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Something New (How I Met Your Mother)
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This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (December 2015)
"Something New"
How I Met Your Mother episode
The Mother (Cristin Milioti) is finally seen in this episode.
Episode no.
Season 8
Episode 24
Original air date
May 13, 2013 (2013-05-13)
Guest appearance(s)
Cristin Milioti (The Girl with the Yellow Umbrella / The Mother)
Casey Wilson (Krirsten)
Keegan-Michael Key (Calvin)
Suzie Plakson (Judy Eriksen)
Marshall Manesh (Ranjit)
Joe Nieves (Carl)
Ned Rolsma (Marcus Eriksen)
Brian Huskey (Rand)
Lyndsy Fonseca (Daughter)
David Henrie (Son)
Cherub Moore (Hostess)
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Something Old" Next →
"The Locket"
"Something New" is the 24th and final episode of the eighth season of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother, and the 184th episode overall.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Reception
3.1 Ratings
3.2 Critical reception
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Future Ted tells his kids that, during the spring of 2013, he was making the final adjustments to the house he bought, while Barney and Robin were preparing for their wedding. As Lily and Marshall pack their things to go to Italy, Marshall's mother calls them and Lily slips the fact that they are moving. To compensate, Marshall promises her that he and his son will visit her for a week. A free Lily visits Ted in MacLaren's and he shows her his finished house.
Meanwhile, Barney and Robin sit in a bar and an obnoxious couple starts bothering them - not letting them look at their cigars and stealing their reserved table. Barney and Robin start planning to break them up, so Robin puts her engagement ring in one of their champagne glasses. When Krirsten, the couple's woman, finds the ring, she excitedly responds that she will marry her boyfriend, Calvin, but he has no intentions of doing so. After their break-up, Robin and Barney smoke happily in a park when the couple finds them. The couple say that after the fight, they agreed to get married. Barney and Robin feel proud after seeing them happy.
When Lily and Ted reach his house, Lily realizes that Marshall's mother is trying to convince Marshall to not go to Italy, after seeing some Facebook photos. When Lily sees a "For Sale" sign, Ted reveals that he's moving to Chicago because he cannot be around Robin after the wedding. Marshall calls Lily for a final time, saying that no matter what happens, he will move to Italy with her. After this, Marshall receives a call, saying that his application to be a judge has been granted. Marshall realizes then that he can't join Lily in Italy.
Ted reveals to Lily what happened in the previous episode: he found Robin digging her old locket, and when she found the empty box, she grabbed Ted's hand, since she interpreted it as a sign to not marry Barney. Ted left, saying that he would see her at her wedding. He realizes that after all these years, he still feels something for Robin and would do anything to make her smile. Lily admits where the locket is: before Ted almost married Stella, Lily chanced upon Robin drinking away her sorrows at Ted going ahead with his wedding. Both of them went to the park where the locket was buried and Robin found it, taking it to Ted's apartment and putting it in a race-car pencil box which she intended to take to Japan. Ted realizes he still has that box and wants to give her the locket as a wedding gift.
With the wedding scheduled in 56 hours, Ted moves out of his empty apartment and meets up with Lily to go to the wedding. When she asks how he's returning to the city before going to Chicago, Ted says that he'll take the train. Ranjit picks up Robin and Barney at their apartment. Marshall calls Lily and she reminds him that in a week, they'll be living in Italy. When Marshall's brother Marcus reminds him that he hasn't told her about the job, Marshall says that it is "face to face" news.
During a closing montage featuring all of the main characters heading to Farhampton for the wedding, the titular "mother" (Cristin Milioti) is finally revealed to the audience for the first time, as she steps up to a counter at a Long Island Rail Station while carrying her signature yellow umbrella and bass guitar and asks for a ticket to Farhampton (where she will eventually meet Ted).
Production[edit]
Milioti's scene was filmed on March 27, 2013;[1] John Lithgow helped her make the flight to Los Angeles in time for the shoot, not knowing about his role in the show.[citation needed]
Although The Mother only says one line, the scene was filmed in secrecy, with scripts only kept on hardcopy that were destroyed,[2] Milioti being driven to the studio very late at night,[3] and members of the production staff serving as extras during the train station scene. They welcomed Milioti to the stage like "Jesus has risen", show creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas said,[4] with the latter describing it as "a very surreal moment. It was a moment we pictured for a lot of years".[2]
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
Including DVR viewing, the episode was watched by 10.44 million viewers with an 18–49 rating of 4.5.[5]
Critical reception[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2015)
Something New received acclaim. Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A−.[6] Max Nicholson of IGN scored the episode 7.5.[7] TV.com's Bill Kuchman described the episode as "monumental" and said that it "did a fantastic job" of keeping the show's future "under wraps", adding that the production team took a risk in casting a relatively unknown actress as the Mother.[8] Alan Sepinwall believed that the show had cast the unknown Milioti[9]
So that we would have no preconceived notions about the Mother. We didn’t spend years watching her on "Scrubs," or "The O.C." or even a few months on "Good Morning, Miami." She is a blank slate, onto whom the show and its audience can project whatever qualities we feel should be in Ted Mosby’s ideal woman, without insisting that Elliott Reed or Summer Roberts or Chris Elliott’s daughter would act that way, play bass that way, etc. She is the Mother; she has put on this world to cross Ted Mosby’s path on the night of his best friend’s wedding and make him forget all about Robin Scherbatzky and a move to Chicago. Earlier knowledge of her is not required and maybe not even preferred.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello (May 14, 2013). "'How I Met Your Mother' Season 9 Spoilers: Wedding Weekend Cristin Milioti". TVLine. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Stransky, Tanner (2013-05-13). "'How I Met Your Mother': Burning questions about the mother". Entertainment Weekly.
Jump up ^ Entertainment Weekly, 6 September 2013
Jump up ^ Franich, Darren (May 13, 2013). "'How I Met Your Mother': Casting Cristin Milioti as the mother | Inside TV | EW.com". Insidetv.ew.com. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Live+7 DVR Ratings: The Big Bang Theory Again Leads Adults 18–49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains; 90210 Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 34 - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. June 3, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bowman, Donna (May 13, 2013). "Something New". The A.V. Club. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Nicholson, Max (May 13, 2013). "Something New". IGN. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ TV.com (May 14, 2013). "How I Met Your Mother Season 8 Finale Review: Kids, Here's How WE Met The Mother". TV.com. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan (2013-05-13). "Season finale review: 'How I Met Your Mother' – 'Something New'". What's Alan Watching?.
External links[edit]
"Something New" on IMDb
[hide]
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How I Met Your Mother episodes
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9
Season 8
"Farhampton"
"The Pre-Nup"
"Nannies"
"Who Wants to Be a Godparent?"
"The Autumn of Break-Ups"
"Splitsville"
"The Stamp Tramp"
"Twelve Horny Women"
"Lobster Crawl"
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"The Final Page"
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"The Fortress"
"The Time Travelers"
"Romeward Bound"
"The Bro Mitzvah"
"Something Old"
"Something New"
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Rain shadow
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Australian television series, see Rain Shadow (TV series).
An example of a rain shadow.
A rain shadow is a dry area on the leeward side of a mountainous area (away from the wind). The mountains block the passage of rain-producing weather systems and cast a "shadow" of dryness behind them. Wind and moist air is drawn by the prevailing winds towards the top of the mountains, where it condenses and precipitates before it crosses the top. The air, without much moisture left, advances across the mountains creating a drier side called the "rain shadow".
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Regions of notable rain shadow
2.1 Asia
2.1.1 Middle East
2.2 South America
2.3 North America
2.4 Europe
2.5 Africa
2.6 Oceania
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Description[edit]
The condition exists because warm moist air rises by orographic lifting to the top of a mountain range. As atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude, the air has expanded and adiabatically cooled to the point that the air reaches its adiabatic dew point (which is not the same as its constant pressure dew point commonly reported in weather forecasts). At the adiabatic dew point, moisture condenses onto the mountain and it precipitates on the top and windward sides of the mountain. The air descends on the leeward side, but due to the precipitation it has lost much of its moisture. Typically, descending air also gets warmer because of adiabatic compression (see Foehn winds) down the leeward side of the mountain, which increases the amount of moisture that it can absorb and creates an arid region.[1]
Regions of notable rain shadow[edit]
The Tibetan Plateau (top), perhaps the best example of a rain shadow. Rain does not make it past the Himalayas, leading to an arid climate on the leeward side of the mountain range.
There are regular patterns of prevailing winds found in bands round the Earth's equatorial region. The zone designated the trade winds is the zone between about 30° N and 30° S, blowing predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere. The westerlies are the prevailing winds in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude, blowing predominantly from the southwest in the Northern Hemisphere and from the northwest in the Southern Hemisphere. The strongest westerly winds in the middle latitudes can come in the Roaring Forties between 30 and 50 degrees latitude.[citation needed]
Examples of notable rain shadowing include:
Asia[edit]
Eastern Side of Sahyadri ranges on Deccane.g. Northern Karnataka & Solapur, Beed,Osmanabad, Vidharba Plateau and eastern side of Kerala (in Tamil Nadu) India.
Gilgit and Chitral: they are located in Pakistan and are rainshadow areas.
The Agasthiyamalai hills cut off Tirunelveli (India) from the monsoons, creating a rainshadow region
The peaks of the Caucasus Mountains to the west and Hindukush and Pamir to the east rain shadow the Karakum and Kyzyl Kum deserts east of the Caspian Sea, as well as the semi-arid Kazakh Steppe.
The Dasht-i-Lut in Iran is in the rain shadow of the Elburz and Zagros Mountains and is one of the most lifeless areas on Earth.
The Himalaya and connecting ranges also contribute to arid conditions in Central Asia including Mongolia's Gobi desert, as well as the semi-arid steppes of Mongolia and north-central to north western China.
The Ordos Desert is rain shadowed by mountain chains including the Kara-naryn-ula, the Sheitenula, and the Yin Mountains, which link on to the south end of the Great Khingan Mountains.
The Thar desert is bounded and rain shadowed by the Aravalli ranges to the south-east, the Himalaya to the northeast, and the Kirthar and Sulaiman ranges to the west.
Eastern Side of Sahyadri ranges on Deccan e.g. Northern Karnataka & Solapur, Beed, Osmanabad, Vidharba Plateau and eastern side of Kerala (in Tamil Nadu) India.
The central region of Myanmar is in the rain shadow of the Arakan Mountains and is almost semi-arid with only 750 millimetres (30 in) of rain as against as much as 5.5 metres (220 in) on the Rakhine State coast.
The Tokyo, Japan plain ("Kanto plain") in the winter months experiences significantly less precipitation than the rest of the country by virtue of surrounding mountain ranges, including the "Japan Alps", blocking prevailing northwesterly winds originating in Siberia.
The Verkhoyansk Range in eastern Siberia is the coldest place in the Northern Hemisphere, because the moist southeasterly winds from the Pacific Ocean lose their moisture over the coastal mountains well before reaching the Lena River valley, due to the intense Siberian High forming around the very cold continental air during the winter. One of the evident effects in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) are the regions of Yakutsk, Verkhoyansk, and Oymyakon, all of which have their average temperature in the coldest month being lower than −38 °C (−36 °F), and have been places of veritable synonyms for extreme severe winter cold.
Middle East[edit]
The High Peaks of Mount Lebanon rain-shadow the northern parts of the Beqaa Valley and Anti-Lebanon mountains.
The Judaean Desert, the Dead Sea and the western slopes of the Moab Mountains on the opposite (Jordanian) side are rain-shadowed by the Judaean Mountains.
South America[edit]
The Atacama Desert in Chile is the driest non-polar desert on Earth because it is blocked from moisture on both sides (the Andes Mountains to the east block moist Amazon basin air and high pressure over the Pacific and cold ocean currents stop rain from coming in from the west).
Cuyo and Eastern Patagonia is rain shadowed from the prevailing westerly winds by the Andes range and is arid. The aridity of the lands next to eastern piedmont of the Andes decreases to the south due to a decrease in the height of the Andes with the consequence that the Patagonian Desert develop more fully at the Atlantic coast contributing to shaping the climatic pattern known as the Arid Diagonal.[2] The Argentinian wine region of Cuyo and Northern Patagonia is almost completely dependent on irrigation, using water drawn from the many rivers that drain glacial ice from the Andes.
The Guajira Peninsula in northern Colombia is in the rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and despite its tropical latitude is almost arid, receiving almost no rainfall for seven to eight months of the year and being incapable of cultivation without irrigation.
North America[edit]
On the largest scale, the entirety of the North American Interior Plains are shielded from the prevailing Westerlies carrying moist Pacific weather by the North American Cordillera. More pronounced effects are observed, however, in particular valley regions within the Cordillera, in the direct lee of specific mountain ranges. Most rainshadows in the western United States are due to the Sierra Nevada and Cascades.[3]
Champlain Valley in upstate New York. It is protected by the Adirondack Mountains.
The deserts of the Basin and Range Province in the United States and Mexico, which includes the dry areas east of the Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Washington and the Great Basin, which covers almost all of Nevada and parts of Utah are rain shadowed. The Cascades also cause rain shadowed Columbia Basin area of Eastern Washington and valleys in British Columbia, Canada - most notably the Thompson and Nicola Valleys which can receive less than 10 inches of rain in parts, and the Okanagan Valley (particularly the south, nearest to the US border) which receives anywhere from 12-17 inches of rain annually.[4][5]
Hawaii also has rain shadows, with some areas being desert.[6] Orographic lifting produces the world's second-highest annual precipitation record, 12.7 meters (500 inches), on the island of Kauai; the leeward side is understandably rain-shadowed.[1] The entire island of Kahoolawe lies in the rain shadow of Maui's East Maui Volcano.
The east slopes of the Coast Ranges in central and southern California also cut off the southern San Joaquin Valley from enough precipitation to ensure desert-like conditions in areas around Bakersfield.
San Jose, California and adjacent cities are usually drier than the rest of the San Francisco Bay Area because of the rain shadow cast by the highest part of the Santa Cruz Mountains.
The Dungeness Valley around Sequim, Washington lies in the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountains. The area averages 10–15 inches of rain per year, less than half of the amount received in nearby Port Angeles and approximately 10% of that which falls in Forks on the western side of the mountains. To a lesser extent, this rain shadow extends to other parts of the eastern Olympic Peninsula, Whidbey Island, and parts of the San Juan Islands and southeastern Vancouver Island around Victoria, British Columbia.
The Mojave, Black Rock, Sonoran, and Chihuahuan deserts all are in regions which are rain shadowed.
The Owens Valley in the United States, behind the Sierra Nevada range in California.
The aptly named Death Valley in the United States, behind both the Pacific Coast Ranges of California and the Sierra Nevada range, is the driest place in North America and one of the driest places on the planet. This is also due to its location well below sea level which tends to cause high pressure and dry conditions to dominate due to the greater weight of the atmosphere above.
The Colorado Front Range is limited to precipitation that crosses over the Continental Divide. While many locations west of the Divide may receive as much as 40 inches (1,000 mm) of precipitation per year, some places on the eastern side, notably the cities of Denver and Pueblo, Colorado, typically receive only about 12 to 19 inches. Thus, the Continental Divide acts as a barrier for precipitation. This effect applies only to storms traveling west-to-east. When low pressure systems skirt the Rocky Mountains and approach from the south, they can generate high precipitation on the eastern side and little or none on the western slope.
The Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, wedged between the Appalachian Mountains and the Blue Ridge Mountains and partially shielded from moisture from the west and southeast, is much drier than the very humid remainder of Virginia and the American Southeast.[7]
Yellowknife, the capital and most populous city in the Northwest Territories of Canada, is located in the rain shadow of the mountain ranges to the west of the city.
On the islands of Hispaniola, Cuba and Jamaica, the southwestern sides are in the rain shadow of the trade winds and can receive as little as 400 millimetres (16 in) per year as against over 2,000 millimetres (79 in) on the northeastern, windward sides and over 5,000 millimetres (200 in) over some highland areas.
Europe[edit]
The Pennines of Northern England, Welsh mountains, Lake District and Highlands of Scotland create a rain shadow that includes most of the eastern United Kingdom, due to the prevailing south-westerly winds. Manchester and Glasgow, for example, receive around double the rainfall of Sheffield and Edinburgh respectively (although there are no mountains between Edinburgh and Glasgow). The contrast is even stronger further north, where Aberdeen gets around a third of the rainfall of Fort William or Skye. The Fens of East Anglia receive similar rainfall amounts to Seville.[8]
The Cantabrian Mountains form a sharp divide between "Green Spain" to the north and the dry central plateau. The northern-facing slopes receive heavy rainfall from the Bay of Biscay, but the southern slopes are in rain shadow. The most evident effect on the Iberian Peninsula occurs in the Almería, Murcia and Alicante areas, each with an average rainfall of 300 mm, which are the driest spots in Europe (see Cabo de Gata) mostly a result of the mountain range running through their western side, which blocks the westerlies.
Some valleys in the inner Alps are also strongly rainshadowed by the high surrounding mountains: the areas of Gap and Briançon in France, the district of Zernez in Switzerland.
The eastern part of the Pyrenean mountains in the south of France (Cerdagne).
The Plains of Limagne and Forez in the northern Massif Central, France, are also relatively rainshadowed (mostly the plain of Limagne, shadowed by the Chaîne des Puys (up to 2000 mm of rain a year on the summits and below 600mm at Clermont-Ferrand, which is one of the driest places in the country).
The Piedmont wine region of northern Italy is rainshadowed by the mountains that surround it on nearly every side: Asti receives only 527 mm of precipitation per year, making it one of the driest places in mainland Italy.[9]
The valley of the Vardar River and south from Skopje to Athens is in the rain shadow of the Prokletije and Pindus Mountains. On its windward side the Prokletije has the highest rainfall in Europe at around 5,000 millimetres (200 in) with small glaciers even at mean annual temperatures well above 0 °C (32 °F), but the leeward side receives as little as 400 millimetres (16 in).
The Scandinavian Mountains create a rain shadow for lowland areas east of the mountain chain and prevents the Oceanic climate from penetrating further east; thus Bergen, west of the mountains, receives 2,250 mm precipitation annually while Oslo receives only 760 mm, and Skjåk, a municipality situated in a deep valley, receives only 280 mm.
Africa[edit]
The windward side of the island of Madagascar, which sees easterly on-shore winds, is wet tropical, while the western and southern sides of the island lie in the rain shadow of the central highlands and are home to thorn forests and deserts. The same is true for the island of Réunion. On Tristan da Cunha, Sandy Point on the east coast is warmer and drier than the rainy, windswept settlement of Edinburgh in the west.
In Western Cape Province, the Breede River Valley and the Karoo lie in the rain shadow of the Cape Fold Mountains and are arid; whereas the wettest parts of the Cape Mountains can receive 1,500 millimetres (59 in), Worcester receives only around 200 millimetres (8 in) and is useful only for grazing.
The Sahara Desert is made even drier because of two strong rain shadow effects caused by some major mountains ranges (whose highest points can culminate to more than 4,000 meters high). To the northwest, the Atlas Mountains, covering the Mediterranean coast for Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia as well as to the southeast with the Ethiopian Highlands, located in Ethiopia around the Horn of Africa. On the windward side of the Atlas Mountains, the warm, moist winds blowing from the northwest off the Atlantic Ocean which contain a lot of water vapor are forced to rise, lift up and expand over the mountain range. This causes them to cool down, which causes an excess of moisture to condense into high clouds and results in heavy precipitation over the mountain range. This is known as orographic rainfall and after this process, the air is dry because it has lost most of its moisture over the Atlas Mountains. On the leeward side, the cold, dry air starts to descend and to sink and compress, making the winds warm up. This warming causes the moisture to evaporate, making clouds disappear. This prevents rainfall formation and creates desert conditions in the Sahara. The same phenomenon occurs in the Ethiopian Highlands, but this rain shadow effect is even more pronounced because this mountain range is larger, with the tropical Monsoon of South Asia coming from the Indian Ocean and from the Arabian Sea. These produce clouds and rainfall on the windward side of the mountains, but the leeward side stays rain shadowed and extremely dry. This second extreme rain shadow effect partially explains the extreme aridity of the eastern Sahara Desert, which is the driest and the sunniest place on the planet. Similar levels of aridity and dryness are only seen in the Atacama Desert, located in Chile and Peru.
Desert regions in the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia and Djibouti) such as the Danakil Desert are all influenced by the air heating and drying produced by rain shadow effect of the Ethiopian Highlands, too.
Oceania[edit]
New Caledonia lies astride the Tropic of Capricorn, between 19° and 23° south latitude. The climate of the islands is tropical, and rainfall is brought by trade winds from the east. The western side of the Grande Terre lies in the rain shadow of the central mountains, and rainfall averages are significantly lower.
In the South Island of New Zealand is to be found one of the most remarkable rain shadows anywhere on Earth. The Southern Alps intercept moisture coming off the Tasman Sea, precipitating about 6,300 mm (250 in) to 8,900 mm (350 in) liquid water equivalent per year and creating large glaciers. To the east of the Southern Alps, scarcely 50 km (30 mi) from the snowy peaks, yearly rainfall drops to less than 760 mm (30 in) and some areas less than 380 mm (15 in). (see Nor'west arch for more on this subject).
In Tasmania, one of the states of Australia, the central Midlands region is in a strong rain shadow and receives only about a fifth as much rainfall as the highlands to the west.
In New South Wales and Victoria (both states of Australia), the Monaro is shielded by both the Snowy Mountains to the northwest and coastal ranges to the southeast. Consequently, parts of it are as dry as the wheat-growing lands of those states.
Also in Victoria, the western side of Port Phillip Bay is in the rain shadow of the Otway Ranges. The area between Geelong and Werribee is the driest part of southern Victoria: the crest of the Otway Ranges receives 2,000 millimetres (79 in) of rain per year and has myrtle beech rainforests much further west than anywhere else, whilst the area around Little River receives as little as 425 millimetres (16.7 in) annually, which is as little as Nhill or Longreach and supports only grassland.
Western Australia's Wheatbelt and Great Southern regions are shielded by the Darling Range to the west: Mandurah, near the coast, receives about 700 millimetres (28 in) annually. Dwellingup, 40 km inland and in the heart of the ranges, receives over 1,000 millimetres (39 in) a year while Narrogin, 130 km further east, receives less than 500 millimetres (20 in) a year.
See also[edit]
Orographic precipitation
Foehn wind
Lake-effect snow
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Whiteman, C. David (2000). Mountain Meteorology: Fundamentals and Applications. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513271-8.
Jump up ^ Bruniard, Enrique D. (1982). "La diagonal árida Argentina: un límite climático real". Revista Geográfica (in Spanish): 5–20. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "How mountains influence rainfall patterns". USA Today. 2007-11-01. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). "Westerlies". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
Jump up ^ Sue Ferguson (2001-09-07). "Climatology of the Interior Columbia River Basin" (PDF). Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
Jump up ^ Giambelluca, Tom; Sanderson, Marie (1993). Prevailing Trade Winds: Climate and Weather in Hawaií. University of Hawaii Press. p. 62.
Jump up ^ http://www.cocorahs.org/Media/docs/ClimateSum_VA.pdf
Jump up ^ "UK Rainfall averages".
Jump up ^ "Asti weather". weatherbase.com.
External links[edit]
USA Today on rain shadows
Weather pages on rain shadows
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text:
Salaries of members of the United States Congress
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This article is part of a series on the
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This article is part of a series on the
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Historical information on the salaries that members of the United States Congress have been paid. See chart below: [1]
Year
Salary
per diem/annum
Percent
Adjustment
In 2014 dollars
1789 50¢ per diem
1795 $1 per diem only Representatives
$7 per diem only Senators
1796 $6 per diem
1815 $1,500 per annum $19,084
1817 $6 per diem only Representatives
$7 per diem only Senators
1818 $8 per diem
1855 $3,000 per annum $75,109
1865 $5,000 per annum $76,244
1871 $7,500 per annum $146,107
1874 $5,000 per annum $103,183
1907 $7,500 per annum $187,663
1925 $10,000 per annum $133,587
1932 $9,000 per annum $154,137
1933 $8,500 per annum $153,397
1934 (2/1) $9,000 per annum $157,080
1934 (7/1) $9,500 per annum $165,807
1935 $10,000 per annum $170,276
1947 $12,500 per annum $130,741
1955 $22,500 per annum $196,223
1965 $30,000 per annum $222,206
1969 $42,500 per annum $270,697
1975 $44,600 per annum $193,587
1977 $57,500 per annum $221,500
1979 $60,662.50 per annum $194,778
1982 $69,800 per annum only Representatives $168,569
1983 $69,800 per annum only Senators $163,343
1984 $72,600 per annum $162,891
1985 $75,100 per annum $162,645
1987 (1/1) $77,400 per annum $158,784
1987 (2/4) $89,500 per annum $183,606
1990 (2/1) $96,600 per annum only Representatives $172,342
1990 (2/1) $98,400 per annum only Senators $175,553
1991 (1/1) $125,100 per annum only Representatives $214,192
1991 (1/1) $101,900 per annum only Senators $174,470
1991 (8/14) $125,100 per annum only Senators $214,192
1992 $129,500 per annum 3.5% $215,267
1993 $133,600 per annum 3.2% $215,614
1998 $136,700 per annum 2.3% $197,114
2000 $141,300 per annum 3.4% $191,866
2001 $145,100 per annum 2.7% $193,924
2002 $150,000 per annum 3.4% $195,774
2003 $154,700 per annum 3.1% $198,143
2004 $158,100 per annum 2.2% $196,029
2005 $162,100 per annum 2.5% $194,380
2006 $165,200 per annum 1.9% $193,266
2008 $169,300 per annum 2.5% $185,614
2009–2017 $174,000 per annum 2.8% $191,533 – 174,000
Salaries, shown for US Senators and US Representatives. Also shown: salaries adjusted to 2014 US Dollars.
Additional pay schedule for the Senate and House positions:
SCHEDULE 6—VICE PRESIDENT AND MEMBERS OF CONGRESS[2]
Position
Salary
Vice President $233,000
Delegates to the House of Representatives $174,000
Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico $174,000
President pro tempore of the Senate $193,400
Majority leader and minority leader of the Senate $193,400
Majority leader and minority leader of the House of Representatives $193,900
Speaker of the House of Representatives $223,500
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Brudnick, Ida A. (April 11, 2018). Salaries of Members of Congress: Recent Actions and Historical Tables (PDF). Washinton, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Executive Order 13655 of December 23, 2013, Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay. Office of Personnel Management – Pay & Leave – SALARIES & WAGES – Executive Order for 2014 Pay Schedules
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salaries_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress&oldid=837036110"
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text:
Heart development
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about a general overview of heart development. For protein signalling in heart development, see Protein signalling in heart development.
Heart development
Development of the human heart during the first eight weeks (top), and the formation of the heart chambers (bottom). In this figure, the blue and red colors represent blood inflow and outflow (not venous and arterial blood). Initially, all venous blood flows from the tail/atria to the ventricles/head, a very different pattern from that of an adult.[1]
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Heart development refers to the prenatal development of the human heart. This begins with the formation of two endocardial tubes which merge to form the tubular heart, also called the primitive heart tube, that loops and septates into the four chambers and paired arterial trunks that form the adult heart. The heart is the first functional organ in vertebrate embryos, and in the human, beats spontaneously by week 4 of development.[2]
The tubular heart quickly differentiates into the truncus arteriosus, bulbus cordis, primitive ventricle, primitive atrium, and the sinus venosus. The truncus arteriosus splits into the ascending aorta and pulmonary artery. The bulbus cordis forms part of the ventricles. The sinus venosus connects to the fetal circulation.
The heart tube elongates on the right side, looping and becoming the first visual sign of left-right asymmetry of the body. Septa form within the atria and ventricles to separate the left and right sides of the heart.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early development
1.1 Endocardial tubes
1.2 Heart tube position
2 Heart folding
3 Heart chambers
3.1 Sinus venosus
3.2 Heart wall
3.3 Atria
3.4 Ventricles
3.5 Septum formation of the atrioventricular canal
3.6 Atrioventricular valves
4 Valves and outflow tracts
4.1 Truncus septum formation and arterial cone
5 Pacemaker and conduction system
6 References
7 Additional images
8 References
Early development[edit]
The heart derives from embryonic mesodermal germ-layer cells that differentiate after gastrulation into mesothelium, endothelium, and myocardium. Mesothelial pericardium forms the outer lining of the heart. The inner lining of the heart, lymphatic and blood vessels, develop from endothelium.[4]
Endocardial tubes[edit]
In the splanchnopleuric mesenchyme on either side of the neural plate, a horseshoe-shaped area develops as the cardiogenic region. This has formed from cardiac myoblasts and blood islands as forerunners of blood cells and vessels.[5] By day 19, an endocardial tube begins to develop in each side of this region. These two tubes grow and by the third week have converged towards each other to merge, using programmed cell death to form a single tube, the tubular heart.[6]
From splanchnopleuric mesenchyme, the cardiogenic region develops cranially and laterally to the neural plate. In this area, two separate angiogenic cell clusters form on either side and coalesce to form the endocardial tubes. As embryonic folding continues, the two endocardial tubes are pushed into the thoracic cavity, where they begin to fuse together, and this is completed at about 22 days.[7]
At around 18 to 19 days after fertilisation, the heart begins to form. This early development is critical for subsequent embryonic and prenatal development. The heart is the first functional organ to develop and starts to beat and pump blood at around day 21 or 22.[1] The heart begins to develop near the head of the embryo in the cardiogenic area.[1] Following cell signalling, two strands or cords begin to form in the cardiogenic region[1] As these form, a lumen develops within them, at which point, they are referred to as endocardial tubes.[1] At the same time that the tubes are forming other major heart components are also being formed.[8] The two tubes migrate together and fuse to form a single primitive heart tube, the tubular heart which quickly forms five distinct regions.[1] From head to tail, these are the truncus arteriosus, bulbus cordis, primitive ventricle, primitive atrium, and the sinus venosus.[1] Initially, all venous blood flows into the sinus venosus, and contractions propel the blood from tail to head, or from the sinus venosus to the truncus arteriosus.[1] The truncus arteriosus will divide to form the aorta and pulmonary artery; the bulbus cordis will develop into the right ventricle; the primitive ventricle will form the left ventricle; the primitive atrium will become the front parts of the left and right atria and their appendages, and the sinus venous will develop into the posterior part of the right atrium, the sinoatrial node and the coronary sinus.[1]
Heart tube position[edit]
The central part of cardiogenic area is in front of the oropharyngeal membrane and the neural plate. The growth of the brain and the cephalic folds push the oropharyngeal membrane forward, while the heart and the pericardial cavity move first to the cervical region and then into the chest. The curved portion of the horseshoe-shaped area expands to form the future ventricular infundibulum and the ventricular regions, as the heart tube continues to expand. The tube starts receiving venous drainage in its caudal pole and will pump blood out of the first aortic arch and into the dorsal aorta through its polar head. Initially the tube remains attached to the dorsal part of the pericardial cavity by a mesodermal tissue fold called the dorsal mesoderm. This mesoderm disappears to form the two pericardial sinuses the transverse and the oblique pericardial sinuses, which connect both sides of the pericardial cavity.[5]
The myocardium thickens and secretes a thick layer of rich extracellular matrix containing hyaluronic acid which separates the endothelium. Then mesothelial cells form the pericardium and migrate to form most of the epicardium. Then the heart tube is formed by the endocardium, which is the inner endothelial lining of the heart, and the myocardial muscle wall which is the epicardium that covers the outside of the tube.[5]
Heart folding[edit]
The heart tube continues stretching and by day 23, in a process called morphogenesis, cardiac looping begins. The cephalic portion curves in a frontal clockwise direction. The atrial portion starts moving in a cephalic ally and then moves to the left from its original position. This curved shape approaches the heart and finishes its growth on day 28. The conduit forms the atrial and ventricular junctions which connect the common atrium and the common ventricle in the early embryo. The arterial bulb forms the trabecular portion of the right ventricle. A cone will form the infundibula blood of both ventricles. The arterial trunk and the roots will form the proximal portion of the aorta and the pulmonary artery. The junction between the ventricle and the arterial bulb will be called the primary intra-ventricular hole. The tube is divided into cardiac regions along its craniocaudal axis: the primitive ventricle, called primitive left ventricle, and the trabecular proximal arterial bulb, called the primitive right ventricle.[9]
Heart chambers[edit]
Sinus venosus[edit]
In the middle of the fourth week, the sinus receives venous blood from the poles of right and left sinus. Each pole receives blood from three major veins: the vitelline vein, the umbilical vein and the common cardinal vein. The sinus opening moves clockwise. This movement is caused mainly by the left to right shunt of blood, which occurs in the venous system during the fourth and fifth week of development.[10]
When the left common cardinal vein disappears in the tenth week, with only the oblique vein of the left atrium and the coronary sinus remaining. The right pole joins the right atrium to form the wall portion of the right atrium. The right and left venous valves fuse and form a peak known as the septum spurium. At the beginning, these valves are large but the left venous valve and the septum spurium fuse with the developing atrial septum. The upper right venous valve disappearing. The bottom evolves into: the inferior valve of the vena cava and the coronary sinus valve.[10]
Heart wall[edit]
The main walls of the heart are formed between day 27 and 37 of the development of the early embryo. The growth consists of two tissue masses actively growing that approach one another until they merge and split light into two separate conduits. Tissue masses called endocardial cushions develop into atrioventricular and conotroncal regions. In these places, the cushions will help in the formation of auricular septum, ventricular conduits, atrio-ventricular valves and aortic and pulmonary channels.[11]
Atria[edit]
Further information: Interatrial septum § Development
The developing heart at day 30. The septum primum (top, middle) develops downwards to separate the initially joined primitive atrium into left and right atria.
At the end of the fourth week, a crest grows that leaves the cephalic part. This crest is the first part of the septum primum. The two ends of the septum extend into the interior of the endocardial cushions in the atrioventricular canal. The opening between the bottom edge of the septum primum and endocardial cushions is the ostium primum (first opening). The extensions of the upper and lower endocardial pads grow along the margin of the septum primum and close the ostium primum. Coalescence of these perforations will form the ostium secundum (second opening), which allows blood to flow freely from the right atrium to the left.
When the right of the atrium expands due to the incorporation of the pole of the sinus, a new fold appears, called the septum secundum. At its right side it is fused with the left venous valve and the septum spurium. A free opening will then appear, called the foramen ovale. The remains of the upper septum primum, will become the valves of the foramen ovale. The passage between the two atrial chambers consists of a long oblique slit through which blood flows from the right atrium to the left.[11]
Ventricles[edit]
Initially, a single pulmonary vein develops in the form of a bulge in the back wall of the left atrium. This vein will connect with the veins of the developing lung buds. As development proceeds the pulmonary vein and its branches are incorporated into the left atrium and they both form the smooth wall of the atrium. The embryonic left atrium remains as the trabecular left atrial appendage, and the embryonic right atrium remains as the right atrial appendage.[12]
Septum formation of the atrioventricular canal[edit]
At the end of the fourth week, two atrioventricular endocardial cushions appear. Initially the atrioventricular canal gives access to the primitive left ventricle, and is separated from arterial bulb by the edge of the ventricular bulb. In the fifth week, the posterior end terminates in the center part of the upper endocardial cushion. Because of this, blood can access both the left primitive ventricle and the right primitive ventricle. As the anterior and posterior pads project inwardly, they merge to form a right and left atrioventricular orifice.[13]
Atrioventricular valves[edit]
When forming intra-atrial septa, atrio-ventricular valves will begin to grow. An intra-muscular ventricular septum begins to grow from the common ventricle to the atrio-ventricular endocardial cushions. The division begins in the common ventricle where a furrow in the outer surface of the heart will appear the interventricular foramen eventually disappears. This closure is achieved by further growth muscular interventricular septum, a contribution of trunk crest-conal tissue and a membranous component.[14]
Valves and outflow tracts[edit]
Truncus septum formation and arterial cone[edit]
The arterial cone is closed by the infundibular cushions. The trunk cones are closed by the forming of an infundibulotroncal septum, which is made from a straight proximal portion and distal spiral portion. Then, the narrowest portion of the aorta is in the left and dorsal portion. The distal portion of the aorta is pushed forward to the right. The proximal pulmonary artery is right and ventral, and the distal portion of the pulmonary artery is in the left dorsal portion.[11]
Pacemaker and conduction system[edit]
The rhythmic electrical depolarization waves that trigger myocardial contraction is myogenic, which means that they begin in the heart muscle spontaneously and are then responsible for transmitting signals from cell to cell. Myocytes that were obtained in the primitive heart tube, start beating as they connect together by their walls in a syncytium. Myocytes initiate rhythmic electrical activity, before the fusion of the endocardial tubes. The heartbeat begins in the region of the pacemaker which has a spontaneous depolarization time faster than the rest of myocardium.[15]
The primitive ventricle acts as initial pacemaker. But this pacemaker activity is actually made by a group of cells that derive from the sinoatrial right venous sinus. These cells form an ovoid sinoatrial node (SAN), on the left venous valve. After the development of the SAN, the superior endocardial cushions begin to form a pacemaker as known as the atrioventricular node. With the development of the SAN, a band of specialized conducting cells start to form creating the bundle of His that sends a branch to the right ventricle and one to the left ventricle. Most conduction pathways originate from the cardiogenic mesoderm but the sinus node may be derived from the neural crest.[15]
The human embryonic heart begins beating approximately 21 days after fertilization, or five weeks after the last normal menstrual period (LMP), which is the date normally used to date pregnancy in the medical community. The electrical depolarizations that trigger cardiac myocytes to contract arise spontaneously within the myocyte itself. The heartbeat is initiated in the pacemaker regions and spreads to the rest of the heart through a conduction pathway. Pacemaker cells develop in the primitive atrium and the sinus venosus to form the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node respectively. Conductive cells develop the bundle of His and carry the depolarization into the lower heart. Cardiac activity is visible beginning at approximately 5 weeks of pregnancy.
The human heart begins beating at a rate near the mother’s, about 75-80 beats per minute (BPM). The embryonic heart rate (EHR) then accelerates linearly for the first month of beating, peaking at 165-185 BPM during the early 7th week, (early 9th week after the LMP). This acceleration is approximately 3.3 BPM per day, or about 10 BPM every three days, an increase of 100 BPM in the first month.[16]
After peaking at about 9.2 weeks after the LMP, it decelerates to about 150 BPM (+/-25 BPM) during the 15th week after the LMP. After the 15th week the deceleration slows reaching an average rate of about 145 (+/-25 BPM) BPM at term.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Betts, J. Gordon (2013). Anatomy & physiology. pp. 787–846. ISBN 1938168135. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Moorman, A; Webb, S; Brown, NA; Lamers, W; Anderson, RH (Jul 2003). "Development of the heart: (1) formation of the cardiac chambers and arterial trunks.". Heart (British Cardiac Society). 89 (7): 806–14. PMC 1767747  . PMID 12807866. doi:10.1136/heart.89.7.806.
Jump up ^ Anderson, RH; Webb, S; Brown, NA; Lamers, W; Moorman, A (Aug 2003). "Development of the heart: (2) Septation of the atriums and ventricles.". Heart (British Cardiac Society). 89 (8): 949–58. PMC 1767797  . PMID 12860885. doi:10.1136/heart.89.8.949.
Jump up ^ "Animal Tissues". Users.rcn.com. 2010-08-13. Retrieved 2010-10-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sadler, T.W (2012). Langman. Embriología Médica. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 165. ISBN 978-84-96921-46-7.
Jump up ^ Larsen, William (2001). Human Embryology (3rd ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 159. ISBN 0-443-06583-7.
Jump up ^ "Main Frame Heart Development". Meddean.luc.edu. Retrieved 2010-10-17.
Jump up ^ Larsen, William (2001). Human Embryology (3rd ed.). Churchill Livingstone. p. 159. ISBN 0-443-06583-7.
Jump up ^ Rohen, Johannes; Lutjen, Elke (2008). Embriología functional: una perspectiva desde la biología del desarrollo. Panamericana. p. 70. ISBN 978-84-9835-155-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Carlson, Bruce (2012). Embriología humana y biología del desarrollo. Mosby. p. 451. ISBN 84-8174-785-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fernández, Patricia Martha (2002). Manual de biología del desarrollo. Manual Moderno. p. 243. ISBN 968-426-976-5.
Jump up ^ Eynard, Aldo; Valentich, Mirta; Rovasio, Roberto (2011). Histología y embriología del ser humano: bases celulares y moleculares. Panamericana. p. 283. ISBN 978-950-06-0602-8.
Jump up ^ Moore, Keith L.; Persaud, T.V.N (2008). Embriología Clínica. Elsevier Saunders. p. 245. ISBN 978-84-8086-337-7.
Jump up ^ Tellez de Peralta, Gabriel (2003). Tratado de cirugía cardiovascular. Díaz de Santos. p. 44.
^ Jump up to: a b Larsen, William (2003). Embriología humana. Elsevier Science. p. 177. ISBN 968-426-976-5.
Jump up ^ OBGYN.net "Embryonic Heart Rates Compared in Assisted and Non-Assisted Pregnancies"
Additional images[edit]
M-mode sonography measuring embryonic heart rate.
Blood flow in a neonate
Human embryo, 38 mm, 8–9 weeks–anterior view, heart is visible.
References[edit]
This article incorporates text from the CC-BY book: OpenStax College, Anatomy & Physiology. OpenStax CNX. 30 jul 2014..
[hide]
v
t
e
Development of the circulatory system
Heart
Tubular heart
Truncus arteriosus
Bulbus cordis
Primitive ventricle
Primitive atrium
Sinus venosus
Chamber formation
Atrioventricular
Primary interventricular foramen
Endocardial cushions
Septum intermedium
Atrioventricular canal
Atrial
Septum primum
Foramen secundum
Primary interatrial foramen
Septum secundum
Foramen ovale
Other
Aorticopulmonary septum
Protein signalling in heart development
Vessels
Arteries
Dorsal aorta
Aortic arches
Aortic sac
Veins
Anterior cardinal vein
Posterior cardinal vein
Common cardinal veins
Lymph vessels
Lymph sacs
Extraembryonic
hemangiogenesis
Blood islands
Chorion
Connecting stalk
Yolk sac
Placenta
Fetal circulation
umbilical cord: Umbilical vein → Ductus venosus → Inferior vena cava → Heart → Pulmonary artery → Ductus arteriosus → Aorta → Umbilical artery
yolk sac: Vitelline veins
Vitelline arteries
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