text:
New Birth Missionary Baptist Church
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
New Birth Missionary Baptist Church is a megachurch in unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, near Lithonia.[1] It has embraced a Pentecostal theology not typically found in African-American Baptist churches.
The church was founded in 1939 in Scottdale as Travelers Rest Baptist Church. In 1983, it moved to Decatur and adopted its current name.[2] Eddie Long took over as pastor in 1987. At the time, the church had only 300 members. Since his installation, membership has grown to 25,000.[3]
In 2002, New Birth was chosen to host the live recording of Dorinda Clark-Cole, and was chosen by the family of rapper and R&B superstar Lisa Left Eye Lopes to host the funeral for the rapper, who was killed in a car accident in La Ceiba, Honduras.
In 2003, New Birth planted a branch called "New Birth Charlotte" in Charlotte, North Carolina. That church no longer exists, and has since sold its building. Mecklenburg County records show the church defaulted on its payments to Evangelical Christian Credit Union for a $10 million loan.
On August 15, 2004 the church opened a branch called "New Birth Memphis" in Memphis, Tennessee. The church has since closed and New Birth Memphis no longer exists.[4]
Then in the future years, there were more churches such as New Birth Metro, New Birth Knoxville, New Birth Oakland, and New Birth California.
In 2006, the church was chosen by the family of Martin Luther King, Jr. to host and officiate the funeral for Mrs. Coretta Scott King, wife of the late civil rights pioneer.[5] The event was attended by four Presidents (George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush and Jimmy Carter).[6]
The church has also been marred by controversy, with four individuals filing separate lawsuits in DeKalb County Superior Court, Georgia alleging that Bishop Long used his pastoral influence to coerce them into a sexual relationship with him when they were teenagers.[7][8]
On January 15, 2017, Bishop Eddie Long died from an aggressive form of cancer according to a statement released by the church.[9] The church then announced Stephen A. Davis, pastor of New Birth Birmingham in Birmingham, Alabama would be Long's successor at New Birth Missionary Baptist Church in Lithonia while remaining pastor of the Birmingham church.[10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Home." New Birth Missionary Baptist Church. Retrieved on October 7, 2010. "New Birth Missionary Baptist Church – 6400 Woodrow Road – Lithonia, GA 30038"
Jump up ^ Archive of New Birth history page
Jump up ^ New York Times article by James C. McKinley and Robbie Brown: Sex scandal threatens a Georgia pastor’s empire
Jump up ^ Holmes, Kevin (September 22, 2010). "Bishop Eddie Long Sex Scandal Has Ties To Memphis". ABC 24 News. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
Jump up ^ Day to Day (2006-02-07). "New Birth Missionary Church Hosts King's Funeral". NPR. Retrieved 2010-09-22.
Jump up ^ McNamara, Melissa (2006-02-07). "Four Presidents Join 10,000 Mourners At Coretta Scott King's Funeral". cbsnews.com. CBS. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
Jump up ^ CNN: Men allege sexual coercion by prominent Atlanta pastor
Jump up ^ New Birth Charlotte enters foreclosure, The Herald Weekly, 23 October 2014
Jump up ^ Eldridge, Ellen; Tagami, Ty; Poole, Sheila. "Bishop Eddie Long dies of aggressive form of cancer, church says". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.charismanews.com/us/62697-new-birth-missionary-baptist-church-names-eddie-long-s-successor
http://www.huntersvilleherald.com/news/2014/10/23/10288/new-birth-charlotte-enters-foreclosure
External links[edit]
Atlanta portal
Christianity portal
New Birth Missionary Baptist Church
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Birth_Missionary_Baptist_Church&oldid=833820700"
Categories:
Evangelical megachurches in the United States
Baptist churches in Georgia (U.S. state)
Buildings and structures in DeKalb County, Georgia
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 2 April 2018, at 15:55.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: b

attrs: href title

value: sup

attrs: href class title

value: p

values:
/wiki/Lisa_Left_Eye_Lopes
mw-redirect
Lisa Left Eye Lopes

values:
/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Martin Luther King, Jr.

values:
nofollow
http://www.newbirth.org/
external text

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: Category:Evangelical megachurches in the United States

values: Category:Baptist churches in Georgia (U.S. state)

values: Category:Buildings and structures in DeKalb County, Georgia

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-New_Birth_Missionary_Baptist_Church rootpage-New_Birth_Missionary_Baptist_Church skin-vector action-view


text:
Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about a type of U.S. insular area. For U.S. states that designate themselves as "Commonwealths", see Commonwealth (U.S. state). For other uses, see Commonwealth.
Administrative divisions
of the United States
First level
State
Federal district
Territory (Commonwealth)
Indian reservation (List) / Hawaiian home land / Alaska Native tribal entity / Pueblo / Off-reservation trust land
Second level
County / Parish / Borough
Unorganized Borough / Census area / Villages / District (USVI) / District (AS)
Consolidated city-county
Independent city
Municipality
Unorganized atoll
State-recognized tribes
Third level
Cities, towns, and villages
Civil township
Coterminous municipality
Survey township
Barrio
Chapter
Fourth level
Ward
Other areas
Protected areas (Conservation district, National Monument, National parks)
Congressional district
Homeowner association
Associated state
Military base
Federal enclave
Unincorporated area
Ghost town
v
t
e
In the terminology of the United States insular areas, a Commonwealth is a type of organized but unincorporated dependent territory. There are currently two United States insular areas with the status of commonwealth, the Northern Mariana Islands and Puerto Rico.
The definition of "Commonwealth" according to current U.S. State Department policy (as codified in the department's Foreign Affairs Manual) reads: "The term 'Commonwealth' does not describe or provide for any specific political status or relationship. It has, for example, been applied to both states and territories. When used in connection with areas under U.S. sovereignty that are not states, the term broadly describes an area that is self-governing under a constitution of its adoption and whose right of self-government will not be unilaterally withdrawn by Congress."[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Current commonwealths
1.1 Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
1.2 Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
1.3 Representation in Congress
2 Former commonwealth
2.1 Commonwealth of the Philippines
3 See also
4 References
Current commonwealths[edit]
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico[edit]
Of the current U.S. insular areas, the term was first used by Puerto Rico in 1952 as its formal name in English ("Commonwealth of Puerto Rico"). The formal name in Spanish for Puerto Rico is "Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico," ("Free Associated State of Puerto Rico"). The United States acquired the islands of Puerto Rico in 1898 after the Spanish–American War. In 1950, Congress enacted legislation (P.L. 81-600) authorizing Puerto Rico to hold a constitutional convention and in 1952, the people of Puerto Rico ratified a constitution establishing a republican form of government for the island.[2] Puerto Rico's political relationship with the U.S. has been a continuing source of debate in Puerto Rico, the United States Congress, and the United Nations. The issue revolves around whether Puerto Rico should remain a U.S. territory, become a U.S. state, or become an independent country. The debate has spawned several referenda, presidential executive orders and bills in the U.S. Congress. Ultimately the U.S. Congress is the only body empowered to decide the political status of Puerto Rico, as stated under the Territorial Clause.[3]
Despite the Spanish translation of the term "commonwealth", Puerto Rico's relationship with United States is not a Compact of Free Association (which is the case for the Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, and the Marshall Islands). As sovereign states, these islands have full right to conduct their own foreign relations, while the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is part of the United States as a territory. The Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico says that in 1952 there was a pact between Puerto Rico and the United States that gave Puerto Rico an autonomous government and removed it from the list of colonies.
The territory was organized by the Foraker Act in 1900, which was amended by the Jones–Shafroth Act in 1917. The drafting of the Constitution of Puerto Rico by its residents was authorized by Congress in 1951, and the result approved in 1952. The government of Puerto Rico has held several referenda with the options of U.S. statehood, independence, and commonwealth; the commonwealth option won on the plebiscites held in 1967, 1993, and 1998.[4] In 2012, 54% of the voters did not wish to continue the present territorial status. Of the non-territorial statuses, becoming a US state got 61.16% of the votes, Sovereign Free Associate State got 33.34% and Independence got 5.49%.[5]
Puerto Ricans have United States citizenship and vote for a Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico, with voice but without vote, in the United States House of Representatives. With the exception of federal employees (such as employees of the United States Postal Service, Federal Bureau of Investigation, and servicemen in all branches of the military), residents of Puerto Rico generally do not pay federal income taxes (with the exception of Social Security and Medicare taxes) and Puerto Rico has no representation in the Electoral College that ultimately chooses the U.S. president and vice president.
Puerto Rico has sports sovereignty, with its own national team at the Olympics and at other international competitions. Puerto Rico also participates in different international organizations such as the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) (associate member), the Organization of Ibero-American States (full member), and the Ibero-American Summit (associate member).[6]
Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands[edit]
In 1976, Congress approved the mutually negotiated Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) in Political Union with the United States.[7] Prior to November 28, 2009, the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) did not apply in the CNMI. Rather, a separate immigration system existed in the CNMI. This system was established under the Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Political Union with the United States of America ("Covenant"), which was signed in 1975 and codified as 48 U.S.C. § 1801. The Covenant was unilaterally amended by the Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008 CNRA approved by the U.S. Congress on May 8, 2008, thus altering the CNMI's immigration system. Specifically, CNRA § 702(a) amended the Covenant to state that "the provisions of the 'immigration laws' (as defined in section 101(a)(17) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(17))) shall apply to the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands."2 Further, under CNRA § 702(a), the "immigration laws," as well as the amendments to the Covenant, "shall ... supersede and replace all laws, provisions, or programs of the Commonwealth relating to the admission of aliens and the removal of aliens from the Commonwealth."[8]
Transition to U.S. Immigration Law began November 28, 2009 in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). CNMI's immigration laws have been replaced by the INA and other U.S. immigration laws.[9][10]
Representation in Congress[edit]
Main articles: United States House of Representatives § Apportionment, United States Senate, and Delegate (United States Congress)
U.S. insular areas are not afforded direct representation in the federal legislature, either in the Senate or in the House of Representatives.
Article I, Section 3 of the Constitution provides that each U.S. State is entitled to two Senators, but makes no provision for representation of insular areas in the Senate.
Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution apportions seats in the House of Representatives among the U.S. States by population, with each State being entitled to at least one Representative, but makes no provision for representation of insular areas in the House. Insular areas are, however, afforded limited representation in the House by a Delegate who may vote in committee but not on the House floor.[11]
Former commonwealth[edit]
Commonwealth of the Philippines[edit]
The Commonwealth of the Philippines was an insular area that held commonwealth status from March 24, 1934 until July 4, 1946. The United States recognized the future independence of the Philippines in 1934 but called for a transitional ten-year period from 1934 up to 1944. The Second World War disrupted the schedule and the Philippines became fully independent in 1946.[12]
See also[edit]
Commonwealth (U.S. state)
Politics of the Northern Mariana Islands
Politics of Puerto Rico
President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status
Territories of the United States
U.S. state
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "7 fam 1120 acquisition of u.s. nationality in u.s. territories and possessions" (PDF). U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7- Consular Affairs. U.S. Department of State. January 3, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Garrett, R. Sam (7 June 2011). "Political Status of Puerto Rico: Options for Congress" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Government". Welcome to Puerto Rico!. Magaly Rivera.
Jump up ^ December 2005 report of the President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status Archived March 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "General Elections 2012 and Plebiscite on Puerto Rico Political Status". Comisión Estatal de Elecciones. Archived from the original on 2013-08-04.
Jump up ^ CEPAL - ECLAC - Member States
Jump up ^ "Covenant". Commonwealth Law Revision Commission. CNMI-LRC. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
Jump up ^ O'Leary, Brian M. "The Transition to the Immigration and Nationality Act in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands" (PDF). U.S. Department of Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Eugenio, Haidee V. (1 January 2010). "CNMI loses immigration control in 2009". Saipan Tribune. Archived from the original on 2011-05-16.
Jump up ^ Misulich, Robert J. (2011). "A Lesser-Known Immigration Crisis: Federal Immigration Law in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands" (PDF). Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal Association.
Jump up ^ "Sablan WIll Stand For NMI Delegate Position". Pacific Magazine. Archived from the original on 2008-11-21. ; Resident Commissioner; election 48 U.S.C. § 891.
Jump up ^ The Philippines independence Act (Tydings-McDuffie Act, Approved March 24, 1934, Section 10.(a), Chan Robles Law Library.
[hide]
v
t
e
United States Census geography
Regions
Division
State
District of Columbia
Puerto Rico
Insular area
American Samoa
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
United States Virgin Islands
ZIP Code Tabulation Area
Native areas
Alaska Native corporation
Indian reservation
list
Hawaiian home land
Off-reservation trust land
Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area
Metropolitan
Primary statistical area
list
Combined statistical area
Core-based statistical area
list
Metropolitan statistical area
list
Micropolitan statistical area
list
New England city and town area
Urban area
list
State-level
Congressional district
County
list
Alaska census area
Independent city
Municipio
Place
Census-designated
Public use microdata area
School district
lists
State legislative district
Urban growth area
County-level
Census county division
Minor civil division
Traffic analysis zone
Voting district
Local
Block
Block group
Tract
Census Bureau
Office of Management and Budget
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)&oldid=807223399"
Categories:
Insular areas of the United States
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Nederlands
日本語
Português
Српски / srpski
Tagalog
Tiếng Việt
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 October 2017, at 17:54.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values: Political divisions of the United States

value: th

value: tr

values: padding:0.1em;background:#ffdead;border-top:#aaa 1px solid;border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid;padding:0.25em;

value: li

value: ul

value: hr

values: padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding:0.25em 0 0.75em;

values: List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska

values:
/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Guam
mw-redirect
List of populated places in Guam

values: Districts and sub-districts of the United States Virgin Islands

values: Administrative divisions of American Samoa

values: State recognized tribes in the United States

values: Lists of populated places in the United States

values:
/wiki/Wards_of_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Wards of the United States

values: List of national parks of the United States

values: List of United States congressional districts

values: Template:Administrative divisions of the United States

values: Template talk:Administrative divisions of the United States

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;padding:0;

values: Unincorporated territories of the United States

values:
/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State
mw-redirect
U.S. Department of State

values: Edit section: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

values:
/wiki/United_States_citizen
mw-redirect
United States citizen

values: Category:National sports teams of Puerto Rico

values: Edit section: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

values:
/wiki/U.S._Congress
mw-redirect
U.S. Congress

values: Edit section: Representation in Congress

values:
/wiki/Delegate_(United_States_Congress)
mw-redirect
Delegate (United States Congress)

values: Article One of the United States Constitution

values: United States congressional apportionment

values: Edit section: Commonwealth of the Philippines

values: Politics of the Northern Mariana Islands

values:
nofollow
external text
https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32933.pdf

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.cnmilaw.org/covenant.htm

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: List of Indian reservations in the United States

values: List of primary statistical areas of the United States

values: List of United States counties and county equivalents

values: Lists of school districts in the United States

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Insular areas of the United States

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: كومنولث (منطقة معزولة للولايات المتحدة) – Arabic

values: Commonwealth (Außengebiete der Vereinigten Staaten) – German

values: Commonwealth (territoire insulaire des États-Unis) – French

values: Persemakmuran (kawasan insuler AS) – Indonesian

values: Commonwealth (aree insulari degli Stati Uniti d'America) – Italian

values: Gemenebest (eilandgebied van de Verenigde Staten) – Dutch

values: コモンウェルス (米国自治連邦区) – Japanese

values: Commonwealth (área insular dos Estados Unidos) – Portuguese

values: Комонвелт (острвске територије САД) – Serbian

values: Mankomunidad (pook-insular ng Estados Unidos) – Tagalog

values: Thịnh vượng chung (vùng quốc hải Hoa Kỳ) – Vietnamese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Commonwealth_U_S_insular_area rootpage-Commonwealth_U_S_insular_area vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Mountain biking
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Mountain biking
Mountain biker riding in the Arizona desert
Highest governing body
UCI
First played
Open to debate. Modern era began in the late 1970s
Characteristics
Mixed gender
Separate men's & women's championship although no restrictions on women competing against men.
Presence
Olympic
Since 1996
Mountain biking is the sport of riding bicycles off-road, often over rough terrain, using specially designed mountain bikes. Mountain bikes share similarities with other bikes but incorporate features designed to enhance durability and performance in rough terrain. Mountain biking can generally be broken down into multiple categories: cross country, trail riding, all mountain (also referred to as "Enduro"), downhill, freeride and dirt jumping. However, the majority of mountain biking falls into the categories of Trail and Cross Country riding styles.
The sport requires endurance, core strength and balance, bike handling skills, and self-reliance. Advanced riders pursue both steep technical descents and high incline climbs. In the case of freeride, downhill, and dirt jumping, aerial maneuvers are performed off both natural features and specially constructed jumps and ramps.
Mountain bikers ride on off-road trails such as singletrack, back-country roads, fire roads, and often venture to ski resorts that stay open in the summer for such activities. Because riders are often far from civilization, there is a strong ethic of self-reliance in the sport. Riders learn to repair broken bikes and flat tires to avoid being stranded. Many riders carry a backpack, including water, food, tools for trailside repairs, and a first aid kit in case of injury. Group rides are common, especially on longer treks. Mountain bike orienteering adds the skill of map navigation to mountain biking.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 1800s
1.2 1900s–1960s
1.3 1970s–1980s
1.4 1990s–2000s
2 Equipment
2.1 Bike
2.2 Accessories
2.3 Protective gear
3 Types
3.1 Cross-country cycling
3.2 All-mountain/Enduro
3.3 Downhill
3.4 Four-cross/Dual Slalom
3.5 Freeride
3.6 Dirt Jumping
3.7 Trials
3.8 Urban/Street
3.9 Trail riding
3.10 Marathon
3.11 Bikepacking
4 Risks
5 Advocacy organizations
6 Environmental impact
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
US 25th Infantry Bicycle Corps, 1897
A cross-country mountain biker climbs on an unpaved track
Mountain bike touring in high Alps
Mountain biker gets air in Mount Hood National Forest.
Mountain bikers at Marvin Braude Mulholland Gateway Park
1800s[edit]
One of the first examples of bicycles modified specifically for off-road use is the expedition of Buffalo Soldiers from Missoula, Montana to Yellowstone in August 1896. [1] The Swiss military had its first bike regiment in 1891. [2]
1900s–1960s[edit]
Bicycles were ridden off-road by road racing cyclists who used cyclocross as a means of keeping fit during the winter. Cyclo-cross eventually became a sport in its own right in the 1940s, with the first world championship taking place in 1950. Between 1951 and 1956, the French Velo Cross Club Parisien (VCCP), comprising about twenty-one young cyclists from the outskirts of Paris where they were born, developed a sport that was remarkably akin to present-day mountain biking.[3]
The Rough Stuff Fellowship was established in 1955 by off-road cyclists in the United Kingdom.[4] In Oregon, one Chemeketan club member, D. Gwynn, built a rough terrain trail bicycle in 1966. He named it a "mountain bicycle" for its intended place of use. This may be the first use of that name.[5]
In England in 1968, Geoff Apps, a motorbike trials rider, began experimenting with off-road bicycle designs. By 1979 he had developed a custom-built lightweight bicycle which was uniquely suited to the wet and muddy off-road conditions found in the south-east of England. They were designed around 2 inch x 650b Nokian snow tires though a 700x47c (28 in.) version was also produced. These were sold under the Cleland Cycles brand until late 1984. Bikes based on the Cleland design were also sold by English Cycles and Highpath Engineering until the early 1990s.
1970s–1980s[edit]
There were several groups of riders in different areas of the U.S.A. who can make valid claims to playing a part in the birth of the sport. Riders in Crested Butte, Colorado and Cupertino, California tinkered with bikes and adapted them to the rigors of off-road riding. Modified heavy cruiser bicycles, old 1930s and '40s Schwinn bicycles retrofitted with better brakes and fat tires, were used for freewheeling down mountain trails in Marin County, California in the mid-to-late 1970s. At the time, there were no mountain bikes. The earliest ancestors of modern mountain bikes were based around frames from cruiser bicycles such as those made by Schwinn. The Schwinn Excelsior was the frame of choice due to its geometry. Riders used balloon-tired cruisers and modified them with gears and motocross or BMX-style handlebars, creating "klunkers". The term would also be used as a verb since the term "mountain biking" was not yet in use. Riders would race down mountain fireroads, causing the hub brake to burn the grease inside, requiring the riders to repack the bearings. These were called "Repack Races" and triggered the first innovations in mountain bike technology as well as the initial interest of the public (on Mt. Tamalpais in Marin CA, there is still a trail titled "Repack"- in reference to these early competitions). The sport originated in California on Marin County's Mount Tamalpais.[6]
It was not until the late 1970s and early 1980s that road bicycle companies started to manufacture mountain bicycles using high-tech lightweight materials. Joe Breeze is normally credited with introducing the first purpose-built mountain bike in 1978. Tom Ritchey then went on to make frames for a company called MountainBikes, a partnership between Gary Fisher, Charlie Kelly, John Frey (Marin County mountain biking innovator) and Tom Ritchey. Tom Ritchey, a welder with skills in frame building, also built the original bikes. The company's three partners eventually dissolved their partnership, and the company became Fisher Mountain Bikes, while Tom Ritchey started his own frame shop. The first mountain bikes were basically road bicycle frames (with heavier tubing and different geometry) with a wider frame and fork to allow for a wider tire. The handlebars were also different in that they were a straight, transverse-mounted handlebar, rather than the dropped, curved handlebars that are typically installed on road racing bicycles. Also, some of the parts on early production mountain bicycles were taken from the BMX bicycle. Other contributors were Otis Guy and Keith Bontrager.
Tom Ritchey built the first regularly available mountain bike frame, which was accessorized by Gary Fisher and Charlie Kelly and sold by their company called MountainBikes (later changed to Fisher Mountain Bikes then bought by Trek, still under the name Gary Fisher, currently sold as Trek's "Gary Fisher Collection"). The first two mass-produced mountain bikes were sold in the early 1980s: the Specialized Stumpjumper and Univega Alpina Pro. In 1988 The Great Mountain Biking Video was released, soon followed by others. In 2007 Klunkerz: A Film About Mountain Bikes was released, documenting mountain bike history during the formative period in Northern California. Additionally, a group of mountain bikers called the Laguna Rads formed a club during the mid eighties and began a weekly ride, exploring the uncharted coastal hillsides of Laguna Beach, Ca. Industry insiders suggest that this was the birth of the freeride movement, as they were cycling up and down hills and mountains where no cycling specific trail network prexisted. The Laguna Rads also hold the longest running dowhill race once a year since 1986.
At the time, the bicycle industry was not impressed with the mountain bike, which many regarded as a short-term fad. In particular, large manufacturers such as Schwinn and Fuji failed to see the significance of an all-terrain bicycle and the coming boom in 'adventure sports'. Instead, the first mass-produced mountain bikes were pioneered by new companies such as MountainBikes (later, Fisher Mountain Bikes), Ritchey, and Specialized. Specialized was an American startup company that arranged for production of mountain bike frames from factories in Japan and Taiwan. First marketed in 1981,[7] Specialized's mountain bike largely followed Tom Ritchey's frame geometry, but used TiG welding to join the frame tubes instead of fillet-brazing, a process better suited to mass production and which helped to reduce labor and manufacturing cost.[8] The bikes were configured with 15 gears using derailleurs, a triple chainring, and a cogset with five sprockets.
1990s–2000s[edit]
Throughout the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century, mountain biking moved from a little-known sport to a mainstream activity. Mountain bikes and mountain bike gear, that was once only available at specialty shops or via mail order, became available at standard bike stores. By the mid-first decade of the 21st century, even some department stores began selling inexpensive mountain bikes with full-suspension and disc brakes. In the first decade of the 21st century, trends in mountain bikes included the "all-mountain bike", the 29er and the singlespeed. "All-mountain bikes" were designed to descend and handle well in rough conditions, but still pedal efficiently for climbing, and were intended to bridge the gap between cross-country bikes and those built specifically for downhill riding. They are characterized by 4–6 inches (100–150 millimetres) of travel. 29er bikes are those using 700c sized rims (as do most road bikes), but wider and suited for tires of two inches (50mm) width or more; the increased diameter wheel is able to roll over obstacles better and offers a greater tire contact patch, but also results in a longer wheelbase, making the bike less agile, and in less travel space for the suspension. The single-speed is considered a return to simplicity with no drivetrain components or shifters but thus requires a stronger rider.
Following the growing trend in 29-inch bikes (29ers as stated above), there have been other trends in the mountain biking community involving tire size. One of the more prevalent is the new, somewhat esoteric and exotic 650B (27.5 inch) wheelsize, based on the obscure wheel size for touring road bikes. Another interesting trend in mountain bikes is outfitting dirt jump or urban bikes with rigid forks. These bikes normally use 4–5" travel suspension forks. The resulting product is used for the same purposes as the original bike. A commonly cited reason for making the change to a rigid fork is the enhancement of the rider's ability to transmit force to the ground, which is important for performing tricks. In the mid-first decade of the 21st century, an increasing number of mountain bike-oriented resorts opened. Often, they are similar to or in the same complex as a ski resort or they retrofit the concrete steps and platforms of an abandoned factory as an obstacle course, as with Ray's MTB Indoor Park. Mountain bike parks which are operated as summer season activities at ski hills usually include chairlifts which are adapted to bikes, a number of trails of varying difficulty, and bicycle rental facilities.
Equipment[edit]
Bike[edit]
A hardtail mountain bike
A dual-suspension, 'all-mountain' mountain bike
Typical more stout all-mountain bike on rough terrain
Main article: Mountain bike
Mountain bikes differ from other bikes primarily in that they incorporate features aimed at increasing durability and improving performance in rough terrain. Most modern mountain bikes have some kind of suspension, 26, 27.5 or 29 inch diameter tires, usually between 1.7 and 2.5 inches in width, and a wider, flat or upwardly-rising handlebar that allows a more upright riding position, giving the rider more control. They have a smaller, reinforced frame, usually made of wide tubing. Tires usually have a pronounced tread, and are mounted on rims which are stronger than those used on most non-mountain bicycles. Compared to other bikes, mountain bikes also tend to more frequently use hydraulic disc brakes. They also tend to have lower ratio gears to facilitate climbing steep hills and traversing obstacles. Pedals vary from simple platform pedals, where the rider simply places the shoes on top of the pedals, to clipless, where the rider uses a specially equipped shoe with a cleat that engages mechanically into the pedal.
Accessories[edit]
Glasses with little or no difference from those used in other cycling sports, help protect against debris while on the trail. Filtered lenses, whether yellow for cloudy days or shaded for sunny days, protect the eyes from strain. Downhill and freeride mountain bikers often use goggles similar to motocross or snowboard goggles in unison with their full face helmets.
Shoes generally have gripping soles similar to those of hiking boots for scrambling over un-ridable obstacles, unlike the smooth-bottomed shoes used in road cycling. The shank of mountain bike shoes is generally more flexible than road cycling shoes. Shoes compatible with clipless pedal systems are also frequently used.
Clothing is chosen for comfort during physical exertion in the backcountry, and its ability to withstand falls. Road touring clothes are often inappropriate due to their delicate fabrics and construction. Depending on the type of mountain biking, different types of clothes and styles are commonly worn. Cross-country mountain bikers tend to wear lycra shorts and tight road style jerseys due to the need for comfort and efficiency. Downhill riders tend to wear heavier fabric baggy shorts or moto-cross style trousers in order to protect themselves from falls. All mountain/enduro riders tend to wear light fabric baggy shorts and jerseys as they can be in the saddle for long periods of time.
Hydration systems are important for mountain bikers in the backcountry, ranging from simple water bottles to water bags with drinking tubes in lightweight backpacks (e.g., Camelbaks).
GPS systems are sometimes added to the handlebars and are used to monitor progress on trails.
Pump to inflate tires.
CO2 Inflator with Cartridge to inflate a tubeless tire.
Bike tools and extra bike tubes are important, as mountain bikers frequently find themselves miles from help, with flat tires or other mechanical problems that must be handled by the rider.
High-power lights based on LED technology, especially for mountain biking at night.
Protective gear[edit]
This section is written like a manual or guidebook. Please help rewrite this section from a descriptive, neutral point of view, and remove advice or instruction. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Play media
Mountain bikers in the Port Hills, New Zealand, wearing a variety of protective gear
The level of protection worn by individual riders varies greatly and is affected by speed, trail conditions, the weather, experience, fitness, desired style and numerous other factors, including personal choice. Protection becomes more important where these factors may be considered to increase the possibility or severity of a crash.
A helmet and gloves are usually regarded as sufficient for the majority of non-technical riding. Full-face helmets, goggles and armored suits or jackets are frequently used in downhill mountain biking, where the extra bulk and weight may help mitigate the risks of bigger and more frequent crashes.[9]
Helmets provide important head protection. The use of helmets, in one form or another, is almost universal amongst all mountain bikers. The main three types are cross-country, rounded skateboarder style (nicknamed "half shells" or "skate style") and full-face. Cross-country helmets tend to be light and well ventilated, and more comfortable to wear for long periods, especially while perspiring in hot weather. In XC competitions, most bikers use the usual road-racing style helmets, for their lightweight and aerodynamic qualities. Skateboard helmets are simpler and cheaper than other helmet types; provide greater coverage of the head and resist minor scrapes and knocks. Unlike road-biking helmets, skateboard helmets typically have a thicker, hard plastic shell which can take multiple impact before it needs to be replaced. The trade-off for this is that they tend to be much heavier and less ventilated (sweatier), therefore not suitable for endurance-based riding. Full-face helmets (BMX-style) provide the highest level of protection, being stronger again than skateboard style and including a jaw guard to protect the face. The weight is the main issue with this type, but today they are often reasonably well-ventilated and made of lightweight materials such as carbon fiber. (Full-face helmets with detachable chin-guards are available in some locations, but there are compromises to keep in mind with these designs.) As all helmets should meet minimum standards, SNELL B.95 (American Standard) BS EN 1078:1997 (European Standard), DOT or "motorized ratings" are making their way into the market. The choice of helmet often comes down to rider preference, likelihood of crashing, and on what features or properties of a helmet they place emphasis. Helmets are mandatory at competitive events and almost without exception at bike parks, most organisations also stipulate when and where full-face helmets must be used.
Body armor and pads, often referred to simply as "armor", protect limbs and trunk in the event of a crash. While initially made for and marketed at downhillers, freeriders and jump/street riders, body armor has trickled into other areas of mountain biking as trails have become steeper and more technically complex (hence bringing a commensurately higher injury risk). Armor ranges from simple neoprene sleeves for knees and elbows to complex, articulated combinations of hard plastic shells and padding that cover a whole limb or the entire body. Some companies market body armor jackets and even full-body suits designed to provide greater protection through greater coverage of the body and more secure pad retention. Most upper-body protectors also include a spine protector that comprises plastic or metal reinforced plastic plates, over foam padding, which are joined together so that they articulate and move with the back. Some mountain bikers also use BMX-style body armor, such as chest plates, abdomen protectors, and spine plates. New technology has seen an influx of integrated neck protectors that fit securely with full-face helmets, such as the Leatt-Brace. There is a general correlation between increased protection and increased weight/decreased mobility, although different styles balance these factors differently. Different levels of protection are deemed necessary/desirable by different riders in different circumstances. Backpack hydration systems such as Camelbaks, where a water-filled bladder is held close to the spine, are used by some riders for their perceived protective value. More recently, with the increase in enduro racing, backpack hydration systems are also being sold with inbuilt spine protection. However, there is only anecdotal evidence of protection.
Gloves can offer increased comfort while riding, by alleviating compression and friction, and can protect against superficial hand injuries.[10] They provide protection in the event of strikes to the back or palm of the hand or when putting the hand out in a fall and can protect the hand, fingers, and knuckles from abrasion on rough surfaces. Many different styles of gloves exist, with various fits, sizes, finger lengths, palm padding and armor options available. Armoring knuckles and the backs of hands with plastic panels is common in more extreme types of mountain biking.
First aid kits are often carried by mountain bikers, so that they are able to clean and dress cuts and abrasions and splint broken limbs. Head, brain, and spinal injuries become more likely as speeds increase. All of these can bring permanent changes in quality of life. Experienced mountain bike guides may be trained in dealing with suspected spinal injuries (e.g., immobilizing the victim and keeping the neck straight). Seriously injured people may need to be removed by stretcher, by a motor vehicle suitable for the terrain, or by helicopter.
Protective gear cannot provide immunity against injuries. For example, concussions can still occur despite the use of helmets, and spinal injuries can still occur with the use of spinal padding and neck braces.[11][12] The use of high-tech protective gear can result in a revenge effect, whereupon some cyclists feel safe taking dangerous risks.[13] Because the key determinant of injury risk is kinetic energy, and because kinetic energy increases with the square of speed, effectively each doubling of speed quadruples the injury risk. Higher speeds of travel also add danger due to reaction time. Because higher speeds mean that the rider travels further during his/her reaction time, this leaves less travel distance within which to react safely.[14] This, in turn, further multiplies the risk of an injurious crash.
Types[edit]
Cross-country cycling[edit]
Main article: Cross-country cycling
Cross-Country (XC) generally means riding point-to-point or in a loop including climbs and descents on a variety of terrain. A typical XC bike weighs around 9-13 kilos (20-30 lbs), and has 0–125 millimeters (0.0–4.9 inches) of suspension travel front and sometimes rear.
All-mountain/Enduro[edit]
Main article: Enduro (mountain biking)
All-mountain/Enduro uses bikes with a moderate-travel suspension systems and components that are usually stronger than XC models, but a weight still suitable for climbing and descending. While traditionally called All-mountain riding, this style has been adopted to the Enduro World Series.
There are two formats of Enduro racing. "Big-Mountain" Enduro is similar to a DH course, but is much longer, sometimes taking a full day to complete and often incorporates climbing sections. "Gravity" enduro uses roughly equal amounts uphill and downhill, but the uphill segments are not timed. Typically, there is a maximum time limit on how long a rider has to reach the top of the climb. There is also a third category called "super-D" which is similar to XC, but has sustained climbs followed by sustained descents, with the climbs less technical than the descents.
Enduro racing is seen as the "everyman's" race in North America, and while there are still extremely high level riders such as Jérôme Clémentz that race enduro full-time, most enduro racers compete for fun.
Downhill[edit]
Main article: Downhill mountain biking
Downhill mountain biking
Downhill (DH) is, in the most general sense, riding mountain bikes downhill. Courses include large jumps (up to and including 12 meters (39 feet)), drops of 3+ meters (10+ feet), and are generally rough and steep from top to bottom. The rider commonly travels to the point of descent by other means than cycling, such as a ski lift or automobile, as the weight of the downhill mountain bike often precludes any serious climbing.
Downhill racers must possess a unique combination of total body strength, aerobic and anaerobic fitness, mental control, as well as the acceptance of a relatively high risk of incurring serious injury.
Because of their extremely steep terrain (often located in summer at ski resorts), downhill is one of the most extreme and dangerous cycling disciplines. Minimum body protection in a true downhill setting entails wearing knee pads and a full-face helmet with goggles, albeit riders and racers commonly wear full-body suits that include padding at various locations.
Downhill-specific bikes are universally equipped with front and rear suspension, large disc brakes, and use heavier frame tubing than other mountain bikes. Downhill bicycles now weigh around 16–20 kg (35–44 lb), while the most expensive professional downhill mountain bikes can weigh as little as 15 kilograms (33 pounds), fully equipped with custom carbon fiber parts, air suspension, tubeless tires and more. Downhill frames have anywhere from 170–250 millimeters (6.7–9.8 inches) of travel and are usually equipped with a 200 millimeters (7.9 inches) travel dual-crown fork.
Four-cross/Dual Slalom[edit]
Main article: Four-cross
Four-cross/Dual Slalom (4X) is a discipline in which riders compete either on separate tracks, as in Dual Slalom, or on a short slalom track, as in 4X. Most bikes used are light hard-tails, although the last World Cup was actually won on a full suspension bike. The tracks have dirt jumps, berms, and gaps.
Professionals in gravity mountain biking tend to concentrate either on downhill mountain biking or 4X/dual slalom because they are very different. However, some riders, such as Cedric Gracia, still do 4X and DH, although that is becoming more rare as 4X takes on its own identity.
Freeride[edit]
Main article: Freeride
Freeride
Freeride / Big Hit / Hucking, as the name suggests, is a 'do anything' discipline that encompasses everything from downhill racing without the clock to jumping, riding 'North Shore' style (elevated trails made of interconnecting bridges and logs), and generally riding trails and/or stunts that require more skill and aggressive techniques than XC.
"Slopestyle" type riding is an increasingly popular genre that combines big-air, stunt-ridden freeride with BMX style tricks. Slopestyle courses are usually constructed at already established mountain bike parks and include jumps, large drops, quarter-pipes, and other wooden obstacles. There are always multiple lines through a course and riders compete for judges' points by choosing lines that highlight their particular skills.
A "typical" freeride bike is hard to define, but typical specifications are 13-18 kilos (30-40 lbs) with 150–250 millimeters (5.9–9.8 inches) of suspension front and rear. Freeride bikes are generally heavier and more amply suspended than their XC counterparts, but usually retain much of their climbing ability. It is up to the rider to build his or her bike to lean more toward a preferred level of aggressiveness.
Dirt Jumping[edit]
Main article: Dirt jumping
Dirt Jumping (DJ) is the practice of riding bikes over shaped mounds of dirt or soil and becoming airborne. The goal is that after riding over the 'take off' the rider will become airborne, and aim to land on the 'landing'. Dirt jumping can be done on almost any bicycle, but the bikes chosen are generally smaller and more maneuverable hardtails so that tricks e.g. backflips, are easier to complete. The bikes are simpler so that when a crash occurs there are fewer components to break or cause the rider injury. Bikes are typically built from sturdier materials such as steel to handle repeated heavy impacts of crashes and bails.
Trials[edit]
Main article: Mountain bike trials
Trials riding consists of hopping and jumping bikes over obstacles, without touching a foot onto the ground. It can be performed either off-road or in an urban environment. This requires an excellent sense of balance. The emphasis is placed on techniques of effectively overcoming the obstacles, although street-trials (as opposed to competition-oriented trials) is much like Street and DJ, where doing tricks with style is the essence. Trials bikes look almost nothing like mountain bikes. They use either 20", 24" or 26" wheels and have very small, low frames, some types without a saddle.
Urban/Street[edit]
Main article: Freestyle BMX
Urban/Street is essentially the same as urban BMX (or Freestyle BMX), in which riders perform tricks by riding on/over man made objects. The bikes are the same as those used for Dirt Jumping, having 24" or 26" wheels. Also, they are very light, many in the range of 25–30 lb (11–14 kg), and are typically hardtails with between 0-100 millimeters of front suspension. As with Dirt Jumping and Trials, style and execution are emphasized.
Mountain bike trail riding (trail biking)
Trail riding[edit]
Main article: Trail riding: Mountain bike trails
Trail riding or trail biking is recreational mountain biking on recognised, and often waymarked, trails; unpaved tracks, forest paths, etc. Trails may take the form of single routes or part of a larger complexes, known as trail centres. There are "trail bike" designs for this activity.
Marathon[edit]
Mountain Bike Touring or Marathon is long-distance touring on dirt roads and single track with a mountain bike.
With the popularity of the Great Divide Trail, the Colorado Trail and other long-distance off-road biking trails, specially outfitted mountain bikes are increasingly being used for touring. Bike manufacturers like Salsa have even developed MTB touring bikes like the Fargo model.
Mixed Terrain Cycle-Touring or rough riding is a form of mountain-bike touring but involves cycling over a variety of surfaces and topography on a single route, with a single bicycle that is expected to be satisfactory for all segments. The recent surge in popularity of mixed-terrain touring is in part a reaction against the increasing specialization of the bicycle industry. Mixed-terrain bicycle travel has a storied history of focusing on efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and freedom of travel over varied surfaces.[15]
Bikepacking[edit]
Bikepacking is a self-supported style of lightly-loaded single or multiple night mountain biking.[16] Bikepacking is similar to bike touring, however the two sports generally use different bikes and the main difference is the method of carrying gear. Bikepacking generally involves carrying less gear and using smaller frame bags while bike touring will use panniers.[17]
A typical bikepacking set-up includes a frame bag, handlebar roll, seat pack and backpack and typical gear includes lightweight and basic camping gear, and a bike repair kit.[18]
Mountain bikes are generally used as many bike packing destinations are reached via forest-service roads or singletrack trails.[16] Mountain bikes specific to bike-packing use a slightly taller frame to get the maximum framebag capacity. This is achieved by using a longer headtube, a more horizontal top tube and a reduced stem degree.[19]
Generally, bikepackers tend to cover anywhere from 25 to 75 miles (40 – 120 km) in a given day as the riding can be technical.[20]
Risks[edit]
Injuries are a given factor when mountain biking, especially in the more extreme disciplines such as downhill biking. Injuries range from minor wounds, such as cuts and abrasions from falls on gravel or other surfaces, to major injuries such as broken bones, head or spinal injuries resulting from impacts with rocks, trees or the terrain being ridden on.[21][22]
Protective equipment can protect against minor injuries and reduce the extent or seriousness of major impacts, but may not protect a rider from major impacts or accidents. To reduce the risk of injury, a rider must also take steps to minimize the risk of accidents, and thus the potential for injury; by choosing trails which fall within the range of their experience level, ensuring that they are fit enough to deal with the trail they have chosen, and keeping their bike in top mechanical condition.
If a mountain biker wishes to explore more dangerous trails or disciplines, such as downhill riding, they must learn new skills, such as jumping and avoiding obstacles.
Where a rider lacks the fitness required to ride a particular class of trail, they may become fatigued, putting themselves at an increased risk of having an accident.
Lastly, maintenance of the rider's bike needs to be carried out more frequently for mountain biking than for casual commuter biking. Mountain biking places higher demands on every part of the bike. Jumps and impacts can crack the frame or damage components or the tire rims, and steep, fast descents can quickly wear out brake pads. Thus, whereas a casual rider may only check over and maintain their bike every few months,a mountain biker should check and properly maintain the bike before and after every ride.
Advocacy organizations[edit]
Mountain bikers have faced land access issues from the beginnings of the sport. Some areas where the first mountain bikers have ridden have faced extreme restrictions or elimination of riding.
Opposition to the sport has led to the development of local, regional, and international mountain bike groups. The different groups that formed generally work to create new trails, maintain existing trails, and help existing trails that may have issues. Groups work with private and public entities from the individual landowner to city parks departments, on up through the state level at the DNR, and into the federal level. Different groups will work individually or together to achieve results.
Advocacy organizations work through numerous methods such as education, trail work days, and trail patrols. Examples of the education an advocacy group can provide include: Educate local bicycle riders, property managers, and other user groups on the proper development of trails, and on the International Mountain Bicycling Association's (IMBA), "Rules of the Trail." Examples of trail work days can include: Flagging, cutting, and signing a new trail, or removing downed trees after a storm. A trail patrol is a bike rider who has had some training to help assist other (including non-cyclists) trail users.
The IMBA is a non-profit advocacy group whose mission is to create, enhance and preserve trail opportunities for mountain bikers worldwide. IMBA serves as an umbrella organization for mountain biking advocacy worldwide, and represents more than 700 affiliated mountain biking groups. The group was originally formed to fight widespread trail closures. In 1988, five California mountain bike clubs linked to form IMBA. The founding clubs were: Concerned Off Road Bicyclists Association, Bicycle Trails Council East Bay, Bicycle Trails Council Marin, Sacramento Rough Riders, and Responsible Organized Mountain.
Environmental impact[edit]
According to a review published by the International Mountain Bicycling Association, the environmental impact of mountain biking, as a relatively new sport, is poorly understood. The review notes that "as with all recreational pursuits, it is clear that mountain biking contributes some degree of environmental degradation".[23] Mountain biking can result in both soil and vegetation damage, which can be caused by skidding, but also by the construction of unauthorised features such as jumps and bridges, and trails themselves.[24] Several studies have reported that a mountain bike's impact on a given length of trail surface is comparable to that of a hiker, and substantially less than that of an equestrian or motorized off-road vehicle.[25][26][27][28][unreliable source?]
A critical literature review by Jason Lathrop on the ecological impact of mountain biking notes that while recreational trail use in general is well studied, few studies explore the specific impact of mountain biking. He quotes the Bureau of Land Management: "An estimated 13.5 million mountain bicyclists visit public lands each year to enjoy the variety of trails. What was once a low use activity that was easy to manage has become more complex".[29]
The environmental impacts of mountain biking can be greatly reduced by not riding on wet or sensitive trails, keeping speeds modest so as to minimize cornering forces and braking forces, not skidding, and by staying on the trail.[30]
See also[edit]
Mountain bike
Mountain bike racing
Downhill mountain biking
Enduro (mountain biking)
Singletrack
List of professional mountain bikers
Mountain Bike Hall of Fame
Glossary of cycling
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "1896: African American Buffalo Soldiers test bikes for Army on 1,900 mile expedition". Retrieved 2015-02-24.
Jump up ^ "End of road for Swiss army bike". Retrieved 2015-03-26.
Jump up ^ "Broken link: http://forum.velovert.com/wiki/index.php/Historique". External link in |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Steve Griffith. "Off Road Origins". Rough Stuff Fellowship. Archived from the original on 2010-07-21. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
Jump up ^ "The Chemeketan". 38 #9. September 1966: 4.
Jump up ^ The Birth of Dirt, 2nd Edition. Cycle Publishing/Van der Plas Publications. January 1, 2008. ISBN 978-1-892495-61-7. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rogers, Seb (23 October 2010). "Interview: Specialized founder Mike Sinyard". BikeRadar. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Ballantine, Richard, Richard's 21st Century Bicycle Book, New York: Overlook Press (2001), ISBN 1-58567-112-6, pp. 25, 50
Jump up ^ Brink, Tim (2007). Complete Mountain Biking Manual. London: New HollandPublishers. pp. 40–61. ISBN 1845372948.
Jump up ^ Kloss, F.R; Tuli, T; Haechl, O; Gassner, R (2006). "Trauma injuries sustained by cyclists". Trauma. 8, 2: 83 – via Scopus.
Jump up ^ Extreme Sports Provide Thrills But Also Increased Incidence of Head and Neck Injuries AAOS News
Jump up ^ Sharma, Vinay K.; Rango, Juan; Connaughton, Alexander J.; Lombardo, Daniel J.; Sabesan, Vani J. (2015). "The Current State of Head and Neck Injuries in Extreme Sports". Orthopedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 3 (1).
Jump up ^ Tenner, Edward. Why Thing Bite Back: Technology and the Revenge of Unintended Consequences. Retrieved November 26, 2015
Jump up ^ Adventure and Extreme Sports Injuries: Epidemiology, Treatment, Rehabilitation and Prevention. By Omer Mei-Dan, Michael Carmont, Ed. Springer-Verlag, London, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ten Things You Might Think You Need for a Long Distance Tour, but Don't. Blog of Adventure Cycling Association, April 10, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "How to Get Started Bikepacking". REI. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
Jump up ^ "What's the difference between cycle touring and bikepacking? | Cycling UK". www.cyclinguk.org. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
Jump up ^ "Bikepacking 101 - BIKEPACKING.com". BIKEPACKING.com. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
Jump up ^ "What Is A Bikepacking Bike? Is It Different To A Standard Bike? - CyclingAbout". CyclingAbout. 2017-06-05. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
Jump up ^ "Bikepacking Basics - Everything You Need To Start Bikepacking". bicycletouringpro.com. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
Jump up ^ Kronisch, R.L.; Pfeiffer, R.P. (2002). "Mountain biking injuries: An update". Sports Medicine. 32, 8: 523–537. doi:10.2165/00007256-200232080-00004 – via Scopus.
Jump up ^ Carmont, M.R. (2008). "Mountain biking injuries: A review". British Medical Bulletin. 85, 1: 101–112 – via Scopus.
Jump up ^ Marion, Jeff; Wimpey, Jeremy (2007). "Environmental Impacts of Mountain Biking: Science Review and Best Practices". International Mountain Bicycling Association. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Pickering, Catherine Marina; Hill, Wendy; Newsome, David; Leung, Yu-Fai (2010). "Comparing hiking, mountain biking and horse riding impacts on vegetation and soils in Australia and the United States of America". Journal of Environmental Management. 91 (3): 551–562. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.09.025.
Jump up ^ "A Comparative Study of Impacts to Mountain Bike Trails in Five Common Ecological Regions of the Southwestern U.S." Retrieved 2015-02-27.
Jump up ^ "Assessing and Understanding Trail Degradation: Results from Big South Fork National River and Recreational Area" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-02-27.
Jump up ^ "Wildlife Responses to Recreation and Associated Visitor Perceptions" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-02-27.
Jump up ^ "Responses of desert bighorn sheep to increased human recreation". Retrieved 2015-02-27.
Jump up ^ Lathrop, Jason. "Ecological Impacts of Mountain Biking: A Critical Literature Review". Wildlands CPR. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Minimum Impact Riding". International Mountain Bicycling Association. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mountain biking.
International Mountain Biking Association
[show]
v
t
e
Adventure travel
Types
Accessible tourism
Active travel
Adjectival tourisms
Adventure recreation
Agritourism
Backpacking (travel)
Backpacking (wilderness)
Bicycle touring
Camping
Climbing
Cultural tourism
Ecotourism
Exploration
Extreme tourism
Freighthopping
Hang gliding
Hiking
Hitchhiking
Migrating
Jungle tourism
Kloofing
Mountain biking
Mountaineering
Naked hiking
Navigation
Overlanding
Paragliding
Rafting
River trekking
Rogaining
Safari
Scuba diving
Slum tourism
Tramping
Travel
Trekking
Ultralight backpacking
Urban exploration
Vagabonding
Volunteer travel
Wildlife tourism
Zip-lining
Miscellaneous
Backpack
Campsite
Discovery
Exploration
Geocaching
Geohashing
Google Maps
Gypsy
Hiking equipment
Hobo
Hospitality service
Interpersonal relationship
Lifestyle travelling
Naturism
Nomad
Perpetual traveler
Polyphasic sleep
Sattvic diet
Schengen Area
Sleeping bag
Sleeping pad
Social photography
Squatting
Street food
Street people
Swiss Army knife
Ten Essentials
Tramp
Vagrancy
Wanderlust
[show]
v
t
e
Extreme and adventure sports
Boardsports
Bellyboarding
Bodyboarding
Dirtsurfing
Flowriding
Kite landboarding
Kiteboarding
Longboarding
Mountainboarding
River surfing
Riverboarding
Sandboarding
Skateboarding
Skimboarding
Skysurfing
Snowboarding
Snowskating
Street luging
Surfing
Wakeboarding
Windsurfing
Motorsports
Drifting
Motocross
Rallying
Snocross
Supercross
Water sports
Coasteering
Freediving
High diving
Jet Skiing
Scuba diving
Cave diving
Technical diving
Snorkeling
Water skiing
Whitewater canoeing
Whitewater kayaking
Whitewater rafting
Climbing
Bouldering
Canyoning
Free solo climbing
Ice climbing
Mountaineering
Rock climbing
Skyrunning
Falling
BASE jumping
Bungee jumping
Cliff-diving
Cliff jumping
Parachuting (skydiving)
Flying
Air racing
Gliding
Hang gliding
Paragliding
Powered paragliding
Parasailing
Speed flying
Wingsuit flying
Cycling
BMX
BMX racing
Freestyle BMX
Mountain biking
Downhill mountain biking
Rolling
Freestyle scootering
Inline skating
Aggressive inline skating
Vert skating
Roller skating
Skiing
Extreme skiing
Freestyle skiing
Speed skiing
Sliding
Bobsleigh
Extreme sledding
Luge
Skeleton
Food
Cheese rolling
Nettle eating
Others
Adventure racing
Caving
Crane climbing
Extreme ironing
Extreme Pogo
Fell running
Obstacle racing
Orienteering
Paintball
Powerbocking
Slacklining
Ultramarathon
Zip-lining
Commons
Sports Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Cycling
Glossary
Outlines
Bicycles
Cycling
General
Bicycle
Bicycle culture
Bicycle dynamics
Bicycle performance
Electric bicycle
History of the bicycle
History of cycling infrastructure
Utility and slow
recreation
Bicycle commuting
Bicycle messenger
Bicycle rental/hire
Bicycle-sharing system
Bicycle touring
Challenge riding
Cold-weather biking
Freight bicycle
Indoor cycling
Rail trail
Randonneuring
Road cycling
Utility cycling
Vehicular cycling
Sports-related cycling and
fast-paced recreation
Artistic cycling
BMX
Cross-country cycling
Cycle speedway
Cycle sport
Cyclo-cross
Cyclosportive
Fatbiking
Freeride
Goldsprint
Mountain bike trials
Mountain biking
Pump track
Road bicycle racing
Track cycling
Triathlon
U.S. intercollegiate champions
Health, safety and
infrastructure
Active mobility
Bicycle-friendly
Bicycle law
Bicycle parking
Bicycle poverty reduction
Bicycle rodeo
Bicycle safety
Bicycle transportation planning and engineering
Bike rage
Bike registry
Bike-to-Work Day
Bike Week (Bicycle Week)
Cycling advocacy
Cycling infrastructure
Hand signals
Idaho stop
Lane splitting
Protected intersection
Vehicular cycling
Other
Unicycle
Tricycle
Quadracycle
Pentacycle
Bicycle collecting
Bicycle cooperative ("bicycle kitchen")
Clothing-optional bike ride
Sustainable transport
Mechanical doping
Lists
List of bicycle types
List of bicycle brands and manufacturing companies
List of bicycle-sharing systems
List of cyclists
List of films about bicycles and cycling
List of doping cases in cycling
Category
Commons
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Orienteering
History of orienteering
List of orienteering events
Sport disciplines
IOF-governed
Foot orienteering
Mountain bike orienteering
Ski orienteering
Trail orienteering
IARU-governed
Amateur radio direction finding
Fox Oring
Radio Orienteering in a Compact Area
Other sports
Canoe orienteering
Car orienteering
Mountain marathon
Mounted orienteering
Rogaining
Related
Adventure racing
Alleycat race
Fell running
Relay race
Transmitter hunting
Equipment
Event
Control point
Course
Map
Personal
Compass
hand
protractor
thumb
Eye protectors
Gaiters
Headlamp
Exceptions
Backpacking
GPS
Whistle
Fundamentals
Map
orienteering map
Navigation
cardinal direction
resection
route choice
wayfinding
waypoint
Racing
hiking
running
walking
skiing
mountain biking
Organisations / lists
International Orienteering Federation
members
List of clubs
List of orienteers
by country
innovators
List of events
Non-sport related
Adventure travel
Bicycle touring
Climbing
Hiking
Hunting
Location-based game
geocaching
poker run
Scoutcraft orienteering
Backpacking
wilderness
Competitions
Foot orienteering
World Championships
Junior
World Cup
World Games
European Championships
Open events
O-Ringen
Jukola
Tiomila
Kainuu Orienteering Week
Jan Kjellström Festival
Ski orienteering
World Championships
Junior
World Cup
MTB orienteering
World Championships
Trail orienteering
World Championships
Category
WikiProject
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mountain_biking&oldid=837902265"
Categories:
Mountain biking
Cycle sport
Adventure travel
Hidden categories:
CS1 errors: external links
Articles needing additional references from February 2016
All articles needing additional references
Wikipedia articles needing style editing from February 2016
All articles needing style editing
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from November 2013
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikivoyage
Languages
العربية
বাংলা
Български
Català
Čeština
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
Galego
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Italiano
Lietuvių
Limburgs
Nederlands
Nedersaksies
Norsk
Polski
Simple English
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Українська
17 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 April 2018, at 18:25.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Mountain_bikes
mw-redirect
Mountain bikes

values:
/wiki/Downhill_cycling
mw-redirect
Downhill cycling

values:
/wiki/Buffalo_Soldiers
mw-redirect
Buffalo Soldiers

values:
/wiki/Marin_County
mw-redirect
Marin County

values: John Frey (cyclist) (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Fuji_Advanced_Sports
mw-redirect
Fuji Advanced Sports

values:
/wiki/Specialized_Bicycles
mw-redirect
Specialized Bicycles

values:
/wiki/Hydraulic_disc_brakes
mw-redirect
Hydraulic disc brakes

values:
/wiki/Clipless_pedals
mw-redirect
Clipless pedals

values:
/wiki/Bicycle_shoe
mw-redirect
Bicycle shoe

values:
/wiki/GPS_navigation_devices
mw-redirect
GPS navigation devices

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style
presentation

values: <video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Worsleys_Track_248.webm/854px--Worsleys_Track_248.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:854px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="22.371" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Worsleys_Track_248.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c2/Worsleys_Track_248.webm/Worsleys_Track_248.webm.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1091064" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c2/Worsleys_Track_248.webm/Worsleys_Track_248.webm.720p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="HD WebM (720P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="3472184" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c2/Worsleys_Track_248.webm/Worsleys_Track_248.webm.1080p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Full HD WebM (1080P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 1080P" data-transcodekey="1080p.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="12974576" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Worsleys_Track_248.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Original WebM file, 1,920 × 1,080 (14.95 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="WebM source" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="14950040" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c2/Worsleys_Track_248.webm/Worsleys_Track_248.webm.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="235912" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c2/Worsleys_Track_248.webm/Worsleys_Track_248.webm.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="332144" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c2/Worsleys_Track_248.webm/Worsleys_Track_248.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="584624" data-framerate="25"/></video>

values:
/wiki/Bicycle_helmets
mw-redirect
Bicycle helmets

values:
/wiki/Cycling_gloves
mw-redirect
Cycling gloves

values:
/wiki/Cedric_Gracia
mw-redirect
Cedric Gracia

values:
/wiki/Mixed_Terrain_Cycle-Touring
mw-redirect
Mixed Terrain Cycle-Touring

values: International Mountain Bicycling Association

values:
/wiki/Biking_advocacy
mw-redirect
Biking advocacy

values: The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (November 2013)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://tubulocity.com/?p=64

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.rsf.org.uk/history.htm

values:
nofollow
http://www.imba.com/
external text

values:
/wiki/Active_travel
mw-redirect
Active travel

values:
/wiki/Adventure_recreation
mw-redirect
Adventure recreation

values:
/wiki/Vagabond_(person)
mw-redirect
Vagabond (person)

values:
/wiki/Volunteer_travel
mw-redirect
Volunteer travel

values:
/wiki/Gypsy_(term)
mw-redirect
Gypsy (term)

values:
/wiki/Lifestyle_travelling
mw-redirect
Lifestyle travelling

values:
/wiki/Polyphasic_sleep
mw-redirect
Polyphasic sleep

values:
/wiki/Vagrancy_(people)
mw-redirect
Vagrancy (people)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Bicycle transportation planning and engineering

values: List of films about bicycles and cycling

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Protractor_compass
mw-redirect
Protractor compass

values: Category:International Orienteering Federation members

values: Jan Kjellström International Festival of Orienteering

values: Junior World Ski Orienteering Championships

values: navigation navbox Orienteering padding:3px

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2016

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing style editing from February 2016

values: Category:All articles needing style editing

values: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from November 2013

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Mountain_biking
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: ركوب الدراجات الجبلية – Arabic

values: মাউন্টেন বাইকিং – Bangla

values: Планинско колоездене – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values: Ορεινή ποδηλασία – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: دوچرخه‌سواری کوهستان – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: माउंटेन बाइकिंग – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Брдски бициклизам – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: Маунтенбайк – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Mountain_biking rootpage-Mountain_biking skin-vector action-view