text:
Wheel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Wheel (disambiguation) and Wheels (disambiguation).
This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.
Three wheels on an antique tricycle
The earliest wheels were made of a solid piece of wood.
A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axle bearing. The wheel is one of the key components of the wheel and axle which is one of the six simple machines. Wheels, in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be moved easily facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load, or performing labor in machines. Wheels are also used for other purposes, such as a ship's wheel, steering wheel, potter's wheel and flywheel.
Common examples are found in transport applications. A wheel greatly reduces friction by facilitating motion by rolling together with the use of axles. In order for wheels to rotate, a moment needs to be applied to the wheel about its axis, either by way of gravity or by the application of another external force or torque. Using the wheel, Sumerians invented a contraption that spins clay as a potter shapes it into the desired object.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
3 Mechanics and function
4 Construction
4.1 Rim
4.2 Hub
4.3 Spokes
4.3.1 Wire
4.4 Tire/Tyre
4.5 Trywheel
5 Patenting the wheel
6 Alternatives
7 Symbolism
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Etymology[edit]
The English word wheel comes from the Old English word hweol, hweogol, from Proto-Germanic *hwehwlan, *hwegwlan, from Proto-Indo-European *kwekwlo-,[1] an extended form of the root *kwel- "to revolve, move around". Cognates within Indo-European include Icelandic hjól "wheel, tyre", Greek κύκλος kúklos, and Sanskrit chakra, the latter two both meaning "circle" or "wheel".[2]
History[edit]
The invention of the wheel falls into the late Neolithic, and may be seen in conjunction with other technological advances that gave rise to the early Bronze Age. This implies the passage of several wheel-less millennia even after the invention of agriculture and of pottery, during the Aceramic Neolithic.
4500–3300 BCE: Copper Age, invention of the potter's wheel; earliest wooden wheels (disks with a hole for the axle); earliest wheeled vehicles, domestication of the horse
3300–2200 BCE: Early Bronze Age
2200–1550 BCE: Middle Bronze Age, invention of the spoked wheel and the chariot
A depiction of an onager-drawn cart on the Sumerian "battle standard of Ur" (c. 2500 BC)
The Halaf culture of 6500–5100 BCE is sometimes credited with the earliest depiction of a wheeled vehicle, but this is doubtful as there is no evidence of Halafians using either wheeled vehicles or even pottery wheels.[3]
Precursors of wheels, known as "tournettes" or "slow wheels", were known in the Middle East by the 5th millennium BCE (one of the earliest examples was discovered at Tepe Pardis, Iran, and dated to 5200–4700 BCE). These were made of stone or clay and secured to the ground with a peg in the center, but required significant effort to turn. True (freely-spinning) potter's wheels were apparently in use in Mesopotamia by 3500 BCE and possibly as early as 4000 BCE,[4] and the oldest surviving example, which was found in Ur (modern day Iraq), dates to approximately 3100 BCE.[5]
The first evidence of wheeled vehicles appears in the second half of the 4th millennium BCE, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia (Sumerian civilization), the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Eastern Europe (Cucuteni-Trypillian culture), so the question of which culture originally invented the wheeled vehicle is still unsolved.
The earliest well-dated depiction of a wheeled vehicle (here a wagon — four wheels, two axles) is on the Bronocice pot, a c. 3500 – 3350 BCE clay pot excavated in a Funnelbeaker culture settlement in southern Poland.[6]
The oldest securely dated real wheel-axle combination, that from Stare Gmajne near Ljubljana in Slovenia (Ljubljana Marshes Wooden Wheel) is now dated within two standard deviations to 3340–3030 BCE, the axle to 3360–3045 BCE.[7]
Two types of early Neolithic European wheel and axle are known; a circumalpine type of wagon construction (the wheel and axle rotate together, as in Ljubljana Marshes Wheel), and that of the Baden culture in Hungary (axle does not rotate). They both are dated to c. 3200–3000 BCE.[8]
In China, the wheel was certainly present with the adoption of the chariot in c. 1200 BCE,[9] although Barbieri-Low[10] argues for earlier Chinese wheeled vehicles, c. 2000 BC.
In Britain, a large wooden wheel, measuring about 1 m (3.3 ft) in diameter, was uncovered at the Must Farm site in East Anglia in 2016. The specimen, dating from 1,100–800 years BCE, represents the most complete and earliest of its type found in Britain. The wheel's hub is also present. A horse's spine found nearby suggests the wheel may have been part of a horse-drawn cart. The wheel was found in a settlement built on stilts over wetland, indicating that the settlement had some sort of link to dry land.[11]
A figurine featuring the New World's independently invented wheel
Although large-scale use of wheels did not occur in the Americas prior to European contact, numerous small wheeled artifacts, identified as children's toys, have been found in Mexican archeological sites, some dating to about 1500 BC.[12] It is thought that the primary obstacle to large-scale development of the wheel in the Americas was the absence of domesticated large animals which could be used to pull wheeled carriages.[13] The closest relative of cattle present in Americas in pre-Columbian times, the American Bison, is difficult to domesticate and was never domesticated by Native Americans; several horse species existed until about 12,000 years ago, but ultimately became extinct.[14] The only large animal that was domesticated in the Western hemisphere, the llama, did not spread far beyond the Andes by the time of the arrival of Columbus.
Nubians from after about 400 BCE used wheels for spinning pottery and as water wheels.[15] It is thought that Nubian waterwheels may have been ox-driven.[16] It is also known that Nubians used horse-drawn chariots imported from Egypt.[17]
The wheel was barely used, with the exception of Ethiopia and Somalia, in Sub-Saharan Africa well into the 19th century but this changed with the arrival of the Europeans.[18][19]
Solid wheels on a heavy temple car, contrasted with the lighter wire-spoked wheels of the black roadster bicycle in the foreground
Early wheels were simple wooden disks with a hole for the axle. Some of the earliest wheels were made from horizontal slices of tree trunks. Because of the uneven structure of wood, a wheel made from a horizontal slice of a tree trunk will tend to be inferior to one made from rounded pieces of longitudinal boards.
The spoked wheel was invented more recently, and allowed the construction of lighter and swifter vehicles. In the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley and Northwestern India, toy-cart wheels made of clay with lines which have been interpreted as spokes painted or in relief[20] as well as a symbol interpreted as a spoked wheel in the script of the seals[21] that date from the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE have been found. The earliest known examples of wooden spoked wheels are in the context of the Andronovo culture, dating to c. 2000 BCE. Soon after this, horse cultures of the Caucasus region used horse-drawn spoked-wheel war chariots for the greater part of three centuries. They moved deep into the Greek peninsula where they joined with the existing Mediterranean peoples to give rise, eventually, to classical Greece after the breaking of Minoan dominance and consolidations led by pre-classical Sparta and Athens. Celtic chariots introduced an iron rim around the wheel in the 1st millennium BCE.
The spoked wheel was in continued use without major modification until the 1870s, when wire-spoked wheels and pneumatic tires were invented.[22] The wire spokes are under tension, not compression, making it possible for the wheel to be both stiff and light. Early radially-spoked wire wheels gave rise to tangentially-spoked wire wheels, which were widely used on cars into the late 20th century. Cast alloy wheels are now more commonly used; forged alloy wheels are used when weight is critical.
The invention of the wheel has also been important for technology in general, important applications including the water wheel, the cogwheel (see also antikythera mechanism), the spinning wheel, and the astrolabe or torquetum. More modern descendants of the wheel include the propeller, the jet engine, the flywheel (gyroscope) and the turbine.
Twentieth-century solid wheel made of wooden boards, bound with a metal wheel rim
Spoked wheels on the ancient Etruscan Monteleone chariot, 2nd quarter of the 6th century B.C.[contradictory]
Spoked wheel with bronze sheeting from Árokalja. 1000 BC.
Radially- (left) and tangentially- (right) wire-spoked wheels, both with pneumatic tires.
Cast alloy wheel on a folding bicycle, with a pneumatic tire.
Mechanics and function[edit]
Main article: wheel and axle
The low resistance to motion (compared to dragging) is explained as follows (refer to friction):
the normal force at the sliding interface is the same.
the sliding distance is reduced for a given distance of travel.
the coefficient of friction at the interface is usually lower.
Bearings are used to help reduce friction at the interface. In the simplest and oldest case the bearing is just a round hole through which the axle passes (a "plain bearing").
Example:
If a 100 kg object is dragged for 10 m along a surface with the coefficient of friction μ = 0.5, the normal force is 981 N and the work done (required energy) is (work=force x distance) 981 × 0.5 × 10 = 4905 joules.
Now give the object 4 wheels. The normal force between the 4 wheels and axles is the same (in total) 981 N. Assume, for wood, μ = 0.25, and say the wheel diameter is 1000 mm and axle diameter is 50 mm. So while the object still moves 10 m the sliding frictional surfaces only slide over each other a distance of 0.5 m. The work done is 981 × 0.25 × 0.5 = 123 joules; the work done has reduced to 1/40 of that of dragging.
Additional energy is lost from the wheel-to-road interface. This is termed rolling resistance which is predominantly a deformation loss. This energy is also lowered by the use of a wheel (in comparison to dragging) because the net force on the contact point between the road and the wheel is almost perpendicular to the ground, and hence, generates an almost zero net work. This depends on the nature of the ground, of the material of the wheel, its inflation in the case of a tire, the net torque exerted by the eventual engine, and many other factors.
A wheel can also offer advantages in traversing irregular surfaces if the wheel radius is sufficiently large compared to the irregularities.
The wheel alone is not a machine, but when attached to an axle in conjunction with bearing, it forms the wheel and axle, one of the simple machines. A driven wheel is an example of a wheel and axle. Wheels pre-date driven wheels by about 6000 years, themselves an evolution of using round logs as rollers to move a heavy load—a practice going back in pre-history so far that it has not been dated.
Construction[edit]
This article is about structure of wheel. For making of wire-spoked wheels, see Wheelbuilding. For making of non-wire spoked wheels, see Wheel construction.
Rim[edit]
Main article: Rim (wheel)
An aluminium alloy wheel
The rim is the "outer edge of a wheel, holding the tire."[23] It makes up the outer circular design of the wheel on which the inside edge of the tire is mounted on vehicles such as automobiles. For example, on a bicycle wheel the rim is a large hoop attached to the outer ends of the spokes of the wheel that holds the tire and tube.
In the 1st millennium BCE an iron rim was introduced around the wooden wheels of chariots.
Hub[edit]
The hub is the center of the wheel, and typically houses a bearing, and is where the spokes meet.
A hubless wheel (also known as a rim-rider or centerless wheel) is a type of wheel with no center hub. More specifically, the hub is actually almost as big as the wheel itself. The axle is hollow, following the wheel at very close tolerances.
Spokes[edit]
Main article: spoke
A spoked wheel on display at The National Museum of Iran, in Tehran. The wheel is dated to the late 2nd millennium BCE and was excavated at Choqa Zanbil.
A spoke is one of some number of rods radiating from the center of a wheel (the hub where the axle connects), connecting the hub with the round traction surface. The term originally referred to portions of a log which had been split lengthwise into four or six sections. The radial members of a wagon wheel were made by carving a spoke (from a log) into their finished shape. A spokeshave is a tool originally developed for this purpose. Eventually, the term spoke was more commonly applied to the finished product of the wheelwright's work, than to the materials used.
Wire[edit]
Main article: wire wheel
The rims of wire wheels (or "wire spoked wheels") are connected to their hubs by wire spokes. Although these wires are generally stiffer than a typical wire rope, they function mechanically the same as tensioned flexible wires, keeping the rim true while supporting applied loads.
Wire wheels are used on most bicycles and still used on many motorcycles. They were invented by aeronautical engineer George Cayley and first used in bicycles by James Starley. A process of assembling wire wheels is described as wheelbuilding.
A 1957 MGA automobile with wire wheels
Tire/Tyre[edit]
Main article: tire
Stacked and standing car tires
A tire (in American English and Canadian English) or tyre (in some Commonwealth Nations such as UK, India, South Africa and Australia) is a ring-shaped covering that fits around a wheel rim to protect it and enable better vehicle performance by providing a flexible cushion that absorbs shock while keeping the wheel in close contact with the ground. The word itself may be derived from the word "tie," which refers to the outer steel ring part of a wooden cart wheel that ties the wood segments together (see Etymology below).
The fundamental materials of modern tires are synthetic rubber, natural rubber, fabric and wire, along with other compound chemicals. They consist of a tread and a body. The tread provides traction while the body ensures support. Before rubber was invented, the first versions of tires were simply bands of metal that fitted around wooden wheels to prevent wear and tear. Today, the vast majority of tires are pneumatic inflatable structures, comprising a doughnut-shaped body of cords and wires encased in rubber and generally filled with compressed air to form an inflatable cushion. Pneumatic tires are used on many types of vehicles, such as cars, bicycles, motorcycles, trucks, earthmovers, and aircraft.
Trywheel[edit]
A trywheel is an arrangement of three wheels mounted on a y-shaped frame for the purpose of passing over stairs or rough ground. These may be driven by external force or integral motors.[citation needed]
Patenting the wheel[edit]
To the 21st century observer, a wheel appears to be a fairly simple thing, but there have been many attempts to improve, and patent the wheel.
Inventors include:
Joseph Ledwinka, patent US808765 of 1906[24]
Manuel Herrera de Hora, patent US836578 of 1906[25]
Louis Mékarski, patent GB190702860 of 1907[26]
William Morris, patent US1159786 of 1915[27]
In many cases, the idea was to create a resilient wheel. This function is now provided by what's known as the pneumatic tyre.
Alternatives[edit]
While wheels are very widely used for ground transport, there are alternatives, some of which are suitable for terrain where wheels are ineffective. Alternative methods for ground transport without wheels include:
Electromagnetic maglev trains
Sled or travois
Hovercraft
A walking machine
Caterpillar tracks (although it is still operated by wheels)
Pedrail wheels, using aspects of both wheel and caterpillar track
Spheres, as used by Dyson vacuum cleaners and hamster balls
Screw-propelled vehicle
A recent invention is the so-called Liddiard Wheel, which claims to be a superior omnidirectional wheel.[28][29]
Symbolism[edit]
The wheel has also become a strong cultural and spiritual metaphor for a cycle or regular repetition (see chakra, reincarnation, Yin and Yang among others). As such and because of the difficult terrain, wheeled vehicles were forbidden in old Tibet. The wheel in ancient China is seen as a symbol of health and strength and utilized by some villages as a tool to predict future health and success. The diameter of the wheel is indicator of one's future health.
The winged wheel is a symbol of progress, seen in many contexts including the coat of arms of Panama, the logo of the Ohio State Highway Patrol and the State Railway of Thailand. The wheel is also the prominent figure on the flag of India. The wheel in this case represents law (dharma). It also appears in the flag of the Romani people, hinting to their nomadic history and their Indian origins.
The introduction of spoked (chariot) wheels in the Middle Bronze Age appears to have carried somewhat of a prestige. The sun cross appears to have a significance in Bronze Age religion, replacing the earlier concept of a Solar barge with the more 'modern' and technologically advanced solar chariot. The wheel was also a solar symbol for the Ancient Egyptians.[30]
See also[edit]
Types: Alloy wheel, Artillery wheel, Bicycle wheel, Big wheel, Cartwheel, Caster, Pressed Steel wheel, Driving wheel, Hubless wheel, Mansell wheel, Mecanum wheel, Omni wheel, Tweel, Square wheel, Steering wheel (Ship's wheel), Train wheel, Wire wheels
Components: Axle, Rim, Tire, Snow chains, Wheelset (rail transport), Wagon wheel (transportation)
Inspired technologies and concepts: Compact disc, Breaking wheel, Color wheel, Ferris wheel, Reinventing the wheel, Spindle whorl, Wagon-wheel effect, Wheel of Fortune, Wheelbarrow, Wheel and axle
Alternatives: Magnetic levitation
History: The Horse, The Wheel and Language (book), Rotating locomotion in living systems, Terrestrial locomotion in animals: Rolling
Theory: Rolling resistance, r. friction, r. drag, Simple machine, Wheel sizing
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "wheel". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ "American Heritage Dictionary Entry: wheel". Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
Jump up ^ V. Gordon Childe (1928). New Light on the Most Ancient East. p. 110.
Jump up ^ D. T. Potts (2012). A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. p. 285.
Jump up ^ Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999) [1994]. Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. p. 146. ISBN 9781575060422.
Jump up ^ Anthony, David A. (2007). The horse, the wheel, and language: how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. p. 67. ISBN 0-691-05887-3.
Jump up ^ Velušček, A.; Čufar, K. and Zupančič, M. (2009) "Prazgodovinsko leseno kolo z osjo s kolišča Stare gmajne na Ljubljanskem barju", pp. 197–222 in A. Velušček (ed.). Koliščarska naselbina Stare gmajne in njen as. Ljubljansko barje v 2. polovici 4. tisočletja pr. Kr. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 16. Ljubljana.
Jump up ^ Fowler, Chris; Harding, Jan and Hofmann, Daniela (eds.) (2015). The Oxford Handbook of Neolithic Europe. OUP Oxford. ISBN 0191666882. p. 109.
Jump up ^ Dyer, Gwynne, War: the new edition, p. 159: Vintage Canada Edition, Randomhouse of Canada, Toronto, ON
Jump up ^ Barbieri-Low, Anthony (February 2000) "Wheeled Vehicles in the Chinese Bronze Age (c. 2000-741 B.C.)", Sino-Platonic Papers
Jump up ^ "Bronze Age wheel at 'British Pompeii' Must Farm an 'unprecedented find'". BBC. Retrieved 2016-02-18.
Jump up ^ Ekholm, Gordon F (April 1946). "Wheeled Toys in Mexico". American Antiquity. 11 (4): 222–228. JSTOR 275722.
Jump up ^ Diamond, Jared (1999). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: Norton. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-393-31755-8.
Jump up ^ Singer, Ben (May 2005). A brief history of the horse in America. Canadian Geographic Magazine. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "CRAFTS - Uncovering Treasures of Ancient Nubia - NYTimes.com". 27 February 1994.
Jump up ^ "What the Nubians Ate". Discover Magazine.
Jump up ^ Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521215923.
Jump up ^ Chaves, Isaías; Engerman, Stanley L.; Robinson, James A. (2012). Reinventing the Wheel: The Economic Benefits of Wheeled Transportation in Early Colonial British West Africa (PDF). Weatherhead Center for International Affairs. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2014. One of the great technological puzzles of Sub-Saharan African economic history is that wheeled transportation was barely used prior to the colonial period. Instead, head porterage was the main method of transportation.
Jump up ^ Law, Robin C. (1980). "Wheeled Transportation in Pre-Colonial West Africa". Africa. 50: 249–62. doi:10.2307/1159117.
Jump up ^ Ghosh, A. (1989). An Encyclopedia of Indian Archaeology. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. p.337; Rao, L.S. (2005–06). The Harappan Spoked Wheels Rattled Down the Streets of Bhirrana, District Fatehabad, Haryana. “Puratattva” 36. pp.59–67.
Jump up ^ See e.g. Molded tablet and Bull seal, Harappa.
Jump up ^ bookrags.com – Wheel and axle
Jump up ^ Jewel, Elizabeth (2006). The Pocket Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus. Oxford University Press. p. 722. ISBN 978-0-19-530715-3. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
Jump up ^ "Wheel Structure. Original document: US808765 (A) ― 1906-01-02". Espacenet.
Jump up ^ "Vehicle – Wheel. Original document: US836578 (A) ― 1906-11-20". Espacenet.
Jump up ^ "Improvements in Spring Wheels for Vehicles. Original document: GB190702860 (A) ― 1907-07-18". Espacenet.
Jump up ^ "Resilient Wheel. Original document: US1159786 (A) ― 1915-11-09". Espacenet.
Jump up ^ Kershaw, Jenai (March 29, 2016). "London inventor of new omni-directional wheels says his prototype is better than existing products". London Free Press. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hot Wheels". CTV London. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hall, Adelaide S. (2005). A Glossary of Important Symbols in Their Hebrew: Pagan and Christian Forms. p. 56. ISBN 9781596055933.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wheels.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Automobile wheels.
Look up wheel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
[show]
v
t
e
Prehistoric technology
Prehistory
timeline
outline
Stone Age
subdivisions
New Stone Age
Technology
history
[show]
Tools
Farming
Neolithic Revolution
founder crops
New World crops
Ard / plough
Celt
Digging stick
Domestication
Goad
Irrigation
Secondary products
Sickle
Terracing
Food processing
Fire
Basket
Cooking
Earth oven
Granaries
Grinding slab
Ground stone
Hearth
Aşıklı Höyük
Qesem Cave
Manos
Metate
Mortar and pestle
Pottery
Quern-stone
Storage pit
Hunting
Arrow
Boomerang
throwing stick
Bow and arrow
history
Nets
Spear
Spear-thrower
baton
harpoon
woomera
Schöningen Spears
Projectile points
Arrowhead
Bare Island
Cascade
Clovis
Cresswell
Cumberland
Eden
Folsom
Lamoka
Manis Site
Plano
Transverse arrowhead
Systems
Game drive system
Buffalo jump
Toolmaking
Earliest toolmaking
Oldowan
Acheulean
Mousterian
Clovis culture
Cupstone
Fire hardening
Gravettian culture
Hafting
Hand axe
Grooves
Langdale axe industry
Levallois technique
Lithic core
Lithic reduction
analysis
debitage
flake
Lithic technology
Magdalenian culture
Metallurgy
Microblade technology
Mining
Prepared-core technique
Solutrean industry
Striking platform
Tool stone
Uniface
Yubetsu technique
Other tools
Adze
Awl
bone
Axe
Bannerstone
Blade
prismatic
Bone tool
Bow drill
Burin
Canoe
Oar
Pesse canoe
Chopper
tool
Cleaver
Denticulate tool
Fire plough
Fire-saw
Hammerstone
Knife
Microlith
Quern-stone
Racloir
Rope
Scraper
side
Stone tool
Tally stick
Weapons
Wheel
illustration
[show]
Architecture
Ceremonial
Göbekli Tepe
Kiva
Standing stones
megalith
row
Stonehenge
Pyramid
Dwellings
Neolithic architecture
British megalith architecture
Nordic megalith architecture
Burdei
Cave
Cliff dwelling
Dugout
Hut
Quiggly hole
Jacal
Longhouse
Mud brick
Mehrgarh
Neolithic long house
Pit-house
Pueblitos
Pueblo
Rock shelter
Blombos Cave
Abri de la Madeleine
Sibudu Cave
Stone roof
Roundhouse
Stilt house
Alp pile dwellings
Wattle and daub
Water management
Check dam
Cistern
Flush toilet
Reservoir
Water well
Other architecture
Archaeological features
Broch
Burnt mound
fulacht fiadh
Causewayed enclosure
Tor enclosure
Circular enclosure
Goseck
Cursus
Henge
Thornborough
Oldest buildings
Megalithic architectural elements
Midden
Timber circle
Timber trackway
Sweet Track
[show]
Arts and culture
Material goods
Baskets
Beadwork
Beds
Chalcolithic
Clothing/textiles
timeline
Cosmetics
Glue
Hides
shoes
Ötzi
Jewelry
amber use
Mirrors
Pottery
Cardium
Grooved ware
Linear
Jōmon
Unstan ware
Sewing needle
Weaving
Wine
Winery
wine press
PrehistArt
Art of the Upper Paleolithic
Art of the Middle Paleolithic
Blombos Cave
List of Stone Age art
Bird stone
Bradshaw rock paintings
Cairn
Carved Stone Balls
Cave paintings
painting
pigment
Cup and ring mark
Geoglyph
Golden hats
Guardian stones
Megalithic art
Petroform
Petroglyph
Petrosomatoglyph
Pictogram
Rock art
Stone carving
Sculpture
Statue menhir
Stone circle
list
British Isles and Brittany
Venus figurines
Burial
Burial mounds
Bowl barrow
Round barrow
Mound Builders culture
U.S. sites
Chamber tomb
Severn-Cotswold
Cist
Dartmoor kistvaens
Clava cairn
Court tomb
Cremation
Dolmen
Great dolmen
Funeral pyre
Gallery grave
transepted
wedge-shaped
Grave goods
Jar burial
Long barrow
unchambered
Grønsalen
Megalithic tomb
Mummy
Passage grave
Rectangular dolmen
Ring cairn
Simple dolmen
Stone box grave
Tor cairn
Tumulus
Unchambered long cairn
Other cultural
Astronomy
sites
lunar calendar
Behavioral modernity
Origin of language
trepanning
Prehistoric medicine
Evolutionary musicology
music archaeology
Prehistoric music
Alligator drum
flutes
Divje Babe flute
gudi
Prehistoric numerals
Origin of religion
Paleolithic religion
Prehistoric religion
Spiritual drug use
Prehistoric warfare
Symbols
symbolism
[show]
v
t
e
Locomotive running and valve gear
Valve gear types
Allan
Baker
Bagnall-Price
Baguley
Bulleid
Caprotti
Gab
Gooch
Gresley
Hackworth
Joy
Kuhn slide
Lentz
Southern
Stephenson
Walschaerts
Bogie types
AAR type A switcher truck
Arnoux system
Articulated bogie
Bissel truck
Blomberg B
Cleminson system
Grovers bogie
Jacobs bogie
Krauss-Helmholtz bogie
Mason Bogie
Pony truck
Radial steering truck
Scheffel bogie
Schwartzkopff-Eckhardt II bogie
Other running gear elements
Adams axle
Axlebox
Beugniot lever
Carrying wheel
Coupled wheel
Driving wheel
Equalising beam
Gölsdorf axle
Journal box
Klien-Lindner axle
Leading wheel
Luttermöller axle
Radial axle
Railway tire
Road–rail vehicle
Trailing wheel
Train wheel
Wheelset
Authority control
GND: 4176761-5
NDL: 00576231
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheel&oldid=837861732"
Categories:
Wheels
Hidden categories:
All self-contradictory articles
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
Use dmy dates from May 2011
Articles containing Old English-language text
Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text
Articles with text from the Indo-European languages collective
Articles containing Icelandic-language text
Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015
Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
العربية
Aragonés
Armãneashti
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Boarisch
བོད་ཡིག
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Буряад
Català
Чӑвашла
Cebuano
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deitsch
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Emiliàn e rumagnòl
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Fiji Hindi
Français
Frysk
Furlan
Gaeilge
Gàidhlig
Galego
贛語
ગુજરાતી
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
Хальмг
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Ilokano
Bahasa Indonesia
Iñupiak
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
Kapampangan
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Коми
Kurdî
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Ligure
Lingála
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
Malagasy
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nāhuatl
Nederlands
Nedersaksies
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Nordfriisk
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Nouormand
Occitan
Олык марий
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Papiamentu
Patois
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Sicilianu
Simple English
سنڌي
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Soomaaliga
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Vèneto
Vepsän kel’
Tiếng Việt
Võro
Walon
Winaray
ייִדיש
粵語
Žemaitėška
中文
122 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 April 2018, at 13:50.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Wheel_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Wheel (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Wheels_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Wheels (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: class style

values:
mbox-text plainlist
vertical-align:middle; font-size:95%;

value: tr

value: tbody

value: table

attrs: role class style

values: background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000;width: 22em;

values:
ine
Indo-European languages collective text
ine

values:
grc-Latn
Ancient Greek-language transliteration
grc-Latn

values:
sa-Latn
Sanskrit-language transliteration
sa-Latn

values:
/wiki/Aceramic_Neolithic
mw-redirect
Aceramic Neolithic

values:
/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age
mw-redirect
Early Bronze Age

values:
/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age
mw-redirect
Middle Bronze Age

values:
/wiki/4th_millennium_BCE
mw-redirect
4th millennium BCE

values:
/wiki/Cucuteni-Trypillian_culture
mw-redirect
Cucuteni-Trypillian culture

values:
/wiki/Ljubljana_Marshes_Wooden_Wheel
mw-redirect
Ljubljana Marshes Wooden Wheel

values:
/wiki/Standard_deviations
mw-redirect
Standard deviations

values: Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps

values:
/wiki/American_Bison
mw-redirect
American Bison

values:
/wiki/Water_wheels
mw-redirect
Water wheels

values:
/wiki/Wire-spoked_wheel
mw-redirect
Wire-spoked wheel

values:
/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization
mw-redirect
Indus Valley Civilization

values:
/wiki/Pneumatic_tire
mw-redirect
Pneumatic tire

values:
/wiki/Alloy_wheels
mw-redirect
Alloy wheels

values: Caption and article say that this is earlier than things mentioned above, but this chariot isn't described in the text above. Can we fix the text? (November 2017)

values: Category:Articles contradicting other articles

values:
/wiki/Coefficient_of_friction
mw-redirect
Coefficient of friction

values:
/wiki/Mechanical_work
mw-redirect
Mechanical work

values:
/wiki/Hubless_wheel
mw-redirect
Hubless wheel

values:
/wiki/Choqa_Zanbil
mw-redirect
Choqa Zanbil

values:
/wiki/Bicycle_hub
mw-redirect
Bicycle hub

values:
/wiki/Inflatable_structure
mw-redirect
Inflatable structure

values:
/wiki/Heavy_equipment_(construction)
mw-redirect
Heavy equipment (construction)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Pneumatic_tyre
mw-redirect
Pneumatic tyre

values:
/wiki/Electromagnetic_force
mw-redirect
Electromagnetic force

values:
/wiki/Walker_(machine)
mw-redirect
Walker (machine)

values:
/wiki/Omnidirectional_wheel
mw-redirect
Omnidirectional wheel

values:
/wiki/Solar_barge
mw-redirect
Solar barge

values:
/wiki/Solar_chariot
mw-redirect
Solar chariot

values:
/wiki/Big_wheel_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Big wheel (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Wire_wheels
mw-redirect
Wire wheels

values:
/wiki/Wagon_wheel_(transportation)
mw-redirect
Wagon wheel (transportation)

values:
/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Wheel of Fortune (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/The_Horse,_The_Wheel_and_Language
mw-redirect
The Horse, The Wheel and Language

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/275722

values: Weatherhead Center for International Affairs

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F1159117

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.harappa.com/indus/90.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.harappa.com/indus/27.html

values:
/wiki/London_Free_Press
mw-redirect
London Free Press

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Use of animals during the Gravettian period

values:
/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_Spears
mw-redirect
Schöningen Spears

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values: Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe

values: Timeline of clothing and textiles technology

values: Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany

values: List of burial mounds in the United States

values:
/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave
mw-redirect
Transepted gallery grave

values:
/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave
mw-redirect
Wedge-shaped gallery grave

values:
/wiki/Megalithic_tomb
mw-redirect
Megalithic tomb

values: List of archaeoastronomical sites by country

values: Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Lentz_valve_gear
mw-redirect
Lentz valve gear

values:
/wiki/Articulated_bogie
mw-redirect
Articulated bogie

values:
/wiki/Grovers_bogie
mw-redirect
Grovers bogie

values:
/wiki/Running_gear_(railway)
mw-redirect
Running gear (railway)

values:
/wiki/Journal_box
mw-redirect
Journal box

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4176761-5

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

values: Category:Articles containing Old English-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text

values: Category:Articles with text from the Indo-European languages collective

values: Category:Articles containing Icelandic-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015

values: Category:Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Wheel
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Wheel&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiel
Wiel – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad
Rad – Alemannisch
als
als
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values:
https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rueda
Rueda – Aragonese
an
an
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup
display: none;

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rueda
Rueda – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Тәгәрмәс – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Кола – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radl
Radl – Bavarian
bar
bar
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bar
display: none;

values: འཁོར་ལོ། – Tibetan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod
Rod – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roda
Roda – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligid
Ligid – Cebuano
ceb
ceb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolo
Kolo – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olwyn
Olwyn – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjul
Hjul – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raad
Raad – Pennsylvania German
pdc
pdc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad
Rad – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratas
Ratas – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Τροχός – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eml
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rueda
Rueda – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rado
Rado – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurpil
Gurpil – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahiya
Pahiya – Fiji Hindi
hif
hif
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hif
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roue
Roue – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruede
Ruede – Friulian
fur
fur
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fur
display: none;

values:
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roth
Roth – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuibhle
Cuibhle – Scottish Gaelic
gd
gd
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roda
Roda – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gan
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xal
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: पहिया – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roto
Roto – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilid
Pilid – Iloko
ilo
ilo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roda
Roda – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ik
display: none;

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%B3l
Hjól – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruota
Ruota – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodha
Rodha – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values:
https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parulang
Parulang – Pampanga
pam
pam
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pam
display: none;

values: ბორბალი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Дөңгелек – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurudumu
Gurudumu – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values: Гӧгыль – Komi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rota
Rota – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritenis
Ritenis – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratas
Ratas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6a
Röa – Ligurian
lij
lij
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lij
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ln
display: none;

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roeuda
Roeuda – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiarana
Kodiarana – Malagasy
mg
mg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roda
Roda – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ms
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacatl
Malacatl – Nāhuatl
nah
nah
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nah
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad
Rad – Low Saxon
nds-NL
nds-NL
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-new
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frr
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjul
Hjul – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjul
Hjul – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reue
Reue – Norman
nrm
nrm
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B2da
Ròda – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-or
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiel
Wiel – Papiamento
pap
pap
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pap
display: none;

values:
https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiil
Wiil – Jamaican Creole English
jam
jam
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jam
display: none;

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad
Rad – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roda
Roda – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalla
Qalla – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Колесо – Russian

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel
Wheel – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rrota
Rrota – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rota
Rota – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel
Wheel – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolo
Kolo – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaag
Shaag – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-so
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjul
Hjul – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulong
Gulong – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: சில்லு – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Тәгәрмәч – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: చక్రం – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekerlek
Tekerlek – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rua
Rua – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values:
https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kezr
Kezr – Veps
vep
vep
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vep
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
display: none;

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliding
Kaliding – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg
display: none;

values:
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%AA
輪 – Chinese
zh
zh
interlanguage-link-target

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Wheel rootpage-Wheel skin-vector action-view


text:
50 home run club
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Mark McGwire (left) and Sammy Sosa (right) are the only players to join the 50 home run club in four consecutive seasons.
In Major League Baseball (MLB), the 50 home run club is the group of batters who have hit 50 or more home runs in a single season.[1][2][3] Babe Ruth was the first to achieve this, doing so in 1920. By reaching the milestone, he also became the first player to hit 30 and then 40 home runs in a single-season, breaking his own record of 29 from the 1919 season.[4] Ruth subsequently became the first player to reach the 50 home run club on four occasions, repeating the achievement in 1921, 1927 and 1928.[5][6] He remained the only player to accomplish this until Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa matched his feat in 1999 and 2001, respectively, thus becoming the only players to achieve four consecutive 50 home run seasons.[6] Barry Bonds hit the most home runs to join the club, collecting 73 in 2001.[6] The most recent players to reach the milestone are Giancarlo Stanton and Aaron Judge, achieving the feat during the 2017 season.[7]
In total, 29 players have reached the 50 home run club in MLB history and nine have done so more than once.[6] Of these, seventeen were right-handed batters, eleven were left-handed, and one was a switch hitter, meaning he could bat from either side of the plate. Four of these players (including two active members of the 50 home run club)[8] have played for only one major league team. The New York Yankees are the only franchise to have five players reach the milestone while on their roster: Ruth, Mickey Mantle, Roger Maris, Alex Rodriguez, and Aaron Judge. Ten players are also members of the 500 home run club[9] and two of them (Willie Mays and Rodriguez) are also members of the 3,000 hit club.[10] Ten players won the Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award in the same year as their 50 home run season.[11] Mantle is the only player to have earned the Major League Triple Crown alongside achieving 50 home runs, leading both leagues in batting average, home runs and runs batted in (RBI).[12][13][14] Mantle and Maris—collectively known as the M&M Boys—are the only teammates to reach the 50 home run club in the same season, hitting a combined 115 home runs in 1961 and breaking the single-season record for home runs by a pair of teammates.[15][16] Albert Belle is the only player to amass 50 or more doubles in addition to attaining 50 home runs.[17][18] Prince Fielder, at 23 years and 139 days, was the youngest player to reach the milestone while Bonds, at age 37, was the oldest.[19][20]
Due to the infrequent addition of members into the 50 home run club, Baseball Digest called it "a restrictive fraternity comprising slugging elite"[21] in 1954, when there were only six members. Of the seventeen members eligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame, eight have been elected and three were elected on the first ballot. Eligibility requires that a player has "been retired five seasons" or deceased for at least six months,[22] disqualifying four active players and five players who have been retired for less than five seasons. Some believe the milestone has become less important with the large number of new members;[23][24] fifteen players joined the club on a total of 24 occasions from 1995 to 2010.[6] Additionally, several of these recent members have had ties to performance-enhancing drugs.[25][26][27][28]
Contents
[hide]
1 Members
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
Members[edit]
Babe Ruth was the first member of the 50 home run club and joined it in four seasons, a record he shares with Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa.
Jimmie Foxx achieved the 50 home run club and won the MVP Award in 1932 and 1938.
Mickey Mantle (right) earned the Triple Crown in addition to achieving the 50 home run club in 1956. Five years later, he and Roger Maris (left) became the only teammates to reach the 50 home run club in the same season.
Key
Year
The year the player's 50 home run season occurred
Player (X)
Name of the player and number of 50 home run seasons they had accomplished at that point
Team
The player's team for his 50 home run season
HR
Number of home runs in that season
Career HR
The number of home runs the player hit in his MLB career
^
Denotes single-season home run record progression
Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame
Player is active
Members of the 50 home run club
Year
Player
Team
HR
Career HR
Ref
1920
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth
New York Yankees 54^ 714 [5]
1921
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth (2)
New York Yankees 59^ 714 [5]
1927
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth (3)
New York Yankees 60^ 714 [5]
1928
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth (4)
New York Yankees 54 714 [5]
1930
Wilson, HackHack Wilson
Chicago Cubs 56 244 [29]
1932
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx
Philadelphia Athletics 58 534 [30]
1938
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx (2)
Boston Red Sox 50 534 [30]
1938
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg
Detroit Tigers 58 331 [31]
1947
Mize, JohnnyJohnny Mize
New York Giants 51 359 [32]
1947
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner
Pittsburgh Pirates 51 369 [33]
1949
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner (2)
Pittsburgh Pirates 54 369 [33]
1955
Mays, WillieWillie Mays
New York Giants 51 660 [34]
1956
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle
New York Yankees 52 536 [35]
1961
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle (2)
New York Yankees 54 536 [35]
1961
Maris, RogerRoger Maris
New York Yankees 61^ 275 [36]
1965
Mays, WillieWillie Mays (2)
San Francisco Giants 52 660 [34]
1977
Foster, GeorgeGeorge Foster
Cincinnati Reds 52 348 [37]
1990
Fielder, CecilCecil Fielder
Detroit Tigers 51 319 [38]
1995
Belle, AlbertAlbert Belle
Cleveland Indians 50 381 [39]
1996
Anderson, BradyBrady Anderson
Baltimore Orioles 50 210 [40]
1996
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
Oakland Athletics 52 583 [41]
1997
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.
Seattle Mariners 56 630 [42]
1997
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire (2)
Oakland Athletics
St. Louis Cardinals 58 583 [41]
1998
Vaughn, GregGreg Vaughn
San Diego Padres 50 355 [43]
1998
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr. (2)
Seattle Mariners 56 630 [42]
1998
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
Chicago Cubs 66 609 [44]
1998
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire (3)
St. Louis Cardinals 70^ 583 [41]
1999
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa (2)
Chicago Cubs 63 609 [44]
1999
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire (4)
St. Louis Cardinals 65 583 [41]
2000
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa (3)
Chicago Cubs 50 609 [44]
2001
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
Texas Rangers 52 696 [45]
2001
Gonzalez, LuisLuis Gonzalez
Arizona Diamondbacks 57 354 [46]
2001
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa (4)
Chicago Cubs 64 609 [44]
2001
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
San Francisco Giants 73^ 762 [47]
2002
Thome, JimJim Thome
Cleveland Indians 52 612 [48]
2002
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez (2)
Texas Rangers 57 696 [45]
2005
Jones, AndruwAndruw Jones
Atlanta Braves 51 434 [49]
2006
Howard, RyanRyan Howard
Philadelphia Phillies 58 382 [8]
2006
Ortiz, DavidDavid Ortiz
Boston Red Sox 54 541 [50]
2007
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez (3)
New York Yankees 54 696 [45]
2007
Fielder, PrincePrince Fielder[A]
Milwaukee Brewers 50 319 [52]
2010
Bautista, JoséJosé Bautista
Toronto Blue Jays 54 328 [53]
2013
Davis, ChrisChris Davis
Baltimore Orioles 53 261 [54]
2017
Stanton, GiancarloGiancarlo Stanton
Miami Marlins 59 267 [55]
2017
Judge, AaronAaron Judge
New York Yankees 52 56 [56]
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
List of Major League Baseball home run champions
Major League Baseball single-season home run record
List of Major League Baseball home run records
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Although Fielder is not officially retired, he will spend the remaining four years of his contract on the 60-day disabled list.[51]
References[edit]
General
"Single-Season Leaders & Records for Home Runs". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
Specific
Jump up ^ Johnston, Joey (July 1987). "Will 50-Homer Seasons Become Extinct in the Majors?". Baseball Digest. Evanston, IL, USA: Century Publishing. 46 (7): 60–61. ISSN 0005-609X. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Smith, Claire (September 29, 1997). "On Baseball; Numbers Tell It All: 1997 Was Impressive". The New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2012. Larry Walker...missed joining McGwire and Griffey in the 50 home run club (49).
Jump up ^ Bastian, Jordan (September 19, 2010). "Bautista belts 49th as Jays edge Red Sox". MLB.com. MLB Advanced Media. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2012. Bautista['s]...next blast will put him in the 50 home run club.
Jump up ^ "Progressive Leaders & Records for Home Runs". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Babe Ruth Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Single-Season Leaders & Records for Home Runs". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kepner, Tyler (September 25, 2017). "Aaron Judge Hits 2 More Homers, Breaking Mark McGwire's Rookie Record". The New York Times. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ryan Howard Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Career Leaders & Records for Home Runs". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Career Leaders & Records for Hits". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Most Valuable Player MVP Awards & Cy Young Awards Winners". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mantle Eligible for 'Hall' Today". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. January 16, 1974. p. 24. Retrieved July 4, 2012. Mantle took the triple crown in 1956 when he batted .353 with 52 home runs and 130 runs batted in.
Jump up ^ "Mickey Mantle Named Most Valuable Player". The Milwaukee Journal. November 15, 1956. p. 20. Retrieved July 4, 2012. Mantle, who won the triple batting crown..., became the eighth man in history to win the batting, home run and runs batted in titles in one season. [He] led the league, both leagues in fact, with a .353 batting average, 52 homers and 130 runs batted in. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "1956 Major League Baseball Batting Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Singer, Tom (August 24, 2011). "Plenty of duos have look of M&M Boys". MLB.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved July 27, 2012. [T]heir combined total of 115 still stands as the benchmark for teammates.
Jump up ^ "A Short History of the Single-Season Home Run Record". National Baseball Hall of Fame. Retrieved July 4, 2012. [Maris] and Mantle...broke the record for most single-season home runs by a pair of teammates.
Jump up ^ Carter, Bob (September 5, 2006). "Belle battled fans, teammates, self". ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures. Archived from the original on September 20, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2012. In 1995,...he became the first player to amass 50 doubles and 50 homers in the same year.
Jump up ^ "Belle is forgotten man". The Spokesman-Review. September 27, 1998. p. C5. Retrieved July 5, 2012. [H]e became the first player to hit 50 homers and 50 doubles in 1995.
Jump up ^ "Prince hits 50, but it's 52 he wants to 'shut up' his dad". ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures. September 26, 2007. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Baseball; Giants' Bonds Is Fastest to 50 Homers". The New York Times. August 12, 2001. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Leonard, George K. (October 1954). "37 Stars Hit 50 Homers in Year!". Baseball Digest. Evanston, IL, USA: Century Publishing. 13 (9): 43. ISSN 0005-609X. Retrieved July 11, 2012. Not as exclusive as the "Four Homers in One Game Club" but, nevertheless, a restrictive sort of fraternity is that comprising batters who have blasted 50—or more—home runs in one season. This group of slugging elite... [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Rules for Election". National Baseball Hall of Fame. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Chass, Murray (September 30, 2001). "Baseball: Notebook; Measure of Inflation For Home Run Race". The New York Times. Retrieved July 15, 2012. I think it takes some of the luster off the numbers that some of the best players established...
Jump up ^ Schwarz, Alan (June 9, 2002). "Ideas & Trends; Scoring Hits, Runs and Asterisks". The New York Times. Retrieved July 15, 2012. Where 50 home runs in a season once meant something (just 18 players did it before 1995), 16 have since...
Jump up ^ Krawczynski, Jon (October 2, 2010). "Bautista's homer binge brings questions". USA Today. Retrieved July 15, 2012. McGwire has admitted to using steroids during his career and Sosa and Bonds have been dogged by allegations.
Jump up ^ Bloom, Barry M. (December 13, 2007). "Mitchell Report proposes solutions". MLB.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kepner, Tyler (February 9, 2009). "Rodriguez Admits to Use of Performance Enhancers". The New York Times. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Schmidt, Michael S. (July 30, 2009). "Ortiz and Ramirez Said to Be on 2003 Doping List". The New York Times. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Hack Wilson Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jimmie Foxx Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Hank Greenberg Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Mize Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ralph Kiner Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Willie Mays Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mickey Mantle Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Roger Maris Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "George Foster Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Cecil Fielder Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Albert Belle Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Brady Anderson Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Mark McGwire Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ken Griffey Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Greg Vaughn Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Sammy Sosa Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Alex Rodriguez Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Luis Gonzalez Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Barry Bonds Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Jim Thome Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Andruw Jones Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "David Ortiz Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, T.R. (August 10, 2016). "Fielder announces playing career over". MLB.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Prince Fielder Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Jose Bautista Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Chris Davis Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Giancarlo Stanton Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Aaron Judge Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
[hide]
v
t
e
Major League Baseball records
Baseball statistics (types of records)
General
Record holders
Single-game records
Single-season records
Record breakers by season
Records considered unbreakable
Batting
leaders
Career
Batting average
On-base percentage
Times on base
Slugging percentage
OPS
Hits
3,000 club
Progressive
Singles
Doubles
Triples
Home runs
500 club
Progressive
Extra base hits
RBIs
Total bases
Walks
Intentional
HBP
Strikeouts
Games played
At-bats
Plate appearances
Annual
Batting average
Doubles
Triples
Home runs
RBI
Season
Batting average
Triples
Home run
Progressive
Game
Home runs
Hitting for the cycle
Grand slams
RBI
Game
Inning
Hits
Misc
Consecutive game hitting streak
On-base plus slugging
Hits
Home runs
Doubles
Triples
RBIs
Baserunning
leaders
Career
Runs
Stolen bases
Annual
Runs
Stolen bases
Game
Runs
Misc
Stolen bases
Runs
Pitching
leaders
Career
Wins
300 club
Losses
Games started
Games finished
Innings pitched
Strikeouts
3,000 club
Saves
Complete games
Shutouts
ERA
WHIP
Walks
Hit batsmen
Wild pitches
Batters faced
Annual
Wins
Saves
Shutouts
Strikeouts
ERA
Game
No-hitter
Perfect game
List of perfect games
Strikeouts
Game
Inning
Immaculate innings
Misc
Wins
Fielding
leaders
Career
Putouts
C
1B
2B
SS
3B
OF
LF
CF
RF
P
Errors
C
1B
2B
SS
3B
OF
LF
Assists
Passed balls
Annual
Putouts
Errors
Managing
records
Wins and winning percentage
Multiple stat
records
Triple Crown
20–20–20 club
30–30 club
40–40 club
Other
Consecutive games played
Longest winning streaks
Longest losing streaks
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=50_home_run_club&oldid=822209648"
Categories:
Major League Baseball statistics
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from October 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Articles with hCards
Featured lists
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
日本語
Português
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 January 2018, at 01:23.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: This is a featured list. Click here for more information.

attrs: href title

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: A man wearing a red shirt and St. Louis Cardinals cap holds a baseball in each hand.

attrs: href class

values: A man with a blue helmet and white baseball uniform with the number 21 on the back swings at a pitch.

value: i

values:
/wiki/Batter_(baseball)
mw-redirect
Batter (baseball)

values: Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award

values:
/wiki/Runs_batted_in
mw-redirect
Runs batted in

values: National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

values: List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame

values:
/wiki/Performance-enhancing_drugs
mw-redirect
Performance-enhancing drugs

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: A man in full baseball attire wears a pinstriped jersey and a baseball cap. Looking to the left of the camera, he is holding a baseball bat upward.

values: A man is pictured from his belt up looking to the left of the camera. His button-down baseball jersey says "RED SOX" across it and he is wearing a baseball cap.

values: Two men in pinstripe baseball uniform with an interlocking "NY" partially showing at the bottom.

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Ken_Griffey,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Ken Griffey, Jr.

values: wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: List of Major League Baseball home run champions

values: Major League Baseball single-season home run record

values: List of Major League Baseball home run records

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: upper-alpha;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0005-609X

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template talk:Major League Baseball records

values: List of Major League Baseball record holders

values: List of Major League Baseball single-game records

values: List of Major League Baseball single-season records

values: List of Major League Baseball record breakers by season

values: List of Major League Baseball records considered unbreakable

values: List of Major League Baseball career batting average leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career on-base percentage leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career times on base leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career slugging percentage leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career OPS leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball progressive career hits leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career singles leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball progressive career home runs leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career extra base hits leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career bases on balls leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career intentional bases on balls leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career hit by pitch leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career strikeouts by batters leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career games played leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career at-bat leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career plate appearance leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball batting champions

values: List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball players with a .400 batting average in a season

values: List of Major League Baseball single-season triples leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball progressive single-season home run leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball single-game home run leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle

values: List of Major League Baseball single-game grand slam leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball single-game runs batted in leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball single-inning runs batted in leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball hit records

values: List of Major League Baseball doubles records

values: List of Major League Baseball triples records

values: List of Major League Baseball runs batted in records

values: List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball annual stolen base leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball single-game runs scored leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball stolen base records

values: List of Major League Baseball runs records

values: List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career losses leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career games started leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career games finished leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career innings pitched leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career complete games leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career shutout leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career ERA leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career WHIP leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career bases on balls allowed leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career hit batsmen leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career wild pitches leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career batters faced leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball annual shutout leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball annual strikeout leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball no-hitters

values: List of Major League Baseball perfect games

values: List of Major League Baseball single-game strikeout leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball single-inning strikeout leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball pitchers who have thrown an immaculate inning

values: List of Major League Baseball wins records

values: List of Major League Baseball career putouts leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a catcher leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a first baseman leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a second baseman leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a shortstop leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a third baseman leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career putouts as an outfielder leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a left fielder leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a center fielder leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a right fielder leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a pitcher

values: List of Major League Baseball career fielding errors leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career fielding errors as a catcher leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career fielding errors as a first baseman leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career fielding errors as a second baseman leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career fielding errors as a shortstop leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career fielding errors as a third baseman leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career fielding errors as an outfielder leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career fielding errors as a left fielder leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career assists leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball career passed balls leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball annual putouts leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball annual fielding errors leaders

values: List of Major League Baseball managers by wins

values: Major League Baseball consecutive games played streaks

values: List of Major League Baseball longest winning streaks

values: List of Major League Baseball longest losing streaks

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Major League Baseball statistics

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/50_home_run_club
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-50_home_run_club rootpage-50_home_run_club skin-vector action-view


text:
Praise the Lord and Pass the Ammunition
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Praise the Lord and Pass the Ammunition"
Song
Published
1942
Genre
American patriotic song
Songwriter(s)
Frank Loesser
"Praise the Lord and Pass the Ammunition" is an American patriotic song by Frank Loesser,[1] and published as sheet music in 1942 by Famous Music Corp. The song was a response to the attack on Pearl Harbor that marked United States involvement in World War II.
The song describes a chaplain ("sky pilot") being with some fighting men who are under attack from an enemy. He is asked to say a prayer for the men who were engaged in firing at the oncoming planes. The chaplain puts down his Bible, mans one of the ship's gun turrets and begins firing back, saying, "Praise the Lord and pass the ammunition".
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 Popularization
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Origin[edit]
According to writer Jack S. McDowell, the famous phrase is generally credited to "a chaplain," said to be manning the guns of a ship under attack. "This [sic] was not true," says McDowell. For some time, long after Pearl Harbor, stories and reports surfaced about an incident involving this apocryphal "sky pilot", who was said to have uttered the words "Praise the Lord and pass the ammunition".
The stories eventually made their way through the servicemen and back to the press. This, as McDowell noted, led some writers to erroneously identify other chaplains as author of the phrase. Nonetheless, the real chaplain, Lt. j.g. Howell M. Forgy,[2] was aboard the USS New Orleans during the Japanese attack.
Lieutenant Edwin F. Woodhead,[3] who was the officer in charge of an ammunition line on the USS New Orleans later recounted that during the attack, "I heard a voice behind me saying, 'Praise the Lord and pass the ammunition.' I turned and saw Chaplain Forgy walking toward me, along the line of men. He was patting them on the back and making that remark to cheer and keep them going. I know it helped me a lot, too."
Another lieutenant said that thereafter, when the men heard the song, they would kid Chaplain Forgy about the role he played, encouraging him to set the record straight about who actually said what. According to the same officer the chaplain would decline, modestly claiming he felt, "... the episode should remain a legend, rather than be associated with any particular person." Author McDowell noted that reporters eventually were permitted to interview the men of the USS New Orleans involved in the "ammunition" story. Chaplain Forgy's superior officers set up a meeting with members of the press and at last, the real story of the song and the man who had inspired it was confirmed.
Forgy appeared on the game show I've Got a Secret in an episode that originally aired May 18, 1955, and recalled the story as follows:
Well, I was stationed aboard the USS New Orleans, and we were tied up at 1010 dock in Pearl Harbor when we attacked again. We were having a turbine lifted, and all of our electrical power wasn't on, and so when we went to lift the ammunition by the hoist, we had to form lines of men — form a bucket brigade — and we began to carry the ammunition up through the quarterdeck into the gurneys, and I stood there and directed some of the boys down the port side and some down the starboard side, and as they were getting a little tired, I just happened to say, "Praise the Lord and pass the ammunition." That's all there was to it.
According to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette article of January 1, 1943, the origin of the quote may well have been John Ford's 1939 film Drums along the Mohawk.
Popularization[edit]
The song became extremely popular despite Loesser's belief that "Americans did not want a true war song." The song made Variety's best seller list for three months and sold over 450,000 copies in only two months. [4]
According to his obituary in The New York Times of August 8, 1974, the singer who introduced the song to a popular audience was Robert Rounseville.
Based on the title of the song and the events that inspired it, American Brandywine artist Walter De Maris (1877–1947) produced a painting of a Pilgrim who has just been shot at with an arrow reaching for his musket.[5]
In 1942, a recording by The Merry Macs reached number 8 on the Billboard chart, and a version by The Jubalaires reached #10 on the R&B chart on November 14 of the same year.[6] The 1943 version by Kay Kyser and His Orchestra reached number 1. A portion of the tune is sung while in the Superman cartoon "Jungle Drums" Hitler bows his head from news that Allied forces cut off a major assault of German U-boats. Loesser donated his royalties for sale of the song to the Navy Relief Society.
In later years, the expression has often been used in a satirical manner. In the Larry Peerce movie The Incident, a character reminiscing about his army days quotes the phrase to his fiancée Ruby Dee (a black woman involved in the non-violent civil rights movement) to advocate the more militant attitude he claims would be a better way to assert the rights of African-Americans. The quote has also been referenced in the Dixie Chicks' song, 'Sin Wagon'.
See also[edit]
Trust in God and keep your powder dry
References[edit]
Jump up ^ OCLC 18945388
Jump up ^ "Rev. Howell M Forgy". Find a Grave. Retrieved 2012-01-16.
Jump up ^ "Capt. Edwin F. Woodhead". Find a Grave. Retrieved 2012-01-16.
Jump up ^ * Smith, Kathleen A. R. (2003). God Bless America: Tin Pan Alley Goes to War. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2256-2. OCLC 900344548. ,page 121-122.
Jump up ^ Walter De Maris Gallery" - American Art Archives. Retrieved 2011-01-17.
Jump up ^ Warner, Jay (2006). On this day in black music history. Milwaukee: Hal Leonard. p. 320. ISBN 0-634-09926-4. OCLC 62330882.
Further reading[edit]
Wristen H. "Praise the Lord and Pass the Ammunition". via Pearl Harbor remembered.
Forgy HM (1944). And Pass the Ammunition.
Pittsburgh Post Gazette, Jan. 1, 1943 Google News
"Praise the Lord and Pass the Ammunition"
External links[edit]
National Museum of American History
The Vocal Group Harmony website
Pearl Harbor Remembered
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Praise_the_Lord_and_Pass_the_Ammunition&oldid=833220334"
Categories:
1942 songs
Songs of World War II
American patriotic songs
Proverbs
Songs written by Frank Loesser
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Cymraeg
Suomi
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 March 2018, at 09:25.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: td

value: span

values:
/wiki/Drums_along_the_Mohawk
mw-redirect
Drums along the Mohawk

values:
/wiki/Pilgrim_(Plymouth_Colony)
mw-redirect
Pilgrim (Plymouth Colony)

values:
/wiki/Billboard_chart
mw-redirect
Billboard chart

values:
/wiki/Kay_Kyser_and_His_Orchestra
mw-redirect
Kay Kyser and His Orchestra

values:
/wiki/Jungle_Drums_(animated_short)
mw-redirect
Jungle Drums (animated short)

values:
/wiki/Navy_Relief_Society
mw-redirect
Navy Relief Society

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18945388

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/900344548

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/62330882

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Praise the Lord and Pass the Ammunition – Welsh

values: Praise the Lord and Pass the Ammunition – Finnish

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Praise_the_Lord_and_Pass_the_Ammunition rootpage-Praise_the_Lord_and_Pass_the_Ammunition skin-vector action-view