, Elaine tells David not to wait for her to which he indifferently says "Alright." Frank tries to wake up Estelle from her fainting so that they can beat the traffic as Uncle Leo comforts Babs in the background. Before leaving with Sidra, Jackie Chiles tells the four that he may have lost the case, but he did get satisfied with Sidra while commenting "And by the way: they're real, and they're spectacular!"
In the final scene before the credits, the four main characters sit in their holding cell awaiting their prison transport. Kramer is finally able to get the water out of his ears after days of trying. Elaine decides that she's going to use her one phone call from prison to call Jill, saying that the prison call is the "king of calls". Jerry begins a conversation about George's shirt buttons, using lines from the first episode.[3] George then wonders if they've had that conversation before, which Jerry acknowledges.
During the credits at the Latham County Prison, Jerry is wearing a Latham County orange jumpsuit and performing a stand-up routine of prison-related jokes to an audience of fellow prisoners (including Kramer and George; Elaine is not seen as she is in the women's section of the prison). No one is laughing except for the studio audience and Kramer. As Jerry is then escorted off the stage by a prison guard (Jon Hayman) for talking back at a heckler, he says to his mostly hateful audience, "Hey, you've been great! See you in the cafeteria!" as the audience jeers, and Kramer gives him a standing ovation.
Broadcast and reception[edit]
The top price for a 30-second commercial during the U.S. broadcast was approximately $1 million, marking the first time ever on American television history that a regular primetime television series (as well as a non-sport broadcast) had commanded at least $1-million advertising rate (previously attained only by Super Bowl general telecasts).[4]
In its original American broadcast, 76.3 million U.S. television viewers tuned into "The Finale", becoming the fourth most watched overall series finale in the U.S. after M*A*S*H, Cheers and The Fugitive.[5] When this episode originally aired on NBC, TV Land paid tribute by not programming any shows opposite it, instead just showing a still shot of a closed office door with a pair of handwritten notes that said "We're TV Fans so... we're watching the last episode of Seinfeld. Will return at 10pm et, 7pm pt."[6]
Although the finale of Seinfeld enjoyed a huge audience during the May 1998 telecast, it received polarized reviews and was criticized by many for portraying the main characters as people with no respect for society, and for mocking the audience who tuned in to watch them every week. Entertainment Weekly's Ken Tucker seemed to echo this sentiment in declaring the episode "off-key and bloated...Ultimately, Seinfeld and David's kiss-off to their fans was a loud, hearty, 'So long, suckers!'"[7] Others valued it for the large number of cameo appearances from past episodes, as well as the perceived in-joke of the four characters being convicted and imprisoned on the charge that they did nothing, a play on the "show about nothing" mantra.
The night before "The Finale" aired, competing ABC television show Dharma & Greg aired the episode "Much Ado During Nothing". Their story centered around their title characters trying to win back a duck lawn ornament from Dharma's friend Jane by doing the most daring sexual act in public. After getting caught by the police once, they devise a scheme sure to succeed. Their plan centers on them "doing the deed" while the final episode is airing, saying that "...everybody in the country is going to be watching the last episode of Seinfeld."
Although Larry David has stated he has no regrets about how the show ended,[8] a 2010 Time article noted that the Seinfeld reunion during the seventh season of Curb Your Enthusiasm "was viewed by many as his attempt at a do-over."[8] This was also referenced by Jerry in the seventh-season finale of Curb Your Enthusiasm, saying "We already screwed up one finale" with David responding "we didn't screw up a finale, that was a good finale!" Having said that, during a Seinfeld roundtable reunion discussion, Larry admitted to understanding the disappointment and said if he were to redo it he would have kept the plot of the finale less of a secret, which only heightened expectations.
In 2011, the finale was ranked No. 7 on the TV Guide Network special, TV's Most Unforgettable Finales.[9]
In the final Top Ten List of the Late Show with David Letterman, Julia Louis-Dreyfus jokingly criticized the episode by thanking Letterman for letting her take part in "another hugely disappointing series finale", much to the faux chagrin of Jerry Seinfeld who was also there.[10]
Syndication version[edit]
This version had cut several parts from the original episode (US) or rearranged some parts:
In the plane:
When the plane was falling, Elaine said to Jerry "Jerry, I've always loved...", but in the syndication version, "loved..." is cut.
In the trial:
The testimonies of Donald Sanger, George Steinbrenner, and Detective Hudson.
The scene between Jerry and Elaine before the jury re-enters the courtroom.
The scene with Jerry, Elaine, George and Kramer having a meal in their cell was used for the credits of the first part.
Jerry's opening stand-up comedy act, which was the first since the finale of Season 7.
Deleted scenes[edit]
The scenes that were cut are now available on DVD.
First half
The scene with Kramer in the car is much longer than originally aired.
Dialogue between Jerry and George in a taxi.
The coffee shop scene with Jerry, Elaine, Kramer and George is much longer, examining more locations than before.
Second half
The exchange between the minor cast members before the jury is cut down. It consists of Keith Hernandez telling Newman that he has been doing some announcing, Rabbi Glickman talking to Frank and Estelle Costanza and Morty and Helen Seinfeld about enlightenment, Uncle Leo meeting Babs Kramer, J. Peterman meeting David Puddy, and Mickey Abbot telling Kenny Bania that he took his seat.
Jackie Chiles' opening dialogue is much longer than aired. It had him mentioning that the criminal is also lying and laughing at this while the defendants are lucky to be alive from the airplane's emergency landing. He also claimed that he can get the pilot of the airplane to the court to testify on their behalf.
Justin Pitt being called to the stand was featured as well as an extended version of his testimony.
The extended testimonies of Robin, Leslie, Roger Hoffman, and Fred.
Testimonies from Arnold Deensfrei, Detective Blake, Mr. Lippman, Ramon, and Poppie.
Jerry's final standup is much longer than before.
An alternate ending was also filmed. The jury re-enters the courtroom. When Kramer claims that a woman on the jury is smiling at them, Jerry tells him that she's smiling at them because they might go to prison. When it comes to the verdict, the forewoman of the jury states that the jury finds Jerry, George, Elaine, and Kramer not guilty of criminal indifference which disappoints the testifiers and leaves Judge Vandelay speechless. This ending can be found as an Easter egg on the "Seinfeld" season 9 DVD set.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Finale, Part 2 episode on Seinfeld.com". Sony Pictures. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
Jump up ^ "The Finale, Part 1 episode on Seinfeld.com". Sony Pictures. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
Jump up ^ "5 Things You Didn't Know: Seinfeld". AskMen. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Battaglio, Stephen. "2010: The Year in Numbers", "TV Insider", TV Guide, December 20, 2010, Page 9
Jump up ^ "All Videos—Newest—Video—NBC.com". Late Night with Jimmy Fallon. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
Jump up ^ "TV Land Last Seinfeld". YouTube. Retrieved 2013-09-04.
Jump up ^ Ken Tucker (1998-05-29). "Seinfeld Review | News Reviews and News". EW.com. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Lost Finale: Top 10 Most Anticipated Tv Endings". Time. 2010-05-23.
Jump up ^ TV's Most Unforgettable Finales—Aired May 22, 2011 on TV Guide Network
Jump up ^ http://www.etonline.com/tv/164928_julia_louis_dreyfus_wins_letterman_s_final_top_ten_list_with_seinfeld_dig/
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Finale
"The Finale" on IMDb
"The Finale" at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
e
Seinfeld episodes
Season 1
"The Seinfeld Chronicles"
"The Stake Out"
"The Robbery"
"Male Unbonding"
"The Stock Tip"
Season 2
"The Ex-Girlfriend"
"The Pony Remark"
"The Jacket"
"The Phone Message"
"The Apartment"
"The Statue"
"The Revenge"
"The Heart Attack"
"The Deal"
"The Baby Shower"
"The Chinese Restaurant"
"The Busboy"
Season 3
"The Note"
"The Truth"
"The Pen"
"The Dog"
"The Library"
"The Parking Garage"
"The Cafe"
"The Tape"
"The Nose Job"
"The Stranded"
"The Alternate Side"
"The Red Dot"
"The Subway"
"The Pez Dispenser"
"The Suicide"
"The Fix-Up"
"The Boyfriend"
"The Limo"
"The Good Samaritan"
"The Letter"
"The Parking Space"
"The Keys"
Season 4
"The Trip"
"The Pitch"
"The Ticket"
"The Wallet"
"The Watch"
"The Bubble Boy"
"The Cheever Letters"
"The Opera"
"The Virgin"
"The Contest"
"The Airport"
"The Pick"
"The Movie"
"The Visa"
"The Shoes"
"The Outing"
"The Old Man"
"The Implant"
"The Junior Mint"
"The Smelly Car"
"The Handicap Spot"
"The Pilot"
Season 5
"The Mango"
"The Puffy Shirt"
"The Glasses"
"The Sniffing Accountant"
"The Bris"
"The Lip Reader"
"The Non-Fat Yogurt"
"The Barber"
"The Masseuse"
"The Cigar Store Indian"
"The Conversion"
"The Stall"
"The Dinner Party"
"The Marine Biologist"
"The Pie"
"The Stand In"
"The Wife"
"The Raincoats"
"The Fire"
"The Hamptons"
"The Opposite"
Season 6
"The Chaperone"
"The Big Salad"
"The Pledge Drive"
"The Chinese Woman"
"The Couch"
"The Gymnast"
"The Soup"
"The Mom & Pop Store"
"The Secretary"
"The Race"
"The Switch"
"The Label Maker"
"The Scofflaw"
"The Highlights of 100"
"The Beard"
"The Kiss Hello"
"The Doorman"
"The Jimmy"
"The Doodle"
"The Fusilli Jerry"
"The Diplomat's Club"
"The Face Painter"
"The Understudy"
Season 7
"The Engagement"
"The Postponement"
"The Maestro"
"The Wink"
"The Hot Tub"
"The Soup Nazi"
"The Secret Code"
"The Pool Guy"
"The Sponge"
"The Gum"
"The Rye"
"The Caddy"
"The Seven"
"The Cadillac"
"The Shower Head"
"The Doll"
"The Friar's Club"
"The Wig Master"
"The Calzone"
"The Bottle Deposit"
"The Wait Out"
"The Invitations"
Season 8
"The Foundation"
"The Soul Mate"
"The Bizarro Jerry"
"The Little Kicks"
"The Package"
"The Fatigues"
"The Checks"
"The Chicken Roaster"
"The Abstinence"
"The Andrea Doria"
"The Little Jerry"
"The Money"
"The Comeback"
"The Van Buren Boys"
"The Susie"
"The Pothole"
"The English Patient"
"The Nap"
"The Yada Yada"
"The Millennium"
"The Muffin Tops"
"The Summer of George"
Season 9
"The Butter Shave"
"The Voice"
"The Serenity Now"
"The Blood"
"The Junk Mail"
"The Merv Griffin Show"
"The Slicer"
"The Betrayal"
"The Apology"
"The Strike"
"The Dealership"
"The Reverse Peephole"
"The Cartoon"
"The Strongbox"
"The Wizard"
"The Burning"
"The Bookstore"
"The Frogger"
"The Maid"
"The Puerto Rican Day"
"The Chronicle"
"The Finale"
Indicates two-part episode
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Finale_(Seinfeld)&oldid=822023009"
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Seinfeld (season 9) episodes
American television series finales
1998 American television episodes
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