text:
Bring It On: In It to Win It
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Bring It On: In It to Win It
DVD cover
Directed by
Steve Rash
Produced by
Wayne Morris
Written by
Alyson Fouse
Elena Song
Starring
Ashley Benson
Cassandra Scerbo
Michael Copon
Jennifer Tisdale
Anniese Taylor Dendy
Noel Areizaga
Kierstin Koppel
Ashley Tisdale
Music by
Transcenders
Cinematography
Levie Isaacks
Edited by
Tony Lombardo
Production
company
Beacon Pictures
Distributed by
Universal Studios Home Entertainment
Release date
December 18, 2007
Running time
90 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Bring It On: In It to Win It is a 2007 teen film directed by Steve Rash and starring Ashley Benson, Cassandra Scerbo and Michael Copon.[1][2]
It is the fourth installment in the Bring It On franchise, which focuses on competitive cheerleading. It was shot at Universal Orlando Resort in Orlando, United States. It was released direct-to-video on December 18, 2007.
There are no recurring cast members or canonical references to its predecessors. Only Steve Rash, who also directed the previous film, Bring It On: All or Nothing, returned to direct this film. The film stylistically refers to its predecessors in that it opens with a choreographed routine that turns out to be a dream sequence of the protagonist and the end credits feature outtakes and clips of the cast having fun dancing.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Songs
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
The West Coast Sharks Cheerleading Squad, led by Carson, are attending Camp Spirit-Thunder where they're confronted by their arch-rivals, the East Coast Jets Cheerleading Squad, led by Brooke. Both are fierce rivals because each is the best on its respective coast; however, the Jets have beaten the Sharks at the annual Cheer Camp Championships for the previous three years in a row.
On her first day at camp, Carson meets and hits it off with Penn. They trade phone numbers, neither knowing the other is a member of their arch-rival squad. When Carson eventually does find out that Penn is a Jet, she gives him up although she really likes him. Penn really likes her too, but is just playing it cool around his squad.
As part of the Camp Spirit-Thunder ritual, the West Coast Sharks are given the Spirit Stick, a "special" cheerleading item that they have to guard fiercely. Carson agrees to watch the Spirit Stick when her friends leave for a poker game, but she forgets about it when Penn arrives to ask her out. They go to a nearby amusement park and spend time together, notably riding the Double Dragons (Dueling Dragons) rollercoaster at Universal's Islands of Adventure. At this time, Penn confesses his darkest secret to Carson: he forced his team to raise money for him to go to the camp so that his father wouldn't find out he is a cheerleader.
Carson's friends return to her room, but find both her and the Spirit Stick missing. They search for her, eventually finding her dancing with Penn. At this time Brooke and her friends also see the duo. When the Sharks reveal that the Spirit Stick is gone, Carson accuses the Jets of sending Penn to lure her away, and she angrily announces to all, Penn's secret. The Sharks are worried, because losing the Spirit Stick means they are "cursed".
The Sharks decided to hold a ceremony to ask the "Cheer Gods" for forgiveness. They are interrupted when the Jets arrive, and the squads have a "cheer-rumble". This scene is similar to the scene in West Side Story in which rival gangs named the Sharks and Jets face off. The authorities arrive, and in the ensuing melee, a number of members from both teams become injured. Both squads are forced to leave the camp as neither one has enough members to compete. But before they can board their respective buses, Carson suggests to Brooke that they combine into a single squad to compete at the Cheer Camp Championship. Though reluctant at first, the squads come together as the "East-West Coast Shets," complete with new uniforms made through patching their old uniforms together. The two teams slowly bond, while Carson works on repairing her relationship with Penn.
The Shets sneak into Camp Victory, the rival of Camp Spirit-Thunder, to scope Camp Victory's star team, the Flamingos. After seeing their impressive performance, Carson devises a new routine, inspired by the Double Dragon ride at that amusement park. On the day of the competition, the Shets perform their routine perfectly, winning the competition outright. Carson and Penn kiss on the mat in the middle of the celebrations, and it is revealed that Camp Victory are the ones responsible for stealing the Spirit Stick.
The end credits feature clips of the cast dancing "all over the world", while the singer Ashley Tisdale (who is the sister of Jennifer Tisdale) performs her single "He Said She Said".
Cast[edit]
Ashley Benson as Carson
Cassandra Scerbo as Brooke
Michael Copon as Penn
Jennifer Tisdale as Chelsea
Anniese Taylor Dendy as Aeysha
Noel Areizaga as Ruben
Kierstin Koppel as Sarah
Adam Vernier as Vance Voorhees
Lisa Glaze as Pepper Driscoll
Tanisha Harris as Chicago
Jobeth Locklear as Shelby
Ashley Tisdale as Herself
Songs[edit]
#
Title
Artist
1. "He Said She Said" Ashley Tisdale
2. "Spin The World" Transcenders featuring Tracey Amos
3. "It's On" Superchick
4. "Stand Up for Rock n' Roll" Airbourne
5. "Sangria" I.Q.
6. "Ride" Diana Page
7. "Red Hot" Maslin Vice
8. "Conga" Gloria Estefan
9. "Swaggeriffic" Verbz
10. "Get_Me_Bodied (Remix ft. Fabolous)" Beyoncé
11. "Ay Chico (Lengua Afuera)" Pitbull
12. "Never Stop" Hilary Duff
13. "Red Sky Misery Song" Radial Bliss
14. "Butterball" Lauren Mayhew
15. "Don't you Think I'm Hot" Jennifer Tisdale
16. "'Boom Da Boom" Sean Van Der Wilt
17. "Be Good To Me" Ashley Tisdale
18. "Return to Terrordome" Easy D & O.C.
19. "Division / ÷" Aly & AJ
20. "Together like 1,2,3" Latin Soul Syndicate
21. "Shake Your Boomkey" Noel Cohen
22. "Coming For You" JoJo
23. "Find Yourself In You" Everlife
24. "Whatever It Takes" Samantha Ray
25. "Get Up (Heelside Mix)" Superchick
26. "Just Us" Transcenders Meets Aaron B.
27. "Like That" Transcenders Meets Aaron B.
28. Cheer TV Theme Tony DiMaio
29. Hawaiian Tiki Music Jeremy Sweet and Michael Whittaker
30. "Get Grown" Transcenders
31. "I'm That Chick" Jada written by The Writing Camp *Bonus Track*
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Joblo.com
Jump up ^ DVD Talk
External links[edit]
Bring It On: In It to Win It on IMDb
[show]
v
t
e
Bring It On
Films
Bring It On (2000)
Again (2004)
All or Nothing (2006)
In It to Win It (2007)
Fight to the Finish (2009)
Worldwide #Cheersmack (2017)
Musical
Bring It On: The Musical
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Steve Rash
The Buddy Holly Story (1978)
Under the Rainbow (1981)
Can't Buy Me Love (1987)
Queens Logic (1991)
Son in Law (1993)
Eddie (1996)
Held Up (1999)
Good Advice (2001)
Zenon: Z3 (2004)
American Pie Presents: Band Camp (2005)
Bring It On: All or Nothing (2006)
Bring It On: In It to Win It (2007)
Road Trip: Beer Pong (2009)
Crooked Arrows (2012)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bring_It_On:_In_It_to_Win_It&oldid=819427377"
Categories:
English-language films
2007 direct-to-video films
American comedy films
American films
2000s comedy films
Teen comedy films
Films shot in Florida
Direct-to-video comedy films
Cheerleading films
Bring It On (film series)
Films directed by Steve Rash
Universal Pictures direct-to-video films
Direct-to-video sequel films
Beacon Pictures films
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from December 2015
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
Deutsch
Español
Français
Italiano
Nederlands
Polski
Português
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 January 2018, at 09:14.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Universal_Orlando_Resort
mw-redirect
Universal Orlando Resort

values:
/wiki/Dueling_Dragons
mw-redirect
Dueling Dragons

values:
/wiki/He_Said_She_Said_(song)
mw-redirect
He Said She Said (song)

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9_Knowles
mw-redirect
Beyoncé Knowles

values:
/wiki/Don%27t_You_Think_I%27m_Hot#Songs
mw-redirect
Don't You Think I'm Hot

values:
/wiki/Be_Good_To_Me
mw-redirect
Be Good To Me

values:
/wiki/Coming_For_You#Track_listing
mw-redirect
Coming For You

values:
/wiki/Find_Yourself_In_You
mw-redirect
Find Yourself In You

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0972785/
external text

values:
row
navbox-group
background: #009999;width:1%

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Universal Pictures direct-to-video films

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2015

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Bring_It_On:_In_It_to_Win_It
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Ragazze nel pallone - Pronte a vincere – Italian

values: Bring It On: In It to Win It – Portuguese

values: Добейся успеха: Всё за победу – Russian

values: Добийся успіху: Все за перемогу – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Bring_It_On_In_It_to_Win_It rootpage-Bring_It_On_In_It_to_Win_It skin-vector action-view


text:
Colon Street
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Colon Street, Cebu City. May 2011.
Colon Street is a historical street in downtown Cebu City that is often called the oldest and the shortest national road in the Philippines. It is named after Cristóbal Colón (Christopher Columbus).[citation needed] It traces its origins to the town plan by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the Spanish conquistador who arrived in the Philippines to establish a colony in 1565.[citation needed]
Colon, crowded and a bit run-down now, was the site of fashionable shops, offices, and movie houses. It was once the heart of Cebu City's shopping and business activity, but in recent years (specifically during the early 1990s), much of this activity has shifted inland to the more modern, bigger and diverse commercial and business districts now spread in almost all of the urban areas of the city in what was considered residential and leisure settlements.[1]
Colon Street historical marker in Filipino (left) and Cebuano (right)
In 2006 the Cebu City Council proposed a plan to close parts of Colon street from vehicular traffic and convert it to a tourism zone.[2] However, this was met with much opposition from businessmen and motorists due to concerns regarding security and parking spaces.[3]
See also[edit]
Calle Escolta
Calle Real

References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cebu City: Colon and the Parian Archived 2007-03-14 at the Wayback Machine.. Accessed March 7, 2007
Jump up ^ Colon Street eyed as special tourism zone - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos. Accessed March 8, 2007
Jump up ^ Closing Colon a big challenge - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos. Accessed March 8, 2007
Coordinates: 10°17′48.28″N 123°53′56.45″E / 10.2967444°N 123.8990139°E / 10.2967444; 123.8990139

This article about a location in Central Visayas region of the Philippines is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
This article related to a road in Asia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colon_Street&oldid=808946302"
Categories:
Streets in Cebu
Central Visayas geography stubs
Asia road stubs
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016
Coordinates on Wikidata
All stub articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Cebuano
Español
Tagalog
Edit links
This page was last edited on 6 November 2017, at 05:27.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

value: b

attrs: href title

value: span

values: there are no references - where does it say that this is the oldest street? who says so? (December 2016)

value: i

value: sup

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Miguel_Lopez_de_Legazpi
mw-redirect
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

values: no citations for this entire paragraph containing a number of claims (December 2016)

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Calle_Escolta
mw-redirect
Calle Escolta

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;

values:
metadata plainlinks stub
presentation
background:transparent

values: Category:Central Visayas geography stubs

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Colon_Street
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Colon_Street rootpage-Colon_Street skin-vector action-view


text:
African French
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the French language spoken in Africa. For immigrants to France from Africa, see African immigration to France, Blacks in France, and Arabs in France.
Francophone Africa. The countries coloured dark blue had a population of 410 million in 2017.[1] In 2050 their population is forecast to reach between 848 million[2] and 867 million.[1]
French-language graffiti on Avenue Habib Bourguiba in Tunis, in March 2012. The graffiti says: "LONG LIVE TUNISIA (Vive la Tunisie), free and democratic".
African French (French: français africain) is the generic name of the varieties of French spoken by an estimated 120 million (2010) people in Africa spread across 24 francophone countries.[3] This includes those who speak French as a first or second language in these 31 francophone African countries (dark blue on the map), but it does not include French speakers living in non-francophone African countries. Africa is thus the continent with the most French speakers in the world.[3] French arrived in Africa as a colonial language. These African French speakers are now a large part of the Francophonie.
In Africa, French is often spoken alongside indigenous languages, but in some areas it has become a first language, such as in the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast[4] or Libreville, Gabon. In some countries it is a first language among some classes of the population, such as in Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria where French is a first language among the upper classes (many people in the upper classes are simultaneous bilinguals in Arabic/French), but only a second language among the general population.
In each of the francophone African countries, French is spoken with local specificities in terms of pronunciation and vocabulary.
Contents
[hide]
1 Varieties
1.1 Français populaire africain
2 Pronunciation
3 Vocabulary
3.1 Abidjan French vocabulary
3.2 Kinshasa French vocabulary
4 See also
5 Notes and references
6 External links
Varieties[edit]
There are many different varieties of African French, but they can be broadly grouped into four categories:
the French spoken by people in West and Central Africa – spoken altogether by about 75 million people as either a first or second language.
the French variety spoken by Maghrebis and Berbers in Northwest Africa (see Maghreb French), which has about 36 million first and second language speakers.
the French variety spoken in Djibouti in the Horn of Africa.
the French variety spoken by Creoles in the Indian Ocean (Réunion, Mauritius and Seychelles), which has around 1.6 million first and second language speakers. The French spoken in this region is not to be confused with the French-based creole languages, which are also spoken in the area.
All the African French varieties differ from standard French both in terms of pronunciation and vocabulary, but the formal African French used in education, media and legal documents is based on standard French vocabulary.
In the colonial period, a vernacular form of creole French known as Petit nègre was also present in West Africa. The term has since, however, become a pejorative term for poorly spoken African French.
V.Y. Mudimbe describes African French as possessing "approximate pronunciation, repressed syntax, bloated or tortured vocabulary, intonation, rhythm and accent stuck in the original African language flow; many phonetic, morphologic and lexical africanisms."[5] The differences from European French are due to influence from the mother tongues and the complexity of French grammatical rules, which inhibit its learning by most non-native speakers.
The difficulty linguists have in describing African French comes from variations, such as the "pure" language used by many African intellectuals and writers versus the mixtures between French and African languages. For this, the term "creolization" is used, often in a pejorative way, and especially in the areas where French is on the same level with one or more local languages. According to G. Manessy, "The consequences of this concurrency may vary according to the social status of the speakers, to their occupations, to their degree of acculturation and thus to the level of their French knowledge."[6]
Code-switching, or the alternation of languages within a single conversation, takes place in both Senegal and Congo-Kinshasa, the latter having four "national" languages – Kikongo, Lingala, Ciluba and Swahili – which are in a permanent opposition to French. Code-switching has been studied since colonial times by different institutions of linguistics. One of these, located in Dakar, Senegal, already spoke of the creolization[inconsistent] of French in 1968, naming the result "franlof": a mix of French and Wolof (the language most spoken in Senegal) which spreads by its use in urban areas and through schools, where teachers often speak Wolof in the classroom despite official instructions.[7]
The omnipresence of local languages in francophone African countries – along with insufficiencies in education – has given birth to a new linguistic concept: le petit français.[6] Le petit français is the result of a superposition of the structure of a local language with a narrowed lexical knowledge of French. The specific structures, though very different, are juxtaposed, marking the beginning of the creolization process.
Français populaire africain[edit]
In the urban areas of francophone Africa, another type of French has emerged: Français populaire africain ("Popular African French") or FPA. It is used in the entirety of sub-Saharan Africa, but especially in African cities such as Abidjan, Ivory Coast; Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Dakar, Senegal; Cotonou, Benin; and Lomé, Togo. At its emergence, it was marginalized and associated with the ghetto; Angèle Bassolé-Ouedraogo describes the reaction of the scholars:
“ Administration and professors do not want to hear that funny-sounding and barbarian language that seems to despise articles and distorts the sense of words. They see in it a harmful influence to the mastery of good French.[8] ”
However, FPA has begun to emerge as a second language among the upper class. It has also become a symbol of social acceptance.
FPA can be seen as a progressive evolution of Ivorian French. After diffusing out of Ivory Coast, it became Africanized under the influence of young Africans (often students) and cinema, drama, and dance.
FPA has its own grammatical rules and lexicon. For example, "Il ou elle peut me tuer!" or "Il ou elle peut me dja!" can either mean "This person annoys me very much" or "I'm dying for him/her" depending on the circumstances. "Il ou elle commence à me plaire" signifies a feeling of exasperation (whereupon it actually means "he or she starts to appeal to me"), and friendship can be expressed with "c'est mon môgô sûr" or "c'est mon bramôgo."[8]
FPA is mainly composed of metaphors and images taken from African languages. For example, the upper social class is called "les en-haut d'en-haut" (the above from above) or "les môgôs puissants" (the powerful môgôs).
Pronunciation[edit]
Pronunciation in the many varieties of African French can be quite varied. There are nonetheless some trends among African French speakers; for instance, the letter R tends to be pronounced as an alveolar trill instead of the standard dialect's uvular trill or 'guttural R.' The voiced uvular fricative, the sound represented by ⟨غ⟩ in the Arabic word مغرب Maghrib, is another common alternative. Pronunciation of the letters [d], [t], [l] and [n] may also vary, and intonation may differ from standard French.[citation needed]
Vocabulary[edit]
In terms of vocabulary, there exist three phenomena in African French. First, the presence of words which do not exist in standard French. These words were either coined locally or borrowed from local African languages. As a consequence, each regional variety of African French has its own local words that are not the same as in other varieties of African French, although this local vocabulary only constitutes a small part of the overall vocabulary which for the most part is identical to standard French. When talking to people from other regions or countries, African French speakers often switch to a more standard form of French avoiding this local vocabulary. However, there also exist some African French words that are found across many African countries (see for example chicotter in the Abidjan French vocabulary section below)[citation needed].
A second phenomenon is the use of some words with a meaning different from standard French. For example, the word présentement (which means "at the moment" in standard French) is used a lot in sub-Saharan Africa (but not in the Maghreb) with the meaning of "as a matter of fact", "as it were" and not "at the moment".
A third phenomenon is hypercorrection, which is found especially among the educated and upper classes of sub-Saharan Africa. Educated people there tend to speak a very formal sort of French which may sound a bit old-fashioned and conservative to European and North American French speakers.
The local African French vocabulary not found in standard French ranges from slang frowned upon by educated people, to colloquial usage, to words that have entered the formal usage (such as chicotter). The French spoken in Abidjan, the largest city of Ivory Coast, offers a good example of these contrasting registers.[citation needed]
Abidjan French vocabulary[edit]
Motorway in the centre of Abidjan
French language signs outside a pharmacy in Port-Bouët, Abidjan, in 2009.
According to some estimates, French is spoken by 75 to 99 percent of Abidjan's population,[9] either alone or alongside indigenous African languages. There are three sorts of French spoken in Abidjan. A formal French is spoken by the educated classes. Most of the population, however, speaks a colloquial form of French known as français de Treichville (after a working-class district of Abidjan) or français de Moussa (after a character in chronicles published by the magazine Ivoire Dimanche which are written in this colloquial Abidjan French). Finally, an Abidjan French slang called nouchi is spoken by people in gangs and also by young people copying them. New words usually appear in nouchi and then make their way into colloquial Abidjan French after some time.[10] As of 2012, a crowdsourced dictionary of Nouchi is being written using mobile phones.[11]
Here are some examples of words used in the African French variety spoken in Abidjan (the spelling used here conforms to French orthography, except ô which should be read as -aw in the English word "law"):[12]
une go is a slang word meaning a girl or a girlfriend. It is a loanword either from the Mandinka language or from English ("girl"). It is also French hip-hop slang for a girl.[1]
un maquis is a colloquial word meaning a street-side eatery, a working-class restaurant serving African food. This word exists in standard French, but its meaning is "maquis shrubland", and by extension "guerrilla", see Maquis (World War II). It is not known exactly how this word came to mean street-side restaurant in Ivory Coast.
un bra-môgô is a slang word equivalent to "bloke" or "dude" in English. It is a loanword from the Mandinka language.
chicotter is a word meaning to whip, to beat, or to chastise (children). It is a loanword from Brazilian Portuguese where it meant "to whip (the black slaves)". It has now entered the formal language of the educated classes.
le pia is a slang word meaning money. It comes perhaps from the standard French word pièce ("coin") or pierre ("stone"), or perhaps piastre (dollar, buck).
When speaking in a formal context, or when meeting French speakers from outside Ivory Coast, Abidjan speakers would replace these local words with the French standard words une fille, un restaurant or une cantine, un copain, battre and l'argent respectively. Note that some local words are used across several African countries. For example, chicotter is attested not only in Ivory Coast but also in Senegal, Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, Chad, the Central African Republic, Benin, Togo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[10]
As already mentioned, these local words range from slang to formal usage, and their use therefore varies depending on the context. In Abidjan, this is how the sentence "The girl stole my money." is constructed depending on the register:[10]
formal Abidjan French of the educated people: La fille m'a subtilisé mon argent.
colloquial Abidjan French (français de Moussa): Fille-là a prend mon l'argent. (in standard French, the grammatically correct sentence should be "Cette fille (là) m'a pris l'argent.")
Abidjan French slang (nouchi): La go a momo mon pia. (momo is an Abidjan slang word meaning "to steal")
Kinshasa French vocabulary[edit]
Boulevard du 30 Juin in the commercial heart of Kinshasa
Journalists' demonstration in Kinshasa in October 2009. The French banner says: "The DRC must not be turned into a graveyard for journalists."
With more than 8 million inhabitants, Kinshasa is the second largest francophone city in the world after Paris. It is the capital of the most populous francophone country in the world, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where an estimated 24 million people (40% of the total population) can speak French (essentially as a second language).[3] Contrary to Abidjan where French is the first language of a large part of the population, in Kinshasa French is only a second language, and its status of lingua franca is shared with Lingala. Kinshasa French also differs from other African French variants, for it has some Belgian French influences, due to colonisation. People of different African mother tongues living in Kinshasa usually speak Lingala to communicate with each other in the street, but French is the language of businesses, administrations, schools, newspapers and televisions. French is also the predominant written language.
Due to its widespread presence in Kinshasa, French has become a local language with its own pronunciation and some local words borrowed for the most part from Lingala. Depending on their social status, some people may mix French and Lingala, or code switch between the two depending on the context. Here are examples of words particular to Kinshasa French. As in Abidjan, there exist various registers and the most educated people may frown upon the use of slangish/lingala terms.
cadavéré means broken, worn out, exhausted, or dead. It is the local pronunciation of the standard French word cadavre whose meaning in standard French is "corpse". The word cadavéré has now spread to other African countries due to the popularity of Congolese music in Africa.
makasi means strong, resistant. It is a loanword from Lingala.
anti-nuit are sunglasses worn by partiers at night. It is a word coined locally and whose literal meaning in standard French is "anti-night". It is one of the many Kinshasa slang words related to nightlife and partying. A reveler is known locally as un ambianceur, from standard French ambiance which means atmosphere.
casser le bic, literally "to break the Bic", means to stop going to school. "Bic" is colloquially used to refer to a ballpoint pen in Belgian French and Kinshasa French, but not in standard French.
merci mingi means "thank you very much". It comes from standard French merci ("thank you") and Lingala mingi ("a lot").
un zibolateur is a bottle opener. It comes from the Lingala verb kozibola which means "to open something that is blocked up or bottled", to which was added the standard French ending -ateur.
un tétanos is a rickety old taxi. In standard French tétanos means "tetanus".
moyen tê vraiment means "absolutely impossible". It comes from moyen tê ("there's no way"), itself made up of standard French moyen ("way") and Lingala tê ("not", "no"), to which was added standard French vraiment ("really").
See also[edit]
French language and French-speaking world portal
Africa portal
French colonial empire
Romance-speaking African countries
Geographical distribution of French speakers
Camfranglais
List of colonies and possessions of France
Belgian Congo
Maghreb French
Françafrique
Francophonie
French language in Minnesota
French language in Vietnam
French language in Cambodia
French language in Laos
French Polynesia
Notes and references[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Population Reference Bureau. "2017 World Population Data Sheet" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-08-16.
Jump up ^ United Nations. "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision" (XLSX). Retrieved 2017-08-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c (in French) La Francophonie dans le monde 2006-2007 published by the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. Nathan, Paris, 2007
Jump up ^ (in French) Le français à Abidjan : Pour une approche syntaxique du non-standard by Katja Ploog, CNRS Editions, Paris, 2002
Jump up ^ Mudimbe, V. Y. Quel enseignement de la littérature et de la culture françaises? (in French). Conseil international de la langue française (Colloque).
^ Jump up to: a b Manessy, G (1978). "Le français d'Afrique noire: français créole ou créole français? [The French of black Africa: French creole or creole French?]". Langue française (in French). 37: 91–105.
Jump up ^ Calvet, M. "Le français au Sénégal: intérférences du wolof dans le français des élèves sénégalais [The French of Senegal: Wolof interference in the French of Senegalese students]". Le français en France et hors de France (in French). 7: 71–91.
^ Jump up to: a b Bassolé-Ouedraogo, A (2007). "Le français et le français populaire africain: partenariat, cohabitation ou défiance? FPA, appartenance sociale, diversité linguistique" (PDF) (in French). Institut d’Études des Femmes, Université d’Ottawa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-27.
Jump up ^ Marita Jabet, Lund University. "La situation multilinguistique d'Abidjan" (PDF) (in French). Retrieved 2007-05-29.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bertin Mel Gnamba and Jérémie Kouadio N'Guessan. "Variétés lexicales du français en Côte d'Ivoire" (PDF) (in French). p. 65. Retrieved 2013-09-30.
Jump up ^ "Languages: Crowd-Sourced Online Nouchi Dictionary". Rising Voices. 2012-07-30. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
Jump up ^ Suzanne Lafage (2002). "Le lexique français de Côte d'Ivoire" (in French). Archived from the original on 4 August 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
External links[edit]
LE FRANÇAIS EN AFRIQUE - Revue du Réseau des Observatoires du Français Contemporain en Afrique
Links for Afrique francophone
Dictionaries of various French-speaking countries
Le Français et le Français populaire Africain: partenariat, cohabitation ou défiance? FPA, appartenance sociale, diversité linguistique
La mondialisation, une chance pour la francophonie
RFI - L’avenir du français passe par l’Afrique
[show]
v
t
e
Varieties of the French language
Africa
Maghrebi
African
Asia
Cambodian
Indian
Laotian
Vietnamese
Europe
Meridional
Standard
Belgian
Jersey Legal
Swiss
Aostan
North America
Canada
Quebec
Joual
Magoua
Brayon
Acadian
Chiac
Newfoundland
Métis
United States
Louisiana
Cajun
Colonial
Métis
Missouri
Muskrat
New England
Caribbean
Haitian
Saint-Barthélemy
Related
French-based creole languages
Michif
Signed
Français signé
French language and French-speaking world portal
[hide]
v
t
e
Romance languages (Classification)
[show]
Western
Ibero-Romance
Galician-Portuguese
Portuguese
dialects
European
Brazilian
Uruguayan
African
Asian
Creoles
Galician
Eonavian/Galician-Asturian
Fala
Judaeo-Portuguese
Caló
Astur-Leonese
Asturian
Cantabrian
Extremaduran
Leonese
Mirandese
Spanish
Spanish
dialects
Latin American
Philippine
Equatoguinean
European
Creoles
Old Spanish
Judaeo-Spanish
Caló
Others
Navarro-Aragonese
Aragonese
Judaeo-Aragonese
Mozarabic
Occitano-
Romance
Catalan
dialects
Eastern Catalan
Alguerese
Balearic
Central
Northern
Western Catalan
North-Western
Valencian
Judaeo-Catalan
Caló
Occitan
Auvergnat
Gascon
Aranese
Languedocien
Limousin
Provençal
Niçard
Mentonasc
Vivaro-Alpine
Old Provençal
Judaeo-Provençal
Caló
Gallo-Romance
Langues d'oïl
Burgundian
Champenois
Franc-Comtois
French
dialects
Standard
African
Aostan
Belgian
Cambodian
Canadian
Indian
Laotian
Swiss
Vietnamese
Old French
Middle French
Judaeo-French
Creoles
Gallo
Lorrain
Norman
Anglo-Norman
Picard
Poitevin
Saintongeais
Walloon
Moselle Romance
British Latin
Others
Arpitan/Franco-Provençal
Valdôtain
Savoyard
North Italian dialects
Gallo-Italic
Ligurian
Brigasc
Genoese
Intemelio
Monégasque
Lombard
Western
Eastern
Emilian-Romagnol
Emilian
Bolognese
Parmigiano
Romagnol
Piedmontese
Judaeo-Piedmontese
Gallo-Italic of Sicily
Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
Others
Venetian
Fiuman
Talian
Triestine
Mediterranean Lingua Franca
Rhaeto-Romance
Rhaeto-Romance
Friulian
Ladin
Romansh
[show]
Central, Sardinian and Eastern
Italo-Dalmatian
Central
Italian
dialects
Central
Tuscan
Corsican
Gallurese
Sassarese
Judaeo-Italian
Southern
Neapolitan
Northern Calabrese
Sicilian
Southern Calabrese
Others
Dalmatian
Istriot
Sardinian
Sardinian
Sardinian
Campidanese
Logudorese
Eastern
Romanian
Romanian
Moldovan
Vlach
Others
Aromanian
Istro-Romanian
Megleno-Romanian
North African
North African
African Romance
Italics indicate extinct languages
Bold indicates languages with more than 5 million speakers
Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_French&oldid=814851616"
Categories:
French language in Africa
French dialects
Hidden categories:
Articles with French-language external links
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
Articles containing French-language text
Inconsistent articles
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 11 December 2017, at 08:51.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/African_immigration_to_France
mw-redirect
African immigration to France

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values:
/wiki/Maghrebi_people
mw-redirect
Maghrebi people

values:
/wiki/Berber_people
mw-redirect
Berber people

values:
/wiki/Northwest_Africa
mw-redirect
Northwest Africa

values:
/wiki/Maghreb_French
mw-redirect
Maghreb French

values:
/wiki/Petit_n%C3%A8gre
mw-redirect
Petit nègre

values:
/wiki/Dakar,_Senegal
mw-redirect
Dakar, Senegal

values: This statement is inconsistent with other parts of the article. (May 2012)

values: Edit section: Français populaire africain

values:
/wiki/Ouagadougou,_Burkina_Faso
mw-redirect
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

values:
/wiki/Cotonou,_Benin
mw-redirect
Cotonou, Benin

values:
/wiki/Lom%C3%A9,_Togo
mw-redirect
Lomé, Togo

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;

values: vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;

values: margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;

values:
/wiki/Alveolar_trill
mw-redirect
Alveolar trill

values:
/wiki/Arabic_language
mw-redirect
Arabic language

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Kinshasa French vocabulary

values: Portal:French language and French-speaking world

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: List of colonies and possessions of France

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.amazon.fr/dp/2098821778

values: Nathan (publisher) (page does not exist)

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.amazon.fr/dp/2271059682

values: Centre national de la recherche scientifique

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.unice.fr/ILF-CNRS/ofcaf/
external text

values: Template talk:French dialects by continent

values:
/wiki/French_language_in_Maghreb
mw-redirect
French language in Maghreb

values:
/wiki/Michif_language
mw-redirect
Michif language

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values:
/wiki/Spanish_dialects
mw-redirect
Spanish dialects

values:
/wiki/Eastern_Catalan
mw-redirect
Eastern Catalan

values:
/wiki/Western_Catalan
mw-redirect
Western Catalan

values:
/wiki/North-Western_Catalan
mw-redirect
North-Western Catalan

values:
/wiki/Auvergnat_dialect
mw-redirect
Auvergnat dialect

values:
/wiki/Old_Proven%C3%A7al
mw-redirect
Old Provençal

values:
/wiki/French_dialects
mw-redirect
French dialects

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values: List of languages by number of native speakers

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible expanded navbox-inner

values: Category:Articles with French-language external links

values: Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)

values: Category:Articles containing French-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/African_French
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-African_French rootpage-African_French skin-vector action-view