text:
Canadian Tire money
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Canadian Tire money
argent Canadian Tire (in French)
10¢ and $1 Canadian Tire money
Denominations
Symbol
$
Banknotes
5¢, 10¢, 25¢, 50¢, $1 & $2
Coins
$1
Demographics
User(s)
Canadian Tire, and other businesses in Canada
Issuance
Central bank
Canadian Tire
Printer
Canadian Bank Note Company & British American Banknote Company.
Mint
Royal Canadian Mint (coin only)
Canadian Tire money, officially Canadian Tire 'money',[1] (CTM) is a loyalty program operated by the Canadian retail chain Canadian Tire. It consists of coupons, issued by the company, which resembles real banknotes. It can be used as scrip in Canadian Tire stores, but is not considered a private currency. The notes are printed on paper similar to what Canadian currency was printed on when they were printed on real paper, and were jointly produced by two of the country’s long-established security printers, British American Banknote Company (BABN) and Canadian Bank Note Company (CBN).[2] Some privately owned businesses in Canada accept CTM as payment (see history below), since the owners of many such businesses shop at Canadian Tire. In Canadian Tire stores, CTM is accepted for Canadian money at par.
Contents
[hide]
1 History and dynamics
2 Denominations
3 Usage beyond Canadian Tire
4 Special Issuances
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History and dynamics[edit]
A recognizable facet of CTM is the man featured on the face of each bill. According to Canadian Tire representatives, the fictional character represented is referred to as "Sandy McTire" and sports a tam o' shanter and a stylized waxed moustache. He is based on no specific individual but is assumed to represent a thrifty Scotsman, the 1950s everyman of blue-collar Canada.
It was introduced in 1958, and was inspired by Muriel Billes, the wife of Canadian Tire's co-founder and first president, Alfred J. Billes, as a response to the promotional giveaways that many gas companies offered at the time. It was only available at Canadian Tire gas bars but was so successful that, in 1961, it was extended to the retail stores as well, and has become the most successful loyalty program in Canadian retail history.[2] The print on the 'notes' refers to them as "cash bonus coupons".
Canadian Tire Money is given out for purchases paid for by cash or debit, based on the pre-tax total, excluding labour and shop supplies costs. The initial coupon rate earned was 5% of the eligible purchase price, but it was lowered to 3%, then to 1.4%, and now is 0.4%.[3] Customers can use Canadian Tire Money to buy anything in the store. (Older coupons state that they are redeemable at Canadian Tire stores and gas stations; however, coupons produced during at least the last 15 years lack this wording and are therefore redeemable in the stores only.)
It can also be used to cover the sales tax on the purchases, since it is accepted as cash after the taxes are calculated. Also, even if a purchase was made entirely in these coupons, it is also considered as a cash purchase and more coupons will be calculated and paid out.
In Ontario, the Retail Sales Tax law and Bulletins state that the "coupon must be reimbursed by the franchisee". By submitting them to other merchants, the merchants were in essence breaking Ontario law when they failed to include the discount in the value of the goods being calculated for being taxed. Some merchants were accepting Canadian Tire Money as a discount, but then were not calculating and remitting the sales taxes, as required by law, and then were getting fined for the practice; this is an ongoing issue.
In 2012, Canadian Tire began a pilot program to make its money "plastic", to make it into a more manageable and trackable loyalty program.[4] The new plastic loyalty card can earn points at more than twice the rate of the traditional paper money. According to customer service in July 2017 the rate on purchases made with the Canadian Tire "Options" card on in-store products is 4%. The reward rate for purchases at other stores is 0.8%.
Denominations[edit]
In 1958, five different denominations (composed of 5-cents, 10-cents, 25-cents, 50-cents, and $1) were issued. The revision of 1962 included the introduction of four lower values (1 to 4 cents), and 12 higher denominations, including 35 and 60 cents. A sequence of six denominations was introduced in 1985 including the 3-cents, 5-cents, 10-cents, 25-cents, 40-cents, 50-cents, and $1. A $2 note was added in 1989, and the 3 cents was dropped in 1991.[5]
CTM coupons are now produced in 5-cent, 10-cent, 25-cent, 50-cent, one-dollar, and two-dollar denominations. In addition, Canadian Tire Money can be earned electronically on Canadian Tire credit cards such as the Canadian Tire Options MasterCard. The latter can be used wherever MasterCard is accepted and earns Canadian Tire Money no matter where it is used to make a purchase, anywhere in the world. CTM is treated as real currency by the franchise and cannot be directly exchanged for real Canadian currency for customers. If an item bought with Canadian Tire Money is returned the customer receives either Canadian Tire Money back or is given the amount on a gift card. If an item is bought with cash or card and is returned for a refund the customer receives the refund less the value of the CTM issued on the item unless the CTM is also returned.
On December 2, 2009, as part of an advertised deal, Canadian Tire had handed out the first Canadian Tire coin, redeemable with the purchase of at least $40 of merchandise. Another similar deal followed in 2010 (coinciding with the 2010 Olympic Winter Games), with a three coin winter collection. The coins can be spent in the same manner as conventional CTM.
Usage beyond Canadian Tire[edit]
In late 2004 in Moncton, New Brunswick, several customers at a Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce ATM were dispensed a total of 11 bills of Canadian Tire money instead of real bills. They were compensated by the bank.[6]
Culturally, Canadian Tire money is sometimes referred to by comedians: perhaps as a national version of "Monopoly money", perhaps invoking a pejorative comparison of the value of Canadian dollars against U.S. dollars, or perhaps as a misunderstood exotic element of Canadian society (cf. Ron James' comedic reference to the person depicted on the bill as "our king"). In the 2009 Trailer Park Boys movie Countdown to Liquor Day, Jim Lahey offers Julian $700 in Canadian Tire money for his trailer.
In the mid-1990s, a man in Germany was caught with up to $11 million in counterfeit Canadian Tire money. It was recovered before he left for Canada to redeem it. An Armenian man from Georgia also had similar ideas about counterfeit scrip, and was caught with over 45 million in counterfeit coupons.[7]
Special Issuances[edit]
Specially-issued 10-cent denomination of Canadian Tire currency (an in-store coupon).
A 10 cent note was released by the company between June 30th and July 2nd, 2017 to celebrate the 150th birthday of the Confederation of Canada in 1867 as part of national festivities.[8]
See also[edit]
Canadian Tire Financial Services
Loyalty program
Numismatics
Banknote
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Policies". Canadian Tire. Retrieved June 20, 2017. My Canadian Tire 'Money'® Program
^ Jump up to: a b "Canadian Tire Scrip", Numismatist Magazine, Harold Don Allen, p.64, Volume 119, Number 12, December 2006
Jump up ^ Shaw, Hollie. "Canadian Tire Corp aims to gain more customer data with new digial loyalty program". Financial Post. National Post. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Flavelle, Dana (2012-02-15). "Canadian Tire "money" goes plastic". Toronto Star. Toronto, Canada: torstar digital. Archived from the original on 2012-09-11.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Tire Scrip", Numismatist Magazine, Harold Don Allen, p.65, Volume 119, Number 12, December 2006
Jump up ^ "ATM gives customers Canadian Tire money". CBC News. 1 December 2004. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Shannon Montgomery (2006-12-21). "Liquor store rakes in Canadian Tire Money". Retrieved 2007-06-14.
Jump up ^ Canadian Tire Money Gets a Patriotic Redesign for Canada 150 Huffington Post. Retrieved July 4, 2017
External links[edit]
Canadian Tire 'Money' - Select 1958 expand dash symbol — History, on the Canadian Tire website.
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Dara
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, and for people named Dara, see Dara (disambiguation)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Dara
Dara is a name with more than one origin.
Dara is a gotra (clan) of certain Jats and Punjabis found in India.[citation needed] Members of the Dara gotra are found mainly in Rajasthan (majority), Delhi and Haryana in India. Dara mostly belong to the Khatri caste.
Contents
[hide]
1 Religion
2 Languages/Meanings
3 See also
4 References
Religion[edit]
It is found in the Bible's Old Testament Books of Chronicles. Dara was a descendant of Judah (son of Jacob). (The Bible. 1 Chronicles 2:6).
Languages/Meanings[edit]
In old Slavic-Serbian, Dara (Dar) means Gift, or to give a gift.
In the Sudan, it is also known as Gbaya-Dara, a Central Sudan language of South Sudan. It is one of the Kresh Languages. Though it is commonly called Gbaya, it is not one of the Abaya languages, which are in the Ubangian family.
In Urdu, Dara is Darius.
In Kannada, Dara (dAra) means thread.
In Khmer, Thai and Lao, Dara is a masculine or feminine name meaning "star".
In Hebrew Dara means compassion or pearl of wisdom.
In Punjabi, Dara means "leader".
In Persian Dara (Persian: دارا) is a masculine name. It is also the name of a male doll, and Dara and Sara are sold as "Iran's alternative to Ken and Barbie".[1] It is the descendant of the Old Persian name Darayaush (Darius)
In the Swahili version Dara means "the beautiful one".
In Irish Dara means "oak". Dara is also frequently used in Ireland (and the United States), as either a masculine or a feminine given name, and it also occurs as a surname. The spelling varies, with variations including Daire and Darragh. The Irish form is probably derived from doire, the Irish word for "oak tree", though as a surname it may be a version of the Irish name Mac Dubhdara. In Irish and Scottish Gaelic, dara means "second". It is also used in Scotland as an abbreviation for "Dragon Killer."[citation needed]
In Persian Darius (Persian: داریوش) is a masculine name. It stems from the ancient Persian "daar", meaning tree. Darius the Great is the most famous ruler with this name.
In Indonesian, Dara means "girl", "young woman", or "virgin".
In Javanese, Dara (in which the letters A are pronounced /ɔ/ by the majority of the speakers, slightly like the pronunciation of the letter å in Danish and Norwegian) means "dove" or "pigeon".
Dara is a feminine name in Bulgaria and Macedonia. Its meaning directly derives from "dar", which means "gift" both in Bulgarian and Macedonian. This name stems from the more common male name Bojidar (or Bozhidar), and its female version Bojidara (or Bozhidara), both meaning "Gift of God".
Dara is also a short form of Oluwadarasimi or Oluwadara, which in Yoruba means "God is good". The name is given to both boys and girls.[citation needed]
In the United States Dara can be a masculine or a feminine given name and means "Wisdom".[2]
In Meranau Dara is a Blood.[citation needed]
In ancient Sumerian language, Babylonian-Akkadian Cuneiform Tablet writing Dara means "blood" [3]
In Gujarati Dara means "every one" [4]
In Sikh, Dara is a masculine name that means "Lord", "[5]God"
Dara is a Muslim name given to baby boys and its meaning is "Possessor" or "sovereign" and "Halo"(of the moon)[6]
The word "Odara" derives from the Brazilian indigenous Ioruba word dara, meaning "gorgeous."
In African-American culture, the name Dara means - Of Bermudian origin, meaning "beautiful".[7]
In Parsi, Dara means "Bell" or "Pendant"[8]
Dara, Mesopotamia was a Byzantine fortress town in modern Mardin Province, Turkey.
Dara is a variant spelling of Daraa, Syria.
Ain Dara, Lebanon is known for the Battle of Ain Darra.
Sumerian God Enki was also known as "Dara-Mah" [9]
See also[edit]
List of Irish-language given names
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Charlotte Bailey (24 September 2008). "Muslim 'Barbie and Ken' dolls created by Iranian government". Telegraph.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Dara".
Jump up ^ Secrets of the Sumerian Language 2012
Jump up ^ "dara - Meaning in Gujarati - dara in Gujarati - Shabdkosh - શબ્દકોશ : English Gujarati Dictionary and Translation".
Jump up ^ "Meaning of Sikh Boy Name Dara".
Jump up ^ "Islamic Name Dara Meanings in Urdu - Muslim Boy Names".
Jump up ^ "Names - Meaning of Dara".
Jump up ^ "The Complete Book of Muslim and Parsi Names".
Jump up ^ "Celtic Tree Magic".
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Super Bowl LII halftime show
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Super Bowl LII halftime show
Date
February 4, 2018
Location
Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.
Venue
U.S. Bank Stadium
Headliner
Justin Timberlake
Special guests
The Tennessee Kids, University of Minnesota Marching Band
Sponsor
Pepsi
Director
Hamish Hamilton
Producer
Ricky Kirshner
Super Bowl halftime show chronology
LI
(2017) LII
(2018) LIII
(2019)
The Super Bowl LII Halftime Show (officially known as the Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show) took place on February 4, 2018 at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota, as part of Super Bowl LII. Justin Timberlake was the featured performer, as confirmed by the National Football League (NFL) on October 22, 2017.[1] It was televised nationally by NBC.
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Background
3 Development
4 Critical response
5 Commercial reception
6 Setlist
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Synopsis[edit]
Timberlake with dancers during the halftime performance
Timberlake during halftime show
Timberlake performing "Suit & Tie" with the University of Minnesota Marching Band
The show began with Jimmy Fallon introducing Justin Timberlake, followed by a video screen depicting Timberlake performing "Filthy" in a club setting below the field level of the stadium. He then walked up a staircase and appeared on a ramp stage extending outward into the field, descending into a series of stages surrounded by a crowd. Timberlake proceeded to move through the crowd performing "Rock Your Body" with a troupe of female backup dancers, abruptly stopping short of the end of the song and shifting to "Señorita" on a small stage with his backing dancers. Upon reaching the main stage, he performed a number of songs, including "SexyBack", "My Love", and "Cry Me a River", which featured a dance break mid-field. Upon reaching the next stage, Timberlake performed his hit song "Suit & Tie" as the University of Minnesota Marching Band, wearing black tuxedos, played backup instrumentals and marched out to meet him.[2]
The Stadium and the city of Minneapolis were shown to be lit purple during Timberlake's tribute to Prince
Dancers fill the field during Timberlake's performance of "Can't Stop the Feeling!"
Timberlake proceeded to walk up to a white grand piano while performing "Until the End of Time", then segued into "I Would Die 4 U" as a tribute to Minneapolis-native Prince. A video of Prince performing the song played in the background, projected onto on a large multi-story sheet. An aerial shot showed downtown Minneapolis covered in purple lighting that morphed into Prince's trademark Love Symbol, with the stadium at the center. He then returned to the main stage to perform "Mirrors", as hundreds of dancers and members of the marching band performed choreography with large mirrors, creating bright reflections in the broadcast and across the roof of the stadium. Timberlake closed the show with "Can't Stop the Feeling!", entering the stands at the conclusion of the song.[3][4]
For the first time since the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show in Indianapolis in 2012, no pyrotechnics were used throughout the performance. The show relied mostly on lasers and video screens for visual effects.[5]
Background[edit]
Field being set up for Timberlake's performance
In July 2017, multiple media outlets reported that Britney Spears was in talks to perform at Halftime, but Pepsi quickly denied it a few days later. During August and September 2017, several publications informed that Timberlake was the frontrunner to performer at the Super Bowl LII halftime, first along with his frequent-collaborator Jay-Z as co-headliner, and then as the solo performer.[6] A spokesperson from the NFL stated at the time, "along with Pepsi, we know that we will put on a spectacular show. When it is time to announce her name we will do it. Or his name. Or their names."[7] The NFL confirmed the announcement on October 22 with a video starring Timberlake and Jimmy Fallon.[8]
This was Timberlake's third appearance in a Super Bowl halftime show. As a member of NSYNC, Timberlake appeared in the Super Bowl XXXV (2001) halftime show, and as a guest artist in the Super Bowl XXXVIII (2004), which performance featured a controversial incident where Timberlake accidentally exposed one of Janet Jackson's breasts on national television, described as a wardrobe malfunction. The Parents Television Council penned an open letter to Timberlake asking to keep the performance "family-friendly." While the organization acknowledged that Timberlake apologized for the 2004 incident, they asked him to stay true to his word, saying "we are heartened by your response that the events of 2004 are not going to happen in 2018," as the singer stated in a prior interview that "we are not going to do that again."[9]
In an interview with Billboard, Pepsi executives expressed:
We are all big fans of Justin Timberlake. We’ve kind of felt that Justin deserves, and has for a number of years, to be the main artist for the halftime show because previously he wasn’t the main artist. It was just about the timing. To be honest, we have discussed Justin for the last number of years for coming and doing halftime, and this year just felt really right to us. He is hands down one of the greatest entertainers currently alive, it was a no-brainer. We know he’s gonna bring it.[10]
The Halftime Show included a remembrance for Indianapolis Colts linebacker Edwin Jackson, who died just hours before Super Bowl LII after being struck by a vehicle.
Development[edit]
The U.S. Bank Stadium, where Super Bowl and the halftime show was held.
During the performance, Timberlake wore an outfit designed by Stella McCartney, which consists of "alter nappa fringed jacket with a shirt, featuring a landscape artwork by British artist Martin Ridley," according to a press release. Also part of the look is a Prince of Wales-check and camouflage splatter-print suit and matching jacket. As usual for McCartney, these pieces were made from animal-free leather and organic cotton.[11][12]
Timberlake stated in a press conference that there would be no guest musicians in the halftime show and that the event would focus solely on himself and his backing band, the Tennessee Kids.[13] Regarding the Prince tribute, the performance's creative visual lead, Fireplay's Nick Whitehouse, told Rolling Stone:
Paying tribute to Prince was something JT highlighted as an important moment for this show, and we spent quite a bit of time ensuring this moment would be true to his legacy. Ultimately, Justin decided that the only person who could do Prince justice is Prince. The band held 50-hours worth of rehearsals in preparation for the show.[14]
Prince had previously stated he did not want to be included in new music after death in a 1998 interview, citing The Beatles' "Free as a Bird" as an example of a practice he considered to be "demonic." His family granted permission to use Prince's likeness on the condition that it not be used in a hologram, and they approved of the final result.[15][2] Sheila E, a former bandmate of Prince's who was involved in negotiations over the use of his likeness, stated that "a bigger company" (she declined to specify whether it was Pepsi or the NFL) had insisted on including the Prince apparition and that the notion was not originally Timberlake's idea.[16]
Despite the lack of an individual guest artist, the more than 300-member University of Minnesota Marching Band was featured in the show. The band's drumline, brass, and saxophone sections pre-recorded and performed with Timberlake during his performance of "Suit & Tie." The upper woodwind and auxiliary sections led drill formations and held large mirrors during Timberlake’s performance of his song "Mirrors", and acted as fans and dancers throughout other portions of the show, including the club scene at the show's opening. All members of the band were featured on the field in the show's finale, "Can't Stop the Feeling!". The band had previously performed in the halftime show of Super Bowl XXVI.[4]
Critical response[edit]
Timberlake’s performance received mixed reviews.[17] In a positive review, Bruce R. Miller of Sioux City Journal wrote "Timberlake is a masterful live performer – which made Sunday's Super Bowl performance about the only sure bet," he continued commenting the performer "did a lot of infectious dancing and managed to play with the crowd like no other." Although it did not have a moment that "stuck," he considered the Prince tribute the best moment of the show.[18] In a similarly positive review, Taylor Weatherby of Billboard said "there is no denying that Timberlake absolutely rocked his first headlining [halftime]", further adding "Timberlake's halftime show was undeniably mesmerizing. From starting in the concourse to making his way into the crowd (and making #SelfieKid an instant superstar) for the ending." She also considered it "is made for a TV experience" rather than for the public in the stadium, mainly for the sound quality difficulties, but also criticized him for including Rock Your Body in the set list.[19] From the same magazine, Nina Braca wrote "his moves were on point,"[17] and Andrew Ubterberger said two things were "relatively certain" about the performance. "most of America would love it, and most of the Internet would hate it," and added Timberlake was "in a situation that was both a can't-lose and a can't-win. It would've been virtually impossible for him to please the critics he'd alienated over the last couple years."[20] Also from Billboard, Andrew Unterberge wrote, "Timberlake's audio was somewhat lacking throughout...but the choreography, live-band energy and song selection were all pretty impeccable".[21]
Chris Willman of Variety stated that, "Timberlake turned in a more enjoyably physical performance than just about anybody else who's done the Bowl show… and if it was more a feat of athleticism than aestheticism, you can’t say that’s entirely inappropriate for the occasion."[22] Willman also wrote that the show, "wasn't one for the ages, but was impressive as a show of athleticism"[22]
Jon Caramanica of The New York Times wrote that Timberlake's performance was, "heavy on dance spectacle, light on vocal authority".[23] Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called the show, "energetic, but also entirely lacking in live excitement." Feinberg criticized the show for largely lacking spontaneity and live vocals. Feinberg wrote that Timberlake delivered, "one of the most over-planned, least surprising performances imaginable."[24] Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly graded Timberlake's performance a "C", calling it, "dutiful, and empty". Franich faulted Timberlake for playing too safe with his performance.[25] Similarly, Fran Guan of Vulture.com wrote, "Technically speaking, Timberlake’s set was a testament to precision". Guan, however, criticized Timberlake's performance from lacking in personality, and regarded his performance as unmemorable.[26]
The Guardian gave Timberlake 3 out of 5 stars, calling his performance forgettable but flashy.[27] In an interview with NPR, Ann Powers said that "the entire performance was shrouded in the sense of Timberlake not being right for this moment — and the Janet Jackson controversy haunted it."[28] Daniel D’Addarrio of Time.com gave the performance a negative review, criticizing Timberlake for singing Cry Me A River in addition to Rock Your Body, calling the song’s lyrics about an evil promiscuous woman out of step with the national mood, and said that the only message from Timberlake’s performance was that he loves his back catalog[29] Deadline felt "but you could see the motions more than you felt the music."[30] Chris Richards of The Washington Post regarded Timberlake’s performance as, “unambiguously underwhelming”.[31]
USA Today and Vulture compared Timberlake's performance unfavorably to Prince's own 2007 halftime show.[32][26] Amanda Petrusich of The New Yorker wrote that Timberlake’s decision to omit the end of "Rock Your Body" (which was performed during the controversial 2004 halftime) felt, “less like an apology than yet more spineless deflection”.[33] However, Andrew Unterberge of Billboard considered Timberlake's decision to cut the song short to be wise.[21] Timberlake's Stella McCartney-designed outfit received negative reviews, with some critics regarding it as "tacky".[17][24][19][21] The LA Times also gave a very critical review, one which also stated that Timberlake had nothing to say in his performance, and said that it lacked soul and meaning.[34] The Digital Journal gave him 2/5 stars and called it lackluster.[35]
Commercial reception[edit]
The Super Bowl LII halftime show was seen by 106.6 million television viewers in the United States, 9% less than Lady Gaga's in 2017. It had higher average viewership than the game itself, and the decline for the halftime show was roughly in line with that of the game as a whole, which had lost 7% compared to the previous year.[36]
According to initial sales reports from Nielsen Music, sales of the songs Timberlake performed during the halftime show gained 534% in the United States on February 4, the day of the Super Bowl, compared to Feb. 3, while his streams on Spotify gained 214%.[37][38] Janet Jackson likewise gained 150% on Spotify.[39]
Setlist[edit]
Timberlake performing alongside a video projection of Prince
"Filthy"
"Rock Your Body"
"Señorita"
"SexyBack" (with elements of "Supplies")
"My Love"
"Cry Me a River" (with elements of "Kashmir")
"Suit & Tie" (with elements of "Pusher Love Girl") (featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band)
"Until the End of Time"
"I Would Die 4 U" (along with a pre-recorded video of Prince, displayed on a projection screen)
"Mirrors"
"Can't Stop the Feeling!"
See also[edit]
2018 in American television
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Schad, Tom (October 22, 2017). "Justin Timberlake Headline Super Bowl LII Halftime Show". USA Today. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "No hologram, but still a Prince tribute in Justin Timberlake's halftime show". Star Tribune. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ NFL (February 4, 2018), Justin Timberlake’s FULL Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show! | NFL Highlights, retrieved February 5, 2018
^ Jump up to: a b "U of M Marching Band steals the halftime show". KARE. Retrieved 2018-02-06.
Jump up ^ "Justin Timberlake and everything but the football – Super Bowl half-time show as it happened". Guardian. 5 February 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl halftime show: Here's who Justin Timberlake's guest performers might be". CBS Sports. February 4, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Boren, Cindy (September 27, 2017). "Justin Timberlake reportedly 'finalizing' deal to headline Super Bowl LII halftime show". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Justin Timberlake Headlines Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halfitme Show". National Football League. October 22, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Aniftos, Rania (January 30, 2018). "The Parents Television Council Pens Open Letter to Justin Timberlake Asking to Keep Super Bowl Performance Appropriate'". Billboard. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Weatherby, Taylor (February 3, 2018). "Justin Timberlake Set to Deliver 'Mesmerizing' Super Bowl Halftime Show: Pepsi Execs Reveal It's 'Justin at His Best'". Billboard. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sebra, Matt (February 2, 2018). "Justin Timberlake Finally Gets the Super Bowl Halftime Show Outfit He Deserves". GQ. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Karmali, Sarah (February 2, 2018). "Justin Timberlake to wear Stella McCartney at the Super Bowl". Harper's Bazaar. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl 2018 Justin Timberlake press conference highlights". People. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Legaspi, Althea (February 5, 2018). "Super Bowl LII: Watch Justin Timberlake Honor Prince in Halftime Spectacle". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wilstein, Matt (February 5, 2018). "Prince's Family Approves of Justin Timberlake Super Bowl Halftime Tribute". The Daily Beast. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sheila E. says Justin Timberlake wasn't behind Prince hologram idea". TMZ. February 10, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Braca, Nina (February 5, 2018). "From 'Cry Me a River' to 'Can't Stop the Feeling!,' Justin Timberlake's 10 Best Live Performances: Critic's Picks". www.billboard.com. Billboard. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Miller, Bruce R. (February 4, 2018). "REVIEW: Justin Timberlake does a great Super Bowl job, even without NSYNC". Sioux City Journal. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Weatherby, Taylor (February 4, 2018). "Justin Timberlake's Super Bowl Halftime Show: 5 Takeaways From Seeing It In Person". Billboard. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Unterberger, Andrew (February 5, 2018). "Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits, Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh-of-Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance". Billboard. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Unterberge, Andrew (February 4, 2018). "Justin Timberlake Plays the Hits, Largely Avoids Controversy With Sigh-of-Relief Super Bowl LII Halftime Performance". www.billboard.com. Billboard. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Willman, Chris (February 4, 2018). "Halftime Review: Justin Timberlake Emerges Fumble-Free After Bad Pre-Game PR". Variety. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Caramanica, Jon (February 4, 2018). "Justin Timberlake Plays It Safe, Seeking Super Bowl Redemption". www.nytimes.com. New York Times. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Feinberg, Daniel (February 4, 2018). "Critic's Notebook: Justin Timberlake's Super Bowl Halftime Performance Is Light on Singing, Spontaneity". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 8, 2018. More than one of |website= and |work= specified (help)
Jump up ^ Franich, Darren (February 4, 2018). "Justin Timberlake's Super Bowl halftime show was dutiful, and empty: EW review". www.ew.com. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Guan, Fran (February 5, 2018). "It Was His Halftime Show, But Justin Timberlake Was the Least Memorable Musician at the Super Bowl". www.vulture.com. New York Magazine. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Nevins, Jake (February 5, 2018). "Justin Timberlake's Super Bowl performance: a forgettable but flashy medley of hits". the Guardian.
Jump up ^ "As The Pop World Seeks Accountability, Justin Timberlake Seems Lost In The Woods".
Jump up ^ "Justin Timberlake Was a Man in the Weeds at His Super Bowl Halftime Show". Time.
Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic (February 5, 2018). "Justin Timberlake's Botched Super Bowl Halftime Show Return Not Princely – Review".
Jump up ^ Richards, Chris (February 4, 2018). "This is how Justin Timberlake lost the Super Bowl". www.washingtonpost.com. Washington Post. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ McDermott, Maeve (February 5, 2018). "Compared with Prince's, Justin Timberlake's halftime show was a wimpy joke". www.usatoday. USA Today. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petrusich, Amanda (February 4, 2018). "Justin Timberlake's Super Bowl Halftime Show, Reviewed". www.newyorker.com. The New Yorker. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wood, Mikael. "Justin Timberlake had nothing to say at the Super Bowl and wouldn't stop saying it". latimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Review: Justin Timberlake lackluster at Super Bowl halftime performance (Includes first-hand account)". February 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic. "Eagles' 1st Super Bowl Win Draws 103.4M Viewers, Smallest Audience In Nine Years – Update". Deadline. Penske Business Media. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Caufield, Keith (February 5, 2018). "Justin Timberlake's Super Bowl Halftime Show Spurs 534% Sales Gain". Billboard. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Krzaczek, Katie (February 5, 2018). "Super Bowl Bump: Justin Timberlake Streams Jump 214 Percent on Spotify". Billboard. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Janet Jackson's Spotify Streams Surge After Super Bowl LII". February 5, 2018.
External links[edit]
Media related to Super Bowl LII halftime show at Wikimedia Commons
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Document
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For other uses, see Document (disambiguation).
This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting, or external linking. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Several common types of documents: a birth certificate, a legal document (a restraining order), and a bank statement
A document is a written, drawn, presented, or memorialized representation of thought. The word originates from the Latin documentum, which denotes a "teaching" or "lesson": the verb doceō denotes "to teach". In the past, the word was usually used to denote a written proof useful as evidence of a truth or fact. In the computer age, "document" usually denotes a primarily textual computer file, including its structure and format, e.g. fonts, colors, and images. Contemporarily, "document" is not defined by its transmission medium, e.g., paper, given the existence of electronic documents. "Documentation" is distinct because it has more denotations than "document". Documents are also distinguished from "realia", which are three-dimensional objects that would otherwise satisfy the definition of "document" because they memorialize or represent thought; documents are considered more as 2 dimensional representations.
Contents
[hide]
1 Abstract definitions
2 Kinds
3 Drafting
4 History
5 In law
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
Abstract definitions[edit]
The concept of "document" has been defined[by whom?] as "any concrete or symbolic indication, preserved or recorded, for reconstructing or for proving a phenomenon, whether physical or mental."[1]
An often cited article concludes that "the evolving notion of document" among Jonathan Priest, Otlet, Briet, Schürmeyer, and the other documentalists increasingly emphasized whatever functioned as a document rather than traditional physical forms of documents. The shift to digital technology would seem to make this distinction even more important. Levy's thoughtful analyses have shown that an emphasis on the technology of digital documents has impeded our understanding of digital documents as documents (e.g., Levy, 1994[2]). A conventional document, such as a mail message or a technical report, exists physically in digital technology as a string of bits, as does everything else in a digital environment. As an object of study, it has been made into a document. It has become physical evidence by those who study it.
"Document" is defined in library and information science and documentation science as a fundamental, abstract idea: the word denotes everything that may be represented or memorialized in order to serve as evidence. The classic example provided by Suzanne Briet is an antelope: "An antelope running wild on the plains of Africa should not be considered a document[;] she rules. But if it were to be captured, taken to a zoo and made an object of study, it has been made into a document. It has become physical evidence being used by those who study it. Indeed, scholarly articles written about the antelope are secondary documents, since the antelope itself is the primary document."[3] This opinion has been interpreted as an early expression of actor–network theory.
Kinds[edit]
Documents are sometimes classified as secret, private, or public. They may also be described as drafts or proofs. When a document is copied, the source is denominated the "original".
Standards are accepted for specific applications in various fields, e.g.:
Academia: manuscript, thesis, paper, and journal
Business: invoice, quote, RFP, proposal, contract, packing slip, manifest, report (detailed and summary), spread sheet, MSDS, waybill, bill of lading (BOL), financial statement, nondisclosure agreement (NDA), mutual nondisclosure agreement (MNDA), and user guide
Government, law, and politics: application, brief, certificate, commission, constitutional document, form, gazette, identity document, license, summons, and white paper
Media: mock-up and script
Such standard documents can be drafted based on a template.
Drafting[edit]
The page layout of a document is the manner in which information is graphically arranged in the space of the document, e.g., on a page. If the appearance of the document is of concern, page layout is generally the responsibility of a graphic designer. Typography concerns the design of letter and symbol forms and their physical arrangement in the document (see typesetting). Information design concerns the effective communication of information, especially in industrial documents and public signs. Simple textual documents may not require visual design and may be drafted only by an author, clerk, or transcriber. Forms may require a visual design for their initial fields, but not to complete the forms.
History[edit]
A birth certificate from 1859
Traditionally, the medium of a document was paper and the information was applied to it in ink, either by hand writing (to make a manuscript) or by mechanical process (e.g., a printing press or laser printer). Today, some short documents also may consist of sheets of paper stapled together.
Historically, documents were inscribed with ink on papyrus (starting in ancient Egypt) or parchment; scratched as runes or carved on stone using a sharp tool, e.g., the Tablets of Stone described in the Bible; stamped or incised in clay and then baked to make clay tablets, e.g., in the Sumerian and other Mesopotamian civilizations. The papyrus or parchment was often rolled into a scroll or cut into sheets and bound into a codex (book).
Contemporary electronic means of memorializing and displaying documents include:
Monitor of a desktop computer, laptop, tablet PC, et cetera; optionally with a printer to produce a hard copy;
Personal digital assistant (PDA);
Dedicated e-book device;
Electronic paper, typically, using the Portable Document Format (PDF);
Information appliance;
Digital audio player; and
Radio and television service provider.
Digital documents usually require a specific file format in order to be presentable in a specific medium.
In law[edit]
Documents in all forms frequently serve as material evidence in criminal and civil proceedings. The forensic analysis of such a document is within the scope of questioned document examination. For the purpose of cataloging and managing the large number of documents that may be produced during litigation, Bates numbering is often applied to all documents in the lawsuit so that each document has a unique, arbitrary, identification number.
See also[edit]
Archive
Book
Documentation
History of the book
Realia (library science)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Briet. 1951. 7. Quoted in Buckland, 1991.
Jump up ^ Levy, D. M. "Fixed or Fluid? Document Stability and New Media." 1994. In European Conference on Hypertext Technology 1994 Proceedings, pp. 24–31. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. Retrieved 18 October 2011 from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.119.8813&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Jump up ^ Buckland, M. "What Is a Digital Document?" 1998. In Document Numérique Paris. 2(2). [1].
Further reading[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Documents.
Briet, S. (1951). Qu'est-ce que la documentation? Paris: Documentaires Industrielles et Techniques.
Buckland, M. (1991). Information and information systems. New York: Greenwood Press.
Frohmann, Bernd (2009). Revisiting "what is a document?", Journal of Documentation, 65(2), 291-303.
Hjerppe, R. (1994). A framework for the description of generalized documents. Advances in Knowledge Organization, 4, 173-180.
Houser, L. (1986). Documents: The domain of library and information science. Library and Information Science Research, 8, 163-188.
Larsen, P.S. (1999). Books and bytes: Preserving documents for posterity. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(11), 1020-1027.
Lund, N. W. (2008). Document theory. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 43, 399-432.
Riles, A. (Ed.) (2006). Documents: Artifacts of Modern Knowledge. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI.
Schamber, L. (1996). What is a document? Rethinking the concept in uneasy times. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 47, 669-671.
Signer, Beat: What is Wrong with Digital Documents? A Conceptual Model for Structural Cross-Media Content Composition and Reuse, In Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (ER 2010), Vancouver, Canada, November 2010.
Smith, Barry. “How to Do Things with Documents”, Rivista di Estetica, 50 (2012), 179-198.
Smith, Barry. “Document Acts”,in Anita Konzelmann-Ziv, Hans Bernhard Schmid (eds.), 2013. Institutions, Emotions, and Group Agents.Contributions to Social Ontology (Philosophical Studies Series), Dordrecht: Springer
Ørom, A. (2007). The concept of information versus the concept of document. I: Document (re)turn. Contributions from a research field in transition. Ed. By Roswitha Skare, Niels Windfeld Lund & Andreas Vårheim. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. (pp. 53–72).
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