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Single-payer healthcare
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Single-payer healthcare is a healthcare system financed by taxes that covers the costs of essential healthcare for all residents, with costs covered by a single public system (hence 'single-payer'). [1][2] Alternatively, a multi-payer system is one in which private individuals or their employers obtain health coverage from multiple private or public sources. [3][4]
Single-payer systems may contract for healthcare services from private organizations (as is the case in Canada) or may own and employ healthcare resources and personnel (as is the case in the United Kingdom). "Single-payer" describes the mechanism by which healthcare is paid for by a single public authority, not the type of delivery or for whom physicians work, which may be public, private, or a mix of both. [5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Regions with single-payer systems
2.1 Canada
2.2 Taiwan
2.3 South Korea
3 Regions with 'Beveridge Model' systems
3.1 Scandinavia
3.2 United Kingdom
4 Regions with hybrid single-payer/private insurance systems
4.1 Australia
4.2 Spain
4.3 United States
4.3.1 National policies and proposals
4.3.2 State proposals
4.3.2.1 California
4.3.2.2 Colorado
4.3.2.3 Hawaii
4.3.2.4 Illinois
4.3.2.5 Massachusetts
4.3.2.6 Minnesota
4.3.2.7 Montana
4.3.2.8 New York
4.3.2.9 Oregon
4.3.2.10 Pennsylvania
4.3.2.11 Vermont
4.3.3 Public opinion
4.3.4 Advocacy groups
5 See also
6 References
7 Notes
Description[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2013)
Single-payer healthcare collects all medical fees and then pays for all services, by a single government (or government-related) source.[7]
In wealthy nations, that kind of publicly managed insurance is typically extended to all citizens and legal residents. Examples include the United Kingdom's National Health Service, Australia's Medicare, Canada's Medicare, and Taiwan's National Health Insurance.
The standard usage of the term "single-payer healthcare" refers to health insurance, as opposed to healthcare delivery, operating as a public service and offered to citizens and legal residents towards providing nearly universal or universal healthcare. The fund can be managed by the government directly or as a publicly owned and regulated agency.[7]. Single-payer contrasts with other funding mechanisms like 'multi-payer' (multiple public and/or private sources), 'two-tiered' (defined either as a public source with the option to use qualifying private coverage as a substitute, or as a public source for catastrophic care backed by private insurance for common medical care), and 'insurance mandate' (citizens are required to buy private insurance which meets a national standard and which is generally subsidized). Some systems combine elements of these four funding mechanisms.[8]
In contrast to the standard usage of the term, some writers describe all publicly administered systems as "single-payer plans," and others have described any system of healthcare which intends to cover the entire population, such as voucher plans, as "single-payer plans, " although these usages generally don't meet strict definitions of the term.[9]
Regions with single-payer systems[edit]
Main article: Health care system § International comparisons
Several nations worldwide have single-payer health insurance programs. These programs generally provide some form of universal healthcare, which is implemented in a variety of ways. In some cases doctors are employed, and hospitals are run by the government such as in the UK or Spain.[10][11] Alternatively, the government may purchase healthcare services from outside organizations, such as the approach taken in Canada.
Canada[edit]
Main article: Health care in Canada
See also: Canadian and American health care systems compared and Medicare (Canada)
Healthcare in Canada is delivered through a publicly funded healthcare system, which is mostly free at the point of use and has most services provided by private entities.[12] The system was established by the provisions of the Canada Health Act of 1984.[13] The government assures the quality of care through federal standards. The government does not participate in day-to-day care or collect any information about an individual's health, which remains confidential between a person and his or her physician.
Canada's provincially based Medicare systems are cost-effective partly because of their administrative simplicity. In each province, each doctor handles the insurance claim against the provincial insurer. There is no need for the person who accesses healthcare to be involved in billing and reclaim. Private insurance represents a minimal part of the overall system.
In general, costs are paid through funding from income taxes, except in British Columbia, the only province to impose a fixed monthly premium which is waived or reduced for those on low incomes.[14] A health card is issued by the Provincial Ministry of Health to each individual who enrolls for the program and everyone receives the same level of care.[15]
There is no need for a variety of plans because virtually all essential basic care is covered, including maternity and infertility problems. Depending on the province, dental and vision care may not be covered but are often insured by employers through private companies. In some provinces, private supplemental plans are available for those who desire private rooms if they are hospitalized.
Cosmetic surgery and some forms of elective surgery are not considered essential care and are generally not covered. These can be paid out-of-pocket or through private insurers. Health coverage is not affected by loss or change of jobs, as long as premiums are up to date, and there are no lifetime limits or exclusions for pre-existing conditions.
Pharmaceutical medications are covered by public funds or through employment-based private insurance.[16] Drug prices are negotiated with suppliers by the federal government to control costs. Family physicians (often known as general practitioners or GPs in Canada) are chosen by individuals. If a patient wishes to see a specialist or is counseled to see a specialist, a referral can be made by a GP.
Canadians do wait for some treatments and diagnostic services. Survey data shows that the median wait time to see a special physician is a little over four weeks with 89.5% waiting less than three months. The median wait time for diagnostic services such as MRI and CAT scans[note 1] is two weeks, with 86.4% waiting less than three months.[17] The median wait time for surgery is four weeks, with 82.2% waiting less than three months.[18]
While physician income initially boomed after the implementation of a single-payer program, a reduction in physician salaries followed, which many feared would be a long-term result of government-run healthcare. However, by the beginning of the 21st century, medical professionals were again among Canada's top earners.[19]
Taiwan[edit]
Main article: Healthcare in Taiwan
Healthcare in Taiwan is administrated by the Department of Health of the Executive Yuan. As with other developed economies, Taiwanese people are well-nourished but face such health problems as chronic obesity and heart disease.[20]
In 2002, Taiwan had nearly 1.6 physicians and 5.9 hospital beds per 1,000 population, and there were a total of 36 hospitals and 2,601 clinics in the country.[20] Health expenditures constituted 5.8 percent of the GDP in 2001, 64.9% of which coming from public funds.[20]
Despite the initial shock on Taiwan's economy from increased costs of expanded healthcare coverage, the single-payer system has provided protection from greater financial risks and has made healthcare more financially accessible for the population, resulting in a steady 70% public satisfaction rating.[21]
The current healthcare system in Taiwan, known as National Health Insurance (NHI), was instituted in 1995. NHI is a single-payer compulsory social insurance plan which centralizes the disbursement of health care funds. The system promises equal access to health care for all citizens, and the population coverage had reached 99% by the end of 2004.[22]
NHI is mainly financed through premiums, which are based on the payroll tax, and is supplemented with out-of-pocket payments and direct government funding. In the initial stage, fee-for-service predominated for both public and private providers. Most health providers operate in the private sector and form a competitive market on the health delivery side. However, many healthcare providers took advantage of the system by offering unnecessary services to a larger number of patients and then billing the government.
In the face of increasing loss and the need for cost containment, NHI changed the payment system from fee-for-service to a global budget, a kind of prospective payment system, in 2002. Taiwan's success with a single-payer health insurance program is owed, in part, to the country's human resources and the government's organizational skills, allowing for the effective and efficient management of the government-run health insurance program.[21]
South Korea[edit]
Main article: Healthcare in South Korea
South Korea used to have a multipayer Social health insurance universal healthcare system, similar to systems used in countries like Japan and Germany, with healthcare societies providing coverage for whole populace. Prior to 1977, the country had voluntary private health insurance, but reforms initiated in 1977 resulted in universal coverage by 1989. [23]. A major healthcare financing reform in 2000 merged all medical societies into the National Health Insurance Service. This new service became a single-payer healthcare system in 2004. [24]
Regions with 'Beveridge Model' systems[edit]
Scandinavia[edit]
The countries of Scandinavia are sometimes considered to have a single-payer health care services, as opposed to single-payer national health care insurance like Taiwan or Canada. This is a form of the 'Beveridge Model' of health care systems that features public health providers in addition to public health insurance. [25]
The term 'Scandinavian model' of health care systems has a few common features: largely public providers, limited private health coverage, and regionally-run, devolved systems with limited involvement from the central government.[26]. Due to this third characteristic, they can also be argued to be single-payer only on a regional level, or to be multi-payer systems, as opposed to the nationally run health coverage found in Canada, Taiwan and South Korea.
United Kingdom[edit]
Main article: Healthcare in the United Kingdom
As in Scandinavia, healthcare in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter, meaning England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales each have their own systems of private and publicly funded healthcare, generally referred to as the National Health Service (NHS). With largely private providers, this also fits into the 'Beveridge Model' of health care systems, sometimes considered to be single-payer, although unlike Scandinavia, there is a more significant role for both private coverage and providers. Each country's having different policies and priorities has resulted in a variety of differences existing between the systems.[27][28] That said, each country provides public healthcare to all UK permanent residents that is free at the point of use, being paid for from general taxation.
In addition, each also has a private sector which is considerably smaller than its public equivalent, with provision of private healthcare acquired by means of private health insurance, funded as part of an employer funded healthcare scheme or paid directly by the customer, though provision can be restricted for those with conditions such as AIDS/HIV.[29][30]
The individual systems are:
England: National Health Service
Northern Ireland: Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland (HSCNI)
Scotland: NHS Scotland
Wales: NHS Wales
In England, funding from general taxation is channeled through NHS England, which is responsible for commissioning mainly specialist services and primary care, and Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs), which manage 60% of the budget and are responsible for commissioning health services for their local populations.[31]
These commissioning bodies do not provide services themselves directly, but procure these from NHS Trusts and Foundation Trusts, as well as private, voluntary and social enterprise sector providers.[32]
Regions with hybrid single-payer/private insurance systems[edit]
Australia[edit]
Main article: Health care in Australia
Healthcare in Australia is provided by both private and government institutions. Medicare is the publicly funded universal health care venture in Australia. It was instituted in 1984 and coexists with a private health system. Medicare is funded partly by a 2% income tax levy (with exceptions for low-income earners), but mostly out of general revenue. An additional levy of 1% is imposed on high-income earners without private health insurance.[33]
As well as Medicare, there is a separate Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme that considerably subsidises a range of prescription medications. The Minister for Health administers national health policy, elements of which (such as the operation of hospitals) are overseen by individual states.
Spain[edit]
Main article: Spanish National Health System
Building upon less structured foundations, in 1963 the existence of a single-payer healthcare system in Spain was established by the Spanish government.[34] The system was sustained by contributions from workers, and covered them and their dependants.[35]
The universality of the system was established later in 1986. At the same time, management of public healthcare was delegated to the different autonomous communities in the country.[36] While previously this was not the case, in 1997 it was established that public authorities can delegate management of publicly funded healthcare to private companies.[37]
Additionally, in parallel to the single-payer healthcare system there are private insurers, which provide coverage for some private doctors and hospitals. Employers will sometimes offer private health insurance as a benefit, with 14.8% of the Spanish population being covered under private health insurance in 2013.[38][39]
In 2000, the Spanish healthcare system was rated by the World Health Organization as the 7th best in the world.
United States[edit]
Main article: Health care in the United States
Medicare in the United States is a single-payer healthcare system, but is restricted to persons over the age of 65, people under 65 who have specific disabilities, and anyone with End-Stage Renal Disease.[40]
A number of proposals have been made for a universal single-payer healthcare system in the United States, among them the United States National Health Care Act (popularly known as H.R. 676 or "Medicare for All") originally introduced in the House in February 2003 and repeatedly since.
Advocates argue that preventive healthcare expenditures can save several hundreds of billions of dollars per year because publicly funded universal healthcare would benefit employers and consumers, that employers would benefit from a bigger pool of potential customers and that employers would likely pay less, would be spared administrative costs, and inequities between employers would be reduced.
Advocates also argue that single-payer could benefit from a more fluid economy with increasing economic growth, aggregate demand, corporate profit, and quality of life.[41][42][43] Others have estimated a long-term savings amounting to 40% of all national health expenditures due to the extended preventive health care, although estimates from the Congressional Budget Office and The New England Journal of Medicine have found that preventive care is more expensive due to increased utilization.[44][45]
Any national system would be paid for in part through taxes replacing insurance premiums, but advocates also believe savings would be realized through preventive care and the elimination of insurance company overhead and hospital billing costs.[46]
A 2008 analysis of a single-payer bill by Physicians for a National Health Program estimated the immediate savings at $350 billion per year.[47] The Commonwealth Fund believes that, if the United States adopted a universal health care system, the mortality rate would improve and the country would save approximately $570 billion a year.[48]
Opponents argue single-payer does not translate into better health care. Instead, access to health care diminishes under single-payer systems, and the overall quality of care suffers. Opponents also claim that single-payer systems cause shortages of general physicians and specialists and reduce access to medical technology.[49]
National policies and proposals[edit]
Government is increasingly involved in U.S. health care spending, paying about 45% of the $2.2 trillion the nation spent on individuals' medical care in 2004. However, studies have shown that the publicly administered share of health spending in the U.S. may be closer to 60% as of 2002.[50]
According to Princeton University health economist Uwe Reinhardt, U.S. Medicare, Medicaid, and State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) represent "forms of 'social insurance' coupled with a largely private health-care delivery system" rather than forms of "socialized medicine." In contrast, he describes the Veterans Administration healthcare system as a pure form of socialized medicine because it is "owned, operated and financed by government."[51]
In a peer-reviewed paper published in the Annals of Internal Medicine, researchers of the RAND Corporation reported that the quality of care received by Veterans Administration patients scored significantly higher overall than did comparable metrics for patients currently using United States Medicare.[52]
The United States National Health Care Act is a perennial piece of legislation introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Representative John Conyers (D-MI).[53] The act would establish a universal single-payer health care system in the United States, the rough equivalent of Canada's Medicare, the United Kingdom's National Health Service, and Taiwan's Bureau of National Health Insurance, among other examples. The bill was first introduced in 2003 and has been reintroduced in each Congress since.[53] During the 2009 health care debates over the bill that became the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, H.R. 676 was expected to be debated and voted upon by the House in September 2009, but was never debated.[54][55] In the wake of Bernie Sanders' 2016 presidential campaign, in which a push for universal healthcare featured prominently, single-payer proposals gained traction. John Conyers reintroduced his bill in the House of Representatives in January 2017. Four months later, the bill was supported by 112 co-sponsors, surpassing for the first time the 25% mark of co-sponsorship.[56] In September of the same year, Bernie Sanders himself, together with 16 co-sponsors, introduced a Medicare-for-all bill in the Senate (S. 1804).[57]
The Congressional Budget Office and related government agencies scored the cost of a single-payer health care system several times since 1991. The General Accounting Office published a report in 1991 noting that "[I]f the US were to shift to a system of universal coverage and a single payer, as in Canada, the savings in administrative costs [10 percent of health spending] would be more than enough to offset the expense of universal coverage."[58]
The CBO scored the cost in 1991, noting that "the population that is currently uninsured could be covered without dramatically increasing national spending on health" and that "all US residents might be covered by health insurance for roughly the current level of spending or even somewhat less, because of savings in administrative costs and lower payment rates for services used by the privately insured."[59]
A CBO report in 1993 stated that "[t]he net cost of achieving universal insurance coverage under this single payer system would be negative" in part because "consumer payments for health would fall by $1,118 per capita, but taxes would have to increase by $1,261 per capita" in order to pay for the plan.[60] A July 1993 scoring also resulted in positive outcomes, with the CBO stating that, "[a]s the program was phased in, the administrative savings from switching to a single-payer system would offset much of the increased demand for health care services.
Later, the cap on the growth of the national health budget would hold the rate of growth of spending below the baseline."[61] The CBO also scored Sen. Paul Wellstone's American Health and Security Act of 1993 in December 1993, finding that "by year five (and in subsequent years) the new system would cost less than baseline."[62]
A 2014 study published in the journal BMC Medical Services Research by James Kahn, et al., found that the actual administrative burden of health care in the United States was 27% of all national health expenditures. The study examined both direct costs charged by insurers for profit, administration and marketing but also the indirect burden placed on health care providers like hospitals, nursing homes and doctors for costs they incurred in working with private health insurers including contract negotiations, financial and clinical record-keeping (variable and idiosyncratic for each payer).
Kahn, et al. estimate that the added cost for the private insurer health system in the US was about $471 billion in 2012 compared to a single-payer system like Canada's. This represents just over 20% of the total national healthcare expenditure in 2012. Kahn asserts that this excess administrative cost will increase under the Affordable Care Act with its reliance on the provision of health coverage through a multi-payer system.[63]
State proposals[edit]
Several single-payer state referendums and bills from state legislatures have been proposed, but with the exception of Vermont, all have failed.[64] In December 2014, Vermont canceled its plan for single-payer health care.[65]
California[edit]
California attempted passage of a single-payer bill as early as 1994, and the first successful passages of legislation through the California State Legislature, SB 840 or "The California Universal Healthcare Act" (authored by Sheila Kuehl), occurred in 2006 and again in 2008.[66][67] Both times, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger vetoed the bill.[68] State Senator Mark Leno has reintroduced the bill in each legislative session since.[69] In June 2017 the California State Senate passed a single-payer bill, SB-562, initiated by State Senator Ricardo Lara.[70] SB-562, The Healthy California Act, was sent to the State Assembly on June 23, 2017, but has been put on hold.[71]
Colorado[edit]
Main article: ColoradoCare
The Colorado State Health Care System Initiative, Amendment 69, was a citizen-initiated constitutional amendment proposal in November 2016 to vote on a single-payer healthcare system funded by a 10% payroll tax split 2:1 between employers and employees. This would have replaced the private health insurance premiums currently paid by employees and companies.[72] The ballot was rejected by 79% of the electorate.[73]
Hawaii[edit]
In 2009, the Hawaii state legislature passed a single-payer healthcare bill that was vetoed by Republican Governor Linda Lingle. While the veto was overridden by the legislature, the bill was not implemented.[74]
Illinois[edit]
In 2007, the Health Care for All Illinois Act was introduced and the Illinois House of Representatives' Health Availability Access Committee passed the single-payer bill favorably out of committee by an 8–4 vote. The legislation was eventually referred back to the House rules committee and not taken up again during that session.[75]
Massachusetts[edit]
Massachusetts had passed a universal healthcare program in 1986, but budget constraints and partisan control of the legislature resulted in its repeal before the legislation could be enacted.[76]
Question 4, a nonbinding referendum, was on the ballot in 14 state districts in November 2010, asking voters, "[S]hall the representative from this district be instructed to support legislation that would establish healthcare as a human right regardless of age, state of health or employment status, by creating a single payer health insurance system like Medicare that is comprehensive, cost effective, and publicly provided to all residents of Massachusetts?" The ballot question passed in all 14 districts that offered the question.[77][78]
Minnesota[edit]
The Minnesota Health Act, which would establish a statewide single-payer health plan, has been presented to the Minnesota legislature regularly since 2009. The bill was passed out of both the Senate Health Housing and Family Security Committee and the Senate Commerce and Consumer Protection Committee in 2009, but the House version was ultimately tabled.[79][80][81]
In 2010, the bill passed the Senate Judiciary Committee on a voice vote as well as the House Health Care & Human Services Policy and Oversight Committee.[82][83] In 2011, the bill was introduced as a two-year bill in both the Senate and House, but did not progress.[84][85] It has been introduced again in the 2013 session in both chambers.[86][87]
Montana[edit]
In September 2011, Governor Brian Schweitzer announced his intention to seek a waiver from the federal government allowing Montana to set up a single-payer healthcare system.[88] Governor Schweitzer was unable to implement single-payer health care in Montana, but did make moves to open government-run clinics, and in his final budget as governor, increased coverage for lower-income Montana residents.[89][90]
New York[edit]
New York State has been attempting passage of the New York Health Act, which would establish a statewide single-payer health plan, since 1992. The New York Health Act passed the Assembly four times: once in 1992 and again in 2015, 2016, and 2017, but has not yet advanced through the Senate after referrals to the Health Committee. On all occasions, the legislation passed the Assembly by an almost two-to-one ratio of support.[91][92][93]
Oregon[edit]
The state of Oregon attempted to pass single-payer healthcare via Oregon Ballot Measure 23 in 2002, and the measure was rejected by a significant majority.[94]
Pennsylvania[edit]
The Family Business and Healthcare Security Act has been introduced in the Pennsylvania legislature numerous times, but has never been able to pass.[95][96][97]
Vermont[edit]
Main article: Vermont health care reform
In December 2014, Vermont canceled its plan for single-payer healthcare.[65] Vermont passed legislation in 2011 creating Green Mountain Care.[98] When Governor Peter Shumlin signed the bill into law, Vermont became the first state to functionally have a single-payer health care system.[99] While the bill is considered a single-payer bill, private insurers can continue to operate in the state indefinitely, meaning it does not fit the strict definition of single-payer.
Representative Mark Larson, the initial sponsor of the bill, has described Green Mountain Care's provisions "as close as we can get [to single-payer] at the state level."[100][101] Vermont abandoned the plan in 2014, citing costs and tax increases as too high to implement.[102]
Public opinion[edit]
Advocates for single-payer point to support in polls, although the polling is mixed depending on how the question is asked.[103] Polls from Harvard University in 1988, the Los Angeles Times in 1990, and the Wall Street Journal in 1991 all showed strong support for a health care system comparable to the system in Canada.[104][105][106]
More recently, however, polling support has declined.[103][107] A 2007 Yahoo/AP poll showed a majority of respondents considered themselves supporters of "single-payer health care," and a plurality of respondents in a 2009 poll for Time Magazine showed support for "a national single-payer plan similar to Medicare for all."[108][109] Polls by Rasmussen Reports in 2011 and 2012 showed pluralities opposed to single-payer healthcare.[110][111]
A 2001 article in the public health journal Health Affairs studied fifty years of American public opinion of various health care plans and concluded that, while there appears to be general support of a "national health care plan," poll respondents "remain satisfied with their current medical arrangements, do not trust the federal government to do what is right, and do not favor a single-payer type of national health plan."[107]
Politifact rated a statement by Michael Moore "false" when he stated that "[t]he majority actually want single-payer health care." According to Politifact, responses on these polls largely depend on the wording. For example, people respond more favorably when they are asked if they want a system "like Medicare."[103]
Poll source
Date(s)
administered
Question asked/
summary
For
[show]Against
Harvard University/Haris[112] 1988 Choice between Canadian system in which "the government pays most of the cost of health care for everyone out of taxes and the government sets all fees charged by hospitals and doctors…" and US system. 61% N/A
Los Angeles Times[112] 1990 In the Canadian system of national health insurance, the government pays most of the cost of health care out of taxes and the government sets all fees charged by doctors and hospitals. Under the Canadian system – which costs the taxpayers less than the American system – people can choose their own doctors and hospitals. On balance, would you prefer the Canadian system or the system we have here in the United States? 66% N/A
Wall Street Journal/NBC[112] 1991 Do you favor or oppose the US having a universal government-paid health care system like they have in Canada? 69% 20%
Washington Post/ABC News[113] October 2003 Which would you prefer – (the current health insurance system in the United States, in which most people get their health insurance from private employers, but some people have no insurance); or (a universal health insurance program, in which everyone is covered under a program like Medicare that's run by the government and financed by taxpayers?) 62% 33%
Civil Society Institute[112] 2004 Other major nations, such as Canada and England, guarantee their citizens health insurance on the job, through government programs, or via a nonprofit source. Would it be a good or bad idea for the United States to adopt the same approach to providing health care to everyone? 67% 27%
New York Times/CBS News[114] February 2007 Do you think the federal government should guarantee health insurance for all Americans, or isn't this the responsibility of the federal government? 64% 27%
CNN[115] May 2007 Do you think the government should provide a national health insurance program for all Americans, even if this would require higher taxes? 64% 35%
Los Angeles Times/Bloomberg News[103][116] October 2007 Whether people supported a "government-run, government-financed health insurance program that would cover all Americans. This program would be administered like the current Medicare for citizens 65 and over." 54% 36%
Associated Press/Yahoo[117] December 2007 Do you consider yourself a supporter of a single-payer health care system, that is a national health plan financed by taxpayers in which all Americans would get their insurance from a single government plan, or not? 54% 44%
New York Times/CBS News[118] February 2009 59% say the government should provide national health insurance, including 49% who say such insurance should cover all medical problems. 59% 32%
Quinnipiac University (in FL, OH and PA)[119] April 2008 Do you think it's the government's responsibility to make sure that everyone in the United States has adequate health-care, or don't you think so? 64%–FL 62%–OH 65%–PA 32%–FL 34%–OH 31%–PA
Time Magazine[120] July 2009 Would you favor or oppose a program that creates a national single-payer plan similar to Medicare for all, in which the government would provide healthcare insurance to all Americans? 49% 46%
Kaiser Family Foundation[121] July 2009 Do you favor or oppose, "Having a national health plan in which all Americans would get their insurance through an expanded, universal form of Medicare-for all?" 58% 38%
Rasmussen Reports[122] October 2011 Do you favor or oppose a single-payer health care system where the federal government provides coverage for everyone? 35% 49%
Rasmussen Reports[123] December 2012 Do you favor or oppose a single-payer health care system where the federal government provides coverage for everyone? 40% 44%
Advocacy groups[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2014)
Physicians for a National Health Program, the American Medical Student Association, Healthcare-NOW!, and the California Nurses Association are among advocacy groups that have called for the introduction of a single-payer healthcare program in the United States.[124][125][126]
A 2007 study published in the Annals of Internal Medicine found that 59% of physicians "supported legislation to establish national health insurance" while 9% were neutral on the topic, and 32% opposed it.[127]
See also[edit]
Health care reform debate in the United States
International comparisons of health care systems – tabular comparisons of the US, Canada, and other countries not shown above.
The Kucinich Amendment, an amendment to the America's Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009 which would have empowered the Secretary of Health and Human Services to waive the federal law that pre-empts state law on employee-related health care.
National health insurance
Public health insurance option ("the public option")
All payer healthcare
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^ Jump up to: a b "House Reps Introduce Medicare-for-All Bill" Becker's Hospital Review, Feb. 14, 2013
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^ Jump up to: a b "Governor abandons single-payer health care plan", Associated Press, December 17, 2014
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Jump up ^ Associated Press: Governor abandons single-payer health care plan. December 17, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Michael Moore claims a majority favor a single-payer health care system". PolitiFact. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Harvard/Harris poll: Robert J. Blendon et al., “Views on health care: Public opinion in three nations,” Health Affairs, Spring 1989; 8(1) 149–57.
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^ Jump up to: a b Health Affairs, Volume 20, No. 2. "Americans' Views on Health Policy: A Fifty-Year Historical Perspective." March/April 2001. http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/20/2/33.full.pdf+html
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^ Jump up to: a b c d "Two-thirds of Americans support Medicare-for-all," PNHP.
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Jump up ^ "THE ASSOCIATED PRESS-YAHOO POLL" (PDF). Yahoo.com. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "AMERICAN PUBLIC OPINION: TODAY VS. 30 YEARS AGO" (PDF). CBS News. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Quinnipiac University – Office of Public Affairs (April 2, 2008). "Question 9: "Do you think it's the government's responsibility to make sure that everyone in the United States has adequate health-care, or don't you think so?"". Quinnipiac.edu. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
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Jump up ^ Single-payer, or Medicare for all, is the way to go from the California Nurses Association / National Nurses Organizing Committee.
Jump up ^ Carroll AE, Ackerman RT (April 2008). "Support for National Health Insurance among U.S. Physicians: 5 years later". Ann. Intern. Med. 148 (7): 566–67. PMID 18378959. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-148-7-200804010-00026.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Diagnostic tests defined as the following: non-emergency magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices; computed tomography (CT or CAT) scans; and angiographies that use X-rays to examine the inner opening of blood-filled structures such as veins and arteries.
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text:
Trolls: The Beat Goes On!
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Trolls: The Beat Goes On!
Genre
Fantasy
Musical
Comedy
Based on
Trolls
by DreamWorks Animation
Developed by
Matthew Beans
Voices of
Amanda Leighton
Skylar Astin
Ron Funches
Kari Wahlgren
David Flynn
Sam Lerner
David Koechner
Sean T. Krishnan
Kevin Michael Richardson
Fryda Wolff
Walt Dohrn
Theme music composer
Jeannie Lurie, Mia Minichiello, and Matias Mora
Opening theme
"Hair in the Air"
by Amanda Leighton and Skylar Astin
Composer(s)
Alex Geringas
Alana Da Fonseca (original songs)
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
2
No. of episodes
13
Production
Executive producer(s)
Matthew Beans
Producer(s)
Frank Molieri (supervising)
Running time
22 minutes (half-hours)
11 minutes (segments)
Production company(s)
DreamWorks Animation Television
Release
Original network
Netflix (Worldwide)
Pop (UK)
ABC Me (Australia)
Family Channel (Canada)
DreamWorks Channel (Asia & MENA)
Original release
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19) – present (present)
External links
Website
Trolls: The Beat Goes On! is a 2018 American animated television series produced by DreamWorks Animation that is based on the 3D computer-animated musical romantic comedy film Trolls. The series premiered on Netflix on January 19, 2018 exclusively in the United States, Canada, Latin America, United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, the Nordics, Benelux, and France.[1] Amanda Leighton, Skylar Astin, Kari Wahlgren, Sam Lerner, David Kaye, David Fynn, Sean T. Krishnan, Kevin Michael Richardson, and Fryda Wolff provide the new voices for Poppy, Branch, Bridget, King Gristle, King Peppy, Biggie, Guy Diamond, Smidge, and DJ Suki and Satin & Chenille for this series respectively; only Ron Funches and Walt Dohrn reprise their roles as Cooper and Cloud Guy, also respectively.[2] Matt Lowe also voices Creek in the series, who returns in "Creek Week".
Matthew Beans developed the series, with music from Alex Geringas and original songs by Alana Da Fonseca.[3] 52 11-minute segments have been made, according to the promotional poster. James Zahn of The Rock Father confirmed that there would be a second season.[4] It was streamed on March 9 and consists of seven episodes.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast and characters
3 Episodes
3.1 Season 1 (2018)
3.2 Season 2 (2018)
4 Soundtrack
4.1 Songs
5 Broadcast
6 Home media
7 References
8 External links
Plot
The show picks up where the film Trolls left off; the series will follow Queen Poppy, her boyfriend Branch, the Snack Pack and the other Trolls, and their Bergen pals, as they experience everyday life in Troll Village.
Cast and characters
Skylar Astin as Branch, an over-cautious Troll survivalist, and Queen Poppy's boyfriend.
Amanda Leighton as Poppy, the optimistic queen of the Trolls, and Branch's girlfriend.
Kari Wahlgren as Bridget, Poppy's best friend.
Wahlgren also voices Bernice, a Bergen, Bella Brightly,a troll, Harper, another troll who is very artistic, Mags Gumdrop and Old Lady Bergen.
Sam Lerner as King Gristle, the leader of the Bergens.
Sean T. Krishnan as Guy Diamond, a glittery, silver naked troll with a highly Auto-tuned voice
Kevin Michael Richardson as Smidge, a troll with an extremely deep voice.
Richardson also voices Groth, a Bergen, and Chad and Todd, the guards of the Royal Bergen family, Eyestalk, Maitre D', Foreman and Klaus Von Frousting.
Fryda Wolff as DJ Suki, the Trolls' resident disk jockey, Satin and Chenille, twins who are joined by their hair, Dr. Moonbloom, Gemma Fur and Gia Grooves.
David Fynn as Biggie, a chubby, friendly troll, and Mr. Dinkles, his pet worm.
Ron Funches as Cooper, a giraffe-like troll who walks on all fours.
Walt Dohrn as Cloud Guy, an anthropomorphic cloud who often makes fun of Branch.
Matt Lowe as Creek, a troll with zen-like wisdom.
David Kaye as King Peppy, the former leader of the Trolls.
Declan Churchil Carter as Keith, a young troll.
Abby Ryder Fortson as Priscilla, a young troll.
Gary Cole as Sky Toronto, the boss and owner of Sky Toronto's Party Shop
Utkarsh Ambudkar as Master Controll, a troll.
Arnie Pantoja as Archer Pastry, a glitter troll.
Sainty Nelsen as Nova Swift.
David Koechner as Buzby, a Bergen.
Pat Pinney as Nangus, a Bergen who is in charge of the dungeon.
Episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally released
1 6 January 19, 2018
2 7 March 9, 2018
Season 1 (2018)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
1a
1a "A New Bergen-ing" Allan Jacobson, Spencer Laudiero, and Jim Mortensen Story by : Hannah Friedman
Teleplay by : Matthew Beans
Storyboard by : Marcelo De Souza, Naz Ghodrati-Azadi, Ruolin Li, Howie Perry, Stan Ruiz, and Sang Eun Song January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)
Queen Poppy invites the Bergens to a party, leaving the other trolls horrified.
1b
1b "Laugh-Out Cloud" Alex Almaguer and Howie Perry Written by : Matt Ackels
Storyboard by : Noel Belknap January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)
Cloud Guy offers to end a drought, but only if Branch becomes his best friend for a day.
2a
2a "Two-Party System" Spencer Laudiero and Jim Mortensen Written by : Matt Ackels
Storyboard by : Dennis Messner, Stan Ruiz, and Sang Eun Song January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)
Poppy faces a dilemma after she learns that Bridget and Branch both share the same birthday.
2b
2b "Fun Branch" Alex Almaguer Written by : Nate Federman
Storyboard by : Sang Eun Song January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)
Branch invites the Snack Pack into his bunker in order to prove he's fun.
3a
3a "Royal Review" Naz Ghodrati-Azadi Written by : Caitlin Meares
Storyboard by : Kevin Frank January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)
A nervous Poppy awaits for her performance as queen.
3b
3b "Funishment" Spencer Laudiero and Jim Mortensen Written by : Elaine Carroll
Storyboard by : Onno De Jong, Marcelo De Souza, Ian Freedman, and Howie Perry January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)
Poppy has to implement discipline in her kingdom when Cooper accidentally steals a Bergen's pie.
4a
4a "Bad News Bergens" Naz Ghodrati-Azadi Written by : Marissa Berlin
Storyboard by : Ruolin Li January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)
Poppy signs the trolls up for Bergenball.
4b
4b "Unhealthy Competition" Alex Almaguer Written by : Marissa Berlin
Storyboard by : Noel Belknap January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)
Smidge's stoutberry juice and Guy Diamond's Glitterade are rivaled.
5a
5a "Cloudy with a Chance of Hugs" Jim Mortensen Written by : John D'Arco
Storyboard by : Marcelo De Souza January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)
When Poppy and Cloud Guy hang out on Hug Day (a day where Trolls can only hug one another), a jealous Branch fears that Poppy's hug will be gone.
5b
5b "Creek Week" Brian Hatfield and Spencer Laudiero Written by : Julia Miranda
Storyboard by : Stan Ruiz and Portlynn Tagavi January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)
After he survived being eaten at the end of Trolls, a reformed Creek returns to Troll Village.
6a
6a "The Giver" Naz Ghodrati-Azadi and Bryan Newton Written by : John D'Arco
Storyboard by : Ruolin Li January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)
Poppy must figure out who left some gifts every harvest moon.
6b
6b "Bellow Bug Day" Alex Almaguer Written by : Nate Federman
Storyboard by : Noel Belknap January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)
Things go from bad to worse when Poppy tries to fix a holiday.
Season 2 (2018)
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
7a
1a "Prank Day" Alex Almaguer Written by : John D'Arco, Nate Federman and Alex Reid
Storyboard by : Noel Belknap, Yaron Farkash and Portlynn Tagavi March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)
This Prank Day, Poppy and Branch must outprank each other in order to earn the title of "Prank Master".
7b
1b "Adventures in Dinkles-Sitting" Naz Ghodrati-Azadi Written by : Cam Baity
Storyboard by : Ruolin Li March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)
Poppy and Branch agree to babysit Mr. Dinkles, but things take a detour (for Branch, anyway).
8a
2a "Eye'll Be Watching You" Alex Almaguer Story by : Hannah Friedman and Sam Friedman
Teleplay by : Matthew Beans
Storyboard by : Noel Belknap, Howie Perry and Sang Eun Song March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)
Branch creates a safety monitor for the village.
8b
2b "Sorry Not Sorry" Naz Ghodrati-Azadi Written by : Marissa Berlin
Storyboard by : Kevin Frank March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)
After upsetting Bridget—and to think that Bergens apologize—Gristle seeks help from Poppy on doing so.
9a
3a "Big Poppy" Alex Almaguer Written by : Matthew Beans
Storyboard by : Amy Mai March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)
Poppy competes at a rap battle in order to save DJ Suki's show.
9b
3b "Neighbor War" Brian Hatfield Written by : Alex Reid
Storyboard by : Fabien Tong and Portlynn Tagavi March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)
Branch's plans go wrong when it comes to drive Sky Toronto away.
10a
4a "Remote Out of Control" Brian Hatfield and Zesung Kang Written by : Nate Federman and Alex Reid
Storyboard by : Marcelo De Souza and Portlynn Tagavi March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)
Smidge, Guy, Cooper and Biggie steal Branch's remote control—whom he dubs it "Gary"—and take it out for a spin.
10b
4b "Critter Comfort" Naz Ghodrati-Azadi Written by : Matthew Beans and Nate Federman
Storyboard by : Kevin Frank and Pat Pakula March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)
It doesn't help matters when Poppy "helps" a bunch of Swampkins.
11a
5a "The Poppy Horror Picture Show" Naz Ghodrati-Azadi and Brian Hatfield Written by : Julia Miranda
Storyboard by : Kevin Frank March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)
A scary story frightens Biggie so much, he hides away.
11b
5b "Dinkles Dinkles Little Star" Brian Hatfield, Spencer Laudiero and Greg Miller Written by : Matt Ackels
Storyboard by : Marcelo De Souza March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)
Biggie hires a confidence coach to include Mr. Dinkles in a pet show.
12a
6a "The Party Games" Naz Ghodrati-Azadi Written by : John D'Arco and Alex Reid
Storyboard by : Ruolin Li March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)
Guy is dumbfounded when a new Party Games contestant arrives.
12b
6b "Trolly Tales" Alex Almaguer Written by : Nate Federman and Alex Reid
Storyboard by : Amy Mai March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)
On the kids' first day in the library, Branch and Poppy relive some old tales.
13a
7a "Model Behavior" Alex Almaguer Written by : John D'Arco
Storyboard by : Yaron Farkash March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)
Satin and Chenille put on a fashion show.
13b
7b "Pillow War" Jim Mortensen Written by : Nate Federman
Storyboard by : Pat Pakula and Fabien Tong March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)
The village puts on a pillow fight in order for one to win the very comfortable Pillow of Destiny.
Soundtrack
DreamWorks Trolls - The Beat Goes On! (Music From the TV Series)
Soundtrack album by Cast of Trolls: The Beat Goes On!
Released
March 16, 2018
Genre
Soundtrack
Length
34:00
Label
RCA Records
Songs
All tracks written by Da Fonseca and Yaeger except written.
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length
1. "Hair In The Air" Jeannie Lurie, Mia Minichiello, and Matias Mora Amanda Leighton, Skylar Astin, and Ensemble 2:16
2. "Happily Ever After" Leighton, Astin, and Ensemble 2:34
3. "One and Only Love" Kari Wahlgren, Sam Lerner 2:22
4. "Sunshine All the Time" Fryda Wolff 2:35
5. "Best Day Ever" Leighton 2:32
6. "Party On" Kevin Michael Richardson 2:20
7. "Forgive Me (Show Version)" Astin 2:24
8. "Move Ya Body" Walt Dohrn 2:42
9. "The Other Side of the Storm" Leighton, Astin 2:58
10. "Happy Prank Day" Leighton, Ensemble Cast 2:18
11. "Rap Battle Suite" Leighton, Richardson, Utkarsh Ambudkar, David Fynn 2:15
12. "Dance It Out" Leighton 2:49
13. "The Winners" Leighton 2:22
14. "Forgive Me (Remix)" Astin 2:22
Broadcast
The series was released internationally on Netflix. It was also released in the United Kingdom on Pop, in Australia on ABC Me, and in Canada on Family.
Home media
A DVD collection of all the season 1 episodes, titled Trolls: The Beat Goes On!: Season 1 was released on DVD on 2018 by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment.
References
Jump up ^ Animation Magazine. "'DreamWorks Trolls Holiday' Musical Special Set for NBC". Animation Magazine. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "TV - Trolls". DreamWorks Animation. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ Animation Magazine. "DreamWorks & Netflix Plan 6 New Series, Date 'Trolls' Toon". Animation Magazine. Retrieved December 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ James Zahn (January 19, 2018). "Trolls: The Beat Goes On! The Toys of Troll Village and a New Behind-the-Scenes Featurette!". The Rock Father. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ McLean, Tom (February 23, 2018). "'DreamWorks Trolls' Returns March 9 with 7 New Episodes". Animation World Network. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
External links
Official website at DreamWorks TV
Official website at Netflix
Trolls: The Beat Goes On! on IMDb
[show]
v
t
e
Trolls
Animated
Trollz (2005)
Trolls (2016)
Trolls Holiday (2017)
Trolls: The Beat Goes On! (2018)
Video games
Trolls (1992)
Super Troll Islands (1994)
[show]
v
t
e
DreamWorks Animation
A subsidiary of NBCUniversal, a Comcast company
Feature
films
Antz (1998)
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The Road to El Dorado (2000)
Joseph: King of Dreams (2000)
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Shrek 2 (2004)
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Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (2012)
Rise of the Guardians (2012)
The Croods (2013)
Turbo (2013)
Mr. Peabody & Sherman (2014)
How to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014)
Penguins of Madagascar (2014)
Home (2015)
Kung Fu Panda 3 (2016)
Trolls (2016)
The Boss Baby (2017)
Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie (2017)
Produced with
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specials
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Trolls Holiday (2017)
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B.O.B.'s Big Break (2009)
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Gift of the Night Fury (2011)
Book of Dragons (2011)
Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Masters (2011)
Puss in Boots: The Three Diablos (2012)
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People
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Subsidiaries
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DreamWorks Classics
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Pearl Studio
Related
topics
Amblimation
DreamWorks
DreamWorks Records
DreamWorks Television
DreamWorks Interactive
Go Fish Pictures
In amusement parks
DreamWorks Experience
Pacific Data Images
List of DreamWorks Animation programs
List of unproduced DreamWorks Animation projects
[show]
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Ended
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List of women CEOs of Fortune 500 companies
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of Women CEOs of the Fortune 500, based on the magazine's 2017 list.[1][2] As of the date of publication, women held 6.4 percent of Fortune 500 CEO roles. The list will be updated again in 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Fortune 500 (32 CEOs)
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Fortune 500 (32 CEOs)[edit]
CEO
Company
2017 Fortune 500 ranking
1 Mary Barra General Motors 8
2 Ginni Rometty[3] IBM 32
3 Indra Nooyi[4] PepsiCo 44
4 Marillyn Hewson[5] Lockheed Martin 56
5 Meg Whitman Hewlett Packard Enterprise 59
6 Safra A. Catz Oracle Corporation 81
7 Phebe Novakovic General Dynamics 90
8 Irene Rosenfeld[6] Mondelēz International 109
9 Tricia Griffith Progressive Corporation 120
10 Lynn Good[7] Duke Energy 121
11 Shira Goodman[8] Staples Inc. 140
12 Geisha Williams Pacific Gas and Electric Company 157
13 Margaret M. Keane Synchrony Financial 185
14 Deanna M. Mulligan The Guardian Life Insurance Company of America 218
15 Barbara Rentler Ross Stores 219
16 Debra Crew[9] Reynolds American 223
17 Anna Manning Reinsurance Group of America 246
18 Vicki Hollub[10] Occidental Petroleum 278
19 Debra L. Reed Sempra Energy 280
20 Kathryn V. Marinello Hertz Global Holdings 296
21 Kimberly S. Bowers CST Brands 306
22 Mary Laschinger Veritiv Corporation 331
23 Denise Morrison[11] Campbell Soup 339
24 Michele Buck[12] The Hershey Company 369
25 Patti Poppe[13] CMS Energy 419
26 Kathleen Mazzarella Graybar 420
27 Sheri McCoy[14] Avon Products 444
28 Ilene S. Gordon Ingredion 456
29 Margo Georgiadis[15] Mattel 474
30 Beth E. Mooney KeyBank 479
31 Jacqueline Hinman CH2M Hill 494
32 Marissa Mayer Yahoo! 498
See also[edit]
Fortune 500
List of Fortune 500 Computer Software and Information Companies
40 under 40
References[edit]
Jump up ^ url=http://fortune.com/2015/06/29/female-ceos-fortune-500-barra/?iid=sr-link9
Jump up ^ url=http://beta.fortune.com/fortune500/list
Jump up ^ "Virginia M. Rometty Elected IBM President and CEO; Samuel J. Palmisano Continues as Chairman". IBM. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Indra K. Nooyi". PepsiCo, Inc. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lockheed Martin Board Elects Marillyn Hewson CEO & President And Member Of The Board". Lockheed Martin. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "About Irene Rosenfeld Chairman and CEO". Mondelēz International. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Duke Energy names new CEO". Usatoday.com. 2013-06-18. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Staples names Shira Goodman as president and CEO - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
Jump up ^ "Tobacco Giant Reynolds American Just Named Debra Crew Its New CEO". Fortune. Retrieved 2017-04-05.
Jump up ^ "Occidental Petroleum Names Vicki A. Hollub Chief Executive Officer | Occidental Petroleum Corporation". newsroom.oxy.com. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
Jump up ^ "Denise Morrison President and Chief Executive Officer". Campbell Soup. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hershey names 11-year vet Michele Buck to CEO post". Fortune. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
Jump up ^ "CMS Energy and Consumers Energy President and CEO John Russell to Retire; Patti Poppe Named President and CEO". www.cmsenergy.com. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
Jump up ^ "Executive Leadership". Avon Products. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mattel Taps Google Executive to Lead Toy Maker". Fortune. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
External links[edit]
The Fortune 500
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_women_CEOs_of_Fortune_500_companies&oldid=811129920"
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