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Coming to America
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This article is about the 1988 film. For other uses, see Coming to America (disambiguation).
Coming to America
Theatrical release poster illustrated by Drew Struzan
Directed by
John Landis
Produced by
George Folsey, Jr.
Robert D. Wachs
Screenplay by
David Sheffield
Barry W. Blaustein
Story by
Eddie Murphy
Starring
Eddie Murphy
Arsenio Hall
James Earl Jones
John Amos
Madge Sinclair
Shari Headley
Music by
Nile Rodgers
Cinematography
Sol Negrin
Woody Omens
Edited by
Malcolm Campbell
George Folsey, Jr.
Production
company
Eddie Murphy Productions
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date
June 29, 1988 (1988-06-29)
Running time
117 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$39 million
Box office
$288,752,301[1]
Coming to America is a 1988 American romantic comedy film directed by John Landis and based on a story originally created by Eddie Murphy, who also starred in the lead role. The film also co-stars Arsenio Hall, James Earl Jones, Shari Headley, and John Amos. The film was released in the United States on June 29, 1988. Eddie Murphy plays Akeem Joffer, the crown prince of the fictional African nation of Zamunda, who comes to the United States in the hopes of finding a woman he can marry.
In 1989, a pilot for a planned spin-off TV show was made, although this was never picked up for a series.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
4.1 Box office
4.2 Reception
4.3 Awards
4.4 Lawsuit
5 Soundtrack
6 Legacy
6.1 Television pilot
6.2 Movie remakes
6.3 Influences in music
7 Planned sequel
8 References
9 External links
Plot
In the fictional African nation of Zamunda, crown prince Akeem lives a pampered life, but he wishes to do more for himself. When his parents, King Jaffe and Queen Aeoleon, present him with an arranged bride-to-be, Akeem takes action. Seeking an independent woman who loves him for himself, not his social status, Akeem and his best friend/personal aide, Semmi, travel to the New York City borough of Queens and rent a squalid tenement in the neighborhood of Long Island City under the guise of poor foreign students. Beginning their search for Akeem's bride, they end up invited by some locals to a rally that is raising money for the inner city. During the rally, Akeem encounters Lisa McDowell, who possesses all the qualities he is looking for, and upon his insistence he and Semmi get entry-level jobs working at the local fast food restaurant called McDowell's — an obvious ripoff of McDonald's — owned by widower Cleo McDowell, Lisa's father.
Akeem's attempts to win Lisa's love are complicated by Lisa's lazy and obnoxious boyfriend, Darryl Jenks (Eriq La Salle), whose father owns Soul Glo (a Jheri curl–like hairstyling aid). After Darryl announces their engagement — without Lisa's consent — to their families, she starts dating Akeem, who claims that he comes from a family of poor goat herders. Meanwhile, although Akeem thrives on hard work and learning how commoners live, Semmi is not comfortable with living in such meager conditions. After a dinner date with Lisa is thwarted when Semmi furnishes their apartment with a jacuzzi and other luxuries, Akeem confiscates his money and donates it to two homeless men. Semmi wires a telegraph to King Jaffe for more money, prompting Akeem's parents to travel to Queens and expose his identity as a prince.
Mr. McDowell, initially disapproving of Akeem as he did not want to see his daughter with a poor man, is ecstatic that he is actually an extremely wealthy prince. Lisa, however, becomes angry and confused that Akeem lied to her about his identity. Akeem explains that he wanted her to love him for who, not what he is, even offering to renounce his throne; but Lisa, still hurt and angry, refuses to marry him. Despondent, Akeem resigns himself to the arranged marriage, but as they leave, King Jaffe is reprimanded by Queen Aeoleon for clinging to out-dated traditions instead of thinking of his son's happiness.
At the wedding procession, a still-heartbroken Akeem waits at the altar as his veiled bride-to-be makes her way down the aisle, but when Akeem lifts the veil to kiss her, he finds Lisa in the wedding gown. Following the ceremony, they ride happily in a carriage to the cheers of Zamundans. Witnessing such splendor, Lisa is both surprised and touched by the fact that Akeem would have given it up just for her. Akeem offers again to abdicate if she doesn't want this life, but Lisa playfully declines.
Cast
Eddie Murphy as Prince Akeem Joffer, the prince of Zamunda; Randy Watson, a soul singer with the fictional band Sexual Chocolate.[3] Eddie Murphy also plays Saul, the Jewish barbershop customer, as well as Clarence, the owner of the barber shop.[4][5]
Arsenio Hall as Semmi, Akeem's friend; Reverend Brown;[6] Morris the barber; and an unattractive clubgoer.[7][8]
James Earl Jones as King Jaffe Joffer, Akeem's father and King of Zamunda.[9]
John Amos as Cleo McDowell, Akeem's employer and Lisa's father.
Madge Sinclair as Queen Aeoleon, Akeem's mother and the Queen of Zamunda.
Shari Headley as Lisa McDowell, Cleo's oldest daughter and Akeem's love interest.
Paul Bates as Oha, a royal servant.
Eriq La Salle as Darryl Jenks, Lisa's boyfriend whom she eventually breaks up with.
The cast also includes: Frankie Faison[10] as Mr. Townsend, Akeem and Semmi's landlord in Queens; Vanessa Bell as Imani Izzi, Akeem's arranged wife, and Calvin Lockhart as Colonel Izzi, her father; Louie Anderson as Maurice, a McDowell's employee; Allison Dean as Patrice McDowell, Cleo's youngest daughter and Lisa's sister; Samuel L. Jackson as a robber; Vondie Curtis-Hall as the Basketball game vendor; Garcelle Beauvais as a rose bearer; Victoria Dillard as one of Akeem's Zamundan attendants, and Clint Smith as Sweets. Ruben Santiago-Hudson and Cuba Gooding Jr. made their film debuts as a street hustler and a barber shop customer respectively (for the latter, he was credited as Boy Getting Haircut). Don Ameche and Ralph Bellamy reprise their roles as, respectively, Mortimer and Randolph Duke from Landis' 1983 Murphy-starring comedy film Trading Places.[11] A segment of the Trading Places score can be heard during their scene. The Dukes' limo driver from that film also cameos as the driver of Akeem and Semmi's limo.[citation needed]
Coming to America features Murphy and Hall in several different roles, which, following the success of this film, became a Murphy staple.[12] Hall plays Reverend Brown, who introduces Randy Watson (Murphy).[13] Murphy and Hall play elderly barbers Clarence and Morris respectively, who engage in debate with Saul, the old Jewish man (Murphy). Hall also plays a woman (credited as Extremely Ugly Girl) who flirts with Akeem and Semmi.
Production
Coming to America reunited star Eddie Murphy with director John Landis. The two had previously worked together on the comedy hit Trading Places (1983); however, Landis later recalled the differences in working with Murphy on the two movies: "The guy on Trading Places was young and full of energy and curious and funny and fresh and great. The guy on Coming to America was the pig of the world... But I still think he's wonderful in the movie."[14]
"We had a tussling confrontation… We didn't come to blows. Personalities didn't mesh. I grabbed him, and he thought I was playing. So he tried to grab my balls and I pushed him away. But I wasn't kidding. He was doing some silly shit that made me mad. He directed me in Trading Places when I was just starting out as a kid, but he was still treating me like a kid five years later during Coming to America. And I hired him to direct the movie! I was gonna direct Coming to America myself, but I knew that Landis had just done three fucked-up pictures in a row and that his career was hanging by a thread after the Twilight Zone trial. I figured the guy was nice to me when I did Trading Places, so I'd give him a shot… I was going out of my way to help this guy, and he fucked me over. Now he's got a hit picture on his resumé, a movie that made over $200 million, as opposed to him coming off a couple of fucked-up movies – which is where I'd rather see him be right now (laughs)." – Eddie Murphy[15]
Despite the experience, Landis and Murphy collaborated again six years later on Beverly Hills Cop III.
South African chorus Ladysmith Black Mambazo sings Mbube during the opening sequence (the song also known as The Lion Sleeps Tonight). The group has gone on to record several different versions of Mbube; however, the version heard in Coming to America had not been released on its soundtrack or on CD as of 2006.
Landis' calling card/easter egg, "See You Next Wednesday", appears on a science-fiction movie poster in the subway station after Lisa storms off the train.
A promotional song for the film, also titled "Coming to America", was written and performed by The System.
Release
Paramount cancelled press screenings of the film, after initial negative reactions to a press screening in New York.[16]
Box office
Released on June 29, 1988, by Paramount Pictures in the United States, it was a commercial box-office success, both domestically and worldwide.[17][18] The film debuted at number one with $21,404,420 from 2,064 screens, for a five-day total of $28,409,497. The film made $128,152,301 in the United States and ended up with a worldwide total of $288,752,301.[19] It was the highest earning film that year for the studio and the third-highest-grossing film at the United States box office.[20]
It opened a month later in the UK and earned $7,712,622 during its seven-week run. It opened on September 2 in West Germany, where it debuted at number one with $3,715,791 from 297 screens. It ended its run after 13 weeks with $15,743,447.
Reception
Coming To America received positive reviews upon release. Review-aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 68%, based on reviews from 37 critics.[21]
Sheila Benson in the Los Angeles Times called it a "hollow and wearying Eddie Murphy fairy tale" and bemoans, "That an Eddie Murphy movie would come to this."[22] Vincent Canby in The New York Times was also critical of the writing, calling it a "possibly funny idea" but suggesting the screenplay had escaped before it was ready. Canby viewed the film as essentially a romantic comedy but said the romantic elements fell flat, and the film instead goes for broad slapstick.[23] Siskel & Ebert had mixed opinions on the film. Siskel enjoyed the acting from Murphy and Hall but Ebert was disappointed that Murphy did not bring his usual more lively performance, and Ebert was also critical of the unoriginal script.[24]
Awards
The film was nominated for two Oscars: Best Costume Design by Deborah Nadoolman Landis and Best Makeup by Rick Baker,[25] who designed the makeup effects for both Murphy's and Arsenio Hall's multiple supporting characters.[26]
Lawsuit
The film was the subject of the Buchwald v. Paramount civil suit, which the humorist Art Buchwald filed in 1990 against the film's producers on the grounds that the film's idea was stolen from his 1982 script treatment about a rich, despotic African potentate who comes to America for a state visit. Paramount had optioned the treatment from Buchwald, and John Landis was attached as director and Eddie Murphy as the lead, but after two years of development hell Paramount abandoned the project in March 1985. In 1987, Paramount began working on Coming to America based on a story by Eddie Murphy.[27][28] Buchwald won the breach of contract action and the court ordered monetary damages. The parties later settled the case out-of-court prior to an appeal going to trial.[29]
Soundtrack
Coming to America: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
July 1988
Genre
Pop
Length
40:16
Label
Atco Records
Singles from Coming to America
"Coming to America"
"Come into My Life"
"That's the Way It Is"
"Better Late Than Never"
The soundtrack to the film was released on LP, cassette and CD. The songs "Coming to America" by The System, "Better Late Than Never" by The Cover Girls and "Come into My Life" by Laura Branigan and Joe Esposito were released as singles from the album. "That's The Way It Is" by Mel & Kim had been released as a single in the UK, prior to the film's release, in February 1988, and became a top ten hit. It was released as a single in the USA at the time of the film's release.
Side A
"Coming to America" — The System (3:49)
"Better Late Than Never" — The Cover Girls (4:02)
"All Dressed Up (Ready to Hit the Town)" — Chico DeBarge (4:50)
"I Like It Like That" — Michael Rodgers (4:01)
"That's the Way It Is" — Mel and Kim (3:25)
Side B
"Addicted to You" — LeVert (3:54)
"Comin' Correct" — J.J. Fad (3:56)
"Livin' the Good Life" — Sister Sledge (3:46)
"Transparent" — Nona Hendryx (3:50)
"Come into My Life" — Laura Branigan and Joe Esposito (4:39)
Legacy
Television pilot
A television pilot of a weekly sitcom version of the film was produced for CBS, following the film's success, starring Tommy Davidson as Prince Tariq, and Paul Bates reprising his role as Oha. The pilot went unsold, but was televised on July 4, 1989 as part of the CBS Summer Playhouse pilot anthology series.[30][2]
Movie remakes
A Tamil movie, My Dear Marthandan, was produced based on the plot of Coming to America. A Hong Kong movie, The Fun, the Luck & the Tycoon, also has the same plot.
Influences in music
The melody heard in the bathroom scene, where Prince Akeem is being washed by female servants, was sampled in Snoop Dogg's 2006 song "That's That" featuring R. Kelly; a remix of the song featuring rapper Nas includes a woman's voice saying "the royal penis is clean your highness", a line taken from the same scene. Also, the music videos for Busta Rhymes' 1997 single "Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See" and Action Bronson's 2015 single "Baby Blue" are loosely based on the film. The song "Coming 2 America" by Ludacris from the album Word of Mouf features samples[31] and lyrics[32] referencing the film.
Planned sequel
In early 2017, an announcement was publicized which addressed the impending production of a sequel to the film. Kevin Misher was named as producer, and Sheffield and Blaustein, the original screenwriters, were also attached to the project. However, a possible participation of lead actors Eddie Murphy and Arsenio Hall was left undefined.[33][34] According to several public accounts, Murphy himself apparently posted an announcement regarding the film project a month prior on Facebook, but later claimed that his account had been hacked and completely deleted it.[33]
References
Jump up ^ "Coming to America (1988)". Box Office Mojo.
^ Jump up to: a b "Reminder: A terrible 'Coming to America' TV pilot happened in 1989". Splinter News. 11 April 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Jump up ^ YouTube
Jump up ^ YouTube
Jump up ^ Top10films.co.uk
Jump up ^ YouTube
Jump up ^ YouTube
Jump up ^ YouTube
Jump up ^ Movieclips.com Archived 2014-11-17 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ YouTube
Jump up ^ Daniel Carlson (5 May 2009). "Is it Just Me, or Does Every Woman in New York Have a Severe Emotional Problem?". pajiba.com. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Nutty Professor credits". imdb.com. Retrieved 4 August 2013. "Vampire in Brooklyn credits". imdb.com. Retrieved 4 August 2013. "Norbit credits". imbd.com. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Randy Watson is introduced as having played "Joe the Policeman" in the "What's Going Down" episode of That's My Mama.[verification needed]
Jump up ^ "The Collider Interview: John Landis, Part II". Collider. February 9, 2005. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
Jump up ^ Zehme, Bill (August 24, 1989). "Eddie Murphy: the Rolling Stone interview". Rolling Stone: 52, 57.
Jump up ^ "Indiewire Blog". Archived from the original on 2013-05-12.
Jump up ^ Easton, Nina (1988-07-26). "WEEKEND BOX OFFICE : 'Rabbit' and 'America' Battle for Dollars". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
Jump up ^ Easton, Nina J. (1989-01-05). "Roger Rabbit' Hops to Box-Office Top; 'Coming to America' Hits 2nd". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
Jump up ^ "Coming to America". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
Jump up ^ "1988 Domestic Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2011-04-02.
Jump up ^ "Coming to America". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster.
Jump up ^ Benson, Sheila (1988-06-29). "Spare Fare in Eddie Murphy's 'America'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
Jump up ^ Canby, Vincent (1988-06-29). "Review/Film; African Prince in Queens". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
Jump up ^ "Youtube".
Jump up ^ "The 61st Academy Awards | 1989". Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
Jump up ^ Coming to America (1988), retrieved 2018-02-22
Jump up ^ Buchwald v. Paramount Pictures Corp. and the Future of Net Profit — retrieved May 2015
Jump up ^ Thane Rosenbaum,The Myth of Moral Justice: Why Our Legal System Fails to Do What's Right page 182.
Jump up ^ Thane Rosenbaum wrote, "In 1995, the syndicated columnist Art Buchwald prevailed after a seven-year legal battle against Paramount Pictures, claiming that he had submitted the idea, and the original script, for the Eddie Murphy film, Coming to America, without ever being properly compensated or acknowledged for his efforts. The trial court eventually agreed with Buchwald, although the damage award that he received was considerably less than what he had sought, and even less than what he eventually had to pay out in legal fees." --The Myth of Moral Justice: Why Our Legal System Fails to Do What's Right page 182.
Jump up ^ "`Outtakes' - `Coming To America' The TV Series". Deseret News. Retrieved 2011-08-12.
Jump up ^ "Ludacris's 'Coming 2 America' - Discover the Sample Source". WhoSampled. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
Jump up ^ "Ludacris - Coming 2 America Lyrics | MetroLyrics". www.metrolyrics.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Coming to America' sequel makes headway as Paramount hires original writers to pen script". DailyMail. 2017-04-13. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
Jump up ^ "A 'Coming to America' Sequel Is in the Works With the Original Writers". US Magazine. 2017-04-14. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
External links
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Discovered shale gas deposits
June 2016

Natural gas in the United States was the nation's largest source of energy production in 2016, representing 33 percent of all energy produced in the U.S.[1] Natural gas has been the largest source of electrical generation in the United States since July 2015. In 2012, the US produced 25.3 trillion cubic feet of marketed natural gas, with an average wellhead value of $2.66 per thousand cubic feet, for a total wellhead value of $67.3 billion.[2]
The natural gas industry includes exploration for, production, processing, transportation, storage, and marketing of natural gas and natural gas liquids.[3] The exploration for and production of natural gas and petroleum form a single industry, and many wells produce both oil and gas.
The US has been the world's largest producer of natural gas since 2009, when US production surpassed Russia's. In 2013, the US produced 30.0 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of marketed gas.[4] The leading gas-producing area in the United States in 2013 was Texas (7,545 Billion cubic feet (BCF), followed by Pennsylvania (3,259 BCF), and Louisiana (2,407 BCF).[5]
US Natural gas production achieved new record highs for each year from 2011 through 2015. Marketed natural gas production in 2015 was 28.8 trillion cubic feet, a 5.4% increase over 2014, and a 52% increase over the production of 18.9 trillion cubic feet per day in 2005.[6]
Because of the greater supply, consumer prices for natural gas are significantly lower in the US than in Europe and Japan.[7] The low price of natural gas in the US, together with its smaller carbon footprint compared to coal, has encouraged a rapid growth in electricity generated from natural gas.
Between 2005 and 2014, US production of natural gas liquids (NGLs) increased 70%, from 1.74 million barrels per day in 2005 to 2.96 million barrels per day in 2014. The US has been the world's leading producer of natural gas liquids since 2010, when US NGL production passed that of Saudi Arabia.
Although the United States leads the world in natural gas production, it is only fifth in proved reserves of natural gas, behind Russia, Iran, Qatar, and Turkmenistan.
Contents
[hide]
1 Industry structure
2 Natural gas exploration
3 Natural gas production
3.1 Coalbed methane
3.2 Shale gas
4 Gas prices
5 Natural gas pipelines
6 Gas processing
6.1 Natural gas liquids
6.2 Other byproducts
7 Gas storage
8 Natural gas marketing
8.1 Natural gas electricity generation
8.2 Liquified petroleum gas
8.3 Vehicle fuel
9 History
9.1 Pipeline technology
9.2 Price regulation
9.3 Shortages and surplus
10 International trade
10.1 Liquified natural gas
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
Industry structure[edit]
Main article: Petroleum in the United States
The United States oil and gas industry is often informally divided into "upstream" (exploration and production), "midstream" (transportation and refining), and "downstream" (distribution and marketing). Petroleum and natural gas share a common upstream (exploration and production) sector, but the midstream and downstream sectors are largely separate. All large oil companies in the US produce both oil and gas. However, the relative amounts of oil and gas produced vary greatly. Of the top ten natural gas-producing companies in the US 2009, only three (BP, ConocoPhiillips, and XTO) were also among the top ten oil producers.
Top natural gas producers in the United States, 2009
Rank
Company
Billion cubic ft./Year
1 BP 907
2 XTO Energy 855
3 ConocoPhillips 850
4 Chesapeake Energy 835
5 Anadarko Petroleum 817
6 Devon Energy 743
7 Encana 590
8 Exxon Mobil 566
9 Williams Companies 435
10 EOG Resources 422
Annual owned production, 2009. Source:[8]
In 2009, the production owned by the top ten companies was 31% of total US natural gas production.[8]
Natural gas exploration[edit]
In 2010, the industry drilled and completed 16,696 wells primarily for gas, slightly more than the number of wells drilled primarily for oil (15,753). Many wells produced both oil and gas, and oil wells produced 18 percent of US gas production in 2013. Of the gas wells, 1,105 were exploratory wells, and 15,591 development wells.[9]
The number of actively drilling gas rigs was once regarded as a reliable leading indicator of near-future gas production. However, the average number of active gas drill rigs has fallen each year for four straight years from 2010 (942 rigs) to 2014 (332 rigs), a drop of 65 percent, even while gas production rose each year for the same period, from 21.3 trillion cubic feet (TCF) in 2010 to 25.7 TCF in 2014, an increase of 21 percent. Remaining proved reserves increased overall, from 301 TCF in 2013 to 338 TCF in 2013 (the last year for which reserves are available), an increase of 11 percent. The rise in gas production despite fewer rigs drilling has been explained by the greater efficiency in drilling, and the greater productivity of shale gas wells.[10]
Natural gas production[edit]
Top producing gas fields in the United States, 2013
Rank
Field
State
Discovery Year
Billion cubic ft./Year
1 Marcellus natural gas trend Pennsylvania and West Virginia 2008 2,836
2 Newark East Barnett Shale Texas 1981 1,952
3 Haynesville Shale Louisiana and Texas 2008 1,426
4 Eagle Ford Formation Texas 1962 1,112
5 Fayetteville Shale Arkansas 2005 1,025
6 San Juan Basin New Mexico and Colorado 1927 1,025
7 Carthage Texas 1936 653
8 Pinedale Gas Field Wyoming 1955 568
9 Sprayberry Texas 1949 307
10 Wattenberg Gas Field Colorado 1970 305
Annual production 2013. Source:[11]
Most oil fields produce some gas, and vice versa, but the ratio of oil and gas varies considerably. Some gas fields, such as coalbed methane wells, and some other gas fields, called "dry gas" fields, produce only gas. Of the top ten gas-producing fields in the US, only one, the Eagle Ford trend, is also among the top ten oil fields.
Coalbed methane[edit]
Main article: Coalbed methane in the United States
Coalbed methane production in the US peaked at 1.97 BCF in 2008, when it made up 7.8 percent of US gas production. By 2013, coalbed methane production had declined to 1.47 BCF.[12]
Shale gas[edit]
Main article: Shale gas in the United States
Since 2000, shale gas has become a key source of natural gas in the US. Production rose sixfold from 2007 to 2013, when shale gas contributed 11.4 TCF, 38 percent of US gas production, and was still increasing.[12]
Gas prices[edit]
Main article: Natural gas price
Price per million BTU of oil and natural gas in the US, 1998-2015
The most commonly quoted producer price for natural gas is the Louisiana-based Henry Hub price, which is futures-traded on NYMEX.
A barrel of oil releases about 5.8 million BTU when burned, so that 5.8 MCF of gas (at the standard one thousand BTU per cubic foot) releases about the same energy as a barrel of oil. Sometimes gas containing 5.8 million BTU is defined as a "barrel of oil equivalent for energy calculation purposes.[13] When describing reserves or production, however, the oil and gas industry more commonly uses the rounded number of 6 MCF of gas (or 6 million BTU in the natural gas) as equal to one barrel of oil equivalent.[14]
Since the price of natural gas was deregulated in the 1990s, its price has tended to parallel that of oil, with oil usually at a premium on a BTU basis. But starting in the late 2000s, an abundance of natural gas in North America has caused the price of a unit of energy from gas to be much lower than the price of energy from oil.
Natural gas pipelines[edit]
Natural gas pipelines map
Main article: Natural gas pipeline system in the United States
When oil and natural gas are brought to the surface, they are usually separated at the wellhead, after which the oil and the gas are treated separately. Gas flows through a gathering system into a pipeline to a gas processing plant. As of 2014, there were 189,000 miles of interstate natural gas pipelines in the United States[15]
Gas processing[edit]
Natural gas processing plants in the US, 2009 (US Energy Information Administration)
Disposition of total US natural gas produced (gross withdrawals) in 2014. Data from US EIA
Main article: Natural-gas processing
Natural gas has a variety of chemical constituents that must be removed or diluted with other gas to achieve consistent pipeline quality. Pipeline gas specifications vary from line to line, but generally the gas must contain no appreciable hydrogen sulfide (which is toxic), less than a few percent carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which is corrosive to iron and steel pipe), and a British thermal unit (BTU) content of 900 or more. Natural gas delivered to consumers generally has a BTU content of about 1020 to 1050 per standard cubic foot, slightly higher than that of pure methane (1010 BTU).[16]
Natural gas liquids[edit]
Natural gas is composed primarily of methane, but often contains longer-chain hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon compounds from hexane (each molecule of which is a simple chain containing six carbon atoms, hence called C6) and heavier generally separate out ("condense") from the gas at the wellhead; this mixture is called condensate, and is usually reported as oil production, and sold to refineries the same as oil. The C2 through C5 hydrocarbons (ethane, propane, butane, and pentane) are known as natural gas liquids (NGLs), and remain in gaseous form until they are extracted at a gas processing plant.[17] The division between the two classes is not perfect: some hexane, and heptane remain in the gas to be separated out as NGLs, while some butane and pentane, may separate out with the condensate.
Natural gas which contains NGLs is called "wet gas." Gas which naturally contains no NGLs, or gas from which the NGLs have been removed, is called "dry gas."
Natural gas liquids are used either for fuel (sold as propane, or liquid petroleum gas (LPG), or for feedstock to the petrochemical industry.
The United States has been the world's top producer of NGLs since 2010, and is far above second place Saudi Arabia, which produced 1.82 million barrels per day in 2015.
Increased production of NGLs since 2000 has lowered the price of NGLs in the North American market, leading to a surge in construction and expansion of petrochemical plants to convert ethane and propane into ethylene and propylene, which are used to make plastics.[18] The United States has the world's largest ethylene-manufacturing capacity, 28.4 million tons per year in 2015, with projects to add another 7.6 million tons from 2015 through 2017.[19] As of 2015, the reduction in NGL prices had turned North America from one of the high-cost places to manufacture petrochemical, into the lowest-cost area outside the Middle East.[20]
Other byproducts[edit]
Main article: Helium production in the United States
Main article: Sulfur production in the United States
Some natural gas contains enough helium to be extracted as a byproduct.
Sulfur, which must be removed from natural gas for safety, aesthetic, and environmental reasons, is recovered and sold as a byproduct. In 2013, natural gas processing plants recovered 1.02 million metric tons of sulfur, which was 12 percent of US supply of elemental sulfur (the remaining sulfur production came from oil refineries).[21]
Gas storage[edit]
US natural gas storage and consumption in trillion cubic feet. Data from US EIA.
Source.[22]
Main article: Natural gas storage
Consumption of natural gas in the US is strongly seasonal, higher in the winter than the summer by between 50% to 90%, depending on severity of the winter. To make larger volumes of gas available in the winter, companies have established underground gas storage facilities. There are three types of natural gas storage units currently in service in the US: salt domes, depleted gas reservoirs, and deep aquifers.[23]
The largest volume held in storage was 8.29 trillion cubic feet in October 2012. This was equivalent to 26 percent of the total US production in 2014. The small mid-summer increase shown on the consumption graph is due to increased gas use for electrical power in the summer. Unlike residential, commercial, and industrial use, all of which are higher in winter, electrical power generation uses more gas in the summer.
Natural gas marketing[edit]
From the processing plant, natural gas is sold mostly to gas utility companies. In 2014, 46% of the marketed gas was used by commercial and industrial users, 33% by electrical power generators, and 21% by residential consumers.[24]
Natural gas electricity generation[edit]
Main article: Natural gas power plant
Since 2009, electricity generation has been the largest use of natural gas in the US. Electricity generated by natural gas has been by far the fastest-growing source of electricity in the US since the 1990s. Natural gas became the second-largest source of US electricity in 2006, when it surpassed nuclear power. In late 2015, natural gas surpassed coal as the largest source of electricity generated in the United States.
In the decade 2005 to 2015, electricity generated by natural gas increased by 574 billion kilowatt-hours, more than triple the increase of the second-fastest-growing source, wind energy, which increased 173 billion kilowatt-hours over the same period. Natural gas-generated electricity increased its share of total US electricity from 18.8 percent in 2005, to 32.6 percent in 2015. The increase in gas-generated electricity was mostly at the expense of coal power, which fell from 49.6 percent of US electricity in 2005, to 33.2 percent in 2015. Natural gas surpassed coal as the number one generator of US electricity in late 2015. During the 12-month period through August 2016, natural gas generated 34.5 percent of US electricity, versus 29.8 percent for coal.[25]
Unlike the other sectors of natural gas consumption, the electrical power industry uses more natural gas in the summer, when electricity demand is increased by air conditioning, and when natural gas prices are at seasonal lows.[26]
The increased use of natural gas for electricity is driven by three factors. First, pressure on utilities to decrease greenhouse gas emissions has favored the substitution of coal generation by natural gas generation, which, according to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory,[27] and the IPCC,[28] has significantly less life-cycle GHG emissions than coal-powered electricity. Second, gas power plants are able to ramp up and down quickly, making them well suited to complement intermittent power sources such as wind and solar.[29] Third, since late 2008, the price of natural gas has been relatively cheap on the North American market, especially compared to oil. Electricity from oil-powered generators in the US declined 81 percent from 2005 to 2014.
The states which use the most natural gas for electricity production are, in descending order, Texas, Florida, California, and New York.
Liquified petroleum gas[edit]
Liquefied petroleum gas includes the butane and propane natural gas liquids removed in gas processing. They are sold for home heating, cooking, and increasingly for motor fuel. The industry segment is represented by the National Propane Gas Association.
Vehicle fuel[edit]
Main article: Natural gas vehicle
Natural gas, in the forms of compressed natural gas, liquified natural gas, and liquified petroleum gas, is being increasingly used for motor vehicle fuel, especially in fleet vehicles. It has the advantages over gasoline and diesel fuel of being cheaper and emitting less air pollution. It has the disadvantage of having few retail outlets. As of 2011, 262,000 vehicles in the US ran on natural gas. Although natural gas used for vehicle fuel increased 60 percent in the decade 2004-2014, in 2014 it still made up only 3.7 percent on a BTU-basis of fossil fuel use (gasoline, diesel, and natural gas) as transportation fuel in the US.[30] Transportation fuel made up 0.13 percent of natural gas consumption in 2014.
History[edit]
Main article: History of the petroleum industry in the United States
Pipeline technology[edit]
The natural gas industry in the United States goes back to 1821, when natural gas was discovered and used in Fredonia, New York. From the start, the market for natural gas was limited by pipeline technology. The gas for Fredonia, New York in 1821 was supplied through wooden pipes, which were incapable of carrying gas for long distances.[31]
In the 1800s, residences in most cities were supplied with town gas generated from coal at local "gashouses." The gas was carried in cast iron pipes, introduced in 1843, typically with bell-and-spigot joints sealed with rope and molten lead.[32]
In the 1800s and early 1900s, most natural gas discoveries were made while exploring for oil. Natural gas was usually an unwanted byproduct of oil production. In the 1870s steel pipe replaced cast iron. In 1883, Pittsburgh became the first major city supplied with natural gas.[33] Other cities followed, but only if they were close to natural gas wells. Because natural gas was a byproduct, it was priced cheaply, and, where available, undercut the market for town gas. In 1891, one of the longest pipelines of the time was built, a 120-mile long pipeline from the gas fields of Indiana to Chicago, without compression.
Long-distance high-pressure gas pipelines became feasible after oxyacetylene welding was introduced in 1911, and especially after electric arc welding became popular in the 1920s[31] This allowed remote gas deposits to be supplied to big cities. Natural gas increasingly became a sought-for commodity.
Price regulation[edit]
The prices charged by utilities delivering natural gas to customers have always been subject to state regulation. With the construction of interstate gas pipelines in the 1920s and 1930s, city utilities became dependent on natural gas supplies beyond the regulatory power of state and local governments. In 1935, the federal trade commission, believing that interstate pipelines had too much power to control the downstream gas market, recommended federal controls. Congress passed the Natural Gas Act of 1938 to regulate the rates charged by interstate pipelines.
Federal regulations at first included only the rates interstate pipelines charged to carry gas. When the market price of natural gas at the wellhead increased in the 1950s, gas utilities complained that the gas producers should be regulated as well. In 1954, the US Supreme Court ruled in Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Wisconsin that regulation of the wellhead price was within the intent of the Natural Gas Act of 1938 to control prices to utilities, and therefore the federal government could control wellhead prices of any natural gas going into an interstate pipeline.
By the early 1970s, the artificially low price set by the federal government had created a shortage, but only of interstate gas. Gas consumed within the state where it was produced was plentiful, but more expensive. By 1975, about half the natural gas produced went to the intrastate market. In 1975 and 1976, some schools and factories in the Midwest shut down periodically when the local utility could not find any natural gas to buy at the controlled price. The Federal Power Commission tried to allocate the scarce gas by identifying "high-priority" and "low-priority" customers, but this caused extensive litigation.
The federal government responded to gas shortages with the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978, which both increased federal regulation by extended price controls to all existing natural gas wells, and promised to end price controls on all new wells by 1985.[34] Under the new rules, natural gas was subject to a complicated set of prices, depending on when the well was drilled, the size of the company that owned the well, the permeability of the formation, and the distance of the well from previous wells. Gas production from some types of gas reservoirs received tax subsidies. In 1976, the federal government established the Eastern Gas Shales Project, a large research effort to find ways to produce gas from shale.
Price controls grew even more complex with the Energy Act of 1980, which exempted Devonian gas shales (shales deposited during the Devonian geologic period) from price controls (but not gas shales deposited during other geologic periods), as well as low-permeability formations and coalbed methane. In addition, production from these sources earned tax credits for the producers for qualified wells drilled before January 1, 1992; the tax credits expired at the end of 2002.[35]
The Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act of 1989 mandated that all remaining price controls on natural gas were to be eliminated as of January 1, 1993.
Shortages and surplus[edit]
Hubbert's 1962 peak gas prediction (black) versus actual US lower-48 state gas production (red)
Main article: Peak gas
As with petroleum, the future supply of natural gas has long been the subject of concern, and predictions of shortages. In 1952, Dr. Edward Steidle, Dean of the School of Mineral Industries at Pennsylvania State College, predicted that gas production would soon decline significantly from 1952 rates, so that gas would cease to be a significant energy source by 2002, and possibly as early as 1975.[36]
In 1956, M King Hubbert used an estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) of 850 trillion cubic feet (24,000 km3) (an amount postulated by geologist Wallace Pratt) to predict a US production peak of about 14 trillion cubic feet (400 km3) per year to occur "approximately 1970".[37] Pratt, in his EUR estimate (p. 96), explicitly included what he called the "phenomenal discovery rate" that the industry was then experiencing in the offshore Gulf of Mexico.[38]
US marketed gas production reached a peak in 1973 at about 22.6 trillion cubic feet (640 km3), and declined to a low of 16.9 trillion cubic feet (480 km3) in 1986. But then instead of declining further, as predicted by the Hubbert curve, natural gas production rose slowly but steadily for the next 15 years, and reached 20.6 TCF in 2001. Then it dropped again for a few years, and in 2005 was down to 18.9 TCF.
After 2005, natural gas production rose rapidly, exceeded its old 1973 peak, and set new records for high production in each year 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015, when marketed production was 28.8 trillion cubic feet (820 km3).[39]
International trade[edit]
Comparison of natural gas prices in Japan, United Kingdom, and United States, 2007-2011
Net annual natural gas imports (imports minus exports) to the United States, 1975-2013. Data from US Energy Information Administration website.
United States monthly net exports (exports minus imports) of liquified natural gas, 2007-2016. Data from US EIA
Natural gas depends on pipelines for economical transport. Without pipeline connections, natural gas must be transported as liquefied natural gas (LNG), an expensive process. For this reason, the price of natural gas tends to differ between regions not connected by gas pipelines. The North American market, consisting of Canada, Mexico, and the United States, all connected by a common pipeline network, has had much lower gas prices in recent years than some other major world gas markets, such as Europe (since 2010), Japan (since 2008), and Korea.
The United States is connected by pipeline to Canada and Mexico. The US has long imported large quantities of gas from Canada, and exported smaller quantities to some parts of eastern Canada. In 2014, the US imported 2,634 BCF from Canada, and exported 769 BCF, so that net imports from Canada totaled 1,865 BCF. The United States has exported increasing volumes to Mexico over the past decade. In 2014, the US exported 728.5 BCF to Mexico, and imported 1.4 BCF, so that net exports to Mexico totaled 727 BCF.
The cost of net imports peaked at US$29.7 billion in 2005; the cost of net imports was $5.9 billion in 2014.
Liquified natural gas[edit]
Proposed LNG Export Terminals in the US, 2012 (US Energy Information Administration)
Main article: Liquified natural gas
In past years, when experts were projecting gas shortages in North America, utility companies built liquified natural gas (LNG) import terminals along the coast. Net imports of LNG peaked in 2007, but have since decreased. In 2014, the US imported 59 BCF of LNG gas, and exported 16 BCF, so that net LNG imports amounted to 43 BCF. Most imported LNG was from Trinidad and Tobago.
Long-term LNG contracts usually tie the price of LNG to the oil price.
In 2010, after the price of US natural gas fell below that of world markets, US companies have proposed establishing a number of LNG export terminals. A number of these proposals involve converting inactive LNG import terminals to handle LNG exports. Any proposals to export natural gas must be approved by the US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), which gives its approval only if the project receives a satisfactory environmental review, and if FERC finds that the export terminal would be in the public interest.[40] As of August 2015, 24 new LNG export terminals have been proposed, of which FERC has so far approved 6.[41] Cheniere Energy expects to begin exporting LNG through its Sabine Pass terminal in January 2016.[42]
As of 2014, the only active LNG export terminal in the US was in Kenai, Alaska. The plant, with a capacity of 0.2 BCF per day, is owned by ConocoPhillips, and has been exporting LNG since 1969.[43][44] Most exported LNG went to Japan.
The New England States are connected by pipeline to the rest of the US and to Canada, but the existing pipelines are insufficient to supply the winter demand. For this reason, a quarter of New England's demand for gas is supplied by more-expensive LNG. Four LNG import terminals serve New England, but most LNG imported to New England arrives through the Everett terminal in Boston, and the Canaport terminal in New Brunswick, Canada.[45] As of 2015, pipelines were under construction to carry cheaper gas from Pennsylvania to New England.
See also[edit]
Energy in the United States
Hydraulic fracturing in the United States
Petroleum in the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ US Energy Information Administration,Overview, accessed 13 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Marketed natural gas production, and average wellhead price, US EIA.
Jump up ^ American Petroleum Institute, [1], accessed 20 February 2010.
Jump up ^ US Energy Information Administration
Jump up ^ US Energy Information Administration
Jump up ^ US EIA, Natural gas wellhead value and marketed production, accessed 25 April 2015.
Jump up ^ [2]
^ Jump up to: a b US Energy Information Administration, Top 100 Operators, 2009, accessed 2 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Crude oil and natural gas exploratory and development wells, US Energy Information Administration.
Jump up ^ Rethinking rig count as a predictor of natural gas production, US Energy Information Administration, 28 Oct. 2013.
Jump up ^ US Energy Information Administration, Top 100 U.S. oil and gas fields, Mar. 2015
^ Jump up to: a b Natural gas gross withdrawals, US EIA.
Jump up ^ Energy units.
Jump up ^ [ ], US Geological Survey.
Jump up ^ Christopher E. Smith, "Oil pipelines lead way in strong 2014," Oil & Gas Journal, 7 Sept. 2015, p.111.
Jump up ^ US EIA, BTU content, accessed 2 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Schlumberger, Natural gas liquids accessed 2 August 2015
Jump up ^ Growing US HGL production spurs petrochemical industry investment, US Energy Information Administration, 29 Jan. 2015,
Jump up ^ Robert Brelsford, "Low-cost feed supports North American ethylene expansion plans," Oil & Gas Journal, 6 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Mapping North America's petrochemical construction projects, Petrochemical Update, 23 Apr. 2015.
Jump up ^ Lori E Apodaca, Sulfur, US Geological Survey, Minerals Yearbook, 2013.
Jump up ^ gas/natural gas/analysis publications/storagebasics/storagebasics.htmlEIA-The Basics of Underground Natural Gas Storage[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ US EIA, The basics of underground natural gas storage, Aug. 2014.
Jump up ^ US EIA, Natural gas consumption, accessed 4 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Net generation by energy source, all sectors, US Energy Information Administration, accessed 15 Mar. 2016.
Jump up ^ Natural gas consumption has two peaks, US EIA, 11 Sept. 2015.
Jump up ^ US National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Life-cycle analysis harmonization, results and findings Archived 2017-05-06 at the Wayback Machine., NREL estimates life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions cor coal-fired electricity to be 979 grams CO2 equivalent per kWhr, compared to 450 grams for electricity from conventional gas, and 465 grams for electricity fueled by gas from massive hydraulic fractured gas wells.
Jump up ^ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, [Climate Change 2014, Chaoter 7], The IPCC estimates life-cycle GHG emissions for coal plants to be between 710 and 950 grams CO2 equivalent per kWhr, and the emissions from gas-fired plants between 410 and 650 grams.
Jump up ^ April Lee and others, Opportunities for Synergy Between Natural Gas and Renewable Energy in the Electric Power and Transportation Sectors, US National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/TP-6A50-56324, Dec, 2012.
Jump up ^ Transportation sector, US Energy Information Administration.
^ Jump up to: a b [3]
Jump up ^ [4]
Jump up ^ Daniel Yergin, The Prize (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991) 76.
Jump up ^ [wells.http://naturalgas.org/regulation/history/ History of natural gas regulation].
Jump up ^ Dan Seward and Brad Curtis, "Comparison of the Appalachian Basin Devonian shales and Fort Worth Basin Mississippian shale," AAPG Southwest Section, Annual Convention, 13 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Edward Steidle, Mineral Forecast, 2000 A.D. (State College, Penn.: Pennsylvania State College, 1952) 74.
Jump up ^ M. King Hubbert (June 1956). "Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels 'Drilling and Production Practice'" (PDF). API. p. figure 22 and p.25,36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 18 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Wallace E. Pratt (1956) "The impact of the peaceful uses of atomic energy on the petroleum industry," in Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, US Congress Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, p.89-103.
Jump up ^ US natural gas production by year, 1900-2014, US EIA.
Jump up ^ [5], Government Accountability Office.
Jump up ^ Approved LNG terminals Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 6 Aug. 2015.
Jump up ^ "LNG tanker streams toward U.S. Sabine Pass for inaugural loading," Reuters, 9 Nov. 2015.
Jump up ^ Kenai liquified natural gas plant and Cook Inlet gas fields, Alaska, ConocoPhillips, April 2014.
Jump up ^ Alaska LNG terminals, FERC.
Jump up ^ [LNG.http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=4610 Liquified natural gas meets a quarter of New England's average annual natural gas needs], US Energy Information Administration.
External links[edit]
America's Natural Gas Alliance - Natural gas producers
American Gas Association
American Public Gas Association - Publicly-owned gas utilities
Interstate Natural Gas Association of America - Interstate gas pipelines
Natural Gas Supply Association
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Indian general election, 1951–52
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Indian general election, 1951
← 1945 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952 1957 →
All 489 seats in the Lok Sabha
245 seats were needed for a majority
First party
Second party
Leader
Jawaharlal Nehru Shripad Amrit Dange
Party
INC CPI
Leader's seat
Phulpur Bombay City North
Seats won
364 16
Popular vote
47,665,875 3,484,401
Percentage
44.99% 3.29%
Prime Minister before election
Jawaharlal Nehru
INC
Subsequent Prime Minister
Jawaharlal Nehru
INC
The Indian general election of 1951–52 elected the first Lok Sabha since India became independent in August 1947.[1][2][3] Until this point, the Indian Constituent Assembly had served as an interim legislature. See the 'Durations' section below to find the time-range associated with these elections.
The Indian National Congress (INC) won a landslide victory, winning 364 of the 489 seats and 45% of the total votes polled. This was over four times as many votes as the second-largest party. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first democratically elected Prime Minister of the country. In the first Lok Sabha polls held in 1951, India had around 173 million voters, out of an overall population of about 360 million.[4] Voter turnout was 45.7%.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Parties
2 Constituencies
3 Results
4 Notable losses
5 Government formation
6 Duration
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
Parties[edit]
Before Independent India went to the polls, two former cabinet colleagues of Nehru established separate political parties to challenge the INC's supremacy. While Shyama Prasad Mookerjee went on to found the Jana Sangh in October 1951, Dalit leader Dr. B. R. Ambedkar revived the Scheduled Castes Federation (which was later named the Republican Party). Other parties which started coming to the forefront included the Kisan Mazdoor Praja Parishad, whose prime mover was Acharya Kripalani; the Socialist Party, which had Ram Manohar Lohia and Jayaprakash Narayan's leadership to boast of; and the Communist Party of India. However, these smaller parties were unable to make an electoral stand against the Indian National Congress.
Constituencies[edit]
The first general elections, which were conducted for 489 seats in 401 constituencies, represented 25 Indian states. At that time, there were 314 constituencies with one seat, 86 with two seats and one with three seats.[6] The multi-seat constituencies were abolished in the 1960s. There were also 2 nominated Anglo-Indian members.
Results[edit]
Party
Abbr.
Votes
%
Seats
Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha ABHM 0.95 4
Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad RRP 1.97 3
Bharatiya Jana Sangh BJS 3,246,288 3.06 3
Bolshevik Party of India BPI 0.02 0
Communist Party of India CPI 3,484,401 3.29 16
Forward Bloc (Marxist) FB(M) 0.91 1
Forward Bloc (Ruiker) FB(R) 0.13 0
Indian National Congress INC 47,665,875 44.99 364
Krishikar Lok Party KLP 1.41 1
Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party KMPP 6,156,558 5.79 9
Revolutionary Communist Party of India (Tagore) RCPI 0.06 0
Revolutionary Socialist Party RSP 0.44 3
Scheduled Caste Federation SCF 2.38 2
Socialist Party SP 11,266,779 10.59 12
All India Republican Party REP 0.04 0
All India Republican Party RPP 0.05 0
All India United Kisan Sabha UKS 0.06 0
All Manipur National Union AMNU 0.02 0
All People's Party APP 0.03 0
Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party CNSPJP 0.22 1
Cochin Party CP 0.01 0
Commonweal Party CWP 0.31 3
Ganatantra Parishad GP 0.91 6
Gandhi Sebak Seva GSS 0.01 0
Hill Peoples Party HPP 0.02 0
Historical Research HR 0.00 0
Hyderabad State Praja Party HSPP 0.01 0
Jharkhand Party JKP 0.71 3
Justice Party JP 0.06 0
Kamgar Kisan Paksha KKP 0.13 0
Kerala Socialist Party KSP 0.1 0
Khasi-Jaintia Durbar KJD 0.03 0
Kisan Janata Sanyukta Party KJSP 0.01 0
Kisan Mazdoor Mandal KMM 0.01 0
Kuki National Association KNA 0.01 0
Lok Sevak Sangh LSS 0.29 2
Madras State Muslim League Party MSMLP 0.08 1
National Party of India NPI 0.00 0
Peasants and Workers Party of India PWPI 0.94 2
Peoples Democratic Front PDF 1.29 7
Praja Party PP 0.02 0
Punjab Depressed Class League PDCL 0.01 0
Pursharathi Panchayat PURP 0.01 0
Revolutionary Socialist Party (Uttar Pradesh) RSP(UP) 0.02 0
Shiromani Akali Dal SAD 0.99 4
S.K. Paksha SKP 0.13 0
Saurashtra Khedut Sangh SKS 0.03 0
Tamil Nadu Toilers Party TNTP 0.84 4
Tamil Nadu Congress Party TNCP 0.03 0
Tribal Sangha TS 0.11 0
Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress Party TTNC 0.11 1
Uttar Pradesh Praja Party UPP 0.2 0
Zamindar Party ZP 0.27 0
Independents 16,817,910 15.9 37
Nominated Anglo-Indians – – 2
Total 105,944,495 100 489
Notable losses[edit]
Scheduled Caste leader B. R. Ambedkar was defeated in the Bombay (North Central) (reserved seat) constituency as Scheduled Castes Federation candidate by his little-known former assistant and Congress Candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar, who polled 1,38,137 votes compared to Ambedkar's 1,23,576 votes.[7]:156 Dr Ambedkar then entered the parliament as a Rajya Sabha member. He contested by-poll from Bhandara in 1954 to try to enter Lok Sabha but again lost to Mr Borkar of Congress.
Acharya Kripalani lost from Faizabad in UP as KMPP candidate, but his wife Sucheta Kripalani defeated the Congress candidate Manmohini Sahgal in Delhi.[8]
Government formation[edit]
The Speaker of the first Lok Sabha was Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar. The first Lok Sabha also witnessed 677 sittings (3,784 hours), the highest recorded count of the number of sittings. The Lok Sabha lasted its full term from 17 April 1952 until 4 April 1957.
Duration[edit]
While Indian Government's official websites and official documents assign the year 1951 to these polls, it is a misrepresentation because all territories except Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir voted in February–March 1952; no polls were held for Lok Sabha seats in Kashmir until 1967, and only Himachal Pradesh voted in 1951 for the first Lok Sabha because weather tends to be inclement in February and March, heavy snow impending free movement.[9] The rest of the India voted only in February–March 1952 for the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha elections. Polling was held between 25 October 1951 and 27 March 1952. The very first votes of the election were cast in the tehsil (district) of Chini in Himachal Pradesh.[7]
See also[edit]
Election Commission of India
Indian presidential election, 1952
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Lok Sabha Results 1951-52". Election Commission of India.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on Lok Sabha Elections 1951-52" (PDF). Election Commission of India.
Jump up ^ "Lok Sabha Elections Stats Summary 1951-52" (PDF). Election Commission of India.
Jump up ^ India has nearly 83 crore voters: Brahma
Jump up ^ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I, p. 572 ISBN 0-19-924958-X
Jump up ^ "General Election of India 1951, List of Successful Candidate" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Ramachandra Guha (2008). India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy. ISBN 978-0-06-095858-9.
Jump up ^ David Gilmartin (2014). "Chapter 5: The paradox of patronage and the people's sovereignty". In Anastasia Pivliavsky. Patronage as Politics in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–152. ISBN 978-1-107-05608-4.
Jump up ^ India's first voter in Himachal Pradesh, by Gautam Dhmeer, in the Deccan Herald; published 30 October 2012; retrieved 7 April 2014
Further reading[edit]
Guha, Ramachandra. "Democracy's Biggest Gamble," World Policy Journal, (Spring 2002) 19#1 pp. 95–103
[hide]
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See also: Elections in Andhra Pradesh
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