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Porter Airlines
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Porter Airlines
IATA
ICAO
Callsign
PD POE PORTER
Founded
February 2, 2006
Commenced operations
October 23, 2006
Hubs
Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport
Focus cities
Halifax Stanfield International Airport
Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport
Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport
Frequent-flyer program
VIPorter
Fleet size
29
Destinations
24
Parent company
Porter Aviation Holdings Inc.
Headquarters
Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Key people
Robert Deluce (CEO/President)
Donald J. Carty (Chairman)
Website
www.flyporter.com
Porter Airlines is a regional airline headquartered at Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport on the Toronto Islands in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[1] Owned by Porter Aviation Holdings, formerly known as REGCO Holdings Inc., Porter operates regularly scheduled flights between Toronto and locations in Canada and the United States using Canadian-built Bombardier Dash-8 Q 400 turboprop aircraft.
Porter's operation at the Toronto airport was launched in 2006 with some controversy. Robert Deluce, who is now the CEO of Porter Airlines, proposed creating a regional airline using Bombardier turboprop aircraft to service major cities of Canada within the range of Toronto. A planned bridge to the airport was cancelled in 2003, leading to lawsuits between Deluce and the City of Toronto. The airline lost the case in court but the idea for the airline remained. With the compensation received from the Toronto Port Authority for the lawsuit, REGCO bought the island airport terminal used by Air Canada Jazz and terminated Air Canada's access. Porter has expanded its operations since 2006, adding more destinations and planes. Porter opened a new, larger passenger terminal at the island airport in March 2010. In 2013, Porter made a proposal to expand Toronto Island airport to allow jets. Toronto City Council reserved its support, requiring the controversial proposal to be the focus of Ports Toronto studies. In November 2015, the federal government announced it would not support the proposal.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Organization
2 History
2.1 2013 Toronto Island Airport expansion proposal
3 Destinations
4 Interline agreements
5 Fleet
6 Services
7 References
8 External links
Organization[edit]
Porter building at Billy Bishop Airport
Porter Airlines along with Porter FBO Limited, which operates the Porter facilities at Billy Bishop, and City Centre Terminal Corp., are owned by Porter Aviation Holdings (PAHL), formerly known as REGCO Holdings Inc. The company was founded in 1999.
Porter Aviation Holdings Inc. is controlled by :
Robert Deluce - part of the Deluce aviation family—with brother Peter, son Michael and others has been an owner and/or executive with Air Ontario, Canada 3000 and other airlines.
Principal executives
Robert J. Deluce is President and CEO of Porter Airlines and Porter Aviation Holdings Inc. His salary is $204,167 for 2010.
Michael Deluce, Robert's son, is the Chief Commercial Officer of Porter Airlines. His salary is $145,833 for 2010.[3]
D. Paul Moffat, Chief Financial Officer.
Andrew Pierce - Director of Commercial Planning.
Paul Larocque - Director of Information Technology.
Source: Bloomberg Business Week
Directors
Donald J. Carty, a former American Airlines chief executive, is Chairman of the Board of Directors. Carty is also Vice Chairman and CFO at Dell Inc.
James Little - Chief Marketing Officer at Shaw Communications, Inc.
David Wilkins - Former U.S. ambassador to Canada.
Source: Bloomberg Business Week
Investors
At startup, $125 million CAD was put into the airline including money from:
EdgeStone Capital Partners
Borealis Infrastructure – the investment arm of the Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System (OMERS).
In 2009, Porter's institutional investors include EdgeStone Capital Partners, Borealis Infrastructure, GE Asset Management Incorporated and Dancap Private Equity Inc.[4] In 2013, Porter's investors are listed as EdgeStone Capital Partners, OMERS Strategic Investments, GE Asset Management Incorporated and Dancap Private Equity Inc.[5]
The then REGCO Holdings purchased the Toronto island airport assets of City Centre Aviation Ltd in 2005. This included the terminal used by Air Canada's Jazz airline, which at the time operated daily flights to Ottawa from the airport. On February 15, 2006, Air Canada had announced that its contract to operate its Jazz Airline service out of the REGCO terminal at the airport had been terminated. On February 27, 2006, REGCO was able to evict Air Canada Jazz from the publicly owned airport. Air Canada took the case to court, but lost an Ontario Superior Court ruling. REGCO's fully owned subsidiary 'City Centre Aviation' (now Porter FBO) then commenced renovations of the terminal building to serve Porter Airlines, which started flights in October 2006. Porter FBO operates the terminal along with fuel and other services.
A new subsidiary, City Centre Terminal Corp., was set up in 2009 to manage Porter's new terminal at the Toronto island airport. The new terminal's cost of construction is estimated at $50 million CAD.[6] The first half of the new terminal opened on March 7, 2010.[7] The terminal was completed in early 2011. The new terminal has ten gates, two lounges, check-in and security areas, and food outlets.
The airline's mascot is a stylised raccoon named "Mr. Porter".[8] The raccoon appears in Porter newspaper ads. Porter also advertises on radio, using an announcer. The design of staff uniforms is based on 1960s standards of airline fashion. Porter has 933 employees as of March 31, 2010.[3]
Porter was initially organized as a private company. On April 16, 2010, Porter Aviation Holdings announced they were going to be listed as a publicly traded company. The company filed a preliminary prospectus — a business plan — with securities commissions across the country, a requirement before it can offer shares.[9] The company has $306 million of debt and leases and intended to raise $120 million of new shares in the company and order seven new Q400 planes.[10] However, after twice delaying the final deadline for the offering, and lowering its share price from between $6 and $7 per share to $5.50, Porter cancelled the initial public offering. According to Robert Deluce "We came to the conclusion that it was really prudent to defer the offering at this time and to wait until better market conditions existed. We wanted to raise some capital. We thought the IPO was the way to go, but we weren't prepared in any way to sell our stock at just any price."[11]
The media had openly speculated on the profitability of Porter as being a money-losing operation, as would be typical of a start-up. CEO Deluce had been asked by the media to provide information on the financial status of Porter, but declined. In its prospectus, the company outlined a loss of $4.6 million on revenues of $151 million for 2009. To be profitable, the airline needs to be filling 49.3% of its seats with paying customers. In 2009, the airline filled 41% of its seats, and in the first quarter of 2010, it filled 47%. Overall, the airline carried 900,000 passengers in 2009, 800,000 through Toronto island airport.[10] In 2011, the airline filled 55.9% of its seats.[12] As part of disclosure for its public offering, Porter disclosed that from its startup in 2006 until May 2010, Porter lost $44.5 million.[3] In an interview with Toronto Life magazine in May 2013, Robert Deluce stated that Porter turned a profit in 2011 and 2012, and paid out profit sharing.[13]
Porter sold the terminal at the island airport in Toronto to Nieuport Aviation Infrastructure Partners GP in January 2015. According to Deluce, this meant that the airline was debt-free, although it would now pay to lease the facility. The sale was estimated to be in the range of CA$750 million.[14] Being debt-free was considered a good position to be in, if it were to buy Bombardier CS100 jets to use at the island airport.[14] However, in November 2015, the federal government announced it would not support the proposal to expand the island airport.
History[edit]
Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport viewed from CN Tower
Porter Airlines' launch was controversial, as it pitted Toronto residents seeking to close or stop the expansion of the airport against business interests and a government agency determined to make the airport self-sufficient. In 2002, the 'Toronto City Centre Airport', or 'Island Airport', operated by the Toronto Port Authority (TPA) (renamed in 2015 as "PortsToronto") was subsidized by CA$1 million per year.[15] Only Air Canada flew flights from the airport as part of its "Jazz" service, operating daily flights to Ottawa after the closure of the regional airline City Express in 1991. In October 2002, the TPA announced a $35 million plan of improvements to the airport to expand its usage. The TPA planned to build a $15 million bridge and a $20 million airport terminal. A new regional airline would be launched at the airport, to be run by Robert Deluce, the former CEO of Air Ontario.[15] Since its opening, the airport, located on Toronto Island, was accessible by passenger ferry only and the ferry-only access was seen as an obstacle to expansion. In a deal with the City of Toronto, the TPA's plans were approved by Toronto City Council in November 2002.
The TPA's plans were opposed by neighbouring residents and community associations who together formed the Community Air special interest group to fight the expansion. The expansion became a primary issue in the 2003 Toronto municipal election. Mayoral candidates Barbara Hall and John Tory supported the bridge and David Miller opposed it. Miller and a slate of like-minded candidates for council ran on a common platform, the centrepiece of which was to stop the bridge. After Miller was elected Mayor in November 2003, the new council voted to cancel the previous Council's decision, stopping the bridge project.
After the bridge was cancelled, Deluce launched a $505 million lawsuit against the City of Toronto and later expanded it to the Government of Canada.[16] After receiving an unspecified amount of compensation from the TPA to settle the suit, his company bought the airport building that Jazz was using at the airport and cancelled Jazz's lease on January 31, 2006. Two days later, on February 2, 2006, he announced that Porter Airlines, a regional airline operating locally built Bombardier turboprops would begin service in 2006, operating from the airport, initially on a Toronto-Ottawa route.[17] In a show of political support, the Porter press conference was staged at the Bombardier plant in suburban Toronto, where the airplanes are built, with support from Canadian Auto Workers leader Buzz Hargrove, who said it would create new employment opportunities in the region.[18] On the same day the TPA announced plans to improve ferry service to serve the new airline, buying a $4.5 million, 150-passenger ferry.[19]
Immediately, political opponents of the TPA, including Miller, City Council members, local community associations and local Members of Parliament Olivia Chow and Jack Layton expressed concern that the operation of a major airline from the island will cause increased noise and air pollution in the downtown core.[20]
Concerns raised include safety. The airport's main runway is 4,000 feet (1,200 m) long, 600 feet (180 m) shorter than Bombardier's specifications for a fully loaded Q400.[21] Porter solved this problem by fitting the planes for 70 passengers, less than the maximum load of 78 passengers. There are several cautions to pilots flying into the airport, including boat masts, a nearby wind turbine, and no-fly areas. The flight path into the airport requires the airplanes to fly an approach offset from the runway centre-line to avoid nearby hazards such as tall chimneys and buildings.[22]
Jazz filed a $11.5 million lawsuit against the TPA and later, Porter, in the Ontario Superior Court in February 2006, alleging that the TPA signed contracts forcing Jazz out of the airport, causing a monopoly at the airport, and were anti-competitive. Jazz later filed a suit in Federal Court.[23] On October 20, 2009, Jazz formally dropped its suit in Ontario Court, but plans to continue its lawsuit against Porter and the TPA in Federal Court. According to the announcement, Jazz dropped the matter in provincial court as the TPA is a federal agency, and the Airport is a federal facility. Damages in the federal case are not specified.[24] Porter filed a counter-claim to Jazz' lawsuit citing damages of $850 million, based on Jazz agreement with Air Canada, and Porter has not dropped its counter-claim.[24]
The airline's maiden flight took place on October 23, 2006 to Ottawa.[25] When flights began, airline passengers were at first blocked by protesters at the ferry dock, urging a boycott of the service.[26] Although on-site protests eventually stopped, Community Air continues to monitor Porter's operations along with those of the TPA. The TPA confirmed at its annual meeting of September 12, 2008, that Porter was fined for breaking noise curfews in its operations following complaints from local residents.[27] The TPA commissioned a study to reduce noise from Porter's takeoffs and landings.[27]
The TPA and Porter remain partners in the expansion of the airport. In January 2009, the TPA announced plans to purchase a new, larger passenger ferry to support Porter's expansion plans. The ferry was financed out of an improvement fee to be charged to passengers.[19] The ferry had been proposed by Porter's Deluce to the TPA's Board of Directors over the period of March – June 2008.[28] The decision to approve the $5 million ferry precipitated a conflict-of-interest investigation of TPA director Colin Watson, who is a self-described friend of Deluce's, and who voted in a 5–4 decision to approve the ferry.[29] Watson was cleared of the charge by the federal ethics commissioner Mary Dawson in June 2009.[30]
In April 2009, Porter announced that it would build a $45 million terminal at the island airport, with Canadian Customs, restaurants, car rental kiosks, expanded lounge space and office space totalling 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2).[31] The terminal cost $50 million and its first phase opened on March 7, 2010.[7] It was completed in 2011 and Porter hopes to add a US Customs section.
At the September 2009 annual meeting of the TPA, it was disclosed that Porter has broken its 11 p.m. curfew for landing at the airport three times in 2009, each time incurring a $5,000 fine. On one occasion, a Porter plane landed at the airport after-hours even after being advised by controllers to land at Pearson.[32] According to Porter Airlines CEO Robert Deluce, "You know hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of flights come and go on a daily basis, so there are very, very few occasions where it happens. And there are also particular circumstances — and the circumstances are rare — to operate outside these normal times."[32] According to the TPA, they are powerless to stop Porter other than imposing fines, and that planes landing at the airport when no controllers are present is not a safety risk. TPA director Mark McQueen has requested that the NAV Canada personnel stay on-site until the last flight has landed, but NAV Canada has refused to do so.[33]
On February 9, 2012, Transport Canada advised Porter it had received an Access to Information request for what are called "Notices of Suspension issues to Porter." Such notices are departmental warnings with strict deadlines to deal with problems that could be safety related, but could also be demands to replace key personnel, like pilots, who have left the company. Transport Canada told Porter it was considering releasing some information and wanted a written response from the company detailing why any records should be withheld. Based on Porter's response, the department decided to release a censored version of the material in question. Porter went to court to prevent that from happening.[34] On July 11, 2013 the federal court ruled in Porter's favour and the Confidentiality Order dated September 14, 2012 would remain in effect. A technical issue with Transport Canada's handling of the matter was cited as the reason for the ruling.[35]
On January 10, 2013, 22 Porter ground crew members went on strike in Toronto.[36] This was the airline's first labour dispute since it began business. In April 2013, Porter filed a libel lawsuit against the Canadian Office and Professional Employees union representing the 22 striking workers. Porter suit was for $4 million in damages for alleged defamatory statements made by the union using its Twitter account.[37] The strike was settled in June 2013, and Porter's lawsuit was dropped.[38]
In 2014, Montreal's Montréal/Saint-Hubert Airport settled four civil lawsuits and announced it was trying to get service to Toronto Island Airport as part of its expansion plans. According to Porter, there would need to be a brand new terminal built in order for the airline to start serving the airport, which the airport hoped to build with grants from the Government of Canada.[39][40]
In June 2017, it was announced that Porter Airlines had "blacklisted" the conservative Canadian media outlet "The Rebel Media", and had directly tweeted to Ezra Levant notifying him in person that they had removed their advertisements from Rebel Media's advertising space. Levant reacted by calling for a boycott of the airline. Porter Airlines subsequently announced that they had made a mistake and had only meant to withdraw advertising. They apologised for the use of the word "blacklist"[41][42].
2013 Toronto Island Airport expansion proposal[edit]
In April 2013, Porter announced expansion plans to serve new destinations in Western Canada, California and Florida.[43] To support the expansion, Porter reached a provisional agreement to purchase 12 107-seat Bombardier CS100 jets, with a future option to purchase up to 18 more. Porter's plans required regulatory and facility changes to its Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport hub. Porter asked for modifications to the operating agreement of the airport to allow jets and extensions to the runway to support the new aircraft. Changes to the operating agreement require the unanimous agreement of the Toronto Port Authority (TPA), the City of Toronto and the Government of Canada.[44][45] The TPA stated that it had no position on the expansion and would await a decision from Toronto City Council.[46] Then-Toronto Mayor Rob Ford had indicated his support for the proposal while some councillors expressed their opposition with others urging further study.[47]
Porter CEO Robert Deluce was already a supporter of Mayor Ford, having contributed the maximum $2,500 to Ford's mayoral campaign[48] while other Deluce family members donated an additional $5,000 to Ford's campaign.[48] Deluce privately sought Ford's support on the proposal before its public announcement but the meetings between Ford and Deluce raised controversy as Deluce had not registered with the City as a lobbyist.
When announcing the proposal, Porter Airlines claimed in advertisements that 2/3 of Torontonians polled supported the expansion.[49] However, the result was disputed by pollster Warren Kinsella who considered the survey's trustworthiness tainted as it was done by Nick Kouvalis, Ford's 2010 campaign manager, and the questions were 'directing' the result.[50][51] The No Jets TO group filed a complaint with the Advertising Standards Council of Canada, calling the ads "patently false".[52]
Toronto City Council held public consultations on the proposal during the fall of 2013, leading to a city staff report addressing the proposal. At the same time, Porter mounted a public relations campaign, based around the porterplans.com web site. Porter customers were telephoned and e-mailed and radio and newspaper advertisements were bought by Porter asking for the public to register their support with Toronto Council. After the consultation, and study of consultant reports, City staff recommended in a report to delay acting on the proposal until 2015. Concerns about the required infrastructure, public health concerns and the lack of an airport master plan were cited by staff.[52] The TPA was also seeking an extension of the airport management agreement as a condition of the proposal. City Council's Executive Committee on December 5 voted to delay consideration of the proposal until 2014.
In January 2014, the Toronto Port Authority announced that it would seek $100 million from the federal government to expand infrastructure around the airport if the expansion plans and jets were approved for use at the airport.[53] Another public hearing at Council was announced for January 27, 2014. At that time, Toronto City Council announced it could not support the proposal without further studies from Ports Toronto, leading the body to initiate a series of investigation and viability analyses. In November 2015, federal Minister of Transport Marc Garneau announced he would not support the proposal [54] and in December 2015, the TPA (rebranded as PortsToronto 11 months before) announced that it had "halted work on an environmental assessment and two studies" it had commissioned concerning the expansion.[55][56]
Destinations[edit]
As of November 2017, Porter Airlines destinations are:[57]
Porter Destinations
City
Airport
Notes
Fredericton, NB Fredericton International Airport
Halifax, NS Halifax Stanfield International Airport Focus City
Moncton, NB Greater Moncton International Airport
Montreal, QC Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Focus City
Mont Tremblant, QC Rivière Rouge – Mont Tremblant International Airport Seasonal
Ottawa, ON Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport Focus City
Quebec City, QC Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport
Stephenville, NL Stephenville International Airport Seasonal
Saint John, NB Saint John Airport
St. John's, NL St. John's International Airport Seasonal
Sault Ste. Marie, ON Sault Ste. Marie Airport
Sudbury, ON Greater Sudbury Airport
Timmins, ON Timmins Victor M. Power Airport
Thunder Bay, ON Thunder Bay International Airport
Toronto, ON Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport Hub
Windsor, ON Windsor International Airport
USA
Boston, MA Logan International Airport
Burlington, VT Burlington International Airport Seasonal
Charleston, SC Charleston International Airport Seasonal
Chicago, IL Midway International Airport
Melbourne, FL Orlando Melbourne International Airport Seasonal [58]
Myrtle Beach, SC Myrtle Beach International Airport Seasonal
Newark, NJ Newark Liberty International Airport
Washington, DC Washington Dulles International Airport
Terminated destinations are:
North Bay, Ontario (North Bay/Jack Garland Airport)[59]
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh International Airport)[60]
Interline agreements[edit]
On September 17, 2012, Porter Airlines announced a new interline agreement with South African Airways in which passengers would fly from Toronto-Billy Bishop to Washington-Dulles on Porter, and then transfer to South African to Dakar, Senegal or Johannesburg.[61] Porter also has an interline agreement with Qatar Airways in which passengers can fly to Washington-Dulles on Porter and connect to Qatar Airways to Doha.[62] In January 2013, Porter announced an interline agreement with Singapore Airlines with connections at Newark Liberty International Airport.[63] In July 2013, Porter Airlines and Icelandair signed an interline agreement allowing customers to book a single e-ticket for Porter Airlines and Icelandair flights and booking baggage through to the final destination. Connections from 10 Canadian gateways between airlines are available in Halifax (seasonally), Boston, Washington-Dulles, and Newark. This marked the first time Porter had signed an interline agreement providing access to Europe.[64] Additional airline partners include El Al Airlines and Sata International.[65] An agreement with JetBlue sees passengers connecting to other US destinations through Boston and Newark.[66]
El Al Airlines
Emirates
Icelandair
JetBlue
Qatar Airways
Sata International
Fleet[edit]
Porter Airlines Dash-8 at landing at Montréal-Trudeau airport
The Porter Airlines fleet consisted of the following aircraft as of August 2017:[67]
Porter Airlines Fleet
Aircraft
In Service
On Order
Options
Passengers
Notes
Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 29 - 10 74 10 aircraft are Q400NextGen
Total
29
-
10
Originally, Porter ordered ten 70-seat Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 turboprops, with ten more as options, at a value estimated by Porter of over $500 million. In June 2009, Porter exercised the option on the 19th and 20th Dash 8s.[68] Porter chose the 70-seat configuration (less than the maximum of 78 seats) due to the short length of the runway at Toronto Island Airport; a fully loaded 78-seat configuration would need a longer runway than available at the airport. This means Porter aircraft have a slightly greater seat pitch than a 78-seat aircraft. The 70-seat configuration also allows Porter to use the shorter runway 11/29 at Newark.[69] In May 2010, Porter announced that it intended to order seven more Dash 8 Q400.[70] On August 6, 2010, it was announced that Porter had ordered four more Q400s with options for six more.[71] In November 2011, Porter Airlines accepted two new Bombardier Q400 NextGen aircraft, bringing the company’s fleet to 26.[72] In late 2013, Porter added an additional 4 seats to all of their Q400s, giving them a total of 74 seats per aircraft.
In April 2013, Porter Airlines announced a conditional (if Bishop Airport is expanded) purchase agreement for up to thirty Bombardier CS100 aircraft, including purchase rights for six more Q400 NextGen aircraft.[73] Porter had signed a letter of intent with Bombardier in December 2012.[73] The total value of the deal was estimated at US$2.29 billion for all 30 CS100s and six Q400s.[73] On November 13, 2015, Canada's transport minister Marc Garneau released a statement saying that the government would not reopen the Tripartite agreement, cancelling the expansion of the airport.
In July 2016, Porter announced the purchase of a further three Q400 planes. Deluce stated that it still had its deposit in place for the 2013 order of jets and six Q400s, as "something we are looking at carefully".[74]
Services[edit]
Shuttle service (using Blue Bird Corporation Ultra LF) runs every 15 minutes from the Royal York Hotel
In Toronto, Porter provides a bus shuttle from the downtown Royal York Hotel to the airport ferry dock and tunnel entrance. The 4 buses (mix of Blue Bird Corporation Ultra LF and New Flyer Industries D40LF) are operated by Pacific Western Transportation. The shuttle service had moved to the Royal York from its original location at 20 York Street, next to Union Station, in March 2008, when city construction for the Simcoe Street Tunnel blocked access. Porter planned to return to the location, but in September 2009, Porter was evicted from the 20 York Street building due to non-payment of rent.[75]
Porter provides complimentary snacks and beverages at their lounges at Toronto's Billy Bishop, Ottawa International and Newark Airport.[76] and in-flight.[77] Porter Airlines offers a frequent flyer reward program called 'VIPorter', whereby points can be redeemed for free flights.[78]
References[edit]
Dawson, Mary (June 25, 2009). The Watson Report. Office of the Conflict of Interest and Ethics Commissioner.
Notes
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^ Jump up to: a b c Jang, Brent (May 26, 2010). "Porter revenue rises before IPO launch". The Globe and Mail. Toronto.
Jump up ^ "About Porter – Our Team: Investors Background". Porter Airlines. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009. Retrieved February 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Investors Background". Porter Airlines. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Jang, Brent (November 10, 2009). "Porter loses its airport monopoly". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved November 11, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Media advisory – Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport terminal opening" (Press release). Porter Airlines. March 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Porter Airlines Press release". Porter Airlines. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Porter Airlines going public". CBC News. April 16, 2010. Archived from the original on April 19, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Porter Aviation's IPO: Figuring the flight plan". CTV News. Archived from the original on March 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Deveau, Scott (June 2, 2010). "Porter scraps public offering". Calgary Herald. Retrieved June 2, 2010. [dead link]
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Jump up ^ Johnston, Malcolm (May 22, 2013). "Q&A: Porter CEO Robert Deluce on his plans to vanquish the anti–Island airport faction". Toronto Life.
^ Jump up to: a b "Porter Airlines works to win Liberals over for Toronto airport expansion as it enters debt-free era". Financial Post. November 11, 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Pigg, Susan (October 5, 2002). Toronto Star. pp. E01. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Cowan, James (July 6, 2004). "Airline suing Toronto for $505M over bridge". The National Post. pp. A7.
Jump up ^ "New regional airline to serve Ontario, U.S". Ottawa Business Journal. February 2, 2006. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2008.
Jump up ^ CTV.ca staff (February 2, 2006). "New airline renews T.O. Island airport dispute". CTV.ca.
^ Jump up to: a b Lu, Vanessa; Aveling, Nick (January 22, 2009). "Toronto's island airport gets second, bigger ferry; Newly expanded board of port authority says it will borrow $5 million". Toronto Star. p. A5.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Jazz drops suit against Toronto Port Authority, Porter". CBC.ca. October 20, 2009. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
Jump up ^ CTV.ca staff (October 23, 2006). "Protests as Porter Airlines takes flight".
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^ Jump up to: a b "Port Authority refuses to rule out new ferry". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. September 12, 2008. Archived from the original on February 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ Dawson, p. 25
Jump up ^ Dawson, p. 15
Jump up ^ Dawson, p. 18
Jump up ^ Haines, Alison (April 27, 2009). "Porter Airlines to invest $45M in expanded island terminal". National Post. [permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b Lu, Vanessa; McLean, Jesse (September 4, 2009). "Sparks fly over late landings". Toronto Star. p. GT1. Retrieved January 15, 2013. A Porter Airlines plane, advised by the island airport to divert to Pearson, instead landed on the island after an 11 p.m. curfew
Jump up ^ "Activists complain about late landings at island airport". CBC News. CBC.ca. September 4, 2009. Archived from the original on September 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Access to airline safety reports held up by court action". CBC NEWS. January 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Porter Airlines Inc. v. Canada (Attorney General), 2013 FC 780 (CanLII)". CanLII. July 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Porter fuel staff on strike
Jump up ^ Canadian Press (April 17, 2013). "Porter Airlines sues union over comments made on Twitter". CBC. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lu, Vanessa (June 25, 2013). "Porter strike ends after contract ratified". Toronto Star.
Jump up ^ http://montrealgazette.com/business/local-business/aerospace/st-hubert-airport-set-to-fly-after-long-running-feud
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
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Jump up ^ Dhillon, Sunny; Howlett, Karen (April 11, 2013). "Porter's plan faces turbulence on the runway". The Globe and Mail. Toronto, Ontario.
^ Jump up to: a b "Elections - Campaign Contributions – 2010 to 2013". City of Toronto.
Jump up ^ Porter Airlines. "66.2% of Torontonian's support use of CS100 jet aircraft at Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport" (Press release). Newswire.ca.
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^ Jump up to: a b Iler, Brian (December 5, 2013). "What's Norm Kelly's Flight Plan". Now Toronto.
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Jump up ^ "Push for jets at Toronto island airport officially dead". Toronto Star. December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.portstoronto.com/PortsToronto/Media-Room/News/PortsToronto-Issues-Statement-Related-to-Studies-A.aspx
Jump up ^ "Porter Destinations". Retrieved 2015-02-24.
Jump up ^ https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/porter-airlines-arriving-central-florida-120000755.html
Jump up ^ Liu, Jim (2017-07-11). "Porter Airlines ends Toronto – North Bay service in Sep 2017".
Jump up ^ Belko, Mark (2017-06-30). "Toronto airline to drop flights from Pittsburgh airport".
Jump up ^ "News Releases - Porter Airlines". Flyporter.com. Retrieved 2014-01-17.
Jump up ^ "Airline Partners - Porter Airlines". Flyporter.com. Retrieved 2014-01-17.
Jump up ^ "Singapore Airlines signs agreement with Porter Airlines | CTV News". Ctvnews.ca. 2013-01-28. Retrieved 2014-01-17.
Jump up ^ Porter Airlines. (2013). Icelandair and Porter Airlines sign interline agreement. Retrieved 2013 08 06 from https://www.flyporter.com/About/News-Release-Details?id=4b764ec7-9c62-4585-9190-2f83a417a9af&culture=en-CA.
Jump up ^ "Airline Partners". Porter Airlines. Retrieved 2017-08-03.
Jump up ^ "Airline Partners - JetBlue". Porter Airlines. Retrieved 2017-08-03.
Jump up ^ "Global Airline Guide 2017 (Part One)". Airliner World (October 2017): 9. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Porter Airlines exercises remaining two Bombardier Q400 options; Full initial order of 20 to be in service by spring 2010". Porter Airlines. June 29, 2009. Archived from the original on July 3, 2009. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ Morra, Bernadette (April 2, 2008). "Porter Airlines takes a bite out of the Big Apple". Toronto Star. p. L3.
Jump up ^ Jang, Brent (May 7, 2010). "Porter claims airport advantage". The Globe and Mail. Toronto: theglobeandmail.com. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ McCrank, John (August 6, 2010). "UPDATE 1-Porter orders four Bombardier turboprops". Reuters. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Porter Airlines receives two more Bombardier Q400 NextGen aircraft". Porter Airlines. Flyporter.com. Nov 28, 2011. Retrieved Nov 28, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Porter Airlines Signs Purchase Agreement for up to 30 Bombardier CS100 Aircraft; Becomes CSeries Aircraft's Canadian Launch Customer" (Press release). Bombardier Inc. April 10, 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lu, Vanessa (July 13, 2016). "Porter Airlines to add to Q400 fleet with new order". Toronto Star.
Jump up ^ Deveau, Scott (September 2, 2009). "Porter Air evicted from shuttle site in rent dispute; Owes Nearly $9,500". National Post. p. A10. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Porter Airport Lounges - Porter Airlines". Flyporter.com. Retrieved 2014-01-17.
Jump up ^ "In-Flight Service". Porter Airlines. Archived from the original on March 2, 2009. Retrieved March 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Porter Airlines introduces VIPorter frequent flyer program". Porter Press Release. June 3, 2008. Archived from the original on February 11, 2009.
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text:
Jockstrap
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Frontal, side and rear views of a man wearing a jockstrap
A jockstrap (also known as a jock, jock strap, strap, supporter, or athletic supporter) is an undergarment for supporting the male genitalia during cycling, contact sports or other vigorous physical activity. A jockstrap consists of a waistband (usually elastic) with a support pouch for the genitalia and two elastic straps affixed to the base of the pouch and to the left and right sides of the waistband at the hip. The pouch, in some varieties, may be fitted with a pocket to hold an abdominal guard (impact resistant cup, box) to protect the testicles and the penis from injury.
Jockstraps for athletic purposes are most commonly worn in North America.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
3 Design
4 Protective cup
4.1 Wearing
4.2 Use
5 Jockstraps for females
6 In popular culture
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
Etymology[edit]
The word jockstrap has purportedly been in use at least since 1891, a likely contraction of "jockey strap", as the garment was first designed for bicycle-riding messengers and deliverymen, or 'bike jockeys'. The Bike Jockey Strap was the first jockstrap manufactured in America in 1874.[1][2]
Jockey meaning 'rider', primarily a race horse rider, has been in use since 1670.[3] Jockey itself is the diminutive form of the Scots nickname Jock (for John) as Jackie is for the English nickname Jack. The nicknames Jack and Jackie, Jock and Jockey have been used generically for 'man, fellow, boy, common man'. From the period c.1650-c.1850, 'jock' was used as slang for penis.[4]
The more recent American slang term 'jock', meaning an athlete, is traced to 1959 and is itself derived from 'jockstrap'.[4]
History[edit]
Jockstrap ad, 1941
JayBee jockstrap
The jockstrap was invented in 1874 by C. F. Bennett of a Chicago sporting goods company, Sharp & Smith, to provide comfort and support for bicycle jockeys working the cobblestone streets of Boston. In 1897 Bennett's newly formed Bike Web Company patented and began mass-producing the Bike Jockey Strap. The Bike Web Company later became known as the Bike Company. Bike was, until 2016, a leading producer of jockstraps. In that year, the company and its trademarks were purchased by Russell Athletic.
The jockstrap was also influential in early 20th-century medicine with the invention of the Heidelberg Electric Belt, a low-voltage electric powered jockstrap that claimed to cure kidney disorders, insomnia, erectile dysfunction, and other ailments. Today, jockstraps are still worn mostly by adolescent and adult men for sports, weightlifting, medical purposes and for recovery from injury or surgery for such conditions as hematocele, groin hernia, hydrocele, or spermatocele.
Design[edit]
Banana-style cup, down position
Traditional cup, up position
Jockstraps are fairly consistent in design with variations appearing in details like width of waistband and fabrics. Some jockstraps are designed for specific sports: Swim jocks, for example, have a narrow waistband, and hockey jocks sometimes have adjustable elastic straps and garter clips that hold hockey socks in place while the bulky goalie protector has genital and abdominal foam padding. Windproof jockstraps have a special layer of fabric to protect the wearer from wind and cold in winter sports. Jockstraps are made in other materials as fetish wear.[5] Aside from the aforementioned "fashion jockstraps", the 2000s have seen a resurgence in jockstrap designs and brands.
Alternatives to jockstraps include the jock brief, or support briefs, which have the wide waistband of a jockstrap combined with a full seat and are made of an elastic supportive material. A thong style strap, sometimes called a dance belt, has one narrow elastic strap attached to the bottom of the pouch, passing between the legs and attaching to the waistband at the middle of the back. A strapless garment, called a jock sock or sometimes a slingshot,[6] has only an elastic waist band with an elastic pouch that holds the genitals from the front.
In Europe, from the time of the Middle Ages, undergarments available were limited to a loose fitting trouser-like piece of clothing called a braies. This article of clothing was stepped into and then laced or tied around the waist and legs at about mid-calf and provided no support to the male genitals. This allowed the scrotum unlimited movement under clothing and resulted in injury from carts, carriages with wooden planks for seats or the saddle as the body took all of the force of the motion. The suspensory, was developed around the early 1820s as a way to lift the scrotum away from the plank seat and saddle thereby preventing injury or while in a cart, carriage or horseback riding. Today the suspensory is used primarily as a medical device after genital surgery to aid in post operative healing. General Custer’s suspensory can be seen in the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument museum, near Crow Agency Montana.
Protective cup[edit]
Franklin cup supporter
Optional cups offer additional protection for contact sports and are made of hard plastic or steel, perforated for ventilation.[7] A more flexible and comfortable soft cup is also offered for low contact sports. A flex cup variation features a hard exterior melded with a soft lining.
A similar piece of protective equipment in the sport of cricket is known as a box. In cricket, a box is usually worn by only a batsman, a wicket-keeper, and sometimes other close-up fielders. For fielders farther from the batsman, the wearing of a box would impede their movement and running (for batsmen the benefits outweigh the disadvantages).
An abdominal guard (also called "compression cup", "box", or "L Guard") is a hard usually plastic cup that is inserted in a jockstrap to protect male genitalia. Some jockstraps have a lined front pouch for this purpose. The abdominal guard is usually constructed from high density plastic with a padded edge, shaped like a hollow half-pear, and inserted into the jockstrap or jockstrap-style underwear of the batsmen and wicket-keeper. This is used to protect the genitals against impact from the ball.
Many sports require the use of an athletic cup. These include cricket, fencing, martial arts, boxing, lacrosse, hockey, baseball, paintball, football and many others.
Fashion jocks often incorporate soft-lined front pouches or they may be designed to bring the male genitalia forwards or upwards. The purpose of these modifications is to enhance the masculine appearance of the wearer. Wearers of fashion jocks may also wear abdominal guards for the same purpose.
Pelvic protectors exist to protect female genitalia, though these are less widespread.
With the decline in the use of jockstrap in sports, the use of the necessary abdominal guard has also declined despite the safety implications. Some see wearing a cup as a taboo topic. Typically cups are worn in the pouch of a jockstrap which may be double-lined to hold the cup, or in compression shorts or sport-specific briefs.
Cups for some combat sports (e.g. mixed martial arts, kick boxing) have a waistband and straps attached directly to the cup designed to be worn over a regular jockstrap or briefs. Some sports such as boxing use an oversized cup and jock combined into a single item which has layered foam padding that protects the groin, kidneys and abdomen.
A form of a cup, as worn by male cricket players.
Wearing[edit]
As the wearing of jockstraps for sports has declined, wearing jockstraps as an alternative to more conventional underwear has increased. Recent years have seen many mainstream underwear manufacturers such as Calvin Klein, Emporio Armani, Diesel and others launch colourful designs of fashion jockstraps.[citation needed]
Use[edit]
Cups offer protection for contact sports. They are usually made of hard plastic or steel and perforated for ventilation. A more flexible and comfortable soft cup is also offered for low-contact sports such as soccer. A flex cup variation features a hard exterior cup with a soft cups lining.[7]
Jockstraps for females[edit]
The pelvic protector is the female equivalent of the male jockstrap. It is designed to protect the vagina from bruising, tearing, or traumatic penetration. The area protected includes the entire vulva, including the clitoris, the clitoral hood and the delicate labia minora which protrude from the vulva in some women and are therefore especially vulnerable to injury from impact and from stretching or tearing. It is also occasionally nicknamed a "jill" or "jillstrap".[8] Women wear the garment during contact sports or activities. The garment "cups" around the genitals and is usually reinforced with rigid material.
Ronald Paramore invented the pelvic protector.[9]
In popular culture[edit]
This article contains a list of miscellaneous information. Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles. (December 2017)
The following popular culture works (mostly from sports themed TV shows and movies) depicts scenes showing the use of a jockstrap in the traditional sense.
Richard Gere is seen in his jockstrap in the drama, Looking for Mr. Goodbar (1977)
In the movie Porky's (1981), there are several locker room scenes with males wearing jockstraps
Golden Globe-nominated Italian actor Franco Nero sports a jockstrap in the cop thriller movie, The Salamander (1981)
In one of the musical scenes of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (film) (1982) a football team strips down to the jockstraps during a song
Two baseball players get into a fight and one of their pants gets pulled down revealing a jockstrap in the movie A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge (1985)
In the movie Perfect (film) (1985) starring John Travolta there is a locker-room scene featuring men in jockstraps
Youngblood (1986) contains a scene where actor Rob Lowe wears a jockstrap after playing hockey
In 1990 episode of The Simpsons called Dancin' Homer, Homer Simpson is seen wearing a jockstrap in the locker room and coach's office
In Season 1.11 of Friends, "The One With Mrs. Bing" (1994), Monica asks Ross and Joey "What are you guys doing here?" to which Joey replies "Uh... he's not even wearing a jockstrap!" (in reference to the game of squash they were supposed to be playing)
Golden Globe nominated actor, Dennis Haysbert, is seen wearing his jockstrap in Major League II (1994)
The Tom Cruise movie Jerry Maguire (1996) features a locker room scene where several players can be seen wearing a jockstrap
The British comedy Up 'n' Under (1998) about a struggling rugby team has a scene where a player sits in the changing room wearing only his jockstrap
In the movie Any Given Sunday (1999) there is a scene with actor Jamie Foxx wearing a jockstrap in the locker room. This was a very successful example of product placement by company Under Armour
Not Another Teen Movie (2001) features a scene where a man changes into a jockstrap
MTV movie Jackass: The Movie (2002) has a number of scenes where the cast perform pranks wearing only a jockstrap to protect their genitalia
Seann William Scott is shown in a jockstrap when he plays a janitor-turned-tennis-coach in the movie, Balls Out: Gary the Tennis Coach (2009)
The Hangover (2009) features a scene where Zach Galifianakis as Alan Garner, Doug's socially inept, future brother-in-law, wears a jockstrap as daily underwear
The pilot episode of College Sitcom Blue Mountain State (2010) features a scene where four college football players are hazed wearing only a jockstrap
Channing Tatum is seen playing a gimp wearing only a Mexican wrestling mask and jockstrap in the movie This is the End (2013)
In the 2014 movie Edge of Tomorrow (also known as Live. Die. Repeat.: Edge of Tomorrow), one of the characters is seen wearing only a jockstrap under his bionic suit.
Gallery[edit]
Vintage photograph of a bodybuilder
Marpage jockstrap and packaging, circa 1930
This Mizpah supporter ad, from a 1922 magazine, appeared in the A&E documentary Unmentionables
thumb [[
]]
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
Fashion portal
Baseball clothing and equipment
Fundoshi
Tinea cruris, more commonly known as "jock itch"
Cricket clothing and equipment
BIKE Athletic Company
Jockbra
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Bike History". Bike Athletic. Archived from the original on 2007-11-24. (archived from the original on 2007-11-24).
Jump up ^ Michael Davis (2007). Art of Dress Designing. Global Media. p. 107. ISBN 978-81-904575-7-6.
Jump up ^ "Jockey". Classic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2007-11-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jock". Online Etymology.
Jump up ^ "Leather Jockstraps". Internationaljock.com. Retrieved 2016-01-11.
Jump up ^ "A History of the Jockstrap". Jockstrap Central. Retrieved 2016-01-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jockstrap and Cup Historical Background". Web.archive.org. 2007-08-21. Archived from the original on August 21, 2007. Retrieved 2016-01-11.
Jump up ^ Cara Hedley Twenty Miles , p. 69, at Google Books
Jump up ^ "What Did The Media Say?". Femalejockstrap.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
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This page was last edited on 3 January 2018, at 02:04.
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Contact sports

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Abdominal guard

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Jock (athlete)

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Bike Company

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Kidney disorder

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Hockey socks

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Box (cricket)

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Pelvic protector

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Female genitalia

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Compression shorts

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Jockstrap – Basque
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https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jockstrap
Jockstrap – Norwegian Nynorsk
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Coquilha – Portuguese
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Suspensor – Romanian
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Jockstrap – Turkish
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Jockstrap – Vietnamese
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