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Expenditures in the United States federal budget
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Main article: United States federal budget
U.S. Federal spending and revenue components for fiscal year 2016
The United States federal budget consists of mandatory expenditures (which include entitlement programs such as Medicare and Social Security), discretionary spending for defense, Cabinet Departments (e.g., United States Department of Justice) and agencies (e.g., Securities & Exchange Commission), and interest payments on debt.
During FY2016, the federal government spent $3.27 trillion on a budget or cash basis, up $18 billion or 1% vs. FY2015 spending of $3.25 trillion. Major categories of FY 2016 spending included:
Healthcare such as Medicare and Medicaid ($1,060B or 28% of spending),
Social Security ($910B or 24%),
Non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($600B or 16%),
Defense Department ($585B or 15%),
Interest ($240B or 6%).[1]
Expenditures are classified as mandatory, with payments required by specific laws, or discretionary, with payment amounts renewed annually as part of the budget process. Expenditures averaged 20.3% GDP over the 1967-2016 period, generally ranging +/-2% GDP from that level. The 2016 spend was 20.9% GDP, versus 2015 spend of 20.6% GDP and a recent 2009 peak of 24.4% GDP.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Discretionary vs. mandatory spending
1.1 Growth of mandatory spending
2 Mandatory spending and entitlements
2.1 Medicare and Medicaid
2.1.1 Growth in medical spending
2.2 Social Security
3 Military spending
3.1 Debate about military spending
3.2 Budgetary treatment of Iraq & Afghanistan war expenses
4 Discretionary spending
5 Interest expense
6 Analytical perspectives
6.1 Federal spending per capita
7 References
8 External links
Discretionary vs. mandatory spending[edit]
The share of Federal spending for mandatory programs (e.g., Social Security and Medicare) is increasing over time as the country ages and healthcare costs grow faster than inflation.
Discretionary spending requires an annual appropriation bill, which is a piece of legislation. Discretionary spending is typically set by the House and Senate Appropriations Committees and their various subcommittees. Since the spending is typically for a fixed period (usually a year), it is said to be under the discretion of the Congress. Some appropriations last for more than one year (see Appropriation bill for details). In particular, multi-year appropriations are often used for housing programs and military procurement programs.
Direct spending, also known as mandatory spending, refers to spending enacted by law, but not dependent on an annual or periodic appropriation bill. Most mandatory spending consists of entitlement programs such as Social Security benefits, Medicare, and Medicaid. These programs are called "entitlements" because individuals satisfying given eligibility requirements set by past legislation are entitled to Federal government benefits or services. Many other expenses, such as salaries of Federal judges, are mandatory, but account for a relatively small share of federal spending.
The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) reports the costs of mandatory spending programs in a variety of annual and special topic publications.[2] Congress can affect spending on entitlement programs by changing eligibility requirements or the structure of programs. Certain entitlement programs, because the language authorizing them are included in appropriation bills, are termed "appropriated entitlements." This is a convention rather than a substantive distinction, since the programs, such as Food Stamps, would continue to be funded even if the appropriation bill were to be vetoed or otherwise not enacted.
The share of Federal spending for mandatory programs has been increasing as the U.S. population ages, while the discretionary spending share has fallen.[3]
Growth of mandatory spending[edit]
CBO projects that spending for Social Security, Healthcare programs and interest costs will rise relative to GDP over the 2017-2027 period, while defense and other discretionary spending will decline relative to GDP.[1]
Over the past 40 years, mandatory spending for programs such as Medicare and Social Security has grown as a share of the budget and relative to GDP, while other discretionary categories have declined. Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security grew from 4.3% of GDP in 1971 to 10.7% of GDP in 2016.[1]
In the long-run, expenditures related to Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid are growing considerably faster than the economy overall as the population matures.[4][5] The Congressional Budget Office estimates that Social Security spending will rise from 4.8% of GDP in 2009 to 6.2% of GDP by 2035, where it will stabilize. However, CBO expects Medicare and Medicaid to continue growing, rising from 5.3% GDP in 2009 to 10.0% in 2035 and 19.0% by 2082. CBO has indicated healthcare spending per beneficiary is the primary long-term fiscal challenge.[6][7] Further, multiple government and private sources have indicated the overall expenditure path is unsustainable.[8][9][10]
Mandatory spending and entitlements[edit]
Further information: Social programs in the United States
Table compares US federal spending and revenue in 2016 vs. 2015 using CBO historical data.[11]
Entitlement Spending Risks.
Medicare & Social Security.
Social Security and Medicare expenditures are funded by permanent appropriations and so are considered mandatory spending according to the 1997 Budget Enforcement Act (BEA). Social Security and Medicare are sometimes called "entitlements," because people meeting relevant eligibility requirements are legally entitled to benefits, although most pay taxes into these programs throughout their working lives.
Some programs, such as Food Stamps, are appropriated entitlements. Some mandatory spending, such as Congressional salaries, is not part of any entitlement program. Funds to make federal interest payments have been automatically appropriated since 1847.
Major categories of FY 2014 mandatory spending included:
Social Security ($845B or 24% of spending),
Healthcare such as Medicare and Medicaid ($831B or 24%),
other mandatory programs such as food stamps and unemployment compensation ($420B or 12%) and interest ($229B or 6.5%).[1]
As a share of federal budget, mandatory spending has increased over time.[12] Mandatory spending accounted for 53% of total federal outlays in FY2008, with net interest payments accounting for an additional 8.5%.[13] In 2011, mandatory spending had increased to 56% of federal outlays.[12]
From 1991 to 2011, mandatory spending grew from 10.1 percent to 13.6 percent of GDP, according to figures from the Congressional Budget Office.[14] This spending is expected to continue to increase as a share of GDP. According to the conservative Heritage Foundation, spending on Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid will rise from 8.7% of GDP in 2010, to 11.0% by 2020 and to 18.1% by 2050.[15]
Since the federal government has historically collected about 18.4% of GDP in tax revenues, this means these three mandatory programs may absorb all federal revenues sometime around 2050.[16] Unless these long-term fiscal imbalances are addressed by reforms to these programs, raising taxes or drastic cuts in discretionary programs, the federal government will at some point be unable to pay its obligations without significant risk to the value of the dollar (inflation).[17][18]
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2011 49.1% of the U.S. population lived in a household where at least one household member received a government benefit including Social Security and Medicare.[19][not in citation given] This figure represented an increase from 30% in the early 1980s and 44.4% in 2008.[20] While federal outlay for welfare was reduced by half since 1996, programs such as food stamps have seen increases in spending.[21] In 2012, 35% of the U.S. population lived in a household that received government benefits, counting only means-tested programs such as food stamps, housing assistance and Medicaid.[22]
Mandatory programs are affected by demographic trends. The number of workers continues declining relative to those receiving benefits. For example, the number of workers per retiree was 5.1 in 1960; this declined to 3.3 in 2007 and is projected to decline to 2.1 by 2040.[23] According to census data for 2011, 16% of the population lived in a household where at least one individual received Social Security and 15% lived in a household where at least one individual received Medicare.[20] From 2012 to 2027, approximately 78 million individuals will retire and begin receiving Social Security and Medicare.[21]
These programs are also affected by per-person costs, which are also expected to increase at a rate significantly higher than the economy. The unfavorable combination of demographics and per-capita rate increases is expected to drive both Social Security and Medicare into large deficits during the 21st century. Multiple government sources have argued these programs are fiscally unsustainable as presently structured due to the extent of future borrowing and related interest required to fund them; here is a 2009 summary from the Social Security and Medicare Trustees:
The financial condition of the Social Security and Medicare programs remains challenging. Projected long run program costs are not sustainable under current program parameters. Social Security's annual surpluses of tax income over expenditures are expected to fall sharply this year and to stay about constant in 2010 because of the economic recession, and to rise only briefly before declining and turning to cash flow deficits beginning in 2016 that grow as the baby boom generation retires. The deficits will be made up by redeeming trust fund assets until reserves are exhausted in 2037, at which point tax income would be sufficient to pay about three fourths of scheduled benefits through 2083. Medicare's financial status is much worse. As was true in 2008, Medicare's Hospital Insurance (HI) Trust Fund is expected to pay out more in hospital benefits and other expenditures this year than it receives in taxes and other dedicated revenues. The difference will be made up by redeeming trust fund assets. Growing annual deficits are projected to exhaust HI reserves in 2017, after which the percentage of scheduled benefits payable from tax income would decline from 81 percent in 2017 to about 50 percent in 2035 and 30 percent in 2080. In addition, the Medicare Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Trust Fund that pays for physician services and the prescription drug benefit will continue to require general revenue financing and charges on beneficiaries that grow substantially faster than the economy and beneficiary incomes over time.[8]
Since the government borrowed and spent the trust funds' assets, there is no "lockbox" or marketable investment portfolio of $2.4 trillion for Social Security or $380 billion for Medicare. The trust funds contain non-marketable "IOU's" that the government is legally obligated to pay. In the absence of significant budget surpluses, the government will be required to convert these non-marketable securities to marketable securities by borrowing in the future, as trust fund claims are redeemed.[24][25]
Medicare and Medicaid[edit]
Main articles: Health care finance in the United States, Medicare (United States), and Medicaid
Medicare and Medicaid Spending as % GDP.
The Medicare Trustees have reduced their forecast for Medicare costs as %GDP, mainly due to a lower rate of healthcare cost increases.
Medicare was established in 1965 and expanded thereafter. In 2009, the program covered an estimated 45 million persons (38 million aged and 7 million disabled). It consists of four distinct parts which are funded differently:
Part A (Hospital Insurance, or HI) covers inpatient hospital services, skilled nursing care, and home health and hospice care. The HI trust fund is mainly funded by a dedicated payroll tax of 2.9% of earnings, shared equally between employers and workers.
Part B (Supplementary Medical Insurance, or SMI) covers physician services, outpatient services, and home health and preventive services. The SMI trust fund is funded through beneficiary premiums (set at 25% of estimated program costs for the aged) and general revenues (the remaining amount, approximately 75%).
Part C (Medicare Advantage, or MA) is a private plan option for beneficiaries that covers all Part A and B services, except hospice. Individuals choosing to enroll in Part C must also enroll in Part B. Part C is funded through the HI and SMI trust funds.
Part D covers prescription drug benefits. Funding is included in the SMI trust fund and is financed through beneficiary premiums (about 25%) and general revenues (about 75%).[26]
Various reform strategies were proposed for healthcare, including Medicare and Medicaid. Examples include: comparative effectiveness research; independent review panels; modifying doctor incentives to focus on better care rather than fee for service; addressing a shortage of doctors and nurses; taxing healthcare benefits paid for by employers; addressing tort reform and defensive medicine; preventing obesity and related expensive conditions; addressing fraud; streamlining redundant payment systems; and improved healthcare technology.[27]
Growth in medical spending[edit]
Spending on Medicare and Medicaid is projected to grow dramatically in coming decades. The number of persons enrolled in Medicare is expected to increase from 47 million in 2010 to 80 million by 2030.[28] While the same demographic trends that affect Social Security also affect Medicare, rapidly rising medical prices appear to be a more important cause of projected spending increases.
The CBO has indicated that: "Future growth in spending per beneficiary for Medicare and Medicaid—the federal government’s major health care programs—will be the most important determinant of long-term trends in federal spending. Changing those programs in ways that reduce the growth of costs—which will be difficult, in part because of the complexity of health policy choices—is ultimately the nation’s central long-term challenge in setting federal fiscal policy." Further, the CBO also projects that "total federal Medicare and Medicaid outlays will rise from 4 percent of GDP in 2007 to 12 percent in 2050 and 19 percent in 2082—which, as a share of the economy, is roughly equivalent to the total amount that the federal government spends today. The bulk of that projected increase in health care spending reflects higher costs per beneficiary rather than an increase in the number of beneficiaries associated with an aging population."[29]
President Obama stated in May 2009: "But we know that our families, our economy, and our nation itself will not succeed in the 21st century if we continue to be held down by the weight of rapidly rising health care costs and a broken health care system...Our businesses will not be able to compete; our families will not be able to save or spend; our budgets will remain unsustainable unless we get health care costs under control."[30]
The present value of unfunded obligations under all parts of Medicare during FY 2007 is approximately $34.1 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the shortfall over the next 75 years. This is over six times as large as the Social Security unfunded obligation of $5.3 trillion, discussed below.[31]
Social Security[edit]
Main article: Social Security (United States)
OASDI Income and Cost Rates Under Intermediate Assumptions. Source: 2009 OASDI Trustees Report.
Note: CBO estimates that policy changes with a 0.6% of GDP annual impact are sufficient to address the 75-year program shortfall. Abbreviations are explained in the chart page. Source: CBO Report – July 2010.
Social Security is a social insurance program officially called "Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance" (OASDI), in reference to its three components. It is primarily funded through a dedicated payroll tax. During 2009, total benefits of $686 billion were paid out versus income (taxes and interest) of $807 billion, a $121 billion annual surplus. An estimated 156 million people paid into the program and 53 million received benefits, roughly 2.94 workers per beneficiary.[32] During 2008, total benefits of $625 billion were paid out versus income (taxes and interest) of $805 billion, a $180 billion annual surplus. An estimated 162 million people paid into the program and 51 million received benefits, roughly 3.2 workers per beneficiary.[33]
There is significant confusion about the program, due in part to the accounting for surplus payroll tax receipts and the agendas of various political constituencies. A few key points to understand under current law, if no reforms are implemented:
Social Security is funded by a dedicated payroll tax of 12.4%. This means that Social Security will be paid at least to the extent of payroll tax collections. Program payroll tax collections were roughly equal to payouts in 2010 and are estimated to fall to about 75% of payouts by the mid-2030s and continue around that level through the early 2080s. Claims that the program is "bankrupt" or "going bankrupt" can be evaluated in this context.
Since the Greenspan Commission in the early 1980s, Social Security has cumulatively collected far more in payroll taxes dedicated to the program than it has paid out to recipients—nearly $2.4 trillion by 2008. This surplus amount is commonly referred to as the "Social Security Trust Fund." This surplus amount has not added to the public debt; rather it is the spending of surplus funds dedicated to the program for other purposes that has added to the debt.
The Trust Fund represents a legal claim by Social Security recipients, enabling them to compel the government to borrow or otherwise fund 100% of program obligations as long as Trust Fund amounts remain. As sources of funds (other than the dedicated payroll taxes) are diverted to the program, the Trust Fund balance is reduced. Once the Trust Fund is liquidated in the mid-2030s under various estimates, program payouts will fall to about 75% of currently scheduled benefits. Social Security then becomes a true "pay as you go" program, without Trust Fund amounts to cover shortfalls.
Redemption of Trust Fund claims means that the government will have to borrow an additional $2.4 trillion in total (based on the 2008 Trust Fund balance) over approximately 20 years, from the time the program payouts begin to exceed tax collections around 2015 to the time the Trust Fund is exhausted in the mid-2030s. This is a funding challenge for the government overall, not just Social Security.[34][35]
Social Security spending will increase sharply over the next decades, largely due to the retirement of the baby boom generation. The number of program recipients is expected to increase from 44 million in 2010 to 73 million in 2030.[28] Program spending is projected to rise from 4.8% of GDP in 2010 to 5.9% of GDP by 2030, where it will stabilize.[36]
The CBO projected in 2010 that an increase in payroll taxes ranging from 1.6–2.1% of the payroll tax base, equivalent to 0.6%-0.8% of GDP, would be necessary to put the Social Security program in fiscal balance for the next 75 years.[37] In other words, raising the payroll tax rate to about 14.4% during 2009 (from the current 12.4%) or cutting benefits by 13.3% would address the program's budgetary concerns indefinitely; these amounts increase to around 16% and 24% if no changes are made until 2037. Projections of Social Security's solvency are sensitive to assumptions about rates of economic growth and demographic changes.[38]
Since recommendations of the Greenspan Commission were adopted in the early 1980s, Social Security payroll taxes have exceeded benefit payments. In FY2008, Social Security received $180 billion more in payroll taxes and accrued interest than it paid out in benefits. This annual surplus is credited to Social Security trust funds that hold special non-marketable Treasury securities. The Social Security surplus reduces the amount of U.S. Treasury borrowing from the public, as the surplus funds may be used for other government purposes. The total balance of the trust funds was $2.4 trillion in 2008 and is estimated to reach $3.7 trillion by 2016. At that point, payments will exceed payroll tax revenues, resulting in the gradual reduction of the trust funds balance as the securities are redeemed against other types of government revenues. By 2037, according to some estimates, the trust funds will be exhausted. Under current law, Social Security payouts would be reduced by 24% at that time, as only payroll taxes are authorized to cover benefits.[39]
The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of January 1, 2009 has been estimated at approximately $5.3 trillion over a 75-year horizon. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the shortfall over the next 75 years. The estimated annual shortfall averages 1.9% of the payroll tax base or 0.7% of gross domestic product. For a GDP of approximately $14 trillion in 2009, this 0.7% gap is roughly $100 billion per year or 5% of tax revenue. Over an infinite time horizon, these shortfalls average 3.4% of the payroll tax base and 1.2% of GDP.[40]
Various reforms have been debated for Social Security. Examples include reducing future annual cost of living adjustments (COLA) provided to recipients, raising the retirement age, and raising the income limit subject to the payroll tax ($106,800 in 2009).[41][42] The Urban Institute estimated the effects of solution alternatives during May 2010, including an estimated program deficit reduction for each:[43]
Reducing the COLA by one percentage point: 75%
Indexing the COLA to prices rather than wages, except for bottom one-third of income earners: 65%
Raising the payroll tax rate by one percentage point: 50%.
Raising the payroll tax cap (currently at $106,800) to cover 90% instead of 84% of earnings: 35%
Increasing the full retirement age to 68: 30%
The CBO reported in July 2010 the effects of a series of policy options on the "actuarial balance" shortfall, which over the 75 year horizon is approximately 0.6% of GDP. This is slightly different from the 0.7% estimated by the Social Security Trustees, as indicated above. For example, CBO estimates that raising the payroll tax by two percentage points (from 12.4% to 14.4%) over 20 years would increase annual program revenues by 0.6% of GDP, solving the 75-year shortfall. The various impacts are summarized in the CBO chart at right.[34]
CBO estimated in January 2012 that raising the full retirement age for Social Security from 67 to 70 would reduce outlays by about 13%. Raising the early retirement age from 62 to 64 has little impact, as those who wait longer to begin receiving benefits get a higher amount. Raising the retirement age increases the size of the workforce and the size of the economy by about 1%.[44]
Military spending[edit]
Main article: Military budget of the United States
Defense Spending as % Outlays FY 1950–2007.
Defense Spending 2000–2011.
During FY 2009, the GAO reported that the U.S. government incurred approximately $683 billion in expenses for the Department of Defense (DoD) and $54 billion for Homeland Security, a total of $737 billion. The GAO financial statements present data on an accrual basis, meaning as expenses are incurred rather than actual cash payments.[45]
President Obama's 2010 budget proposal includes a total of $663.8 billion, including $533.8 billion for the DOD and $130 billion for overseas contingencies, primarily the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The proposed DoD base budget represents an increase of $20.5 billion over the $513.3 billion enacted for fiscal 2009. This is an increase of 4%, or 2.1% percent real growth after adjusting for inflation. The fiscal 2010 budget proposal brought the overseas contingency supplemental requests into the budget process, adding the $130 billion amount to the deficit.[46]
The U.S. defense budget (excluding spending for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, Homeland Security, and Veteran's Affairs) is around 4% of GDP.[47] Adding these other costs places defense and homeland security spending between 5% and 6% of GDP.
The DoD baseline budget, excluding supplemental funding for the wars, has grown from $297 billion in FY2001 to a budgeted $534 billion for FY2010, an 81% increase.[48] According to the CBO, defense spending grew 9% annually on average from fiscal year 2000–2009.[49]
Debate about military spending[edit]
Democratic Congressman Barney Frank called for a significant reduction in the defense budget during February 2009: "The math is compelling: if we do not make reductions approximating 25 percent of the military budget starting fairly soon, it will be impossible to continue to fund an adequate level of domestic activity even with a repeal of Bush's tax cuts for the very wealthy. I am working with a variety of thoughtful analysts to show how we can make very substantial cuts in the military budget without in any way diminishing the security we need...[American] well-being is far more endangered by a proposal for substantial reductions in Medicare, Social Security or other important domestic areas than it would be by canceling weapons systems that have no justification from any threat we are likely to face."[50]
U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates wrote in January 2009 that the U.S. should adjust its priorities and spending to address the changing nature of threats in the world: "What all these potential adversaries—from terrorist cells to rogue nations to rising powers—have in common is that they have learned that it is unwise to confront the United States directly on conventional military terms. The United States cannot take its current dominance for granted and needs to invest in the programs, platforms, and personnel that will ensure that dominance's persistence. But it is also important to keep some perspective. As much as the U.S. Navy has shrunk since the end of the Cold War, for example, in terms of tonnage, its battle fleet is still larger than the next 13 navies combined—and 11 of those 13 navies are U.S. allies or partners."[51]
In 2009, the US Department of Defense's annual report to Congress on China's military strength offered several estimates of actual 2008 Chinese military spending. In terms of the prevailing exchange rate, Pentagon estimates range between US$105 and US$150 billion,[52] the second highest in the world after the US.
Budgetary treatment of Iraq & Afghanistan war expenses[edit]
CBO estimated in January 2010 that approximately $1.1 trillion was authorized for spending on the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars between 2001 and 2010. Spending peaked in 2008 at $187 billion and declined to $130 billion by 2010.[53]
Much of the costs for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have not been funded through regular appropriations bills, but through emergency supplemental appropriations bills. As such, most of these expenses were not included in the budget deficit calculation prior to FY2010. Some budget experts argue that emergency supplemental appropriations bills do not receive the same level of legislative care as regular appropriations bills.[54] In addition, emergency supplemental appropriations are not subject to the same budget enforcement mechanisms imposed on regular appropriations. Funding for the first stages of the Vietnam War was provided by supplemental appropriations, although President Johnson eventually acceded to Congressional demands to fund that war through the regular appropriations process.
Budget authority is legal authority to obligate the federal government. For many war-related activities there may be a long lag between the time when budget authority is granted and when payments (outlays) are made by the U.S. Treasury. In particular, spending on reconstruction activities in Iraq and Afghanistan has lagged behind available budget authority. In other cases, the military uses contracts that are payable upon completion, which can create long lags between appropriations and outlays.
In principle, the Department of Defense (DoD) separates war funding from base funding. In most cases, however, funds for operations in Iraq and Afghanistan use the same accounts as other DoD accounts. This raises challenges to attempts to achieve a precise separation of expenditures on operations in Iraq and Afghanistan from the base defense operations.
Discretionary spending[edit]
FY 2013 Estimated Federal Spending per 2012 Budget
Federal funding of science and technology research by year. The spike in 2009 is due to the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act.[55]
Discretionary spending is spending that is not mandated on a multi-year basis by existing legislation, and thus must be determined anew in each year's budget. Discretionary spending is used to fund the Cabinet Departments (e.g., the Department of Education) and Agencies (e.g., the Environmental Protection Agency), although these are often the recipients of some mandatory funding as well. Discretionary budget authority is established annually by Congress, as opposed to mandatory spending that is required by laws that span multiple years, such as Social Security or Medicare.
The Federal government spent approximately $600 billion during 2016 on the Cabinet Departments and Agencies, excluding the Department of Defense, representing 16% of budgeted expenditures[1] or about 3.3% of GDP. The 2011 budget included estimated spending for 2010, shown in the graph at right for selected Departments and Agencies with over $10 billion in budget authority.
Funding for the Department of Defense is mostly discretionary, but is excluded from this total and analyzed separately in this article. However, certain defense-related spending is included in other Departments, such as Homeland Security and Veteran's Affairs. The U.S. Constitution (Article I, Section 8) grants the Congress the authority to "To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years."[56]
Funding for science research and development is mainly funded through discretionary funding through agencies such as the National Institutes of Health, Department of Energy Office of Science, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and National Science Foundation. Slightly more than half of federal research and development funds go to the Department of Defense and thus overlaps with military spending.[55]
Several politicians and think tanks have proposed freezing non-defense discretionary spending at particular levels and holding this spending constant for various periods of time. President Obama proposed freezing discretionary spending representing approximately 12% of the budget in his 2011 State of the Union address.[57]
Interest expense[edit]
Components of interest on the debt.
Budgeted net interest on the public debt was approximately $245 billion in FY2012 (7% of spending). During FY2012, the government also accrued a non-cash interest expense of $187 billion for intra-governmental debt, primarily the Social Security Trust Fund, for a total interest expense of $432 billion. This accrued interest is added to the Social Security Trust Fund and therefore the national debt each year and will be paid to Social Security recipients in the future. However, since it is a non-cash expense it is excluded from the budget deficit calculation.[58]
Net interest costs paid on the public debt declined from $203 billion in 2011 to $187 billion in 2012 because of lower interest rates. Should these rates return to historical averages, the interest cost would increase dramatically.[58]
During 2013, the U.S. Federal Reserve is expected to purchase about $45 billion of U.S. treasury securities per month in addition to the $40 billion in mortgage debt it’s purchasing, effectively absorbing about 90 percent of net new dollar-denominated fixed-income assets.[clarify] This reduces the supply of bonds available for sale to investors, raising bond prices and lowering interest rates, which helps boost the U.S. economy. During 2012, global demand for U.S. debt was strong and interest rates were near record lows.[59]
U.S. spending per person from 1980 to 2011. Blue line indicates nominal spending per person, while the cyan line is adjusted for inflation based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI) excluding food and energy.
Analytical perspectives[edit]
Federal spending per capita[edit]
Federal spending per capita (that is, per person in the U.S.) was approximately $11,551 during 2011, versus $6,338 in 2000. Adjusted for inflation, these amounts were $5,133 in 2011 and $3,496 in 2000. Adjusted for inflation, federal spending per person remained around $3,500 throughout the 1990s. It then began to rise steadily after 2000, then jumped in 2008 and 2009 due to the subprime mortgage crisis.[60]
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Jump up ^ 2009 OASDI Trustees Report – Page 9 and 19
Jump up ^ Trustees Report Long Range Estimates – Section 5a Table IV.B6
Jump up ^ AARP Public Policy Institute-Reform Options for Social Security
Jump up ^ U.S. News and World Report-12 Ways to Fix Social Security-May 2010
Jump up ^ Urban Institute-Distributional Effects of Alternative Social Security Reforms-Details Matter-May 2010
Jump up ^ CBO – Raising the Ages of Eligibility for Social Security and Medicare-January 2012
Jump up ^ GAO-2009 Financial Statements of the U.S. Government – Page 45
Jump up ^ DoD News Release-Fiscal 2010 Budget Proposal-May 7, 2009
Jump up ^ Eaglen, Mackenzie; Eric Sayers (March 23, 2009). "USA: A 21st Century Maritime Posture for an Uncertain Future". Defense Industry Daily. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
Jump up ^ DOD – Defense Trend Spending Chart - May 7, 2009 Archived February 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ CBO-Monthly Budget Review-Sept 09
Jump up ^ Barney Frank – The Nation
Jump up ^ Gates-A Balanced Strategy
Jump up ^ Office of the Secretary of Defense – Annual Report to Congress: Military Power of the People's Republic of China 2009 (PDF)[1]
Jump up ^ CBO (January 2010). "The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2010 to 2020". CBO. Retrieved February 2013. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ Anthony Cordesman and Erin Fitzgerald, September, 2009 Resourcing for Defeat, Center for Strategic and International Studies
^ Jump up to: a b "Investing in the Building Blocks of American Innovation: Federal R&D, Technology, and STEM Education in the 2011 Budget" (PDF). Office of Science and Technology Policy. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ The Constitution of the United States
Jump up ^ State of the Union Speech-January 2011 Archived February 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b "GAO Audit Report on Treasury Debt – FY2012" (PDF). November 2012. p. 13. Retrieved November 2012. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ Bloomberg-Treasury Scarcity to Grow as Fed Buys 90% of New Bonds-November 2012
Jump up ^ FRED Database-Spending, Population, and Inflation Index Graph-October 2013
External links[edit]
Cogan, John F. (2002). "Federal Budget". In David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (1st ed.). Library of Economics and Liberty. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link) OCLC 317650570, 50016270, 163149563
Kotlikoff, Laurence J. (2002). "Federal Deficit". In David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (1st ed.). Library of Economics and Liberty. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link) OCLC 317650570, 50016270, 163149563
The New York Times: Obama’s 2012 Budget Proposal—A visualization of the Obama administration's FY2012 budget proposal.
CBPP-Policy Basics-Where Do Our Federal Tax Dollars Go? April 2013
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Ship prefix
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A ship prefix is a combination of letters, usually abbreviations, used in front of the name of a civilian or naval ship.
Prefixes for civilian vessels may either identify the type of propulsion, such as "PS" for paddle steamer, or purpose, such as "RV" for research vessel. Civilian prefixes are often used inconsistently, and frequently not at all. Sometimes a slash is used to separate the letters, as in "M/S".
Naval prefixes came into use as abbreviations for longer titles, such as "His/Her Majesty's Ship" in the British Royal Navy, abbreviated "H.M.S." and then "HMS". Earlier uses often included the type of vessel, as for instance "U.S.F." ("United States Frigate") for frigates of the United States Navy, that were eliminated by President Theodore Roosevelt's Executive order of 1907 making "United States Ship" (USS) the standard for the Navy's commissioned ships while in commission.[1] In the United States Navy that prefix officially only applies while the ship is in active commission, with only the name used before or after a period of commission and for all vessels "in service" rather than commissioned status.[1] Today the common practice is to use a single prefix for all warships of a nation's navy, and other prefixes for auxiliaries and ships of allied services, such as coast guards.
The use of ship prefixes is not universal; in particular neither the German Kriegsmarine nor the Imperial Japanese Navy used ship prefixes. Some English-language writers use prefixes like "DKM" (for "Deutsche Kriegsmarine") and "HIJMS" (for "His Imperial Japanese Majesty's Ship") or "IJN" (for "Imperial Japanese Navy", a translation of 大日本帝国海軍 dai-nippon teikoku kaigun) for consistency with "HMS" and "USS". Other writers follow the practice of the navy and omit any prefix.[citation needed]
From the 20th century onwards, most navies identify ships by hull numbers (pennant numbers)—identification codes typically painted on the side of the ship. Each navy has its own system: the United States Navy uses hull classification symbols, and the Royal Navy and other navies of Europe and the Commonwealth use pennant numbers.
These tables list both current and historical prefixes known to have been used.
Contents
[hide]
1 Generic (merchant navy) prefixes
2 National or military prefixes
2.1 Prefix conventions
2.2 'Empire' ship prefix
3 In science fiction
4 References
4.1 Notes
4.2 Sources
5 External links
Generic (merchant navy) prefixes[edit]
AHTS Balder Viking
FPSO Noble Seillean
These prefixes are generally used for merchant vessels of any nationality.
Prefix
Meaning
AE Ammunition ship
AFS Combat stores ship
AHT Anchor Handling Tug
AHTS Anchor Handling Tug Supply vessel
AO United States Navy oiler
AOG Gasoline tanker
AOR Auxiliary, Replenishment Oiler
AOT Transport Oiler
ATB Articulated Tug Barge
CRV Coastal Research Vessel
C/F Car Ferry
CS Cable Ship
DB Derrick Barge
DEPV Diesel Electric Paddle Vessel
DLB Derrick Lay Barge
DCV Deepwater Construction Vessel
DSV Diving Support Vessel/ Deep Submergence Vehicle
DV Dead vessel[2][3]
ERRV Emergency Response Rescue Vessel[3]
FPSO Floating Production, Storage and Offloading Vessel
FPV Free Piston Vessel
FPV Fishery Protection Vessel
FT Factory Stern Trawler
FV Fishing Vessel
GTS Gas Turbine Ship
HLV Heavy lift vessel
HSC High Speed Craft
HSF High Speed Ferry
HTV Heavy Transport Vessel
IRV International Research Vessel
ITB Integrated Tug barge
LB Liftboat
LNG/C Liquefied natural gas carrier
LPG/C Liquefied petroleum gas carrier
MF Motor Ferry
MFV Motor Fishing Vessel (mainly UK Royal Naval Reserve)
MS (M/S) Motor Ship (interchangeable with MV)
MSV Multipurpose support/supply vessel
MSY Motor Sailing Yacht
MT Motor Tanker
MTS Marine Towage and Salvage/Tugboat
MV (M/V) Motor Vessel (interchangeable with MS)
MY Motor Yacht
NB Narrowboat
NRV NATO Research Vessel
NS Nuclear Ship
OSV Offshore supply vessel
PS Paddle Steamer
PSV Platform Supply Vessel
QSMV Quadruple Screw Motor Vessel
QTEV Quadruple Turbo Electric Vessel
RMS Royal Mail Ship or Royal Mail Steamer
RNLB Royal National Lifeboat
RV / RSV Research Vessel
SB Sailing Barge
SS (S/S) Single-screw Steamship
SD Serco Denholm (after the company which took over auxiliary maritime services for UK Naval Services in 2008, now Serco Marine Services)
SSCV Semi-Submersible Crane Vessel
SSS Sea Scout Ship
SSV Sailing School Vessel, Submarine and Special Warfare Support Vessel[4]
ST Steam Tug or Steam Trawler
STS Sail Training Ship
STV Sail Training Vessel or Steam Turbine Vessel
SV (S/V) Sailing Vessel
SY Sailing Yacht or Steam Yacht
TB Tug boat
TEV Turbine Electric Vessel
TIV Turbine Installation Vessel
TrSS Triple-Screw Steamship or steamer[5]
TS Training Ship or Turbine Steamship or Turbine steam ship
Tr.SMV Triple-Screw Motor Vessel
TSMV Twin-Screw Motor Vessel[6]
TSS Twin-Screw Steamship or steamer
TST Twin-Screw Tug
TV Training vessel
YD Yard Derrick
YW Water Barge, self-propelled
YOS Concrete vessel
National or military prefixes[edit]
Country
Service
Prefix
Meaning
Argentina Argentine Navy ARA Navy of the Argentine Republic (Spanish: Armada de la República Argentina)
Argentine Coast Guard GC Argentine Coast Guard Ship (Spanish: Guardacostas)
Australia Royal Australian Navy HMAS His/Her Majesty's Australian Ship/Submarine/Station
NUSHIP New Ship/Submarine (Yet to be commissioned)
ADV Australian Defence Vessel (non-commissioned naval-operated ships)
MSA Minesweeper Auxiliary[7]
Australian Customs and Border Protection Service ACV Australian Customs Vessel
Australian Border Force ABFC Australian Border Force Cutter
Australia (pre-Federation) Colonial navies of Australia HMCS His/Her Majesty's Colonial Ship
HMQS His/Her Majesty's Queensland Ship (Queensland Maritime Defence Force)
HMVS His/Her Majesty's Victorian Ship (Victorian Naval Forces)
Austria-Hungary Austro-Hungarian Navy SMS Seiner Majestät Schiff (English: His Majesty's Ship)
Bahamas Royal Bahamas Defence Force HMBS His/Her Majesty's Bahamian Ship
Bangladesh Bangladesh Coast Guard CGS Coast Guard Ship
Bangladesh Navy BNS Bangladesh Navy Ship
Barbados Barbados Defence Force HMBS His/Her Majesty's Barbadian Ship
Belgium Belgian Navy BNS Belgium Naval Ship (NATO prefix)
Brunei Royal Brunei Navy KDB Kapal Di-Raja Brunei – Royal Brunei Ship
Burma Myanmar Navy UMS Myanmar Sit Yay Yin – Union of Myanmar Ship
Canada Royal Canadian Navy, formerly Canadian Forces Maritime Command HMCS/NCSM His/Her Majesty's Canadian Ship/Navire canadien de Sa Majesté (French)
CFAV/NAFC Canadian Forces Auxiliary Vessel/Navire auxiliaire des Forces canadiennes (French)
Canadian Coast Guard CCGS/NGCC Canadian Coast Guard Ship/Navire de Garde côtière canadienne (French)
CCGC/CGCC Canadian Coast Guard Cutter/Cotre de Garde côtière canadienne (French) (no longer used)
Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Department of Transport, and predecessor departments CGS Canadian Government Ship (no longer used)
CSS Canadian Survey Ship (no longer used)
DGS Dominion Government Ship (no longer used)
Royal Canadian Sea Cadets SCTS/NECM Sea Cadet Training Ship/Navire école des cadets de la Marine (French)
China People's Liberation Army Navy — No official prefix; some authors use "CNS" (Chinese Navy Ship) or "PLANS" (People's Liberation Army Navy Ship)
Colombia Armada Nacional ARC Armada de la República de Colombia
Confederate States Confederate States Navy CSS Confederate States Ship
Cook Islands Cook Islands Police CIPPB Cook Islands Police Patrol Boat
Denmark Royal Danish Navy HDMS (Danish: KDM) His/Her Danish Majesty's Ship (Danish: Kongelige Danske Marine)
Ecuador Armada Ecuatoriana BAE Buque de la Armada de Ecuador
Estonia Estonian Navy ENS (Estonian: EML) Estonian Naval Ship (NATO designation)
Estonian Coast Guard ECGS Estonian Coast Guard Ship (NATO designation)
Fiji Republic of Fiji Navy RFNS Republic of Fiji Naval Ship
Finland Finnish Navy FNS Finnish Navy Ship. Prefixes are not used in Finnish-language communications.
France French Navy OF Okręt Francuski (Polish French Ship); used in 1940–41 for French destroyer Ouragan
FS French Ship (NATO designation); France does not use prefixes internally
German Empire Kaiserliche Marine SM U## Seiner Majestät Unterseeboot (English: His Majesty's Submarine)
SMS Seiner Majestät Schiff (English: His Majesty's Ship)
Nazi Germany Kriegsmarine — (no prefix; some authors use "DKM" for "Deutsche Kriegsmarine" and "KMS" for "Kriegsmarine Schiffe")
West Germany Bundesmarine FGS Federal German Ship (NATO designation); West Germany did not use prefixes internally
Germany (reunited) German Navy FGS Federal German Ship (NATO designation)
Kingdom of Greece Royal Hellenic Navy ΒΠ (VP) Βασιλικόν Πλοίον (Vassilikón Ploíon), "Royal Ship"; RHS (Royal Hellenic Ship) or HHMS (His Hellenic Majesty's Ship) in use by English-language authors and contemporary foreign navies.
Greece Hellenic Navy HS Hellenic Ship: NATO designation, used in international communications; internally the Hellenic Navy uses prefixes indicating ship type.
Guyana Guyanese Coast Guard[8] GDFS Guyanese Defence Forces Ship
Kingdom of Hawaii Hawaiian Navy HHMS His Hawaiian Majesty's Ship; the only one being Kaimiloa
Iceland Icelandic Coast Guard ICGV (Icelandic: VS) Icelandic Coast Guard Vessel, (Icelandic:Varðskip)
India Indian Navy (pre-Republic) HMIS His/Her Majesty's Indian Ship
India Indian Coast Guard ICGS Indian Coast Guard Ship
Indian Navy INS Indian Naval Ship
Indonesia Indonesian Navy KRI Kapal Republik Indonesia (Republic of Indonesia Ship)
Republic of Indonesia KL Kapal Layar (Sailing Ship)
Republic of Indonesia KM Kapal Motor (Motor Ship)
Republic of Indonesia KN Kapal Negara (State Ship)
Iran Imperial Iranian Navy IIS Imperial Iranian Ship (Persian: ناو شاهنشاهی ایران)
Iran Islamic Republic of Iran Navy IRIS Islamic Republic of Iran ship (Persian: ناو جمهوری اسلامی ایران)
Ireland Irish Naval Service LÉ Long Éireannach — Irish ship
Israel Israeli Sea Corps INS Israeli Naval Ship (Internally Hebrew acronym אח"י (A.Ch.Y.) is used standing for אניית חיל הים (Oniyat Heyl HaYam – Sea Corps Ship)
Kingdom of Italy
(until 1946) Regia Marina RN Regia Nave – Royal Ship
Regia Marina R.Smg. Regio Sommergibile – Royal Submarine
Italy Marina Militare ITS Italian Ship (NATO designation); Italy no longer uses prefixes
Jamaica Jamaica Defence Force HMJS His/Her Majesty's Jamaican Ship
Empire of Japan Imperial Japanese Navy — (no prefix; some authors use "HIJMS" for "His Imperial Japanese Majesty's Ship" and "IJN" for "Imperial Japanese Navy")
Japan Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force JDS or JS Japanese Defense Ship or Japanese Ship
Kenya Kenyan Navy KNS Kenyan Naval Ship
Kiribati Kiribati Police Force RKS Republic of Kiribati Ship
North Korea Korean People's Navy — (currently unknown)
South Korea Republic of Korea Navy ROKS Republic of Korea Ship
Latvia Latvian Navy LVNS Latvian Naval Ship (NATO designation)
Lithuania Lithuanian Navy LKL
LNS
Lietuvos Karinis Laivas – Lithuanian Military Ship
Lithuanian Ship (NATO designation)
Malaysia Royal Malaysian Navy KD Kapal Di-Raja — His Majesty's Ship, literal: Royal Ship.
Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency KM Kapal Maritim — Maritime Ship
Marshall Islands Marshall Islands Police RMIS Republic of the Marshall Islands Ship
Federated States of Micronesia FSM National Police FSM Federated States of Micronesia
Mexico Armada de México ARM Armada de la República Mexicana
Myanmar Tatmadaw Yay UMS Myanma Sit Yay Yin – Union of Myanmar Ship
Namibia Namibian Navy NS Namibian Ship
Netherlands Royal Netherlands Navy HNLMS (Dutch: Zr.Ms./Hr.Ms.) His/Her Netherlands Majesty's Ship (Dutch: Zijner/Harer Majesteits, archaic Dutch language genitive, lit. "His/Her Majesty's")
New Zealand Royal New Zealand Navy HMNZS His/Her Majesty's New Zealand Ship
Nigeria Nigerian Navy NNS Nigerian Naval Ship
Norway Royal Norwegian Navy HNoMS (Norwegian: KNM), in use since 1946 His Norwegian Majesty's Ship (Norwegian: Kongelige Norske Marine)
Norwegian Coast Guard NoCGV (Norwegian: KV) Norwegian Coast Guard Vessel (Norwegian: Kystvakten)
Oman Royal Navy of Oman SNV Sultanate Naval Vessel
Pakistan Pakistan Navy PNS Pakistani Naval Ship
Palau Palau Police PSS Palau State Ship
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Defence Force HMPNGS His/Her Majesty's Papua New Guinea Ship
Peru Peruvian Navy BAP Peruvian Navy Ship (Spanish: Buque Armada Peruana)
BIC Scientific Research Ship (Spanish: Buque de Investigación Científica)
Philippines Philippine Navy BRP Barko ng Republika ng Pilipinas; in use since 1 July 1980
(Ship of the Republic of the Philippines)
RPS Republic of the Philippines Ship (Obsolete); before 1 July 1980
Poland Polish Navy ORP Ship of the Republic of Poland
(Polish: Okręt Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej)
Portugal Marinha Portuguesa NRP Navio da República Portuguesa – Ship of the Portuguese Republic
PNS Portuguese Navy Ship (NATO designation, not used internally)
UAM Unidade Auxiliar da Marinha – Navy Auxiliary Unit (used by the Portuguese Navy non-military ships)
Romania Romanian Navy NMS Nava Majestăţii Sale (His/Her Majesty's Ship) – used before 1945 by the Royal Romanian Navy
SMR Serviciul Maritim Român (The Romanian Sea Service) – used by transport ships
ROS Romanian Ship (NATO designation, not used internally)
Russian Empire Imperial Russian Navy HIRMS (no prefix; some authors use "HIRMS" for "His Imperial Russian Majesty's Ship")
Russia Russian Navy — No official prefix; some authors use "RFS" (Russian: Корабль Российской Федерации)
Saudi Arabia Saudi Navy HMS His Majesty's Ship – the same as the Royal Navy
Singapore Republic of Singapore Navy RSS Republic of Singapore Ship
Solomon Islands Royal Solomon Islands Police RSIPV Royal Solomon Islands Police Vessel
South Africa South African Navy SAS South African Ship (previously HMSAS – His/Her Majesty's South African Ship)
SATS South African Training Ship
Soviet Union Soviet Navy — No official prefix; some authors use "USSRS"[9] (Russian: Корабль Союза Советских Социалистических Республик)
Spain Armada Española ESPN, ESPS or SPS Spanish Naval Ship (Spain does not use prefixes internally)
Sri Lanka Sri Lankan Navy SLNS Sri Lanka Naval Ship
Sweden Swedish Navy HMS (English: HSwMS) Hans/Hennes Majestäts Skepp (His/Her Majesty's Ship) – in English HSwMS (His/Her Swedish Majesty's Ship) is used to avoid confusion with Royal Navy ships
Republic of China Republic of China Navy ROCS (older usage: CNS) Republic of China Ship (older usage: Chinese Navy Ship)
Thailand Royal Thai Navy HTMS His Thai Majesty's Ship
Timor-Leste Timor Leste Defense Force NRTL Navio da República de Timor Leste (Ship of the Timor Leste Republic)
Tonga Tonga Defence Services VOEA Vaka O Ene Afio (His Majesty's Vessel)
Turkey Turkish Navy TCG Ship of the Turkish Republic (Turkish: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Gemisi.)
Tuvalu Tuvalu Police Force HMTSS His/Her Majesty's Tuvaluan State Ship
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force TTS Trinidad and Tobago Ship
United Kingdom Ships carrying mail RMS Royal Mail Steamer/Ship
Fishery protection vessels FPV Fisheries Protection Vessel
Royal Air Force HMAFV His/Her Majesty's Air Force Vessel (not currently in use)
Royal Fleet Auxiliary ships RFA Royal Fleet Auxiliary
Royal Maritime Auxiliary
Service ships RMAS Royal Maritime Auxiliary Ship (now obsolete, replaced by SD)
Royal Naval Auxiliary Service XSV Auxiliary Service Vessel (now obsolete)
Royal Navy HM Sloop His/Her Majesty's Sloop (now obsolete)
HMS His/Her Majesty's Ship/Submarine
HMSm His/Her Majesty's Submarine (not currently in use)
HMT Hired Military Transport (not currently in use)
HMAV His/Her Majesty's Armed Vessel[10] (not currently in use)
HMY His/Her Majesty's Yacht (not currently in use)
HMMGB His/Her Majesty's Motor Gun Boat (not currently in use)
HMM His/Her Majesty's Monitor (not currently in use)
HMSML His/Her Majesty's Small Motor Launch
HBMS His/Her Britannic Majesty's Ship (archaic)
HM His/Her Majesty's, then used with the type of ship in military use (e.g. "HM Trawler")
Hospital Ships HMHS His/Her Majesty's Hospital Ship
Joint Services Sail Training Yachts (JSASTC) HMSTC His/Her Majesty's Sail Training Craft
Trinity House THV Trinity House Vessel (Lighthouse and Buoy Tender)
Northern Lighthouse Board NLV Northern Lighthouse Vessel (Lighthouse tender)
Commissioners of Irish Lights ILV Irish Lights Vessel (Lighthouse tender)
British Army HMAV Her Majesty's Army Vessel[11]
RCLV Royal Corps of Logistics Vessel (not currently in use)
Government research ships RRS Royal Research Ship
Serco SD Serco Denholm (now Serco Marine Services, a civilian company which took over the ships of the Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service in 2008)
HM Revenue and Customs HMCC, HMC His/Her Majesty's Customs Cutter shortened to His/Her Majesty's Cutter after being transferred to UK Visas and Immigration
HM Customs and Excise (replaced by HMRC, above) HMRC His/Her Majesty's Revenue Cutter (not used since 18 April 2005). Also His/Her Majesty's Revenue Cruiser (as per HMRC Vigilant 1947. Not used since ca1960)
United States United States Air Force USAF, USAFS United States Air Force ship (not currently in use)
United States Army (modern) USAS United States Army Ship (modern)
USAV United States Army Vessel (modern)
United States Army (historical)
USAT United States Army Transport (large troop or cargo transports, not currently in use)
USAMP U.S. Army Mine Planter (not currently in use)
U.S. Army Vessels not otherwise designated: tugs, FS, Q, P etc. (not currently in use)
USAHS United States Army Hospital Ship (not currently in use)
United States Navy USF United States Frigate (obsolete)
USFS United States Flagship (obsolete)
USS United States Ship – Commissioned ships only. [1]
USNV United States Naval Vessel (Small utility vessels, not MSC, operated by local commands)[12]
U.S. Navy Military Sealift Command (MSC) USNS United States Naval Ship (USN-owned, civilian crews)
United States Coast Guard USCGC United States Coast Guard Cutter
USCGD United States Coast Guard Destroyer (not currently in use)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAAS National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Ship
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey USC&GS United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (obsolete); occasionally a second "S" for "survey ship" was used
United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries USFC United States Fish Commission (obsolete); commonly used informal name for the Commission; no "S" for "ship" was used
United States Lighthouse Service USLHT United States Lighthouse Tender (obsolete)
United States Revenue Cutter Service USRC United States Revenue Cutter (obsolete)
Uruguay Uruguayan Navy ROU República Oriental del Uruguay
Vanuatu Vanuatu Police Force RVS Republic of Vanuatu Ship
Venezuela Venezuelan Navy FNV Fuerzas Navales de Venezuela Not in use since 1949
ARV Armada República de Venezuela Not in use 1999
ARBV Armada República Bolivariana de Venezuela
Kingdom of Yugoslavia Royal Yugoslav Navy KB Kraljevski brod or Краљевски брод (English: Royal Ship), 1918–1941
YUG SCG Jugoslovenska Ratna Mornarica JRM (English: Yugoslavia war navy) Yugoslav Navy 1969–1992
Ratna Mornarica Vojske Jugoslavije RМVЈ (English: War navy of Yugoslavia Armed Forces) 1992–2003
RTOP Raketna Topovnjača or Ракетна Топовњача (English: Rocket gunship), named by Yugoslavia peoples heroes
RČ Raketni Čamac or Ракетни Чамац (English: Rocket boat), 1969–1992, named by Yugoslavia peoples heroes
VPBR Veliki Patrolni Brod or Велики Патролни Брод (English: Big patrol ship), 1969–1992, named by Yugoslavia coastal towns
TČ Torpedni Čamac or Торпедни Чамац (English: Torpedo boat), 1969–1992
PČ Patrolni Čamac or Патролни Чамац (English: Patrol boat), 1969–1992, named by mountains
PO Pomoćni Oružar or Помоћни Оружар (English: Auxiliary аrmourer), 1969–1992
RML Rečni minolovac or Речни миноловац (English: River minesweepers), 1969–1992, named by places of WWII battles
RPB Rečni patrolni brod or Речни патролни брод (English: River patrol boat), 1969–1992
P Podmornica or Подморница (English: Submarine), 1969–1992, named by rivers or human qualities
RЕ Razarač Eskortni or Разарач Ескортни (English: Escort destroyer), 1969–1992
PT Pomoćni transportni or Помоћни транспортни (English: Auxiliary transport), 1969–1992
DČ Desantni čamci or Десантни чамци (English: Landing craft), 1969–1992
Prefix conventions[edit]
The designations for United Kingdom ships applied at the time of the British Empire, before the establishment of separate navies for the Dominions.
In the Royal Netherlands Navy, "HNLMS" is the prefix in English, a translation of the Dutch original "Hr.Ms." or "Zr.Ms.". "Hr.Ms." should preferably not be used in English-language documents; nevertheless it is often seen on the World Wide Web. Until the moment a Dutch naval ship officially enters active service in the fleet, the ship's name is used without the prefix.[13] Since King Willem-Alexander succeeded Queen Beatrix on 30 April 2013, "Hr.Ms." is replaced by "Zr.Ms.".
In Australia, the prefix NUSHIP is used to denote ships that have yet to be commissioned into the fleet.[14]
In the United States, all prefixes other than "USS," "USNS", "USNV", and "USRC" were made obsolete in 1901 when President Theodore Roosevelt issued an Executive order fixing American naval nomenclature.[1] USRC was replaced by USCGC when the Revenue Cutter Service merged with the United States Lifesaving Service to become the United States Coast Guard in 1915.[15] USLHT also was replaced by USCGC when the United States Lighthouse Service became a part of the U.S. Coast Guard in 1939. USC&GS was replaced by NOAAS when the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey merged with other U.S. Government scientific agencies to form the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in 1970.
A United States Navy ship that is not in active commission does not hold the title of United States Ship with simply the name without prefix used before and after commissioned service.[1] Vessels, such as yard and harbor craft that are not commissioned and "in service" are officially referred to by name or hull number without prefix.[1] Military Sealift Command (MSC) civilian manned ships "in service" are given the prefix United States Naval Ship (USNS).[1] Prior to commissioning, ships may be described as a pre-commissioning unit or PCU; for example, the uncommissioned Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78) has been described as the "pre-commissioning unit (PCU) Gerald R. Ford."[16] However, the vessel's official name is Gerald R. Ford without any prefix, and will be known as USS Gerald R. Ford once commissioned.[1]
When it is stricken from the fleet list, a ship typically has the prefix "ex-" added to its name, to distinguish it from any active ships bearing the same name. For example, after USS Constellation (CV-64) was retired in 2003, she became referred to as ex-Constellation.
Note that while calling a US ship "the USS Flattop" may make grammatical sense, the preliminary article "the" is discouraged by nearly all style guides, and the U.S. Navy. The U.S. Navy uses ship names without article, except for USS The Sullivans, named for the five Sullivan brothers, all lost at sea during World War II.[17] Its British equivalent ("the HMS Flattop") is also discouraged, since "the Her Majesty's Ship" would be grammatically incorrect.
Yugoslavia war navy had strict naming rules and ships prefix that was driven by order by President of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1969. After dissolution of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia new state Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continued same naming convention for War navy of Yugoslavia Armed Forces from 1992 to 2003.
'Empire' ship prefix[edit]
In 1939 then during and after the Second World War, the British Ministry of Shipping adopted a standard naming system whereby all merchant ships ordered to be built in Britain to Government account, except very small ship types, would be given the prefix Empire to their name. This applied to ships acquired through purchase, requisition, or taken in prize, with some exceptions. It also applied to older ships acquired from the USA, modern ships acquired on Lease/Lend arrangements, salved and refitted ships, and captured enemy ships.[citation needed] Empire ships were ships built or acquired to supplement the wartime merchant fleet. They were used for convoy duties transporting supplies and military convoy work for the war effort.
In science fiction[edit]
Fictional equivalents of tri-letter prefixes frequently appear in English-language science fiction works, applied to seafaring and spaceborne ships alike. See also Space navy for similar adoption of naval customs for fictional spacefaring military organizations.
Star Trek – the United Federation of Planets uses the prefix "USS" for its starships. While Gene Roddenberry never defined what the abbreviation stood for, some speculate that it means "United Space Ship", "United Star Ship", or "United [Federation of Planets] Starfleet Starship/Ship". In the alternate 'Mirror Universe', the Terran Empire use an "ISS" prefix instead. Other races use different prefixes for their ships:
Klingons use IKS (Imperial Klingon Ship) or IKC (Imperial Klingon Cruiser).
Romulan vessels typically receive the prefix IRW (Imperial Romulan Warbird), or RIS where some speculate that it means "Romulan Imperial Ship", and ChR. (ChR is from novelist Diane Duane's imagining of the Star Trek Universe, in which the Romulans refer to their home planet as "Ch'Rihan." Though Duane's version has a loyal following among many fans, it is not considered official Star Trek canon; similarly, the Ferengi designation of FMS, and the Cardassian CDS, are also not canon.)
Babylon 5 – The Earth Alliance uses the prefix "EAS" for "Earth Alliance Ship". Some fan material also uses it for "Earth Alliance Station".
Firefly – Vessels in the Union of Allied Planets fleet are given the prefix "IAV", for Interstellar Alliance Vessel.
The Terran Confederation, from Wing Commander, uses TCS (Terran Confederation Ship) for its vessels.
Halo – United Nations Space Command spacecraft use the prefix "UNSC".
Mass Effect – features several prefixes, primarily "SSV" for "Systems Alliance space vehicle"[18] and "MSV" for "Merchant Space Vehicle," used on numerous human commercial ships, as well as "PFS" for a Turian Hierarchy naval craft, and a freighter AML Demeter of unknown affiliation.
Dead Space – "USG", standing for "United Spacefaring Guild", which oversees civilian spacecraft operation, including the planet-cracker class leader USG Ishimura of the Concordance Extraction Corporation; "USM" for the Earth Defense Force of EarthGov; and "CMS" for its former opponents, the Sovereign Colonies Armed Forces.
StarCraft: Brood War - The United Earth Directorate uses DSS, presumably for Directorate Space Ship.
Killzone - The Interplanetary Strategic Alliance (ISA) uses "ISC", for Interplanetary Strategic Cruiser.
The Moon is a Harsh Mistress – The Federated Nations use "FNS", presumably meaning "Federated Nations Ship".
Alien – The ships use prefix "USCSS" for "United States Cargo SpaceShip" in Nostromo, Prometheus or Covenant.
The Lost Fleet – The Alliance use the prefix "ASN" for "Allied Systems Navy" (or possibly "Alliance of Systems Navy"), the Syndicate Worlds do not use prefixes.
CoDominium – CoDominium vessels use the prefix "CDS" for CoDominium Ship.
"Honorverse" – The Manticoran kingdom uses "HMS" as a prefix, the Graysons use GNS, and the Havenite ships use "PNS" being reflections of actual ship prefixing traditions, and mirroring the Napoleonic wars.
The Culture – Ships are identified by a three-letter prefix denoting class (such as GSV for "General Systems Vehicle" or ROU for "Rapid Offensive Unit"), followed by their personal name.
The Expanse – Ships of the United Nations Navy use the prefix "UNN," while ships of the Mars Congressional Republic Navy are prefixed with "MCRN."
Unreal Tournament – Ships mentioned there have prefixes such as ITV ("Interstellar Transport Vessel", the first non-tutorial match in the tournament happens on board of ITV Oblivion) and ISV ("Interstellar Science Vessel", ship's name being ISV-Kran from Unreal).
Unreal: Return to Na Pali – ISV (ISV-Kran) and UMS ("Unified Military Services", a prefix for warships).
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Naval History And Heritage Command.
Jump up ^ ""Dead Vessel" Doctrine". USLegal.com. US Legal, Inc. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "SHIP PREFIX -- GLOSSARY – CONTINUED". richatlanticinterserv.com. Rich Atlantic International Services. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Submarine and Special Warfare Support Vessel". Military Sealift Command. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
Jump up ^ [1] RINA acronyms
Jump up ^ [2] Ships of CalMac website
Jump up ^ Royal Australian Navy. "MSA Brolga". navy.gov.au. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "About the Coast Guard". 4 September 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Russian and Soviet Navy Battleships". frontier.com. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "List of Acronyms Preceding the Name of a Ship". 22 March 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Habesch, The Army's Navy, p. 154
Jump up ^ Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC) (July 25, 2012). "Dry Dock and overhaul of USNV Battle Point YTT-10". Navy Electronic Business Opportunities. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Circulaire Zeemacht 1569cc (1988)
Jump up ^ Dasgupta, Soumyajit. "What are Ship Prefixes for Naval and Merchant Vessels?". Retrieved 25 August 2014.
Jump up ^ United States Coast Guard Historian's Office.
Jump up ^ "PCU Gerald R. Ford (CVN 78) Welcomes 60 New Crew Members" (Press release). Navy News Service. 6 June 2013. NNS130606-12. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.the-sullivans.navy.mil/
Jump up ^ In-Game Codex, entry for SSV Normandy
Sources[edit]
Naval History And Heritage Command. "Ship Naming in the United States Navy". Naval History And Heritage Command. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
United States Coast Guard Historian's Office (5 January 2015). "Coast Guard History". Frequently Asked Questions. United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
External links[edit]
Warship National Prefixes
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