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The Wealth of Nations
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The Wealth of Nations
Author
Adam Smith
Country
Scotland
Language
English
Genre
Economics, Philosophy
Publisher
W. Strahan and T. Cadell, London
Publication date
1776
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, generally referred to by its shortened title The Wealth of Nations, is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith. First published in 1776, the book offers one of the world's first collected descriptions of what builds nations' wealth, and is today a fundamental work in classical economics. By reflecting upon the economics at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the book touches upon such broad topics as the division of labour, productivity, and free markets.
It is the second most cited book in the social sciences published before 1950, behind Karl Marx's Capital.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary of Wealth of Nations
2 History
2.1 Publishing history
3 Reception and impact
3.1 United States
4 Modern evaluations
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Summary of Wealth of Nations[edit]
An important theme that persists throughout the work is the idea that the economic system is automatic, and, when left with substantial freedom, able to regulate itself. This is often referred to as the "invisible hand." The ability to self-regulate and to ensure maximum efficiency, however, is limited by externalities, monopolies, tax preferences, lobbying groups, and other "privileges" extended to certain members of the economy at the expense of others.[2]
History[edit]
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The Wealth of Nations was published 9 March 1776, during the Scottish Enlightenment and the Scottish Agricultural Revolution.[3] It influenced a number of authors and economists, as well as governments and organisations. For example, Alexander Hamilton was influenced in part by The Wealth of Nations to write his Report on Manufactures, in which he argued against many of Smith's policies. Interestingly, Hamilton based much of this report on the ideas of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, and it was, in part, Colbert's ideas that Smith responded to with The Wealth of Nations.
The Wealth of Nations was the product of seventeen years of notes, an observation of conversation among economists of the time concerning economic and societal conditions during the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, and took Smith ten years to produce. The result, An Inquiry to the Wealth of Nations, was a treatise which sought to offer a practical application for reformed economic theory to replace the mercantilist and physiocratic economic theories that were becoming less relevant in the time of industrial progress and innovation. It provided the foundation for new economists, politicians, mathematicians, biologists, and thinkers of all fields to build upon. Irrespective of historical influence, The Wealth of Nations represented a clear shift in the field of economics, comparable to Sir Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica for physics, Antoine Lavoisier's Traité Élémentaire de Chimie for chemistry, or Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species for biology.
Publishing history[edit]
Bust of Smith in the Adam Smith Theatre, Kirkcaldy
Five editions of The Wealth of Nations were published during Smith's lifetime: in 1776, 1778,[4] 1784, 1786 and 1789.[5] Numerous editions appeared after Smith's death in 1790. To better understand the evolution of the work under Smith's hand, a team led by Edwin Cannan collated the first five editions. The differences were published along with an edited sixth edition in 1904.[6] They found minor but numerous differences (including the addition of many footnotes) between the first and the second editions, both of which were published in two volumes. The differences between the second and third editions, however, are major: In 1784, Smith annexed these first two editions with the publication of Additions and Corrections to the First and Second Editions of Dr. Adam Smith’s Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, and he also had published the three-volume third edition of the Wealth of Nations, which incorporated Additions and Corrections and, for the first time, an index. Among other things, the Additions and Corrections included entirely new sections. The fourth edition, published in 1786, had only slight differences from the third edition, and Smith himself says in the Advertisement at the beginning of the book, "I have made no alterations of any kind." Finally, Cannan notes only trivial differences between the fourth and fifth editions—a set of misprints being removed from the fourth and a different set of misprints being introduced.
Reception and impact[edit]
The first edition of the book sold out in six months.[7] The printer William Strahan wrote on 12 April 1776 that David Hume had said that The Wealth of Nations required too much thought to be as popular as Edward Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Strahan also wrote: "What you say of Mr. Gibbon's and Dr. Smith's book is exactly just. The former is the most popular work; but the sale of the latter, though not near so rapid, has been more than I could have expected from a work that requires much thought and reflection (qualities that do not abound among modern readers) to peruse to any purpose".[8] Gibbon wrote to Adam Ferguson on 1 April: "What an excellent work is that with which our common friend Mr. Adam Smith has enriched the public! An extensive science in a single book, and the most profound ideas expressed in the most perspicuous language".[9] The review of the book in the Annual Register was probably written by Whig MP Edmund Burke.[10]
Smith's biographer John Rae contends that The Wealth of Nations shaped government policy soon after it was published. In 1777 the Prime Minister, Lord North, in the first budget after the book was published, got the idea for two new taxes from the book: one on man-servants and the other on property sold at auction. The budget of 1778 introduced the inhabited house duty and the malt tax, both recommended by Smith. In 1779 Smith was consulted by politicians Henry Dundas and Lord Carlisle on the subject of giving Ireland free trade.[11]
The Wealth of Nations was first mentioned in Parliament by the Whig leader Charles James Fox on 11 November 1783: "There was a maxim laid down in an excellent book upon the Wealth of Nations which had been ridiculed for its simplicity, but which was indisputable as to its truth. In that book it was stated that the only way to become rich was to manage matters so as to make one's income exceed one's expenses. This maxim applied equally to an individual and to a nation. The proper line of conduct therefore was by a well-directed economy to retrench every current expense, and to make as large a saving during the peace as possible".[12] However Fox once told Charles Butler sometime after 1785 that he had never read the book and that "There is something in all these subjects which passes my comprehension; something so wide that I could never embrace them myself nor find any one who did".[13] In 1796 when Fox was dining with Lord Lauderdale, Lauderdale remarked that they knew nothing of political economy before Adam Smith wrote. "Pooh," replied Fox, "your Adam Smiths are nothing, but" (he added, turning to the company) "that is his love; we must spare him there". Lauderdale replied: "I think he is everything", to which Fox rejoined: "That is a great proof of your affection".[13] Fox also found Adam Smith "tedious" and believed that one half of The Wealth of Nations could be "omitted with much benefit to the subject".[14]
In an editorial of The Times on 3 August 1787, it was stated: "It is astonishing to consider, how few merchants are acquainted with Smith's Wealth of Nations, or Anderson's History of Commerce, which are certainly books that should be perused by every man who makes trade his pursuit".[15]
The Wealth of Nations was next mentioned in Parliament by Robert Thornton MP in 1787 to support the Commercial Treaty with France. In the same year George Dempster MP referenced it in the debate on the proposal to farm the post-horse duties and in 1788 by a Mr. Hussy on the Wool Exportation Bill.[12] In 1791 the English radical Thomas Paine wrote in his Rights of Man that "Had Mr. Burke possessed talents similar to the author ‘On the Wealth of Nations,’ he would have comprehended all the parts which enter into, and, by assemblage, form a constitution".[16] The Prime Minister, William Pitt, praised Smith in the House of Commons on 17 February 1792: "…an author of our own times now unfortunately no more (I mean the author of a celebrated treatise on the Wealth of Nations), whose extensive knowledge of detail, and depth of philosophical research will, I believe, furnish the best solution to every question connected with the history of commerce, or with the systems of political economy".[17] In the same year it was quoted by Samuel Whitbread MP and Fox (on the division of labour) in the debate on the armament against Russia and also by William Wilberforce in introducing his Bill against the slave trade. It was not mentioned in the House of Lords until 1793, by Lord Lansdowne and Lord Loughborough. Lansdowne said: "With respect to French principles, as they had been denominated, those principles had been exported from us to France, and could not be said to have originated among the population of the latter country. The new principles of government founded on the abolition of the old feudal system were originally propagated among us by the Dean of Gloucester, Mr. Tucker, and had since been more generally inculcated by Dr. Smith in his work on the Wealth of Nations, which had been recommended as a book necessary for the information of youth by Mr. Dugald Stewart in his Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind". Loughborough replied that "in the works of Dean Tucker, Adam Smith, and Mr. Stewart, to which allusion had been made, no doctrines inimical to the principles of civil government, the morals or religion of mankind, were contained, and therefore to trace the errors of the French to these causes was manifestly fallacious".[18] On 16 May 1797 Pitt said in the debate on the suspension of cash payments by the Bank of England that Smith was "that great author" but his arguments "though always ingenious" were "sometimes injudicious".[19]
Sir John Mitford, the Solicitor-General, said on 22 December 1798 in speaking on cross-bills (a bill of exchange given in consideration of another bill) that Smith "in his Wealth of Nations, explains the nature and pernicious consequences of this practice with his usual perspicuity and philosophical accuracy".[20] On 5 December 1800 Lord Warwick said in a debate on the price of corn that:
There was hardly any kind of property on which the law did not impose some restraints and regulations with regard to the sale of them, except that of provisions. This was probably done on the principles laid down by a celebrated and able writer, Doctor Adam Smith, who had maintained that every thing ought to be left to its own level. He knew something of that Gentleman, whose heart he knew was as sound as his head; and he was sure that had he lived to this day and beheld the novel state of wretchedness to which the country was now reduced – a state, which as the like had never occurred before, could never have entered into his mind; that Great Man would have reason to blush for some of the doctrines he had laid down. He would now have abundant opportunities of observing that all those artificial means of enhancing the price of provisions, which he had considered as no way mischievous, were practised at this time to a most alarming extent. He would see the Farmer keeping up his produce while the poor were labouring under all the miseries of want, and he would see Forestallers, Regraters, and all kinds of Middle-men making large profits upon it.[21]
Lord Grenville replied that "he must remind him, that so far from there having been any difference in the state of the Country when that great man lived, and the present times, his book was first published at a period, previous to which there had been two or three seasons of great dearth and distress; and during those seasons there were speculators without number, who raised an unfounded and unjust clamour against Forestallers and Regraters, and who proposed that a certain price should be fixed on every article: but all their plans were wisely rejected, and the Treatise on the Wealth of Nations, which came forward soon after, pointed out in the clearest light how absurd and futile they must have been".[21]
In 1800 the Anti-Jacobin Review criticised The Wealth of Nations and Robert Southey in 1812 in the Quarterly Review condemned The Wealth of Nations as a "tedious and hard-hearted book".[22]
In 1803 The Times argued against war with Spain: "She is our best customer; and by the gentle and peaceable stream of commerce, the treasures of the new world flow with greater certainty into English reservoirs, than it could do by the most successful warfare. They come in this way to support our manufactures, to encourage industry, to feed our poor, to pay taxes, to reward ingenuity, to diffuse riches among all classes of people. But for the full understanding of this beneficial circulation of wealth, we must refer to Dr. Adam Smith's incomparable Treatise on the Wealth of Nations".[23] In 1810 a correspondent writing under the pseudonym of Publicola included at the head of his letter Smith's line that "Exclusive Companies are nuisances in every respect" and called him "that learned writer".[24] In 1821 The Times quoted Smith's opinion that the interests of corn dealers and the people were the same.[25]
In 1826 the English radical William Cobbett criticised in his Rural Rides the political economists' hostility to the Poor Law: "Well, amidst all this suffering, there is one good thing; the Scotch political economy is blown to the devil, and the Edinburgh Review and Adam Smith along with it".[26]
The Radical MP Richard Cobden as a young man studied The Wealth of Nations; his copy is still in the library of his home at Dunford House and there are lively marginal notes on the places where Smith condemns British colonial policy. There are none on the passage about the invisible hand.[27] Cobden campaigned for free trade in his agitation against the Corn Laws. On 13 October 1843 Cobden quoted (accurately) Smith's protest against the "plain violation of the most sacred property" of every man derived from his labour.[28] On 8 May 1844 he cited Smith's opposition to slave labour[29] and on 3 July 1844 claimed that Smith had been misrepresentated by protectionists as a monopolist.[30] On 8 October 1849 Cobden claimed that he had "gone through the length and breadth of this country, with Adam Smith in my hand, to advocate the principles of Free Trade." He also said he had tried "to popularise to the people of this country, and of the Continent, those arguments with which Adam Smith, David Hume, Ricardo, and every man who has written on this subject, have demonstrated the funding system to be injurious to mankind, and unjust in principle".[31] Cobden believed it to be morally wrong to lend money to be spent on war. When The Times claimed the political economists were against Cobden on this, Cobden wrote on 16 October 1849: "I can quote Adam Smith whose authority is without appeal now in intellectual circles, it gives one the basis of science upon which to raise appeals to the moral feelings".[32] When in 1850 the Russian government attempted to raise a loan, ostensibly for the construction of a railway from St. Petersburg to Moscow, but actually to cover the deficit brought about by its war against Hungary, Cobden said on 18 January: "I take my stand on one of the strongest grounds in stating that Adam Smith and other great authorities on political economy are opposed to the very principle of such loans".[33] In 1863, during Cobden's dispute with The Times over its claims that his fellow Radical John Bright wanted to divide the land of the rich amongst the poor, Cobden read to a friend the passage in the Wealth of Nations which criticised primogeniture and entail. Cobden said that if Bright had been as plain-speaking as Smith, "how he would have been branded as an incendiary and Socialist".[34] On 23 November 1864 Cobden proclaimed: "If I were five-and-twenty or thirty, instead of, unhappily, twice that number of years, I would take Adam Smith in hand—I would not go beyond him, I would have no politics in it – I would take Adam Smith in hand, and I would have a League for free trade in Land just as we had a League for free trade in Corn. You will find just the same authority in Adam Smith for the one as for the other; and if it were only taken up as it must be taken up to succeed, not as a political, revolutionary, Radical, Chartist notion, but taken up on politico-economic grounds, the agitation would be certain to succeed".[35]
The Liberal statesman William Ewart Gladstone chaired the meeting of the Political Economy Club to celebrate the centenary of the publication of The Wealth of Nations.[36]
The Liberal historian Lord Acton believed that The Wealth of Nations gave a "scientific backbone to liberal sentiment"[37] and that it was the "classic English philosophy of history".[38]
United States[edit]
James Madison, in a speech given in Congress on 2 February 1791, cited The Wealth of Nations in opposing a national bank: "The principal disadvantages consisted in, 1st. banishing the precious metals, by substituting another medium to perform their office: This effect was inevitable. It was admitted by the most enlightened patrons of banks, particularly by Smith on the Wealth of Nations".[39] Thomas Jefferson, writing to John Norvell on 14 June 1807, claimed that on "the subjects of money & commerce, Smith's Wealth of Nations is the best book to be read, unless Say's Political Economy can be had, which treats the same subject on the same principles, but in a shorter compass & more lucid manner".[40]
Modern evaluations[edit]
Bustling with work and activity, "The Wealth of the Nation" by Seymour Fogel is an interpretation of the theme of Social Security.
George Stigler attributes to Smith "the most important substantive proposition in all of economics" and foundation of resource-allocation theory. It is that, under competition, owners of resources (labour, land, and capital) will use them most profitably, resulting in an equal rate of return in equilibrium for all uses (adjusted for apparent differences arising from such factors as training, trust, hardship, and unemployment).[41] He also describes Smith's theorem that "the division of labour is limited by the extent of the market" as the "core of a theory of the functions of firm and industry" and a "fundamental principle of economic organisation."[42]
Paul Samuelson finds in Smith's pluralist use of supply and demand—as applied to wages, rents, and profit—a valid and valuable anticipation of the general equilibrium modelling of Walras a century later. Moreover, Smith's allowance for wage increases in the short and intermediate term from capital accumulation and invention added a realism missed later by Malthus, Ricardo, and Marx in their propounding a rigid subsistence-wage theory of labour supply.[43]
In noting the last words of the Wealth of Nations,
If any of the provinces of the British empire cannot be made to contribute towards the support of the whole empire, it is surely time that Great Britain should free herself from the expence of defending those provinces in time of war, and of supporting any part of their civil or military establishments in time of peace, and endeavour to accommodate her future views and designs to the real mediocrity of her circumstances.[44]
Ronald Coase suggests that if Smith's earlier proposal of granting colonies representation in the British parliament proportional to their contributions to public revenues had been followed, "there would have been no 1776, … America would now be ruling England, and we [in America] would be today celebrating Adam Smith not simply as the author of the Wealth of Nations, but hailing him as a founding father."[45]
Mark Blaug argues that it was Smith's achievement to shift the burden of proof against those maintaining that the pursuit of self-interest does not achieve social good. But he notes Smith's relevant attention to definite institutional arrangements and process as disciplining self-interest to widen the scope of the market, accumulate capital, and grow income.[46]
Economic anthropologist David Graeber argues that throughout antiquity, one can identify many different systems of credit and later monetary exchange, drawing evidence for his argument from historical and also ethnographical records, that the traditional explanation for the origins of monetary economies from primitive bartering systems, as laid out by Adam Smith, doesn't find empirical support.[47] The author argues that credit systems developed as means of account long before the advent of coinage around 600 BCE, and can still be seen operating in non-monetary economies. The idea of barter, on the other hand, seems only to apply to limited exchanges between societies that had infrequent contact and often in a context of ritualised warfare, rendering its conceptualisation among economists as a myth.[48] As an alternative explanation for the creation of economic life, the author suggests that it originally related to social currencies, closely related to non-market quotidian interactions among a community and based on the "everyday communism" that is based on mutual expectations and responsibilities among individuals. This type of economy is, then, contrasted with the moral foundations of exchange based on formal equality and reciprocity (but not necessarily leading to market relations) and hierarchy, based on clear inequalities that tend to crystallise in customs and castes.[48]
See also[edit]
The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), Adam Smith's other major work
The National Gain, a pamphlet by Finnish–Swedish economist and politician Anders Chydenius which preceded The Wealth of Nations and which had similar ideas.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Green, Elliott (12 May 2016). "What are the most-cited publications in the social sciences (according to Google Scholar)?". LSE Impact Blog. London School of Economics.
Jump up ^ GradeSaver. "The Wealth of Nations Summary". www.gradesaver.com. Retrieved 2016-10-02.
Jump up ^ See Smith, Adam (1776). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. 1 (1 ed.). London: W. Strahan. Retrieved 2012-12-07. , volume 2 via Google Books
Jump up ^ See Smith, Adam (1778). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. 1 (2 ed.). London: W. Strahan; T.Cadell. Retrieved 10 March 2015. ; Smith, Adam (1778). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. 2 (2 ed.). London: W. Strahan; T.Cadell. Retrieved 10 March 2015. via Google Books
Jump up ^ See Smith, Adam (1789). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. 1 (5 ed.). London: A. Strahan; T.Cadell. Retrieved 9 March 2015. ; Smith, Adam (1789). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. 2 (5 ed.). London: A. Strahan; T.Cadell. Retrieved 9 March 2015. ; Smith, Adam (1789). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. 3 (5 ed.). London: A. Strahan; T.Cadell. Retrieved 9 March 2015. via Google Books
Jump up ^ An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, by Adam Smith. London: Methuen and Co., Ltd., ed. Edwin Cannan, 1904. Fifth edition.
Jump up ^ John Rae, Life of Adam Smith (London: Macmillan & Co., 1895), p. 285.
Jump up ^ Rae, pp. 285–86.
Jump up ^ Rae, p. 287.
Jump up ^ Rae, p. 286.
Jump up ^ Rae, p. 294.
^ Jump up to: a b Rae, p. 290.
^ Jump up to: a b Rae, p. 289.
Jump up ^ L. G. Mitchell, Charles James Fox (Penguin, 1997), p. 185.
Jump up ^ The Times (3 August 1787), p. 2.
Jump up ^ Thomas Paine, Rights of Man, Common Sense, and Other Political Writings (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 126.
Jump up ^ John Ehrman, The Younger Pitt. The Years of Acclaim (London: Constable, 1969), p. 267, n. 1.
Jump up ^ Rae, p. 291.
Jump up ^ John Ehrman, The Younger Pitt. The Consuming Struggle (London: Constable, 1996), p. 12.
Jump up ^ The Times (24 December 1798), p. 4.
^ Jump up to: a b The Times (6 December 1800), p. 2.
Jump up ^ J. J. Sack, From Jacobite to Conservative. Reaction and orthodoxy in Britain, c. 1760–1832 (Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 182.
Jump up ^ The Times (25 October 1803), p. 2.
Jump up ^ The Times (8 February 1810), p. 2.
Jump up ^ The Times (17 September 1821), p. 2.
Jump up ^ William Cobbett, Rural Rides (Penguin, 2001), p. 335.
Jump up ^ William D. Grampp, The Manchester School of Economics (London: Oxford University Press, 1960), p. 103.
Jump up ^ John Bright and J. E. Thorold Rogers (eds.), Speeches on Questions of Public Policy by Richard Cobden, M.P. Volume I (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1908), p. 45.
Jump up ^ Bright and Thorold Rogers, Volume I, p. 92.
Jump up ^ Bright and Thorold Rogers, Volume I, pp. 104–05.
Jump up ^ John Bright and J. E. Thorold Rogers (eds.), Speeches on Questions of Public Policy by Richard Cobden, M.P. Volume II (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1908), pp. 399–400.
Jump up ^ Wendy Hinde, Richard Cobden. A Victorian Outsider (Yale University Press, 1987), p. 204.
Jump up ^ Bright and Thorold Rogers, Volume II, p. 406.
Jump up ^ Donald Read, Cobden and Bright. A Victorian Political Partnership (Edward Arnold, 1967), p. 189.
Jump up ^ Bright and Thorold Rogers, Volume II, p. 493.
Jump up ^ H. C. G. Matthew, Gladstone. 1875–1898 (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 20.
Jump up ^ G. E. Fasnacht, Acton's Political Philosophy. An Analysis (London: Hollis and Carter, 1952), p. 145.
Jump up ^ Fasnacht, p. 241.
Jump up ^ James Madison, Writings (The Library of America, 1999), p. 481.
Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson, Writings (The Library of America, 1984), p. 1176.
Jump up ^ George J. Stigler (1976). "The Successes and Failures of Professor Smith," Journal of Political Economy, 84(6), p. 1202 (pp. 1199–1213). Also published as Selected Papers, No. 50 (PDF), Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago.
Jump up ^ George J. Stigler, 1951. "The Division of Labor Is Limited by the Extent of the Market." Journal of Political Economy, 59(3), pp. 185, 193. Reprinted in J.M. Buchanan and Y.J. Yoon, ed., 1994, The Return to Increasing Returns, pp. 47, 58.
Jump up ^ Paul A. Samuelson (1977). "A Modern Theorist's Vindication of Adam Smith," American Economic Review, 67(1), p. 42. Reprinted in J.C. Wood, ed., Adam Smith: Critical Assessments, pp. 498–509. Preview.
Jump up ^ Smith (1776). Bk. V: Of the Revenue of the Sovereign or Commonwealth, ch. 3 Of Public Debts, para. 92.
Jump up ^ R. H. Coase (1977). "The Wealth of Nations," Economic Inquiry 15(3), pp. 323–25 (309–25). Press + button or Ctrl+.
Jump up ^ Mark Blaug (1997). Economic Theory in Retrospect, 5th ed., in ch. 2, sect. 19, "Adam Smith as an Economist, pp. 59–62.
Jump up ^ Graeber, David (2010). Debt: the first 5,000 years. Brooklyn, NY: Melville House. ISBN 9781933633862.
^ Jump up to: a b Johnson, David V. (February 15, 2012). "What We Owe to Each Other An Interview with David Graeber, Part 1". Boston Review. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
References[edit]
Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations: A Translation into Modern English, Industrial Systems Research, 2015. ISBN 978-0-906321-70-6 [1]
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations: A Selected Edition Adam Smith (Author), Kathryn Sutherland (Editor), 2008, Oxford Paperbacks, Oxford, UK; ISBN 978-0-19-953592-7
Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations: A modern-day interpretation of an economic classic. Karen McCreadie, 2009, Infinite Ideas, Oxford, UK; ISBN 978-1-906821-03-6
O'Rourke, P. J. (2006), On The Wealth of Nations, Books That Changed the World, Atlantic Monthly Press, ISBN 978-0871139498
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Media related to The Wealth of Nations at Wikimedia Commons
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The Flash (season 4)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Flash (season 4)
Promotional poster
Starring
Grant Gustin
Candice Patton
Danielle Panabaker
Carlos Valdes
Keiynan Lonsdale
Neil Sandilands
Tom Cavanagh
Jesse L. Martin
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
9
Release
Original network
The CW
Original release
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10) – present (present)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 3
List of The Flash episodes
The fourth season of the American television series The Flash, which is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash, follows a crime scene investigator with superhuman speed who fights criminals, including others who have also gained superhuman abilities. It is set in the Arrowverse, sharing continuity with the other television series of the universe, and is a spin-off of Arrow. The season is produced by Berlanti Productions, Warner Bros. Television, and DC Entertainment, with Andrew Kreisberg and Todd Helbing serving as showrunners.
The season was ordered in January 2017, and filming began that July. Grant Gustin stars as Barry, with principal cast members Candice Patton, Danielle Panabaker, Carlos Valdes, Keiynan Lonsdale, Tom Cavanagh, and Jesse L. Martin also returning from previous seasons, and are joined by Neil Sandilands.
The fourth season began airing on October 10, 2017, on The CW.
Contents
[hide]
1 Episodes
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
2.3 Guest
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Writing
3.3 Casting
3.4 Filming
3.5 Music
3.6 Arrowverse tie-ins
4 Release
4.1 Broadcast
4.2 Marketing
5 Reception
5.1 Ratings
5.2 Critical response
6 References
7 External links
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of The Flash episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
70
1 "The Flash Reborn" Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg
Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10) T27.13401 2.84[1]
Iris has been aiding Team Flash in Central City for six months, but refusing to grieve Barry. A flying Samurai with superpowers appears in Central City, threatening to destroy the city if the real Flash does not face him. Cisco reveals he has formulated a way to bring back Barry without destabilizing the Speed Force, and tracks down Caitlin for help. Against Iris' direction, Team Flash successfully returns Barry, who appears rambling random statements and continually writing symbols on walls. Wally engages the Samurai, but is defeated. Cisco deciphers Barry's writings and finds an apparently meaningless sentence. In an attempt to recover Barry's memories, Iris gives herself up to the Samurai. The plan works and Barry speeds away, rescuing Iris and defeating the Samurai, who is revealed to be a robot. Caitlin rejoins Team Flash, but is revealed to have been working for a mobster called Amunet at the bar, while also continuing to prevent the Killer Frost personality from emerging. The "Samuroid" is revealed to have been controlled by the Thinker, whose plan was to draw out the Flash for his next schemes.
71
2 "Mixed Signals" Alexandra La Roche Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17) T27.13402 2.54[2]
When Barry, Joe, and Cisco report to a crime scene, they discover remnants of a mysterious code. Cisco presents Barry with a technologically advanced suit, intended to facilitate his activities. He tests it out, trying to save someone from a haywire car, caused by metahuman Ramsey Deacon. Gypsy arrives on Earth-1 for a date with Cisco, who is forced to cancel it so as to focus on Deacon. Acting on a suggestion from Caitlin, Iris signs her and Barry up for couples therapy to sort out their relationship. Deacon kidnaps a witness, who was previously a member of a tech team who sold him out of his idea. Barry and Wally go to save him, but Deacon uses his abilities to send Barry's suit haywire. On Iris's instructions, Barry throws lightning at himself, shorting out his suit. He then incapacitates Deacon, who is locked up in the meta wing of Iron Heights, revealed to be part of the Thinker's plan. Cisco finally goes out with Gypsy. Wondering how Deacon gained his powers being absent during the particle accelerator incident, Barry and Joe learn from Deacon that there are "others".
72
3 "Luck Be a Lady" Armen V. Kevorkian Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24) T27.13403 2.62[3]
In flashbacks, the Thinker observes Becky Sharpe, a woman with seemingly unending bad luck, and determines that she will be easily manipulated. In the present, Becky robs a bank, and gets away when Barry slips on marbles. Harry arrives from Earth-2, and tells Wally that Jesse has decided to break up in order to focus on her vigilantism. Cisco deduces that Becky is a metahuman with the power of favorable luck while inducing misfortune to others. Barry realizes that the portal he used to escape the Speed Force exposed an entire busload of people, including Becky and Deacon, to transformative dark matter. Harry informs Cisco that Jesse has expelled him from her crime-fighting team due to his attitude. Becky's powers expand out of control, reactivating the particle accelerator, which Harry deliberately allows, nullifying Becky's powers and leading to her incarceration. Cisco and Harry identify twelve new metahumans created on the bus, and the latter suspects that an unknown party has manipulated events surrounding Barry's return. Wally decides to leave on a journey to find himself. The Thinker is revealed to be spying on S.T.A.R. Labs through the "Samuroid" helmet. Joe learns Cecile is pregnant.
73
4 "Elongated Journey Into Night" Tom Cavanagh Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31) T27.13404 1.99[4]
Gypsy's father, Breacher, attacks Cisco, vowing to hunt and kill him in 24 hours, allowing the romance should he survive. Team Flash learns that the bus driver was murdered and tracks down another passenger, Ralph Dibny, former corrupt CCPD detective exposed by Barry and currently an infamous private investigator. As two thugs attack Dibny, he is revealed to have the power to stretch. Caitlin stabilizes his powers with a serum. The team learns that Ralph has been blackmailing Mayor Bellows for adultery, with the latter revealed to have hired the thugs. Barry confronts Ralph for his actions while the latter scolds him, claiming to have been a "good cop". He later stops blackmailing Bellows, who still attempts to kill him while Breacher mistakes the former for a Plastoid, the species that invaded Earth-19 previously, and attacks him. Cisco intervenes and saves Ralph, whom Barry, having revealed his alter-ego, convinces to help arrest an escaping Bellows. Admiring Cisco's gallantry, Breacher allows the relationship. Barry recruits Ralph for Team Flash and learns that someone named DeVoe instructed Ralph to watch Bellows. Barry remembers that Abra Kadabra and Savitar both mentioned DeVoe. Meanwhile, Caitlin finds a message on her apartment door.
74
5 "Girls Night Out" Laura Belsey Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07) T27.13405 2.38[5]
While failing to track DeVoe, Team Flash is visited by Felicity, who joins Iris's bachelorette party. Mocking Cisco's plans for Barry's bachelor party, Ralph takes the men to a strip club, where they learn that Cecile's daughter, Joanie, is working. Joe confronts her, who states she is only doing feminist research. Ralph incites a brawl, leading to the men's arrest until Harry posts bail. Meanwhile, Amunet's enforcer, Norvock, demands Caitlin's return and attacks the women when she refuses. Killer Frost emerges and repels him, later telling Iris that Caitlin accepted Amunet's employment in exchange for the means to control Frost. Learning that Amunet is holding a metahuman she calls "the Weeper", whose tears are a strong narcotic, prisoner and intends to sell him, Iris's party decides to stop her. Though Caitlin refuses to join, she attacks Amunet when seeing her friends in danger. Using a strong magnet, the team robs Amunet's metal shards, leaving her powerless. Iris dissuades Frost from killing Amunet, who promises revenge. Both parties refuse to tell each other about their adventures. Iris asks Caitlin to be her maid of honor while Joe convinces Joanie to tell Cecile about her research. DeVoe captures the Weeper.
75
6 "When Harry Met Harry..." Brent Crowell Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14) T27.13406 2.46[6]
Barry trains Ralph to use his abilities, with Cisco making a stretchable suit for him. Another bus metahuman, a Lakota Sioux Native named Mina Chayton, who can animate statues, starts attacking Central City & stealing pieces of a Black Bison necklace, which she claims belongs to her tribe. When Barry and Ralph catch up to her, she attacks Barry with a caveman statue and attempts a getaway. Ralph chooses to stop her, but a little girl is injured in the process. Ralph regrets his actions, but is comforted by Barry. Chayton escapes CCPD, going after the last necklace piece held at the museum. When Barry and Ralph confront her, she brings a dinosaur skeleton to life. Barry arrests Chayton while Ralph saves a security guard from the skeleton. Later, Ralph reveals he mailed the necklace back to Chayton's tribe, before visiting the little girl in the hospital, using his abilities to entertain her. Meanwhile, Harry, trying to make friends, works with his doppelgangers of alternate Earths, The Council of Wells. They figure out that DeVoe is a man named Clifford DeVoe. Barry and Joe head to DeVoe's house, to find out that he is a middle-aged man in a wheelchair.
76
7 "Therefore I Am" David McWhirter Eric Wallace & Thomas Pound November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21) T27.13407 2.20[7]
Barry and Joe interrogate DeVoe and his wife to try and get more information. In flashbacks, DeVoe and his wife build a thinking cap to improve his brain capacity, powering it through the particle accelerator explosion. DeVoe's increased brain power accelerates his amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, forcing his wife to build him a special chair to keep him alive. Barry discovers the camera in the Samuroid head and confronts DeVoe, who reveals his true identity, leading to Cisco dubbing him "The Thinker". Wally returns to Team Flash from Blue Valley.
77
8 "Crisis on Earth-X, Part 3" Dermott Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim
Teleplay by : Todd Helbing November 28, 2017 (2017-11-28) T27.13408 2.82[8]
Barry, Oliver, Sara, Alex, Martin and Jax wake up in a Nazi concentration camp on Earth-X, with power dampening handcuffs. The arriving SS-Sturmbannführer is revealed to be the Earth-X doppelgänger of Quentin Lance, who takes them away for execution, before they are saved by Citizen Cold (the Earth-X doppelgänger of Leonard Snart) and The Ray (Ray Terrill). Snart and Terrill take them to the underground headquarter of the Freedom Fighters, where the team meets the resistance movement's leader General Winn Schott (Winn Schott's Earth-X doppelgänger). They learned that the only way back to Earth-1 is through a temporal gateway in a Nazi facility, which Schott plans to blow up to strand Dark Arrow (Oliver's Earth-X doppelgänger) on Earth-1. Oliver disguises himself as Dark Arrow to infiltrate the facility, discovers the Nazi's doomsday device against parallel Earths is a militarized timeship called Wellenreiter, and saves a prisoner (who is Felicity's Earth-X doppelgänger) from Quentin. Barry and Ray battle the Freedom Fighters' Red Tornado to stop it from destroying the temporal gateway, while the rest of the team enters the facility. In attempting to reactivate the gateway's portal, Stein is shot and gravely wounded. Back on Earth-1, Thawne prepares to perform surgery on Kara to save Overgirl at S.T.A.R. Labs. Felicity and Iris try to stop him, but are captured.
This episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 and Arrow season 6 episode 8, and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8.
78
9 "Don't Run" Stefan Pleszczynski Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira December 5, 2017 (2017-12-05) T27.13409 2.22[9]
While out Christmas shopping, Barry is ambushed and kidnapped by DeVoe while Caitlin is kidnapped from Jitters by Amunet. Iris claims they have to look for both of them, despite Wells' claim that they have insufficient time and resources and that they can only afford to search for one. Barry is held in DeVoe's lair. Caitlin is forced by Amunet to perform surgery on a metahuman named Dominic Lanse, who can read minds. They try to escape, but Amunet blocks their exit. Caitlin manages to briefly incapacitate Amunet, and she and Dominic flee the building they are being held in. Once outside, they are rescued by Cisco and Ralph, as Iris has chosen to focus on finding Caitlin. Barry manages to escape from DeVoe. Team Flash celebrates Christmas at the West house and Dominic joins them. Barry gets a security alert from his apartment. When he arrives, he receives a phone call from Dominic, who reveals that Amunet re-kidnapped Dominic and DeVoe has transferred his consciousness into Dominic's body. Barry discovers DeVoe's original body dead on his apartment floor and he realizes DeVoe has framed him for his "murder"; the police arrive, and Barry lets himself get arrested, not wanting to leave Iris again.
79
10 "The Trial of The Flash"[10] Philip Chipera Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16) TBA TBD
80
11 "The Elongated Knight Rises"[11] Alexandra La Roche Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23) TBA TBD
Kevin Smith will direct an episode of the season.[12]
Cast and characters[edit]
Main article: List of The Flash characters
Main[edit]
Grant Gustin as Barry Allen / Flash[13]
Candice Patton as Iris West[13]
Danielle Panabaker as Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost[14]
Carlos Valdes as Cisco Ramon / Vibe[13]
Keiynan Lonsdale as Wally West / Kid Flash[13]
Neil Sandilands as Clifford DeVoe / Thinker[15]
Tom Cavanagh as Harrison "Harry" Wells[13]
Jesse L. Martin as Joe West[13]
Recurring[edit]
Danielle Nicolet as Cecile Horton[16]
Kim Engelbrecht as Marlize DeVoe / Mechanic[15]
Jessica Camacho as Cynthia / Gypsy[17][18]
Richard Brooks as Gregory Wolfe[19]
Hartley Sawyer as Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man[20]
Katee Sackhoff as Amunet Black / Blacksmith[21]
Guest[edit]
Britne Oldford as Shawna Baez / Peek-a-Boo[22]
Mark Sweatman as Norvok[23]
Patrick Sabongui as David Singh
Dominic Burgess as Ramsey Deacon / Kilg%re[24]
Donna Pescow as Sharon Finkle
Sugar Lyn Beard as Rebecca Sharpe / Hazard[25]
Chelsea Kurtz as Mina Chayton / Black Bison[26]
Violett Beane as Jesse Chambers Wells / Jesse Quick[27]
Danny Trejo as Josh / Breacher[15][18]
Emily Bett Rickards as Felicity Smoak[21]
Riley Jade Berglund as Joanie[28]
Matt Afonso as Weeper[29]
Stephen Amell as Oliver Queen / Green Arrow and Dark Arrow[30]
Victor Garber as Martin Stein / Firestorm[30]
Caity Lotz as Sara Lance / White Canary[30]
Chyler Leigh as Alex Danvers[30]
Franz Drameh as Jefferson Jackson / Firestorm[30]
Paul Blackthorne as Quentin Lance / Sturmbannführer
Jeremy Jordan as General Schott[30]
Juliana Harkavy as Dinah Drake / Black Canary
Melissa Benoist as Kara Zor-El / Kara Danvers / Supergirl and Overgirl[30]
Wentworth Miller as Leonard Snart / Citizen Cold[31]
Russell Tovey as Ray Terrill / The Ray[30]
Frederick Schmidt voices Metallo-X
Kendrick Sampson as Dominic Lanse / Brainstorm[32]
Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand[33]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
The series was renewed for a fourth season on January 8, 2017,[34] earlier than usual for the series. Executive producer Andrew Kreisberg said on this, "The great thing about our dear friends at The CW and Mark Pedowitz picking the shows up as early as they did has allowed us to start building the schedules for next season."[35] In May 2017, it was announced that Aaron Helbing would not return as an executive producer for season four, with only Greg Berlanti, Andrew Kreisberg, Sarah Schechter, and Todd Helbing returning from previous seasons.[36] Todd Helbing and Kreisberg were slated to serve as the season's showrunners.[37][38] In November 2017, Kreisberg was suspended from his role as executive producer and showrunner on The Flash over allegations of sexual harassment.[39][40] By the end of the month, he had been fired, with his name eventually being removed from the credits from all shows he worked on. In addition, Berlanti would take additional responsibilities working with Helbing to co-showrun the season.[41]
Writing[edit]
The way I see it is, time is non-linear and everything is happening at once in the Speed Force. In some ways he's had an awakening and he's had a rebirth. Our first episode is called 'Reborn,' and it is a rebirth for Barry, but he's kind of scrambled, too, because he's experienced so much so quick over the course of six months, even though for him it was an eternity. He's not Barry when we see him for the first time.
—Grant Gustin on the rebirth of Barry in season four.[42]
In March 2017, Kreisberg confirmed that the main villain for the fourth season would not be a speedster, like the previous three seasons.[43] Executive producers Aaron and Todd Helbing also mentioned that there would be less time travel in the season, with Aaron saying, "We like playing with the timelines and the different time periods and future and past. For now, I think we’re going to focus on the present."[44] In June 2017, Clifford DeVoe / Thinker was reported to be the main antagonist of the season. He was first hinted in the third season episode "Abra Kadabra" when the titular villain mentions him among the Flash's greatest enemies, and again in the season finale "Finish Line" when Savitar mentions facing DeVoe but states that the Flash has not dealt with him yet.[45] At the series' San Diego Comic-Con panel, the speculation was confirmed, with Todd Helbing saying, "With three Speedsters in a row, this year it's the fastest man alive against the fastest mind alive."[16] He added that the writers were "making a conscious effort this year to get the fun quotient back up".[46]
Regarding the possibility of Wally West taking on the mantle of the Flash in Barry's absence, Keiynan Lonsdale said that "It's not something that's on my radar. I feel as though there is so much story to tell and Wally has so much growing to do... We need to see how these character realistically get to where they are headed for."[47] With the action picking up six months after season three, Kid Flash and Vibe are left to protect Central City, with Carlos Valdes saying "the team is sort of clutching at straws to keep the city together,... there is a unanimous feeling amongst the remaining members that it's just not the same without Barry... So in light of that, Cisco does whatever it takes to get his friends back."[48] Valdes also confirmed the return of Cisco's more lighthearted joking manner.[48] Candice Patton explained Iris West's larger role within Team Flash as "a way of distracting herself,"[48] adding that "[Iris] is forced to deal with that anger and resentment and abandonment by kind of focusing on protecting Central City... We're seeing a very different Iris, almost a very hardened Iris."[49] Kreisberg also hinted at some major growth for Iris this season, and noted that "the season premiere is all about Iris and Cisco, not Barry".[50]
In July 2017, Sterling Gates, DC Comics comic book writer, joined as a member of the fourth season's writing staff.[51] At the Television Critics Association press tour in August 2017, Pedowitz stated that the fourth season of The Flash is "going to try to find the lightness... of the Barry Allen of the first two seasons,"[52] and said that the show was likely "done with Speedster villains".[53] Later in the month, Kreisberg confirmed the return of Harry Wells from Earth-2, saying that "season 4 for Harry is really realizing what he's missing in his life and what it is he needs to become a better, more complete person, and so he's going to be going on a fairly epic emotional journey this season that is tied to the Thinker's plan," in addition to confirming the introduction of a new version of the Wells character.[54]
In September 2017, Helbing noted "There's a lot of love in the air this season," and compared Barry and Iris' reunion to "somebody going off to war for six months and coming back. There's a lot that Iris experienced that Barry didn't when he was gone, and it's really [about] the fun and the emotional component of making up that time when they weren't together." Helbing also explained that the Speed Force "let [Barry] deal with all of the baggage [from the past three seasons]. When he comes out, he's sort of left that all behind."[55] That month, Kreisberg also confirmed that Barry and Iris will be getting married this season,[56] while also revealing that the pair will be going to couples therapy since "[they] keep comically clashing inadvertently because [both are] used to being in charge, and so they wind up going... to work through it." He added, "The two of them with the therapist is some of the funniest stuff we have ever done on this show, but it also leads to a deepening of their relationship."[57]
Casting[edit]
Main cast members Grant Gustin, Candice Patton, Danielle Panabaker, Carlos Valdes, Keiynan Lonsdale, Tom Cavanagh, and Jesse L. Martin return from previous seasons as Barry Allen / The Flash, Iris West, Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost, Cisco Ramon / Vibe, Wally West / Kid Flash, Harrison Wells, and Joe West, respectively.[13] Cavanagh will portray Harry Wells from Earth-2 at the start of the season, without ruling out the possibility of introducing another incarnation of the Wells character later on.[48] Teasing the arrival of a new Harrison Wells, Cavanagh said, "We're going to start with Harry and then find a way, I think, to try and get a different version of Wells in there, be it some version of Harry or whatnot as the season's gaps present themselves."[58] Also returning from earlier in the series are Jessica Camacho as Gypsy,[17] and Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand.[33] Tom Felton, who joined the cast as Julian Albert in the third season, was revealed not to be returning to the series, although there is a possibility he could return if the storyline demanded it and Felton's availability permits.[59] Julian's absence will be addressed "pretty quickly — there's a reason why he's no longer with the team," said Helbing.[60] In the season premiere, Julian is revealed to have returned to London.[61] Kreisberg also confirmed that he had put on hold the planned return of Violett Beane as Jesse Quick due to the high number of speedsters on the show, but did not rule out a possible return in the future.[62] Beane eventually appeared as Jesse on the episode "Luck Be a Lady".[27] Britne Oldford, who previously appeared as Shawna Baez / Peek-a-Boo in the first season and the web series The Chronicles of Cisco, reprised her role in the season premiere.[22]
In July 2017, Neil Sandilands was announced to be cast as Clifford DeVoe, a metahuman genius who embarks on a seasonlong battle with the Flash in order to fix all that he deems wrong with humanity; while Kim Engelbrecht was announced as The Mechanic, Devoe's right hand and a highly intelligent engineer who designs devices for him; and Danny Trejo as Breacher, a bounty hunter from Earth-19 and the father of Gypsy.[15] Also in June, the series was looking to cast a role that "should put the visual effects department to the test",[63] with the role later revealed to be Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man, a metahuman with the ability to stretch his body to superhuman lengths and sizes.[64] Hartley Sawyer was cast in the recurring role that July as the fast-talking private investigator who after discovering his abilities will help Team Flash solve one of Central City's greatest mysteries.[20] The character was previously mentioned in the first season, as one of the fourteen people who seemingly died as a result of the particle accelerator explosion.[65] The next month, Katee Sackhoff was announced in the recurring role of Amunet Black / Blacksmith, who operates an underground black market of metahuman supervillains.[21]
Filming[edit]
Filming for the season began on July 4, 2017,[66] in Vancouver, British Columbia, and is set to conclude on April 21, 2018.[67] Kevin Smith will return to direct an episode in January 2018.[12]
Music[edit]
In August 2017, series composer Blake Neely and Nathaniel Blume began to compose the music for the fourth season.[68]
Arrowverse tie-ins[edit]
In May 2017, The CW president Mark Pedowitz officially announced plans for a four-show Arrowverse crossover event, crossing over episodes of the television series Supergirl, The Flash, Legends of Tomorrow, and Arrow.[69] The crossover will begin with Supergirl and a special airing of Arrow on November 27, 2017, and conclude on The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow on November 28.[70] In August 2017, Berlanti noted that it would be "a big life event for a few different people" that would bring them all together for the crossover, adding "There are many life events that happen."[71] Arrow actress Emily Bett Rickards appears as Felicity Smoak in the fifth episode of the season.[21]
Release[edit]
Broadcast[edit]
The season began airing on October 10, 2017, on The CW in the United States,[72] and on CTV in Canada.[73]
Marketing[edit]
In July 2017, cast from the series appeared at San Diego Comic-Con International to promote the season, where exclusive footage was shown.[74] During the panel, a trailer for the season was shown, with James Whitbrook at io9 feeling that despite the "grim" tone, there was "some fun signs of the team coming together to protect the city without [Barry],... Sprinkle in a few wacky things, like, say a goddamn Samuroid ripped straight from the comics, and ladies and gents, you've got a good season of The Flash lined up."[75] Ben Pearson with /Film felt seeing Iris West deal with the absence of Barry was "a nice change of pace for that character", but anticipated that "Barry [would] be back two or three episodes in at the latest."[76] Collider.com's Allison Keene also noted Iris "getting an actual storyline" with Barry gone, and similarly presumed that he "[would] be back in the fold by the end of the first episode" alike to Flashpoint in the third season. She added, "There are some new foes, lots of action, plenty of tech — it’s great!"[77]
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "The Flash Reborn" October 10, 2017 1.1/4 2.84[1] 0.7 1.92 1.8 4.77[78]
2 "Mixed Signals" October 17, 2017 0.9/4 2.54[2] 0.8 1.82 1.7 4.36[79]
3 "Luck Be a Lady" October 24, 2017 1.0/4 2.62[3] 0.8 1.84 1.8 4.46[80]
4 "Elongated Journey Into Night" October 31, 2017 0.7/3 1.99[4] 0.7 1.79 1.4 3.79[81]
5 "Girls Night Out" November 7, 2017 0.9/4 2.38[5] 0.8 1.84 1.7 4.22[82]
6 "When Harry Met Harry..." November 14, 2017 1.0/4 2.46[6] 0.7 1.83 1.7 4.29[83]
7 "Therefore I Am" November 21, 2017 0.8/3 2.20[7] 0.8 2.08 1.6 4.28[84]
8 "Crisis on Earth-X, Part 3" November 28, 2017 1.0/4 2.82[8] 0.7 1.83 1.7 4.64[85]
9 "Don't Run" December 5, 2017 0.8/3 2.22[9] 0.6 1.45 1.4 3.67[86]
Critical response[edit]
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating with an average rating of 7.36/10 based on 13 reviews.[87]
Reviewing the first two episodes of the season, Allison Keene writing for Collider.com, felt the premiere "wipes the slate clean, fixing a lot of the issues that plagued the end of the last season, and setting up a much more toned-down storyline. Most importantly, it's brought back some fun." She added that with a "streamlined team," the core characters now have time to interact and have meaningful plot lines. On the second episode, Keene described it as "truly a delight" with the show taking "the time to focus on character relationships, and not just romantic relationships" and each character "feeling like a refreshed version of themselves, with new narrative purpose". She also highlighted the setup of the Thinker "as an Alchemy-like villain who manipulates evil metas into the Flash's path as part of some kind of masterplan", saying "The Flash is a series that truly works best as a procedural, with the team finding creative ways to bring down Villains of the Week."[88]
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General references
"The Flash Season 4 Episode Guide". TV Guide. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
"Shows A-Z – The Flash on CW". The Futon Critic. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
List of The Flash episodes on IMDb
List of The Flash season 4 episodes at TV.com
[show]
v
t
e
The Flash
Creators
Gardner Fox
Harry Lampert (Jay Garrick)
Bob Kanigher
Carmine Infantino
John Broome (Barry Allen)
John Broome
Carmine Infantino (Wally West)
Mark Waid
Mike Wieringo (Bart Allen)
The Flash Family
The Flash
Jay Garrick
Barry Allen
Wally West
Bart Allen
Kid Flash
Wally West
Bart Allen
Iris West II
Wally West II
Associates
Iris West
Jesse Chambers
Impulse
Johnny Quick
Max Mercury
Linda Park
Tornado Twins
XS
Supporting characters
Argus
Green Lantern (Hal Jordan)
Green Lantern (Kyle Rayner)
Elongated Man
Más y Menos
Tina McGee
Valerie Perez
Pied Piper
Red Trinity
David Singh
Solovar
Patty Spivot
Winky, Blinky, and Noddy
Enemies
General
Big Sir
Doctor Alchemy
Fiddler
Godspeed
Gorilla Grodd
Peek-a-Boo
Rag Doll
Rainbow Raider
Savitar
Shade
Thinker
Turtle / Turtle Man
T. O. Morrow
Reverse-Flashes
Rival (Edward Clariss)
Professor Zoom (Eobard Thawne)
Zoom (Hunter Zolomon)
Inertia (Thaddeus Thawne)
Reverse-Flash (Danny West)
The Rogues
Abra Kadabra
Captain Boomerang
Captain Cold
Golden Glider
Heat Wave
Mirror Master
Pied Piper
Top
Trickster
Weather Wizard
Publications
Flash Comics
All-Flash
Comic Cavalcade
The Flash
The Flash: Rebirth (2009)
Flashpoint
Flashpoint (Elseworlds)
The Flash Chronicles
Locations
Blue Valley
Central City (Central City Police Department)
Flash Museum
Gorilla City
Iron Heights Penitentiary
Keystone City
S.T.A.R. Labs
In other media
Film
Justice League: The New Frontier
Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths
Justice League: Doom
Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox
Justice League: War
Justice League: Throne of Atlantis
Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
Justice League vs. Teen Titans
Suicide Squad
Justice League
Television
The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure
Super Friends
Legends of the Superheroes
The Flash (1990)
Justice League of America (pilot)
Justice League
Justice League Unlimited
Smallville
Young Justice
Arrow
The Flash (2014)
characters
episodes
season 4
Vixen
Supergirl
Legends of Tomorrow
Video games
The Flash (video game)
Justice League Task Force
Justice League Heroes: The Flash
Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe
DC Universe Online
Injustice: Gods Among Us
Infinite Crisis
Injustice 2
Related articles
Cosmic treadmill
"Flash of Two Worlds"
Speed Force
[show]
v
t
e
Arrowverse
Arrow
Episodes
Season 1
Season 2
"Pilot"
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