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Pune Municipal Corporation
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Pune Munincipal Corporation
Puṇe Mahānagarpālikā (Marathi)
Type
Type
Municipal Corporation
History
Founded
15 February 1950[1]
Preceded by
Pune Municipal Council (1857-1950)[2]
Leadership
Municipal Commissioner
Saurabh Rao, IAS[3][4]
Mayor
Mukta Tilak (BJP)[5][6]
Deputy Mayor[8]
Siddharth Dhende
(RPI (A))[7]
Structure
Seats
162
Political groups
BJP: 97 seats
Shiv Sena: 10 seats
NCP: 39 seats
Congress: 9 seats
MNS: 2 seats
AIMIM: 1 seat
Independents: 4 seat
Committees
Standing Committee, Ward Committees (15), Law Committee, City Development Committee, Women and Child Welfare Committee, Sports Committee
Elections
Voting system
First-past-the-post voting
First election
1952[9]
Last election
21 February 2017[10]
Next election
February 2022 (expected)
Motto
"वरं जनहितं ध्येयम" (Sanskrit)
Varam janahitam dhyeyama (IAST)
"For welfare of the public"
Meeting place
PMC Building, Shivajinagar, Pune
Website
Pune Municipal Corporation
The Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC, Marathi (IAST): Puṇe Mahānagarpālikā) is the civic body that governs Pune, the second largest city of Maharashtra. PMC is in charge of the civic needs and infrastructure of the metropolis. Established on 15 February 1950,[11] the executive power of the corporation is vested in the Municipal Commissioner, an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer appointed by the Government of Maharashtra. The position is held by Saurabh Rao since April 2018.[12][13] The general body of the corporation consists of 162 directly elected councilors, popularly known as "corporators", headed by a mayor.[14] Mukta Tilak (BJP) was elected as the mayor and Navanth Kamble (RPI (A)) as the deputy mayor by the newly elected general body in March 2017. Tilak is the first member of the BJP to hold the position.[15] Following Kamble's demise while in office,[16] Siddharth Dhende of the RPI (A) was elected as the deputy mayor in June 2017.[17]
Contents
[hide]
1 Administration area and responsibilities
2 Administration
2.1 Executive Branch
2.1.1 Administrative Zones
2.2 Deliberative Branch
2.2.1 Committees
3 Municipal Elections
3.1 Elections 2017
3.1.1 Bypolls
3.2 Elections 2012
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Administration area and responsibilities[edit]
The city comes under the Pune City taluka of Pune District, Maharashtra. The Collector is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the Central government. Appointed by the State government, the Collector also function as the election officer and conducts general as well as state elections in the city.[18] The Pune Police is the law enforcement agency in the city and answers to the Ministry of Home Affairs of the GoM. It is headed by a Police Commissioner, an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer.
In July 2017, eleven villages surrounding the city were merged in PMC bringing an additional area of 80.7 sq. km. and a population of 278,000 under the civic body's jurisdiction. PMC now governs a total area of 331.26 sq. km.[19][20] The merged villages include: Uruli Devachi, Phursungi, Bavdhan Budruk, Lohegaon (remaining), Hadapsar (Sadesatra Nali), Mundhwa (Keshavnagar area), Shivane (remaining), Dhayari (remaining), Undri, Ambegaon Khurda and Ambegaon Budruk. This merger was preceded by the merger of 23 villages in 1997.[21][22]
To serve citizens better, PMC has taken initiative for e-Governance. Presently a few big corporations like Persistent Systems are lending help for developing the E-governance system, as a part of their social service initiative[citation needed]. A public-private partnership is perceived to bring tremendous changes in the future[citation needed].
Administration[edit]
The major responsibility of PMC is to look after the civic and infrastructural needs of the citizens. The administration consists of two major branches: the excutive branch headed by the Municipal Commissioner and the deliberative branch headed by the Mayor.[23][24]
Executive Branch[edit]
The executive branch is headed by the Municipal Commissioner appointed by the State government from the Indian Administrative Service for a term not exceeding three years according to Section 36 of the Maharashtra Municipal Corporation Act, 1949.[25] Additional Municipal Commissioner(s) assist the Municipal Commissioner in the administration of the departments deputed to them. As of April 2018, there are three Additional Commissioners supervising the general, special and estate administration of the city. Each of these categories consist of several departments.[23] The Municipal Commissioner also serves on the boards of directors of the two public transport companies, PMPML and MahaMetro.[26][27][28]
Administrative Zones[edit]
For the convenience of administration, the city is divided into five zones each headed by a Deputy Municipal Commissioner. Each zone consists of three ward offices (Marathi: क्षेत्रिय कार्यालय, IAST: Kṣhetriya Kāryālay) overseen by an Assistant Municipal Commissioner.[29][30] A ward office typically has jurisdiction over more than one election ward. Ward offices not only coordinate major civic projects in their respective areas but also deal with minor works such as maintenance and repair. Residents can avail municipal services at their local ward office eliminating the need to visit the PMC headquarters.[31]
Deliberative Branch[edit]
The deliberative branch is the elected branch of the PMC headed by the Mayor.[23][24] The city is divided into 41 multi-member wards (Marathi: प्रभाग, IAST: Prabhāg), 39 of which are represented by four corporators each while two are represented by three corporators each.[32] Thus, the general body of the PMC consists of 162 corporators. They are elected for a five year term by adult franchise in municipal elections. All major political parties active in the state contest the elections.
The corporators elect the Mayor, a ceremonial position with limited duties who acts as an ambassador and representative of the city, as well as a Deputy Mayor. The corporators approve the city budget and act as watchdogs on implementation of policy by the staff under the Municipal Commissioner.[24]
Committees[edit]
The corporators form several committees which deliberate on various issues. At present the PMC consists of the following subject committees: Law, City Development, Women and Child Welfare, and Sports.[23] The Standing Committee is the perhaps the most important committee of the PMC formed according to Section 20 of Maharashtra Municipal Corporation Act, 1949.[25] It consists of 16 members headed by a President appointed at the first meeting of the newly elected Corporation, half of whom retire every succeeding year. A new President is also appointed every year. The Standing Committee along with 15 ward committees are together responsible for financial approvals.[23]
City Officials
Title
Incumbent
Since
Appointed/Elected
Municipal Commissioner Saurabh Rao[12][13] April 2018 Appointed by the GoM
Commissioner of Police Rashmi Shukla[33] April 2016
Mayor Mukta Tilak (BJP)[15] March 2017 Elected
Deputy Mayor Siddharth Dhende (RPI (A))[17] June 2017
Leader of the House Shrinath Bhimale (BJP)[34] March 2017
President of the Standing Committee Yogesh Mulik (BJP)[35] March 2018
Municipal Elections[edit]
Municipal Election Summary
S.No.
Party name
Party flag or symbol
Coalition
Number of Corporators
2012[36]
2017[37][38]
1 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
NDA 26 97*
2 Shiv Sena
NDA 15 10
3 Republican Party of India (Athavale)
(RPI (A))
NDA 2 *Ran as BJP/RPI (2 seats)
2 Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)
UPA
(Until 2014)[39]
51 39
4 Indian National Congress (Congress)
UPA 28 09
6 Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS)
- 29 02
7 All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (AIMIM)
- Did not contest[40] 01
8 Independents
- 01 04
Total 152 162
Elections 2017[edit]
Municipal Elections were held on 21 February 2017 to elect a total of 162 councillors in 41 wards.[32][37] The BJP won an absolute majority in the 2017 elections, marking the first time the city will have a mayor from the party.[37] Mukta Tilak (BJP) was elected as the mayor and Navanth Kamble (RPI (A)) as the deputy mayor by the newly elected general body in March 2017. Tilak is the first member of the BJP to hold the position.[15] Following Kamble's demise while in office,[16] Siddharth Dhende of the RPI (A) was elected as the deputy mayor in June 2017.[17]
Bypolls[edit]
The demise of the Deputy Mayor Navnath Kamble (RPI (A)) in May 2017 necessitated by-elections in the Koregaon Park-Ghorpadi ward. The RPI (A) retained the seat with Himali Kamble elected as the new councillor.[41][42] Another round of bypolls was held on 4 April 2018 following the death of ex-mayor Chanchala Kodre NCP , who was elected in 2017 from the Mundhwa-Magarpatta ward. NCP retained the seat and Puja Kodre was elected as the new councillor.[43]
Elections 2012[edit]
Municipal elections were held on 16 February 2012 to elect a total of 152 councillors in 76 wards (2 per ward).[44][45] Vaishali Bankar (NCP) and Deepak Mankar (Congress) were elected as the Mayor and Deputy Mayor respectively.[46]
See also[edit]
Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation
Pune Cantonment Board
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Political Information, Politics and Administration of Pune, Administration of Pune". 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ "68 years of Pune Municipal Corporation: Civic history with a legacy of game-changing schemes". HindustanTimes. 2018-02-15. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ "Saurabh Rao to take over as civic chief todaySaurabh Rao is new civic commissioner - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ "Saurabh Rao appointed PMC chief, Naval Kishore Ram is new Pune district collector". The Indian Express. 2018-04-17. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ "Mukta Tilak, MBA, is Pune's first BJP mayor". The Hindu. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bal Gangadhar Tilak descendant, Mukta Tilak files nomination for Mayor post". The Financial Express (India). Retrieved 8 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Siddarth Dhende is new deputy mayor of Pune Municipal Corporation". The Indian Express. 2017-06-15. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ "Siddarth Dhende is new deputy mayor of Pune Municipal Corporation". The Indian Express. 2017-06-15. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ "History teaches PMC town planning lessons while expanding geography - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ "PMC Election Results 2017 highlights: BJP falls short of majority, wins 77 wards". The Indian Express. 2017-02-23. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ "68 years of Pune Municipal Corporation: Civic history with a legacy of game-changing schemes". Hindustan Times. 2018-02-15. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
^ Jump up to: a b "Saurabh Rao appointed PMC chief, Naval Kishore Ram is new Pune district collector". The Indian Express. 2018-04-17. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
^ Jump up to: a b "Saurabh Rao to take over as civic chief todaySaurabh Rao is new civic commissioner - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ PMC Archived 14 July 2012 at Archive.is
^ Jump up to: a b c Banerjee, Shoumojit (2017-03-16). "Mukta Tilak, MBA, is Pune's first BJP mayor". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
^ Jump up to: a b Banerjee, Shoumojit (2017-05-17). "Pune Deputy Mayor Navnath Kamble dies after massive heart attack". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Siddarth Dhende is new deputy mayor of Pune Municipal Corporation". The Indian Express. 2017-06-15. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ Arora, Ramesh K. (2011). Indian Public Administration: Institutions and Issues. New Age. ISBN 978-8122434460.
Jump up ^ "11 newly merged villages in PMC rife with illegal constructions - Pune Mirror -". Pune Mirror. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ "State approves merger of 11 villages, Pune adds 81sqkm - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Expanding Pune: How ready is PMC to uplift merged villages?". Hindustan Times. 2018-01-20. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ "11 villages under PMC's wings after HC order - Pune Mirror -". Pune Mirror. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "PMC Administrative Structure" (PDF). Official Website of Pune Municipal Corporation.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mukhopadhyay, A., 1999. Politics and Bureaucracy in Urban Governance: The Indian Experience. Mathur, India,pp.110[1]
^ Jump up to: a b "Maharashtra Municipal Corporation Act, 1949" (PDF). Official Website of the Pune Municipal Corporation.
Jump up ^ "PMPML Board of Directors". PMPML.
Jump up ^ "Maha Metro". mahametro.org. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Five state representatives to join Maha-Metro soon - Pune Mirror -". Pune Mirror. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Administrative Zones and ward offices". Official Website of the Pune Municipal Corporation.
Jump up ^ "Civic administration revises ward limits - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Pune Municipal Corporation seeks to redraw boundaries of all ward offices". The Indian Express. 2017-04-29. Retrieved 2018-04-19.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ward Organization 2016" (PDF). Official Website of Pune Municipal Corporation. 10 October 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.punepolice.gov.in
Jump up ^ "Bhimale new leader of House in Pune civic body - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ "BJP-nominated Yogesh Mulik becomes new standing committee chairman in PMC". 2018-03-04. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ "Pune results: Polls throw up hung house, NCP single largest party | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". dna. 2012-02-17. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
^ Jump up to: a b c "BJP makes history, wins absolute majority in Pune". Hindustan Times. 24 February 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "PMC Winning Candidate List 2017" (PDF). Official website of PMC.
Jump up ^ "NCP-Congress Alliance Splits in Maharashtra". Outlook India. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
Jump up ^ "AIMIM to contest Pune civic polls for the first time". Governance Now. 2017-02-20. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
Jump up ^ Banerjee, Shoumojit (2017-10-12). "BJP coasts to victory in Pune, Kolhapur". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ Desk, India.com News (2017-10-12). "Kolhapur, Pune By-election Results: BJP Wins Tarabai Park By-poll". India.com. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ "NCP retains seat in Mundhwa civic bypoll - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ "Public holiday today - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Jump up ^ "Over 1,000 candidates in battle for 152 seats - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
Jump up ^ "Vaishali Bankar is Pune's 52nd mayor, Mankar deputy mayor | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". dna. 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
Mukta Tilak-Mayor of Pune ]
External links[edit]
Official PMC website
Ward Offices List Address
Collector Pune
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text:
Claire Holt
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Claire Holt
Holt in 2014
Born
Claire Rhiannon Holt
(1988-06-11) 11 June 1988 (age 29)
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Nationality
Australian
Education
Stuartholme School
Occupation
Actress
Years active
2006–present
Known for
H2O: Just Add Water
The Vampire Diaries
The Originals
Aquarius
47 Meters Down
Spouse(s)
Matthew Kaplan
(m. 2016; separated 2017)
Partner(s)
Andrew Joblon (2017-present) (engaged)
Claire Rhiannon Holt[1] (born 11 June 1988)[1] is an Australian actress, known for her roles as Rebekah Mikaelson in the television series The Vampire Diaries and its spinoff series The Originals, Samara Cook in Pretty Little Liars, Emma in H2O: Just Add Water, and Kate in the survival horror film 47 Meters Down.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Holt was born in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.[1]
Career[edit]
In 2006, Holt won the role of Emma Gilbert in the Network Ten children's television series H2O: Just Add Water. The show has earned a Logie Award and Nickelodeon Australia Kids' Choice Award. While the series was renewed for a third series, Holt left the show after series two after signing on for the sequel to the 2007 film The Messengers, titled Messengers 2: The Scarecrow. Filming took place in Sofia throughout 2008. Starring alongside Norman Reedus and Heather Stephens, the film was released 21 July 2009 straight-to-DVD.
In addition to television and film roles, Holt has appeared in advertisements for Dreamworld, Sizzler, and Queensland Lifesaving. BuddyTV ranked her number 55 on its TV's 100 Sexiest Women of 2011 list.[2]
In August 2011, Holt was confirmed to be in the TV series The Vampire Diaries as Rebekah.[3] On 13 January 2013, The CW announced that Holt had joined the cast for the backdoor pilot of The Vampire Diaries spin-off The Originals, where she reprised her role as Rebekah Mikaelson.[4] She exited the show as a series regular in the sixteenth episode of the first season, which aired in the U.S. on 11 March 2014.[5] Holt returned to her role in the season one finale on 13 May 2014, and continues to periodically guest star on the series.
In 2014, Holt was linked to CBS' Supergirl although she chose not pursue it.[6] She starred in NBC "event series" Aquarius as Charmain Tully. In 2016, she was cast in the romantic comedy film The Divorce Party, playing the role of Susan.[7]
In 2017, Holt had a starring role, Kayla, in the ABC thriller drama television pilot Doomsday.[8] Also that year, Holt starred as Kate in the underwater survival thriller film 47 Meters Down, opposite Mandy Moore and Matthew Modine, which was released in theaters on 16 June 2017.[9]
Personal life[edit]
In July 2015, Holt became engaged to longtime boyfriend, TV producer Matthew Kaplan.[10] The two were married in April 2016.[11] On 27 April 2017, Kaplan filed for divorce from Holt, citing "irreconcilable differences". Holt subsequently filed in response on 2 May 2017, also asking for her name to be changed from Kaplan back to Holt.[12] On 3 December 2017, Holt announced her engagement to real estate executive Andrew Joblon.[13]
Filmography[edit]
Holt at the Ian Somerhalder Foundation's Influence Affair Red Carpet 2012
Film roles
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2009 Messengers 2: The Scarecrow Rollins, LindsayLindsay Rollins Main role
2012 Blue Like Jazz Penny Main role
2017 47 Meters Down Kate Main role
TBA The Divorce Party Susan
TBA Irreplaceable You
TBA A Violent Separation Abbey Filming
Television roles
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2006–2008 H2O: Just Add Water Gilbert, EmmaEmma Gilbert Main role (seasons 1–2), 51 episodes
2011 Mean Girls 2 Meyer, ChastityChastity Meyer Television film[14]
2011 Pretty Little Liars Cook, SamaraSamara Cook Recurring role, 5 episodes
2011–2013 Vampire Diaries, TheThe Vampire Diaries Mikaelson, RebekahRebekah Mikaelson Recurring role, 38 episodes
2013–present Originals, TheThe Originals Mikaelson, RebekahRebekah Mikaelson Main role (season 1); recurring role (season 2 – 5); 34 episodes to date
2015–2016 Aquarius Tully, CharmainCharmain Tully Main role, 22 episodes
TBA Becoming Lisa Filming
TBA Wolf in the Wild Filming
Music video roles
Year
Song
Artist
Notes
2014 "We Are Done" The Madden Brothers Cameo
2017 "Small Town Boy" Dustin Lynch Main Role
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
Refs
2014 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress: Sci-Fi/Fantasy The Originals Nominated [15]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Claire Holt Biography". TVGuide.com. Archived from the original on 26 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "TV's 100 Sexiest Women of 2011". BuddyTV. 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Naoreen, Nuzhat (9 August 2011). "'Vampire Diaries' Casts Stefan's Ex: 5 Theories On Why She's Coming To Town". MTV.com. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (13 February 2013). "'The Originals' Scoop: Claire Holt Joins The 'Vampire Diaries' Spin-Off". Hollywood Life. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Wieselman, Jarett (11 March 2014). "Claire Holt Exits The Originals". Buzzfeed. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Steinbeiser, Andrew (9 December 2014). "Claire Holt Not Expected To Play Supergirl". Comicbook.com. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "'The Divorce Party' Casting Call for Featured Roles". Project Casting. 4 November 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (2 March 2017). "Claire Holt To Topline 'Doomsday' ABC Drama Pilot". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (25 July 2016). "Mandy Moore's Shark Tale '47 Meters Down' Bought From Weinsteins". Variety. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Corinthios, Aurelie (14 July 2015). "Claire Holt Is Engaged! Check out the Aquarius Actress's Ring". People. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Former 'The Originals' star Claire Holt gets married". AOL.com. 29 April 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Stone, Natalie (4 May 2017). "The Originals' Actress Claire Holt's Husband Files for Divorce One Day Before 1-Year Anniversary". People. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Petit, Stephanie (3 December 2017). "The Originals Star Claire Holt Engaged to Andrew Joblon — 7 Months After Split From Matthew Kaplan". People. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mean Girls 2". TV Guide. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "FIRST WAVE OF "TEEN CHOICE 2014" NOMINEES ANNOUNCED". Teen Choice Awards. 18 June 2014. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Claire Holt.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Claire Holt
Claire Holt on Twitter
Claire Holt on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 100931370
LCCN: no2012109537
ISNI: 0000 0001 2031 5956
BNF: cb165208323 (data)
SNAC: w6fv29m1
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claire_Holt&oldid=821287389"
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text:
If a Tree Falls: A Story of the Earth Liberation Front
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
If a Tree Falls: A Story of the Earth Liberation Front
Promotional poster for If a Tree Falls
Directed by
Marshall Curry
Produced by
Marshall Curry
Sam Cullman
Written by
Marshall Curry
Matthew Hamacheck
Music by
James Baxter
The National
Cinematography
Sam Cullman
Edited by
Matthew Hamacheck Marshall Curry
Distributed by
Oscilloscope Laboratories
Release date
January 21, 2011 (2011-01-21) (Sundance)
June 22, 2011 (2011-06-22) (United States)
Running time
85 minutes
Language
English
If a Tree Falls: A Story of the Earth Liberation Front is a 2011 American documentary film by filmmaker Marshall Curry. It tells the story of activist Daniel G. McGowan of the Earth Liberation Front (ELF), from his first arson attacks in 1996 to his 2005 arrest by the Department of Justice. The film also examines the ethics of the ELF at large and how terrorism is to be defined.
Premiering at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival, If a Tree Falls was rapidly acclaimed by critics. Many considered it one of the best documentaries of 2011 for its thought-provoking portrayal of complex environmental and political issues. It won a number of awards, and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Release
3.1 Reception
3.2 Awards
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
Daniel McGowan first became involved with the ELF in 1996.
The Department of Justice launched Operation Backfire to find the arsonists.
In 2006, McGowan was arrested. Signing a plea agreement, he was sentenced to 7 years in prison.
Production[edit]
Director Marshall Curry knew Daniel McGowan through his wife's work.[1] McGowan did not strike him as the terrorist type, so after his 2006 arrest, he was intrigued to find out what led him to his radical course of action.
Release[edit]
If a Tree Falls: A Story of the Earth Liberation Front premiered at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival, where it won the award for Best Documentary Editing. Oscilloscope Laboratories would subsequently pick it up for theatrical distribution.
PBS broadcast the film on September 13, 2011, as part of its POV series.
Reception[edit]
Kenneth Turan at the Los Angeles Times called it "one of the best documentaries of the year"[2] and the New York Times said it was "an extraordinary documentary... [a] fearless exploration of complexity in a world drawn to oversimplified depictions of events and problems, heroes and villains."[3]
The various organizations involved -- including the spokesman for the Earth Liberation Front and the prosecutor who put members of the E.L.F. in prison -- also responded favorably.[1]
Awards[edit]
If a Tree Falls: A Story of the Earth Liberation Front won the award for Best Documentary Editing at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival and earned director Marshall Curry his second Academy Award nomination.
Academy Award, Best Documentary Feature (nominee)[4]
Sundance Film Festival, Best Documentary Editing (winner)[5]
Dallas Film Festival, Environmental Visions Award (winner)[6]
Miami International Film Festival, Knight Dox Competition Grand Jury Prize (nominee)
Miami Film Festival, Knight Dox Competition Special Mention (winner)
Nashville Film Festival, Best Documentary (winner)[7]
Traverse City Film Festival, Founders Award for Best Documentary (winner)
Santa Cruz Film Festival, Earthvision Environmental Jury Prize (winner)[8]
Flagstaff Mountain Film Festival, Best Feature (winner)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "If a Tree Falls-Press Notes" (PDF). ifatreefallsfilm.com. 2012-11-13.
Jump up ^ Turan, Kenneth. "Kenneth Turan's film picks: 'If a Tree Falls,' 'Honeymoon Killers'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Revkin, Andrew. "If a Tree Falls, Can it Win an Oscar?". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "The 84th Academy Awards 2012". Oscars.org. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "If a Tree Falls: A Story of the Earth Liberation Front". Sundance Institute. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "2011 DALLAS International Film Festival Announces Award Winners". Vimooz. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Smith, Nigel M. ""Weekend" & "If a Tree Falls" Win Big in Nashville". Indiewire. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Santa Cruz Film Festival Awards". Santa Cruz Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
External links[edit]
Official website
If a Tree Falls: A Story of the Earth Liberation Front on IMDb
If a Tree Falls: A Story of the Earth Liberation Front at Rotten Tomatoes
If a Tree Falls: A Story of the Earth Liberation Front website on POV
Press Notes
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_a_Tree_Falls:_A_Story_of_the_Earth_Liberation_Front&oldid=809803836"
Categories:
2011 films
English-language films
2011 in the environment
2010s documentary films
American films
American documentary films
Documentary films about American politics
Documentary films about environmental issues
Documentary films about forests and trees
POV (TV series) films
Eco-terrorism
Earth Liberation Front
Films directed by Marshall Curry
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Variable (computer science)
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In computer programming, a variable or scalar is a storage location (identified by a memory address) paired with an associated symbolic name (an identifier), which contains some known or unknown quantity of information referred to as a value. The variable name is the usual way to reference the stored value, in addition to referring to the variable itself, depending on the context. This separation of name and content allows the name to be used independently of the exact information it represents. The identifier in computer source code can be bound to a value during run time, and the value of the variable may thus change during the course of program execution.[1][2]
Variables in programming may not directly correspond to the concept of variables in mathematics. The latter is abstract, having no reference to a physical object such as storage location. The value of a computing variable is not necessarily part of an equation or formula as in mathematics. Variables in computer programming are frequently given long names to make them relatively descriptive of their use, whereas variables in mathematics often have terse, one- or two-character names for brevity in transcription and manipulation.
A variable's storage location may be referred by several different identifiers, a situation known as aliasing. Assigning a value to the variable using one of the identifiers will change the value that can be accessed through the other identifiers.
Compilers have to replace variables' symbolic names with the actual locations of the data. While a variable's name, type, and location often remain fixed, the data stored in the location may be changed during program execution.
Contents
[hide]
1 Actions on a variable
2 Identifiers referencing a variable
3 Scope and extent
4 Typing
5 Parameters
6 Memory allocation
7 Naming conventions
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
Actions on a variable[edit]
In imperative programming languages, values can generally be accessed or changed at any time. In pure functional and logic languages, variables are bound to expressions and keep a single value during their entire lifetime due to the requirements of referential transparency. In imperative languages, the same behavior is exhibited by (named) constants (symbolic constants), which are typically contrasted with (normal) variables.
Depending on the type system of a programming language, variables may only be able to store a specified datatype (e.g. integer or string). Alternatively, a datatype may be associated only with the current value, allowing a single variable to store anything supported by the programming language.
Identifiers referencing a variable[edit]
An identifier referencing a variable can be used to access the variable in order to read out the value, or alter the value, or edit other attributes of the variable, such as access permission, locks, semaphores, etc.
For instance, a variable might be referenced by the identifier "total_count" and the variable can contain the number 1956. If the same variable is referenced by the identifier "x" as well, and if using this identifier "x", the value of the variable is altered to 2009, then reading the value using the identifier "total_count" will yield a result of 2009 and not 1956.
If a variable is only referenced by a single identifier that can simply be called the name of the variable. Otherwise, we can speak of one of the names of the variable. For instance, in the previous example, the "total_count" is a name of the variable in question, and "x" is another name of the same variable.
Scope and extent[edit]
See also: Free variables and bound variables
The scope of a variable describes where in a program's text the variable may be used, while the extent (or lifetime) describes when in a program's execution a variable has a (meaningful) value. The scope of a variable is actually a property of the name of the variable, and the extent is a property of the variable itself. These should not be confused with context (also called environment), which is a property of the program, and varies by point in the source code or execution – see scope: overview. Further, object lifetime may coincide with variable lifetime, but in many cases is not tied to variable lifetime.
A variable name's scope affects its extent.
Scope is an important part of the name resolution of a variable. Most languages define a specific scope for each variable (as well as any other named entity), which may differ within a given program. The scope of a variable is the portion of the program code for which the variable's name has meaning and for which the variable is said to be "visible". Entrance into that scope typically begins a variable's lifetime (as it comes into context) and exit from that scope typically ends its lifetime (as it goes out of context). For instance, a variable with "lexical scope" is meaningful only within a certain function/subroutine, or more finely within a block of expressions/statements (accordingly with function scope or block scope); this is static resolution, performable at parse-time or compile-time. Alternatively, a variable with dynamic scope is resolved at run-time, based on a global binding stack that depends on the specific control flow. Variables only accessible within a certain functions are termed "local variables". A "global variable", or one with indefinite scope, may be referred to anywhere in the program.
Extent, on the other hand, is a runtime (dynamic) aspect of a variable. Each binding of a variable to a value can have its own extent at runtime. The extent of the binding is the portion of the program's execution time during which the variable continues to refer to the same value or memory location. A running program may enter and leave a given extent many times, as in the case of a closure.
Unless the programming language features garbage collection, a variable whose extent permanently outlasts its scope can result in a memory leak, whereby the memory allocated for the variable can never be freed since the variable which would be used to reference it for deallocation purposes is no longer accessible. However, it can be permissible for a variable binding to extend beyond its scope, as occurs in Lisp closures and C static local variables; when execution passes back into the variable's scope, the variable may once again be used. A variable whose scope begins before its extent does is said to be uninitialized and often has an undefined, arbitrary value if accessed (see wild pointer), since it has yet to be explicitly given a particular value. A variable whose extent ends before its scope may become a dangling pointer and deemed uninitialized once more since its value has been destroyed. Variables described by the previous two cases may be said to be out of extent or unbound. In many languages, it is an error to try to use the value of a variable when it is out of extent. In other languages, doing so may yield unpredictable results. Such a variable may, however, be assigned a new value, which gives it a new extent.
For space efficiency, a memory space needed for a variable may be allocated only when the variable is first used and freed when it is no longer needed. A variable is only needed when it is in scope, thus beginning each variable's lifetime when it enters scope may give space to unused variables. To avoid wasting such space, compilers often warn programmers if a variable is declared but not used.
It is considered good programming practice to make the scope of variables as narrow as feasible so that different parts of a program do not accidentally interact with each other by modifying each other's variables. Doing so also prevents action at a distance. Common techniques for doing so are to have different sections of a program use different name spaces, or to make individual variables "private" through either dynamic variable scoping or lexical variable scoping.
Many programming languages employ a reserved value (often named null or nil) to indicate an invalid or uninitialized variable.
Typing[edit]
Main article: Type system
See also: Datatype
In statically typed languages such as Java or ML, a variable also has a type, meaning that only certain kinds of values can be stored in it. For example, a variable of type "integer" is prohibited from storing text values.
In dynamically typed languages such as Python, it is values, not variables, which carry type. In Common Lisp, both situations exist simultaneously: A variable is given a type (if undeclared, it is assumed to be T, the universal supertype) which exists at compile time. Values also have types, which can be checked and queried at runtime.
Typing of variables also allows polymorphisms to be resolved at compile time. However, this is different from the polymorphism used in object-oriented function calls (referred to as virtual functions in C++) which resolves the call based on the value type as opposed to the supertypes the variable is allowed to have.
Variables often store simple data, like integers and literal strings, but some programming languages allow a variable to store values of other datatypes as well. Such languages may also enable functions to be parametric polymorphic. These functions operate like variables to represent data of multiple types. For example, a function named length may determine the length of a list. Such a length function may be parametric polymorphic by including a type variable in its type signature, since the amount of elements in the list is independent of the elements' types.
Parameters[edit]
The formal parameters (or formal arguments) of functions are also referred to as variables. For instance, in this Python code segment,
>>> def addtwo(x): ... return x + 2 ... >>> addtwo(5) 7
the variable named x is a parameter because it is given a value when the function is called. The integer 5 is the argument which gives x its value. In most languages, function parameters have local scope. This specific variable named x can only be referred to within the addtwo function (though of course other functions can also have variables called x).
Memory allocation[edit]
The specifics of variable allocation and the representation of their values vary widely, both among programming languages and among implementations of a given language. Many language implementations allocate space for local variables, whose extent lasts for a single function call on the call stack, and whose memory is automatically reclaimed when the function returns. More generally, in name binding, the name of a variable is bound to the address of some particular block (contiguous sequence) of bytes in memory, and operations on the variable manipulate that block. Referencing is more common for variables whose values have large or unknown sizes when the code is compiled. Such variables reference the location of the value instead of storing the value itself, which is allocated from a pool of memory called the heap.
Bound variables have values. A value, however, is an abstraction, an idea; in implementation, a value is represented by some data object, which is stored somewhere in computer memory. The program, or the runtime environment, must set aside memory for each data object and, since memory is finite, ensure that this memory is yielded for reuse when the object is no longer needed to represent some variable's value.
Objects allocated from the heap must be reclaimed—especially when the objects are no longer needed. In a garbage-collected language (such as C#, Java, Python, Golang and Lisp), the runtime environment automatically reclaims objects when extant variables can no longer refer to them. In non-garbage-collected languages, such as C, the program (and the programmer) must explicitly allocate memory, and then later free it, to reclaim its memory. Failure to do so leads to memory leaks, in which the heap is depleted as the program runs, risks eventual failure from exhausting available memory.
When a variable refers to a data structure created dynamically, some of its components may be only indirectly accessed through the variable. In such circumstances, garbage collectors (or analogous program features in languages that lack garbage collectors) must deal with a case where only a portion of the memory reachable from the variable needs to be reclaimed.
Naming conventions[edit]
Main article: Naming conventions (programming)
See also: Identifier and Namespace
Unlike their mathematical counterparts, programming variables and constants commonly take multiple-character names, e.g. COST or total. Single-character names are most commonly used only for auxiliary variables; for instance, i, j, k for array index variables.
Some naming conventions are enforced at the language level as part of the language syntax and involve the format of valid identifiers. In almost all languages, variable names cannot start with a digit (0–9) and cannot contain whitespace characters. Whether, which, and when punctuation marks are permitted in variable names varies from language to language; many languages only permit the underscore ("_") in variable names and forbid all other punctuation. In some programming languages, specific (often punctuation) characters (known as sigils) are prefixed or appended to variable identifiers to indicate the variable's type.
Case-sensitivity of variable names also varies between languages and some languages require the use of a certain case in naming certain entities;[note 1] Most modern languages are case-sensitive; some older languages are not. Some languages reserve certain forms of variable names for their own internal use; in many languages, names beginning with two underscores ("__") often fall under this category.
However, beyond the basic restrictions imposed by a language, the naming of variables is largely a matter of style. At the machine code level, variable names are not used, so the exact names chosen do not matter to the computer. Thus names of variables identify them, for the rest they are just a tool for programmers to make programs easier to write and understand. Using poorly chosen variable names can make code more difficult to review than non-descriptive names, so names which are clear are often encouraged.[3][4]
Programmers often create and adhere to code style guidelines which offer guidance on naming variables or impose a precise naming scheme. Shorter names are faster to type but are less descriptive; longer names often make programs easier to read and the purpose of variables easier to understand. However, extreme verbosity in variable names can also lead to less comprehensible code.
See also[edit]
Computer programming portal
Control variable (programming)
Non-local variable
Temporary variable
Variable interpolation
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ For example, Haskell requires that names of types start with a capital letter.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools, pp. 26–28
Jump up ^ The Art of Computer Programming, 1, pp. 3–4 [edition needed]
Jump up ^ How Not To Pick Variables, Retrieved July 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Edsger Dijkstra, To hell with “meaningful identifiers”!
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