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Fairytale of New York
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This article is about the song. For the novel by J. P. Donleavy, see A Fairy Tale of New York.
"Fairytale of New York"
Single by The Pogues featuring Kirsty MacColl
from the album If I Should Fall from Grace with God
Released
23 November 1987
Format
7" and 12" vinyl, cassette, CD single
Recorded
August 1987 at Rak Studios, London, England
Genre
Celtic rock, Celtic punk, Christmas music
Length
4:33
Label
Pogue Mahone
Songwriter(s)
Jem Finer, Shane MacGowan
Producer(s)
Steve Lillywhite
The Pogues singles chronology
"The Irish Rover"
(1987) "Fairytale of New York"
(1987) "If I Should Fall from Grace with God"
(1988)
"The Irish Rover"
(1987) "Fairytale of New York"
(1987) "If I Should Fall from Grace with God"
(1988)
"Fairytale of New York" is a song written by Jem Finer and Shane MacGowan and first released as a single on 23 November 1987[1] by their band The Pogues, featuring singer-songwriter Kirsty MacColl on vocals. The song was written as a duet, with the Pogues' singer MacGowan taking the role of the male character and MacColl the female character. It is an Irish folk-style ballad, and featured on The Pogues' 1988 album If I Should Fall from Grace with God.
Originally begun in 1985, the song had a troubled two-year development history, undergoing rewrites and aborted attempts at recording, and losing its original female vocalist along the way, before finally being completed in summer 1987. Although the single never reached the coveted UK Christmas number one, being kept at number two on its original release in 1987 by the Pet Shop Boys' cover version of "Always on My Mind", it has proved enduringly popular with both music critics and the public: to date the song has reached the UK Top 20 on fourteen separate occasions since its original release in 1987, including every year since 2005, and was certified double platinum in the UK in 2016.[2] As of September 2017 the song has sold 1,217,112 copies in the UK, with an additional 249,626 streaming equivalent sales, for a total of 1,466,737 combined sales.[3] In the UK it is the most-played Christmas song of the 21st century.[4] "Fairytale of New York" has been cited as the best Christmas song of all time in various television, radio and magazine related polls in the UK and Ireland.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and song development
2 Recording
3 Composition
4 Music video
5 Lyrical controversy
6 Releases and promotion
7 Legacy
8 Track listings
8.1 1987 original release
8.2 1991 reissue
8.3 2005 reissue
8.4 2012 reissue
9 Charts
9.1 Weekly charts
9.2 Year end charts
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Background and song development[edit]
Although there is agreement among the band that "Fairytale of New York" was first written in 1985, the origins of the song are disputed: MacGowan insisted that it arose as a result of a wager made by The Pogues' producer at the time, Elvis Costello, that the band would not be able to write a Christmas hit single; The Pogues' manager Frank Murray has stated that it was originally his idea that the band should try and write a Christmas song as he thought it would be "interesting".[6][7] It was banjo player Finer who came up with the melody and the original concept for the song, which involved a sailor looking out over the ocean.[7] Finer's wife Marcia did not like the original story, and suggested new lyrics regarding a conversation between a couple at Christmas. Finer told NME, "I had written two songs complete with tunes, one had a good tune and crap lyrics, the other had the idea for 'Fairytale' but the tune was poxy, I gave them both to Shane and he gave it a Broadway melody, and there it was".[8]
The song's title, the musical structure and its lyrical theme of a couple's conversation were in place by the end of 1985, and were described by MacGowan in an interview with Melody Maker in its 1985 Christmas issue:
"I sat down, opened the sherry, got the peanuts out and pretended it was Christmas. It's even called 'A Fairy Tale of New York', it's quite sloppy, more like 'A Pair of Brown Eyes' than 'Sally MacLennane', but there's also a céilidh bit in the middle which you can definitely dance to. Like a country and Irish ballad, but one you can do a brisk waltz to, especially when you've got about three of these [drinks] inside you... But the song itself is quite depressing in the end, it's about these old Irish-American Broadway stars who are sitting round at Christmas talking about whether things are going okay."[9]
MacGowan had decided to name the song after J. P. Donleavy's 1973 novel A Fairy Tale of New York, which Finer was reading at the time and had left lying around the recording studio.[7][10] In the same Melody Maker interview MacGowan expressed regret that the song had not been completed in time to be released for Christmas that year, and hinted that the track would appear on an EP that The Pogues were due to record shortly. In January 1986 the group recorded the song during the sessions with Costello that would produce the Poguetry in Motion EP, with bass player Cait O'Riordan singing the female part.[11] Costello suggested naming the song "Christmas Eve in the Drunk Tank", after the song's opening lines: the band were scornful of the suggestion, with MacGowan pointing out to Costello that a song with such a title was unlikely to be favourably received and played by radio stations.[6] The majority of the lyrics had been written while MacGowan was recovering in a bed in Malmö after being struck down with double pneumonia during a Pogues tour of Scandinavia in late 1985 – he later said, "you get a lot of delirium and stuff, so I got quite a few good images out of that".[6] However, despite several attempts at recording it, the group were unhappy with the results and the song was temporarily put aside, to be returned to at a later date. Guitarist Philip Chevron later said, "It was not quite there. It needed to have a full-on, confident performance from the band, which it lacked." The producer of the final version, Steve Lillywhite, diplomatically described the version recorded with O'Riordan's vocals as not "fully realised".[7] Extracts from these earlier versions can be heard on the 2008 box set Just Look Them Straight in the Eye and Say... POGUEMAHONE!!.
In March 1986 The Pogues toured the US for the first time. The opening date of the tour was in New York City, a place which had long fascinated MacGowan and which inspired him to write new lyrics for the song.[7] Among the members of the city's Irish-American community who saw the show and visited the band backstage after the concert were film-maker Peter Dougherty and actor Matt Dillon: both would later become friends with The Pogues and play important roles in the video for "Fairytale of New York". Another inspiration was Sergio Leone's film Once Upon a Time in America, which MacGowan and whistle player Spider Stacy would watch over and over again in the tour bus. Apart from shaping the ideas for the lyrics, MacGowan wrote a slow, piano-based introduction to "Fairytale of New York" influenced by the film's score by Ennio Morricone: the intro would later be edited together with the more upbeat original melody to create the final song.[6]
As 1986 went on, however, The Pogues encountered various problems that brought a halt to their recording activity. Their record label Stiff ran into financial difficulties and went into administration, although as the label still owned the rights to The Pogues' recordings this meant that a distribution deal had to be negotiated in order to release any new Pogues material. The group's deteriorating relationship with Costello saw them part ways with their producer, and after increasingly erratic behaviour Cait O'Riordan, who had become romantically involved with Costello, left the band in October 1986. The departure of O'Riordan meant the song had now lost its intended female singer.
Recording[edit]
With the problems at Stiff resolved, The Pogues were finally able to enter a recording studio again in early 1987 to start work on their third album, now with Steve Lillywhite producing. A new demo of "Fairytale of New York" was recorded at London's Abbey Road Studios in March 1987, with MacGowan singing both the male and female roles. However, it was not until the third set of recording sessions in August 1987 in nearby RAK Studios that it was suggested that Lillywhite take the track back to his home studio and let his wife Kirsty MacColl lay down a new guide vocal for the song. Having worked on her vocals meticulously, Lillywhite brought the recording back to the studio where the Pogues were impressed with MacColl's singing and realised she would be the ideal voice for the female character in the song.[6][12] MacGowan later said, "Kirsty knew exactly the right measure of viciousness and femininity and romance to put into it and she had a very strong character and it came across in a big way... In operas, if you have a double aria, it's what the woman does that really matters. The man lies, the woman tells the truth."[13] MacGowan re-recorded his vocals alongside the tape of MacColl's contribution (the duo never recorded the song together in the studio) and the song was duly completed with the addition of a harp played by Siobhan Sheahan and a horns and string section. The French horns and strings were recorded at Townhouse Studios on the last day of recording If I Should Fall from Grace with God, arranged by Fiachra Trench after Fearnley had mocked up an arrangement on a keyboard.[14]
Composition[edit]
The song follows an Irish immigrant's Christmas Eve reverie about holidays past while sleeping off a binge in a New York City drunk tank. When an inebriated old man also in the cell sings a passage from the Irish ballad "The Rare Old Mountain Dew", the narrator (MacGowan) begins to dream about the song's female character. The remainder of the song (which may be an internal monologue) takes the form of a call and response between the couple, their youthful hopes crushed by alcoholism and drug addiction, as they reminisce and bicker on Christmas Eve.[10]
MacColl's melodious singing contrasts with the harshness of MacGowan's voice, and the lyrics are sometimes bittersweet—sometimes purely bitter: "Happy Christmas your arse/I pray God it's our last". The lyrics "Sinatra was swinging" and "cars as big as bars" seem to place the song in the late 1940s,[10] although the music video clearly depicts what was then present-day 1980s New York.
Music video[edit]
The video for the song was directed by Peter Dougherty and filmed in New York during a bitterly cold Thanksgiving week in November 1987.[7] The video opens with MacGowan sitting at a piano as if playing the song's opening refrain: however, as MacGowan could not play the instrument, the close-up shot of "his" hands actually features the hands of the band's pianist James Fearnley wearing MacGowan's rings on his fingers. Fearnley found the experience "humiliating" but conceded that it did look better in the video to show MacGowan seated at the piano.[10]
Part of the video was filmed inside a real police station on the Lower East Side. Matt Dillon plays a police officer who "arrests" MacGowan and takes him to the cells.[10] Dillon recalled that he had been afraid to handle his friend roughly, and had to be ordered by Dougherty and MacGowan to use force. MacGowan and the rest of the band were drinking throughout the shoot, and the police became concerned about their increasingly rowdy behaviour in the cells. Dillon, who was sober, had to intervene and reassure the police that there would be no problems.[6]
The chorus of the song includes the line "The boys of the NYPD choir still singing 'Galway Bay'". In reality the NYPD (New York City Police Department) does not have a choir, the closest thing being the Pipes and Drums of the NYPD's Emerald Society that is featured in the video for the song. The NYPD Pipes and Drums did not know "Galway Bay" and so sang a song that all of them knew the words to – the "Mickey Mouse March", the theme tune for The Mickey Mouse Club television series.[6][15] The footage was then slowed down and shown in brief sections to disguise the fact the Pipes and Drums were singing a different song.[10] Murray recalled that the Pipes and Drums had been drinking on the coach that brought them to the video shoot, and by the time they arrived they were more drunk than the band, refusing to work unless they were supplied with more alcohol.[6]
Lyrical controversy[edit]
The song attracted attention from the start due to some of the language used in its second verse, where MacGowan's character refers to MacColl's character as "an old slut on junk" (heroin), and MacColl responds with a tirade that includes the words "faggot" and "arse".
When the song was performed on Top Of The Pops on its initial release, it was customary for acts to mime to the studio track. The BBC insisted that MacColl's singing of "arse" be replaced with the less offensive "ass", (although as she mimed the word, MacColl slapped the relevant part of her body). The subsequent pronunciation of "last" was also changed to rhyme.
Upon the song's 1991 release, MacColl changed the lyrics during a live performance on Top Of The Pops in January 1992 to, "You're cheap and you're haggard."
When Katie Melua performed the song with The Pogues on CD:UK in December 2005, ITV censored her singing the word "arse", yet left in "faggot" despite the word being generally deemed more offensive by this time.
Wikinews has related news: BBC Radio 1 reverses "faggot" ruling hours after initial ban
On 18 December 2007, shortly after increased media sensitivity of offensive-perceived content in the aftermath of the Russell Brand Show prank telephone calls row, BBC Radio 1 edited the words "faggot" and "slut" from the track to "avoid offence". MacColl's mother, Jean, called the ban "too ridiculous", while The Pogues said they found it "amusing" (despite MacColl herself having previously changed the lyrics to, "You're cheap and you're haggard" in live performances in the nineties when the term became more widely accepted as offensive). The BBC said, "We are playing an edited version because some members of the audience might find it offensive".[16] Later that evening Radio 1 backed down and said that after a day of criticism from listeners, the band, and MacColl's mother, they had reversed the decision.[17] The unedited version was then played later on that day. Other BBC radio stations, including the traditionally more conservative Radio 2, had continued to play the original version throughout this period, the ban having applied to Radio 1 only. The MTV channels in the UK also removed and scrambled the words "slut", "faggot" and "arse" from the song.
In his Christmas podcast, musical comedian Mitch Benn commented that "faggot" was Irish and Liverpudlian slang for a lazy person, and was unrelated to the derogatory term for homosexuals,[18] although "faggot" is used as an insult for gay men in Ireland.[19]
Releases and promotion[edit]
The song was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland in November 1987 and swiftly became a hit, spending five weeks at Number 1 in the Irish charts. On 17 December 1987, The Pogues and MacColl performed the song on the BBC's popular television show Top of the Pops, and it was propelled to number two on the official UK Top 75.
Although the song finished 1987 as the 48th best seller of the year despite only a single month's sales, it was denied the UK Christmas number one by the Pet Shop Boys' cover of "Always on My Mind". MacGowan is said to have commented on this in his typically forthright manner, "We were beaten by two queens and a drum machine".[20] MacColl later said that she did not feel they were really in competition with the Pet Shop Boys as they were doing a completely different kind of music.
The song was re-released by The Pogues in the UK in 1991 (reaching #36), and again in the UK and Ireland for Christmas 2005,[21] reaching number three in the UK. All proceeds from the latter release were donated towards a mixture of homeless charities and Justice for Kirsty, a campaign to find out the truth behind MacColl's death in 2000. Due to the eligibility of downloads to chart even without a physical release, coupled with a more recent further boost from streaming data, the song has re-entered the Top 75 every December since 2005. It has now made the Top 20 on fourteen separate occasions including thirteen times in successive years, and the Top 10 on five separate occasions including three times in successive years, feats that no other single can match. Its fifteen visits to the chart now total 80 weeks on the official UK Top 75 (as at w/e 14 December 2017), making it the 5th most charted song of all time. In late 2012 it was declared a UK million-seller.[22]
On 22 December 2005, The Pogues performed the song on a Friday Night with Jonathan Ross Christmas special on BBC One in the UK, with the female vocals taken by singer Katie Melua.[7]
Legacy[edit]
"When I first read 'Fairytale of New York' and heard it played I really wished I'd written it. I still do. It's a classic."
—Kirsty MacColl on the song's lasting legacy, May 1988[23]
Fairytale of New York was announced as Britain's "favourite Christmas song" in a 90-minute special on ITV on 22 December 2012, following a nationwide survey of ITV viewers, despite not being a Christmas song, merely set at Christmas. In the UK it is the most-played Christmas song of the 21st Century.[4] The song has featured in many UK-based surveys and polls:
Number 1 in the VH1 greatest Christmas song chart three years running, in 2004,[24] 2005,[25] and 2006
Number 11 in Channel 4's 100 Greatest Christmas Moments
Number 27 on VH1's Greatest Songs Never to Make Number One
Number 23 on VH1's greatest lyrics
Number 29 on 4Music's Noddy Holder's Big Christmas 50
Number 83 in Q Magazine's 100 Greatest Ever Songs*
Number 84 on BBC Radio 2's top 100 greatest songs of all time poll
Number 204 in NMEs 500 Greatest Songs of All Time
The Hits music channel rated "Fairytale of New York" number one in "The Nation's Favourite Christmas Song" countdown
In December 2008 The Music Factory UK did a poll which found that the song was the favourite Christmas song.[26]
Number 1 song of the 1980s by voters of The Radcliffe & Maconie show on BBC Radio 2 & BBC Four's Pop On Trial season in January 2008
The UK's second-favourite single to have missed the number 1 slot[27]
The "tragicomic tale of love gone sour and shattered dreams" was the subject of BBC Radio 4's Soul Music series on 22 December 2015, with a repeat on the same station on 26 December 2015 and then on the BBC iPlayer. Among those appearing in the programme were The Pogues' pianist James Fearnley — who tells how "the song started off as a transatlantic love story between an Irish seafarer missing his girl at Christmas before becoming the bittersweet reminiscences of the Irish immigrant down on his luck in the Big Apple" — and Irish Gaelic footballer Alisha Jordan, who was inspired by the song's words to recover and to not be overcome by facial injuries she received when a stranger attacked her in a New York City street.[28]
The song is the only Christmas song to ever appear on the main Now That's What I Call Music compilation series, appearing as the last track on Now 10.
Track listings[edit]
1987 original release[edit]
7" single
"Fairytale of New York" (Jem Finer, Shane MacGowan) – 4:33
"The Battle March Medley" (Terry Woods) – 4:07
12", cassette and CD single
"Fairytale of New York" (Finer, MacGowan) – 4:33
"The Battle March Medley" (Terry Woods) – 4:07
"Shanne Bradley" (MacGowan) – 3:38
Note: Shanne Bradley was one of MacGowan's bandmates in his previous group The Nips.
1991 reissue[edit]
7" and cassette single
"Fairytale of New York" (Finer, MacGowan) – 4:33
"Fiesta" (Finer, MacGowan) – 4:33
12" and CD single
"Fairytale of New York" (Finer, MacGowan) – 4:33
"A Pair of Brown Eyes" (Live) (MacGowan) – 3:40
"The Sick Bed of Cúchulainn" (Live) (MacGowan) – 3:16
"Maggie May" (Live) (Rod Stewart, Martin Quittenton) – 4:23
Live tracks recorded at Barrowland Ballroom, Glasgow, 1987
2005 reissue[edit]
7" single
"Fairytale of New York" (Finer, MacGowan) – 4:33
"The Battle March Medley" (Woods) – 4:07
CD single
"Fairytale of New York" (Finer, MacGowan) – 4:33
"Fairytale of New York" (instrumental) (Finer, MacGowan) – 4:33
2012 reissue[edit]
7" single
"Fairytale of New York" (Finer, MacGowan) – 4:33
"Fairytale of New York" (instrumental) (Finer, MacGowan) – 4:33
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1987)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[29] 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[30] 2
Chart (1988)
Peak
position
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[31] 5
Chart (1991)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[29] 10
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[30] 36
Chart (2005)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[29] 3
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[30] 3
Chart (2006)
Peak
position
Norway (VG-lista)[32] 18
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[30] 6
Chart (2007)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[29] 3
Norway (VG-lista)[32] 9
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[33] 24
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[30] 4
Chart (2008)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[29] 8
Norway (VG-lista)[32] 15
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[33] 38
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[30] 12
Chart (2009)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[29] 13
Norway (VG-lista)[32] 12
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[30] 12
Chart (2010)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[29] 11
Norway (VG-lista)[32] 15
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[33] 16
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[30] 17
Chart (2011)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[29] 7
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[31] 34
Norway (VG-lista)[32] 17
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[33] 28
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[30] 13
Chart (2012)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[29] 9
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[31] 37
Norway (VG-lista)[32] 13
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[33] 22
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[30] 12
Chart (2013)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[29] 8
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[31] 27
Slovenia (SloTop50)[34] 45
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[33] 20
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[30] 14
Chart (2014)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[29] 10
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[31] 31
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[33] 25
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[30] 11
Chart (2015)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[29] 6
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[33] 26
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[30] 13
Chart (2016)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[29] 6
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[35] 16
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[30] 15
Chart (2017)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[36] 2
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[37] 22
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[38] 14
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[39] 5
Year end charts[edit]
Chart (1987)
Position
UK Singles[40] 48
Chart (2005)
Position
UK Singles[41] 73
Chart (2006)
Position
UK Singles[42] 126
Chart (2007)
Position
UK Singles[43] 89
Chart (2008)
Position
UK Singles[44] 106
Chart (2009)
Position
UK Singles[45] 191
Chart (2010)
Position
UK Singles[46] 196
Chart (2011)
Position
UK Singles[47] 179
Chart (2012)
Position
UK Singles[48] 178
See also[edit]
List of songs about New York City
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "none". Melody Maker. London, England: IPC Media: 3. 21 November 1987.
Jump up ^ "BPI certified awards searchable database". Archived from the original on 17 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Copsey, Rob (19 September 2017). "The UK's Official Chart 'millionaires' revealed". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fairytale Of New York is true sound of Christmas". The Telegraph. Retrieved 22 September 2014
Jump up ^ "Pogues track wins Christmas poll". BBC News. 16 December 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Mattingly, Nick (producer) (19 December 2005). "The Story of... Fairytale of New York". BBC Three. Missing or empty |series= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Gilbert, Pat (August 2008). "20 Greatest Duets". Q. London, England: Bauer Media Group (265): 106–09.
Jump up ^ Martin, Gavin (2 January 1988). "Once Upon a Time in the West". NME. London, England: IPC Media: 22–23 & 31.
Jump up ^ McIlhenney, Barry (21–28 December 1985). "All I Want for Christmas Is My Two Front Teeth". Melody Maker. London, England: IPC Media: 14–15.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Lynskey, Dorian (6 December 2012). "Fairytale of New York: the story behind The Pogues' classic Christmas anthem". The Guardian. London, England: Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Fearnley, James (2012). Here Comes Everybody: The Story of the Pogues. London, England: Faber and Faber. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-571-25397-5.
Jump up ^ Connor, Alan (21 December 2007). "Smashed Hits: Fairytale of a fairytale". BBC News. Archived from the original on 24 December 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Scanlon, Ann (September 2004). "Culture Soul Rebels". Mojo. London, England: EMAP (130): 76–82.
Jump up ^ Buskin, Richard (December 2008). "Classic Tracks: The Pogues – "Fairytale of New York"". Sound on Sound. Cambridge, England: SOS Publications: 66–73.
Jump up ^ "The anti-dote to schmaltzy Christmas videos". Irish Music Daily. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Radio 1 censors Pogues' Fairytale". BBC News. 18 December 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Radio 1 backs down in Pogues row". BBC News. 18 December 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Mitch Benn Christmas Podcast". Mitchbenn.com. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Do you find the term ****** offensive". Boards.ie.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Jerome (19 December 2007). "BBC backs down on plan to censor 'Fairytale of New York'". The Independent. London, England: Independent Print Ltd. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Entertainment Wise, 1 November 2005. The Pogues Re-release 'Fairytale of New York'. Retrieved 17 November 2005.
Jump up ^ Willcock, David (31 December 2012). "Sales of the Pogues' 'Fairytale Of New York' reach 1 million 25 years after release". The Independent. London, England: Independent Print Ltd. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Deevoy, Adrian (May 1988). "'Til death us do part". Q. London, England: EMAP (20): 34–40.
Jump up ^ "Pogues track wins Christmas poll". BBC News. 16 December 2004. Retrieved 17 November 2005.
Jump up ^ "Fairytale still the festive pick". BBC News. 15 December 2005. Retrieved 19 December 2005.
Jump up ^ MTV UK: Nation's Favourite Christmas Song Results Archived 19 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Ultravox's Vienna tops 'number two' poll". BBC News. 1 January 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Fairytale of New York, BBC website, undated.Retrieved: 8 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Pogues featuring Kirsty MacColl". Irish Singles Chart.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Pogues featuring Kirsty MacColl: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Charts.org.nz – The Pogues – Fairytale of New York". Top 40 Singles.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Norwegiancharts.com – The Pogues – Fairytale of New York". VG-lista.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Swedishcharts.com – The Pogues – Fairytale of New York". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "SloTop50: Slovenian official singles weekly chart" (in Slovenian). SloTop50. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sverigetopplistan - Sveriges Officiella Topplista". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "IRMA – Irish Charts". Irish Recorded Music Association. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "NZ Top 40 Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. 1 January 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sverigetopplistan – Sveriges Officiella Topplista". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pogues: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Singles". Music Week. London, England: Morgan-Grampian Publications.
Jump up ^ "Charts Plus Year end 2005" (PDF). UK Charts Plus. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Charts Plus Year end 2006" (PDF). UK Charts Plus. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Charts Plus Year end 2007" (PDF). UK Charts Plus. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Charts Plus Year end 2008" (PDF). UK Charts Plus. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Charts Plus Year end 2009" (PDF). UK Charts Plus. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Charts Plus Year end 2010" (PDF). UK Charts Plus. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Charts Plus Year end 2011" (PDF). UK Charts Plus. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Charts Plus Year end 2012" (PDF). UK Charts Plus. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
External links[edit]
Guardian article on "Fairytale of New York", December 2012
"BBC article on Fairytale". BBC News. 21 December 2007.
Fairytale of New York lyrics – The Pogues' discography
"Sold on Song" article – BBC Radio 2
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
The Pogues
Spider Stacy
Jem Finer
James Fearnley
Shane MacGowan
Andrew Ranken
Darryl Hunt
Terry Woods
Cait O'Riordan
Philip Chevron
Joe Strummer
Dave Coulter
James McNally
Jamie Clarke
Studio albums
Red Roses for Me
Rum Sodomy & the Lash
If I Should Fall from Grace with God
Peace and Love
Hell's Ditch
Waiting for Herb
Pogue Mahone
EPs
Poguetry in Motion
Yeah Yeah Yeah Yeah Yeah
Compilations
Essential Pogues
The Best of The Pogues
The Very Best of The Pogues
Singles
"Dark Streets of London"
"A Pair of Brown Eyes"
"Sally MacLennane"
"Dirty Old Town"
"Haunted"
"The Irish Rover"
"Fairytale of New York"
"If I Should Fall from Grace with God"
"Fiesta"
"Yeah Yeah Yeah Yeah Yeah"
"Misty Morning, Albert Bridge"
"Summer in Siam"
"Jack's Heroes"
"Sunny Side of the Street"
"A Rainy Night in Soho"
"Honky Tonk Women"
"Tuesday Morning"
"Once Upon a Time"
Other songs
"And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda"
"The Auld Triangle"
"Greenland Whale Fisheries"
"I'm a Man You Don't Meet Every Day"
"Jesse James"
"Maggie May"
"Mountain Dew"
"The Parting Glass"
"Poor Paddy"
"South Australia"
"Streets of Sorrow/Birmingham Six"
"Thousands Are Sailing"
"Waxie's Dargle"
"When the Ship Comes In"
"Worms"
Related articles
Discography
Songs
[show]
v
t
e
Kirsty MacColl
Studio albums
Desperate Character
Kirsty MacColl
Kite
Electric Landlady
Titanic Days
Tropical Brainstorm
Compilations
Galore
Notable singles
"They Don't Know"
"Keep Your Hands Off My Baby"
"There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis"
"You Still Believe in Me"
"Terry"
"A New England"
"Days"
"Don't Come The Cowboy With Me Sonny Jim!"
"Walking Down Madison"
"Soho Square"
With The Pogues
"Fairytale of New York"
Related articles
Ewan MacColl
Steve Lillywhite
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fairytale_of_New_York&oldid=820454879"
Categories:
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The Pogues songs
Vocal duets
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HTML5
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2017)
HTML5
(HyperText Markup Language)
Filename extension
.html
Internet media type
text/html
Type code
TEXT
Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)
public.html[1]
Initial release
28 October 2014
(3 years ago) (2014-10-28)[2]
Extended to
XHTML5 (XML-serialized HTML5)
Standard
HTML Specification
Open format?
Yes
XHTML5
(XHTML Syntax of HTML5)
Filename extension
.xhtml, .html
Internet media type
application/xml, application/xhtml+xml
Developed by
World Wide Web Consortium and WHATWG
Type of format
Markup language
Extended from
XML, HTML5
Standard
HTML Specification: XHTML Syntax
Open format?
Yes
HTML
HTML
Dynamic HTML
HTML5
audio
canvas
video
XHTML
Basic
Mobile Profile
C-HTML
HTML element
span and div
HTML attribute
HTML frame
HTML editor
Character encodings
Unicode
Language code
Document Object Model
Browser Object Model
Style sheets
CSS
Font family
Web colors
HTML scripting
JavaScript
WebGL
WebCL
W3C
Validator
WHATWG
Quirks mode
Web storage
Rendering engine
Comparisons
Document markup languages
HTML support
XHTML
1.1
v
t
e
HTML5[a] is a markup language used for structuring and presenting content on the World Wide Web. It is the fifth and current major version of the HTML standard.
It was published in October 2014 by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)[2][4] to improve the language with support for the latest multimedia, while keeping it both easily readable by humans and consistently understood by computers and devices such as web browsers, parsers, etc. HTML5 is intended to subsume not only HTML 4, but also XHTML 1 and DOM Level 2 HTML.[5]
HTML5 includes detailed processing models to encourage more interoperable implementations; it extends, improves and rationalizes the markup available for documents, and introduces markup and application programming interfaces (APIs) for complex web applications.[6] For the same reasons, HTML5 is also a candidate for cross-platform mobile applications, because it includes features designed with low-powered devices in mind.
Many new syntactic features are included. To natively include and handle multimedia and graphical content, the new <video>, <audio> and <canvas> elements were added, and support for scalable vector graphics (SVG) content and MathML for mathematical formulas. To enrich the semantic content of documents, new page structure elements such as <main>, <section>, <article>, <header>, <footer>, <aside>, <nav> and <figure>, are added. New attributes are introduced, some elements and attributes have been removed, and others such as <a>, <cite> and <menu> have been changed, redefined or standardized.
The APIs and Document Object Model (DOM) are now fundamental parts of the HTML5 specification[6] and HTML5 also better defines the processing for any invalid documents.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 "Thoughts on Flash"
1.2 Last call, candidacy, and recommendation stages
1.3 Timeline
2 Features and APIs
3 Features
3.1 Markup
3.2 New APIs
3.3 XHTML5 (XML-serialized HTML5)
3.4 Error handling
3.5 Popularity
3.6 Differences from HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.x
4 Logo
5 Digital rights management
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
The Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG) began work on the new standard in 2004. At that time, HTML 4.01 had not been updated since 2000,[8] and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was focusing future developments on XHTML 2.0. In 2009, the W3C allowed the XHTML 2.0 Working Group's charter to expire and decided not to renew it.[9] W3C and WHATWG are currently working together on the development of HTML5.[9]
The Mozilla Foundation and Opera Software presented a position paper at a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) workshop in June 2004,[10] focusing on developing technologies that are backward compatible with existing browsers,[11] including an initial draft specification of Web Forms 2.0. The workshop concluded with a vote—8 for, 14 against—for continuing work on HTML.[12] Immediately after the workshop, WHATWG was formed to start work based upon that position paper, and a second draft, Web Applications 1.0, was also announced.[13] The two specifications were later merged to form HTML5.[14] The HTML5 specification was adopted as the starting point of the work of the new HTML working group of the W3C in 2007.
WHATWG published the First Public Working Draft of the specification on 22 January 2008.[15]
"Thoughts on Flash"[edit]
While some features of HTML5 are often compared to Adobe Flash, the two technologies are very different. Both include features for playing audio and video within web pages, and for using Scalable Vector Graphics. However, HTML5 on its own cannot be used for animation or interactivity – it must be supplemented with CSS3 or JavaScript. There are many Flash capabilities that have no direct counterpart in HTML5 (see Comparison of HTML5 and Flash). HTML5's interactive capabilities became a topic of mainstream media attention around April 2010[16][17][18][19] after Apple Inc.'s then-CEO Steve Jobs issued a public letter titled "Thoughts on Flash" in which he concluded that "Flash is no longer necessary to watch video or consume any kind of web content" and that "new open standards created in the mobile era, such as HTML5, will win".[20] This sparked a debate in web development circles suggesting that, while HTML5 provides enhanced functionality, developers must consider the varying browser support of the different parts of the standard as well as other functionality differences between HTML5 and Flash.[21] In early November 2011, Adobe announced that it would discontinue development of Flash for mobile devices and reorient its efforts in developing tools using HTML5.[22] On July 25, 2017, Adobe announced that both the distribution and support of Flash will cease by the end of 2020.[23]
Last call, candidacy, and recommendation stages[edit]
On 14 February 2011, the W3C extended the charter of its HTML Working Group with clear milestones for HTML5. In May 2011, the working group advanced HTML5 to "Last Call", an invitation to communities inside and outside W3C to confirm the technical soundness of the specification. The W3C developed a comprehensive test suite to achieve broad interoperability for the full specification by 2014, which was the target date for recommendation.[24] In January 2011, the WHATWG renamed its "HTML5" living standard to "HTML". The W3C nevertheless continued its project to release HTML5.[25]
In July 2012, WHATWG and W3C decided on a degree of separation. W3C will continue the HTML5 specification work, focusing on a single definitive standard, which is considered as a "snapshot" by WHATWG. The WHATWG organization will continue its work with HTML5 as a "Living Standard". The concept of a living standard is that it is never complete and is always being updated and improved. New features can be added but functionality will not be removed.[26]
In December 2012, W3C designated HTML5 as a Candidate Recommendation.[27] The criterion for advancement to W3C Recommendation is "two 100% complete and fully interoperable implementations".[28]
On 16 September 2014, W3C moved HTML5 to Proposed Recommendation.[29]
On 28 October 2014, HTML5 was released as a W3C Recommendation,[30] bringing the specification process to completion.[2]
On 1 November 2016, HTML 5.1 was released as a W3C Recommendation.[31].
On 14 December 2017, HTML 5.2 was released as a W3C Recommendation.[32].
Timeline[edit]
The combined timelines for HTML 5.0, HTML 5.1 and HTML 5.2:
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
HTML 5.0 Candidate Rec Call for Review Recommendation
HTML 5.1 1st Working Draft Last Call Candidate Recommendation Recommendation
HTML 5.2[33] 1st Working Draft Candidate Recommendation Recommendation
HTML 5.3[34] Editor’s Draft
Features and APIs[edit]
The W3C proposed a greater reliance on modularity as a key part of the plan to make faster progress, meaning identifying specific features, either proposed or already existing in the spec, and advancing them as separate specifications. Some technologies that were originally defined in HTML5 itself are now defined in separate specifications:
HTML Working Group – HTML Canvas 2D Context;
Web Apps Working Group – Web Messaging, Web workers, Web storage, WebSocket, Server-sent events, Web Components[35] (this was not part of HTML5 though); Note that the Web Applications Working Group was closed in October 2015 and its deliverables transferred to the Web Platform Working Group (WPWG).
IETF HyBi Working Group – WebSocket Protocol;
WebRTC Working Group – WebRTC;
Web Media Text Tracks Community Group – WebVTT.
After the standardization of the HTML5 specification in October 2014,[36] the core vocabulary and features are being extended in four ways.[37] Likewise, some features that were removed from the original HTML5 specification have been standardized separately as modules, such as Microdata and Canvas. Technical specifications introduced as HTML5 extensions such as Polyglot Markup have also been standardized as modules. Some W3C specifications that were originally separate specifications have been adapted as HTML5 extensions or features, such as SVG. Some features that might have slowed down the standardization of HTML5 will be standardized as upcoming specifications, instead. HTML 5.1 is expected to be finalized in 2016, and it is currently on the standardization track at the W3C.
Features[edit]
Markup[edit]
HTML5 introduces elements and attributes that reflect typical usage on modern websites. Some of them are semantic replacements for common uses of generic block (<div>) and inline (<span>) elements, for example <nav> (website navigation block), <footer> (usually referring to bottom of web page or to last lines of HTML code), or <audio> and <video> instead of <object>.[38][39][40] Some deprecated elements from HTML 4.01 have been dropped, including purely presentational elements such as <font> and <center>, whose effects have long been superseded by the more capable Cascading Style Sheets.[41] There is also a renewed emphasis on the importance of DOM scripting (e.g., JavaScript) in Web behavior.
The HTML5 syntax is no longer based on SGML[42][43] despite the similarity of its markup. It has, however, been designed to be backward compatible with common parsing of older versions of HTML. It comes with a new introductory line that looks like an SGML document type declaration, <!DOCTYPE html>, which triggers the standards-compliant rendering mode.[44] Since 5 January 2009, HTML5 also includes Web Forms 2.0, a previously separate WHATWG specification.[45][46]
New APIs[edit]
HTML5 related APIs[47]
In addition to specifying markup, HTML5 specifies scripting application programming interfaces (APIs) that can be used with JavaScript.[48] Existing Document Object Model (DOM) interfaces are extended and de facto features documented. There are also new APIs, such as:
Canvas;[49]
Timed Media Playback;[50]
Offline;[51]
Editable content;[52]
Drag and drop;[53]
History;[54]
MIME type and protocol handler registration;[55][56]
Microdata;[57]
Web Messaging;[58]
Web Storage – a key-value pair storage framework that provides behaviour similar to cookies but with larger storage capacity and improved API.[59]
Not all of the above technologies are included in the W3C HTML5 specification, though they are in the WHATWG HTML specification.[60] Some related technologies, which are not part of either the W3C HTML5 or the WHATWG HTML specification, are as follows. The W3C publishes specifications for these separately:
Geolocation;
IndexedDB – an indexed hierarchical key-value store (formerly WebSimpleDB);[61]
File[62] – an API intended to handle file uploads and file manipulation;[63]
Directories and System – an API intended to satisfy client-side-storage use cases not well served by databases;[64]
File Writer – an API for writing to files from web applications;[65]
Web Audio[66] – a high-level JavaScript API for processing and synthesizing audio in web applications;
ClassList.[67]
Web cryptography API[68]
WebRTC[69]
Web SQL Database – a local SQL Database (no longer maintained);[70]
HTML5 cannot provide animation within web pages. Additional JavaScript or CSS3 is necessary for animating HTML elements. Animation is also possible using JavaScript and HTML 4[71][not in citation given], and within SVG elements through SMIL, although browser support of the latter remains uneven as of 2011.
XHTML5 (XML-serialized HTML5)[edit]
XML documents must be served with an XML Internet media type (often called "MIME type") such as application/xhtml+xml or application/xml,[48] and must conform to strict, well-formed syntax of XML. XHTML5 is simply XML-serialized HTML5 data (e.g. not having any unclosed tags), sent with one of XML media types. HTML that has been written to conform to both the HTML and XHTML specifications and which will therefore produce the same DOM tree whether parsed as HTML or XML is known as Polyglot markup[72]
Error handling[edit]
This article possibly contains inappropriate or misinterpreted citations that do not verify the text. Please help improve this article by checking for citation inaccuracies. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
HTML5 is designed so that old browsers can safely ignore new HTML5 constructs.[6] In contrast to HTML 4.01, the HTML5 specification gives detailed rules for lexing and parsing, with the intent that compliant browsers will produce the same results when parsing incorrect syntax.[73] Although HTML5 now defines a consistent behavior for "tag soup" documents, those documents are not regarded as conforming to the HTML5 standard.[73]
Popularity[edit]
According to a report released on 30 September 2011, 34 of the world's top 100 Web sites were using HTML5 – the adoption led by search engines and social networks.[74] Another report released in August 2013 has shown that 153 of the Fortune 500 U.S. companies implemented HTML5 on their corporate websites.[75]
Since 2014, HTML5 is at least partially supported by most popular layout engines.
Differences from HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.x[edit]
The following is a cursory list of differences and some specific examples.
New parsing rules: oriented towards flexible parsing and compatibility; not based on SGML
Ability to use inline SVG and MathML in text/html
New elements: article, aside, audio, bdi, canvas, command, data, datalist, details, embed, figcaption, figure, footer, header, keygen, mark, meter, nav, output, progress, rp, rt, ruby, section, source, summary, time, track, video, wbr
New types of form controls: dates and times, email, url, search, number, range, tel, color[76]
New attributes: charset (on meta), async (on script)
Global attributes (that can be applied for every element): id, tabindex, hidden, data-* (custom data attributes)
Deprecated elements will be dropped altogether: acronym, applet, basefont, big, center, dir, font, frame, frameset, isindex, noframes, strike, tt
W3C Working Group provides "HTML5 differences from HTML 4",[77] which provides a complete outline of additions, removals and changes between HTML5 and HTML 4.
Logo[edit]
The W3C HTML5 logo
On 18 January 2011, the W3C introduced a logo to represent the use of or interest in HTML5. Unlike other badges previously issued by the W3C, it does not imply validity or conformance to a certain standard. As of 1 April 2011, this logo is official.[78]
When initially presenting it to the public, the W3C announced the HTML5 logo as a "general-purpose visual identity for a broad set of open web technologies, including HTML5, CSS, SVG, WOFF, and others".[79] Some web standard advocates, including The Web Standards Project, criticized that definition of "HTML5" as an umbrella term, pointing out the blurring of terminology and the potential for miscommunication.[79] Three days later, the W3C responded to community feedback and changed the logo's definition, dropping the enumeration of related technologies.[80] The W3C then said the logo "represents HTML5, the cornerstone for modern Web applications".[78]
Digital rights management[edit]
Industry players including the BBC, Google, Microsoft, Apple.Inc have been lobbying for the inclusion of Encrypted Media Extensions (EME),[81][82][83][84][85] a form of digital rights management (DRM), into the HTML5 standard. As of the end of 2012 and the beginning of 2013, 27 organisations[86] including the Free Software Foundation[87] have started a campaign against including digital rights management in the HTML5 standard.[88][89] However, in late September 2013, the W3C HTML Working Group decided that Encrypted Media Extensions, a form of DRM, was "in scope" and will potentially be included in the HTML 5.1 standard.[90][91] WHATWG's "HTML Living Standard" continued to be developed without DRM-enabled proposals.[91]
Manu Sporny, a member of the W3C, said that EME will not solve the problem it's supposed to address.[92] Opponents point out that EME itself is just an architecture for a DRM plug-in mechanism.[93]
The initial enablers for DRM in HTML5 were Google[94] and Microsoft.[95] Supporters also include Adobe.[96] On 14 May 2014, Mozilla announced plans to support EME in Firefox, the last major browser to avoid DRM.[97][98] Calling it "a difficult and uncomfortable step", Andreas Gal of Mozilla explained that future versions of Firefox would remain open source but ship with a sandbox designed to run a content decryption module developed by Adobe.[97] While promising to "work on alternative solutions", Mozilla's Executive Chair Mitchell Baker stated that a refusal to implement EME would have accomplished little more than convincing many users to switch browsers.[98] This decision was condemned by Cory Doctorow and the Free Software Foundation.[99][100]
See also[edit]
Computer science portal
Internet portal
Cache manifest in HTML5
Comparison of layout engines (HTML5)
HTML5 in mobile devices
Polyglot HTML5
Ian Hickson, Google maineditor of HTML5 specs
David Hyatt, Apple editor of HTML5 specs
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ In the W3C recommendation, there is no space between "HTML" and "5" in the name.[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Mac Developer Library: System-Declared Uniform Type Identifiers". Apple. 2009-11-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c "HTML5 specification finalized, squabbling over specs continues". Ars Technica. 2014-10-29. Retrieved 2014-10-29.
Jump up ^ "A vocabulary and associated APIs for HTML and XHTML". 28 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "HTML5 is a W3C recommendation". W3C Blog. 28 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "HTML5 Differences from HTML4". World Wide Web Consortium. Introduction. Retrieved 2018-03-02. HTML4 became a W3C Recommendation in 1997. While it continues to serve as a rough guide to many of the core features of HTML, it does not provide enough information to build implementations that interoperate with each other and, more importantly, with Web content. The same goes for XHTML1, which defines an XML serialization for HTML4, and DOM Level 2 HTML, which defines JavaScript APIs for both HTML and XHTML. HTML replaces these documents.
^ Jump up to: a b c "HTML5 Differences from HTML4". World Wide Web Consortium. 19 October 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "1.10.2 Syntax Errors". HTML5. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "HTML 4 Errata". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "HTML Specification: History". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Position Paper for the W3C Workshop on Web Applications and Compound Documents". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "W3C Workshop on Web Applications and Compound Documents (Day 1) Jun 1, 2004". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "W3C Workshop on Web Applications and Compound Documents (Day 2) Jun 2, 2004". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "[whatwg] WHAT open mailing list announcement". lists.w3.org Mailing Lists. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "This Week in HTML 5 – Episode 5". WHATWG Blog. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "HTML5: A vocabulary and associated APIs for HTML and XHTML". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 28 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "FOX News: No Flash on the iPhone? Apple's Steve Jobs Finally Explains Why". Fox News. 29 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "TIME: Steve Jobs: 'Flash is No Longer Necessary' and Other Musings". Time. 29 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Steve Jobs: Why Apple Banned Flash". CBS News.
Jump up ^ "FastCompany: Steve Jobs: Adobe's Flash Is Old PC History, Open Web Is the Future".
Jump up ^ "'Thoughts on Flash', by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple, Inc". Apple.com. Retrieved 2014-01-08.
Jump up ^ "Is HTML5 Replacing Flash?". Lyquix.com. Retrieved 2014-01-08.
Jump up ^ "Flash to Focus on PC Browsing and Mobile Apps; Adobe to More Aggressively Contribute to HTML5". adobe.com. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Warren, Tom (25 July 2017). "Adobe will finally kill Flash in 2020". The Verge. Vox Media.
Jump up ^ "W3C Confirms May 2011 for HTML5 Last Call, Targets 2014 for HTML5 Standard". World Wide Web Consortium. 14 February 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
Jump up ^ Hickson, Ian. "HTML Is the New HTML5". Retrieved 21 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "HTML5 gets the splits". netmagazine.com. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "HTML5". W3.org. 2012-12-17. Retrieved 2013-06-15.
Jump up ^ "When Will HTML5 Be Finished?". FAQ. WHAT Working Group. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Call for Review: HTML5 Proposed Recommendation Published W3C News". W3.org. 2014-09-16. Retrieved 2014-09-27.
Jump up ^ "Open Web Platform Milestone Achieved with HTML5 Recommendation". W3C. 28 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "HTML 5.1 becomes W3C Recommendation". www.w3.org. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "HTML 5.2 becomes W3C Recommendation". www.w3.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Plan 2014". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Editor's Draft". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "PubStatus - WEBAPPS". www.w3.org.
Jump up ^ "HTML5, A Vocabulary and Associated APIs for HTML and XHTML". Retrieved 10 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Leslie Sikos. "HTML5 Became a Standard, HTML 5.1 and HTML 5.2 on the Way". Retrieved 10 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Introduction to HTML5 video
Jump up ^ IBM Developer Works New elements in HTML5: Structure and semantics
Jump up ^ ICAMD.org Finalcut Silverlight Films that Videographers share Quicktime in a Flash : Video on the Web using HTML5 and other Codecs
Jump up ^ "11 Obsolete features — HTML5". W3C. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
Jump up ^ HTML5 DTD: "HTML5 is not SGML-based, and there will be no official DTD for it."
Jump up ^ HTML 5 Reference: "Although it is inspired by its SGML origins, in practice, it really only shares minor syntactic similarities." "As HTML5 is no longer formally based upon SGML, the DOCTYPE no longer serves this purpose, and thus no longer needs to refer to a DTD."
Jump up ^ Shannon Suetos (26 April 2010). "HTML5: Worth the Hype?". instantshift.com. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Web Forms 2.0". 2009-01-05. Retrieved 2014-02-11. obsolescence notice
Jump up ^ "HTML". whatwg.org.
Jump up ^ Sergey Mavrody "Sergey's HTML5 & CSS3 Quick Reference. 2nd Edition". Belisso Corp., 2012. ISBN 978-0-9833867-2-8
^ Jump up to: a b van Kesteren, Anne; Pieters, Simon. "HTML5 differences from HTML4". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Get Started with HTM Canvas". www.syntaxxx.com.
Jump up ^ "HTML". whatwg.org.
Jump up ^ "Offline Web Applications". World Wide Web Consortium.
Jump up ^ "HTML". whatwg.org.
Jump up ^ "HTML". whatwg.org.
Jump up ^ "The History interface". w3.org.
Jump up ^ "HTML". whatwg.org.
Jump up ^ "HTML". whatwg.org.
Jump up ^ "HTML". whatwg.org.
Jump up ^ "Web Messaging specification". whatwg.org.
Jump up ^ "Web Storage specification". whatwg.org.
Jump up ^ href. "1 Introduction — HTML Standard". Whatwg.org. Retrieved 2014-01-08.
Jump up ^ "Indexed Database". World Wide Web Consortium.
Jump up ^ "File API". W3.org. Retrieved 2014-01-08.
Jump up ^ "File API". World Wide Web Consortium.
Jump up ^ "Filesystem API". World Wide Web Consortium.
Jump up ^ "File API: Writer". World Wide Web Consortium.
Jump up ^ "Web Audio API". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
Jump up ^ MDN. "element.classList".
Jump up ^ "Web Cryptography API". www.w3.org.
Jump up ^ "WebRTC 1.0: Real-time Communication Between Browsers". www.w3.org.
Jump up ^ "Web SQL Database". World Wide Web Consortium.
Jump up ^ Williamson, James (2010). "What HTML5 is (and what it isn't)". Retrieved 2014-05-14.
Jump up ^ Graff, Eliot. "Polyglot Markup: HTML-Compatible XHTML Documents". W3C. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "FAQ – WHATWG Wiki". WHATWG. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Percentage of Web sites Using HTML5". binvisions. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
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Jump up ^ "HTML5 form additions". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
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^ Jump up to: a b "W3C HTML5 Logo FAQ". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 21 January 2011. Is this W3C's "official" logo for HTML5? Yes, as of 1 April 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "HTML5 Logo: Be Proud, But Don't Muddy the Waters!". The Web Standards Project. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "The HTML5 Logo Conversation". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Encrypted Media Extensions draft specification of the W3C
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Jump up ^ Manu Sporny (26 January 2013). "DRM in HTML5".
Jump up ^ "Tell W3C: We don't want the Hollyweb". Free Software Foundation. May 2013.
Jump up ^ "HTML5 webpage locks 'would stifle innovation'". BBC News Online. 30 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Une coalition de vingt-sept organisations demande au W3C de garder les menottes numériques (DRM) hors des standards du Web". 2013-04-24. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
Jump up ^ "Tell W3C: We don't want the Hollyweb - Free Software Foundation". www.defectivebydesign.org.
Jump up ^ Stallman, Richard (2013-05-02). "The W3C's Soul at Stake". The Free Software Foundation. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
Jump up ^ Lord, Timothy (2013-04-16). "Netflix Wants to Go HTML5, but Not Without DRM". Retrieved 2014-05-14.
Jump up ^ "New Charter for the HTML Working Group from Philippe Le Hegaret on 2013-09-30 (public-html-admin@w3.org from September 2013)". Lists.w3.org. 2013-09-30. Retrieved 2014-01-08.
^ Jump up to: a b Danny O'Brien (2013-10-02). "Lowering Your Standards: DRM and the Future of the W3C". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
Jump up ^ Manu Sporny (2013-01-26). "DRM in HTML5". The Beautiful, Tormented Machine. Manu Sporny. Archived from the original on 2014-04-25. Retrieved 2014-05-16.
Jump up ^ Scott Gilbertson (2013-02-12). "DRM for the Web? Say It Ain't So". Webmonkey. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on 2013-04-06. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
Jump up ^ "Releasenotes for Google Chrome 25.0.1364.87".
Jump up ^ "HTML5 Video in IE 11 on Windows 8.1".
Jump up ^ Adobe Support for Encrypted Media Extensions Adobe.com. 19 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Gal, Andreas (2014-05-14). "Reconciling Mozilla's Mission and W3C EME". Mozilla. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
^ Jump up to: a b Baker, Mitchell (2014-05-14). "DRM and the Challenge of Serving Users". Mozilla. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
Jump up ^ Doctorow, Cory (2014-05-14). "Firefox's adoption of closed-source DRM breaks my heart". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
Jump up ^ "FSF condemns partnership between Mozilla and Adobe to support Digital Rights Management". Free Software Foundation. 2014-05-14. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
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interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: اچ‌تی‌ام‌ال۵ – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Korean
ko
ko
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Armenian
hy
hy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: एचटीएमएल फाइव – Hindi

values:
https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Upper Sorbian
hsb
hsb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Hebrew
he
he
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Malagasy
mg
mg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Japanese
ja
ja
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Khmer
km
km
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-km
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Russian
ru
ru
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_5
HTML 5 – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Serbian
sr
sr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: เอชทีเอ็มแอล5 – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Ukrainian
uk
uk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Cantonese
zh-yue
zh-yue
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5
HTML5 – Chinese
zh
zh
interlanguage-link-target

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-HTML5 rootpage-HTML5 skin-vector action-view