text:
Subdural hematoma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Subdural hematoma
Synonyms
Subdural haematoma, subdural haemorrhage
Subdural hematoma as marked by the arrow with significant midline shift
Specialty
Neurosurgery
A subdural hematoma (SDH), is a type of hematoma, usually associated with traumatic brain injury. Blood gathers between the inner layer of the dura mater and the arachnoid mater. Usually resulting from tears in bridging veins which cross the subdural space, subdural hemorrhages may cause an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP), which can cause compression of and damage to delicate brain tissue. Subdural hematomas are often life-threatening when acute. Chronic subdural hematomas, however, have a better prognosis if properly managed.
In contrast, epidural hematomas are usually caused by tears in arteries, resulting in a build-up of blood between the dura mater and skull. Subarachnoid hemorrhage, the third type of brain hemorrhages, is bleeding into the subarachnoid space — the area between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater surrounding the brain.
Contents
[hide]
1 Classification
2 Signs and symptoms
3 Causes
3.1 Risk factors
4 Pathophysiology
5 Diagnosis
6 Treatment
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Classification[edit]
Subdural hematomas are divided into acute, subacute, and chronic, depending on the speed of their onset.[1] Acute subdural hematomas that are due to trauma are the most lethal of all head injuries and have a high mortality rate if they are not rapidly treated with surgical decompression.[2]
Acute bleeds often develop after high speed acceleration or deceleration injuries and are increasingly severe with larger hematomas. They are most severe if associated with cerebral contusions.[3] Though much faster than chronic subdural bleeds, acute subdural bleeding is usually venous and therefore slower than the typically arterial bleeding of an epidural hemorrhage. Acute subdural bleeds have a high mortality rate, higher even than epidural hematomas and diffuse brain injuries, because the force (acceleration/deceleration) required to cause them causes other severe injuries as well.[4] The mortality rate associated with acute subdural hematoma is around 60 to 80%.[5]
Chronic subdural bleeds develop over a period of days to weeks, often after minor head trauma, though such a cause is not identifiable in 50% of patients.[6] They may not be discovered until they present clinically months or years after a head injury.[7] The bleeding from a chronic bleed is slow, probably from repeated minor bleeds, and usually stops by itself.[8][9] Since these bleeds progress slowly, they present the chance of being stopped before they cause significant damage. Small chronic subdural hematomas, those less than a centimeter wide, have much better outcomes than acute subdural bleeds: in one study, only 22% of patients with chronic subdural bleeds had outcomes worse than "good" or "complete recovery".[3] Chronic subdural hematomas are common in the elderly.[7]
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Hematoma type
Epidural
Subdural
v
t
e
Location
Between the skull and the outer endosteal layer of the dura mater Between dura mater and arachnoid mater.[10]
Involved vessel
Temperoparietal locus (most likely) - Middle meningeal artery
Frontal locus - anterior ethmoidal artery
Occipital locus - transverse or sigmoid sinuses
Vertex locus - superior sagittal sinus Bridging veins
Symptoms (depend on severity)[11]
Lucid interval followed by unconsciousness Gradually increasing headache and confusion
CT appearance
Biconvex lens Crescent-shaped
Symptoms of subdural hemorrhage have a slower onset than those of epidural hemorrhages because the lower pressure veins bleed more slowly than arteries. Therefore, signs and symptoms may show up in minutes, if not immediately[12] but can be delayed as much as 2 weeks.[13] If the bleeds are large enough to put pressure on the brain, signs of increased ICP (intracranial pressure) or damage to part of the brain will be present.[3]
Other signs and symptoms of subdural hematoma can include any combination of the following:
A history of recent head injury
Loss of consciousness or fluctuating levels of consciousness
Irritability
Seizures
Pain
Numbness
Headache (either constant or fluctuating)
Dizziness
Disorientation
Amnesia
Weakness or lethargy
Nausea or vomiting
Loss of appetite
Personality changes
Inability to speak or slurred speech
Ataxia, or difficulty walking
Loss of muscle control
Altered breathing patterns
Hearing loss or hearing ringing (tinnitus)
Blurred Vision
Deviated gaze, or abnormal movement of the eyes.[3]
Causes[edit]
Subdural hematomas are most often caused by head injury, when rapidly changing velocities within the skull may stretch and tear small bridging veins. Subdural hematomas due to head injury are described as traumatic. Much more common than epidural hemorrhages, subdural hemorrhages generally result from shearing injuries due to various rotational or linear forces.[3][8] Subdural hemorrhage may be seen in shaken baby syndrome, in which similar shearing forces may cause retinal hemorrhages. Subdural hematoma is also commonly seen in the elderly and in alcoholics, who have evidence of cerebral atrophy. Cerebral atrophy increases the length the bridging veins have to traverse between the two meningeal layers, hence increasing the likelihood of shearing forces causing a tear. It is also more common in patients on anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs, such as warfarin and aspirin. Patients on these medications can have a subdural hematoma after a relatively minor traumatic event. A further cause can be a reduction in cerebral spinal fluid pressure which can create a low pressure in the subarachnoid space, pulling the arachnoid away from the dura mater and leading to a rupture of the blood vessels.
Risk factors[edit]
Factors increasing the risk of a subdural hematoma include very young or very old age. As the brain shrinks with age, the subdural space enlarges and the veins that traverse the space must travel over a wider distance, making them more vulnerable to tears. This and the fact that the elderly have more brittle veins make chronic subdural bleeds more common in older patients.[6] Infants, too, have larger subdural spaces and are more predisposed to subdural bleeds than are young adults.[3] For this reason, subdural hematoma is a common finding in shaken baby syndrome. In juveniles, an arachnoid cyst is a risk factor for a subdural hematoma.[14]
Other risk factors for subdural bleeds include taking blood thinners (anticoagulants), long-term alcohol abuse, dementia, and the presence of a cerebrospinal fluid leak.[15]
Pathophysiology[edit]
Micrograph of a chronic subdural hematoma, as demonstrated by thin strands of collagen and neovascularization. HPS stain.
Acute subdural haematoma is usually caused external trauma that creates tension in the wall of a bridging vein as it passes between the arachnoid and dural layers, i.e. the subdural space, of the brain's lining. This is because in the short course of the vein in the subdural space, circumferential arrangement of collagen surrounding the vein causes it to be susceptible to tear by this tension. However, intracerebral hemorrhage and rupture of cortical vessels (vessels running on the surface of the brain) can also cause subdural haematoma. Such haematoma usually accumulates in between the two layers of the dura membrane. Such haematoma can cause ischemic brain damage by two mechanisms: pressure effect on the cortical blood vessels,[16] and vasoconstriction due to the substances may be released from the collected material in a subdural hematoma, causing further ischemia under the site by restricting blood flow to the brain.[9] When the brain is denied adequate blood flow, a biochemical cascade known as the ischemic cascade is unleashed, and may ultimately lead to brain cell death.[17] This condition lead to higher risk of death for the patient.[16]
Subdural haematoma may continually grow in size by the pressure effect of the haematoma on the brain. This causes the intracranial pressure of the brain to rise, squeezing the intracranial blood into the dural venous sinuses, raising the dural venous pressure, and resulting in more bleeding from the ruptured bridging veins. Subdural haematoma only stopped to enlarge when the pressure of the haematoma equalises with the intracranial pressure of the brain, as the space for haematoma expansion getting smaller and smaller.[16]
Chronic subdural haematoma is usually asymptomatic until four to seven weeks later. In this case, accumulation of blood in the dural space is caused by inflammation. Trauma causes damage to the dural border cells (e.g. separation of dura membrane bilayer), resulting in inflammatory reaction.[18] Post craniotomy for unruptured intracranial aneurysm is another risk factor for the development of chronic subdural haematoma. The incision of arachnoid membrane during the operation causes leakage of CSF into the subdural space, leading to inflammation. This post-operative complication would usually resolved spontaneously.[19] Inflammation causes the new membrane formation through fibrosis. The inflammatory process also produces new fragile and leaky blood vessels through angiogenesis, permitting the leakage of red blood cells, white blood cells, and plasma into the haematoma cavity and easily causes mirco bleeds. Besides, tearing of arachnoid mater during trauma causes leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the haematoma cavity, causing increase in haematoma size over time. Excessive fibrinolysis is another factor that causes continuous bleeding. Examples of pro-inflammatory mediators acted in the haematoma expansion process are: Interleukin 1α (IL1A), Interleukin 6, Interleukin 8; while the anti-inflammatory mediator is Interleukin 10. Mediators that promote angiogenesis are: angiopoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Meanwhile, prostaglandin E2 promotes the expression of VEGF. Matrix metalloproteinases remove surrounding collagen, thus providing space for new blood vessels to grow.[18]
Diagnosis[edit]
A subdural hematoma demonstrated by CT.
It is important that a person receive medical assessment, including a complete neurological examination, after any head trauma. A CT scan or MRI scan will usually detect significant subdural hematomas.
Subdural hematomas occur most often around the tops and sides of the frontal and parietal lobes.[3][8] They also occur in the posterior cranial fossa, and near the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli.[3] Unlike epidural hematomas, which cannot expand past the sutures of the skull, subdural hematomas can expand along the inside of the skull, creating a concave shape that follows the curve of the brain, stopping only at the dural reflections like the tentorium cerebelli and falx cerebri.
On a CT scan, subdural hematomas are classically crescent-shaped, with a concave surface away from the skull. However, they can have a convex appearance, especially in the early stage of bleeding. This may cause difficulty in distinguishing between subdural and epidural hemorrhages. A more reliable indicator of subdural hemorrhage is its involvement of a larger portion of the cerebral hemisphere since it can cross suture lines, unlike an epidural hemorrhage. Subdural blood can also be seen as a layering density along the tentorium cerebelli. This can be a chronic, stable process, since the feeding system is low-pressure. In such cases, subtle signs of bleeding such as effacement of sulci or medial displacement of the junction between gray matter and white matter may be apparent.
Fresh subdural bleeding is hyperdense, but becomes more hypodense over time due to dissolution of cellular elements. After somewhere between 3–14 days, the bleeding becomes isodense with brain tissue and may therefore be missed.[20] Subsequently, it will become more hypodense than brain tissue.
Treatment[edit]
Treatment of a subdural hematoma depends on its size and rate of growth. Some small subdural hematomas can be managed by careful monitoring until the body heals itself. Other small subdural hematomas can be managed by inserting a temporary small catheter through a hole drilled through the skull and sucking out the hematoma; this procedure can be done at the bedside. Large or symptomatic hematomas require a craniotomy, the surgical opening of the skull. A surgeon then opens the dura, removes the blood clot with suction or irrigation, and identifies and controls sites of bleeding.[21][22] Postoperative complications include increased intracranial pressure, brain edema, new or recurrent bleeding, infection, and seizure. The injured vessels must be repaired.
Depending on the size and deterioration, age of the patient, and anaesthetic risk posed, subdural hematomas occasionally require craniotomy for evacuation; most frequently, simple burr holes for drainage; often conservative treatment; and rarely, palliative treatment in patients of extreme age or with no chance of recovery.[23]
In those with a chronic subdural hematoma, but without a history of seizures, the evidence is unclear if using anticonvulsants is harmful or beneficial.[24]
See also[edit]
Concussion
Diffuse axonal injury
Epidural hematoma
Extra-axial hemorrhage
Intra-axial hemorrhage
Head injury
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Traumatic brain injury
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Subdural Hematoma Surgery at eMedicine
Jump up ^ "Acute Subdural Hematomas". UCLA Health. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Imaging in Subdural Hematoma at eMedicine
Jump up ^ Penetrating Head Trauma at eMedicine
Jump up ^ Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) - Definition, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology at eMedicine
^ Jump up to: a b Downie A. 2001. "Tutorial: CT in head trauma". Retrieved on August 7, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Kushner D (1998). "Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Toward Understanding Manifestations and Treatment". Archives of Internal Medicine. 158 (15): 1617–1624. doi:10.1001/archinte.158.15.1617. PMID 9701095.
^ Jump up to: a b c University of Vermont College of Medicine. "Neuropathology: Trauma to the CNS." Accessed through web archive on August 8, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Graham DI and Gennareli TA. Chapter 5, "Pathology of brain damage after head injury" Cooper P and Golfinos G. 2000. Head Injury, 4th Ed. Morgan Hill, New York.
Jump up ^ "Subdural Haematoma". Patient. Patient Platform Ltd. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Gillet, Jane. "What's the Difference Between a Subdural and Epidural Hematoma?" (PDF). brainline.org. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Subdural hematoma : MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". Nlm.nih.gov. 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2012-07-27.
Jump up ^ Sanders MJ and McKenna K. 2001. Mosby’s Paramedic Textbook, 2nd revised Ed. Chapter 22, "Head and facial trauma." Mosby.
Jump up ^ Mori K, Yamamoto T, Horinaka N, Maeda M (2002). "Arachnoid cyst is a risk factor for chronic subdural hematoma in juveniles: twelve cases of chronic subdural hematoma associated with arachnoid cyst". J. Neurotrauma. 19 (9): 1017–27. doi:10.1089/089771502760341938. PMID 12482115.
Jump up ^ Beck J; Gralla J; Fung C; Ulrich C; Schuct P; Fichtner J; ... Raabe A (December 2014). "Spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak as the cause of chronic subdural hematomas in nongeriatric patients". Journal of Neurosurgery. 121 (6): 1380–1387. doi:10.3171/2014.6.JNS14550. PMID 25036203. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Miller, Jimmy D; Nader, Remi (June 2014). "Acute subdural hematoma from bridging vein rupture: a potential mechanism for growth". Journal of Neurosurgery. 120 (6): 1378–1384. doi:10.3171/2013.10.JNS13272.
Jump up ^ Tandon, PN (2001). "Acute subdural haematoma : a reappraisal". Neurology India. 49 (1): 3–10. Retrieved 26 November 2017. . The possibility of direct effect of some vasoactive substances released by the blood clot, being responsible for the ischaemia, seems attractive.
^ Jump up to: a b Edlmann, Ellie; Giorgi-Coll, Susan; Whitfield, Peter C. (30 May 2017). "Pathophysiology of chronic subdural haematoma: inflammation, angiogenesis and implications for pharmacotherapy". Journal if Neuroinflammation. 14: 108. doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0881-y. PMC 5450087  . PMID 28558815.
Jump up ^ Tanaka, Y; Ohno, K (1 June 2013). "Chronic subdural hematoma - an up-to-date concept" (PDF). Journal of Medical and Dental Sciences. 60 (2): 55–61. PMID 23918031. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Intracranial Hemorrhage - Subdural Hematomas (SDH)". Loyola University Chicago. Retrieved 2018-01-06.
Jump up ^ Koivisto T, Jääskeläinen JE (2009). "Chronic subdural haematoma—to drain or not to drain?". Lancet. 374 (9695): 1040–1041. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61682-2.
Jump up ^ Santarius T, Kirkpatrick PJ, Dharmendra G, et al. (2009). "Use of drains versus no drains after burr-hole evacuation of chronic subdural haematoma: a randomised controlled trial". Lancet. 374 (9695): 1067–1073. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61115-6.
Jump up ^ de Araújo Silva, DaniloOtávio; Matis, GeorgiosK; Kitamura, MatheusAugusto Pinto; de Carvalho Junior, EduardoVieira; Silva, Monalisade Moura; Pereira, CarlosUmberto; da Silva, JoacilCarlos; de Azevedo Filho, HildoRocha Cirne; Costa, LeonardoFerraz; Barbosa, Breno JoséA. P.; Birbilis, TheodossiosA (2012). "Chronic subdural hematomas and the elderly: Surgical results from a series of 125 cases: Old "horses" are not to be shot!". Surgical Neurology International. 3 (1): 150. doi:10.4103/2152-7806.104744. ISSN 2152-7806.
Jump up ^ Ratilal, BO; Pappamikail, L; Costa, J; Sampaio, C (Jun 6, 2013). "Anticonvulsants for preventing seizures in patients with chronic subdural haematoma". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6: CD004893. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004893.pub3. PMID 23744552.
External links[edit]
Classification
V · T · D
ICD-10: I62.0, P10.0, S06.5
ICD-9-CM: 852.2 - traumatic; 432.1 - nontraumatic
MeSH: D006408
DiseasesDB: 12614
External resources
MedlinePlus: 000713
eMedicine: neuro/575

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Subdural hematoma.
Subdural Hematoma at eMedicine
Imaging and Mechanism of Subdural Hematoma - MedPix
[show]
v
t
e
Cardiovascular disease (heart) (I00–I52, 390–429)
Ischaemic
Coronary disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Coronary artery aneurysm
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD)
Coronary thrombosis
Coronary vasospasm
Myocardial bridge
Active ischemia
Angina pectoris
Prinzmetal's angina
Stable angina
Acute coronary syndrome
Myocardial infarction
Unstable angina
Sequelae
hours
Hibernating myocardium
Myocardial stunning
days
Myocardial rupture
weeks
Aneurysm of heart / Ventricular aneurysm
Dressler syndrome
Layers
Pericardium
Pericarditis
Acute
Chronic / Constrictive
Pericardial effusion
Cardiac tamponade
Hemopericardium
Myocardium
Myocarditis
Chagas disease
Cardiomyopathy
Dilated
Alcoholic
Hypertrophic
Restrictive
Loeffler endocarditis
Cardiac amyloidosis
Endocardial fibroelastosis
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
Endocardium /
valves
Endocarditis
infective endocarditis
Subacute bacterial endocarditis
non-infective endocarditis
Libman–Sacks endocarditis
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
Valves
mitral
regurgitation
prolapse
stenosis
aortic
stenosis
insufficiency
tricuspid
stenosis
insufficiency
pulmonary
stenosis
insufficiency
Conduction /
arrhythmia
Bradycardia
Sinus bradycardia
Sick sinus syndrome
Heart block: Sinoatrial
AV
1°
2°
3°
Intraventricular
Bundle branch block
Right
Left
Left anterior fascicle
Left posterior fascicle
Bifascicular
Trifascicular
Adams–Stokes syndrome
Tachycardia
(paroxysmal and sinus)
Supraventricular
Atrial
Multifocal
Junctional
AV nodal reentrant
Junctional ectopic
Ventricular
Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
Catecholaminergic polymorphic
Torsades de pointes
Premature contraction
Atrial
Junctional
Ventricular
Pre-excitation syndrome
Lown–Ganong–Levine
Wolff–Parkinson–White
Flutter / fibrillation
Atrial flutter
Ventricular flutter
Atrial fibrillation
Familial
Ventricular fibrillation
Pacemaker
Ectopic pacemaker / Ectopic beat
Multifocal atrial tachycardia
Pacemaker syndrome
Parasystole
Wandering pacemaker
Long QT syndrome
Andersen–Tawil
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
Romano–Ward
Cardiac arrest
Sudden cardiac death
Asystole
Pulseless electrical activity
Sinoatrial arrest
Other / ungrouped
hexaxial reference system
Right axis deviation
Left axis deviation
QT
Short QT syndrome
T
T wave alternans
ST
Osborn wave
ST elevation
ST depression
Strain pattern
Cardiomegaly
Ventricular hypertrophy
Left
Right / Cor pulmonale
Atrial enlargement
Left
Right
Other
Cardiac fibrosis
Heart failure
Diastolic heart failure
Cardiac asthma
Rheumatic fever
[show]
v
t
e
Nonmusculoskeletal injuries of head (head injury) and neck (S00–S19, 850–854)
Intracranial
see neurotrauma
Extracranial/
facial trauma
eye:
Black eye
Eye injury
Corneal abrasion
ear:
Perforated eardrum
Either/both
Penetrating head injury
[show]
v
t
e
Cerebrovascular diseases (G45–G46 and I60–I69, 430–438)
Brain ischemia/
cerebral infarction
(ischemic stroke/TIA)
TACI, PACI
precerebral: Carotid artery stenosis
cerebral: MCA
ACA
Amaurosis fugax
Moyamoya disease
POCI
precerebral: Anterior spinal artery syndrome
Vertebrobasilar insufficiency
Subclavian steal syndrome
brainstem: medulla
Medial medullary syndrome
Lateral medullary syndrome
pons
Medial pontine syndrome/Foville's
Lateral pontine syndrome/Millard-Gubler
midbrain
Weber's
Benedikt
Claude's
cerebral: PCA
Lacunar stroke
Dejerine–Roussy syndrome
cerebellar
General
cerebral: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
CADASIL
Binswanger's disease
Transient global amnesia
Intracranial hemorrhage
(hemorrhagic stroke)
Extra-axial
Epidural
Subdural
Subarachnoid
Cerebral/Intra-axial
Intraventricular
Brainstem
Duret haemorrhages
Aneurysm
Cerebral aneurysm
Intracranial berry aneurysm
Charcot–Bouchard aneurysm
Other/general
Cerebral vasculitis
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subdural_hematoma&oldid=832922089"
Categories:
Neurotrauma
Cerebrovascular diseases
Hidden categories:
Infobox medical condition (new)
Pages using div col with small parameter
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Ελληνικά
Español
Français
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Українська
中文
11 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 March 2018, at 18:11.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: td

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href title

value: tbody

values:
/wiki/Bridging_veins
mw-redirect
Bridging veins

values:
/wiki/Chronic_(medicine)
mw-redirect
Chronic (medicine)

values:
/wiki/Epidural_hemorrhage
mw-redirect
Epidural hemorrhage

values:
/wiki/Diffuse_brain_injury
mw-redirect
Diffuse brain injury

values: Template talk:Epidural vs. subdural hematoma

values:
/wiki/Human_skull
mw-redirect
Human skull

values:
/wiki/Transverse_sinus
mw-redirect
Transverse sinus

values:
/wiki/X-ray_computed_tomography
mw-redirect
X-ray computed tomography

values:
/wiki/Biconvex_lens
mw-redirect
Biconvex lens

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; font-size:90%;

values:
/wiki/Physical_trauma
mw-redirect
Physical trauma

values:
/wiki/Shearing_injury
mw-redirect
Shearing injury

values:
/wiki/Shaken_baby_syndrome
mw-redirect
Shaken baby syndrome

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Bridging_vein
mw-redirect
Bridging vein

values:
/wiki/Tentorium_cerebelli
mw-redirect
Tentorium cerebelli

values:
/wiki/Skull_suture
mw-redirect
Skull suture

values:
/wiki/Dural_reflection
mw-redirect
Dural reflection

values:
/wiki/Gray_matter
mw-redirect
Gray matter

values:
/wiki/Palliative_treatment
mw-redirect
Palliative treatment

values:
/wiki/Extra-axial_hemorrhage
mw-redirect
Extra-axial hemorrhage

values:
/wiki/Intra-axial_hemorrhage
mw-redirect
Intra-axial hemorrhage

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9701095

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12482115

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3171%2F2014.6.JNS14550

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25036203

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3171%2F2013.10.JNS13272

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12974-017-0881-y

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28558815

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23918031

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/2152-7806

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744552

values: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

values: width:22em;width:100%; margin:0 0 0.5em 0;

values: ICD-10 Chapter IX: Diseases of the circulatory system

values: List of ICD-9 codes 390–459: diseases of the circulatory system

values:
/wiki/Angina_pectoris
mw-redirect
Angina pectoris

values:
/wiki/Prinzmetal%27s_angina
mw-redirect
Prinzmetal's angina

values:
/wiki/Angina_pectoris#Stable_angina
mw-redirect
Angina pectoris

values: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia

values: Electrical conduction system of the heart

values:
/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmia
mw-redirect
Cardiac arrhythmia

values: Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia

values:
/wiki/Osborn_wave
mw-redirect
Osborn wave

values:
/wiki/Diastolic_heart_failure
mw-redirect
Diastolic heart failure

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template:Nonmusculoskeletal injuries of head and neck

values: Template talk:Nonmusculoskeletal injuries of head and neck

values: ICD-10 Chapter XIX: Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes

values: List of ICD-9 codes 800–999: injury and poisoning

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: ICD-10 Chapter VI: Diseases of the nervous system

values:
/wiki/Cerebral_artery
mw-redirect
Cerebral artery

values:
/wiki/Brain_stem_stroke_syndrome
mw-redirect
Brain stem stroke syndrome

values:
/wiki/Intracranial_berry_aneurysm
mw-redirect
Intracranial berry aneurysm

values: Category:Infobox medical condition (new)

values: Category:Pages using div col with small parameter

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Subdural_hematoma
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: ورم دموي تحت الجافية – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: Υποσκληρίδιο αιμάτωμα – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: דימום תת-קשיתי – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Субдуральная гематома – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: เลือดออกใต้เยื่อหุ้มสมองชั้นนอก – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Субдуральна гематома – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Subdural_hematoma rootpage-Subdural_hematoma skin-vector action-view


text:
Baba (name)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Baba (disambiguation).
Baba is a name and may refer to:
Contents
[hide]
1 Given name
2 Surname
3 Honorific
4 Familial
5 See also
Given name[edit]
Baba Ishak, Seljuk Turk
Baba Novac, a Serbian hajduk and a national hero in Serbia and Romania
Baba Nobuharu (1514/15–1575), Japanese samurai
Ahmad Baba al Massufi (1556–1627), Malian politician
Baba Juice, nickname of B. J. Johnson (born 1987), American swimmer
Surname[edit]
Aglar Baba, Turkish religious leader
Corneliu Baba (1906–1997), Romanian painter
Frank Shozo Baba (1915–2008), Japanese American worked for Voice of America and Japan
Ghafar Baba (1925–2006), Malaysian politician
Gül Baba (died 1541), Ottoman Bektashi dervish poet
James Baba, Ugandan politician
Jaroslav Bába (born 1984), Czech high jumper
Kikutaro Baba (1905–2001), Japanese malacologist
Masao Baba (1892–1947), Japanese general
Otman Baba, Sufi saint
Shohei Baba (1938–1999), Japanese wrestler
Tupeni Baba, Fijian politician
Honorific[edit]
Baba is often used as an honorific or sobriquet, usually prefixed or suffixed to a name.
Familial[edit]
Baba, Grandmother (Slavic Languages)
Baba, Dad/Daddy (Greek language)
Baba, Grandad or elderly person(Punjabi language)
Baba, Father/dad(Marathi, Hindi(In Hindi it is mainly called papa which also means the same))
See also[edit]
Baba (honorific)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baba_(name)&oldid=811693973"
Categories:
Turkish-language surnames
Turkish masculine given names
Arabic-language surnames
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 23 November 2017, at 08:42.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Baba_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Baba (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: b

value: p

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

value: span

attrs: class dir xml:lang

values: toctitle ltr en

value: li

values:
/wiki/Shohei_Baba
mw-redirect
Shohei Baba

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Baba_(name)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Baba_name rootpage-Baba_name skin-vector action-view


text:
Bobby's Girl (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Bobby's Girl"
Single by Marcie Blane
B-side
"A Time To Dream"
Released
September 28, 1962
Genre
Pop Rock
Length
2:15
Label
Seville Records 45-120
Songwriter(s)
Gary Klein, Henry Hoffman
Marcie Blane singles chronology
"Bobby's Girl"
(1962) "What Does a Girl Do"
(1963)
"Bobby's Girl"
(1962) "What Does a Girl Do"
(1963)
"Bobby's Girl" is a song and single written by Gary Klein and Henry Hoffman and performed by American teenage singer, Marcie Blane.[1][2]
It was first released in 1962 in America. It has a spoken introduction and a backing refrain of "You're not a kid anymore" and was popular with the American teenage audience. It entered the charts in October and made the Top 10 within a month reaching 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 by December, where it stayed for four weeks only to be kept from the top of the charts by The Four Seasons' "Big Girls Don't Cry" and Elvis Presley's "Return to Sender".[3] It reached 2 on the Cash Box chart staying on the charts for nineteen weeks and made Blane the top selling female singer in the US.[4]
Susan Maughan version[edit]
"Bobby's Girl"
Single by Susan Maughan
B-side
"Come a Little Closer"
Released
1962
Genre
Pop Rock
Length
2:15
Label
Philips Records 326544 BF
Songwriter(s)
Gary Klein, Henry Hoffman
Susan Maughan singles chronology
"'Baby Doll Twist"
(1962) "Bobby's Girl"
(1962) "Mama Do The Twist"
(1962)
"Baby Doll Twist
(1962) "Bobby's Girl"
(1962) "Mama Do The Twist"
(1962)
The Susan Maughan cover version was also released in 1962, in the UK. It featured Wally Stott and his orchestra and chorus.[5] Maughan's version spent nineteen weeks on the UK's Record Retailer chart, peaking at No. 3.[6][7]
Tracey Ullman version[edit]
In 1983, Tracey Ullman released a version of "Bobby's Girl" on the album You Broke My Heart in 17 Places and as a single. Ullman's version reached No. 45 in Germany.[8]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Bobby's Girl". www.discogs.com. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bobby's Girl". BMI Repertoire. 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-07-14. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
Jump up ^ Yesteryear's Hits. Billboard. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
Jump up ^ "Marcie Blane". www.spectropop.com. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
Jump up ^ "Bobby's Girl - Susan Maughan". www.discogs.com. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "UK Official charts - Susan Maughan". www.officialscharts.com. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
Jump up ^ "Cover details". www.whosampled.com. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
Jump up ^ Tracey Ullman - Bobby's Girl, norwegiancharts.com. Accessed July 21, 2016.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobby%27s_Girl_(song)&oldid=808085247"
Categories:
1962 songs
American pop songs
American rock songs
Philips Records singles
Hidden categories:
Articles with hAudio microformats
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Nederlands
Edit links
This page was last edited on 31 October 2017, at 19:57.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: colspan class style

values: Henry Hoffman (songwriter) (page does not exist)

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: Big Girls Don't Cry (The Four Seasons song)

values:
/wiki/Return_To_Sender_(song)
mw-redirect
Return To Sender (song)

values:
/wiki/Wally_Stott
mw-redirect
Wally Stott

values:
nofollow
http://www.spectropop.com/MarcieBlane/
external text

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Bobby%27s_Girl_(song)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Bobby_s_Girl_song rootpage-Bobby_s_Girl_song skin-vector action-view


text:
Three-point field goal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Field goal (American and Canadian football).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Sara Giauro shoots a three-point shot at the 2005 FIBA Europe Cup Women's Finals
Stephen Curry currently holds the record for most three-point field goals in an NBA regular season with 402.
A three-point field goal (also called a three-pointer) is a field goal in a basketball game made from beyond the three-point line, a designated arc surrounding the basket. A successful attempt is worth three points, in contrast to the two points awarded for field goals made within the three-point line and the one point for each made free throw.
The distance from the basket to the three-point line varies by competition level: in the National Basketball Association (NBA) the arc is 23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m) from the basket; in FIBA and the WNBA (the latter uses FIBA's three-point line standard) the arc is 6.75 metres or 22 feet 1 3⁄4 inches from the basket; and in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) the arc is 20 feet 9 inches (6.32 m) from the basket. In the NBA and FIBA/WNBA, the three-point line becomes parallel to each sideline at the points where the arc is 3 feet (0.91 m) from each sideline; as a result the distance from the basket gradually decreases to a minimum of 22 feet (6.71 m). In the NCAA the arc is continuous for 180° around the basket. There are more variations (see main article).
In 3x3, a FIBA-sanctioned variant of the half-court 3-on-3 game, the "three-point" line exists, but shots from behind the line are only worth 2 points. All other shots are worth 1 point.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Rule specifications
3 Related concepts
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The three-point line was first tested at the collegiate level in a 1945 NCAA game between Columbia and Fordham but it was not kept as a rule. At the direction of Abe Saperstein, the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961. Its three-point line was a radius of 25 feet (7.62 m) from the baskets, except along the sides.[2] The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963–64 season.
The three-point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association after its introduction in the 1967–68 season. ABA commissioner George Mikan stated the three-pointer "would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans."[3] During the 1970s, the ABA used the three-point shot, along with the slam dunk, as a marketing tool to compete with the National Basketball Association (NBA).
The official scorer's report showing the first made three-point field goal in NBA history.
In the 1979–80 season, after having tested it in the previous pre-season, the NBA adopted the three-point line despite the view of many that it was a gimmick.[4] Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three-point shot in NBA history on October 12, 1979. Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets also made one on the same day.
The sport's international governing body, FIBA, introduced the three-point line in 1984, at a distance of 6.25 m (20 ft 6 in).
The NCAA's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three-point rule, adopting a 22-foot (6.71 m) line for the 1980–81 season.[5][6] Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina University was the first to score a three-point field goal in college basketball history on November 29, 1980.[6][7][8] Over the following five years, NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three-pointer. The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in (5.41 m) in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and as far away as 22 feet in the Big Sky Conference.[9] Used in conference play, it was adopted by the NCAA for the 1986–87 men's season at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m), and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987.[10] In the same 1986–87 season, the NCAA adopted the three-pointer in women's basketball on an experimental basis, using the same 19 ft 9 in distance, and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987–88.[11] In 2007, the NCAA lengthened the men's three-point distance to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m), with the rule coming into effect at the beginning of the 2008–09 season.[12] The NCAA women's three-point distance was moved to match the men's distance in 2011–12.[11] American high schools, along with elementary and middle schools, adopted a 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) line nationally in 1987, a year after the NCAA.[13]
During the 1994–95, 1995–96, and 1996–97 seasons, the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m) (22 ft (6.71 m) at the corners) to a uniform 22 ft (6.71 m) around the basket. From the 1997–98 season on, the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in (22 ft at the corners, with a 3 inch differential). Ray Allen is currently the NBA all-time leader in career made three-pointers with 2,973.[14]
In 2008, FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm (19.69 in) to 6.75 m (22 ft 1 3⁄4 in), with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010. In December 2012, the WNBA announced that it would be using FIBA's distance, too, as of the 2013 season. The NBA has discussed adding a four-point line, according to president Rod Thorn.[15]
In the NBA, three-point field goals have become increasingly more frequent along the years, with effectiveness increasing slightly. The 1979-80 season had an average 2.2 three-point goals per game and 6.6 attempts (28% effectiveness). The 1989-90 season had an average 4.8 three-point goals per game and 13.7 attempts (35% effectiveness). The 2009-10 season had an average 6.4 three-point goals per game and 18.1 attempts (36% effectiveness). The 2016-17 season had an average 9.7 three-point goals per game and 27.0 attempts (36% effectiveness).[16]
Rule specifications[edit]
A three-point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket, and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc. In the NBA and FIBA standard, the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline. The three-point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline. The unusual formation of the three-point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three-point shot at the corners of the court; the arc would be less than 2 feet (0.61 m) from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc. In the NCAA and American high school standards, the arc spans 180° around the basket, then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline (5 feet 3 inches or 1.60 metres). The distance of the three-point line to the center of the hoop varies by level:
Arc radius
Minimum distance from sidelines
National Basketball Association 23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m) 3 feet (0.91 m) [17]
FIBA (also used by WNBA) 6.75 meters (22 ft 2 in) 0.90 meters (2 ft 11 in) [18]
National Collegiate Athletic Association 20 feet 9 inches (6.32 m) 4 feet 3 inches (1.30 m) [19]
American High school basketball 19 feet 9 inches (6.02 m) 5 feet 3 inches (1.60 m) [20]
A player's feet must be completely behind the three-point line at the time of the shot or jump in order to make a three-point attempt; if the player's feet are on or in front of the line, it is a two-point attempt. A player is allowed to jump from outside the line and land inside the line to make a three-point attempt, as long as the ball is released in mid-air.
An official raises his/her arm with three fingers extended to signal the shot attempt. If the attempt is successful, he/she raises his/her other arm with all fingers fully extended in manner similar to a football official signifying successful field goal to indicate the three-point goal. The official must recognize it for it to count as three points. Instant replay has sometimes been used, depending on league rules. The NBA,[21] WNBA, FIBA and the NCAA specifically allow replay for this purpose. In NBA, FIBA, and WNBA games, video replay does not have to occur immediately following a shot; play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game, after reviewing the video. However, in late game situations, play may be paused pending a review.
If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three-pointer and subsequently misses the shot, the shooter is awarded three free-throw attempts. If a player completes a three-pointer while being fouled, the player is awarded one free-throw for a possible 4-point play. Conceivably, if a player completed a three-pointer while being fouled, and that foul was ruled as either a Flagrant 1 or a Flagrant 2 foul, the player would be awarded two free throws for a possible 5-point play.
Related concepts[edit]
Major League Lacrosse features a two-point line which forms a 15-yard (14 m) arc around the front of the goal. Shots taken from behind this line count for two points, as opposed to the standard one point.
In gridiron football, a standard field goal is worth three points; various professional and semi-pro leagues have experimented with four-point field goals. NFL Europe and the Stars Football League adopted a rule similar to basketball's three-point line in which an additional point was awarded for longer field goals; in both leagues any field goal of 50 yards (46 m) or more was worth four points. The Arena Football League awards four points for any successful drop kicked field goal (like the three-point shot, the drop kick is more challenging than a standard place kick, as the bounce of the ball makes a kick less predictable, and arena football also uses narrower goal posts for all kicks than the outdoor game does).
During the existence of the World Hockey Association in the 1970s, there were proposals for two-point hockey goals for shots taken beyond an established distance (one proposal was a 44-foot (13.4m) arc, which would have intersected the faceoff circles), but this proposal gained little support and faded after the WHA merged with the NHL. It was widely believed that long-distance shots in hockey had little direct relation to skill (usually resulting more from goalies' vision being screened or obscured), plus with the lower scoring intrinsic to the sport a two-point goal was seen as disruptive of the structure of the game.
The Super Goal is a similar concept in Australian rules football, in which a 50-meter (55 yd) arc determines the value of a goal; within the arc, it is the usual 6 points, but 9 points are scored for a "super goal" scored from outside the arc. To date the super goal is only used in pre-season games and not in the season proper.[22]
The National Professional Soccer League II, which awarded two points for all goals except those on the power play, also used a three-point line, drawn 45 feet (14 m) from the goal. It has since been adopted by some other indoor soccer leagues.
See also[edit]
50–40–90 club, exclusive group of players who have made at least 50% of two-pointers, 40% of three-pointers, and 90% of free throws in a season.
List of National Basketball Association career 3-point scoring leaders
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Article 5: Scoring" (PDF). 3x3 Official Rules of the Game. FIBA. January 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Frazier, Walt; Sachare, Alex (1998). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Basketball. New York City: Penguin Group.
Jump up ^ "4-Point Play Gets Approval By ABA". Associated Press. July 11, 1967. Retrieved June 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The History of the 3-Pointer - iHoops". Web.archive.org. 16 December 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 15 November 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Sanders, Steve (February 9, 1981). "22 will get you 3". Spartanburg Herald. South Carolina. p. B1.
^ Jump up to: a b "Basketball". Southern Conference. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Carr's shot makes cage Hall of Fame". Gadsden Times. Alabama. Associated Press. May 31, 1981. p. 36.
Jump up ^ "Three-pointer turns 25". Eugene Register-Guard. Associated Press. December 3, 2005. p. B3.
Jump up ^ "Debate over 3-pointer Continues". Web.archive.org. 26 July 2010. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Butts, David (April 3, 1986). "NCAA adds three-point basket". Bryan Times Agency=UPI. p. 12.
^ Jump up to: a b "NCAA Women's Basketball Playing Rules History" (PDF). NCAA. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Important Rules Changes by Year" (PDF). NCAA Men's Basketball Record Book. NCAA. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lynch, John (27 March 1987). "High School Basketball Draws Line, Adopts 3-Point Rule". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ "NBA & ABA Career Leaders and Records for 3-Pt Field Goals | Basketball-Reference.com". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2016-05-19.
Jump up ^ "NBA has discussed bigger court, 4-point shot". Espn.go.com. 2014-02-25. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
Jump up ^ NBA League Averages - Basketball Reference
Jump up ^ "Rule No. 1---Court Dimensions--Equipment". NBA Official Rules. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Official Basketball Rules 2010" (PDF). FIBA. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "2009 Court Diagram" (PDF). NCAA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Basketball Court Diagram" (PDF). Nebraska School Activities Association. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Description of the NBA's new instant replay rules". NBA.com. October 23, 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Denham, Greg (February 14, 2012). "NAB Cup's ruck and holding rules may run season". The Australian. Archived from the original on March 6, 2012.
External links[edit]
NBA.com's Top 10 three-pointers from past 25 years
Article on Columbia's experimentation with the three-point field goal decades before its official introduction
"Long Live the Three" by Steve Shutt, Basketball Hall of Fame
[show]
v
t
e
Basketball (outline)
General topics
History of basketball
James Naismith
Variations of basketball
Leagues
Statistics
Glossary of terms
Index of articles
Rules
Bonus
Jump ball
Officials
Turnover
Violation
3 seconds
Offense
Defense
5 seconds
Basket interference
Carrying
Double dribble
Goaltending
Shot clock
Traveling
Foul
Flagrant
Personal
Technical
Game play
Air ball
Alley-oop
Assist
Backboard shattering
Ball hog
Block
Buzzer beater
Cherry picking
Dribble
Crossover
Dunk
Euro step
Fadeaway
Fast break
Fly
Flop
Jump shot
Layup
Finger roll
Field goal
Four-point play
Free throw
Hook shot
Moves
Pick and roll
Positions
Posterized
Playbook
Rebound
Point
Screen
Back screen
Slashing
Steal
Three-pointer
Three-point play
Uncontested shot
Strategy
General
Sixth man
Offense
Continuity offense
Flex
Shuffle
UCLA High Post
Wheel
Dribble drive motion
Four corners
Motion
Princeton
Run and gun
Grinnell System
Nellie Ball
Small ball
Triangle
Defense
1-2-1-1
1–3–1
2–3 zone
Amoeba
Box-and-one
Double team
Full-court press
Hack-a-Shaq
Jordan Rules
Line
Man-to-man
Match-up zone
Triangle-and-two
Zone
Equipment
Backboard
Ball
Breakaway rim
Court
Half court
Key
Net
Possession arrow
Whistle
Clothing
Basketball sleeve
Finger sleeve
Air Jordan
Chuck Taylor All-Stars
Miscellaneous
100-point scorers
50–40–90 club
AAU All-Americans
AAU champions
Mikan Drill
Player tracking
Shootaround
Tip drill
Winning streaks
Glossary
Glossary of basketball
[show]
v
t
e
Basketball statistics
Basic
Games played
Games started
Minute
Point
Rebound (Offensive
Defensive)
Assist
Steal
Block
Foul
Turnover
Field goal & free throw
Field goal made
3-point field goal made
Free throw made
Field goal attempted
3-point field goal attempted
Free throw attempted
Field goal percentage
3-point field goal percentage
Free throw percentage
Doubles
Double-double
Triple-double
Quadruple-double
Quintuple-double
Five-by-five
Advanced statistics
Offense efficiency rating
Player efficiency rating
Offensive rating
Defensive rating
Effective field goal percentage
True shooting percentage
Rebound rate
Economy
Performance Index Rating
Efficiency
Player tracking
Tendex
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-point_field_goal&oldid=821654194"
Categories:
Basketball terminology
American Basketball Association
American Basketball League (1961–63)
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
Articles needing additional references from January 2013
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Azərbaycanca
Català
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Français
Italiano
עברית
Lietuvių
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Русский
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 21 January 2018, at 20:40.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: 1980–81 NCAA Division I men's basketball season

values: Western Carolina Catamounts men's basketball

values: 1987 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament

values: 2008–09 NCAA Division I men's basketball season

values: National Federation of State High School Associations

values:
/wiki/High_school_basketball
mw-redirect
High school basketball

values:
/wiki/Power_play_(sport)
mw-redirect
Power play (sport)

values: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
navbox-image
8
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Fly_fast_break
mw-redirect
Fly fast break

values:
/wiki/Possession_arrow
mw-redirect
Possession arrow

values: List of basketball players who have scored 100 points in a single game

values: Player tracking (National Basketball Association)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:American Basketball League (1961–63)

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2013

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/Three-point_field_goal
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Γραμμή τριπόντου (καλαθοσφαίριση) – Greek

values: שלשה (כדורסל) – Hebrew

values: スリーポイントフィールドゴール – Japanese

values: Трёхочковый бросок – Russian

values: Триочковий кидок – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Three-point_field_goal rootpage-Three-point_field_goal skin-vector action-view


text:
Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority
Agency overview
Formed
May 2, 1941; 76 years ago (1941-05-02)
Headquarters
San Juan, Puerto Rico
Agency executives
Noel Zamot, Interim Emergency Administrator
Ricardo Ramos, Executive Director
Key document
Act No. 83 of 1941
Website
www.aeepr.com
The Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA) —Spanish: Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica (AEE)— is an electric power company and the government-owned corporation of Puerto Rico responsible for electricity generation, power distribution, and power transmission on the island.[1] PREPA is the only entity authorized to conduct such business in Puerto Rico, making it a government monopoly. The authority is ruled by a board of directors appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the Senate. Since 2014, PREPA is subject to the Puerto Rico Energy Commission, another government agency whose board of directors is also appointed by the governor.
Hurricane Maria in September 2017 destroyed PREPAs distribution network, creating a blackout in all parts of the island. [2]
On October 25, 2017, amidst allegations of improper contracting, the fiscal oversight board established by PROMESA appointed Noel Zamot as interim emergency administrator of the authority. In this role, Zamot will administer the public corporation in its maintenance and expenses.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Hurricane Maria
2 Structure
2.1 Board of directors
2.2 Power plants
2.3 Subsidiaries
2.4 Labor unions
3 Finances
4 Gallery
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
PREPA was originally named the Puerto Rico Water Resources Authority (PRWRA) —Spanish: Autoridad de las Fuentes Fluviales (AFF)— which was created by Law No. 83 of May 2, 1941[3] during the governorship of Rexford G. Tugwell. Government-owned, PRWRA unified diverse regional and local electric power companies into one unified electric grid.
Hurricane Maria[edit]
This section should include a summary of Whitefish Energy. See Wikipedia:Summary style for information on how to incorporate it into this article's main text. (October 2017)
When the eye of Hurricane Irma passed north of the island, winds were sufficient to leave 1 million citizens without power. Power had been restored to 980,000 people, when Hurricane Maria struck, leaving nearly the entire island without power. Two weeks later, power had been restored to about 10% of customers.[4]Full restoration was expected to take months, and many Puerto Ricans bought private generators.[5]
Structure[edit]
Board of directors[edit]
The board of directors is the governing body of the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority. Its membership usually consists of private citizens who are supposed to represent the public interest and may or may not include exofficio political officeholders (typically the Secretary of Economic Development and Commerce). This inconsistency happens as the board's structure changes whenever a political party gains power, usually every four or eight years. When both the governor and the legislature of Puerto Rico belong to the same party, one of the earliest laws amended by the legislature is the one governing PREPA in order to change its board's composition. Once a new board is settled in, one of its first resolutions is to appoint a new executive director. These frequent changes effectively make the authority a partisan tool rather than a mere electric utility and, consequently, change the vision, strategy, and plans of the authority every four or eight years according to the political party in power.
Of the different members of the board, the governor is usually required to appoint four members with the advice and consent of the Senate. It is through these members, along with the incumbent political officeholders which serve as ex officio, thus the governor and the political party in power effectively control the authority. Three additional members of the board are directly elected by consumers by plurality-at-large; two of them by residential consumers and one by commercial ones.
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2017)
The last structural change to the board occurred on June 25, 2013 after governor Alejandro García Padilla enacted Act 29 of 2013 together with the 17th Legislative Assembly.[6] The act effectively replaced the incumbent board with an entirely new board, as follows:
2013 PREPA Board of Directors[7]
Role
Representation
Name
Appointed by García Padilla
Remarks
Chairman Public interest Harry Rodríguez García Yes Chemical engineer, Vice President and General Manager of Abbott Laboratories Puerto Rico
Vice Chairman Elected by consumers Agustín Irizarry Rivera No Professor of electrical engineering at the University of Puerto Rico
Secretary Exofficio Miguel Torres Díaz Yes Secretary of Transportation and Public Works
At-large Exofficio Alberto Bacó Bagué Yes Secretary of Economic Development and Commerce
At-large Public interest Andrés Salas Soler Yes former judge and attorney-at-law
At-large Public interest Javier Quintana Méndez Yes Dean of the school of engineering of the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico
At-large Elected by consumers Juan Rosario No environmental activist
At-large Elected by consumers vacant No
At-large Public interest vacant Yes
Power plants[edit]
PREPA serves close to 1.5 million customers through several power plants:[8][9]
Power plant
Capacity
Energy source
Ownership
Owner
Operator
Location
AES Ilumina[10] 24 MW solar power private AES Corporation AES Corporation Guayama
AES Puerto Rico[11] 454 MW coal private AES Corporation AES Corporation Guayama
Aguirre Combined Cycle[12] 592 MW heavy fuel oil publicly owned PREPA PREPA Salinas
Aguirre Thermoelectric[12] 900 MW diesel oil publicly owned PREPA PREPA Salinas
Cambalache 247 MW diesel oil publicly owned PREPA PREPA Arecibo
Costa Sur 990 MW heavy fuel oil publicly owned PREPA PREPA Guayanilla
EcoEléctrica[13] 510 MW natural gas private Gas Natural Fenosa, International Power Gas Natural Fenosa Peñuelas
Oriana Solar Farm[14] 45 MW (58MW(DC)) solar power private Sonnedix Sonnedix Isabela
Palo Seco 602 MW heavy fuel oil publicly owned PREPA PREPA Cataño
Punta Lima 26 MW wind power private Sovereign Bank[15] Gestamp Wind Naguabo
San Juan Combined Cycle[16] 464 MW diesel oil publicly owned PREPA PREPA San Juan
San Juan Thermoelectric[16] 400 MW heavy fuel oil publicly owned PREPA PREPA San Juan
San Fermin Solar Farm[17] 26 MW solar power private Uriel Renewables and Coqui Power Uriel Renewables and Coqui Power Loiza
Santa Isabel Wind Farm[18] 75 MW wind power private Pattern Energy[19] Pattern Energy Santa Isabel
Windmar Ponce[20] 4.5 MW solar power private Windmar Renewable Energy Windmar Renewable Energy Ponce
Puerto Rico has 21 hydroelectric plants rated at a combined 156MW.[21][17]
Subsidiaries[edit]
The public corporation also provides fiber optic broadband to private carriers through one of its subsidiary, PREPA Networks. PREPA is also studying the possibility of selling energy to the United States Virgin Islands with the installation of an underwater power cable between Fajardo and the island of St. Thomas—similar to the power cable with which it services its clients in Vieques and Culebra, which are also islands.[22]
Labor unions[edit]
There are four labor unions that represent the workers from the authority exclusively UTIER, UITICE, UEPI, and UPAEE.[23][24]
Finances[edit]
PREPA's operating expenses for FY2013 denote how fuel purchases take over 58% of the authority's operating expenses.
As of 2014 the authority carries liabilities of $10.1 billion USD against assets of $6 billion.[25] It also operates with a deficit of about $354 million against revenues of $4.8 billion.[26][27] In terms of costs, $2.6 billion or about 58% of PREPA's expenses are attributed to fuel purchases alone while salaries and collective bargains represent less than 13% of the authority's expenses.[27]
On May 23, 2014, Citigroup severely curtailed PREPA's line of credit for fuel purchase, forcing PREPA to run out of cash to pay Petrobras, its main oil supplier. Petrobras, in turn, threatened to cut off further shipments to the authority. This forced the authority to take $100 million out of its Capital Improvements Fund in order to pay its debt to Petrobras. PREPA argues that the different agencies of the government of Puerto Rico owe them more than $290 million in debt, while an additional $375 million of revenue is lost through subsidies enacted by the Puerto Rican legislature.[28][29][30][31][32] An additional $600 million is owed to the authority by residential and commercial consumers, some of them by consumers living in public housing.[33][34] The authority argues that it wouldn't have a problem being self-sufficient if it were paid the aforementioned debt and if it weren't forced to give out subsidies. On June 3, 2014, senator Ramón Luis Nieves admitted publicly that, "part of the financial problem at PREPA was provoked by the government and the Puerto Rican legislature."[32]
On June 11, 2014, Fitch Ratings downgraded its rating on the authority's to speculative non-investment grade ("junk status") from BB+ to BB while putting the authority on negative rating watch.[35] PREPA filed for bankruptcy in July 2017.[36]
Gallery[edit]
Palo Seco Power Plant, 1973. Photo by John Vachon.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Ley de la Autoridadf de Energia Electrica de Puerto Rico" (PDF). Presupuesto.gobierno.pr. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Why Hurricane Maria left Puerto Rico completely without power". The Verge. Retrieved 2017-09-28.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to PREPA". Prepa.com. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Special Report: The bankrupt utility behind Puerto Rico’s power crisis". Reuters. 2017-10-05. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
Jump up ^ Fausset, Richard; Robles, Frances; Acosta, Deborah (2017-10-07). "Minus Electrical Grid, Puerto Rico Becomes Generator Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-10-11.
Jump up ^ Act No. 29 of 2013 (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20140626024817/http://www.aeepr.com/jg/membersjg.asp. Archived from the original on June 26, 2014. Retrieved May 31, 2014. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Proponen suspender subsidios de la AEE por seis meses | El Nuevo Día". Elnuevodia.com. 2014-06-25. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to PREPA". Prepa.com. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Press Release". AES Solar. September 30, 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "AES : Homepage". Aespuertorico.com. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "Central Aguirre" (in Spanish). Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090416233535/http://ecoelectrica.com/ourfacilities/ourpowerplant.html. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved July 28, 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Oriana and Yarotek connect Caribbean's largest solar project to grid, pv-tech, Tom Kenning Sep 15, 2016
Jump up ^ Kantrow, Michelle (March 12, 2013). "Punta Lima wind farm sold to Sovereign Bank for $88M". News Is My Business. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Central San Juan" (in Spanish). Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b PUERTO RICO Puerto Rico Profile, Territory Profile and Energy Estimates, U.S. Energy Information Administratrion, December 18, 2013
Jump up ^ Alvarado León, Gerardo (August 29, 2013). "Funcionando a máxima capacidad el parque eólico de Santa Isabel". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). Retrieved August 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Finca de Viento Santa Isabel". Pattern Energy. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ "En Ponce la finca fotovoltaica más grande". La Perla del Sur (in Spanish). Retrieved September 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Puerto Rico, Renewable Facts
Jump up ^ (PDF) https://web.archive.org/web/20130510150017/http://www.edinenergy.org/pdfs/51294.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 10, 2013. Retrieved May 31, 2014. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "La AEE es" (in Spanish). Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Unión de Trabajadores de la Industria Eléctrica y Riego vs. Héctor Medina Torres , 2011 CD 01 (November 7, 2011).
Jump up ^ "Edición 14 de Abril 2014 by El Vocero de Puerto Rico". ISSUU. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Gobernador y Junta Gobierno discuten finanzas AEE | El Vocero de Puerto Rico". Elvocero.com. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "Financial Statements, Required Supplementary Information and supplemental Schedules" (PDF). Pr.gov. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
Jump up ^ "AEE solicita al gobierno que suelte dinero para que agencias puedan pagar la luz – Metro". Metro.pr. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Revisarán subsidios AEE y deudas de gobierno – Metro". Metro.pr. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20140531101326/http://www.elnuevodia.com/subsidiospor1millonaldia-1623521.html. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014. Retrieved May 31, 2014. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Propuesta #4". Bajemos la factura. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
^ Jump up to: a b Alvarado León, Gerardo (June 3, 2014). "Legislatura evaluará los subsidios energéticos". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). printed version.
Jump up ^ "Propuesta #3". Bajemos la factura. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
Jump up ^ "Sube como la espuma la deuda millonaria que tiene los abonados de residenciales públicos con AEE -NotiUno 630 | Primeros Con La Noticia". Notiuno.com. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
Jump up ^ "UPDATE 1-Fitch cuts Puerto Rico electricity authority's rating again". Reuters. 2014-06-11. Retrieved 2015-03-03.
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/02/business/puerto-ricos-electric-power-authority-effectively-files-for-bankruptcy.html
External links[edit]
www.aeepr.com - official site (in Spanish)
[show]
v
t
e
Energy in Puerto Rico
Companies
AES Corporation
EcoEléctrica
Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA)
Power plants
Aguirre
Cambalache
Costa Sur
Palo Seco
San Juan
Labor unions
UEPI
UITICE
UPAEE
UTIER
Agencies
Commission on Energy
Energy Affairs Administration
[show]
v
t
e
Government-owned corporations of Puerto Rico
Banking
COFIM
COFINA
Economic Development Bank
Government Development Bank
Education
Conservatory of Music
Escuela de Artes Plásticas y Diseño de Puerto Rico
University of Puerto Rico
campuses
Entertainment
Convention Center
Institute of Puerto Rican Culture
Performing Arts Center
Public Broadcasting Corporation
Symphony Orchestra
WIPR-AM
WIPR-FM
WIPR-TV
Industrial development
Economic Development Bank
Industrial Development Company
Insurance
State Insurance Fund Corporation
Public utilities
Aqueducts and Sewers Authority
Electric Power Authority
Real estate
Convention Center District Authority
Travel and leisure
Tourism Company
Transportation
Automobile Accident Compensation Administration
Highways and Transportation Authority
Maritime Transport Authority
Metropolitan Bus Authority
Ports Authority
[show]
v
t
e
Public–private partnerships in Puerto Rico
Education
Schools of the 21st Century
Public
Aqueducts and Sewers Authority
Electric Power Authority
Social programs
New Beginnings
Transportation
Aerostar Airport Holdings
Autopistas de Puerto Rico
Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport
Metropistas
PR-5
PR-22
Teodoro Moscoso Bridge
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puerto_Rico_Electric_Power_Authority&oldid=807138074"
Categories:
Power companies of Puerto Rico
Energy infrastructure in Puerto Rico
Government-owned corporations of Puerto Rico
American companies established in 1941
Energy companies established in 1941
1941 establishments in Puerto Rico
Hidden categories:
Pages with citations lacking titles
Pages with citations having bare URLs
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
Articles containing Spanish-language text
Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2017
All Wikipedia articles in need of updating
Articles with Spanish-language external links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 26 October 2017, at 03:58.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
http://www.aeepr.com/
external text

values:
/wiki/Electric_power_company
mw-redirect
Electric power company

values: List of government-owned corporations of Puerto Rico

values:
/wiki/Government_monopoly
mw-redirect
Government monopoly

values:
/wiki/Rexford_G._Tugwell
mw-redirect
Rexford G. Tugwell

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style
presentation

values: Secretary of Economic Development and Commerce of Puerto Rico

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update

values: 17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico

values:
text-align: left
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Harry Rodríguez García (page does not exist)

values: Agustín Irizarry Rivera (page does not exist)

values: Secretary of Transportation and Public Works of Puerto Rico

values: Andrés Salas Soler (page does not exist)

values: Javier Quintana Méndez (page does not exist)

values:
wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter
margin: auto

values: Puerto Rico Aguirre Power Plant (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Heavy_fuel_oil
mw-redirect
Heavy fuel oil

values: Puerto Rico Cambalache Power Plant (page does not exist)

values: Puerto Rico Costa Sur Power Plant (page does not exist)

values: Puerto Rico Palo Seco Power Plant (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Sovereign_Bank
mw-redirect
Sovereign Bank

values: Puerto Rico San Juan Power Plant (page does not exist)

values: San Fermin Solar Farm (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Loiza,_Puerto_Rico
mw-redirect
Loiza, Puerto Rico

values: Santa Isabel Wind Farm (page does not exist)

values: Windmar Renewable Energy (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Fiber_optic
mw-redirect
Fiber optic

values:
/wiki/Labor_union
mw-redirect
Labor union

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.prepa.com/historia_eng.asp

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.aeepr.com/jg/membersjg.asp

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.prepa.com/aeees2_eng.asp

values:
nofollow
http://www.aespuertorico.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://aeepr.com/AGUIRRE.ASP

values:
nofollow
external text
http://aeepr.com/SANJUAN.ASP

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.aeepr.com/aeees.asp

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Energy in Puerto Rico (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Commission_on_Energy
mw-redirect
Puerto Rico Commission on Energy

values: Puerto Rico Energy Affairs Administration (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template:Government-owned corporations of Puerto Rico

values: Template talk:Government-owned corporations of Puerto Rico

values: List of University of Puerto Rico campuses

values: Puerto Rico Public Broadcasting Corporation

values: Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company

values: Puerto Rico State Insurance Fund Corporation

values: Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority

values: Puerto Rico Automobile Accident Compensation Administration

values: Puerto Rico Highways and Transportation Authority

values: Puerto Rico Maritime Transport Authority

values: Template:Public–private partnerships in Puerto Rico

values: Template talk:Public–private partnerships in Puerto Rico

values: List of public–private partnerships in Puerto Rico

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Energy infrastructure in Puerto Rico

values: Category:Government-owned corporations of Puerto Rico

values: Category:American companies established in 1941

values: Category:Energy companies established in 1941

values: Category:1941 establishments in Puerto Rico

values: Category:Pages with citations lacking titles

values: Category:Pages with citations having bare URLs

values: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

values: Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text

values: Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2017

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating

values: Category:Articles with Spanish-language external links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Puerto_Rico_Electric_Power_Authority rootpage-Puerto_Rico_Electric_Power_Authority vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view