text:
The Magnificent Seven
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the 2016 remake, see The Magnificent Seven (2016 film). For other uses, see Magnificent Seven.
The Magnificent Seven
Original film poster
Directed by
John Sturges
Produced by
John Sturges
Screenplay by
William Roberts
Uncredited:
Walter Bernstein
Walter Newman
Based on
Seven Samurai
by Akira Kurosawa
Shinobu Hashimoto
Hideo Oguni
(uncredited)
Starring
Yul Brynner
Eli Wallach
Steve McQueen
Charles Bronson
Robert Vaughn
James Coburn
Brad Dexter
Horst Buchholz
Music by
Elmer Bernstein
Cinematography
Charles Lang
Edited by
Ferris Webster
Production
company
The Mirisch Company
Alpha Productions
Distributed by
United Artists
Release date
October 23, 1960 (1960-10-23)
Running time
128 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$2 million[1]
Box office
$2,250,000 (rentals)[2]
The Magnificent Seven is a 1960 American Western film directed by John Sturges and starring Yul Brynner, Eli Wallach, Horst Buchholz, James Coburn, Brad Dexter, Steve McQueen, Robert Vaughn, and Charles Bronson.[3] The film is an Old West-style remake of Akira Kurosawa's 1954 Japanese film Seven Samurai. Brynner, McQueen, Buchholz, Bronson, Vaughn, Coburn, and Dexter[3] portray the title characters, a group of seven gunfighters hired to protect a small village in Mexico from a group of marauding bandits and their leader (Wallach). The film's musical score was composed by Elmer Bernstein. In 2013, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Pre-production
4 Production
5 Score
6 Reception
7 Sequels and adaptations
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
A poor village in Mexico is periodically raided for food and supplies by a gang of bandits led by Calvera (Eli Wallach). After the latest raid, during which the bandits kill a villager, the village leaders decide they have had enough, and on the advice of the village elder (Vladimir Sokoloff), they decide to fight back. Taking what few objects of value the village has, three villagers ride to a town just inside the United States border hoping to barter for weapons. They are impressed by Chris Adams (Yul Brynner), a veteran Cajun gunslinger, and approach him for advice. Chris suggests they instead hire gunfighters to defend the village, as "men are cheaper than guns." At first agreeing only to help them recruit men, Chris eventually decides to lead the group and, despite the meager pay offered, he finds five willing gunmen.
The group includes the gunfighter Vin Tanner (Steve McQueen), who has gone broke after a round of gambling; Chris's friend Harry Luck (Brad Dexter), who assumes Chris must secretly be expecting a much bigger reward for the work; the Irish-Mexican Bernardo O'Reilly (Charles Bronson), who has fallen on hard times; Britt (James Coburn), an expert in both knife and gun who joins purely for the challenge involved; and the dapper, on-the-run gunman Lee (Robert Vaughn), plagued by nightmares of fallen enemies and haunted by fears that he has lost his nerve for battle. On their way to the village they are trailed by the hotheaded Chico (Horst Buchholz), an aspiring gunfighter whose previous attempts to join Chris had been spurned. Impressed by his persistence, Chris invites him into the group.
Arriving at the village, they work with the villagers to build fortifications and train them to defend themselves. They note the lack of women in the village, until Chico stumbles upon Petra (Rosenda Monteros) and discovers the women were hidden in fear that the gunmen will rape them. The gunmen begin to bond with the villagers, and Petra pursues Chico. When Bernardo points out that the gunmen are being given the choice food, the gunmen share it with the village children.
Calvera and his bandits arrive, sustain heavy losses in a shootout with the seven and the villagers, and get run out of town. The villagers celebrate, believing Calvera will not return, but Chico infiltrates Calvera's camp and learns that Calvera must return, as his men are short of food.
Upon hearing this, some fearful villagers call for the gunfighters to leave. Even some of the seven waver, but Chris insists that they stay, even threatening to kill anyone who suggests giving up the fight. They ride out to make a surprise raid on Calvera's camp, but find it abandoned. Returning to the village, they are caught by Calvera and his men, who colluded with some of the villagers to sneak in and take control. Calvera spares the seven's lives, believing they have learned the simple farmers are not worth fighting for, and fearing reprisals from the gunfighters' friends across the border. While preparing to depart, Chris and Vin admit they have become emotionally attached to the village. Bernardo likewise gets angry when the boys he befriended call their parents cowards. Chico declares he hates the villagers, and when Chris points out he grew up as a farmer as well, Chico angrily responds that it is men like Calvera and Chris who made the villagers what they are.
The seven gunmen are escorted some distance from the village, where their weapons are returned to them. They debate their next move and all but Harry, who believes the effort will be futile and suicidal, agree to return and fight.
The gunmen infiltrate the village and a gunfight breaks out. Harry, who has had a change of heart, returns in time to save Chris's life, but is himself fatally shot. Harry pleads to know what they were fighting for, and Chris lies about a hidden gold mine to let Harry believe he died for a fortune. Lee finds the nerve to burst into a house where several villagers are held captive, shooting the bandits guarding them, allowing the villagers to join the fight, but is then gunned down as he leaves the house. Bernardo is shot protecting the boys he befriended, with his last breath telling them to look at how bravely their fathers are fighting. Britt dies after shooting at a considerable number of bandits but exposing himself from cover. Chris manages to shoot Calvera, who asks him, "You came back... to a place like this? Why? A man like you? Why?" He dies without receiving an answer. The remaining bandits take flight.
The three surviving gunmen help to bury the dead, then ride out of town. As the group stops on a hill overlooking the village, Chico parts company with them, realizing he wants to stay behind with Petra. Chris and Vin bid farewell to the village elder, who tells them that only the villagers have really won, whereas they are "like the wind, blowing over the land and passing on." As they pass the graves of their fallen comrades, Chris admits, "The Old Man was right. Only the farmers won. We lost. We'll always lose."[5][6]
Cast[edit]
The Seven
Yul Brynner as Chris Adams, a Cajun gunslinger, leader of the seven
Steve McQueen as Vin Tanner, the drifter
Charles Bronson as Bernardo O'Reilly, the professional in need of money
Robert Vaughn as Lee, the traumatized veteran
Brad Dexter as Harry Luck, the fortune seeker
James Coburn as Britt, the knife expert
Horst Buchholz as Chico, the young, hot-blooded shootist
Others
Eli Wallach as Calvera, the lead Mexican bandit
Vladimir Sokoloff as The Old Man
Jorge Martínez de Hoyos as Hilario
Rosenda Monteros as Petra
Whit Bissell as Chamlee the Undertaker
Rico Alaniz as Sotero
Natividad Vacío as Miguel
Robert J. Wilke as Wallace
Val Avery as Henry the Corset Salesman
Bing Russell as Robert, Henry's Traveling Companion
Brad Dexter was cast at the urging of Frank Sinatra, who knew Sturges well, because Dexter had saved Sinatra's life when the two were swimming off the coast of Hawaii. James Coburn was a great fan of the Japanese Seven Samurai, having seen it 15 times, and was hired through the help of co-star and former classmate Robert Vaughn, after the role of the expert gunslinger had been rejected by actors Sterling Hayden and John Ireland.[7]
Sturges was eager to cast Steve McQueen in the picture, having just worked with him on the 1959 film Never So Few, but McQueen could not get a release from actor/producer Dick Powell, who controlled McQueen's hit TV series Wanted Dead or Alive. On the advice of his agent, McQueen, an expert race car driver, staged a car accident and claimed that he couldn't work on his series because he had suffered a whiplash injury and had to wear a neck brace. During the interval required for his "recuperation", he was free to appear in The Magnificent Seven.[8]
Pre-production[edit]
Yul Brynner approached producer Walter Mirisch with the idea of remaking Kurosawa's famous samurai film. But once Mirisch had acquired the rights from Japan's Toho Studios, and finalized a distribution deal with United Artists, Brynner was sued for breach of contract by actor Anthony Quinn, who claimed that he and Brynner had developed the concept together and had worked out many of the film's details before the two had a falling-out. Quinn ultimately lost his claim, because there was nothing in writing.[9]
Script credit was a subject of contention. Associate producer Lou Morheim commissioned Walter Bernstein, a blacklisted scriptwriter, to produce the first draft "faithfully" adapted from the original script written by Shinobu Hashimoto, Hideo Oguni and Akira Kurosawa; when executive producer Walter Mirisch and Brynner took over the production, they brought on Walter Newman, whose version "is largely what's on screen." When Newman was unavailable to be on-site during the film's principal photography in Mexico, William Roberts was hired, in part to make changes required by Mexican censors. When Roberts asked the Writers Guild of America for a co-credit, Newman asked that his name be removed from the credits.[10]
Production[edit]
Filming began on March 1, 1960, on location in Mexico, where both the village and the U.S. border town were built for the film. The location filming was in Cuernavaca, Durango, and Tepoztlán and at the Churubusco Studios.[11] The first scene shot was the first part of the six gunfighters' journey to the Mexican village, prior to Chico being brought into the group.[citation needed]
During filming there was considerable tension between Brynner and McQueen, who was displeased at his character having only seven lines of dialogue in the original shooting script. To compensate, McQueen took numerous opportunities to upstage Brynner and draw attention to himself, including shielding his eyes with his hat, flipping a coin during one of Brynner's speeches, rattling his shotgun shells, and hanging low from his horse to drink from a stream. Brynner, who was only half an inch taller than McQueen, would often build up a little mound of earth to stand on when the two actors were on camera together, only to have McQueen surreptitiously kick the dirt out of place before retakes. When newspapers started reporting on the altercations on set between the two, Brynner issued a press statement, declaring, "I never feud with actors. I feud with studios."[12] Years later Buchholz said Brynner had put a stop to McQueen's antics by telling him the next time he tried his upstaging tricks he, Brynner, would simply remove his hat to get back the spotlight for good (Brynner is one of the most legendary bald men in film history).[citation needed]
The film was shot in Panavision, an anamorphic format.[citation needed]
Score[edit]
The film's score is by Elmer Bernstein. Along with the readily recognized main theme and effective support of the story line, the score also contains allusions to twentieth-century symphonic works, such as the reference to Bartok's Concerto for Orchestra, second movement, in the tense quiet scene just before the shoot out. The original soundtrack was not released at the time until reused and rerecorded by Bernstein for the soundtrack of Return of the Seven. Electric guitar cover versions by Al Caiola in the U.S. and John Barry[13] in the U.K. were successful on the popular charts.[14] A vocal theme not written by Bernstein was used in a trailer.
In 1994, James Sedares conducted a re-recording of the score performed by The Phoenix Symphony Orchestra, which also included a suite from Bernstein's score for The Hallelujah Trail, issued by Koch Records; Bernstein himself conducted the Royal Scottish National Orchestra for a performance released by RCA in 1997, but the original film soundtrack was not released until the following year by Rykodisc. (Varèse Sarabande reissued this album in 2004.)
Main Title and Calvera (3:56)
Council (3:14)
Quest (1:00)
Strange Funeral/After The Brawl (6:48)
Vin’s Luck (2:03)
And Then There Were Two (1:45)
Fiesta (1:11)
Stalking (1:20)
Worst Shot (3:02)
The Journey (4:39)
Toro (3:24)
Training (1:27)
Calvera's Return (2:37)
Calvera Routed (1:49)
Ambush (3:10)
Bernardo (3:33)
Surprise (2:08)
Defeat (3:26)
Crossroads (4:47)
Harry's Mistake (2:48)
Calvera Killed (3:33)
Finale (3:27)
Bernstein's score has frequently been quoted in the media and popular culture. Starting in 1963, the theme was used in commercials in the U.S. for Marlboro cigarettes. A similar-sounding (but different) tune was used for Victoria Bitter beer in Australia. The theme was included in the James Bond film Moonraker.
Other uses include in the 2004 documentary film Fahrenheit 9/11; in the 2005 film The Ringer; as entrance music for the British band James, as well as episodes of The Simpsons that had a "Western" theme (mainly in the episode titled "Dude, Where's My Ranch?"). The opening horn riff in Arthur Conley's 1967 hit "Sweet Soul Music" is borrowed from the theme. Canadian band Kon Kan use the opening bars of the theme in their single "I Beg Your Pardon". Celtic Football Club (Glasgow, Scotland) used the theme music whenever Henrik Larsson scored a goal.
The Cheers episode "Diane Chambers Day" (season 4, episode 22) revolves around the bar denizens being invited to watch The Magnificent Seven, and ends with them singing an a cappella version of the theme.
The Mick Jones 1980s band Big Audio Dynamite covered the song as "Keep off the Grass" (although this cover was not officially released). In 1995, the KLF also did a drum and bass cover of the main title as "The Magnificent"; it was released under the group alias One World Orchestra on the charity compilation The Help Album.
In 1992, the main theme of The Magnificent Seven came into use on a section of the Euro Disneyland Railroad at Disneyland Paris. Portions of the theme play as the train exits the Grand Canyon diorama tunnel behind Phantom Manor, enters Frontierland, and travels along the bank of the Rivers of the Far West.
The "Main Title" was used as an intro tune on many nights of Bruce Springsteen's 2012 Wrecking Ball Tour. The theme was played as the E Street Band entered the stage, adding to the dramatic atmosphere in the stadium.
Reception[edit]
Howard Thompson of The New York Times called the film a "pallid, pretentious and overlong reflection of the Japanese original"; according to Thompson, "don't expect anything like the ice-cold suspense, the superb juxtaposition of revealing human vignettes and especially the pile-driver tempo of the first Seven."[15] According to Variety magazine's December 31, 1960, review, "Until the women and children arrive on the scene about two-thirds of the way through, The Magnificent Seven is a rip-roaring rootin' tootin' western with lots of bite and tang and old-fashioned abandon. The last third is downhill, a long and cluttered anti-climax in which The Magnificent Seven grow slightly too magnificent for comfort."[16] Akira Kurosawa, however, was reportedly so impressed by the film that he presented John Sturges with a sword.[17]
At the 33rd Academy Awards, the score was nominated for Best Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture, losing to Ernest Gold's score for Exodus. Many decades later, however, the score for The Magnificent Seven was listed at No. 8 on the American Film Institute's list of the top 25 American film scores.
The film has grown greatly in esteem since its release, largely due to its cast (several of whom were to go on to become superstars over the decade following its release) and its music score. As of January 29, 2017, it has a freshness rating of 90% on Rotten Tomatoes based on ratings of 40 critics.[18] It is the second most shown film in U.S. television history, behind only The Wizard of Oz.[19] The film is also ranked No. 79 on the AFI's list of American cinema's 100 most-thrilling films.
Sequels and adaptations[edit]
The film was a box office disappointment in the United States, but proved to be such a smash hit in Europe that it ultimately made a profit.[2][20] Three sequels were eventually made: Return of the Seven (1966), Guns of the Magnificent Seven (1969), and The Magnificent Seven Ride (1972). None were as successful as the original film.
The film also inspired a television series, The Magnificent Seven, which ran from 1998 to 2000. Robert Vaughn was a recurring guest star, a judge who hires the seven to protect the town in which his widowed daughter-in-law and his grandson live.
The 1980s action-adventure series The A-Team was initially devised as a combination of The Dirty Dozen and The Magnificent Seven.[21] The show's pilot film plays much on the plot of The Magnificent Seven, and there are similar plot echoes in various other episodes. James Coburn was originally approached to play John "Hannibal" Smith, the team's leader, a role that ultimately went to George Peppard in the series; and Robert Vaughn was added to the cast in the final season as part of a revamp attempt to boost fading ratings.
A remake of the film was released on September 23, 2016, with Antoine Fuqua directing and Denzel Washington, Chris Pratt, Ethan Hawke, Vincent D'Onofrio, Lee Byung-hun, Manuel Garcia-Rulfo, Martin Sensmeier and Peter Sarsgaard starring.[22][23]
See also[edit]
Film in the United States portal
1960s portal
List of American films of 1960
"The Magnificent Seven" - A song by The Clash
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Glenn Lovell, Escape Artist: The Life and Films of John Sturges, University of Wisconsin Press, 2008 p194
^ Jump up to: a b "Rental Potentials of 1960", Variety, 4 January 1961 p 47. Please note figures are rentals as opposed to total gross.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Magnificent Seven". Turner Classic Movies. Atlanta: Turner Broadcasting System (Time Warner). Retrieved November 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Library of Congress announces 2013 National Film Registry selections" (Press release). Washington Post. December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ Transcript of script. Accessed 1 May 2012.
Jump up ^ The film's closing lines echo the last words of the source film, Seven Samurai, spoken by the character Kambei: "Again we are defeated. The winners are those farmers. Not us."[citation needed]
Jump up ^ Pendreigh, Brian. "Magnificent obsession". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Eliot, Marc (2012). Steve McQueen. NY: Three Rivers Press. pp. 75–77. ISBN 0307453227. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Stafford, Jeff. "The Magnificent Seven". TCM Film Article. Turner Classic Movies, Inc. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Robert Koehler (May 8, 2001). "The Magnificent Seven (MGM Home Entertainment release)". Variety. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
Jump up ^ "The Magnificent Seven" Filming locations. IMDB http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054047/locations?ref_=ttco_ql_6
Jump up ^ Capua, Michelangelo (2006). Yul Brynner: A Biography. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. pp. 95–96. ISBN 0786424613. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
Jump up ^ p.14 Billboard 27 Feb 1961
Jump up ^ p.226 Cusic, Donb The Cowboy in Country Music: An Historical Survey with Artist Profiles 2011 McFarland
Jump up ^ Thompson, Howard (November 24, 1960). "On Japanese Idea: Magnificent Seven, a U.S. Western, Opens". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
Jump up ^ "Magnificent Seven". Variety. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
Jump up ^ Costanzo WV (2013). "Close Up: The Magnificent Seven". World Cinema through Global Genres. John Wiley & Sons. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-118-71310-5.
Jump up ^ URL: http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1013077-magnificent_seven/ . Accessed Sep 26, 2012
Jump up ^ "Could 'The Magnificent Seven' be the film that finally revives the Western film genre?". www.morningticker.com. Retrieved 2017-01-25.
Jump up ^ Mirisch, Walter (2008). I Thought We Were Making Movies, Not History (p. 113). University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin. ISBN 0-299-22640-9.
Jump up ^ Joe Neumaier (2001-01-21). "Encore: A Real Kick In the 'A'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2008-06-13.
Jump up ^ "Haley Bennett Lands Female Lead In MGM's 'The Magnificent Seven'".
Jump up ^ Borys Kit (May 14, 2015). "Matt Bomer Joining Denzel Washington, Chris Pratt in 'Magnificent Seven' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. (Prometheus Global Media). Retrieved May 15, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Magnificent Seven
The Magnificent Seven on IMDb
The Magnificent Seven at AllMovie
The Magnificent Seven at Rotten Tomatoes
[show]
v
t
e
The Magnificent Seven
Original films
The Magnificent Seven (1960)
Return of the Seven (1966)
Guns of the Magnificent Seven (1969)
The Magnificent Seven Ride (1972)
Remake
The Magnificent Seven (2016)
Television
The Magnificent Seven
Related articles
Chris Adams
Seven Samurai
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by John Sturges
The Man Who Dared (1946)
Shadowed (1946)
Alias Mr. Twilight (1946)
For the Love of Rusty (1947)
Keeper of the Bees (1947)
Thunderbolt (1947)
The Sign of the Ram (1948)
Best Man Wins (1948)
The Walking Hills (1949)
The Capture (1950)
Mystery Street (1950)
Right Cross (1950)
The Magnificent Yankee (1950)
Kind Lady (1951)
The People Against O'Hara (1951)
It's a Big Country (1951)
The Girl in White (1952)
Jeopardy (1953)
Fast Company (1953)
Escape from Fort Bravo (1953)
Bad Day at Black Rock (1955)
Underwater! (1955)
The Scarlet Coat (1955)
Backlash (1956)
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957)
The Law and Jake Wade (1958)
The Old Man and the Sea (1958)
Last Train from Gun Hill (1959)
Never So Few (1959)
The Magnificent Seven (1960)
By Love Possessed (1961)
Sergeants 3 (1962)
A Girl Named Tamiko (1962)
The Great Escape (1963)
The Satan Bug (1965)
The Hallelujah Trail (1965)
Hour of the Gun (1967)
Ice Station Zebra (1968)
Marooned (1969)
Joe Kidd (1972)
Chino (1973)
McQ (1974)
The Eagle Has Landed (1976)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Magnificent_Seven&oldid=815242944"
Categories:
1960 films
English-language films
1960s Western (genre) films
Adaptations of works by Akira Kurosawa
American films
American remakes of Japanese films
American Western (genre) films
Fictional mercenaries
Fictional septets
Films scored by Elmer Bernstein
Films adapted into television programs
Films directed by John Sturges
Films set in Mexico
Films set in Texas
Films shot in Mexico
Screenplays by Walter Bernstein
Seven Samurai
Siege films
United Artists films
United States National Film Registry films
Screenplays by Walter Newman (screenwriter)
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017
Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
Alemannisch
العربية
Aragonés
Български
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Kiswahili
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Pälzisch
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 December 2017, at 17:23.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: i

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

values: The Magnificent Seven (1960) theatrical poster.jpg

attrs: href class

attrs: colspan style

attrs: scope style

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values:
/wiki/Toho_Studios
mw-redirect
Toho Studios

values:
/wiki/Churubusco_Studios
mw-redirect
Churubusco Studios

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)

values:
/wiki/Koch_Records
mw-redirect
Koch Records

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
/wiki/Celtic_Football_Club
mw-redirect
Celtic Football Club

values:
/wiki/One_World_Orchestra
mw-redirect
One World Orchestra

values:
/wiki/Wrecking_Ball_Tour
mw-redirect
Wrecking Ball Tour

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054047/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v30854

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Adaptations of works by Akira Kurosawa

values: Category:American remakes of Japanese films

values: Category:Films scored by Elmer Bernstein

values: Category:Films adapted into television programs

values: Category:Screenplays by Walter Bernstein

values: Category:United States National Film Registry films

values: Category:Screenplays by Walter Newman (screenwriter)

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017

values: Category:Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/The_Magnificent_Seven
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: السبعة الرائعون (فيلم) – Arabic

values: Великолепната седморка – Bulgarian

values: هفت دلاور – Persian

values: Հրաշալի յոթնյակը – Armenian

values: שבעת המופלאים – Hebrew

values: A hét mesterlövész (film, 1960) – Hungarian

values: Die glorreichen Sieben – Palatine German

values: Великолепная семёрка (фильм, 1960) – Russian

values: Седморица величанствених – Serbian

values: Чудова сімка (фільм, 1960) – Ukrainian

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Magnificent_Seven rootpage-The_Magnificent_Seven skin-vector action-view


text:
Asylum in Australia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
See also: Immigration history of Australia and Immigration detention in Australia
Asylum in Australia is governed by statutes and Government policies which seek to implement Australia's obligations under the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, to which Australia is a party. Thousands of refugees have sought asylum in Australia over the past decade,[1] with the main forces driving movement being war, civil unrest and persecution.[2] The annual refugee quota is currently 20,000 people.[3] From 1945 to the early 1990s, more than half a million refugees and other displaced persons were accepted into Australia.[4]
Historically, most asylum seekers arrived by plane. However, there was an increasing number of asylum seekers arriving by boat in the late 2000s and early 2010s, which was met with some public disapproval.[5] In 2011-2012, asylum seekers arriving by boat outnumbered those arriving by plane for the first time.[6][7][8] Three waves of asylum seekers arriving by boat have been identified: Vietnamese between 1976 and 1981; Indochinese asylum seekers from 1989 to 1998; and people of Middle East origin, and the use of people smugglers, from 1999.[5]
The visa policy of the current government is to detain persons entering or being in Australia without a valid visa until those persons can be returned to their home country. Australia is the only country in the world with a policy of mandatory detention and offshore processing of asylum seekers who arrive without a valid visa.[9][10]
Asylum policy is a contentious wedge issue in Australian politics, with the two major political parties in Australia arguing that the issue is a border control problem and one concerning the safety of those attempting to come to Australia by boat.
Contents
[hide]
1 Claims processing
2 Statistics
3 History
3.1 Refugees and World War II: 1930s
3.2 Vietnamese boat people: 1970s
3.3 Mandatory detention: the 1990s
3.4 Pacific Solution: 2001–2007
3.5 End of offshore processing: 2007–2012
3.6 Offshore processing resumed, PNG solution: 2012–2013
3.7 2014-2015
3.8 Closure of Manus Island: 2016
3.9 Contemporary Policy Trends
3.9.1 Community placements
3.9.2 Work rights
3.9.3 Refugees with adverse security assessment
3.9.4 Visa cancellations and the Border Force Act
4 Offshore Processing
5 Arrival and Processing in Australia
5.1 Housing Challenges
5.2 Income and Work Rights
5.3 Procedural Challenges
6 Public debate and politics
7 See also
8 References
Claims processing[edit]
The HMT Dunera transported 2,432 men, including Georg Auer, to Australia from England in 1942.
A compliance interview, often done with the assistance of an interpreter, is one of the first steps taken by immigration officers to determine if a person is making a valid claim of asylum.[11] If a valid fear of persecution is expressed a formal application for refugee status is undertaken. If permission to stay in Australia is not granted they must be removed as soon as possible.[12] However, under the notion of complementary protection, an applicant who is not deemed to be a refugee may still be permitted to remain in Australia [13] Complementary protection applies when an applicant/s would face a real risk of; arbitrary deprivation of life; the death penalty; torture; cruel or inhuman treatment or punishment; degrading treatment or punishment.[13] It does not apply when there is no real risk of significant harm, namely when an applicant can safely relocate to another part of the country, or an authority within the country can provide protection.[13]
People who arrived by boat on or after 13 August 2012 are not able to propose that their immediate family members also gain entry to Australia.[14]
A new "fast track" assessment scheme was introduced in 2014 via the Migration and Maritime Powers Legislation Amendment (Resolving the Asylum Legacy Caseload) Bill 2014 [1]. The definition of a fast track applicant was narrowed further by Immigration Minister Peter Dutton in an amendment to the definition under the "Migration Act 1958", which changed the date of arrival requirement from January 2012 to August 2012 for parents whose children wished to be put classified as fast track applicants.[15]
Statistics[edit]
The annual refugee quota is currently 20,000 people.[3] According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Australia was ranked 47th out of 198 countries in the world in terms of the number of refugees hosted between 2005 and 2009, out of those countries who host refugees.[16] In 2012, the Refugee Council of Australia ranked Australia 22nd on a per capita basis in a list of countries that accept refugees.[17] The Council found that in terms of resettlement (as opposed to "receiving") asylum seekers, Australia ranks 2nd in the world overall, 3rd per capita and 3rd as a proportion of GDP.[18]
Australia's total refugee and humanitarian intake has remained relatively constant since the mid-1980s:[19]
The rate of arrivals by boat, the most controversial aspect of Australia's refugee policy, has been exceptionally volatile. It reached a peak of 20,587 people in 2013 (excluding crew), before falling again to zero two years later:[20]
History[edit]
See also: Post-war immigration to Australia
Refugees and World War II: 1930s[edit]
In the 1930s more than 7,000 refugees from Nazi Germany were accepted into Australia.[21] In the eight years after the end of World War II almost 200,000 European refugees settled in Australia. Australia was reluctant to recognise a general "right of asylum" for refugees when the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was being drafted.[22] The White Australia policy was responsible for the exclusion of Asians from migration to Australia until 1973.[23]
Vietnamese boat people: 1970s[edit]
Tan Le entered Australia as a refugee in 1982 and was named Young Australian of the Year in 1998.
The first recorded instance of asylum seekers arriving in Australia via unauthorised boat occurred in April 1976. Fleeing South Vietnam after the Communist Party victory of 1974, an estimated 2,000 "Vietnamese boat people" followed from 1976–1982. The sporadic arrival of unauthorised boats was a cause of concern for the Australian people.[24] The initial controversy regarding asylum seekers in Australia was mostly because of family reunions.[23] Employment and security concerns were also raised with the Waterside Workers Federation calling for strikes on the matter.[5] This led to the first detention of boat people. In response, the government of Malcolm Fraser authorized the immigration of more than 50,000 Vietnamese from Indian Ocean refugee camps. At the time, the "open door" immigration policy enjoyed bipartisan support.[24]
Mandatory detention: the 1990s[edit]
Main article: Immigration detention in Australia
During the early 1990s, asylum seekers from Cambodia began to arrive in Australia. In response, the government of Paul Keating instituted a mandatory detention policy aimed at deterring refugees.[24] Under mandatory detention, anyone who enters the Australian migration zone without a visa is placed in a holding facility while security and health checks are performed. Additionally, the validity of the person's claim to asylum is assessed by the Department of Immigration and Citizenship.
In 1990, a number of asylum seekers arrived from Somalia without documentation. They were detained at Villawood Immigration Detention Centre for 18 months without any progress on their status. Some began a hunger strike in response to the prolonged detention. Eventually, all were determined to be genuine refugees.[25]
In the mid-1990s, numerous boats carrying Chinese and Sino-Vietnamese refugees were returned to their place of origin after asylum claims were denied. The rapid repatriations meant that many citizens were unaware of the refugees.[24] During this period a refugee from Indonesia was detained for 707 days before being granted refugee status.[25]
In 1999, Middle Eastern immigrants fleeing from oppressive regimes in Afghanistan, Iran and Iraq began to arrive in large numbers.[24] The government of John Howard extended the time they spent in mandatory detention and introduced temporary protection visas for boat arrivals.[10] The deterrents did little to stop immigrants; roughly 12,000 asylum seekers reached Australia from 1999 to 2001.[24]
Pacific Solution: 2001–2007[edit]
Main article: Pacific Solution
In August 2001, a Norwegian tanker, the Tampa, picked up 438 people whose vessel was sinking off the coast of Indonesia. According to the captain, he tried to return the Afghan refugees to Indonesia, but they threatened to throw themselves overboard if he did so. Consequently, he agreed to take them to Christmas Island. Howard's government refused to allow the boat to land, saying it was a matter for Norway and Indonesia to work out amongst themselves. Neither made a move, creating a three way diplomatic standoff which became known as the Tampa Affair. Australia seized control of the ship, drawing international criticism but strong support in the country. After ten days, Australia struck a deal with New Zealand and Nauru to have those nations temporarily host the refugees while Australia processed their asylum claims.[26] Following the September 11 attacks in the US, anti-Muslim rhetoric increased in Australia, as Muslims were the primary asylum seekers at the time.[23]
"We will decide who comes to this country and the circumstances in which they come."
John Howard[27]
Following the Tampa Affair, the Commonwealth Migration Act (1958) was amended by Howard's government in September 2001.[28] The amendments, which became known as the Pacific Solution, prevented refugees landing on Christmas Island or Ashmore Reef from seeking asylum.[24] Instead, they were redirected to nearby island nations such as Papua New Guinea and Nauru. There, refugees had to undergo a lengthy asylum process before they could immigrate to Australia.[1] At the time, the minority Labor Party opposed the policy. In 2003, Julia Gillard promised that Labor would end the Pacific Solution "because it is costly, unsustainable and wrong as a matter of principle".[29]
The Pacific Solution was intended to remove the incentive for refugees to come to Australia. While detained offshore, asylum-seekers under the Pacific Solution were denied access to Australian lawyers and to protection under Australian law.[10]
A Christmas Island boat transports rescued refugees
The policy was highly criticised by human rights groups.[1] The primary concern was that abusive process could potentially develop in remote locations.[30] In 2002, the arrivals dropped from 5,516 the previous year to 1.[5] From 2001 to 2007, fewer than 300 asylum seekers arrived.[24] The program cost Australia more than AU$1 billion during that period.[31] In July 2005, Australia ceased the practice of mandatory detention of children.[30]
End of offshore processing: 2007–2012[edit]
In 2007, the Labor Party under Prime Minister Kevin Rudd abandoned the Pacific Solution, installing a more liberal asylum policy.[1] Rudd's government pledged to settle all asylum claims within three months and closed the Nauru detention facility.[24] The Rudd government abolished temporary protection visas in 2008.[10] Only 45 of the 1,637 asylum seekers detained in Nauru were found not to be refugees.[2]
Over the next few years the number of asylum seekers arriving in the country increased substantially.[1] In 2008, there were 161 immigrants under asylum laws; in 2009, claims jumped to 2,800.[1][24] The issue quickly became a political problem for Rudd. He claimed it was a change in the international political environment that caused the increase, not the abandonment of the Pacific Solution. When that idea failed to be accepted, he proposed what became known as the Indonesian Solution. Under the plan, Indonesia would receive financial aid and intelligence in exchange for cracking down on the people smugglers that transported the asylum seekers. In October 2009, the customs boat Oceanic Viking picked up shipwrecked asylum seekers and attempted to return them to Indonesia, as agreed. However, the attempts to unload the refugees failed and Labor's poll numbers dropped significantly.[24]
In December 2010, a boat of refugees sank, killing 48 people.[32]
Australia's refugee
and humanitarian program
Year
Grants
2006–07 13,017
2007–08 13,014
2008–09 13,507
2009–10 13,770
2010–11 13,799
2011–12 13,759
2012–13 20,019
Source: Department of Immigration and Citizenship[33]
Ahead of the 2010 election, Tony Abbott campaigned on the asylum issue, and with Rudd refusing to engage with him in "a race to the bottom", polls showed the public strongly favouring Abbott's anti-asylum views. By this time, Rudd was struggling in the polls for a number of reasons and had lost the confidence of the Labor Party Caucus, which, fearing defeat in the upcoming election, installed Julia Gillard in his place. Gillard argued it was wrong to give special privileges to asylum seekers. She was against a return to the Pacific Solution, instead arguing for the establishment of a regional offshore processing centre. Gillard's new position was welcomed in the polls, and in the August 2010 election, Labor retained power in a minority government supported by a number of independents.[24]
In May 2011, the Gillard government announced plans to address the issue by swapping new asylum seekers for long-standing assessed refugees in Malaysia. The so-called Malaysian Solution was eventually ruled unconstitutional, partly because Malaysia was not a signatory to the UN Refugee Convention.[34] In 2011, Australia received 2.5% of the world's total number of claims for asylum.[35] During 2012, more than 17,000 asylum seekers arrived via boat.[36] The majority of the refugees came from Afghanistan, Iran, and Sri Lanka.[1]
In June 2012, an accident led to 17 confirmed deaths, with 70 other people missing.[37]
Offshore processing resumed, PNG solution: 2012–2013[edit]
See also: PNG solution
In June 2012, Gillard appointed an expert panel to make recommendations on the asylum issue by August 2012.[38] The report included 22 recommendations.[35] Following their recommendations, her government effectively reinstated the Pacific Solution, and re-introduced offshore processing for asylum seekers. Some Labor members complained that Gillard had abandoned her principle for the sake of politics. Greens' Senator Sarah Hanson Young called offshore processing "a completely unworkable, inhumane, unthinkable proposition".[29] The Nauru processing facility was reopened in September, and the Manus Island facility in Papua New Guinea reopened in November.[39][40] However, the centres could not keep up with demand, creating a large backlog.[1] The first 6 months of the policy did not see a reduction in immigration attempts — in the first half of 2013, there were more than 15,000 asylum seekers.[36] For the 6 months to June 2014 however, the number has appeared to sharply reduce, with the immigration minister Scott Morrison claiming that there "had (not been) a successful people smuggling venture" in the period.[41]
In July 2013, Rudd, who had recently returned to power as Prime Minister, announced that anyone who arrived in Australia by boat without a visa would not be eligible for asylum.[1] In co-operation with Papua New Guinean Prime Minister Peter O’Neill, the Regional Settlement Agreement was drafted. Under the agreement, new asylum seekers would be sent to Papua New Guinea where legitimate cases would be granted asylum in that, but would lose any right to seek asylum in Australia.[42] To accommodate the refugees, the Manus Island processing facility would be enlarged significantly. In exchange for taking the asylum seekers, Papua New Guinea will receive financial aid from Australia. Like Australia, Papua New Guinea is a signatory to United Nations Refugees Convention.[36] Rudd said the policy was not intended to be permanent and would be reviewed annually.[1]
Part of the Manus Island regional processing facility in October 2012
Announcing the new policy, Rudd remarked "Australians have had enough of seeing people drowning in the waters to our north. Our country has had enough of people smugglers exploiting asylum seekers and seeing them drown on the high seas."[1] Liberal Party leader Tony Abbott praised the substance of plan, but said Rudd's government was incapable of making it work. Greens leader Christine Milne, however, called the plan "absolutely immoral".[42] Human rights groups criticized the decision. "Mark this day in history as the day Australia decided to turn its back on the world's most vulnerable people, closed the door and threw away the key," said Graeme McGregor of Amnesty International Australia.[1] Human rights lawyer David Mann called it a "fundamental abrogation of Australia's responsibilities" and doubted the legality of the policy.[1] He has also questioned the record of human rights in Papua New Guinea.[43]
The New York Times described Rudd's decision as likely "part of a concerted effort" to nullify opposition attacks ahead of the 2013 federal election.[1] He had been under fire for the unpopular programs of Gillard that led to his return to power, and immigration had become a major issue in the election campaign.[1][36]
Concurrent with Rudd's announcement, Indonesia announced it would toughen requirement for Iranians seeking visas, a change that had been requested by Australia. An Indonesia spokesperson denied that the change in policy was because of an Australian request.[1]
2014-2015[edit]
Then-Immigration Minister Scott Morrison visiting hotspots for people smuggling with the Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency in 2014
At the end of 2014, the Australian government created a Fast Track Assessment process for those applying for protection visas. The Fast Track Assessment Process started on 19 April 2015. This process assessed the people who arrived in Australia by boat between the dates (inclusive) 13 August 2012 and 1 January 2014.[44]
In 2015, the government of Tony Abbott rejected suggestions that it would accept Rohingyas (a persecuted Muslim minority in Myanmar) during the Rohingya refugee crisis, with the Prime Minister responding "Nope, nope, nope. We have a very clear refugee and humanitarian program".[45] However, later in the year the government unexpectedly increased its intake of refugees to accommodate persecuted minorities (such as Maronites, Yazidis and Druze) from the conflicts of the Syrian Civil War and Iraq War.[46][47]
Closure of Manus Island: 2016[edit]
The Australian government ruled out bringing people held on Manus Island to Australia. New Zealand's offer to resettle 150 refugees within its existing quota was refused by the Australian Government.[48] United States officials began assessing applications for asylum for refugees to be resettled in the United States as part of a deal struck with the Australian government.[49]
More than 600 asylum seekers have died en route to Australian territory since 2009.[1]
Contemporary Policy Trends[edit]
A number of changes have been implemented in relation to mandatory detention, both broadening opportunities for community integration by offering community alternatives and narrowing release through the creation of new immigration status designations.
Community placements[edit]
Those granted Bridging Visas are able to access basic government services, including Centrelink and Medicare. They are able to move freely within their community, but are unable to choose the community that they live in, required to live an address designated by the Minister for Immigration and Border Protection.[48]
Work rights[edit]
For the designated refugees that are eligible for work, many are prevented from entering the work force owing to issues of cultural competency and language. The overall effect is that the great majority of refugees in Australia are eager to workout without any pathways into the Australian work force.[48]
Refugees with adverse security assessment[edit]
Recent administrative changes have seen the introduction of a new category of designated immigration status: adverse security assessments.[48]
Visa cancellations and the Border Force Act[edit]
The Australian Border Force Act 2015 (Cth) makes it a crime punishment of two years imprisonment for an entrusted person to make record of or disclose ‘protected information’. This raises issues relating to judicial power. By denying the court's access to information by which to evaluate a matter, it constitutes an impermissible interference on the functions of a court following the decision in Graham v Minister for Immigration and Border Control. The matter has yet be fully resolved.[48]
Offshore Processing[edit]
Australia's humanitarian program is complex, but the basic structure is one of bifurcation between onshore and offshore processing of claims for people seeking asylum. While the onshore humanitarian program is common across most signatories to the 1951 Refugee Convention, it is Australia's offshore detention policy that is the most controversial and widely criticized by civil society members.[50]
Australia is the only nation-state that currently employs a policy of shifting potential people seeking asylum by boat to other nation-states for processing of asylum claims. This policy receives support from both major political parties.[50]
Arrival and Processing in Australia[edit]
Historically, Australia is generally viewed as world leader in resettling refugees, with more than 870,000 refugees resettled in Australia since World War II. Yet Australia is also one of the world’s poorest in providing durable solutions to people who come here to claim protection – people seeking asylum – especially if they come by boat.[50] This dichotomy has persisted into the present.
The processing of people seeking asylum that have arrived in Australia for status determination has undergone significant change over the past decade.[51] The process for refugee status determination is dynamic, with the government's humanitarian program mainly diverging in process between on-shore and off-shore arrivals.[51] While the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) had previously drafted to give effect to Australia's obligations under international law,[52]mainly the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its First Optional Protocol, recent legislative amendments by successive governments have uncouple the Act from giving effect to the Convention. This has resulted in a softening on the impact of the Convention in interpreting the Act, leading to the government resiling from the protocol set out in the international agreement.[53]
After arriving in Australia, the experience for any individual persons seeking asylum is largely impacted by the location they are placed, socioeconomic status, country of origin, age, sex and knowledge of the area, including family or friends that were in Australia prior to their arrival. Nonetheless, there are recurrent difficulties that surface continuously in asylum seeker communities across Australia, in the interim between arrival and refugee status determination.[54]
Housing Challenges[edit]
For asylum seekers that arrive in Australia and receive a temporary protection visa (subclass 785),[55] they are given the right to live in the community and are largely given autonomy to choose housing. The Australian government does not provide services to link asylum seekers with potential housing.[54] Their ephemeral status in the country, entirely dependent on status determination by the government, leads to apprehension amongst housing providers arising from concern that they may not remain in Australia for the duration of the lease. The lack of clarity and certainty owing to their undefined legal status therefore deters housing providers from offering leases to asylum seekers.[54]
Compounding this factor is the exceptionally low income for most asylum seekers, arising from their inability to work legally in Australia (an issue that will be comprehensively discussed below).[54] These low wages limit housing options for asylum seekers and leaves them susceptible to a higher risk of exploitation. Substandard housing conditions clearly follows from this difficulty.[54] One instance in Adelaide found 20 temporary protection visa holders living in a single address, while a service provider in Sydney reported instances where people seeking asylum had been convinced by real estate agents to rent non-residential properties such as warehouses with dividers between the beds.[54]
General issues prevalent across most major cities in Australia in relation to housing are compounded in severity for asylum seekers.[54] Housing affordability for most areas in proximity to city centres has become out of reach for both buyers and renters.[56] In the two largest cities of Sydney and Melbourne, housing availability is an additional strain for renters, with a competitive market leading to some perpetually searching for housing.[56] The impact these general issues have on asylum seekers searching for housing open arrival into Australia is therefore significant and, at times, debilitating, leading to substantial possibility of homelessness throughout these communities.[54]
Income and Work Rights[edit]
Asylum seekers in Australia are precluded from the ability to work until a determination is made on their refugee status.[57] The timeline for status determination varies considerably on a case by case basis. Until the passage of the Migration and Maritime Powers (Resolving the Asylum Legacy Caseload) Act 2015 (Cth), the Commonwealth was required to report the percentage of decisions made within 90 days of lodging their application. From 2013–14, the Department of Immigration and Border Protection made just seven percent of initial decisions within the given timeframe.[58] While more current data is unavailable, it is unlikely that the change of Liberal leadership (and therefore government) from Abbott to Turnbull has raised these rates. This means that it is likely that the overwhelming majority of asylum seekers in Australia are unable to work for well over three months while they wait for status determination.[58]
The lack of ability to work forces asylum seekers in Australia to rely heavily on Centrelink payments.[54] Their capacity to earn is then greatly reduced and there is an identifiable gap in the interstice between application for refugee status and refugee status determination where asylum seekers in Australia are placed into a tenuous financial position.[54]
The bleak outlook on income are working rights so described leads to a direct impact on the mental health of the asylum seeker community.[54] For those asylum seekers that go on to be recognised as legally defined refugees, the labour opportunities are largely seen as a window dressing exercise.[54] The support given is unspecialised, with jobactive largely ignoring the unique difficulties newly recognised refugees possess when searching for and obtaining work.[54]
Procedural Challenges[edit]
The Status Resolution Support Services (SSRS) is the Department of Immigration and Border Protection's replacement for the previous Community Assistance Program (CAP) that is meant to connect migrants and non-citizens with social services.[59] The services are delivered under six different bands that vary dependent upon identity and timeline of asylum.[54] There are issues latent within the SSRS arising from a strict adherence to the band taxonomy that leads to a stringent, and at times problematic, application of the band criteria.[54] There is the additional strain of a high caseworker to client ratio of 1:120, which has largely been viewed as a compromise on quality.
The Code of Behaviour is an agreement asylum seekers sign when arriving in Australia that largely binds them to certain standards of behaviour while awaiting refugee status determination.[60] This has been received by the community as casting a dark shadow for asylum seekers' experience in Australia, with many of the signees feeling that the agreement creates uncertainty and confusion as to which actions may jeopardise their applications.[54] The effect of the Code of Behaviour has deterred refugees from community events out of fear that their participation could contribute to a denial of their applications.[54]
Public debate and politics[edit]
Opinion polls show that boat arrivals have always been an issue of concern to the Australian public, but opposition has increased steadily over the previous four decades, according to a 2013 research paper by the Parliamentary Library.[5]
In 2005, the wrongful incarceration of Cornelia Rau was made public through the Palmer Inquiry, which stimulated concern in the Australian public about the detention of children in remote locations and the potential for resultant long-term psychological harm.[10]
Between 1998 and 2008, the UN Human Rights Committee made adverse findings against Australia in a number of immigration detention cases, concluding that Australia had violated the prohibition on arbitrary detention in Article 9(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.[10][citation needed] The longest-held detainee within the Australian immigration detention system was Peter Qasim, who was detained for six years and ten months.[61]
In March 2012, former Prime Minister Paul Keating said there were "racial undertones" to the debate and that Australia's reputation in Asia was being damaged.[62] In 2013, former Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser described the positions of the major political parties as a "race to the bottom".[63]
In 2003, economist Ross Gittins, a columnist at Fairfax Media, said former Prime Minister John Howard had been "a tricky chap " on immigration, by appearing "tough" on illegal immigration to win support from the working class, while simultaneously winning support from employers with high legal immigration.[64]
In 2016, the UN Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, François Crépeau, criticised Australia's policies of mandatory and off-shore immigration detention. Crépeau claimed that Australia had adopted a "punitive approach" towards migrants who arrived by boat which had served to "erode their human rights".[65]
See also[edit]
Australia portal
Children Overboard affair
Human rights in Australia
Multiculturalism in Australia
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Matt Siegel (19 July 2013). "Australia Adopts Tough Measures to Curb Asylum Seekers". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b John Menadue (8 March 2012). "The Pacific Solution didn't work before and it won't work now". Centre for Policy Development. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Government announces increase in refugee intake". ABC News. 23 August 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Gibney, Matthew J. (2004). The Ethics and Politics of Asylum: Liberal Democracy and the Response to Refugees. Cambridge University Press. p. 166. ISBN 0521009375. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Janet Phillips & Harriet Spinks (5 January 2011). "Boat arrivals in Australia since 1976". Background Notes. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Asylum seekers and refugees What are the facts". Retrieved 3 October 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.news.com.au/world/ten-myths-around-asylum-seekers-arriving-on-boats-in-australian-waters/story-fndir2ev-1226676024840
Jump up ^ Rogers, Simon (2 July 2013). "Australia and asylum seekers: the key facts you need to know". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australia under fire at UN over asylum seeker policies". ABC News. 2015-11-10. Retrieved 2016-12-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Sawer, Marian; Norman Abjorensen; Philip Larkin (2009). Australia: The State of Democracy. Federation Press. pp. 27, 65–67. ISBN 1862877254. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Mares, Peter (2002). Borderline: Australia's Treatment of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the Wake of the Tampa. UNSW Press. pp. 3, 8. ISBN 0868407895. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Mann, Tom (2003). Desert Sorrow: Asylum Seekers at Woomera. Wakefield Press. p. 1. ISBN 1862546231. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ma1958118/s36.html
Jump up ^ "Proposing an Immediate Family Member ('Split Family')". Department of Immigration and Citizenship. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
Jump up ^ https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2016L00679
Jump up ^ "At-a-glance: Who takes the most asylum claims?". SBS. 5 January 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australia's Refugee Response Not The Most Generous But in Top 25" (PDF). Refugee Council of Australia. 19 July 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Refugee Council of Australia. "Australia's Refugee Response Not the Most Generous but in Top 25" (PDF). Retrieved 3 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Australia’s Humanitarian Program: a quick guide to the statistics since 1947, Parliamentary Library of Australia, 17 January 2017, retrieved 27 November 2017
Jump up ^ Boat arrivals and boat ‘turnbacks’ in Australia since 1976: a quick guide to the statistics, Parliamentary Library of Australia, 17 January 2017, retrieved 27 November 2017
Jump up ^ Immigration to Australia During the 20th Century Archived 18 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine.. Department of Immigration and Citizenship. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Brennan, Frank (2007). Tampering with Asylum: A Universal Humanitarian Problem. University of Queensland Press. p. 1. ISBN 0702235814. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c McMaster, Don (2001). Asylum Seekers: Australia's Response to Refugees. Melbourne University Publish. pp. ix, 3. ISBN 052284961X. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Robert Manne (September 2010). "Comment: Asylum Seekers". The Monthly. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Kessels, Ronald; Maritsa Eftimiou (1993). "Effects of incarceration". In Crock, Mary. Protection Or Punishment: The Detention of Asylum Seekers in Australia. Federation Press. pp. 93–94. ISBN 1862871256. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Tampa Crisis". Infobase. Heinemann Interactive. Archived from the original on 21 August 2006. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Election Speeches John Howard, 2001". Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House. 28 October 2001. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Human Rights Law Bulletin Volume 2". Australian Human Rights Commission.
^ Jump up to: a b Phil Mercer (15 August 2012). "Is Australia asylum U-turn a 'better option'?". BBC. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Crock, Mary (2006). Seeking Asylum Alone, Australia: A Study of Australian Law, Policy and Practice Regarding Unaccompanied and Separated Children. Federation Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 1921113014. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Asylum seekers, the facts in figures". Crikey.com.au. 17 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Authorities: Death toll up to 48 in Christmas Island shipwreck
Jump up ^ "Australian Immigration Fact Sheet 60 – Australia's Refugee and Humanitarian Program". Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Malaysia Swap Deal For Asylum Seekers Ruled Unlawful By High Court". The Sydney Morning Herald. 31 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Neil Hume (14 August 2012). "Australia debates offshore asylum centres". Financial Times. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Australia to send asylum-seekers to PNG". BBC. 19 July 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Boat sinking reignites Australia asylum debate". BBC. 25 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Expert Panel on Asylum Seekers: About". Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Australia flies first asylum seekers to Nauru camp". BBC. 14 September 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "First asylum seekers arrive on Manus Island". ABC. 21 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Morrison says no asylum seeker boat arrivals despite reports". ABC. 30 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Bleakley (19 July 2013). "Rudd says no illegal boat arrivals will resettle in Australia". Australian Times. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Oliver Laughland (19 July 2013). "Christine Milne laments 'Australia's day of shame' on asylum". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Anon, 2015. The Fast Track Assessment Process. [pdf] Refugee Council of Australia, p.1. Available at: <http://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Fast-track-Fact-sheet.pdf> [Accessed 31 Jul. 2016].
Jump up ^ Belinda Grant Geary (21 May 2015). "'Nope, Nope, Nope': Tony Abbott's blunt response when asked if Australia would accept hundreds of desperate refugees pictured stranded on rotting boats off Indonesia". Daily Mail Australia. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Migrants and Australia: Why Australia is accepting 12,000 more Syrian migrants". The Economist. 9 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Lenore Taylor; Shalailah Medhora (8 September 2015). "Tony Abbott to confirm Syrian airstrikes as pressure grows over refugees". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e RCOA (July 2016). "Recent Changes in Australian Refugee Policy" (PDF). Refugee Council of Australia.
Jump up ^ "US hits refugee intake cap as Manus Island, Nauru refugees assessed".
^ Jump up to: a b c Refugee Council of Australia, 'State of the Nation: Refugees and People Seeking Asylum in Australia' (2017) Refugee Council of Australia Reports 1.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fact sheet - Australia's Refugee and Humanitarian programme". www.border.gov.au. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
Jump up ^ Migration Act 1958 (Cth) ss 198, 198A
Jump up ^ Migration Act 1958 (Cth), s 198AA
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Refugee Council of Australia (December 2015). "Eroding Our Identity as a Generous Nation: Community Views on Australia's Treatment of People Seeking Asylum" (PDF). RCOA.
Jump up ^ "Temporary Protection visa (subclass 785)". www.border.gov.au. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
^ Jump up to: a b Nicholls, Seth (2014). "Perpetuating the problem: Neoliberalism, Commonwealth public policy and housing affordability in Australia". Australian Journal of Social Issues. 49(3): 329–347 – via EBSCO.
Jump up ^ Matthew.Bretag (2013-04-17). "Tell Me About: Bridging Visas for Asylum Seekers". www.humanrights.gov.au. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
^ Jump up to: a b "Refugee Status Determination in Australia | Factsheet | Kaldor Centre". www.kaldorcentre.unsw.edu.au. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
Jump up ^ "SRSS Programme". www.border.gov.au. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
Jump up ^ Department of Immigration and Border Protection (October 2015). "Code of Behaviour for Subclass 050" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Andra Jackson (5 January 2008). "Our lives are in limbo: former detainees". The Age. Fairfax Digital. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Paul Maley (23 March 2012). "Paul Keating slams 'racist' tone of asylum debate". The Australian. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Malcolm Fraser backs Greens senator". The Sydney Morning Herald. 6 July 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Gittens, R. (20 August 2003). Honest John's migrant twostep. The Age. Retrieved 2 October from http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/08/19/1061261148920.html
Jump up ^ ""Australia's human rights record blemished by punitive approach to migrants" – UN rights expert". www.ohchr.org. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
[hide]
v
t
e
Asylum in Oceania
Sovereign states
Australia
Federated States of Micronesia
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Nauru
New Zealand
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Associated states
of New Zealand
Cook Islands
Niue
Dependencies
and other territories
American Samoa
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Easter Island
French Polynesia
Guam
Hawaii
New Caledonia
Norfolk Island
Northern Mariana Islands
Pitcairn Islands
Tokelau
Wallis and Futuna
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asylum_in_Australia&oldid=836293652"
Categories:
Immigration to Australia
Right of asylum in Australia
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Use Australian English from October 2016
All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English
Use dmy dates from July 2013
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016
Pages with graphs
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
فارسی
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 April 2018, at 21:36.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: b

attrs: href class title

value: sup

values:
/wiki/Displaced_person
mw-redirect
Displaced person

value: p

values:
/wiki/Visa_(document)
mw-redirect
Visa (document)

values:
/wiki/Political_parties_in_Australia
mw-redirect
Political parties in Australia

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Edit section: Refugees and World War II: 1930s

values: Edit section: Vietnamese boat people: 1970s

values:
/wiki/Young_Australian_of_the_Year
mw-redirect
Young Australian of the Year

values:
/wiki/Waterside_Workers_Federation
mw-redirect
Waterside Workers Federation

values: Edit section: Mandatory detention: the 1990s

values: Department of Immigration and Citizenship

values: Edit section: Pacific Solution: 2001–2007

values:
/wiki/Tampa_Affair
mw-redirect
Tampa Affair

values: float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; width:15em; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;

values:
/wiki/Ashmore_Reef
mw-redirect
Ashmore Reef

values: Edit section: End of offshore processing: 2007–2012

values:
/wiki/Malaysian_Solution
mw-redirect
Malaysian Solution

values: Edit section: Offshore processing resumed, PNG solution: 2012–2013

values:
/wiki/Sarah_Hanson_Young
mw-redirect
Sarah Hanson Young

values:
/wiki/Peter_O%E2%80%99Neill
mw-redirect
Peter O’Neill

values:
/wiki/Iraq_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)
mw-redirect
Iraq War (2014–present)

values: Edit section: Closure of Manus Island: 2016

values: Edit section: Contemporary Policy Trends

values: Edit section: Refugees with adverse security assessment

values: Edit section: Visa cancellations and the Border Force Act

values: Edit section: Arrival and Processing in Australia

values: Edit section: Public debate and politics

values:
/wiki/UN_Human_Rights_Committee
mw-redirect
UN Human Rights Committee

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Asylum in the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)

values: Asylum in Kiribati (page does not exist)

values: Asylum in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)

values: Asylum in New Zealand (page does not exist)

values: Asylum in Papua New Guinea (page does not exist)

values: Asylum in the Solomon Islands (page does not exist)

values: Asylum in the Cook Islands (page does not exist)

values: Asylum in American Samoa (page does not exist)

values: Asylum in Christmas Island (page does not exist)

values: Asylum in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)

values: Asylum in Easter Island (page does not exist)

values: Asylum in French Polynesia (page does not exist)

values: Asylum in New Caledonia (page does not exist)

values: Asylum in Norfolk Island (page does not exist)

values: Asylum in the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)

values: Asylum in the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)

values: Asylum in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Use Australian English from October 2016

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Asylum_in_Australia
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: پناهندگی در استرالیا – Persian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Asylum_in_Australia rootpage-Asylum_in_Australia skin-vector action-view