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Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act
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Not to be confused with the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act.
Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act
Acronyms (colloquial)
FATCA
Enacted by
the 111th United States Congress
Effective
March 18, 2010 (26 USC § 6038D); December 31, 2012 (26 USC §§ 1471-1474)
Citations
Public law
111-147
Statutes at Large
124 Stat. 71, 97-117
Codification
Titles amended
26
U.S.C. sections created
26 U.S.C. §§ 1471–1474, § 6038D
U.S.C. sections amended
26 U.S.C. § 163, § 643, § 679, § 871, § 1291, § 1298, § 4701, § 6011, § 6501, § 6662, § 6677
Legislative history
Introduced in the House and Senate as Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act of 2009 (S. 1934, H.R. 3933) by Max Baucus (D–Montana); Charles Rangel (D–NY-13) on October 27, 2009
Committee consideration by Senate Finance, House Ways and Means
Passed the Senate on February 24, 2010 (70-28)
Passed the House as the Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act, Title V, Subtitle A on March 4, 2010 (217–201) with amendment
Senate agreed to House amendment on March 17, 2010 (68–29)
Signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 18, 2010
The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) is a 2010 United States federal law requiring all non-U.S. ('foreign') financial institutions (FFIs) to search their records for customers with indicia[clarification needed] of 'U.S.-person' status, such as a U.S. place of birth, and to report the assets and identities of such persons to the U.S. Department of the Treasury.[1] FATCA also requires such persons to self-report their non-U.S. financial assets annually to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) on form 8938, which is in addition to the older and further redundant requirement to self-report them annually to the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) on form 114 (also known as 'FBAR').[2] Like U.S. income tax law, FATCA applies to U.S. residents and also to U.S. citizens and green card holders residing in other countries.
FATCA was the revenue-raising portion of the 2010 domestic jobs stimulus bill, the Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment (HIRE) Act,[3][4] and was enacted as Subtitle A (sections 501 through 541) of Title V of that law. According to the IRS, foreign financial institutions "FFIs that enter into an agreement with the IRS to report on their account holders may be required to withhold 30% on certain payments to foreign payees if such payees do not comply with FATCA."[5] The U.S. has yet to comply with FATCA itself, because as of 2017, it has not yet provided the promised reciprocity to its partner countries and it has failed to sign up to the Common Reporting Standard (CRS).[6][7][8][9][10] FATCA has also been criticised for its impacts on Americans living overseas, and implicated in record-breaking numbers of U.S. citizenship renunciations throughout the 2010s.[11][12][13] Bills to repeal FATCA have been introduced in the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives.[14][15][16]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Provisions
3 FATCA indicia
4 Revenue and cost
4.1 Revenue
4.2 Implementation cost
5 Criticism
5.1 Opposition
5.1.1 Congressional bills to repeal FATCA
5.1.2 Republican National Committee
5.1.3 American expatriates
5.1.4 Unsuccessful legal challenge
5.1.5 Canadians, particularly those considered to be American persons for taxation purposes
6 Implementation
6.1 Domestic
6.2 International implementation
6.2.1 Intergovernmental agreements
6.3 Delays in implementation of IGAs
7 Related international regulations
8 Renunciation of citizenship
9 See also
10 References
10.1 Further reading
11 External links
Background[edit]
FATCA was reportedly enacted for the purpose of detecting the non-U.S. financial accounts of U.S. resident taxpayers rather than to identify non-resident U.S. citizens and enforce collections.[17] However, although there might be thousands of resident U.S. citizens with non-U.S. assets, such as astute investors, dual citizens, or legal immigrants,[18] FATCA also applies to the estimated 5.7 to 9 million U.S. citizens residing outside of the United States[19][20] and those persons believed to be U.S. persons for tax purposes.[21][22] FATCA also affects non-U.S.-person family members and business partners who share accounts with U.S. persons or who have U.S.-person signatories of accounts. This feature allows the reporting of the assets of non-U.S. corporations, volunteer organisations, and any other non-U.S. entity where a U.S. person can be identified.
FATCA is used to locate U.S. citizens (residing in the U.S. or not) and "U.S. persons for tax purposes" and to collect and store information including total asset value and Social Security number. The law is used to detect assets, rather than income. The law does not include a provision imposing any tax. In the law, financial institutions would report the information they gather to the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS). As implemented by the intergovernmental agreements (IGAs) (discussed below) with many countries, each financial institution will send the U.S.-person's data to the local government first. For example, according to Ukraine's IGA, the U.S.-person data will be sent to U.S. via the Ukrainian government. Alternatively, in a non-IGA country, such as Russia, only the Russian bank will store the U.S.-person data and will send it directly to the IRS.
FATCA is used by government personnel to detect indicia of U.S. persons and their assets and to enable cross-checking where assets have been self-reported by individuals to the IRS or to the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN). U.S. persons, regardless of residence location and regardless of dual citizenship, are required to self-report their non-U.S. assets to FinCEN on an annual basis.[23] According to qualification criteria, individuals are also required to report this information on IRS information-reporting form 8938. FATCA will allow detection of persons who have not self-reported, enabling collection of large penalties.[23] FATCA allows government personnel to locate U.S. persons not living in the United States, so as to assess U.S. tax or penalties.
Under FATCA, non-U.S. ('foreign') financial institutions (FFIs) are required to report asset and identify information related to suspected U.S. persons using their financial institutions.[24]
Under U.S. tax law, U.S. persons (regardless of country of residence) are generally required to report and pay U.S. federal income tax on income from all sources.[25] The U.S. is unique in taxing not only non-resident citizens but also non-resident "U.S. Persons for tax purposes". The law requires U.S. citizens living abroad to pay U.S. taxes on foreign income if the foreign tax should be less than U.S. tax ("taxing up"), independently within each category of earned income and passive income.[26][27][28] For this reason, the increased reporting requirements of FATCA have had extensive implications for U.S. citizens living abroad. Taxpayer identification numbers and source withholding are also now used to enforce asset reporting requirements upon non-resident U.S. citizens. For example, mandatory withholding can be required via FATCA when a U.S. payor cannot confirm the non-U.S. status of a foreign payee.[29]
The IRS previously instituted a qualified intermediary (QI) program under Internal Revenue Code § 1441,[30] which required participating foreign financial institutions to maintain records of the U.S. or foreign status of their account holders and to report income and withhold taxes.[31] One report included a statement of a finding that participation in the QI program was too low to have a substantive impact as an enforcement measure and was prone to abuse.[32] An illustration of the weakness in the QI program was that UBS, a Swiss bank, had registered as a QI with the IRS in 2001 and was later forced to settle in the UBS tax evasion controversy with the U.S. Government for $780 million in 2009 over claims that it fraudulently concealed information on its U.S. person account holders.[32] Non-resident U.S. citizens' required self-reporting of their local assets was also found to be relatively ineffective.[33]
The Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act (of which FATCA is a part) was passed on party lines: It narrowly passed the House, with no Republican members voting "yes"[34] and passed the Senate with only one Democrat member voting "no".[35] President Obama (D) signed the bill into law.[36]
Senator Carl Levin (D-MI) has stated that the U.S. Treasury loses as much as 100 billion USD annually to "offshore tax non-compliance" without stating the source of the data.[4][37] (Another source stated 40-70 billion USD without citing the source). Accurate figures on unreported income have not been supported.[38] On March 4, 2009 the IRS Commissioner Douglas Shulman testified before the Subcommittee that there is no credible estimate of lost tax revenue from offshore tax abuse.[39]
Supplementing the reporting regimes already in place was stated by Senator Max Baucus (D-MT) to be a means of acquiring more financial data and raising government revenue.[40] After committee deliberation, Sen. Max Baucus and Rep. Charles Rangel (D-NY) introduced the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act of 2009 to Congress on October 27, 2009. It was later added to an appropriations bill as an amendment, sponsored by Sen. Harry Reid (D-NV), which also renamed the bill the HIRE Act.[41] The bill was signed into law by President Obama on March 18, 2010.
Provisions[edit]
FATCA has the following important provisions:
Requires non-U.S. ('foreign') financial institutions such as banks to agree to search customer databases to identify those suspected of being US persons, and to disclose the account holders' names, TINs and addresses, as well as the transactions for most types of account.[42] Some types of account, notably retirement savings and other tax-favored products, may be excluded from reporting on a country-by-country basis. U.S. entities making payments to non-compliant foreign financial institutions are required to "withhold... tax equal to 30 percent of the amount".[43][44]
Foreign financial institutions which are themselves the beneficial owners of such payments are not permitted a credit or refund for taxes withheld, absent a treaty override.[45]
US persons are identified by "FATCA indicia". A bank official who knows a U.S. person's status by other means is also required to identify that person for FATCA purposes.[46] After identification, the FFI is responsible under the law for further questioning the individual.
To implement this requirement, the IRS put out Form W-8BEN in February 2014. Since then, the IRS has required FFIs to have all foreign account holders certify their status on Form W-8BEN unless an intergovernmental agreement is in place authorizing another method of certification.[47]
In other words, all account holders of FFIs are expected to comply with FATCA reporting requirements.[dubious – discuss]
U.S. persons who own or have signing authority on these foreign accounts or assets must report them on the new IRS Form 8938, Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets, which is filed with the person's U.S. tax returns if the accounts are generally worth more than US$50,000.[48] A higher reporting threshold applies to U.S. persons who are overseas residents and file jointly .[49][50][51] Account holders would be subject to a 40% penalty on understatements of income in[clarification needed] an undisclosed foreign financial asset.[44][52] Understatements of more than 25% of gross income are subject to an extended statute of limitations period, six years.[53] It also requires taxpayers to report financial assets that are not held in a custodial account, i.e. physical stock or bond certificates.
Where foreign investors had not been due U.S. dividends the law introduced a method that converting them[clarification needed] into "dividend equivalents" through swap contracts.[54][55]
FATCA also increased penalties and imposed certain negative presumptions[56] on Americans whose accounts are not located in U.S.
The reporting requirements are in addition to the one that all U.S. persons report non-U.S. financial accounts to the U.S. Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN).[57] This notably includes Form 114, "Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts" (FBAR) for foreign financial accounts exceeding US$10,000, required under Bank Secrecy Act regulations issued by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network .[58]
FATCA indicia[edit]
Banks which are performing functions according to FATCA law will be searching according to FATCA indicia, which include:[59]
A U.S. place of birth
Identification of the account holder as a U.S. citizen or resident
A current U.S. residence or mailing address (including a U.S. PO box)
A current U.S. telephone number
Standing instructions to pay amounts from a foreign (meaning non-U.S.) account to an account maintained in the United States
A current power of attorney or signatory authority granted to a person with a U.S. address
A U.S. "in-care-of" or "hold mail" address that is the sole address with respect to the account holder
Special note: Others affected by FATCA include
any non-U.S. person who shares a joint account with a U.S. person or otherwise allows a U.S. person to have signatory authority on their account.
Any business or not-for-profit organization that allows a U.S. person to have signatory authority on a financial account.
Revenue and cost[edit]
There are varying estimates of the revenues gained and likely cost of implementing the legislation.
Revenue[edit]
With implementation, FATCA was estimated by the United States Congress Joint Committee on Taxation to produce approximately $8.7 billion in additional tax revenue over 11 years (average $792 million a year).[60] A later analysis from Texas A&M includes an estimate that revenues would be less than $250 million USD per year ($2.5 billion USD total).[39] (Jane Gravelle, a specialist in economic policy at the Congressional Research Service, has asserted that this figure is small relative to her estimate of $40 billion per year as the cost of international tax evasion.)[61]:36 "The actual annual tax revenue generated since 2009 from offshore voluntary disclosure initiatives and from prosecutions of individual’s tax evasion is running significantly lower than the JCT’s estimated annual average, at less than $400 million, and will probably result in less than that over the decade 2010 to 2020."[39] "The IRS has claimed that over ten billion dollars in additional tax revenues will be recovered from offshore accounts over the next decade. Since the enactment of FATCA the IRS has received approximately $8.0 billion nearly entirely from FBAR penalties and not from tax collection." [62] Recently, a calculation showed that $771 million of tax revenue loss from U.S. banks could nearly nullify the reported revenue gain reported by the Joint Committee.[63]
Implementation cost[edit]
According to the Lebanese business magazine Executive, "FATCA requires major initial investment within an institution, estimated at $25,000 for smaller institutions, to $100,000 to $500,000 for most institutions and $1 million for larger firms. While a boon for the financial consultancy and IT industry, it is an extra cost that institutions would rather not have."[64]
Canada: According to the Financial Post, the Scotia Bank in Canada has already spent[65] almost $100 million.[66]
Australia: The costs in Australia are estimated to be A$255 million for implementation, and A$22.7M for each year of maintenance. Over 10 years, this totals A$482.68M.[67] With 77,000 resident US citizens (54% of whom are of dual citizenship) and known population of 24,003,100, the estimated implementation cost is A$6,270 per residing U.S. citizen, A$11,590 per U.S.-person account, or A$20.20 per capita. The most representative developed country has 661 bank accounts per 1,000 adults, and Australia has 82.1% population above 15 years old (adults). This yields an estimated 41,700 US-citizen bank customers in Australia, or a FATCA implementation cost of A$37.30 per customer. As there are 3,668 Australian FFI’s are currently registered, the average estimated FATCA cost for each is A$132,000. The same analysis showed that costs without the IGA would be A$477M for implementation, and A$58.8M for each year of maintenance. Over 10 years, this totals A$1.066bn, which would have been A$44.40 per capita, A$81.10 per customer, A$13,800 per resident U.S. citizen, or A$25,600 per U.S.-person account. This is the only published non-IGA country cost estimation identified. Without an IGA, the estimated FATCA cost per FFI is A$291,000. Australia succeeded to locate only 30,000 of those US citizens (72% effectiveness) in its first FATCA submission to USA. It was determined that each located U.S. citizen bank account averaged A$160,000.[68]
New Zealand: The government of New Zealand has estimated that locating approximately 21,462 resident U.S. citizens would cost the government alone about $20,600,000. That cost would equal approximately 960 NZD per resident U.S. citizen, or about 4.48 NZD per capita.[69] Country costs (including costs at the institutions) was not included in the reporting, nor was the financial impact made when the IGA was signed.[70] Costs to FFI's was estimated to be 100 million NZD, just to bring New Zealand into initial FATCA compliance.[71]
Europe: The costs of implementation in Europe are shown (below) with available documentation to be greater than U.S. revenue estimates in only 3 of its countries. Implementation in UK, Germany, and Sweden alone will cost more than 10 billion USD.
United Kingdom: The United Kingdom government has estimated that the cost to British businesses will be £1.1 billion to £2 billion for the first five years (approximately two thirds of the estimate total additional global tax revenue expected), in order to locate approximately 177,185 U.S. citizens.[72][73][74] The cost there is then approximately £6,000 to £11,000 per resident US citizen or 17-31 GBP per capita. " HMRC’ estimates its own one-off IT and staff project costs at approximately £5m, with ongoing annual costs of £1.4m from 2016."[74]
Germany: The costs in Germany are estimate to be 386 million EUR for implementation, and 30 million EUR for each year of maintenance.[75] With 108,845 U.S. citizens residing in Germany and known population, the implementation cost is 6027 EUR per residing U.S. citizen, 10,390 EUR per U.S.-person account, 8.07 EUR per capita, or 13,91 EUR per customer.[76]
Sweden: The Swedish government administration stated that the costs of implementation should be considered versus the threatened 30% sanctioned tax which could be applied for non-compliance.[77] Sweden could not estimate the business effect of FATCA, despite that Swedish law requires that the business impact must be evaluated for legislations.[78] In following discussions, it was estimated that each small financial institute (comprising 95% of the FFI’s) would incur 1 million SEK yearly FATCA administration costs.[79] (Documentation of the costs to larger institutions has not been located.) IRS lists 744 FFI’s to date, yielding a minimum estimated yearly cost of 744 million SEK (excludes the cost of the 5% larger institutions), or 7.44 billion SEK over 10 years.[80] The costs to the Swedish government were estimated to be above 15 million SEK for implementation and 15 million SEK per year thereafter, for a 10-year public cost of 165 million SEK. Total FATCA implementation costs in Sweden are estimated to be greater than 7.61 billion SEK. With 9,784,445 inhabitants and 17,000 resident U.S. citizens, the Swedish government cost is 777 SEK per capita, 447,700 SEK per resident US-citizen resident and 937 SEK per adult Swedish account, or an astounding 539,984 SEK per adult resident U.S.-person account.
United States: There are few reliable estimates for the additional cost burden to the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, although it seems certain that the majority of the cost seems likely to fall on the relevant financial institutions and (to a lesser degree) foreign tax authorities who have signed intergovernmental agreements.[81][82] The FATCA bill approved 800 additional IRS employees (cost estimated to be $40 – $160 million per year). According to a TIGTA report, the cost to develop the FATCA XML data website is $16.6 million (which is $2.2 million over the budgeted amount). However, "IRS also submitted a budget request of $37.1 million for funding FATCA implementation for 2013, including the costs to staff examiners and agents dedicated to enforcing FATCA, along with IT development costs. This budget request does not identify the resources needed for implementation beyond fiscal year 2013"[83] The I.R.S. "has been unable to ascertain all potential costs beyond those for IT resources." ref name="gao.gov"/>
Criticism[edit]
Certain aspects of FATCA have been a source of controversy in the financial and general press.[84] The Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Tax Affairs at the US Department of the Treasury stated in September 2013 that the controversies were incorrect (myths).[85] In April 2017 the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, led by Congressman Mark Meadows, held a hearing on unintended consequences of FATCA.[86]
The controversies primarily relate to the following issues:
Cost. Robert Stack provided the Treasury position that "Treasury and the IRS have designed our regulations in a way that minimizes administrative burdens and related costs."[85] Estimates of the additional revenue raised seemed to be heavily outweighed by the cost of implementing the legislation. In March 2012 the Association of Certified Financial Crime Specialists (ACFCS) said FATCA was expected to raise revenues of approximately US$800 million per year for the US Treasury with the costs of implementation more difficult to estimate. ACFCS claimed it was extremely likely that the cost of implementing FATCA, borne by the FFIs, would far outweigh the revenues raised by the U.S. Treasury, even excluding the additional costs to the US Internal Revenue Service for the staffing and resources needed to process the data produced.[87]
Benefits versus cost. The intention of locating US persons and their non-US financial accounts was to increase tax revenues from the interest, dividends, and gains of those assets. The majority of assets located was expected be the international equivalent of standard checking and savings accounts, where the applicable interest was less than 0.5% during 2015. The majority of that income is already (by tax treaty) attributable to the country where it resides. (IRS Form 1116 is normally used to credit foreign taxes upon passive income.) Another source from which FATCA intends to raise revenue is in the identification of a wider population of US persons. However, the majority (82%) of overseas US persons filing owe no tax to the US (due to tax treaties).[88]
Possible capital flight. The primary mechanism for enforcing the compliance of FFIs is a punitive withholding levy on U.S. assets which the Economist speculated in 2011 might create an incentive for FFIs to divest or not invest in US assets, resulting in capital flight.[89]
Foreign relations. Forcing 'foreign' financial institutions and governments to collect data on US persons at their own expense and transmit it to the IRS has been called divisive and imperialist.[90] Canada's former Finance Minister Jim Flaherty raised an issue with the "far reaching and extraterritorial implications" which would require Canadian banks to become extensions of the IRS and jeopardise Canadians' privacy rights.[91] There are also reports of many foreign banks refusing to open accounts for Americans, making it harder for Americans to live and work abroad.[92][93][94][95]
Extraterritoriality. Robert Stack of the IRS said that extraterritoriality was incorrect (a myth): "FATCA has received considerable international support because most foreign governments recognize how effective FATCA, and in particular our intergovernmental approach, will be in detecting and combating tax evaders".[85] The legislation enables US authorities to impose regulatory costs, and potentially penalties, on FFIs who otherwise have few if any dealings with the US.[96] The U.S. has sought to ameliorate that criticism by offering reciprocity to potential countries who sign intergovernmental agreements (IGAs), but the idea of the US Government providing information on its citizens to foreign governments has also proved controversial.[97] The law's interference in the relationship between individual Americans or dual nationals and non-American banks led Georges Ugeux to term it "bullying and selfish."[98] The Economist called FATCA's "extraterritoriality stunning even by Washington's standards."[99]
Effect on "accidental Americans". The reporting requirements and penalties apply to all US citizens, including accidental Americans, those who are unaware that they have US citizenship. Since the US considers all persons born in the U.S., and most foreign-born persons with American parents, to be citizens, FATCA affects a large number of foreign residents, who are unaware that the US considers them citizens.[100][101][102][103]
Citizenship renunciations.
In 2013, Robert Stack of the IRS presented the administration's position that renunciations due to FATCA are incorrect (a myth), because: "FATCA provisions impose no new obligations on U.S. citizens living abroad." The statement ignores the FATCA self-certification processes and filings of form 8938.[85] The US State Department admits that the rise in renunciation figures is related to US taxation policy.[104] The State Department acknowledged the rise in relinquishments and renunciations, and expects them to rise further in the future.[105]
In 2013, Time magazine reported a sevenfold increase in Americans renouncing U.S. citizenship between 2008 and 2011, attributing this at least in part to FATCA.[106] According to BBC Magazine, the act is one of the reasons for a surge of Americans renouncing their citizenship—a rise from 189 people in Q2/2012 to 1,131 in Q2/2013.[107] Another surge in renunciations in 2013 to record levels was reported in the news media, with FATCA cited as a factor in the decision of many of the renunciants.[108][109] According to the legal website International Tax Blog, the number of Americans giving up U.S. citizenship started to increase dramatically in 2010 and rose to 2,999 in 2013, almost six-fold the average level of the previous decade.[110]
Whereas the Federal Register stated that 3,415 people renounced or relinquished their citizenship or long-term residence in 2014, the IRS stated that 1,100 people renounced citizenship at only one particular US consulate during the first ten months of 2014.[111] This contradicted prior claims that such statistics are not maintained at the consulates.[112][113]
FY 2016: Renunciations rose by 26% from the previous record set in 2015, bringing the total to a new record of 5,411 for 2016.[13] Many newspapers mentioned that this total included accidental American Boris Johnson, British Foreign Secretary and former Mayor of London, who was taxed by the IRS on the sale of his home in London despite only living in the US briefly as a toddler.[114][12]
FY 2017: In the second quarter of 2017, 1,759 American citizens were reported to have renounced.[115] The third quarter saw 1,376 renunciations.[116]
American citizens living abroad. The Wall Street Journal reported in July 2014 that "FATCA worsens the already profoundly unjust tax treatment of millions of middle-class Americans living abroad...FATCA rules were intended to correct a tax loophole. Applied to Americans living abroad, they are absurd."[117][118][119][120] The Guardian reports that Americans living abroad feel financially terrorized by FATCA requirements.[121] In 2013, Robert Stack stated the IRS position that "FATCA withholding applies to the U.S. investments of FFIs whether or not they have U.S. account holders, so turning away known U.S. account holders will not enable an FFI to avoid FATCA."[85]
Lack of reciprocity. There is no US legislation to allow reciprocity, and as of 2017, no reciprocal data exchanges have taken place.[122] The model IGA states: "The Parties are committed to working with Partner Jurisdictions and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development on adapting the terms of this Agreement and other agreements between the United States and Partner Jurisdictions to a common model for automatic exchange of information, including the development of reporting and due diligence standards for financial institutions." The president's budget for year 2014 included a proposal to allow the Treasury Secretary to collect information which could be used for FATCA reciprocity.[123] The proposal stated that its intent was to "facilitate such intergovernmental cooperation by enabling the IRS to reciprocate in appropriate circumstances"; however, the proposal did not request to allow the Secretary to have further transmittal authority. The president's federal budget proposals of 2014, 2015 and 2016 did not list either costs or revenues for reciprocity implementation in any of the coming 10 years—thus assuming that this collection was either cost neutral or, more logically, it would be interpreted as not budgeted.[124][125]
Reciprocity not authorised by Congress. FATCA as implemented by Congress included no mention of reciprocity.[126] Rather, the Executive Branch's IGA implementation of FATCA has made reciprocity promises to foreign governments.[127][128]
IRS not equipped. According to The New York Times, the IRS is not equipped to handle millions of extra complicated filings.[57] The IRS allowed 2014 and 2015 as a transition period for enforcement and administration for entities but not individuals.[129] This lack of capacity, including closure of all IRS overseas offices, has contributed to breaches of taxpayer rights as noted in the 'most serious problems' section of multiple annual reports by the IRS Taxpayer Advocate.[130][131][132]
Complexity. Doubts were expressed as to workability of FATCA due to its complexity,[133] and the legislative timetable for implementation was pushed back multiple times.[134] According to U.S. national taxpayer advocate Nina Olsen in regards to FATCA: "This is a piece of legislation that is so big and so far-reaching, and [has] so many different moving pieces, and is rolling out in an incremental fashion (...) that you really won’t be able to know what its consequences are, intended or otherwise,’ Olson said. "I don’t think we’ll know that for years. And by that point we’ll actually be a little too late to go, "Oops, my bad, we shouldn’t have done this,’ and then try to unwind it."[135] Bloomberg reported in 2015 that the IRS help center is not able to provide adequate taxpayer customer service.[136] In 2016, the Taxpayer Advocate reported that "FATCA implementation has created significant compliance burdens and risk exposures" for overseas Americans, and its "heavy-handed approach, especially when combined with the complexity surrounding IRS requirements, has negative consequences, both for FFIs and the IRS".[130]
Identity theft. The IRS reports that identity thieves are using fraudulent compliance requests as a "phishing" ruse to obtain sensitive account-holder information. As of April 2015, more than 150,000 financial institutions throughout the world were storing social security numbers and asset values of US citizens.[137][needs update]
Account closures. Due to the costs and complexity of implementing this legislation, many banks have been excluding US persons from holding financial accounts at their institutions.[138] These closures, based upon nationality, have not been halted by government authorities. In fact, the EU affirmed the practice of closure based upon nationality, by stating "Banks have the right, under the contractual freedom principle, to decide with whom they want to contract. They can in any event refuse clients for sound commercial reasons."[139][140] These closures are despite the fact that countries who have signed IGAs had also promised to not close the accounts of US persons.[141]
Additional complexity for US persons US persons were already forbidden by the Securities Act of 1933 to make investments in US Securities at banks which are not certified inside the USA by the Securities and Exchange Commission. This disallows US persons from participating in any product which may contain US investment products. If a financial institution is not able to segregate non-US investments from other investment products, a bank may place a total ban upon US persons using their investment products.[142]
Minimum requirements without limits on the upper end. FATCA has minimum standards in its methodology of finding U.S. persons. For example, the accounts with minimum end balance of 50,000 USD must be investigated with at least the U.S. indicia criteria specified. The FATCA rules do not require any FFI to not investigate or report or FATCA-process accounts as low as zero. The FFI's are not prohibited from using any indicia to identify[143] U.S. persons. There are no restrictions in FATCA regulations as to what is not allowed to be used against U.S. persons.
Marketability of American financial products. European Parliament’s Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee public hearing on FATCA May 29, 2-13, Robert Stack stated ", I believe the, the members here present today and the participants understand that the United States, ah, put its markets at risk in doing FATCA"[143]
Income Tax Complications. For the 2014 tax year, National Bank of Canada Inc. issued 1099's for investments to US residents that only covered the 6 months prior to FATCA. With a 1099 in hand, many residents filed income taxes not knowing the 1099 was incomplete. Subsequent years without 1099's leave residents guessing whether their dividends are 'qualified' for tax purposes.
FATCA and human rights. In a 2016 paper academics argue that tax evasion can be directly linked to violations of human rights. That situation must be balanced against the risk that collection techniques violate other human rights like privacy and the legitimate protection of trade secrets.[144]
FATCA and the European Union: Robert Stack of the IRS stated the administration position that it was incorrect (a myth) "that legislation could force foreign banks to violate laws in their own countries: [Instead,] Treasury’s decision to implement FATCA through IGAs that are respectful of the individual laws and customs of partner jurisdictions has contributed to the significant international interest in participating in FATCA compliance efforts."[85]
Privacy and data protection legislation in Europe. Civil rights such as the right to privacy, or the right to data protection as a taxpayer are compromised by FATCA and its IGAs.[145] There is no provision in FATCA for the protection of taxpayer rights, complains legal researcher Leopoldo Parada.[146] The association of data protection supervisors is working on the case.[147] As for other data protection legislation in Europe, for instance, the Swedish law Personuppgiftslagen (PUL) or personal data law, requires (unforced) consent of the individual in order to send data to a third country.[148] The need for the information must also be greater than the need for the persons integrity.[149] It is forbidden to deliver data that is not protected to a level adequate to EU standard[150]
FATCA and the ECHR: All of parties to the European Convention of Human Rights (which includes all EU member states) are bound by its provisions including the interpretation through the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. Each law must have respect for an individual's private life except in cases of the state's or population safety, or the country's economic health.[151] FATCA's data is not used for the benefit of any EU member state. An EU member's economic health is not improved by FATCA, it only avoids the threatened 30% tax sanctions by complying with FATCA.[152]
E.U. requirements limiting data-sharing. FATCA does not fulfill the E.U. requirements limiting data-sharing which allow sharing to be done only with organizations following the (now invalidated)[153] Safe Harbor Principles.[154] The IRS is not listed as meeting this demand.[155][156]
E.U. member state requirements that bank accounts be opened. Many EU countries require banks to open accounts for applicants (because this is the only method to receive salary). FATCA's mechanism to close bank accounts if FATCA demands are not met violates such laws (see insättnings garanti in Sweden).[157] New FATCA IGA requirements demand that banks shall not open accounts for U.S. persons or accounts for non-U.S. persons if the individual refuses to declare U.S.-person status upon bank account applications.[158]
Duplicate reporting requirements. FATCA has implemented reporting requirements that significantly overlap with FBAR reporting requirements already in place.[159][160] National taxpayer advocate has recommended multiple times to eliminate this duplication.[161][162][163][164][165][166][167]
Extreme penalties. The maximum penalty for failing to file an FBAR is $100,000 or 50% of the value of the account, whichever is greater for each unfiled report. Because the statute of limitations period is six years, the maximum penalty is essentially 300% of the maximum account balances. Another penalty of $10,000 or more may apply if the person does not report the same account on Form 8938, Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets. This would be true even if the taxpayer did not owe any U.S. tax on unreported income from the account, and even if the taxpayer’s tax preparer did not inform him or her of the FBAR filing requirement.[168] Such large penalties may be unconstitutional under the excessive fines clause.[169][170]
Opposition[edit]
Congressional bills to repeal FATCA[edit]
In 2017, bills to repeal FATCA were introduced in Congress: Senator Rand Paul (R-KY) introduced S. 869 in the Senate [171][15] and Representative Mark Meadows (R-NC) introduced H.R. 2054 in the House of Representatives.[172] On 26 April 2017, the Oversight and Government Reform subcommittee on Government Operations held a hearing called 'Reviewing the Unintended Consequences of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act', chaired by Congressman Meadows.[173]
Republican National Committee[edit]
On January 24, 2014, the Republican National Committee passed a resolution calling for the repeal of FATCA.[174]
American expatriates[edit]
American Citizens Abroad, Inc., (ACA) a not-for-profit organization claiming to represent the interests of the millions of Americans residing outside the United States, asserts that one of FATCA's problems is citizenship-based taxation (CBT). Originally ACA called for the U.S. to institute residence-based taxation (RBT) to bring the United States in line with all other OECD countries.[175] Later in 2014 two ACA directors commented on the situation of Boris Johnson.[176] In 2015, ACA decided on a more refined stance.[177]
In March 2015 the United States Senate Committee on Finance sought public submissions to a number of Tax Reform Working Groups.[178] Over 70 percent of all submissions to the International Taxation Working Group[179] and close to half of all submissions to the Individual Taxation Working Group[180] came from individual U.S. expatriates, many citing specific consequences of FATCA in their countries of residence, and nearly all calling both for residence-based taxation and the repeal of FATCA.
Unsuccessful legal challenge[edit]
In 2014, attorney James Bopp, Republicans Overseas, and Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky, among others brought suit challenging the constitutionality of FATCA. Kentucky Sen. Rand Paul is among the individuals suing the U.S. Treasury and IRS. The plaintiffs, in the case Crawford v. U.S. Department of Treasury, argued that FATCA and related intergovernmental agreements on several grounds, arguing that they violated the Senate's power with respect to treaties, the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment, or the Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable search and seizures.[181][182]
In 2016, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio dismissed the suit, determining that the plaintiffs lacked standing.[183] In 2017, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit upheld the dismissal.[184]
Canadians, particularly those considered to be American persons for taxation purposes[edit]
An organization called the Alliance for The Defence of Canadian Sovereignty is challenging[when?] a Canadian law that implements FATCA. The organization claims that the Canadian law violates the Canadian Charter of Rights & Freedoms, particularly the provisions related to discrimination on the basis of citizenship or national origin.[185] This is not technically a direct opposition to FATCA — as the United States Congress has no legislative authority over Canada — but is instead an opposition to the parallel Canadian federal legislation.[186] On August 11, 2014, in an action supported by the Alliance for the Defence of Canadian Sovereignty, two Canadian citizens filed suit in the Federal Court of Canada challenging the constitutionality of the Canadian law that implements FATCA in Canada. Both of the citizens were born in the United States, with at least one Canadian parent, but they returned to Canada in childhood and have had no residential ties to the United States since that time. They state that this would result in them having U.S. indicia, and therefore being discriminated against by Canadian banks.[187] On August 12, 2014, Canadian government spokesman Jack Aubry defended the constitutionality of the legislation, but otherwise declined to comment on the pending litigation.[188]
Implementation[edit]
Domestic[edit]
FATCA added 26 U.S.C. § 6038D (section 6038D of the Internal Revenue Code) which requires the reporting any interest in foreign financial assets over $50,000 after March 18, 2010. FATCA also added a requirement in 26 U.S.C. §§ 1471–1474 that U.S. payors withhold taxes on payments to foreign financial institutions (FFI) and nonfinancial foreign entities (NFFE) that have not agreed to provide the IRS with information on U.S. accounts. FATCA also added 26 U.S.C. § 1298(f) requiring shareholders of a passive foreign investment company (PFIC) to report certain information.
The U.S. Department of the Treasury issued temporary and proposed regulations on December 14, 2011 (26 C.F.R. 1.6038D-0T et seq.) for reporting foreign financial assets, requiring the filing of Form 8938 with income tax returns.[189][190] The Department of the Treasury issued final regulations and guidance on reporting interest paid to nonresident aliens on April 16, 2012 (26 C.F.R. 1.6049-4 et seq., 26 C.F.R. 31.3406(g)-1).[191] Treasury issued proposed regulations regarding information reporting by, and withholding of payments to, foreign financial institutions on February 8, 2012,[192][193][194] and final regulations on January 17, 2013 (26 C.F.R. 1.1471-0 et seq.).[195][196] On December 31, 2013 the IRS published temporary and proposed regulations (26 C.F.R. 1.1291-0T et seq.) on annual filing requirements for shareholders of PFICs.[197] On February 20, 2014, the IRS issued temporary and proposed regulations making additions and clarifications to previously issued regulations and providing guidance to coordinate FATCA rules with preexisting requirements.[198][199]
On April 2, 2014, the U.S. Department of the Treasury extended from April 25, 2014 to May 5, 2014 the deadline by which an FFI must register with the IRS in order to appear on the initial public list of "Global Intermediary Identification Numbers" (GIINs) maintained by the IRS, also known as the "FFI List."[200][201] In June 2014, the IRS began publishing a monthly online list of registered FFIs, intended to allow withholding agents to verify the GIINs of their payees in order to establish that withholding is not required on payments to those payees.[202]
International implementation[edit]
Implementation of FATCA may encounter legal hurdles. It may be illegal in foreign jurisdictions for financial institutions to disclose the required account information.[203] There is a controversy about the appropriateness of intergovernmental agreements (IGAs) to solve any of these problems intellectually spearheaded by Allison Christians.[204][205]
France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom announced in 2012 they consented to cooperate with the U.S. on FATCA implementation,[206][207] as did Switzerland, Japan[208] and South Africa.
The deputy director general of legal affairs of the People's Bank of China, the central bank of the People's Republic of China, Liu Xiangmin said "China's banking and tax laws and regulations do not allow Chinese financial institutions to comply with FATCA directly."[209] The U.S. Department of the Treasury suspended negotiations with Russia in March 2014.[210] Russia, while not ruling out an agreement, requires full reciprocity and abandonment of US extraterritoriality before signing an IGA.[211][212] Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a law on June 30, 2014 that allowed Russian banks to transfer FATCA data directly to US tax authorities—after first reporting the information to the Russian government.[213] Russian banks are required to obtain client consent first but can deny service if that consent is not given.[214] Bangladeshi banks, which have accounts of US taxpayers, may report to the IRS, However they need prior approval of their clients.[215]
A 2014 Swiss referendum against the act did not come to fruition.[216]
Intergovernmental agreements[edit]
As enacted by Congress, FATCA was intended to form the basis for a relationship between the U.S. Department of the Treasury and individual foreign banks. Some FFIs responded[217] however, that it was not possible for them to follow their own countries' laws on privacy, confidentiality, discrimination, and so on and simultaneously comply with FATCA as enacted.[218][219] Discussions[who?] with and among financial industry lobbyists resulted in the Intergovernmental Agreements (IGA's) between the Executive Branch of the United States government with foreign governments.[220] This development resulted in foreign governments implementing the US FATCA requirements into their own legal systems, which in turn allowed those governments to change their privacy and discrimination laws[221] to allow the identification and reporting of US persons via those governments.[221]
United States
Countries with agreements (or agreements in substance) regarding FATCA implementation
States with a Model 1 agreement signed
States with a Model 2 agreement signed
States with a Model 1 agreement in substance
States with a Model 2 agreement in substance
The United States Department of the Treasury has published model IGAs which follow two approaches. Under Model 1, financial institutions in the partner country report information about U.S. accounts to the tax authority of the partner country. That tax authority then provides the information to the United States. Model 1 comes in a reciprocal version (Model 1A), under which the United States will also share information about the partner country's taxpayers with the partner country, and a nonreciprocal version (Model 1B). Under Model 2, partner country financial institutions report directly to the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, and the partner country agrees to lower any legal barriers to that reporting.[222] Model 2 is available in two versions: 2A with no Tax Information Exchange Agreement (TIEA) or Double Tax Convention (DTC) required, and 2B for countries with a pre-existing TIEA or DTC. The agreements generally require parliamentary approval in the countries they are concluded with, but the United States is not pursuing ratification of this as a treaty.
In April 2014, the U.S. Department of the Treasury and IRS announced that any jurisdictions that reach "agreements in substance" and consent to their compliance statuses being published by the July 1, 2014, deadline would be treated as having an IGA in effect through the end of 2014, ensuring no penalties would be incurred during that time while giving more jurisdictions an opportunity to finalize formal IGAs.[200][222]
In India the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) said "FATCA in its current form lacks complete reciprocity from the US counterparts, and there is an asymmetry in due-diligence requirements." Furthermore, "Sources close to the development say the signing has been delayed because of Indian financial institutions' unpreparedness."[223]
With Canada's agreement in February 2014, all G7 countries have signed intergovernmental agreements. As of April 2018, the following jurisdictions have concluded intergovernmental agreements with the United States regarding the implementation of FATCA, most of which have entered into force.[222]
Intergovernmental agreements
Jurisdiction
Model
Signature
Entry into force
Approval process
partner state
Algeria 1 000000002015-10-13-0000October 13, 2015 000000002017-01-18-0000January 18, 2017
Angola 1 000000002015-11-09-0000November 9, 2015 000000002017-10-02-0000October 2, 2017
Anguilla 1 000000002017-01-15-0000January 15, 2017
Antigua and Barbuda 1 000000002016-08-31-0000August 31, 2016 000000002017-06-07-0000June 7, 2017
Armenia 2 000000002018-02-12-0000February 12, 2018
Australia 1 000000002014-04-28-0000April 28, 2014 000000002014-06-30-0000June 30, 2014[224]
Austria 2 000000002014-04-29-0000April 29, 2014 000000002014-12-09-0000December 9, 2014[225]
Azerbaijan 1 000000002015-09-09-0000September 9, 2015 000000002015-11-05-0000November 5, 2015[226]
Bahamas 1 000000002014-11-03-0000November 3, 2014 000000002015-09-17-0000September 17, 2015[226]
Bahrain 1 000000002017-01-18-0000January 18, 2017 000000002018-03-05-0000March 5, 2018
Barbados 1 000000002014-11-17-0000November 17, 2014 000000002015-09-25-0000September 25, 2015[226]
Belarus 1 000000002015-03-18-0000March 18, 2015 000000002015-07-29-0000July 29, 2015[226]
Belgium 1 000000002014-04-23-0000April 23, 2014 000000002016-12-23-0000December 23, 2016
Bermuda 2 000000002013-12-19-0000December 19, 2013 000000002014-08-19-0000August 19, 2014[225]
Brazil 1 000000002014-09-23-0000September 23, 2014 000000002015-06-26-0000June 26, 2015
British Virgin Islands 1 000000002014-06-30-0000June 30, 2014 000000002015-07-13-0000July 13, 2015
Bulgaria 1 000000002014-12-05-0000December 5, 2014 000000002015-06-30-0000June 30, 2015[226]
Cambodia 1 000000002015-09-14-0000September 14, 2015 000000002016-12-23-0000December 23, 2016
Canada 1 000000002014-02-05-0000February 5, 2014 000000002014-06-27-0000June 27, 2014[227] Implementation act published.[228]
Cayman Islands 1B[229] 000000002013-11-29-0000November 29, 2013 000000002014-07-01-0000July 1, 2014[225]
Chile 2 000000002014-03-05-0000March 5, 2014
Colombia 1 000000002015-05-20-0000May 20, 2015 000000002015-08-27-0000August 27, 2015
Costa Rica 1A[229] 000000002013-11-26-0000November 26, 2013
Croatia 1 000000002015-03-20-0000March 20, 2015 000000002016-12-27-0000December 27, 2016
Curaçao 1 000000002014-12-16-0000December 16, 2014 000000002016-08-03-0000August 3, 2016
Cyprus 1 000000002014-12-02-0000December 2, 2014 000000002015-09-21-0000September 21, 2015
Czech Republic 1 000000002014-08-04-0000August 4, 2014 000000002014-12-18-0000December 18, 2014
Denmark 1 000000002012-11-19-0000November 19, 2012 000000002015-09-30-0000September 30, 2015[226] Implementation law L67 passed December 20, 2013.[230] Draft implementation regulation published, hearing ends May 8, 2014.[231] Due diligence deadlines June 30, 2015, and June 30, 2016.[232]
Dominican Republic 1 000000002016-09-15-0000September 15, 2016
Estonia 1 000000002014-04-11-0000April 11, 2014 000000002014-07-09-0000July 9, 2014[225]
Finland 1 000000002014-03-05-0000March 5, 2014 000000002015-02-20-0000February 20, 2015[226]
France 1 000000002013-11-14-0000November 14, 2013 000000002014-10-14-0000October 14, 2014[225]
Georgia 1 000000002015-07-10-0000July 10, 2015 000000002015-09-18-0000September 18, 2015
Germany 1 000000002013-05-31-0000May 31, 2013 000000002013-12-11-0000December 11, 2013[233]
Gibraltar 1 000000002014-05-08-0000May 8, 2014 000000002015-09-17-0000September 17, 2015[226]
Greece 1 000000002017-01-19-0000January 19, 2017 000000002017-12-13-0000December 13, 2017
Greenland 1 000000002017-01-17-0000January 17, 2017
Grenada 1 000000002016-10-17-0000October 17, 2016 000000002018-04-06-0000April 6, 2018
Guernsey 1 000000002013-12-13-0000December 13, 2013 000000002015-08-26-0000August 26, 2015 Draft implementation regulation published.[234]
Guyana 1 000000002016-08-29-0000August 29, 2016 000000002017-09-29-0000September 29, 2017
Honduras 1 000000002014-03-31-0000March 31, 2014 000000002015-02-19-0000February 19, 2015[226]
Hong Kong 2 000000002014-11-13-0000November 13, 2014 000000002016-07-06-0000July 6, 2016
Hungary 1 000000002014-02-04-0000February 4, 2014 000000002014-07-16-0000July 16, 2014[225]
Iceland 1 000000002015-05-26-0000May 26, 2015 000000002015-09-22-0000September 22, 2015[226]
India 1 000000002015-07-09-0000July 9, 2015 000000002015-08-31-0000August 31, 2015[226]
Ireland 1 000000002013-01-23-0000January 23, 2013 000000002014-04-02-0000April 2, 2014
Isle of Man 1 000000002013-12-13-0000December 13, 2013 000000002015-08-26-0000August 26, 2015 Draft implementation regulation published.[234]
Israel 1 000000002014-06-30-0000June 30, 2014 000000002016-08-29-0000August 29, 2016
Italy 1 000000002014-01-10-0000January 10, 2014 000000002015-08-17-0000August 17, 2015[226]
Jamaica 1 000000002014-05-02-0000May 2, 2014 000000002015-09-24-0000September 24, 2015
Japan 2 000000002013-06-11-0000June 11, 2013 000000002013-06-11-0000June 11, 2013
Jersey 1 000000002013-12-13-0000December 13, 2013 000000002015-10-28-0000October 28, 2015[226] Draft implementation regulation published.[234]
Kazakhstan 1 000000002017-09-11-0000September 11, 2017
Kosovo 1 000000002015-02-26-0000February 26, 2015 000000002015-11-04-0000November 4, 2015
Kuwait 1 000000002015-04-29-0000April 29, 2015 000000002016-01-28-0000January 28, 2016
Latvia 1 000000002014-06-27-0000June 27, 2014 000000002014-12-15-0000December 15, 2014[225]
Liechtenstein 1 000000002014-05-19-0000May 19, 2014 000000002015-01-22-0000January 22, 2015[226]
Lithuania 1 000000002014-08-26-0000August 26, 2014 000000002014-10-07-0000October 7, 2014
Luxembourg 1 000000002014-03-28-0000March 28, 2014 000000002015-07-29-0000July 29, 2015[226]
Macau 2 000000002016-12-14-0000December 14, 2016
Malta 1A[235] 000000002013-12-16-0000December 16, 2013 000000002014-06-26-0000June 26, 2014[225]
Mauritius 1 000000002013-12-27-0000December 27, 2013 000000002014-08-29-0000August 29, 2014[225]
Mexico 1 000000002012-11-19-0000November 19, 2012 000000002013-01-01-0000January 1, 2013[236] Replaced by revised treaty on April 9, 2014, with no break in enforcement.[237]
Moldova 2 000000002014-11-26-0000November 26, 2014 000000002016-01-21-0000January 21, 2016
Montenegro 1 000000002017-06-01-0000June 1, 2017 000000002018-03-28-0000March 28, 2018
Montserrat 1 000000002015-09-08-0000September 8, 2015 000000002016-10-28-0000October 28, 2016
Netherlands 1A[238] 000000002013-12-18-0000December 18, 2013 000000002015-04-09-0000April 9, 2015[239]
New Zealand 1 000000002014-06-12-0000June 12, 2014 000000002014-07-03-0000July 3, 2014[240]
Norway 1 000000002013-04-15-0000April 15, 2013 000000002014-01-27-0000January 27, 2014[225]
Panama 1 000000002016-04-27-0000April 27, 2016 000000002016-10-25-0000October 25, 2016
Philippines 1 000000002015-07-13-0000July 13, 2015
Poland 1 000000002014-10-07-0000October 7, 2014 000000002015-07-01-0000July 1, 2015
Portugal 1 000000002015-08-06-0000August 6, 2015 000000002016-08-10-0000August 10, 2016
Qatar 1 000000002015-01-07-0000January 7, 2015 000000002015-06-23-0000June 23, 2015[226]
Romania 1 000000002015-05-28-0000May 28, 2015 000000002015-11-03-0000November 3, 2015
Saint Kitts and Nevis 1 000000002015-08-31-0000August 31, 2015 000000002016-04-28-0000April 28, 2016
Saint Lucia 1 000000002015-11-19-0000November 19, 2015 000000002016-09-01-0000September 1, 2016
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1 000000002015-08-18-0000August 18, 2015 000000002016-05-13-0000May 13, 2016
San Marino 2 000000002015-10-28-0000October 28, 2015 000000002016-08-30-0000August 30, 2016
Saudi Arabia 1 000000002016-11-15-0000November 15, 2016 000000002017-02-28-0000February 28, 2017
Singapore 1 000000002014-12-09-0000December 9, 2014 000000002015-03-28-0000March 28, 2015
Slovakia 1 000000002015-07-31-0000July 31, 2015 000000002015-11-09-0000November 9, 2015
Slovenia 1 000000002014-06-02-0000June 2, 2014 000000002014-07-01-0000July 1, 2014[225]
South Africa 1 000000002014-06-09-0000June 9, 2014 000000002014-10-28-0000October 28, 2014[225]
South Korea 1 000000002015-06-10-0000June 10, 2015 000000002016-09-08-0000September 8, 2016
Spain 1 000000002013-05-14-0000May 14, 2013 000000002013-12-09-0000December 9, 2013[241]
Sweden 1 000000002014-08-08-0000August 8, 2014 000000002015-03-01-0000March 1, 2015
Switzerland 2[242] 000000002013-02-14-0000February 14, 2013 000000002014-06-02-0000June 2, 2014[216] Parliamentary approval obtained;[243] insufficient supporters for a referendum.[244]
Taiwan 2 000000002016-12-22-0000December 22, 2016
Thailand 1 000000002016-03-04-0000March 4, 2016
Trinidad and Tobago 1 000000002016-08-19-0000August 19, 2016 000000002017-09-22-0000September 22, 2017
Turkey 1 000000002015-07-29-0000July 29, 2015
Turkmenistan 1 000000002017-07-28-0000July 28, 2017 000000002017-11-06-0000November 6, 2017
Turks and Caicos Islands 1 000000002014-12-01-0000December 1, 2014 000000002016-07-25-0000July 25, 2016
Ukraine 1 000000002017-02-07-0000February 7, 2017
United Arab Emirates 1 000000002015-06-17-0000June 17, 2015 000000002016-02-19-0000February 19, 2016
United Kingdom 1A 000000002012-09-12-0000September 12, 2012 000000002014-08-11-0000August 11, 2014[a]
Uzbekistan 1 000000002015-04-03-0000April 3, 2015 000000002017-07-07-0000July 7, 2017
Vatican City 1 000000002015-06-10-0000June 10, 2015 000000002015-06-10-0000June 10, 2015[226]
Vietnam 1 000000002016-04-01-0000April 1, 2016 000000002016-07-07-0000July 7, 2016
Jump up ^ In the UK, formal approval of treaties before ratification is not requirement, although according to the Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010, they need to be presented to Parliament with an explanatory memorandum, which the government did in September 2012.
The following jurisdictions have also reached "agreements in substance":[222]
Model 1
Cape Verde
China
Dominica
Haiti
Model 1
Indonesia
Malaysia
Peru
Model 1
Serbia
Seychelles
Tunisia
Model 2
Iraq
Nicaragua
Paraguay
Delays in implementation of IGAs[edit]
Many jurisdictions are required to have their IGAs in effect and start exchange of information by 30 September 2015. The US IRS has issued Notice 2015-66, which relaxes the deadline for countries which have signed Model 1 IGAs "to hand over information regarding accounts held by U.S. taxpayers",[245][246] if the jurisdiction requests more time and "provides assurance that the jurisdiction is making good faith efforts to exchange the information as soon as possible."[245]
Implementation is noted as delayed in the following countries:
Croatia "The Croatian tax authority announced September 10 (2015) that it would not implement reporting provisions of the intergovernmental agreement it signed with the United States by the September 30 deadline in the IGA but that Croatia would not be subject to the withholding tax."[247]
Philippines "The mandatory reporting of financial information on US nationals by local financial institutions, as required under the new treaty on Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (Fatca) between the Philippines and the US, has been moved to the second quarter of 2016. Internal Revenue Commissioner Kim Jacinto-Henares has advised Philippine financial institutions that the required reporting of financial information on US nationals will not take place on September 30, as originally intended. The deferment was because the intergovernmental agreement (Iga) on Fatca has yet to be ratified by the Senate as a treaty." It is known (see above) that the treaty is not ratified by the US Senate, but it is not determined in the text if Philippines has ratified the FATCA IGA in its own Senate.[248]
Belgium "the Belgian Ministry of Finance orally confirmed that the IRS agreed to delay the FATCA reporting deadline. Belgian financial institutions now will have until the 10th day following the publication of the Belgian FATCA law into the Belgian official gazette to report their 2014 FATCA information to the Belgian tax authorities. The Belgian FATCA law is expected to be voted on before 2015 year-end."[249][250]
Related international regulations[edit]
In 2014, the OECD introduced its Common Reporting Standard (CRS) proposed for the automatic exchange of information (AEOI) through its Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes. The G-20 gave a mandate for this standard, and its relation to FATCA is mentioned on page 5 of the OECD's report.[251] Critics immediately dubbed it "GATCA" for Global FATCA.[252]
The Common Reporting Standard requires each signatory country to gather the full identifying information of each bank customer, including additional nationalities and place of birth. Prior to the implementation of CRS, there had been no other method of fully and globally identifying immigrants and emigrants and citizens by way of their identification numbers, birthplaces, and nationalities. Each participating government is tasked with collecting and storing the data of all its citizens and immigrants and of transferring the data automatically to participating countries. CRS is capable of transmitting person data according to the demands of either Residence Based Taxation or Citizenship Based Taxation (CBT) or Personhood-Based Taxation.
Renunciation of citizenship[edit]
The number of Americans renouncing their citizenship has risen each year since the enactment of FATCA, from just 1,006 in 2010 to 3,415 in 2014,[253] 4,279 in 2015,[254] and 5,411 in 2016.[114] Among those who renounced was the Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, who did so after the IRS taxed the sale of his house in London.[253] Due to the rise in applications and resulting backlog, the fee for renouncing citizenship was raised by roughly 400 percent in 2015 to $2,350.[254] The 5,411 renunciations in 2016 were a 26% increase from the previous record, set in 2015.[114] The number of renunciations for the first three quarters of 2017 was 4,448, which exceeds the entire year's total for 2015.[255]
See also[edit]
Common Reporting Standard, dubbed the Global Account Tax Compliance Act (GATCA)
European Union withholding tax
Extraterritorial jurisdiction#United States
FATCA agreement between Canada and the United States
Financial Secrecy Index
Foreign earned income exclusion
Income tax in the United States
International taxation#Citizenship
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sec ii B 1 Agreement between the government of the United States of American and the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to improve international tax compliance and to implement FATCA
Jump up ^ Reporting foreign accounts to IRS: extent of duplication not currently known, but requirements can be clarified, Government Accountability Office, February 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA)" (PDF). DLA Piper.
^ Jump up to: a b 111 Cong. Rec. S1635-36 (daily ed. Mar 17, 2010) (statement of Sen. Levin) ("Right now, thousands of U.S. tax dodgers conceal billions of dollars in assets within secrecy-shrouded foreign banks, dodging taxes and penalizing those of us who pay the taxes we owe. The Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations... estimated that these tax-dodging schemes cost the Federal Treasury $100 billion a year.")
Jump up ^ FATCA Information for foreign financial institutions and entities, Internal Revenue Service.
Jump up ^ Why America loves being the world's No. 1 tax haven, Politico, 9 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Planning for the use of the United States as a financial haven: part one, Bloomberg BNA, 2 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Finish line unclear for some FATCA pacts as banks worry, Bloomberg BNA, 26 September 2016.
Jump up ^ The U.S. is one of the world's biggest tax havens, Chicago Tribune, 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Common Reporting Standard (CRS), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Jump up ^ Americans renouncing citizenship at record high, Bloomberg News, 9 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Boris Johnson among record number to renounce American citizenship in 2016, The Guardian,9 February 2017
^ Jump up to: a b A potentially historic number of people are giving up their U.S. citizenship, Washington Post, 10 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Rep. Meadows introduces FATCA repeal bill, Congressman Mark Meadows, 7 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b A bill to repeal the violation of sovereign nations' laws and privacy matters, Senator Rand Paul.
Jump up ^ Deal that sends Canadian bank records to IRS is 'illegal,' lawyer tells U.S. committee, CBC News, 27 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Crassweller, Kary; Andrew C. Liazos, Todd A. Solomon, McDermott Will & Emery (22 March 2013). "What You Need to Know About Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act's (FATCA) Impact on Non-U.S. Retirement Plans". The National Law Review. ISSN 2161-3362. Retrieved 19 March 2014. (According to one commentator, Congress enacted FATCA "to make it more difficult for U.S. taxpayers to conceal assets held in offshore accounts")
Jump up ^ 111 Cong. Rec. S1635-36 (daily ed. Mar 17, 2010) (statement of Sen. Levin) ("Right now, thousands of U.S. tax dodgers conceal billions of dollars in assets within secrecy-shrouded foreign banks, dodging taxes and penalizing those of us who pay the taxes we owe. The Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations... estimated that these tax-dodging schemes cost the Federal Treasury $100 billion a year.")
Jump up ^ Overseas Citizen Population Analysis, Federal Voting Assistance Program, February 2016.
Jump up ^ CA by the numbers, Bureau of Consular Affairs, May 2017.
Jump up ^ "What is a US Person for IRS tax purposes? - US Tax & Financial Services".
Jump up ^ "Classification of Taxpayers for U.S. Tax Purposes". Internal Revenue Service.
^ Jump up to: a b "Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR)". Internal Revenue Service.
Jump up ^ Bogaard, Jonathan H.; Michael E. Draz; Vedder Price (14 March 2013). "What...The FATCA (Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act)?". The National Law Review. ISSN 2161-3362. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
Jump up ^ See generally 26 U.S.C. § 61, § 6012
Jump up ^ Fitz-Morris, James (November 25, 2013). "Canadian banks to be compelled to share clients' info with U.S." CBC News.
Jump up ^ Harvey, J. Richard (February 2014). "Worldwide Taxation of U. S. Citizens Living Abroad: Impact of FATCA and Two Proposals" (PDF). George Mason Journal of International Commercial Law. 4 (3): 319–357.
Jump up ^ Rousslang, Donald. "Tax Topics: Foreign tax credit". www.taxpolicycenter.org. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 1441.
Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 1441
Jump up ^ U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), Offshore Financial Activity Creates Enforcement Issues for IRS: Testimony Before the Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate, March 17, 2009 (statement of Michael Brostek, Director, Strategic Issues Team) at 10, [hereinafter "GAO Report"]
^ Jump up to: a b GAO Report at 10-11
Jump up ^ GAO Report at 5 (referring to the FBAR filing requirements of non-resident US citizens to the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network)
Jump up ^ "On Concurring in Senate Amendment with an Amendment: H R ... -- House Vote #991 -- Dec 16, 2009".
Jump up ^ "H.R. 2847 (111th): Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act -- Senate Vote #55 -- Mar 17, 2010".
Jump up ^ SpainAmericanBarAsso (October 14, 2014). "Obama Signing FATCA on March 18, 2010" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40623.pdf
Jump up ^ "Government "Stats" Strike Again".
^ Jump up to: a b c "Cayman Financial Review :: Is FATCA chasing a leprechaun and his pot of gold?".
Jump up ^ 111 Cong. Rec. S10,778 (statement of Sen. Max Baucus) ("This bill [S. 1934] would improve tax compliance without raising taxes on anyone. These are taxes that are already legally owed.")
Jump up ^ 111 Cong., S.A. 3310
Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 1471(c)(1)
Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 1471
^ Jump up to: a b Bell, Kay (March 23, 2010). "Jobs bill includes tax changes". MSNBC.
Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 1474(b)(2)
Jump up ^ osneymedia (April 13, 2013). "IRS live video stream & Q&A - post final FATCA Regulations" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Internal Revenue Service (2014). "Instructions for the Requester of Forms W–8BEN, W–8BEN–E, W–8ECI, and W–8EXP, and W–8IMY" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Treasury. p. 5. Retrieved 5 August 2015. [R]equest Form W-8BEN if you are a ... FFI required to establish the foreign status of an individual account holder for chapter 4 purposes or under the requirements of an applicable IGA[.]
Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 6038D(a)
Jump up ^ Wargo, Dave (August 15, 2014). "FATCA: Expat Bank Accounts Are Being Sent Home". Archived from the original on September 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ e.g., 26 C.F.R. 1.6038D-2T(a)
Jump up ^ Internal Revenue Service (January 15, 2013). "Do I need to file Form 8938, 'Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets'?".
Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 6662(j)(3)
Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 6501(e)(1); the limitations period was presumably extended because it was determined that international audit cases can take an additional 500 days to fully investigate. GAO Report at 1.
Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 871(m); dividends such as those paid by a U.S. corporation became "U.S. source" and therefore subject to the 30% withholding tax for foreign payees. 26 U.S.C. § 871(1)(A), § 861(a)(2). The previous method had reclassified these payments as income derived from the country of residence of the foreign payee and therefore no U.S. taxes were due.
Jump up ^ Morgenson, Gretchen (March 26, 2010). "Death of a Loophole, and Swiss Banks Will Mourn". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "LEVELING THE PLAYING FIELD: CURBING TAX HAVENS AND REMOVING TAX INCENTIVES FOR SHIFTING JOBS OVERSEAS". May 4, 2009. Archived from the original on April 16, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Jolly, David; Knowlton, Brian (December 26, 2011). "Law to Find Tax Evaders Denounced". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ 31 C.F.R. 1010
Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Sweden to Improve International Tax Compliance and to Implement FATCA
Jump up ^ Joint Committee on Taxation, JCS-6-10, Estimated Revenue Effects of the Revenue Provisions Contained in an Amendment to the Senate Amendment to the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 2847, the Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act. Referenced: "Why FATCA is Bad for America and Why it Should be Repealed". ACA Reports series. American Citizens Abroad. July 19, 2012. Archived from the original on June 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Gravelle JG. (2013). Tax Havens: International Tax Avoidance and Evasion. CRS
Jump up ^ "How much revenue has FATCA raised and at what offsetting compliance costs?", William Byrnes, International Financial Law Prof Blog, http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/intfinlaw/2017/03/how-much-revenue-has-fatca-raised-and-at-what-offsetting-compliance-costs.html
Jump up ^ "Senate Finance Committee Submissions: Republicans Overseas".
Jump up ^ "FATCA - Region preparing for Uncle Sam". April 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "TIGTA's FATCA Report – Is the FATCA portal development better than that of the federal medical insurance exchange?". December 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Greenwood, John (October 23, 2013). "Electronic spying 'a big issue' for banks, Scotia CEO Waugh says". Financial Post.
Jump up ^ "TAX LAWS AMENDMENT (IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FATCA AGREEMENT) BILL 2014 Explanatory Memorandum".
Jump up ^ "Subscribe to The Australian".
Jump up ^ http://www.treasury.govt.nz/downloads/pdfs/b14-info/b14-2828155.pdf
Jump up ^ "Inland Revenue does not consider it is possible to estimate the fiscal costs/benefits of entering into an IGA with the United States?"
Jump up ^ "FATCA attack - Economia".
Jump up ^ "The cost of complying with FATCA". Lexology. June 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The real cost of FATCA implementation - Eureka Blog". July 22, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "The cost of complying with FATCA – similar initiatives to follow? - Lexology".
Jump up ^ Greive, Martin; Kaiser, Tina (August 16, 2014). "US-Steuerabkommen Fatca ist eine Einbahnstraße" – via Welt Online.
Jump up ^ "Ausländeranteil in Deutschland bis 2015 - Statistik".
Jump up ^ Regeringens kommentar på remissinstansernas slutsatser gällande den ekonomiska och administrativa börda lagstiftningen medför är att det borde ses i ljuset av den 30-procentiga källskatt som påförs alla betalningar med amerikansk källa till svenska finansiella institut. Regeringen menar att bördan de finansiella instituten råkar ut för är försumbar i jämförelse med effekten en eventuell källskatt kommer ha på Sveriges ekonomi.
Jump up ^ Regelrådet anser att konsekvensutredningen inte uppfyller de krav som ställs i 6 och 7 §§ förordningen (2007:1244) om konsekvensutredning vid regelgivning.
Jump up ^ Enligt en högst spekulativ uträkning gjord i promemorian skulle enbart inlämnandet av kontrolluppgifter till Skatteverket innebära en löpande administrativ kostnad på en miljon kronor var för varje mindre finansiellt institute
Jump up ^ "Fatca Lookup Search Page".
Jump up ^ "In order to improve FATCA implementation... we recommend that the Commissioner of Internal Revenue take the following (action) ... • establish and document a timeline for completing a comprehensive FATCA cost estimate." G.A.O.Report to the Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate FOREIGN ACCOUNT REPORTING REQUIREMENTS, IRS Needs to Further Develop Risk, Compliance, and Cost Plans, p 8
Jump up ^ see FFI costs and foreign costs above
Jump up ^ G.A.O.Report to the Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate FOREIGN ACCOUNT REPORTING REQUIREMENTS, IRS Needs to Further Develop Risk, Compliance, and Cost Plans, p 14
Jump up ^ Graffy, Colleen (July 17, 2013). "How to Lose Friends, Citizens and Influence". The Wall Street Journal.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Myth vs. FATCA: The Truth About Treasury's Effort To Combat Offshore Tax Evasion".
Jump up ^ Reviewing the unintended consequences of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, 26 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "FATCA may identify tax cheats, but its dragnet for financial criminals may produce an even bigger yield". Association of Certified Financial Crime Specialists. March 1, 2012. Archived from the original on May 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Much of the tax paid relates to clear instances of double taxation Archived March 28, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Scratched by the FATCA". The Economist. November 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ https://www.wsj.com/articles/taming-irs-imperialism-1486166764
Jump up ^ "Why FATCA is Bad for America and Why it Should be Repealed". ACA Reports series. American Citizens Abroad. July 19, 2012. Archived from the original on June 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "European banks shut Americans out over U.S. tax rules". USA Today. September 27, 2012. Yan, Sophia (September 15, 2013). "Banks lock out Americans over new tax law". CNN.
Jump up ^ "Americans Abroad Can't Bank Smoothly As FATCA Tax Evasion Reform Comes Into Play". December 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Yan, Sophia (September 15, 2013). "Banks lock out Americans over new tax law".
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/money/2014/sep/24/americans-chased-by-irs-give-up-citizenship-after-being-forced-out-of-bank-accounts
Jump up ^ "Facing up to FATCA". Deloitte. Fall 2011.
Jump up ^ Posey, Bill (July 1, 2013). "Letter to Secretary of Treasury" (PDF). repealfatca.com.
Jump up ^ Browning, Lynnley (September 16, 2013). "Complying With U.S. Tax Evasion Law Is Vexing Foreign Banks". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ FATCA’s flaws The Economist 28 June 2014
Jump up ^ Accidental Americans may also include, but much fewer in number, those who innocently did not understand they were a US citizen and, therefore, had US tax and reporting obligations. Archived May 25, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ U.S. FATCA tax law catches 'accidental Americans' CBC, January 13, 2014
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFEHuKztpYg
Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tax/income-tax/i-had-to-pay-8200-to-escape-draconian-us-tax-system/
Jump up ^ "the legislation caused an increase in consular workload that must be paid for by user fees" "At one post alone, renunciations rose from under 100 in 2009 to more than 1,100 in the first ten months of 2014."
Jump up ^ "Federal Register - Schedule of Fees for Consular Services, Department of State and Overseas Embassies and Consulates-Passport and Citizenship Services Fee Changes".
Jump up ^ "Mister Taxman: Why Some Americans Working Abroad Are Ditching Their Citizenships". Time magazine. January 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Why are Americans giving up their citizenship?". BBC Magazine. Sep 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Saunders, Laura (August 17, 2013). "Overseas Americans: Time to Say 'Bye' to Uncle Sam?". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ "Americans renouncing citizenship in record numbers, seek to avoid tax". The Wall Street Journal. Fox News. August 12, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Mitchel, Andrew (February 6, 2014). "2013 Expatriations Increase by 221%". International Tax Blog. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Palazzolo, Joe. "Why It Now Costs So Much to Renounce Your Citizenship".
Jump up ^ Freedom of Information Request, denial response
Jump up ^ Freedom of Information Request, denial response andysundberg.weebly.com[permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b c https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/11/number-americans-renouncing-citizenship-reaches-record-high/
Jump up ^ https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/08/03/2017-16318/quarterly-publication-of-individuals-who-have-chosen-to-expatriate-as-required-by-section-6039g
Jump up ^ https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/11/02/2017-23885/quarterly-publication-of-individuals-who-have-chosen-to-expatriate-as-required-by-section-6039g
Jump up ^ Kuenzi, David (July 9, 2014). "American Expats' Tax Nightmare". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 6, 2014. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hildebrandt, Amber (January 13, 2014). "U.S. FATCA tax law catches unsuspecting Canadians in its crosshairs". CBC News.
Jump up ^ Bachmann, Helena (January 31, 2013). "Mister Taxman: Why Some Americans Working Abroad Are Ditching Their Citizenships". Time. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Srinivas, Siri (September 24, 2014). "'I was terrified we'd lose all our money': banks tell US customers they won't work with Americans".
Jump up ^ http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/216923/assets-agreement-with-us-not-quite-‘reciprocal’
Jump up ^ "page 202" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Budget FY2015 Archived August 10, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. whitehouse.gov, Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued Table S-9, p192
Jump up ^ Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued Archived September 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. whitehouse.gov Table S-9, p122
Jump up ^ "Text of H.R. 2847 (111th): Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act (Passed Congress/Enrolled Bill version) - GovTrack.us".
Jump up ^ Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) The Treasury, 4/5/2016, "The Parties are committed to working with Partner Jurisdictions and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development on adapting the terms of this Agreement and other agreements between the United States and Partner Jurisdictions to a common model for automatic exchange of information, including the development of reporting and due diligence standards for financial institutions."
Jump up ^ Tax, Society & Culture, IRS claims statutory authority for FATCA agreements where no such authority exists, Allison Christians IRS claims statutory authority for FATCA agreements where no such authority exists July 4, 2014, McGill University, Faculty of Law, None of these sources of law contain any authorization to enter into or implement the IGAs. It is clear that no such authorization has been made by Congress, and that the IGAs are sole executive agreements entered into by the executive branch on its own under its "plenary executive authority". As such the agreements are constitutionally suspect because they do not accord with the delineated treaty power set forth in Article II.
Jump up ^ Loewy, Robert (9 May 2014). "Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) Transitional Relief and Extension of Time for the Implementation of New Account Procedures for Entity Investors". The National Law Review. Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b https://taxpayeradvocate.irs.gov/Media/Default/Documents/2016-ARC/ARC16_Volume1_MSP_16_FATCA.pdf
Jump up ^ https://taxpayeradvocate.irs.gov/Media/Default/Documents/2015ARC/ARC15_Volume1_MSP_07_International-TP-Service.pdf
Jump up ^ https://taxpayeradvocate.irs.gov/Media/Default/Documents/2014-Annual-Report/OFFSHORE-VOLUNTARY-DISCLOSURE-OVD-The-OVD-Programs-Initially-Undermined-the-Law-and-Still-Violate-Taxpayer-Rights.pdf
Jump up ^ Wisconsin Law Review, Vol. 2013, No. 1, pp. 205-236 (April 9, 2013). "Using a Sledgehammer to Crack a Nut: Why FATCA Will Not Stand". SSRN 2247615  . Missing or empty |url= (help)CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Shapiro Tax Law LLC (July 6, 2013). "Good news: FATCA deadlines extended, and withholding delayed".
Jump up ^ "FATCA Notebook: Former IRS Chief, Taxpayer Advocate Criticize FATCA; Switzerland Moves Toward Greater Transparency - JD Supra".
Jump up ^ Reprints, Devin Leonard Richard Rubin RichardRubinDC. "An Emotional Audit: IRS Workers Are Miserable and Overwhelmed".
Jump up ^ Meanwhile, his staff has been overwhelmed with calls this year from Americans overseas who are confused about extra information they are supposed to furnish under the 2010 law combating tax cheating abroad. 'They are calling like crazy about that,' says Donna White, a customer service representative in the office. 'You kind of get burnt out.'" - Bloomberg Business Week, April 13–19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Alberta online bank first in Canada to shun U.S. clients amid tax rules".
Jump up ^ "Written question - US Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) and the refusal by Swedbank to accept US citizens as clients - E-004481/2013".
Jump up ^ P Parliamentary questions, 7 June 2013, E-004481/2013, Answer given by Mr Šemeta on behalf of the Commission
Jump up ^ Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Canada to Improve International Tax Compliance through Enhanced Exchange of Information under the Convention Between the United States of America and Canada with Respect to Taxes on Income and on Capital
Jump up ^ "Swedbank".
^ Jump up to: a b FATCAEU (May 29, 2013). "European Parliament FATCA Hearing Part 1" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Avi-Yonah, Reuven S., Mazzoni, Gianluca. "Taxation and Human Rights: A Delicate Balance (September 5, 2016)". SSRN Electronic Journal. U of Michigan Public Law Research Paper No. 520. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2834883.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_Il-rL5TiI
Jump up ^ "Parada, Leopoldo (2015): Intergovernmental Agreements and the Implementation of FATCA in Europe, (Volume 7), No.2, 24 June". World Tax Journal. "Neither the IGAs nor the OECD Common Reporting Standard (CRS) or the new achievements on automatic exchange of information at the EU level say much about this. In this regard, a coordinated international standard of data protection rules for taxpayers would seem reasonable."
Jump up ^ "Article 29 Data Protection Working Party: Guidelines for Member States on the criteria to ensure compliance with data protection requirements in the context of the automatic exchange of personal data for tax purposes, adopted on 16 December 2015". European Commission.
Jump up ^ Till undantagen räknas de fall då den registrerade168 gett sin tillåtelse, om informationsutlämningen krävs på grund av myndighetsutövning
Jump up ^ Vidare är behandlingen av personuppgifter tillåten om intresset av informationsutlämningen väger tyngre än skyddet för den personliga integriteten samt om personuppgiftsansvarige eller tredje man som tar emot personuppgifter ska kunna genomföra en arbetsuppgift på grund av myndighetsutövning
Jump up ^ det är förbjudet att föra över personuppgifter till tredje land om landet inte har en adekvat skyddsnivå
Jump up ^ Enligt artikel 8 punkt 1 har varje människa rätt till respekt för sitt privatoch familjeliv. Enligt artikel 8 punkt 2 får offentlig myndighet inte inskränka den rättigheten annat än med hänsyn till exempelvis statens säkerhet, den allmänna säkerheten, eller landets ekonomiska välstånd. "Är FATCA förenligt med svensk rätt och EU-rätt?" Simon Jisander, Uppsala University Juridiska institutionen, 2015, p51
Jump up ^ kan det konstateras att varken statens säkerhet, den allmänna säkerheten eller skydd för hälsa eller moraleller för andra personers fri- och rättigheter är relevanta undantagsgrunder i detta fall. De undantagsgrunder som däremot blir intressanta är landets ekonomiska välstånd på grund av den källskatt som påförs transaktioner "Är FATCA förenligt med svensk rätt och EU-rätt?" Simon Jisander, Uppsala University Juridiska institutionen, 2015, p51
Jump up ^ "Judgment in Case C-362/14 Maximillian Schrems v Data Protection Commissioner: The Court of Justice declares that the Commission's US Safe Harbour Decision is invalid" (Press release). Court of Justice of the European Union. 6 October 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Enligt direktiv 2000/520/EG156, punkt 5, anses adekvat skyddsnivå uppnådd för USA endast då informationen skickas til en organisation som följer de så kallade Safe Harbor Privacyprinciperna. "Är FATCA förenligt med svensk rätt och EU-rätt?" Simon Jisander, Uppsala University Juridiska institutionen, 2015, p54
Jump up ^ På amerikanska handelsministeriets158 hemsida finns en lista över de organisationer som anslutit sig till dessa principer. IRS finns inte med i denna lista "Är FATCA förenligt med svensk rätt och EU-rätt?" Simon Jisander, Uppsala University Juridiska institutionen, 2015, p54
Jump up ^ "Baker, Keir: Accidental Americans: The US Citizenship Conundrum, 5 January 2016". Keepcalmtaxlaw.
Jump up ^ Lagen om insättningsgaranti (1995:1571), hädanefter IGL, kan enligt Ulrika Hansson tolkas som att finansiella institut såsom banker kan omfattas av insättningsgarantin vilken innebär att ett inlåningskonto måste öppnas för den som så önskar. Om en FFI inte ser någon annan utväg än att avsluta konton ägda av motsträviga klienter kan detta strida mot rätten att inneha ett inlåningskonto menar hon."Är FATCA förenligt med svensk rätt och EU-rätt?" Simon Jisander, Uppsala University Juridiska institutionen, 2015, p55
Jump up ^ "FATCA self-certification could cause headaches for financial institutions". August 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "REPORTING FOREIGN ACCOUNTS TO IRS Extent of Duplication Not Currently Known, but Requirements Can Be Clarified".
Jump up ^ "FOREIGN ACCOUNT REPORTING: Eliminate Duplicative Reporting of Certain Foreign Financial Assets and Adopt a Same-Country Exception for Reporting Financial Assets Held in the Country in Which a U.S. Taxpayer Is a Bona Fide Resident" (PDF). National Taxpayer Advocate.
Jump up ^ National Taxpayer Advocate 2015 Annual Report to Congress 353-62
Jump up ^ National Taxpayer Advocate 2014 Annual Report to Congress 343-45
Jump up ^ National Taxpayer Advocate 2013 Annual Report to Congress 228-37
Jump up ^ National Taxpayer Advocate 2013 Annual Report to Congress 238-48
Jump up ^ National Taxpayer Advocate 2012 Annual Report to Congress 134-53
Jump up ^ TAS Recommendations for Published Guidance under IRC §§ 6038D and 1471 (Apr. 15, 2015) and (Apr. 24, 2014)
Jump up ^ National Taxpayer Advocate Seeks End to Duplicative FATCA Reporting, 2015 TNT 71-16 (Apr. 14, 2015).
Jump up ^ National Taxpayer Advocate 2013 Annual Report to Congress MSP #22
Jump up ^ The Eighth Amendment provides: Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
Jump up ^ "Testimony of James Bopp, Jr. Before the Subcommittee on Government Operations of the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform Regarding the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act" (PDF).
Jump up ^ https://www.paul.senate.gov/news/press/dr-rand-paul-testifies-on-fatca-calls-for-repeal
Jump up ^ https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/2054
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rV5FpIn3Eyg
Jump up ^ "Resolution to Repeal the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA)" (PDF). abolisfatca.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bugnion, Jackie and Roland Crim (Directors, American Citizens Abroad, Inc.): "Thank You, Mayor Boris Johnson, For Speaking for Many" In: Letters to the Editor of TAX NOTES, PDF" (PDF). December 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "ACA believes that instead of fighting FATCA with efforts to repeal—essentially telling the Congress that we believe there is no need to combat tax evasion—ACA should fight FATCA on its specific negative effects on the community of Americans overseas", "News Update: 4th Quarter 2015". January 1, 2016. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hatch, Wyden Launch New Effort to Seek Input on Bipartisan Tax Reform - The United States Senate Committee on Finance".
Jump up ^ "The United States Senate Committee on Finance".
Jump up ^ "The United States Senate Committee on Finance".
Jump up ^ "Superlawyer Jim Bopp takes on McCain-backed tax act that targets Americans overseas". The Washington Times.
Jump up ^ http://www.washingtontimes.com, The Washington Times. "Rand Paul to sue IRS, U.S. Treasury".
Jump up ^ Jack Newsham, Sen. Rand Paul's FATCA Lawsuit Tossed For Lack of Standing, Law360 (April 26, 2016).
Jump up ^ Crawford v. U.S. Dep't of the Treasury , 868 F.3d 438 (6th Cir. 2017).
Jump up ^ "Group plans constitutional challenge to budget bill". Toronto: theglobeandmail.com. June 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Issue".
Jump up ^ Trichur, Rita (August 12, 2014). "U.S. Expats Sue Over Canadian Deal to Tell Washington About Their Accounts". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ "Dual citizens sue feds over FATCA tax deal with U.S." Global News.
Jump up ^ "IRS Releases Guidance on Foreign Financial Asset Reporting". Internal Revenue Service. December 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ 76 FR 78553 of December 19, 2011. 76 FR 78594 of December 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ 77 FR 23391 of April 19, 2012
Jump up ^ "Treasury, IRS Issue Proposed Regulations for FATCA Implementation". Internal Revenue Service. February 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Treasury and IRS Issue Proposed Regulations Under the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act to Improve Offshore Tax Compliance and Reduce Burden". United States Department of the Treasury. February 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ 77 FR 9022 of February 15, 2012
Jump up ^ "Treasury and IRS Issue Final Regulations to Combat Offshore Tax Evasion". United States Department of the Treasury. January 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ 78 FR 5874 of January 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ 78 FR 79602 of December 31, 2013. 78 FR 79650 of December 31, 2013. 78 FR 79652 of December 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Treasury Releases Last Substantial Rules Package to Combat Offshore Tax Evasion". United States Department of the Treasury. February 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ 79 FR 12725 of March 06, 2014. 79 FR 12811 of March 06, 2014. 79 FR 12867 of March 06, 2014. 79 FR 12879 of March 06, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Treasury to Treat Jurisdictions with FATCA Agreements in Substance as Agreements in Effect to Prepare for Start of Law". United States Department of the Treasury. April 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jones, Scott S; Amy G Drais; Amy Blackwood; Howard J Beber; Sarah K Cherry; Daniel J Davis (11 April 2014). "IRS Offers FATCA Relief, Extending Registration Deadline and Expanding Intergovernmental Agreement List - Internal Revenue Service, Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act". The National Law Review. Proskauer Rose LLP. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "FFI List Schema and Test Files". IRS.
Jump up ^ "Key Aspects of the FATCA Regime" (PDF). Shearman & Sterling LLP. May 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Christians, Allison (February 11, 2013). "The Dubious Legal Pedigree of IGAs (and Why it Matters)". Tax Notes International. Tax Analysts. 69 (6): 565. SSRN 2280508  .
Jump up ^ Christians, Allison (July 4, 2014). "IRS claims statutory authority for FATCA agreements where no such authority exists".
Jump up ^ U.S. Treasury Department (February 8, 2012). "JOINT STATEMENT FROM THE UNITED STATES, FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY, SPAIN AND THE UNITED KINGDOM REGARDING AN INTERGOVERNMENTAL APPROACH TO IMPROVING INTERNATIONAL TAX COMPLIANCE AND IMPLEMENTING FATCA" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Coder, Jeremiah (June 28, 2012). "News Analysis: U.K. Hoping U.S. Will Make FATCA Easier to Swallow". Tax Notes Today. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Cohn, Michael (June 21, 2012). "U.S. Strikes FATCA Deals with Switzerland and Japan". Accounting Today.
Jump up ^ Flaherty, Michael (November 28, 2012). King, Larry, ed. "China central bank official slams U.S. tax dodging law". Hong Kong: Reuters.
Jump up ^ "2016 Presidential Candidates & Election News". ABC News.
Jump up ^ "Moscow wants tax information exchanges with U.S. to be mutual, balanced". Russia Beyond the Headlines. Interfax. November 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Комментарий Департамента информации и печати МИД России в связи с сообщениями СМИ о подготовке российско-американского соглашения об обмене налоговой информацией (Press release) (in Russian). Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. November 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Putin Signs Last-Minute Law to Satisfy FATCA by Delphine d'Amora, Jun. 30 2014, Moscow Times
Jump up ^ Intergovernmental agreement monitor, PwC
Jump up ^ "Bangladesh Bank suggests FATCA reporting by local banks". Resource portal of OGR Legal. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Federal Council brings FATCA Act into force". State Secretariat for International Financial Matters. June 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "UPPSATSER.SE: Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act : - om USA:s extraterritoriella rättstillämpning och lagens förenlighet med svensk banksekretess".
Jump up ^ TEXT OF THE FATCA COMMENT LETTER SUBMITTED BY AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND BANKING GROUP LIMITED, 7 June 2011
Jump up ^ "the US legislation prima facie breaches New Zealand privacy and tax laws, which will" p15, The Treasury Budget 2014 Information Release Release Document, July 2014
Jump up ^ "FATCA FAQ".
^ Jump up to: a b http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:792177/FULLTEXT01.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b c d "U.S. Treasury FATCA Resource Center". U.S. Treasury Department.
Jump up ^ Upadhyay, Jayshree P. "Sebi flags down govt on India-US tax pact".
Jump up ^ "Australia-US Intergovernmental Agreement (IGA) to improve international tax compliance and to implement FATCA (the US Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act)". Australia Department of the Treasury.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l "2014 Treaties and Agreements". United States Department of State.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "2015 Treaties and Agreements". United States Department of State.
Jump up ^ "Entry into Force of the Information Exchange Agreement between Canada and the United States". Department of Finance Canada. July 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Legislative Proposals Relating To the Canada–United States Enhanced Tax Information Exchange Agreement". Department of Finance, Canada. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bilateral Pacts Represent First FATCA Agreements in the Caribbean". Tax Analysts. November 29, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "L 67 - Forslag til lov om ændring af skattekontrolloven og forskellige andre love. (Indberetning og automatisk udveksling af skatterelevante oplysninger om finansielle konti samt ophævelse af bagatelgrænser for ind- og udbetalinger m.v)". Folketinget.
Jump up ^ "Høringsdetaljer - Høringsportalen".
Jump up ^ PricewaterhouseCoopers. "Dansk lov om FATCA".
Jump up ^ "Treaties in Force 2014" (PDF). United States Department of State.
^ Jump up to: a b c "TAXATION (International Tax Compliance) (Crown Dependency [CD]) Regulations 2014, Guidance notes" (PDF). January 31, 2014. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "2013 TNT 243-24 MALTA ANNOUNCES SIGNING OF FATCA AGREEMENT WITH U.S..". Tax Analysts. December 18, 2013. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ U.S.-Mexico FATCA agreement Article 10(1) "The Agreement shall enter into force on January 1st, 2013 and shall continue in force until terminated."
Jump up ^ 2nd U.S.-Mexico FATCA agreement Article 10(1)
Jump up ^ https://www.webcitation.org/6WIDVMV0W?url=http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/treaties/Documents/FATCA-Agreement-Netherlands-12-18-2013.pdf
Jump up ^ "Briefwisseling tussen Nederland en de VS". Government of the Netherlands. April 28, 2015. Retrieved April 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) - U.S. Reportable Accounts Guidance Notes" (PDF). Inland Revenue, New Zealand. July 9, 2014. p. 3, Introduction (1).
Jump up ^ "2013 Treaties and Agreements". United States Department of State.
Jump up ^ "FATCA agreement". State Secretariat for International Financial Matters. The Federal Council approved the mandate for negotiations with the United States on switching to Model 1 on 8 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Internationales Abkommen, Agreement between Switzerland and the United States of America for Cooperation to Facilitate the Implementation of FATCA" (in German). Archived from the original on March 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Entry into force of FATCA agreement between Switzerland and United States was delayed by six months". September 30, 2013. Archived from the original on January 11, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Lee, Matthew D. (September 18, 2015). "FATCA Update: Treasury Relaxes September 30 Deadline for Model 1 IGA Jurisdictions to Exchange Tax Information".
Jump up ^ Internal Revenue Service Notice 2015-66
Jump up ^ Perryman, Haydon; CGMA (September 14, 2015). "Croatia to Delay Implementation of FATCA Agreement".
Jump up ^ Cagahastian, David (September 13, 2015). "Fatca terms moved forward 6 mos to Q2 2016".
Jump up ^ "BELGIUM: UPDATE ON FATCA REPORTING FOR 2014". September 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ https://home.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/pdf/2015/09/belgium-fatca-14-sept-2015.pdf
Jump up ^ "OECD". OECD.
Jump up ^ "The CRS is also informally called 'GATCA', referring to the 'globalization' of FATCA."William Byrnes blog, July 4, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b "An Englishman's home". The Economist. February 21, 2015. p. 40. Archived from the original on February 13, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Newlove, Russell (February 9, 2016). "Why expat Americans are giving up their passports". BBC News. Archived from the original on February 13, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-more-americans-are-handing-in-their-citizenship/
Further reading[edit]
Poptcheva, Eva-Maria (2013). A FATCA for the EU? Data protection aspects of automatic exchange of bank information (PDF). Library of the European Parliament. p. 6.
External links[edit]
Report Unauthorized Disclosure or Misuse of Tax Information Exchanged Under an International Agreement, such as FATCA
FAQ from the US Internal Revenue Service
FATCA Resource Center from the US Treasury Department
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 296547327
LCCN: n2013012079
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_Account_Tax_Compliance_Act&oldid=836076928"
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