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Powers of the United States Congress
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This is a subarticle of United States Congress
Congress meets in the United States Capitol.
Powers of the United States Congress are implemented by the United States Constitution, defined by rulings of the Supreme Court, and by its own efforts and by other factors such as history and custom. It is the chief legislative body of the United States. Some powers are explicitly defined by the Constitution and are called enumerated powers; others have been assumed to exist and are called implied powers.
Contents
[hide]
1 General powers
2 Enumerated powers
3 Implied powers and the commerce clause
4 External links
General powers[edit]
Former US general George Washington presided over the signing of the United States Constitution which included Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin, and James Madison.
Article I of the Constitution sets forth most of the powers of Congress, which include numerous explicit powers enumerated in Section 8. Constitutional amendments have granted Congress additional powers. Congress also has implied powers derived from the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution.
Congress has the power of the purse and it can tax citizens, spend money, and authorize the printing of currency such as this bill for $100,000.
Congress has authority over financial and budgetary matters, through the enumerated power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States. The Sixteenth Amendment, ratified in 1913, extended power of taxation to include income taxes.[1] The Constitution also grants Congress exclusively the power to appropriate funds. This power of the purse is one of Congress' primary checks on the executive branch.[1] Other powers granted to Congress include the authority to borrow money on the credit of the United States, regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, and coin money.[2] Generally both Senate and House have equal legislative authority although only the House may originate revenue bills and, by tradition, appropriation bills.[3]
Congress authorizes defense spending to buy and maintain aircraft carriers such as the USS Bon Homme Richard. The name Richard is from a rough French language reference to Benjamin Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanac meaning Good man Richard.
The Constitution also gives Congress an important role in national defense, including the exclusive power to declare war, to raise and maintain the armed forces, and to make rules for the military.[4] Some critics charge that the executive branch has usurped Congress's Constitutionally-defined task of declaring war.[5] While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war, they asked for and received formal war declarations from Congress for the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War, the Spanish–American War, World War I, and World War II,[6] although President Theodore Roosevelt's military move into Panama in 1903 did not get Congressional assent.[6] Presidents have initiated war without Congressional war declarations; Truman called the Korean War a "police action"[7] and the Vietnam War lasted over a decade without a declaration of war.[6] In 1970, Time magazine noted: "All told, it has been calculated, U.S. presidents have ordered troops into position or action without a formal congressional declaration a total of 149 times" before 1970.[6] In 1993, one writer noted "Congress's war power has become the most flagrantly disregarded provision in the Constitution," and that the "real erosion (of Congressional authority to declare war) began after World War II."[8] President George H. W. Bush claimed he could begin Operation Desert Storm and launch a "deliberate, unhurried, post–Cold War decision to start a war" without Congressional approval.[8] Critics charge that President George W. Bush largely initiated the Iraq War with little debate in Congress or consultation with Congress, despite a Congressional vote on military force authorization.[9][10] Disagreement about the extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation's history.[11]
An enumerated congressional power is to establish post offices including this one in Athens, Georgia, pictured in 1942.
Congress also has the power to establish post offices and post roads, issue patents and copyrights, fix standards of weights and measures, establish courts inferior to the Supreme Court, and "To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof." Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union.
One congressional power is oversight of other branches of the government. In the early 1970s, the Senate investigated the activities of President Richard Nixon regarding Watergate which led to the president's resignation.
One of the foremost non-legislative functions of the Congress is the power to investigate and to oversee the executive branch.[12] Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress' subpoena power.[13] Some critics have charged that Congress has in some instances failed to do an adequate job of overseeing the other branches of government. In the Valerie Plame Wilson episode sometimes known as the Plame affair, some critics, including Representative Henry A. Waxman, charged that Congress was not doing an adequate job of oversight in this case.[14] Other critics charge Congress was lax in its oversight duties regarding presidential actions such as warrantless wiretapping, although others respond that Congress did investigate the legality of decisions by President George W. Bush involving such matters.[15]
Congress has the power to impeach officials including the president. In 1868, this committee helped impeach president Andrew Johnson who was almost convicted; Johnson stayed in office.
Congress also has the exclusive impeachment power, allowing impeachment, trial, and removal of the President, federal judges and other federal officers.[16]
Enumerated powers[edit]
Main article: Enumerated powers
Among the powers specifically given to Congress in Article I Section 8, are the following:
To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
To borrow money on the credit of the United States;
To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Native American tribes;
To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;
To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures;
To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States;
To establish post offices and post roads;
To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries;
To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;
To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations;
To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water;
To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years;
To provide and maintain a navy;
To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces;
To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions;
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten miles (16 km) square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings.
One of many congressional powers is to "define and punish piracies on the high seas".
Other congressional powers have been granted, or confirmed, by constitutional amendments. The Thirteenth (1865), Fourteenth (1868), and Fifteenth Amendments (1870) gave Congress authority to enact legislation to enforce rights of African Americans, including voting rights, due process, and equal protection under the law.[17] Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments, not Congress.[18]
Implied powers and the commerce clause[edit]
Representative John A. Bingham of Ohio was a principal framer of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Congress also has implied powers, which derive from the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution and permit Congress "To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof."[19] Broad interpretations of this clause and of the Commerce Clause, the enumerated power to regulate commerce, in rulings such as McCulloch v Maryland, have effectively widened the scope of Congress' legislative authority far beyond that prescribed in Section 8.[20][21]
External links[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Davidson (2006), p. 18
Jump up ^ editorial staff (May 30, 2008). "Congress and the Dollar". New York Sun. Retrieved 2010-09-11. ...Article One, Section Eight of the Constitution. ... the founders of America delegated to the Congress the power to, among other things, "coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures."
Jump up ^ John V. Sullivan (July 24, 2007). "How Our Laws Are Made". The Library of Congress. Retrieved 2010-09-11. Unlike some other parliamentary bodies, both the Senate and the House of Representatives have equal legislative functions and powers with certain exceptions. For example, the Constitution provides that only the House of Representatives may originate revenue bills. By tradition, the House also originates appropriation bills. As both bodies have equal legislative powers, the designation of one as the upper House and the other as the lower House is not applicable.
Jump up ^ KATE ZERNIKE (September 28, 2006). "Senate Passes Detainee Bill Sought by Bush". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-09-11. The Senate approved legislation this evening governing the interrogation and trials of terror suspects, establishing far-reaching new rules in the definition of who may be held and how they should be treated. ... The legislation sets up rules for the military commissions ...
Jump up ^ "References about Congressional war declaring power".
Dana D. Nelson (October 11, 2008). "The 'unitary executive' question". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
Steve Holland (May 1, 2009). "Obama revelling in U.S. power unseen in decades". Reuters UK. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
"The Law: The President's War Powers". Time Magazine. June 1, 1970. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Law: The President's War Powers". Time Magazine. June 1, 1970. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
Jump up ^ The President's News Conference of June 29, 1950
^ Jump up to: a b Michael Kinsley (March 15, 1993). "The Case for a Big Power Swap". Time Magazine. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
Jump up ^ "Time Essay: Where's Congress?". Time Magazine. May 22, 1972. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
Jump up ^ "The Law: The President's War Powers". Time Magazine. June 1, 1970. Retrieved 2010-09-11. Did Richard Nixon "usurp" the constitutional powers of Congress when he unilaterally ordered troops into Cambodia? Swarms of lawyers went to Washington last week to join an increasingly intense debate on the issue (see THE NATION). Their most persuasive arguments raised fundamental questions that go far beyond Cambodia and the Indochina war. Many of the antiwar lawyers conceded that proving the Cambodian "attacks" unconstitutional may be difficult.
Jump up ^ "THE PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS.; SENATE.". The New York Times. June 28, 1862. Retrieved 2010-09-11. Mr. SUMNER spoke in favor of the House bills, contending that they were entirely free from all constitutional objections. They were just as constitutional as the Constitution itself. They only form a part of the means for the suppression of the rebellion. The war powers of Congress are clearly derived from the Constitution, and Congress has a perfect right to exercise war powers. He protested earnestly against the absurd and tyrannical doctrine that all war powers were centred in the President, and against any attempt to foist such an unconstitutional doctrine into the Constitution, as showing the effrontery with which ignorance and conceit excused unconstitutional doctrines. He contended, at length, that confiscation and liberation were among the war powers of Congress, and he had more hope from liberation than from confiscation.
Jump up ^ David S. Broder (March 18, 2007). "Congress's Oversight Offensive". Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-09-11. A Congress under firm Republican control was somnolent when it came to oversight of the executive branch. No Republican committee chairman wanted to turn over rocks in a Republican administration.
Jump up ^ Thomas Ferraro (April 25, 2007). "House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq". Reuters. Retrieved 2010-09-11. Democratic lawmakers on Wednesday subpoenaed Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice to testify about a central and later refuted administration justification for the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. But the administration said it might fight the subpoena, citing a legal doctrine that can shield a president and his aides from having to answer questions from Congress. "Those matters are covered by executive privilege," said State Department spokesman Sean McCormack, moving toward a possible legal showdown with the Democratic-led Congress.
Jump up ^ James Gerstenzang (July 16, 2008). "Bush claims executive privilege in Valerie Plame Wilson case". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
Jump up ^ Elizabeth B. Bazan and Jennifer K. Elsea, legislative attorneys (January 5, 2006). "Presidential Authority to Conduct Warrantless Electronic Surveillance to Gather Foreign Intelligence Information" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
Jump up ^ Linda P. Campbell and Glen Elsasser (October 20, 1991). "Supreme Court Slugfests A Tradition". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2010-09-11. The Constitution says judges have lifetime appointments ``during good behavior`` but, like other federal officers, they can be removed from office for ``treason, bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors.... It's entirely in Congress` determination what the limitations of the impeachment clause may be,`` said John Killian, senior specialist in American constitutional law for the Congressional Research Service.
Jump up ^ Davidson (2006), p. 19
Jump up ^ J. LESLIE KINCAID (January 17, 1916). "TO MAKE THE MILITIA A NATIONAL FORCE.; The Power of Congress Under the Constitution "for Organizing, Arming, and Disciplining" the State Troops.". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-09-11. From the many articles which have appeared in the public press the general idea seems to prevail that the militia is essentially a State force. To whatever extent this may be true, at the present time, it has resulted from the failure of Congress adequately to provide for the militia as a national force.
Jump up ^ Stephen Herrington (February 25, 2010). "Red State Anxiety and The Constitution". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2010-09-11. The Tenth states, "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." It does not say that laws derived under and consistent with the Articles of the Constitution cannot be enacted over and above the original writing or that State's retain a power to overrule federal law. The authority for doing so is based in implied powers and is among the earliest arguments in Constitutional law. Implied powers are derived from the general welfare and necessary and proper clauses.
Jump up ^ "Timeline". CBS News. 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-11. McCulloch v. Maryland states that the Constitution grants implied powers to Congress, enabling it to carry out explicitly defined powers. The decision vastly augments Congress' power to make laws.
Jump up ^ RANDY E. BARNETT (April 23, 2009). "The Case for a Federalism Amendment". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-09-11. Finally, Section 5 authorizes judges to keep Congress within its limits by examining laws restricting the rightful exercise of liberty to ensure that they are a necessary and proper means to implement an enumerated power. This section also requires that the Constitution be interpreted according to its original meaning at the time of its enactment. But by expanding the powers of Congress to include regulating all interstate activity, the Amendment greatly relieves the political pressure on courts to adopt a strained reading of Congress's enumerated powers. Monkeys
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Tablets of Stone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For funeral or commemorative tablets carved in stone, see Stele.
Part of a series on
The Ten Commandments
I am the LORD thy God
No other gods before me
No graven images or likenesses
Not take the LORD's name in vain
Remember the sabbath day
Honour thy father and thy mother
Thou shalt not kill
Thou shalt not commit adultery
Thou shalt not steal
Thou shalt not bear false witness
Thou shalt not covet
Related articles
Tablets of Stone
Ritual Decalogue
Catholic theology
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The Tables of the Law as they are widely known in English, or Tablets of Stone, Stone Tablets, or Tablets of Testimony (in Hebrew: לוחות הברית Luchot HaBrit - "the tablets [of] the covenant") in the Hebrew Bible, were the two pieces of stone inscribed with the Ten Commandments when Moses ascended Mount Sinai as written in the Book of Exodus. Exodus 31:18 refers to the tablets as the "Tablets of (the) Testimony".
According to the Bible, there were two sets. The first, inscribed by God, (Exodus 31:18) were smashed by Moses when he was enraged by the sight of the Children of Israel worshipping a golden calf (Exodus 32:19) and the second were later cut by Moses and rewritten by God. (Exodus 34:1)
According to traditional teachings of Judaism in the Talmud, they were made of blue sapphire stone as a symbolic reminder of the sky, the heavens, and ultimately of God's throne. Many Torah scholars, however, have opined that the Biblical "sapir" was, in fact, the lapis lazuli (see Exodus 24:10, lapis lazuli is a possible alternate rendering of "sapphire" the stone pavement under God's feet when the intention to craft the tablets of the covenant is disclosed Exodus 24:12). [1]
According to the bible, both the first shattered set and the second unbroken set were stored in the Ark of the Covenant (the Aron Habrit in Hebrew).
Contents
[hide]
1 Appearance of the tablets
2 Content
3 Christian replicas
4 In the Qur'an
5 Gallery
6 See also
7 References
Appearance of the tablets[edit]
A popular image of the Tablets as rounded-off rectangles bears little relationship with religious traditions about their appearance. In this case, the Ten Commandments are represented by the first ten letters of the Hebrew alphabet, which in Hebrew usage may be used interchangeably with the numbers 1-10.
Rectangular tablets passed down by the Hand of God in the 10th century Byzantine Leo Bible.
In recent centuries the tablets have been popularly described and depicted as round-topped rectangles but this has little basis in religious tradition. According to Rabbinic tradition, they were rectangles, with sharp corners,[2] and indeed they are so depicted in the 3rd century paintings at the Dura-Europos Synagogue and in Christian art throughout the 1st millennium,[3] drawing on Jewish traditions of iconography.
The rounded tablets appear in the Middle Ages, following in size and shape contemporary hinged writing tablets for taking notes (with a stylus on a layer of wax on the insides). For Michelangelo and Andrea Mantegna they still have sharp corners (see gallery), and are about the size found in Rabbinic tradition. Later artists such as Rembrandt tended to combine the rounded shape with the larger size. While, as mentioned above, Rabbinic tradition teaches that the tablets were squared, according to some authorities, the Rabbis themselves approved of rounded depictions of the tablets in replicas so that the replicas would not exactly match the historical tablets.[4]
According to the Talmud, the length and width of each of the Tablets was six Tefachim, and each was three Tefachim thick - respectively roughly 20 and ten inches,[5] though they tend to be shown larger in art. Also according to tradition, the words were not engraved on the surface, but rather were bored fully through the stone.
Content[edit]
In Jewish religious tradition, the arrangement of the commandments on the two tablets is interpreted in different ways. Rabbi Hanina ben Gamaliel said that each tablet contained five commandments, "but the Sages say ten on one tablet and ten on the other".[6] Because the commandments establish a covenant, it is likely that they were duplicated on both tablets. This can be compared to diplomatic treaties of Ancient Egypt, in which a copy was made for each party.[7] But the tablets may have contained not only the Ten Commandments but also additional precepts and words as can be inferred from the verses Exodus 31:18, Exodus 34:1, Exodus 34:27-28. [8]
Christian replicas[edit]
Replicas of the tablets, known as tabots or sellats, are a vital part of the practice of Ethiopian Orthodox Church, which claims that the original Ark of the Covenant is kept in the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion in Axum.[9]
In the Qur'an[edit]
Musa
Mūsa ٰمُوسَى
Moses
Ten Commandments
Tawrat
Ṣuḥuf Mūsā
[Biblical and Quranic narratives
Prophets and messengers in Islam
Golden calf
Asiya
Balaam
Samiri
Ulu'l azm prophets
Category
Islam portal
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See also: Moses in Islam and Islamic ethics § Moral commandments
The Quran states that tablets were given to Moses, without quoting their contents explicitly:
"And We ordained laws for him in the tablets in all matters, both commanding and explaining all things, (and said): 'Take and hold these with firmness, and enjoin thy people to hold fast by the best in the precepts: soon shall I show you the homes of the wicked,- (How they lie desolate).'" (Quran 7:145)
These tablets are not broken in the Quran, but picked up later:
"When Moses came back to his people, angry and grieved, he said: 'Evil it is that ye have done in my place in my absence: did ye make haste to bring on the judgment of your Lord?' He put down the tablets, seized his brother by (the hair of) his head, and dragged him to him..." (Quran 7:150). "When the anger of Moses was appeased, he took up the tablets: in the writing thereon was guidance and Mercy for such as fear their Lord." (Quran 7:154).
Gallery[edit]
Round corners, 13th century, France
Round corners, c. 1390
Sharp corners by Michelangelo
Andrea Mantegna, c. 1461
Moses receiving the tablets of stone, written by God's finger
See also[edit]
Tablet (religious)
Tabot, a replica of the Tablets of Stone used in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
World's largest book, a stone book the pages of which are inscribed stone tablets
References[edit]
Jump up ^ See: Staples, W. E., "Lapis Lazuli", in The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, vol.3, p. 72
Jump up ^ Bava Batra 14a.
Jump up ^ Except for a variant tradition where a scroll is shown, only known from Christian examples. [1]
Jump up ^ See HaQoton, Reb Chaim "Squared vs. Rounded Tablets" (also available on academia.edu)
Jump up ^ Bava Batra 14a.
Jump up ^ Rabbi Ishmael. Horowitz-Rabin (ed.), ed. Mekhilta. pp. 233, Tractate de–ba–Hodesh, 5. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
Jump up ^ Margaliot, Dr. Meshulam (July 2004). "What was Written on the Two Tablets?". Bar-Ilan University. Retrieved 2006-09-20.
Jump up ^ "Adam Clarke Commentary".
Jump up ^ Paul Raffaele, "Keepers of the Lost Ark?" Smithsonian Magazine, December 2007 (accessed 9 April 2011)
[show]
v
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Ten Commandments
Commandments
I am the Lord thy God
Thou shalt have no other gods before me
Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image
Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain
Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy
Honour thy father and thy mother
Thou shalt not kill
Thou shalt not commit adultery
Thou shalt not steal
Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour
Thou shalt not covet
Modern media
The Ten Commandments: The Musical
K10C: Kids' Ten Commandments
Les Dix Commandements (musical)
2007 film
2010 film
The Ten Commandments (2007 film)
The Ten Commandments (1956 film)
The Ten Commandments (1923 film)
Related articles
613 Mitzvot
Alternatives
Catholic theology
Finger of God
Ritual Decalogue
Seven Laws of Noah
Tablets of Stone
[show]
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People
Moses
Kohanim
High Priest of Israel
Israelites
Levites
Bezalel
Tribe of Judah
Oholiab
Kehath
Tribe of Levi
Jeremiah
Joshua
Samuel
Solomon
Menelik I
Contents
Tablets of Stone
Ten Commandments
Manna
Aaron's rod
Cherub
Locations
Mount Sinai
Jericho
Jordan River
Holy of Holies
Tabernacle
Ai
Shiloh
Gibeah
Gilgal
Eben-Ezer
Philistia
Beth Shemesh
Kiriath-Jearim
Temple Mount
Dome of the Rock
Well of Souls
Cathedral of Chartres
Tana Qirqos
Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion
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The Sign and the Seal (1992 book)
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People and things in the Quran
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Characters
Non-humans
Allâh ("The God")
Names of Allah found in the Quran
Beings in Jannah (Paradise, literally 'Garden')
Ghilman & Wildan
Houri
Zaqqum
Animals
Related
The baqarah (cow) of Israelites
The dhi’b (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph
The hud-hud (hoopoe) of Solomon
The kalb (dog) of the sleepers of the cave
The nūn (fish or whale) of Jonah
The nāqaṫ (she-camel) of Saleh
The fīl (elephant) of the Abyssinians)
Non-related
Ḥimār (domesticated donkey or wild ass)
Qaswarah ('Lion', 'Beast of prey' or 'Hunter')
Jinns
Iblīs the Devil
Ifrit
Marid
Qareen
Prophets
Mentioned
Ādam (Adam)
Al-Yasa‘ (Elisha)
Ayyūb (Job)
Dāwūd (David)
Dhūl-Kifl (Ezekiel?)
Hārūn (Aaron)
Hūd (Eber?)
Idrīs (Enoch?)
Ilyās (Elijah)
‘Imrān (Joachim the father of Maryam)
Is-ḥāq (Isaac)
Ismā‘īl (Ishmael)
Dhabih Ullah
Isma'il Ṣādiq al-Wa‘d (Fulfiller of the Promise)
Lūṭ (Lot)
Ṣāliḥ
Shu‘ayb (Jethro, Reuel or Hobab?)
Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd (Solomon son of David)
‘Uzair (Ezra?)
Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā (John the Baptist the son of Zechariah)
Ya‘qūb (Jacob)
Isrâ’îl (Israel)
Yūnus (Jonah)
Dhūn-Nūn ("He of the Fish (or Whale)" or "Owner of the Fish (or Whale)")
Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūṫ ("Companion of the Whale")
Yūsuf ibn Ya‘qūb (Joseph son of Jacob)
Zakariyyā (Zechariah)
Ulu-l-‘Azm
Muḥammad
Aḥmad
Other names and titles of Muhammad
ʿĪsā (Jesus)
Al-Masīḥ (The Messiah)
Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary)
Mūsā Kalīmullāh (Moses He who spoke to God)
Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh (Abraham Friend of God)
Nūḥ (Noah)
Debatable ones
Dhūl-Qarnain (Cyrus the Great?)
Luqmân
Maryam (Mary)
Ṭâlûṫ (Saul or Gideon?)
Implied
Ermia/Jeremiah
Ṣamû’îl (Samuel)
Yusha' ibn Nūn/Joshua (companion and successor of Musa)
People of Prophets
Mentioned evil ones
Āzar (possibly Terah)
Fir'aun (Pharaoh of Moses)
Hāmān
Jâlûṫ (Goliath)
Qarun/Korah (cousin of Musa/Moses)
As-Sāmirī
Abu Lahab
Specified good ones
Zechariah's wife
Adam's immediate relatives
Martyred son
Wife
Women of Moses
Moses' mother
Sister
Wife
Sister-in-law
Isaac's mother
Zayd
Non-specified good ones
Abiona/Amtelai daughter of Karnebo (mother of Ibrahim)
Bathsheba (wife of Dawud, mother of Sulayman)
Hājar/Hagar (wife of Ibrahim, mother of Isma'il)
Hannah/Anne daughter of Faquz (mother of Maryam, wife of Imran)
Imran/Amram (father of Musa)
Lamech (father of Nuh)
Rāhil/Rachel (wife of Ya'qub, mother of Yūsuf)
Rahma/Dinah (wife of Ayyub)
Shamkha bint Anush/Betenos (mother of Nuh)
Son of Luqman
Implied
Asiyah bint Muzahim/Bithiah (wife of Fir'aun)
Asif ibn Barkhiya (vizier and successor of Sulayman)
Bilquis (Queen of Saba/Sheba)
Believer of Fir'aun Family (Hizbil/Hizqil ibn Sabura)
Benyamin/Benjamin
Habib the Carpenter (believer of Ya-Sin)
Kaleb/Caleb (companion of Yusha')
Khidr
Magicians of Fir'aun
Simon Cephas/Simon Peter
Abrahah
Bal'am/Balaam
Barsisa
Nebuchadnezzar II
Nimrod
Potiphar (Al-Aziz)
Shaddad
Simeon (son of Ya'qub)
Slayers of Saleh's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)
Valid ibn Rayyan (king of Egypt in the account of Yūsuf)
Zuleikha (wife of al-Aziz)
Groups
Mentioned
Aş-ḥāb al-Jannah
People of Paradise
People of the Burnt Garden
Aş-ḥāb as-Sabṫ (Companions of the Sabbath)
Christian apostles
Disciples of Jesus
Companions of Noah's Ark
Aş-ḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm (Companions of the Cave and Al-Raqaim?
Companions of the Elephant
People of al-Ukhdūd
People of the City (People of Ya-Sin)
People of Yathrib or Medina
Folk of Dawud
Folk of Lut
Folk of Musa and Harun
Nation of Nuh
Tribes, ethnicities or families
A‘rāb (Arabs or Bedouins)
'Ād (people of Hud)
Companions of the Rass
Qawm Tubba‘ (People of Tubba)
People of Saba'/Sheba
Quraysh
Thamûd (people of Saleh)
Aṣ-ḥâb al-Ḥijr ("Companions of the Stoneland")
Ajam
Ar-Rûm (literally "The Romans")
Banî Isrâ’îl (Children of Israel)
Mu’ṫafikāṫ (The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah)
People of Ibrahim
People of Ilyas
People of Nuh
People of Shuaib
Ahl Madyan People of Madyan)
Aṣ-ḥāb al-Aykah ("Companions of the Wood")
Qawm Yûnus (People of Jonah)
Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog
Ahl al-Bayṫ ("People of the Household")
Household of Abraham
Brothers of Yūsuf
Daughters of Abraham's nephew Lot (Ritha, Za'ura, et al.)
Progeny of Imran
Household of Moses
Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim
Daughters of Muhammad
Wives of Muhammad
Household of Salih
People of Fir'aun
Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)
Aṣ-ḥāb Muḥammad (Companions of Muhammad)
Muhajirun (Emigrants)
Anṣār Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers, literally 'Helpers')
People of Mecca
Umm Jamil (wife of Abu Lahab)
Children of Ayyub
Dead son of Sulaiman
Qabil/Cain (son of Adam)
Wali'ah or Wa'ilah/Waala (wife of Nuh)
Walihah or Wahilah (wife of Lut)
Yam or Kan'an (son of Nuh)
Implicitly
mentioned
Amalek
Ahl al-Suffa (People of the Verandah)
Banu Nadir
Banu Qaynuqa
Banu Qurayza
Iranian people
Umayyad Dynasty
Aus & Khazraj
People of Quba
Religious groups
Ahl al-dhimmah (Dhimmi)
Kâfirûn (Infidels)
Zoroastrians
Munafiqun (Hypocrites)
Muslims
People of the Book (Ahl al-Kiṫāb)
Naṣārā (Christian(s) or People of the Injil)
Ruhban (Christian monks)
Qissis (Christian priest)
Yahūd (Jews)
Ahbār (Jewish scholars)
Rabbani/Rabbi
Sabians
Polytheists
Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad
Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot
Locations
Mentioned
Al-Arḍ Al-Mubārakah ("The Land The Blessed")
Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah ("The Land The Holy")
In the Arabian Peninsula (excluding Madyan)
Al-Aḥqāf ("The Sandy Plains," or "the Wind-curved Sand-hills")
Iram dhāṫ al-‘Imād (Iram of the Pillars)
Al-Madīnah (formerly Yathrib)
‘Arafāṫ
Al-Ḥijr (Hegra)
Badr
Ḥunayn
Makkah (Mecca)
Bakkah
Ka‘bah (Kaaba)
Maqām Ibrāhīm (Station of Abraham)
Safa and Marwah
Saba’ (Sheba)
‘Arim Saba’ (Dam of Sheba)
Rass
In Mesopotamia:
Al-Jūdiyy
Munzalanm-Mubārakan ("Place-of-Landing Blessed")
Bābil (Babylon)
Qaryaṫ Yūnus ("Township of Jonah," that is Nineveh)
Door of Hittah
Madyan (Midian)
Majma' al-Bahrain
Miṣr (Mainland Egypt)
Sinai Region or Tīh Desert
Al-Wād Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan (The Holy Valley of Tuwa)
Al-Wādil-Ayman (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai)
Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor
Mu'tafikat (Sodom)
Implied
Antioch
Antakya
Arabia
Ayla
Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn
Bayt al-Muqaddas & 'Ariha
Bilād ar-Rāfidayn (Mesopotamia)
Canaan
Cave of Seven Sleepers
Dār al-Nadwa
Al-Ḥijāz (literally "The Barrier")
Black Stone (Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad) & Al-Hijr of Isma'il
Cave of Hira & Ghar al-Thawr (Cave of the Bull)
Ta'if
Hudaybiyyah
Jordan River
Nile River
Palestine River
Paradise of Shaddad
Religious locations
Bay'a (Church)
Mihrab
Monastery
Masjid (Mosque, literally "Place of Prostration")
Al-Mash‘ar Al-Ḥarām ("The Monument the Sacred")
Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā (Al-Aqsa Mosque, literally "The Place-of-Prostration The Farthest")
Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The Sacred Mosque of Mecca)
Masjid al-Dirar
A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly:
Masjid Qubâ’ (Quba Mosque)
The Prophet's Mosque
Salat (Synagogue)
Non-human
physical
entities
Religious texts
Al-Injîl (The Gospel of Jesus)
Al-Qur’ân (The book of Muhammad)
Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrâhîm (Scroll(s) of Abraham)
Aṫ-Ṫawrâṫ (The Torah)
Ṣuḥuf-i-Mûsâ (Scroll(s) of Moses)
Tablets of Stone
Az-Zabûr (The Psalms of David)
Related objects
Forbidden fruit of Adam
Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles
Noah's Ark
Staff of Musa
Tabut al-Sakina (Casket of Shekhinah)
Throne of Bilqis
Trumpet of Israfil
Mentioned idols
(cult images)
'Ansāb
Idols of Israelites:
Baal
The ‘ijl (golden calf statue) of Israelites
Idols of Noah's people:
Nasr
Suwā‘
Wadd
Yaghūth
Ya‘ūq
Idols of Quraysh:
Lāt
Manāṫ
'Uzza
Jibt and Taghut
Events
Battle of al-Aḥzāb ("the Confederates")
Battle of Badr
Battle of Hunayn
Battle of Khaybar
Battle of Tabouk
Battle of Uhud
Conquest of Mecca
Incident of Ifk
Laylat al-Mabit
Mubahala
Sayl al-‘Arim (Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba)
The Farewell Pilgrimage (Hujja al-Wada')
Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
Umrah al-Qaza
Yawm al-Dār
Implied
The event of Ghadir Khumm
Note: The names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)
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Chinatown bus lines
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about intercity bus travel. For Chinese-owned intracity public transit, see Dollar vans in the New York metropolitan area § Chinatown vans.
Passengers waiting at the Fung Wah Lines ticket window on Canal Street and the Bowery in Manhattan's Chinatown.
Chinatown bus lines are discount intercity bus services, often run by Chinese Americans and Chinese Canadians, that have been established primarily in the Chinatown communities of the East Coast of the United States and Central Canada since 1998, although similar services have cropped up on the West Coast. They operate in 24 U.S. states and 3 Canadian provinces. The vast majority of Chinatown bus lines are based out of the Northeast U.S..
The buses have been subject to controversy because of safety issues, with several fatal incidents having happened over the years. Some companies have been shut down either temporarily or permanently by regulatory authorities, while others continue to operate subject to increased safety checks. The low-overhead, low-fare services have been popular, helping to drive down the prices of competing services such as Megabus and BoltBus.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early history
1.2 Increasing scope
1.3 Organized crime ties
2 Vehicles
3 Service
4 Destinations and routes
5 Safety
5.1 Notable accidents
5.2 Shutdowns
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
History[edit]
Early history[edit]
Fung Wah Bus Van Hool C2045 coach on a stopover
By the late 20th century, intercity bus service in the United States had fallen from 140 million annual passengers in 1960 to 40 million in 1990.[1][2] The decline was such that by 1997, the year Chinatown buses started operating, intercity bus transportation accounted for only 3.6% of travel in the United States.[3]
Chinese-operated intercity bus service originated that year when the Chinese working class found a necessity to travel from New York City, Boston, and Atlantic City. The first companies to offer such intercity bus services offered minimal features, including unmarked curbside bus stops as well as no advertisements and no customer service,[4] which drastically reduced overhead for Chinatown bus lines.[5] In 1998, two intercity bus companies commenced routes: the Fung Wah Bus, between New York City and Boston, and the Eastern Shuttle and New Century Travel and Tours (now Focus Travel), between New York City and Philadelphia.[6] The bus services originally transported workers in Chinese restaurants to and from jobs in Boston, Atlantic City, Cherry Hill Mall, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C., among other cities.[7][8] Very few non-Chinese rode on the lines at first.[2][9]
As word of these services spread, they became more popular with non-Chinese travelers.[2][7][10] By 2003, the demographics of Chinatown bus riders and of larger-corporation bus riders were about the same.[11] Reasons cited for the increase in ridership included lower fares and more authentic Chinatown experiences.[2] Between 1997 and 2007, Chinatown buses took 60% of Greyhound Lines' market share in the Northeast United States;[12] Riders of Chinatown buses made up over half of the riders of Northeast intercity buses during that time, bringing total ridership of intercity buses in the area to more than 7 million annual riders.[2]
Competition from newly enriched companies, as well as the commencement of online ticket sales,[7] caused a severe reduction in fares by 2002.[8][13] In these "fare wars", fares were reduced fourfold in some cases,[8][9] and many bus operators advertised their $10 bus fares.[14] This led to gang violence in which rival bus operators would kill or injure each other.[8] In addition, because of the low bus fares, Chinatown bus lines often made very small profits, and some, like YO! Bus, went bankrupt and ceased all operations.[9] Still, the Chinatown bus sector made up an increasing number of trips within the Northeast United States.[5]
Since the late 2000s, competition has come from larger corporations, such as Megabus, BoltBus, Washington Deluxe, and Vamoose Bus.[2][15] Two of the operations—Eastern Shuttle and Today's Bus—were brought under Megabus operation.[4] Another one, BoltBus, was formed by Greyhound in order to compete with the less expensive Chinatown buses.[11]
Increasing scope[edit]
Eastern Shuttle MCI 102DL3 coach boarding customers in Chinatown, Manhattan.
Some bus lines are used to transport large groups of mainly Chinese and Vietnamese immigrants to and from casinos such as Foxwoods Resort Casino and Mohegan Sun, which are located in Connecticut. These gambling buses built upon the popularity of older bus routes to Atlantic City that also targeted Asian American customers. Similarly in Canada, several bus lines such as Safeway Tours operate between Toronto and the casinos of Niagara Falls, Ontario.[16]
Increasing popularity has also led to increasing regulatory interest. For example, in September 2004, the city of Boston required all regularly scheduled intercity bus services to operate exclusively to and from the South Station transportation terminal.[7][17][18] Steven Bailey of The Boston Globe suggested that the move was motivated by Peter Pan's and Greyhound's interest in maintaining their monopoly on the New York-Boston bus route, and Timothy Shevlin, executive director of the state Department of Telecommunications and Energy, said, "The big dog out there, Peter Pan, is dead set against Chinatown bus lines. They don't want that kind of competition." A complication with this arrangement was that the South Station bus terminal has only 25 gates (along with two departure gates), all of which were used at the time until other companies left.[17]
Organized crime ties[edit]
A 2000 Coach bus in New York City
The bus lines have drawn scrutiny from law enforcement authorities for possible connections to Chinese organized crime gangs. In 2003 and 2004, a number of bus arsons, driver assaults, murders, and other gang violence in New York City were linked to the possible infiltration of Asian organized crime gangs into the industry.[19][20]
Among the crimes believed to have been associated with gang activity was a deadly shooting in May 2003, on a busy street, which may have been in retaliation for a driver having backed his bus into a rival;[14] as revenge, two buses were set on fire in 2004.[10] There was a fatal stabbing in October 2003,[8][10] as well as another, unrelated stabbing in 2004.[10] In January 2004, the boyfriend of a bus worker was lethally shot in what appeared to be a bus feud,[8][14] and in March 2004, a Chinatown bus operator was killed in another fatal shooting.[14] In a June 2004 incident tied to criminal gangs, two people—a Chinatown bus driver and a bystander—were murdered in a bar in Flushing, Queens, and another was shot in the leg. The accused shooter was arrested in Toronto in 2011 and extradited to the United States.[10] After the 2004 shootings, the New York City Police Department started enforcing Chinatown bus rules more strictly.[14]
In 2008, the New York Post linked the "Banya Organization" gang with Chinatown buses. The gang allegedly inflicted brutal beatings to coerce private bus and van companies, who were not identified.[21] In 2013, police confiscated 254 guns and arrested 19 people in the largest gun-smuggling ring in New York City's history; the suspects were accused of shipping guns from North Carolina and South Carolina to the Northern United States via Chinatown buses.[22] On the most part, however, crime between bus operators and employees has mostly subsided.[23]
Vehicles[edit]
Double Happiness#222 at Herald Square.
The fleet used by various Chinabus companies can vary greatly from new coaches to older, pre-owned coaches, and with a few notable exceptions such as Eastern Shuttle and routes to Boston, not all units are branded with the operator name other than required USDOT markings.
With the exception of Eastern Shuttle and services to Boston (all of which use clearly marked buses), many Chinatown bus companies use wet leases to provide overflow capacity during the weekend. Some smaller companies use wet leases to provide their core capacity.[24] Typically, a bus (and a driver) would be chartered from a tour bus operator, a practice also used by mainstream companies such as Greyhound Lines during peak service.
Service[edit]
Bus ticket saleswoman at the corner of East Broadway and Forsyth Street in the Little Fuzhou neighborhood within Manhattan's Chinatown.
Chinatown buses typically run nonstop express service between the departure and destination points. This typically results in shorter travel times. For instance, the trip from State College, Pennsylvania, to New York City takes about four hours on the Chinatown bus, compared to more than seven hours on Greyhound.[citation needed] However, although the Chinatown buses are often cheaper than alternative modes of transport like Amtrak and airplanes, they are also slower; for example, Amtrak and airplanes take about 2.75 to 3.5 hours to travel from New York City to Washington, D.C., while Chinatown buses take 4 to 5 hours.[2] These intercity buses run at least 2,500 weekly trips.[5]
Many competitors offer discount prices that undercut the major bus lines. Typical fares between East Coast cities range from $10 to $20, compared to major curbside bus lines (which typically cost between $1 and $25), terminal-operated bus lines (which cost between $14 and $35), and Amtrak (which costs about $100.)[2][25] The industry has become highly competitive with companies offering hourly service between major cities.[4][26] The Appalachian extensions of these lines tend to offer less of a price advantage; for example, in August 2006, one-way fares from New York to Pittsburgh on the Chinese-owned All State were $35 compared with $45 advance through Greyhound Lines, while tickets from State College, Pennsylvania, to New York were $35, compared to $46 for Greyhound.[6] Chinatown buses also charge flat fees, while other intercity buses may vary pricing based on demand.[11] Low prices led to high demand for many Chinatown bus routes, and although a single round trip can incur hundreds of dollars in expenses, a fully booked bus can net at least $340 in profits per round trip after these expenses are paid.[9][23]
Often, ticket booths are walk-up windows on the street, or are located inside restaurants and bakeries throughout a given Chinatown community, although it is not uncommon for tickets to be sold on the street directly.[4][23] Some lines even simply collect cash payment after passengers have boarded the bus. However, tickets are often sold online, either by the bus companies themselves or by portals and print-outs of confirmation emails are used as tickets.[citation needed] Except in Boston, the lines rarely use stations of their own. Passengers are usually directed to wait along a given curbside for the arrival of the bus, although many companies offer waiting areas at or near the pickup points. Several bus stops are also near major hotels and in the parking areas of major Chinese supermarkets.[citation needed] In New York, several bus lines pick up passengers on a stretch of Forsyth Street at the foot of the Manhattan Bridge in the Little Fuzhou neighborhood within Manhattan's Chinatown.[7] Since 1998, when the New York City Department of Transportation marked the strip a bus layover area, the sidewalk between Division Street and East Broadway has served as a de facto terminal for the Chinatown buses.[7][27]
Most operators of Chinatown bus lines have traditionally been Fujianese.[14] Often, buses do not follow their scheduled timetables,[7] and many buses are often unreliable, sometimes skipping scheduled stops altogether.[23] In addition, since there are no advertisements and often no websites for these bus lines, knowledge of such bus lines is often spread verbally.[4][23]
Destinations and routes[edit]
Schematic of the main Eastern US Chinatown Bus Lines as of 2010[update], centralized in New York City as the hub
In addition to in Boston and in the various Chinatowns in the New York metropolitan area within New York City and Long Island, several bus line companies also link to the Chinatowns of Edison, New Jersey; Cherry Hill Mall; Philadelphia; Washington, D.C.; Baltimore; Atlanta; and to the casinos of Atlantic City.[4][23] Buses also go to Ohio, Michigan, Rhode Island, Virginia, and Florida.[23] However, Chinatown buses also stop at smaller, predominately non-Chinese areas such as in North Carolina and South Carolina.[4] On the West Coast, buses link the Chinatowns of the San Francisco Bay Area; Los Angeles Chinatown and the San Gabriel Valley; and Las Vegas' Chinatown and casinos. In the I-5 corridor in California, similar services are found in the Hispanic community and provide transportation to/from Baja California in Mexico.[citation needed] Often, the Chinatown bus lines enable Chinese immigrants, mainly restaurant workers, to be transported cheaply along the coasts.[28] In total, the buses travel within 24 U.S. states and Canada.[4]
Many Chinatown buses have their base of operation in New York City, and it has been proposed to build a Chinatown bus hub there.[7] New York-to-Boston Chinatown buses generally use the Massachusetts Turnpike from Boston to I-84, and then follow I-84 to I-91 to I-95.[citation needed] As I-95 approaches New York, several routings are possible depending on the traffic situation. Some drivers use the Throgs Neck Bridge to reach the Long Island Expressway, then to the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway, and then Manhattan Bridge to Canal Street. Other drivers use the Whitestone Bridge.[citation needed] Most drivers use the Triborough Bridge when traffic is not congested, and reach the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway via Astoria Boulevard.[citation needed]
In Philadelphia, the Independence Transportation Center was built in part due on a 2007 survey by the Philadelphia Chinatown Development Corporation, which concluded that many tourists arrived by bus and that some Chinatown buses disruptively parked on the street. People living closer to Chinatown bus stops in Philadelphia's Chinatown were more likely to complain about the buses.[7][29] Similarly, in Washington, D.C., interim bus loading regulations were enacted in 2008 due to complaints about disruptive bus layovers.[7][30] In Boston in 2004, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority required Chinatown buses to make stops inside South Station and to have permits. Although Fung Wah Bus Transportation was often ticketed for curbside parking offenses in Boston, they eventually became one of two Chinatown buses headquartered in South Station (besides Lucky Star Bus) because the fines for curbside parking were becoming higher than the South Station terminal fees.[7][18]
Besides the routes within the major North Eastern cities, several Chinatown buses have daily routes that run from New York City to Miami. The majority of the trip uses I-95, and the buses stop near major destinations in the Southern United States.[31] A couple of routes also go to Ohio.[32] In order to save time, the buses never go into the city, but instead stop at gas stations and rest stops along I-95.
Chinatown buses often go from major cities to casinos.[33] Some 'Casino Buses' use I-395 to make an intermediate stop at Foxwoods Resort Casino between the Massachusetts Turnpike and I-95.[citation needed] An example of this can also be found in the Southern United States where tour companies offer bus services from Houston's Chinatown to Lake Charles area casinos. In Canada, 'Casino Buses' are offered between Toronto and Niagara Falls, Ontario.
Safety[edit]
Passengers waiting to board the Travel Pack bus in Manhattan, departing for Boston.
Chinatown buses have been involved in numerous accidents over the years, and there have been 34 intercity bus accidents across the United States in 2001–2011.[13] On a 2006 safety scale of 0 to 100, where 0 was the safest and 100 the most dangerous, Chinatown bus lines were ranked as between 71 and 99, while Greyhound Lines got a very safe rating of 0.[8] Often, "calculations of safety and risk are inverted," according to a 2013 City University of New York study.[2] Statistically, the curbside Chinatown buses are often more dangerous than buses that originate from terminals.[34] Still, many travelers were not discouraged.[35] However, intercity bus accidents are quite rare.[23]
After the murders in 2003–4, officials had begun randomly checking buses for operational problems.[25] In March 2011, two fatal crashes—the World Wide Tours bus crash on Interstate 95 in New York, and a New Jersey Turnpike crash—led officials to confiscate six buses for inadequate brake air pressure, steering violations, and lacking driver paperwork.[36]
In 2013, New York City started to give fines to bus operators without permits. This law was tightened in August 2014.[32]
Notable accidents[edit]
On March 18, 2005, a Boston-bound Chinatown bus operated by Lucky Star/Travel Pack stopped and evacuated its passengers on the Massachusetts Turnpike shortly before bursting into flames. No one was injured.[37]
On August 16, 2005, a New York-bound Fung Wah bus caught fire on Interstate 91 near Meriden, Connecticut. Though the passengers later criticized the driver for being unhelpful and untrained in evacuating the bus, all passengers were eventually evacuated and no injuries were reported.[38]
On January 20, 2006, a surprise inspection on Forsyth Street in Manhattan's Chinatown resulted in two Washington-bound buses being pulled temporarily out of service and a driver running away from authorities.[39]
On August 15, 2006, a Shun Fa bus travelling from New York to Pittsburgh crashed; 10 passengers were injured, with 5 requiring hospitalization. One person was in critical condition.[8][40][41]
On September 6, 2006, a Fung Wah bus rolled over in Auburn, Massachusetts, and caused minor injuries to 34 passengers.[8][42] Excessive speed was cited as a factor and the bus company was fined.[43]
On January 3, 2007, a Fung Wah bus lost its back two wheels in Framingham, Massachusetts, early on a trip to New York. No injuries were reported.[44]
On February 14, 2007, a Fung Wah bus en route to New York lost control and hit a guardrail on the Massachusetts Turnpike (I-90) in Allston, Massachusetts. No injuries were reported. State officials had advised Fung Wah to suspend operations because of the winter storms that day.[45] Fung Wah reached an agreement with regulators under which its buses will be subject to scheduled and unscheduled inspections and driver checks for 30 days. The company also agreed to improve safety, including ceasing to use buses that have not been maintained in a safe and sanitary condition.[46]
On February 18, 2007, a bus, owned by Tremblay Motorcoach and operated by Sunshine Travel, caught fire on the Massachusetts Turnpike near interchange 10A in Millbury, Massachusetts. All 50 passengers were evacuated and no injuries were reported. The cause of the fire is unknown. The bus was returning to the Chinatown in Boston from Mohegan Sun casino in Uncasville, Connecticut.[47]
On March 23, 2007, a New York-bound Fung Wah bus from Boston got stuck on a concrete barrier in front of a tollbooth on the Massachusetts Turnpike at Route 128 in Weston, Massachusetts, when the bus drove up on a cement lane divider. The driver had entered an automobile-only lane and tried to change lanes. No one was injured in the incident, but the bus was taken out of service and passengers boarded another Fung Wah bus that arrived later.[48]
On May 20, 2007, a New York-bound bus crashed in Pennsylvania, killing 2 riders and injuring 32 more.[8][49]
The Fung Wah Bus crash of June 23, 2008
On June 23, 2008, a bus loading passengers was struck by an out-of-control dump truck at the corner of Bowery and Canal Street in New York’s Chinatown. The force of the impact pushed the bus onto the sidewalk and into a bank. As the result of the accident, a sign attached to a light pole fell, injuring a 57-year-old woman; the woman later died as the result of a heart attack. Several people, including two police officers, were treated for minor injuries.[50][51][52] State Department of Transportation inspectors found that the dump truck, owned by CPQ Freight Systems, had eight mechanical issues including faulty brakes which led to the accident.[53]
On March 12, 2011, a bus operated by World Wide Tours crashed on the New England Thruway, killing 15 people.[54]
Also in March 2011, on the New Jersey Turnpike, a crash occurred in which the driver was killed and 40 injured, two critically.[55]
On September 21, 2014, a bus, operated by Manhattan-based bus company AM USA Express, rolled over in Delaware. Two people died and 48 were hurt.[56]
After the August 2005 incident, the Massachusetts Department of Telecommunications and Energy instituted a policy of holding three surprise inspections per month on all bus companies that leave South Station in Boston. Chuck Schumer, a New York state senator, proposed a four-point federal plan that includes surprise inspections and creating a national safety standard for bus operators. The city of New York may institute a similar policy; however, inspections would be difficult in New York City because the buses do not all leave the city from the same location.[57]
Shutdowns[edit]
In 2012, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration began a crackdown on Chinatown bus lines.[12] In April 2013, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration started a "Operation Quick Strike" squad that helped pinpoint wayward Chinatown bus drivers.[13]
Apex Bus, Inc.
On May 31, 2012, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration announced that it had ordered the shutdown of Apex Bus, Inc., I-95 Coach Inc., New Century Travel Inc., and 23 other related entities due to safety violations.[58]
Fung Wah
On March 2, 2013, US Federal transportation officials shut down Fung Wah bus operations because it had broken a federal law by refusing to divulge safety records to the federal government.[13][59][60] In December 2014, the company was given permission to resume its bus operations under strict observation and limitations with service to restart in early 2015.[61][62] However, in July 2015, owner Peter Liang announced the service would end permanently.[63]
Lucky Star
On May 25, 2013, a bus was taken out of service due to a manhole cover being stuck on the undercarriage of one bus.[13] Less than two weeks later, on June 5, Lucky Star was shut down as well due to "Lucky Star’s flagrant disregard for motor coach passenger safety," said the letter from the Department of Transportation.[64] Lucky Star engaged in an extensive bus upgrade and driver program over the next five months, passed required inspections, and resumed operations in November 2013.[65]
One columnist for The Daily Beast criticized the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's practices as overly harsh, stating that the it "targets" Chinatown bus companies because owners rarely speak much English. The columnist also alleged that the inspectors were also very strict in deciding which parts of the buses were defective, describing the inspectors as having confiscated several buses for minor issues.[13]
See also[edit]
Coach USA, operator of the Eastern Shuttle service
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Nicholas J. Klein; Andrew Zitcer. "Everything but the Chickens" (PDF). Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "The Amazing Chinatown Bus Network". Motherboard. November 27, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Klein, Nicholas (2009). "Emergent Curbside Intercity Bus Industry". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. Transportation Research Board. 2111: 83–89. doi:10.3141/2111-11. Retrieved 2015-10-30.
^ Jump up to: a b Carpenter, Mackenzie (August 16, 2006). "'Chinatown bus services' have grown quickly since 1998". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "Chinatown Bus Study" (PDF). New York City Department of Transportation. October 2009. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Nanos, Janelle (May 28, 2007). "Penny-Pinching Peril". NYMag.com. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Luo, Michael (21 February 2004). "In Chinatown, a $10 Trip Means War; Weary Owners Struggle to Stay Afloat in Cutthroat Competition". New York Times. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Wilson, Michael (October 7, 2011). "Crime Scene: Collateral Damage in the Chinatown Bus Wars". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Chinatown Buses: A History". Axis Chemicals. 2013-12-23. Retrieved 2015-10-30.
^ Jump up to: a b Schliefer, Theodore (August 8, 2013). "Bus travel is picking up, aided by discount operators". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Epstein, Jim (2013-11-02). "The Government’s Cheap, Dishonest Campaign Against the Chinatown Bus Industry". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2015-10-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Chinatown’s bus war turning fatal". The Washington Times. March 7, 2004. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Gerson, Daniela (February 14, 2006). "If You Want To Vamoose in DeLuxe Style, You're in Luck". The New York Sun.
Jump up ^ Brulliard, Karin (November 24, 2006). "For Many Asians, an Atlantic City Pilgrimage". The Washington Post.
^ Jump up to: a b Bailey, Steven (June 18, 2004). "Peter Pan is a bully". Boston Globe.
^ Jump up to: a b Starcic, Janna (June 1, 2005). "Surviving the Motorcoach Rate-Cutting War". Metro Magazine. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Harlan, Heather (September 12, 2003). "Arsons May Signal Escalating NYC Shuttle Bus Feud". AsianWeek. Retrieved January 24, 2007. [dead link]
Jump up ^ McPhee, Michelle; Alice McQuillan (January 19, 2004). "Chinatown barrage stumps cops". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on September 12, 2005. Retrieved January 24, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Feds' kung pow!". New York Post. October 23, 2008. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Photos: Largest Gun Seizure In NYC History Involves Chinatown Buses, Stop & Frisk". Gothamist. August 19, 2013. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Columbia Spectator". Columbia Daily Spectator. 2004-02-27. Retrieved 2015-10-30.
Jump up ^ Clark, Patrick (2014-07-17). "How Chinatown Buses Survived Competition, Regulation, and the Occasional Gang War". Businessweek.com. Retrieved 2015-10-30.
Jump up ^ Knafo, Saki (June 8, 2008). "Dreams and Desperation on Forsyth Street". The New York Times. Retrieved September 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ Hilgers, Lauren (October 13, 2014). "Chinatown’s Kitchen Network". The New Yorker. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ John Chin, Executive Director of the Philadelphia Chinatown Development Corporation. Telephone Interview, September 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ Miles E. Groves of the Downtown Neighborhood Association, Letter to Mayor Adrian M. Fenty, July 24, 2007
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^ Jump up to: a b Arino, Lisha (July 16, 2014). "City Will Begin Fining Illegal Chinatown Buses by August". DNAinfo New York. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Taft, Chloe (2014-07-02). "Ticket to a New York Casino License Is on the Chinatown Bus". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2015-10-30.
Jump up ^ Bowen, Alison, "Boltbus, Megabus and Fung-Wah: Curbside buses more dangerous: Buses that pick up passengers off the street are more dangerous than those that use a terminal, a new report found" Archived June 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine., Metro newspaper, New York City, October 31, 2011
Jump up ^ Lewis, Sam, "Many Travelers Not Deterred by Deadly Bus Crashes" Archived January 26, 2013, at the Wayback Machine., WNYC news, New York City, Tuesday, March 15, 2011
Jump up ^ El-Ghobashy, Tamer (March 16, 2011). "NYPD Cracks Down on Buses". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Ellement, John (March 19, 2005). "Passengers Tell of Wild Bus Trip". Boston Globe. Retrieved January 24, 2007.
Jump up ^ Ross, Casey (August 16, 2005). "Flames engulf Fung Wah bus in Connecticut". Boston Globe. Retrieved January 24, 2007.
Jump up ^ Cherasore, Paul (January 27 – February 2, 2006). "Day of confusion for Chinatown bus riders". Downtown Express. Retrieved January 24, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Bus Crash Injures Several, Causes Big Parkway Backups". The Pittsburgh Channel. August 15, 2006. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.
Jump up ^ Milan Simonich (August 16, 2006). "10 hurt as tour bus crashes". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
Jump up ^ "34 hurt, driver cited for Fung Wah bus rollover in Auburn". Boston Globe. September 6, 2006. Archived from the original on March 28, 2009. Retrieved January 24, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Fung Wah bus company fined $31K for rollover". Boston Globe. October 31, 2006. Archived from the original on March 29, 2009. Retrieved January 24, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Fung Wah Bus Loses Wheels". WCVB-TV. January 3, 2007. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Fung Wah Bus Crashes On Turnpike". WCVB-TV. February 14, 2007. Archived from the original on February 23, 2007.
Jump up ^ LeBlanc, Steve (September 12, 2006). "Chinatown Bus Line Agrees to Inspections". Fox News Channel. Associated Press.
Jump up ^ Kim Ring (February 19, 2007). "Passengers OK after bus fire on Turnpike". telegram.com.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Tim (March 23, 2007). "Fung Wah Bus Involved In Mishap". WCVB-TV. Archived from the original on July 17, 2007. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
Jump up ^ Armas, Genaro C. (2007-05-20). "2 Dead, 32 Hurt in Pa. Bus Crash". washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2015-10-30.
Jump up ^ Noah Bierman (June 24, 2008). "Boston-bound bus hit by truck in NYC; pedestrian is killed". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Bus Crashes Into Bank In Manhattan". WNYW. June 23, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-23. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "One Dead, Four Injured When Bus Jumps Curb In Chinatown" Archived November 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., NY1 News, June 23, 2008
Jump up ^ El-Ghobashy, Tamer (June 25, 2008). "Rig in fatal crash had faulty brakes". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on June 26, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
Jump up ^ Debusmann, Bernd (March 14, 2011). "Bus driver in deadly New York crash faces scrutiny". Reuters. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Paddock, Barry; Nestel, Matthew (March 14, 2011). "Another fatal bus crash, in N.J.". NY Daily News. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2 dead, 48 injured in Delaware bus crash". USA TODAY. September 21, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ O'Leary, Lizzie (September 15, 2005). "Chinatown Buses Seek to Add Safety to Savings". WNYC. Retrieved January 24, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Gov’t cracking down on unsafe bus companies operating along East Coast’s I-95 corridor". The Washington Post. May 31, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Feds close Fung Wah's doors". Retrieved October 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Raw Signal coverage of Fung Wah shutdown, including other stories[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Newsham, Jack, "Fung Wah gets federal approval to return to the road", Boston Globe, December 18, 2014
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Jump up ^ "Lucky Star buses will roll once more ". Boston Globe. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
Further reading[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chinatown bus lines.
Klein, Nicholas J. (2009). "Emergent Curbside Intercity Bus Industry" (PDF). Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2111 (1): 83–89. Retrieved May 10, 2015. [permanent dead link]
Brief History of Chinatown Bus, Gotobus, updated in 2011.
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