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List of protected areas of the Philippines
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Map of the Philippine archipelago
This is a list of protected areas of the Philippines administered by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources' Biodiversity Management Bureau under the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act of 1992. As of 2012, there are 240 protected areas in the Philippines covering a total area of 35,700 square kilometres (13,800 sq mi) – 11.9% of the Philippines' total land area.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Classification
2.1 National Parks
2.2 Natural Parks
2.3 Natural Monuments
2.4 Protected Landscape
2.5 Protected Landscape and Seascape
2.6 Protected Seascape
2.7 Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuaries
2.8 Resource Reserves
2.9 Managed Resource Protected Areas
2.10 Marine Reserves
2.11 Watershed Forest Reserves
2.12 Natural Biotic Areas
2.13 Wildlife Sanctuaries
2.14 Wilderness Areas
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The first important legislation that formed the basis of the current system of national parks and protected areas in the Philippines is the Philippine Commission Act No. 648 enacted in 1903 by the US Congress. This act authorized the Civil Governor to "reserve for civil public purposes, and from sale or settlement, any part of the public domain not appropriated by law for special public purposes."[2]
A total of eight national reserves had been established on July 26, 1904 pursuant to this law. These are: Lamao Forest Reserve in Bataan, Mariquina Reserve in Rizal, Angat River Reserve in Bulacan, Caliraya Falls Reserve in Laguna, La Carlota Reserve in Negros Occidental, San Ramon Reserve in Zamboanga, Magalang Reserve in Pampanga, and Hacienda San Antonio in Isabela.[3] In the same year, the Forest Act of 1904 (Act No. 1148) was adopted that expanded the scope of protected areas in the Philippines.[4] Among the first of such mountain forest reserves to be declared was Mount Maquiling declared on November 21, 1910.[5]
On February 1, 1932, the National Parks Act (Act No. 3195) was enacted that formally established the national parks system in the country.[6] Mount Arayat became the first national park in the Philippines established on June 27, 1933 following this act.
A series of acts and legislations were passed in the next decades that aimed to further strengthen these policies, including the Revised Forestry Code of 1975 (Presidential Decree No. 705) and Forest Administrative Order No. 7. Following the 1987 Constitution, the National Integrated Protected Areas System Act was enacted which further enhanced the administration and classification of protected areas, and broadened the mandate of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in enforcing its provisions.
Classification[edit]
Protected areas in the Philippines are managed according to the following classifications described in Section 4 of the National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992 (NIPAS Act).
National Parks[edit]
Main article: List of national parks of the Philippines
National parks refer to forest reservations essentially of natural wilderness character which have been withdrawn from settlement, occupancy or any form of exploitation except in conformity with approved management plan and set aside as such exclusively to conserve the area or preserve the scenery, the natural and historic objects, wild animals and plants therein and to provide enjoyment of these features in such areas.
Natural Parks[edit]
Natural parks are relatively large areas not materially altered by human activity where extractive resource uses are not allowed and maintained to protect outstanding natural and scenic areas of national or international significance for scientific, educational and recreational use.
Mayon Volcano Natural Park
Apo Reef Natural Park
Mount Kitanglad Range Natural Park
Balinsasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park
Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park
Tubbataha Reef Natural Park
World Heritage Site or part of a World Heritage Site
Name
Area
Established
Location
Apo Reef
7008157920000000000♠15,792.00 ha
(39,022.9 acres) 1996 Occidental Mindoro
Balinsasayao Twin Lakes
7007801605000000000♠8,016.05 ha
(19,808.1 acres) 2000 Negros Oriental
Bicol
7007520100000000000♠5,201.00 ha
(12,852.0 acres) 2000
Camarines Norte
Camarines Sur
Bongsanglay
7006244720000000000♠244.72 ha
(604.7 acres) 2000 Masbate
Bulusan Volcano
7007367200000000000♠3,672.00 ha
(9,073.7 acres) 2000 Sorsogon
Kalbario-Patapat
7007380000000000000♠3,800.00 ha
(9,390.0 acres) 2007 Ilocos Norte
Lake Danao
7007219300000000000♠2,193.00 ha
(5,419.0 acres) 1998 Leyte
Mahagnao Volcano
7006635000000000000♠635.00 ha
(1,569.1 acres) 1998 Leyte
Mayon Volcano
7007577570000000000♠5,775.70 ha
(14,272.1 acres) 2000 Albay
Mount Apo
7008549748700000000♠54,974.87 ha
(135,845.9 acres) 1936
Davao del Sur
Cotabato
Mount Balatukan Range
7007842300000000000♠8,423.00 ha
(20,813.7 acres) 2007 Misamis Oriental
Mount Guiting-Guiting
7008152654800000000♠15,265.48 ha
(37,721.8 acres) 1996 Romblon
Mount Inayawan Range
7007363274000000000♠3,632.74 ha
(8,976.7 acres) 2007 Lanao del Norte
Mount Isarog
7008101123500000000♠10,112.35 ha
(24,988.2 acres) 2002 Camarines Sur
Mount Kalatungan Range
7008212477300000000♠21,247.73 ha
(52,504.3 acres) 2000 Bukidnon
Mount Kanlaon
7008243880000000000♠24,388.00 ha
(60,264.1 acres) 1997
Negros Occidental
Negros Oriental
Mount Kitanglad Range
7008312351900000000♠31,235.19 ha
(77,183.8 acres) 1996 Bukidnon
Mount Malindang
7008346940000000000♠34,694.00 ha
(85,730.7 acres) 2002 Misamis Occidental
Northern Negros
7008804545000000000♠80,454.50 ha
(198,807.4 acres) 2002 Negros Occidental
Northern Sierra Madre
7009359486000000000♠359,486.00 ha
(888,309.3 acres) 1997 Isabela
Northwest Panay Peninsula
7008120092900000000♠12,009.29 ha
(29,675.6 acres) 2002
Aklan
Antique
Pasonanca
7008121070000000000♠12,107.00 ha
(29,917.0 acres) 1999 Zamboanga del Sur
Samar Island
7009333300000000000♠333,300.00 ha
(823,602.2 acres) 2003 Eastern Visayas
Sibalom
7007551147000000000♠5,511.47 ha
(13,619.1 acres) 2000 Antique
Tubbataha Reef
7008970300000000000♠97,030.00 ha
(239,766.4 acres) 2010 Palawan
Natural Monuments[edit]
A natural monument is a relatively small area focused on protection of small features to protect or preserve nationally significant natural features on account of their special interest or unique characteristics.
Chocolate Hills Natural Monument
Name
Area
Established
Location
Bessang Pass
7006693320000000000♠693.32 ha
(1,713.2 acres) 2000 Ilocos Sur
Chocolate Hills
7008141450000000000♠14,145.00 ha
(34,953.1 acres) 1997 Bohol
Salinas
7007667556000000000♠6,675.56 ha
(16,495.7 acres) 2000 Nueva Vizcaya
Timpoong and Hibok-Hibok
7007222762000000000♠2,227.62 ha
(5,504.6 acres) 2004 Camiguin
Protected Landscape[edit]
Protected landscapes/seascapes are areas of national significance which are characterized by the harmonious interaction of man and land while providing opportunities for public enjoyment through recreation and tourism within the normal lifestyle and economic activity of these areas.
Taal Volcano Protected Landscape
Mount Matutum Protected Landscape
Rajah Sikatuna Protected Landscape
José Rizal Memorial Protected Landscape
Mount Mantalingajan Protected Landscape
Upper Marikina River Basin Protected Landscape
Mounts Palay-Palay–Mataas-na-Gulod Protected Landscape
Name
Area
Established
Location
Aliwagwag
7008104913300000000♠10,491.33 ha
(25,924.6 acres) 2011
Davao Oriental
Compostela Valley
Amro River
7007647108000000000♠6,471.08 ha
(15,990.4 acres) 2000 Aurora
Baganga
7006114880000000000♠114.88 ha
(283.9 acres) 2000 Davao Oriental
Bigbiga
7006135710000000000♠135.71 ha
(335.3 acres) 2000 Ilocos Sur
Buenavista
7006284270000000000♠284.27 ha
(702.4 acres) 2000 Quezon
Calbayog Pan-as–Hayiban
7007783200000000000♠7,832.00 ha
(19,353.3 acres) 1998 Samar
Casecnan
7008888468000000000♠88,846.80 ha
(219,545.2 acres) 2000
Cagayan Valley
Aurora
Central Cebu
7008290620000000000♠29,062.00 ha
(71,813.8 acres) 2003 Cebu
Dinadiawan River
7007337133000000000♠3,371.33 ha
(8,330.7 acres) 2000 Aurora
Hinulugang Taktak
7004320000000000000♠3.20 ha
(7.9 acres) 2000 Rizal
José Rizal Memorial
7006439000000000000♠439.00 ha
(1,084.8 acres) 2000 Zamboanga del Norte
Libunao
7005467000000000000♠46.70 ha
(115.4 acres) 2000 Ilocos Sur
Lidlidda
7007115744000000000♠1,157.44 ha
(2,860.1 acres) 2000 Ilocos Sur
Magapit
7007340362000000000♠3,403.62 ha
(8,410.5 acres) 2000 Cagayan
Mainit Hot Springs
7007137400000000000♠1,374.00 ha
(3,395.2 acres) 2000 Compostela Valley
Manleluag Spring
7007193517000000000♠1,935.17 ha
(4,781.9 acres) 2004 Pangasinan
Mati
7006914260000000000♠914.26 ha
(2,259.2 acres) 2005 Davao Oriental
Maulawin Spring
7006149010000000000♠149.01 ha
(368.2 acres) 2000 Quezon
Mimbilisan
7005660000000000000♠66.00 ha
(163.1 acres) 1999 Misamis Oriental
Mounts Banahaw–San Cristobal
7008109005900000000♠10,900.59 ha
(26,935.9 acres) 2009
Quezon
Laguna
Mount Mantalingajan
7009120457000000000♠120,457.00 ha
(297,655.7 acres) 2009 Palawan
Mount Matutum
7008156000000000000♠15,600.00 ha
(38,548.4 acres) 1995 South Cotabato
Mounts Palay-Palay–Mataas-na-Gulod
7007397313000000000♠3,973.13 ha
(9,817.8 acres) 2007
Cavite
Batangas
Mount Timolan
7007199480000000000♠1,994.80 ha
(4,929.3 acres) 2000 Zamboanga del Sur
Pamitinan
7006600000000000000♠600.00 ha
(1,482.6 acres) 1996 Rizal
Quezon
7006938000000000000♠938.00 ha
(2,317.8 acres) 2003 Quezon
Quirino
7009164364460000000♠164,364.46 ha
(406,153.4 acres) 2005 Quirino
Rajah Sikatuna
7008104526000000000♠10,452.60 ha
(25,828.9 acres) 2000 Bohol
Roosevelt
7006786040000000000♠786.04 ha
(1,942.3 acres) 2000 Bataan
Santa Lucia
7006174160000000000♠174.16 ha
(430.4 acres) 2000 Ilocos Sur
Simbahan-Talagas
7007226648999999999♠2,266.49 ha
(5,600.6 acres) 2000 Aurora
Taal Volcano
7008622921400000000♠62,292.14 ha
(153,927.2 acres) 1996 Batangas
Talaytay
7007352629000000000♠3,526.29 ha
(8,713.7 acres) 2000 Aurora
Upper Marikina River Basin
7008261256400000000♠26,125.64 ha
(64,557.9 acres) 2011 Rizal
Protected Landscape and Seascape[edit]
Apo Island Protected Landscape and Seascape
Batanes Protected Landscape and Seascape
Pujada Bay Protected Landscape and Seascape
Siargao Island Protected Landscape and Seascape
Name
Area
Established
Location
Agoo–Damortis
7008105133000000000♠10,513.30 ha
(25,978.9 acres) 2000 La Union
Alburquerque-Loay-Loboc
7007116416000000000♠1,164.16 ha
(2,876.7 acres) 1999 Bohol
Aliguay Island
7007119189000000000♠1,191.89 ha
(2,945.2 acres) 1999 Zamboanga del Norte
Apo Island
7006691450000000000♠691.45 ha
(1,708.6 acres) 1994 Negros Oriental
Baliangao
7006295000000000000♠295.00 ha
(729.0 acres) 2000 Misamis Occidental
Batanes
7009213578000000000♠213,578.00 ha
(527,762.7 acres) 1994 Batanes
Biri Larosa
7008334920000000000♠33,492.00 ha
(82,760.5 acres) 2000 Northern Samar
Cuatro Islas
7008125000000000000♠12,500.00 ha
(30,888.2 acres) 2000 Leyte
Dumanquilas Bay
7008259480000000000♠25,948.00 ha
(64,118.9 acres) 1999 Zamboanga del Sur
Great and Little Santa Cruz Islands
7007187700000000000♠1,877.00 ha
(4,638.2 acres) 2000 Zamboanga del Sur
Guiuan
7008604480000000000♠60,448.00 ha
(149,370.3 acres) 1994 Eastern Samar
Initao–Libertad
7007130078000000000♠1,300.78 ha
(3,214.3 acres) 2002 Misamis Oriental
Mabini
7007610600000000000♠6,106.00 ha
(15,088.3 acres) 2000 Compostela Valley
Malabungot
7006120620000000000♠120.62 ha
(298.1 acres) 2000 Camarines Sur
Malampaya Sound
7009200115000000000♠200,115.00 ha
(494,494.9 acres) 2000 Palawan
Murcielagos Island
7006151000000000000♠151.00 ha
(373.1 acres) 2000 Zamboanga del Norte
Peñablanca
7009118781580000000♠118,781.58 ha
(293,515.7 acres) 2003 Cagayan
Pujada Bay
7008212000000000000♠21,200.00 ha
(52,386.3 acres) 1994 Davao Oriental
Selinog Island
7007129435000000000♠1,294.35 ha
(3,198.4 acres) 2000 Zamboanga del Norte
Siargao Island
7009278914130000000♠278,914.13 ha
(689,211.8 acres) 1996 Surigao del Norte
Talibon Islands
7007645687000000000♠6,456.87 ha
(15,955.3 acres) 1999 Bohol
Protected Seascape[edit]
Sarangani Bay Protected Seascape
Name
Area
Established
Location
Panglao Island
7006385670000000000♠385.67 ha
(953.0 acres) 2003 Bohol
Sarangani Bay
7009215950000000000♠215,950.00 ha
(533,624.1 acres) 1996 Sarangani
Tañon Strait
7006450000000000000♠450.00 ha
(1,112.0 acres) 1998
Cebu
Negros Oriental
Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuaries[edit]
Strict nature reserve is an area possessing some outstanding ecosystem, features and/or species of flora and fauna of national scientific importance maintained to protect nature and maintain processes in an undisturbed state in order to have ecologically representative examples of the natural environment available for scientific study, environmental monitoring, education, and for the maintenance of genetic resources in a dynamic and evolutionary state.
Olango Island Bird Sanctuary
Name
Area
Established
Location
Calauit Safari Park
7007340000000000000♠3,400.00 ha
(8,401.6 acres) 1976 Palawan
Calavite and FB Harrison
7009121983810000000♠121,983.81 ha
(301,428.6 acres) 1920 Occidental Mindoro
Lake Buluan
7007630000000000000♠6,300.00 ha
(15,567.6 acres) 2006 Cotabato
Lake Malimanga
7005123500000000000♠12.35 ha
(30.5 acres) 1980 Zambales
Olango Island
7006920000000000000♠920.00 ha
(2,273.4 acres) 1992 Cebu
Palawan
7009761416000000000♠761,416.00 ha
(1,881,499.9 acres) 1967 Palawan
Resource Reserves[edit]
Resource reserve is an extensive and relatively isolated and uninhabited area normally with difficult access designated as such to protect natural resources of the area for future use and prevent or contain development activities that could affect the resource pending the establishment of objectives which are based upon appropriate knowledge and planning.
Name
Area
Established
Location
Siocon
7006793740000000000♠793.74 ha
(1,961.4 acres) 1999 Zamboanga del Norte
Upper Agno River Basin
7008775610000000000♠77,561.00 ha
(191,657.4 acres) 2000
Cordillera
Nueva Vizcaya
Managed Resource Protected Areas[edit]
El Nido Managed Resource Protected Area
Name
Area
Established
Location
El Nido Managed Resource Protected Area
7008891347600000000♠89,134.76 ha
(220,256.8 acres) 1998 Palawan
Marine Reserves[edit]
Name
Area
Established
Location
Masinloc and Oyon Bay
7007756800000000000♠7,568.00 ha
(18,700.9 acres) 1993 Zambales
Palaui Island
7007741548000000000♠7,415.48 ha
(18,324.1 acres) 1994 Cagayan
Sagay
7008320000000000000♠32,000.00 ha
(79,073.7 acres) 2001 Negros Occidental
Taklong Island
7007114345000000000♠1,143.45 ha
(2,825.5 acres) 1990 Guimaras
Watershed Forest Reserves[edit]
Angat Watershed Forest Reserve
Loboc Watershed Forest Reserve
Pantabangan–Carranglan Watershed Forest Reserve
Allah Valley Watershed Forest Reserve
Name
Area
Established
Location
Aklan River
7008231850000000000♠23,185.00 ha
(57,291.4 acres) 1990 Aklan
Alabat
7006688000000000000♠688.00 ha
(1,700.1 acres) 1987 Quezon
Alijawan-Cansuhay-Anibongan River
7007363000000000000♠3,630.00 ha
(8,969.9 acres) 1992 Bohol
Allah Valley
7008924500000000000♠92,450.00 ha
(228,448.9 acres) 1985 South Cotabato
Angat Watershed
7007660000000000000♠6,600.00 ha
(16,309.0 acres) 1968 Bulacan
Aurora
7006430000000000000♠430.00 ha
(1,062.6 acres) 1936 Aurora
Bawa
7007895500000000000♠8,955.00 ha
(22,128.3 acres) 1987 Cagayan
Binahaan River
7006465000000000000♠465.00 ha
(1,149.0 acres) 1991 Quezon
Calabgan
7007480300000000000♠4,803.00 ha
(11,868.5 acres) 1992 Aurora
Calatrava-San Andres-San Agustin
7007267000000000000♠2,670.00 ha
(6,597.7 acres) 1982 Romblon
Calauag
7006328000000000000♠328.00 ha
(810.5 acres) 1939 Quezon
Capalonga
7006752000000000000♠752.00 ha
(1,858.2 acres) 1966 Camarines Norte
Catanduanes
7008260100000000000♠26,010.00 ha
(64,272.1 acres) 1987 Catanduanes
Dahican
7005440000000000000♠44.00 ha
(108.7 acres) 1933 Camarines Norte
Dalanas River
7007855800000000000♠8,558.00 ha
(21,147.3 acres) 1990 Antique
Dibalo-Pingit-Zabali-Malayat
7007452800000000000♠4,528.00 ha
(11,188.9 acres) 1992 Aurora
Dipaculao
7007178600000000000♠1,786.00 ha
(4,413.3 acres) 1987 Aurora
Doña Remedios-General Tinio
7008207600000000000♠20,760.00 ha
(51,299.1 acres) 1988
Bulacan
Nueva Ecija
Dupax
7006424800000000000♠424.80 ha
(1,049.7 acres) 1934 Nueva Vizcaya
Ilocos Norte Metro
7007281500000000000♠2,815.00 ha
(6,956.0 acres) 1934 Ilocos Norte
Ilog-Hilabangan
7008102110000000000♠10,211.00 ha
(25,231.9 acres) 1990 Negros Occidental
Infanta
7006384000000000000♠384.00 ha
(948.9 acres) 1967 Quezon
Jalaur River
7007922800000000000♠9,228.00 ha
(22,802.9 acres) 1990 Iloilo
Kabankalan
7006432000000000000♠432.00 ha
(1,067.5 acres) 1991 Negros Occidental
Lake Lanao
7009180460000000000♠180,460.00 ha
(445,926.4 acres) 1992 Lanao del Sur
Libungan
7008528200000000000♠52,820.00 ha
(130,521.1 acres) 1990 Cotabato
Loboc River
7008194100000000000♠19,410.00 ha
(47,963.2 acres) 1953 Bohol
Lopez
7006418000000000000♠418.00 ha
(1,032.9 acres) 1940 Quezon
Lower Agno
7008393040000000000♠39,304.00 ha
(97,122.3 acres) 1983 Benguet
Maasin
7007615000000000000♠6,150.00 ha
(15,197.0 acres) 1923 Iloilo
Mahugunao
7006136000000000000♠136.00 ha
(336.1 acres) 1932 Misamis Oriental
Malagos
7006235000000000000♠235.00 ha
(580.7 acres) 1933 Davao del Sur
Marcos Highway
7007610500000000000♠6,105.00 ha
(15,085.8 acres) 1978 Benguet
Mariveles (Palanas)
7006325000000000000♠325.00 ha
(803.1 acres) 1919 Bataan
Mulanay
7005260000000000000♠26.00 ha
(64.2 acres) 1938 Quezon
Naguilian
7005900000000000000♠90.00 ha
(222.4 acres) 1936 La Union
Olongapo (Palanas)
7007633500000000000♠6,335.00 ha
(15,654.1 acres) 1987 Zambales
Palawan
7007477600000000000♠4,776.00 ha
(11,801.8 acres) 1982 Palawan
Palompon
7007239200000000000♠2,392.00 ha
(5,910.8 acres) 1988 Leyte
Panay River
7007435000000000000♠4,350.00 ha
(10,749.1 acres) 1990 Capiz
Pantabangan–Carranglan Watershed
7008845000000000000♠84,500.00 ha
(208,804.0 acres) 1969 Nueva Ecija
Polillo
7006130000000000000♠130.00 ha
(321.2 acres) 1966 Quezon
Santa
7005250000000000000♠25.00 ha
(61.8 acres) 1935 Ilocos Sur
South Upi
7007189420000000000♠1,894.20 ha
(4,680.7 acres) 1987 Maguindanao
Talavera
7008371560000000000♠37,156.00 ha
(91,814.5 acres) 1938
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Vizcaya
Tanap
7005410000000000000♠41.00 ha
(101.3 acres) 1971 Ilocos Norte
Tibiang-Damagandong
7006280000000000000♠280.00 ha
(691.9 acres) 1938 Quezon
Torrijos
7006105000000000000♠105.00 ha
(259.5 acres) 1932 Marinduque
Tumauini
7008176700000000000♠17,670.00 ha
(43,663.5 acres) 1994 Isabela
Wangag
7007699200000000000♠6,992.00 ha
(17,277.6 acres) 1987 Cagayan
Natural Biotic Areas[edit]
Natural biotic area is an area set aside to allow the way of life of societies living in harmony with the environment to adapt to modem technology at their pace.
Name
Area
Established
Location
Abasig-Matogdon-Mananap
7007542012000000000♠5,420.12 ha
(13,393.4 acres) 2000 Camarines Norte
Basilan
7007449700000000000♠4,497.00 ha
(11,112.3 acres) 2000 Basilan
Buug
7007109500000000000♠1,095.00 ha
(2,705.8 acres) 1998 Zamboanga del Sur
Lagonoy
7006444600000000000♠444.60 ha
(1,098.6 acres) 2000 Camarines Sur
Wildlife Sanctuaries[edit]
Wildlife sanctuary comprises an area which assures the natural conditions necessary to protect nationally significant species, groups of species, biotic communities or physical features of the environment where these may require specific human manipulation for the perpetuation.
Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary
World Heritage Site or part of a World Heritage Site
Name
Area
Established
Location
Agusan Marsh
7008148359900000000♠14,835.99 ha
(36,660.5 acres) 1996 Agusan del Sur
Chico Island
7004777000000000000♠7.77 ha
(19.2 acres) 2000 Masbate
Marinduque
7007882795999999999♠8,827.96 ha
(21,814.4 acres) 2004 Marinduque
Mount Calavite
7008180161900000000♠18,016.19 ha
(44,519.0 acres) 2000 Occidental Mindoro
Mount Hamiguitan Range
7007683400000000000♠6,834.00 ha
(16,887.2 acres) 2004 Davao Oriental
Naro Island
7006109980000000000♠109.98 ha
(271.8 acres) 2000 Masbate
Rasa Island
7007198300000000000♠1,983.00 ha
(4,900.1 acres) 2006 Palawan
Turtle Islands
7009242967000000000♠242,967.00 ha
(600,384.5 acres) 1999 Tawi-Tawi
Wilderness Areas[edit]
Name
Area
Established
Location
Alibijaban
7006430000000000000♠430.00 ha
(1,062.6 acres) 1981 Quezon
Awasan Bay Islands
1981 Surigao del Norte
Bantayan Island
1981 Cebu
Basot-Quinalang-Malabungot Islands
7006185380000000000♠185.38 ha
(458.1 acres) 1981 Camarines Sur
Caniago Strait Islands
7006210000000000000♠210.00 ha
(518.9 acres) 1981 Bohol
Cebu Strait Islands
7005340000000000000♠34.00 ha
(84.0 acres) 1981 Bohol
Dampalit Island
1981 Masbate
Guinauyan-Naro-Chico-Pobre Islands
7005232500000000000♠23.25 ha
(57.5 acres) 1981 Masbate
Isabela
Monte Alto Timber Resource Corp.
7007198500000000000♠1,985.00 ha
(4,905.0 acres) 1987 Isabela
Majaba-Napayuan Islands
7005180000000000000♠18.00 ha
(44.5 acres) 1981 Masbate
Panag Bay Islands
1981 Surigao del Norte
Rasa Island
1981 Surigao del Norte
See also[edit]
List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines
List of Ramsar sites in the Philippines
Biosphere reserves of the Philippines
Environmental issues in the Philippines
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Establishing and Managing Protected Areas". DENR-Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Act No. 648". PhilippineLaw.info. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Executive orders and proclamations issued by the governor-general. (1904)". University of Michigan Library. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Act No. 1148". Chan Robles. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mount Makiling marks centennial". BusinessMirror. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
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After the Bath, Woman Drying Herself
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Edgar Degas, After the Bath, Woman drying herself, 1890–95, National Gallery, London
After the Bath, Woman drying herself is a pastel drawing by Edgar Degas, made about 1890–95. It has been in the collection of the National Gallery, London since 1959.[1] The work is part of a series of drawings, preliminary sketches and completed works in pastels and oils by Degas from this period that depict women bathing.
Contents
[hide]
1 Artwork
2 History
3 Influences
4 Painting materials
5 Notes
6 References
Artwork[edit]
After the Bath, Woman Drying Her Hair
Woman Drying Herself
The work depicts a woman sitting on white towels spread over a wicker chair, with her back to the viewer. Her body is arched and slightly twisted, creating a tension in her back, accentuated by the deep line of her backbone. One hand dries her neck with a towel, presumably after getting out of the tin bath in the corner of the room. The other arm leans out to hold onto the chair for support. The space is defined by the vertical and diagonal lines where the floor and walls meet.[2]
The drawing was made on several pieces of paper mounted on cardboard. Degas may have started with a smaller composition which he extended as he worked, requiring more paper.[3] The heavily worked pastel creates deep textures and blurred contours, emphasising the figure's movement. The artwork measures 103.5 × 98.5 centimetres (40.7 × 38.8 in).[1]
History[edit]
After the Bath, Woman Drying Her Back (1896) (The J. Paul Getty Museum)
Edgar Degas often used photographs and sketches as a preliminary step, studying the light and the composition for his paintings. The work is part of a series of photographs, preliminary sketches and completed works in pastels and oils by Degas from this period. The series depict women dancing or bathing,[2] some showing women in awkward unnatural positions.[4] Degas, speaking about these works, said, he intended to create a feeling in the viewer: "as if you looked through a keyhole."[2] Degas included many works of female nudes bathing in the last Impressionist exhibition in 1886.[5]
Nine of Degas' pastel drawings of women at their bath were exhibited by Theo Van Gogh at Galerie Boussod et Valadon in 1888.[2] The work was shown at the Lefevre Gallery in 1950 and was bought for the collection of the National Gallery, London in 1959.[6] A less highly worked example of a similar subject is in the Courtauld Gallery,[7] and other works in the series are in many public museums.[5]
Other similar postures
After The Bath, woman drying her neck (1895–98) (Musée d'Orsay, Paris)
Woman Washing
Nude
The Breakfast after bath
After The Bath, pastel
After The Bath, pastel and charcoal on paper.
Influences[edit]
The work had a considerable influence on Francis Bacon, most noticeably on his triptychs Three Figures in a Room (1964, Centre Pompidou, Paris) and Three Studies of the Male Back (1970, Kunsthaus Zürich).[6] The Tate Gallery says "For Bacon [it] was indeed something of a talisman. It epitomised Degas's approach to a larger obsession the two artists shared with the plasticity of the body, its potential for the most varied forms of articulation, in movement and repose." The work was one of three central nudes chosen by Bacon in his "The Artist's Choice" exhibition at the National Gallery in 1985, shown between Velázquez's Rokeby Venus and Michelangelo's Entombment. Art historian and curator Michael Peppiatt quoted Bacon thus: "I love Degas. I think his pastels are among the greatest things ever made. I think they're far greater than his paintings."[6]
Painting materials[edit]
The analysis of the painting materials is described in the book by Bomford et al.[8] Degas used a multitude of commercially available pastel crayons many of which consisted of several individual pigments. Predominant pigments in this painting are Prussian blue, cadmium yellow and ochres.[9]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Key facts | Hilaire-Germain-Edgar Degas | After the Bath, Woman drying herself | NG6295 | The National Gallery, London
^ Jump up to: a b c d Jones, Jonathan (30 October 2004). "How did the sexless Degas create such sexy images?". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Hilaire-Germain-Edgar Degas | After the Bath, Woman drying herself | NG6295 | The National Gallery, London
Jump up ^ After the Bath, Woman Drying Her Back (Getty Museum)
^ Jump up to: a b Museum of Fine Arts Boston, with Comprehensive Exhibit of Edgar Degas Nudes | ARTES MAGAZINE
^ Jump up to: a b c Francis Bacon: Back to Degas | Tate
Jump up ^ A&A | After the bath – woman drying herself
Jump up ^ Bomford D, Herring S, Kirby J, Riopelle C, Roy A. Art in the Making: Degas. London: National Gallery Company, 2004, pp. 124-29
Jump up ^ Edgar Degas, After the Bath, Woman drying herself, illustrated pigment analysis at ColourLex
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pastels of bathers by Edgar Degas.
After the Bath, Woman drying herself, about 1890–5, Hilaire-Germain-Edgar Degas, National Gallery
After the Bath, Woman Drying Her Back, photograph, The J. Paul Getty Museum
Through a keyhole, The Guardian, 30 October 2004
Francis Bacon: Back to Degas, Rothenstein Lecture 2011, Martin Hammer, 11 May 2012, Tate Papers Issue 17
Museum of Fine Arts Boston, with Comprehensive Exhibit of Edgar Degas Nudes, Artes Magazine, 12 December 2011
After the bath – woman drying herself, Courtauld Gallery
Edgar Degas, After the Bath, Woman drying herself at ColourLex
[hide]
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e
Edgar Degas
Paintings
The Bellelli Family (1858–67)
Young Spartans Exercising (1860)
Interior (1868–69)
The Dancing Class (1870)
Ludovic Lepic and His Daughters (1871)
A Cotton Office in New Orleans (1873)
The Dance Class (1874)
The Ballet Class (1874)
Place de la Concorde (1876)
L'Absinthe (1876)
The Dance Lesson (1879)
Miss La La at the Cirque Fernando (1879)
Portraits at the Stock Exchange (1879)
The Millinery Shop (1879–86)
Before the Race (1882-84)
Pastels
Waiting (1880-82)
Young Woman in Blue (1884)
After the Bath, Woman Drying Herself (1890-95)
Sculptures
La Petite Danseuse de Quatorze Ans (1881)
Models
Marie van Goethem
Related
The Line (2009 play)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=After_the_Bath,_Woman_Drying_Herself&oldid=800204323"
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Super-G
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Super G" redirects here. For other uses, see Super G (disambiguation).
Austrian alpine skier competing in super-G
Super giant slalom, or super-G, is a racing discipline of alpine skiing. Along with the faster downhill, it is regarded as a "speed" event, in contrast to the technical events giant slalom and slalom. It debuted as an official World Cup event during the 1983 season and was added to the official schedule of the World Championships in 1987 and the Winter Olympics in 1988.
Much like downhill, the other of the two "speed" events in alpine skiing, a super-G course consists of widely set gates that racers must pass through. The course is set so that skiers must turn more than in downhill, though the speeds are still much higher than in giant slalom (hence the name). Each athlete only has one run to clock the best time. In the Olympics, super-G courses are usually set on the same slopes as the downhill, but with a lower starting point.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Top racers
2 Course
3 Equipment
3.1 Men's World Cup podiums
3.2 Super G at the major competitions
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Super-G was run as a World Cup test event during the 1982 season, with two men's races and a women's race that did not count in the season standings.[1] Approved by the International Ski Federation (FIS) that summer, it was first officially run at the World Cup level in December 1982 at Val-d'Isère, France; the winner was Peter Müller of Switzerland. The first official women's super-G was run a month later in early January 1983, with consecutive events at Verbier, Switzerland. The first winner was Irene Epple of West Germany, and Cindy Nelson of the United States won the next day on a different course.[2] These were the only two races for women in super-G during the 1983 season; the men had three. The event was not universally embraced during its early years,[3] which included a boycott by two-time defending overall champion Phil Mahre in December 1982.[4][5]
For the first three seasons, super-G results were added into the giant slalom discipline for the season standings; it gained separate status for a crystal globe for the 1986 season with five events for both men and women; the first champions were Markus Wasmeier and Marina Kiehl, both of West Germany.
It was added to the World Championships in 1987, held at Crans-Montana, Switzerland. Swiss skiers Pirmin Zurbriggen and Maria Walliser won gold medals to become the first world champions in the event. Super-G made its Olympic debut in 1988 in Calgary, where Franck Piccard of France and Sigrid Wolf of Austria took gold at Nakiska.
Top racers[edit]
Hermann Maier of Austria (nicknamed 'The Hermannator') is widely regarded as the greatest male super-G racer, with 24 World Cup victories and five World Cup titles (1998–2001, 2004). He won the world championship in 1999 and an Olympic gold medal in 1998, three days after a crash in the downhill. Maier's proficiency in super-G was attributed to his thorough course inspection and his aggressive course tactics; he opted for the most direct and dangerous line down the hill. A serious motorcycle accident in August 2001 nearly resulted in an amputation of his lower right leg and sidelined him for the 2002 season, including the 2002 Olympics. After his return to the World Cup circuit in January 2003, Maier won eight more World Cup super-G events and his fifth season title in 2004.
Aksel Lund Svindal of Norway is second on the list with 15 wins in World Cup super-G races, Pirmin Zurbriggen third with his 10 wins. Svindal won Olympic gold in 2010 and his fifth season title in 2014, while Zurbriggen won four consecutive season titles (1987–90) and the first world championship in 1987. Another notable specialist was Kjetil André Aamodt of Norway, a triple gold medalist in Olympic super-G races, winning in 1992, 2002 and 2006. Aamodt won five World Cup races and two world championship medals (silver and bronze) in the discipline. Marc Girardelli of Luxembourg, a five-time overall World Cup champion, won nine World Cup super-G events. He won season titles in every discipline except super-G, where he was a runner-up three times. Girardelli was the silver medalist in the super-G at the 1987 World Championships and the 1992 Olympics.
On the women's side, Lindsey Vonn of the U.S. leads with 27 World Cup victories in super-G and has won five season titles (2009–2012, 2015). Katja Seizinger of Germany won five season titles in the 1990s, with 16 World Cup wins in the discipline. While neither won gold in the super-G in the Olympics (both won a bronze), they both won a world title, Vonn in 2009 and Seizinger in 1993. Renate Götschl of Austria won 17 World Cup events in super-G, three season titles (four as runner-up), and two medals (silver and bronze) in the world championships.
Course[edit]
The vertical drop for a Super-G course must be between 350–650 m (1,150–2,130 ft) for men, 350–600 m (1,150–1,970 ft) for women, and 250–450 m (820–1,480 ft) for children. In the Olympic Winter Games, FIS World Ski Championships, and FIS World Cups, minimums are raised to 400 m (1,300 ft) for both men and women. Courses are normally at least 30 m (98 ft) in width, but sections with lower widths are permissible if the line and terrain before and after allow it. Higher widths can also be required if deemed necessary. Gates must be between 6 m (20 ft) and 8 m (26 ft) in width for open gates, and between 8 m (26 ft) and 12 m (39 ft) in width for vertical gates. The distance between turning poles of successive gates must be at least 25 m (82 ft). The number of direction changes must be at least 7% of the course drop in meters (6% for Olympic Winter Games, FIS World Ski Championships and FIS World Cups).[6]
Equipment[edit]
In an attempt to increase safety, the 2004 season saw the FIS impose minimum ski lengths for the super-G for the first time; to 205 cm (80.7 in) for men, 200 cm (78.7 in) for women. The minimum turning radius was increased to 45 m (148 ft) for the 2014 season.
Men's World Cup podiums[edit]
The following table contains the men's Super-G (from 2007 Super combined) World Cup podiums since the first edition in 1986.
Season
1st
2nd
3rd
1986 Markus Wasmeier Pirmin Zurbriggen Marc Girardelli
1987 Pirmin Zurbriggen Marc Girardelli Markus Wasmeier
1988 Pirmin Zurbriggen Markus Wasmeier Franck Piccard
1989 Pirmin Zurbriggen Lars-Börje Eriksson Franck Piccard
1990 Pirmin Zurbriggen Günther Mader Lars-Börje Eriksson
1991 Franz Heinzer Stephan Eberharter Atle Skaardal
1992 Paul Accola Marc Girardelli Günther Mader
1993 Kjetil-Andre Aamodt Günther Mader Franz Heinzer
1994 Jan Einar Thorsen Marc Girardelli Tommy Moe
1995 Peter Runggaldier Günther Mader Werner Perathoner
1996 Atle Skaardal Hans Knauß Lasse Kjus
1997 Luc Alphand Josef Strobl Andreas Schifferer
1998 Hermann Maier Hans Knauß Stephan Eberharter
1999 Hermann Maier Stephan Eberharter Andreas Schifferer
2000 Hermann Maier Werner Franz Fritz Strobl
2001 Hermann Maier Christoph Gruber Josef Strobl
2002 Stephan Eberharter Didier Cuche Fritz Strobl
2003 Stephan Eberharter Marco Büchel Didier Cuche
2004 Hermann Maier Daron Rahlves Stephan Eberharter
2005 Bode Miller Hermann Maier Daron Rahlves
2006 Aksel Lund Svindal Hermann Maier Daron Rahlves
2007 Bode Miller Didier Cuche John Kucera
2008 Hannes Reichelt Didier Cuche Benjamin Raich
2009 Aksel Lund Svindal Werner Heel Didier Defago
2010 Erik Guay Michael Walchhofer Aksel Lund Svindal
2011 Didier Cuche Georg Streitberger Ivica Kostelic
2012 Aksel Lund Svindal Didier Cuche Beat Feuz
2013 Aksel Lund Svindal Matteo Marsaglia Matthias Mayer
2014 Aksel Lund Svindal Kjetil Jansrud Patrick Küng
2015 Kjetil Jansrud Dominik Paris Matthias Mayer
2016 Aleksander Aamodt Kilde Kjetil Jansrud Aksel Lund Svindal
2017 Kjetil Jansrud Hannes Reichelt Aleksander Aamodt Kilde
Super G at the major competitions[edit]
Men
Competition
Course setter
1st
2nd
3rd
1987 WCH
1988 WOG Franck Piccard Helmut Mayer Lars-Borje Eriksson
1989 WCH
1991 WCH
1992 WOG Kjetil-Andre Aamodt Marc Girardelli Jan Einar Thorsen
1993 WCH
1994 WOG Markus Wasmeier Tommy Moe Kjetil-Andre Aamodt
1996 WCH
1997 WCH
1998 WOG Hermann Maier Didier Cuche Hans Knauß
1999 WCH
2001 WCH Daron Rahlves Stephan Eberharter Hermann Maier
2002 WOG F. Zueger Kjetil-Andre Aamodt Stephan Eberharter Andreas Schifferer
2003 WCH M. Arnesen Stephan Eberharter Bode Miller Hermann Maier
2005 WCH M. Arnesen Bode Miller Michael Walchhofer Benjamin Raich
2006 WOG A. Evers Kjetil-Andre Aamodt Hermann Maier Ambrosi Hoffmann
2007 WCH H. Flatscher Patrick Staudacher Fritz Strobl Bruno Kernen
2009 WCH G. L. Rulfi Didier Cuche Peter Fill Aksel Lund Svindal
2010 WOG G. L. Rulfi Aksel Lund Svindal Bode Miller Andrew Weibrecht
2011 WCH H. Flatscher Christof Innerhofer Hannes Reichelt Ivica Kostelic
2013 WCH T. Moger Ted Ligety Gauthier de Tessières Aksel Lund Svindal
2014 WOG P. Morisod Kjetil Jansrud Andrew Weibrecht Bode Miller
2015 WCH F. Winkler Hannes Reichelt Dustin Cook Adrien Theaux
2017 WCH A. Ghidoni Erik Guay Kjetil Jansrud Manuel Osborne-Paradis
2018 WOG A. Ghidoni Matthias Mayer Beat Feuz Kjetil Jansrud
Women
Competition
Course setter
1st
2nd
3rd
1987 WCH
1988 WOG Sigrid Wolf Michela Figini Karen Percy
1989 WCH
1991 WCH
1992 WOG Deborah Compagnoni Carole Merle Katja Seizinger
1993 WCH
1994 WOG Diann Roffe Steinrotter Svetlana Gladysheva Isolde Kostner
1996 WCH
1997 WCH
1998 WOG Picabo Street Michaela Dorfmeister Alexandra Meissnitzer
1999 WCH
2001 WCH Regine Cavagnoud Isolde Kostner Hilde Gerg
2002 WOG P. Endrass Daniela Ceccarelli Janica Kostelić Karen Putzer
2003 WCH B. Zobel Michaela Dorfmeister Kristen Clark Jonna Mendes
2005 WCH X. Fournier Anja Pärson Lucia Recchia Julia Mancuso
2006 WOG J. Graller Michaela Dorfmeister Janica Kostelić Alexandra Meissnitzer
2007 WCH J. Graller Anja Pärson Lindsey Vonn Renate Götschl
2009 WCH U. Emilsson Lindsey Vonn Marie Marchand-Arvier Andrea Fischbacher
2010 WOG J. Kriechbaum Andrea Fischbacher Tina Maze Lindsey Vonn
2011 WCH J. Kriechbaum Elisabeth Görgl Julia Mancuso Maria Riesch
2013 WCH D. Petrini Tina Maze Lara Gut Julia Mancuso
2014 WOG F. Winkler Anna Fenninger Maria Hoefl-Riesch Nicole Hosp
2015 WCH R. Assinger Anna Fenninger Tina Maze Lindsey Vonn
2017 WCH A. Ghezze Nicole Schmidhofer Tina Weirather Lara Gut
2018 WOG M. Tatschl Ester Ledecká Anna Veith Tina Weirather
WOG - Winter Olympic Games, WCH - FIS World Ski Championships
See also[edit]
Alpine skiing combined
Downhill
Giant slalom
Slalom
Skiing and skiing topics
List of Olympic medalists in men's super-G
List of Olympic medalists in women's super-G
List of Paralympic medalists in men's super-G
List of Paralympic medalists in women's super-G
List of world champions in super-G
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cindy Nelson winner of new super slalom". Ottawa Citizen. Associated Press. March 24, 1982. p. 31.
Jump up ^ "Nelson takes super giant ski slalom title". Gettysburg Times. Associated Press. January 11, 1983. p. 8.
Jump up ^ Wood, Larry (March 11, 1985). "Super-G inspires a super yawn". Calgary Herald. p. C1.
Jump up ^ "Downhill specialist wins World Cup 'super-G'". Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. December 23, 1982. p. 26.
Jump up ^ Chamberlain, Tony (March 9, 1983). "As season finishes, brothers Mahre find skiing kind of a drag". Spokane Chronicle. (Boston Globe). p. C4.
Jump up ^ "The International Ski Competition Rules, Book IV, Joint Regulations for Alpine Skiing" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-11-26.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super-G skiing.
FIS-Ski.com - results of first World Cup Super G race - Val-d'Isère- Dec-1982
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