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Battle of Badr
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Battle of Badr
Part of the Muslim-Quraish Wars

Scene from Siyer-i Nebi, Hamza and Ali leading the Muslim armies at Badr. The writing is Ottoman Naskh.
Date
13 March 624 CE/17 Ramadan, 2 AH
Location
At the wells of Badr, 70 mi (110 km) southwest of Medina
Result
Decisive Muslim victory
Belligerents
Muslims of Medina Quraish of Mecca
Commanders and leaders
Muhammad
Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib
Ali ibn Abi Talib
Abu-Bakr
Umar ibn Al-Khattab Abu Jahl ⱶ
Utba ibn Rabi'ah ⱶ
Umayyah ibn Khalaf ⱶ
Hind al-Hunnud
Strength
313 infantry and cavalry: 2 horses and 70 camels 950 infantry and cavalry: 100 horses and 170 camels
Casualties and losses
14 killed 70 killed, 70 prisoners[citation needed]
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Ghazwah (expeditions where he took part)
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Dul
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Trench
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The Battle of Badr (Arabic: غزوة بدر), fought on Tuesday, 13 March 624 CE (17 Ramadan, 2 AH in the Islamic calendar) in the Hejaz region of western Arabia (present-day Saudi Arabia), was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Quraish[1] in Mecca. The battle has been passed down in Islamic history as a decisive victory attributable to divine intervention, or by secular sources to the strategic genius of Muhammad. It is one of the few battles specifically mentioned in the Quran. All knowledge of the battle at Badr comes from traditional Islamic accounts, both hadiths and biographies of Muhammad, recorded in written form some time after the battle. There is little evidence outside of these of the battle. There are no descriptions of the battle prior to the 9th Century.[2]
Prior to the battle, the Muslims and the Meccans had fought several smaller skirmishes in late 623 and early 624. Badr, however, was the first large-scale engagement between the two forces. Advancing to a strong defensive position, Muhammad's well-disciplined force broke the Meccan lines, killing several important Quraishi leaders including the Muslims' chief antagonist Abu Jahl.[3] For the early Muslims the battle was the first sign that they might eventually defeat their enemies among the Meccans. Mecca at that time was one of the richest and most powerful cities in Arabia, fielding an army three times larger than that of the Muslims.[4] The Muslim victory also signaled to the other tribes that a new power had arisen in Arabia and strengthened Muhammad's position as leader of the often fractious community in Medina.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Muslim participants of Badr
3 Battle
3.1 March to Badr
3.2 Muslim plan
3.3 Meccan plan
3.4 Day of battle
4 Aftermath
4.1 Prisoners
4.2 Executions
4.3 Muslims killed in the Battle of Badr
4.4 Implications
5 Islamic primary sources
5.1 Badr in the Quran
5.2 Hadith literature
5.3 Biographical literature
6 In modern culture
7 See also
8 Footnotes
9 References
9.1 Books and articles
9.2 Online references
10 External links
Background
Muhammad was born in Mecca around 570 CE into the Quraish tribe. After Muhammad's revelation from Gabriel in 610 until his proclamation of monotheism to the Quraysh,Islam was practiced primarily in secret. The Quraiysh, who traditionally accepted religious practices other than their own, became increasingly more intolerant of the Muslims during the thirteen years of personal attacks against their (the Meccans) religions and gods.[6] In fear for their religion and economic viability, which heavily relied on annual pilgrimages, the Meccans began to mock and disrupt Muhammad's followers. In 622, Muhammad bade many of his followers to migrate from Mecca to the neighboring city of Medina, 320 km (200 mi) north of Mecca. Shortly thereafter, Muhammad himself left for Medina.[7][8] This migration is referred to as the Hijra.[9]
The Quranic Verse 22:39[10] uttered by Muhammad sometime shortly after the migration permitted Muslims, for the first time, to take up arms in defence. During this period Muhammad employed three broad military strategies against the Meccans. Firstly, to establish peace treaties with the tribes surrounding Medina, especially with those from whom the Meccans could derive most advantage against the Muslims. Secondly, to dispatch small groups to obtain intelligence on the Quraish and their allies and also provide, thereby, an opportunity for those Muslims still living in Mecca to leave with them. Thirdly, to intercept the trade caravans of the Meccans that passed close to Medina and to obstruct their trade route.[11][12] In September 623, Muhammad himself led a force of 200 in an unsuccessful raid against a large caravan.[citation needed] Shortly thereafter, the Meccans launched their own raid against Medina led by Kurz bin Jabir and fled with livestock belonging to the Muslims.[13] In January 624, Muhammad dispatched a group of eight men to Nakhlah, on the outskirts of Mecca, led by Abdullah bin Jahsh to obtain intelligence on the Quraysh.[14][15] However, Abdullah bin Jash and his party disguised as Pilgrims with shaved heads, upon being discovered by a Meccan caravan, decided to attack and kill as many of the caravan as possible, resulting in killing one of its men, Amr bin Al-Hadrami, the seizing of its goods and taking two as prisoners.[16] The situation was all the more serious since the killing occurred in the month of Rajab, a truce month sacred to the Meccans in which fighting was prohibited and a clear affront to Arab traditions. Upon their return to Medina, Muhammad initially disapproved of this decision on their part, rebuked them and refused to take any spoil until he claimed to have received revelation (Quran, 2:217) stating that the Meccan persecution was worse than this violation of the sacred month. After his revelation Muhammed took the goods and the prisoners.[17][18][19][20] The Muslims' raids on caravans prompted the Battle of Badr, the first major battle involving a Muslim army. This was the spot where the Meccans had sent their own army to protect their caravans from Muslim raiders.[21][22]
Muslim participants of Badr
Main article: List of participants at the Battle of Badr
Battle
A map of the Badr campaign
March to Badr
Muhammad's forces included Abu Bakr, Umar, Ali, Hamza, Mus`ab ibn `Umair, Az-Zubair bin Al-'Awwam, Ammar ibn Yasir, and Abu Dharr al-Ghifari. The Muslims also brought seventy camels and two horses, meaning that they either had to walk or fit three to four men per camel.[23] The future Caliph Uthman stayed behind to care for his sick wife Ruqayyah, the daughter of Muhammad.[24] Salman the Persian also could not join the battle, as he was still not a free man.[25]
Many of the Quraishi nobles, including Amr ibn Hishām, Walid ibn Utba, Shaiba, and Umayah ibn Khalaf, joined the Meccan army. Their reasons varied: some were out to protect their financial interests in the caravan; others wanted to avenge Ibn al-Hadrami, the guard killed at Nakhlah; finally, a few must have wanted to take part in what was expected to be an easy victory against the Muslims.[26] Amr ibn Hishām is described as shaming at least one noble, Umayah ibn Khalaf, into joining the expedition.[27]
By this time Muhammad's companions were approaching the wells where he planned to either waylay the caravan, or to fight the Meccan army at Badr, along the Syrian trade route where the caravan would be expected to stop or the Meccan army to come for its protection. However, several Muslim scouts were discovered by scouts from the caravan[28] and Abu Sufyan made a hasty turn towards Yanbu.[29]
Muslim plan
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“ Behold! Allah Promised you one of the two (enemy) parties, that it should be yours: Ye wished that the one unarmed should be yours, but Allah Willed to justify the Truth according to His Words and to cut off the roots of the Unbelievers; ”
— Quran: Al-Anfal 8:7
“ Behold! Allah Promised Me that He would definitely help me. I'm taking an oath by Allah's Excellent Name, Here will be the grave of Abu Jahl, and here will lay Utba ibn Rabiah (Prophet mentioned 14 different unbeliever leaders' names and signed they graves before the battle). ”
— Muhammad – Sahih Muslim
When the word reached the Muslim army about the departure of the Meccan army, Muhammad immediately called a council of war, since there was still time to retreat and because many of the fighters there were recent converts (called Ansar or "Helpers" to distinguish them from the Quraishi Muslims), who had only pledged to defend Medina. Under the terms of the Constitution of Medina, they would have been within their rights to refuse to fight and leave the army. However, according to tradition, they pledged to fight as well, with Sa'd ibn Ubadah declaring, "If you [Muhammad] order us to plunge our horses into the sea, we would do so."[30] So, the Muslims continued to march towards Badr.
By 11 March both armies were about a day's march from Badr. Several Muslim warriors (including, according to some sources, Ali) who had ridden ahead of the main column captured two Meccan water carriers at the Badr wells. Expecting them to say they were with the caravan, the Muslims were horrified to hear them say they were with the main Quraishi army.[30]Template:Wrong number in source Some traditions also say that, upon hearing the names of all the Quraishi nobles accompanying the army, Muhammad exclaimed "Mecca hath thrown unto you the best morsels of her liver."[31] The next day Muhammad ordered a forced march to Badr and arrived before the Meccans.[citation needed]
The Badr wells were located on the gentle slope of the eastern side of a valley called "Yalyal". The western side of the valley was hemmed in by a large hill called 'Aqanqal. When the Muslim army arrived from the east, Muhammad initially chose to form his army at the first well he encountered. Hubab ibn al-Mundhir, however, asked him if this choice was divine instruction or Muhammad's own opinion. When Muhammad responded in the latter, Hubab suggested that the Muslims occupy the well closest to the Quraishi army, and block off the other ones. Muhammad accepted this decision and moved right away.[citation needed]
Meccan plan
“ [The] Arabs will hear how we marched forth and of our mighty gathering, and they will stand in awe of us forever. ”
— Abu Jahl
By contrast, while little is known about the progress of the Quraishi army from the time it left Mecca until its arrival just outside Badr, several things are worth noting: although many Arab armies brought their women and children along on campaigns both to motivate and care for the men, the Meccan army did not. Also, the Quraish apparently made little or no effort to contact the many allies they had scattered throughout the Hijaz.[32] Both facts suggest the Quraish lacked the time to prepare for a proper campaign in their haste to protect the caravan. Besides it is believed since they knew they had outnumbered the Muslims by three to one, they expected an easy victory.[citation needed]
When the Quraishi reached Juhfah, just south of Badr, they received a message from Abu Sufyan telling them the caravan was safely behind them, and that they could therefore return to Mecca.[33] At this point, according to Karen Armstrong, a power struggle broke out in the Meccan army. Abu Jahl wanted to continue, but several of the clans present, including Banu Zuhrah and Banu Adi, promptly went home. Armstrong suggests they may have been concerned about the power that Abu Jahl would gain from crushing the Muslims. The Banu Hashim tribe wanted to leave, but was threatened by Abu Jahl to stay.[34] Despite these losses, Abu Jahl was still determined to fight, boasting "We will not go back until we have been to Badr." During this period, Abu Sufyan and several other men from the caravan joined the main army.[35]
Day of battle
Further information: List of participants at the Battle of Badr
At midnight on 13 March, the Quraish broke camp and marched into the valley of Badr. It had rained the previous day and they struggled to move their horses and camels up the hill of 'Aqanqal. After they descended from 'Aqanqal, the Meccans set up another camp inside the valley. While they rested, they sent out a scout, Umayr ibn Wahb to reconnoitre the Muslim lines. Umayr reported that Muhammad's army was small, and that there were no other Muslim reinforcements which might join the battle.[36] However, he also predicted extremely heavy Quraishi casualties in the event of an attack (One hadith refers to him seeing "the camels of [Medina] laden with certain death").[37] This further demoralized the Quraish, as Arab battles were traditionally low-casualty affairs, and set off another round of bickering among the Quraishi leadership. However, according to Arab traditions Amr ibn Hishām quashed the remaining dissent by appealing to the Quraishi's sense of honor and demanding that they fulfill their blood vengeance.[38]
The death of Abu Jahl, and the casting of the Meccan dead into dry wells
The battle began with champions from both armies emerging to engage in combat. Three of the Ansar emerged from the Muslim ranks, only to be shouted back by the Meccans, who were nervous about starting any unnecessary feuds and only wanted to fight the Quraishi Muslims. So Hamza approached forward and called on Ubayda and Ali to join him. The Muslims dispatched the Meccan champions in a three-on-three melee. Hamza killed his opponent Utba ibn Rabi'ah; Ali killed his opponent Walid ibn Utba; Ubayda was wounded by his opponent Shaybah ibn Rabi'ah, but eventually killed him. So this was a victorious traditional 3 on 3 combat for the Muslims.[citation needed]
Now both armies began showering each other with arrows. A few Muslims and an unknown number of Quraish warriors were killed. Before the battle, Muhammad had given orders for the Muslims to attack first with their ranged weapons and only afterword advance to engage the Quraish with melee weapons. Now he gave the order to charge, throwing a handful of pebbles at the Meccans in what was probably a traditional Arabian gesture while yelling "Defaced be those faces!"[39][40] The Muslim army yelled "Yā manṣūr amit!"[41] "O thou whom God hath made victorious, slay!" and rushed the Quraishi lines. The Meccans, understrength and unenthusiastic about fighting, promptly broke and ran. The battle itself only lasted a few hours and was over by the early afternoon.[39] The Quran describes the force of the Muslim attack in many verses, which refer to thousands of angels descending from Heaven at Badr to terrify the Quraish.[40][42] Muslim sources take this account literally, and there are several hadith where Muhammad discusses the Angel Jibreel and the role he played in the battle.[citation needed]
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After the battle Muhammad returned to Medina. Some seventy prisoners were taken captive and are noted to have been treated humanely including a number of Quraish leaders.[43][44] Most of the prisoners were released upon payment of ransom and those who were literate were released on the condition that they teach ten persons how to read and write and this teaching was to count as their ransom.[45][46]
William Muir wrote of this period:
In pursuance of Mahomet's commands, the citizens of Medîna, and such of the Refugees as possessed houses, received the prisoners, and treated them with much consideration. "Blessings be on the men of Medina!" said one of these prisoners in later days; "they made us ride, while they themselves walked: they gave us wheaten bread to eat when there was little of it, contenting themselves with dates. It is not surprising that when, some time afterwards, their friends came to ransom them, several of the prisoners who had been thus received declared themselves adherents of Islam...Their kindly treatment was thus prolonged, and left a favourable impression on the minds even of those who did not at once go over to Islam"[44]
—  William Muir, The Life of Mahomet
Executions
A painting from Siyer-i Nebi, Ali beheading Nadr ibn al-Harith in the presence of Muhammad and his companions.
Two of the prisoners taken at Badr, namely Nadr ibn al-Harith and ‘Uqbah ibn Abū Mu‘ayṭ are reported to have been executed upon the order of Muhammad. According to Muslim scholar Safiur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri, these two captives were executed by Ali. Mubarakpuri says that this incident is also mentioned in the Sunan Abu Dawud no 2686 and Anwal Ma'bud 3/12[47] However according to numerous accounts deemed reliable, such as a number of narrations in Sahih Bukhari, and Ibn Sa'd's biographical compendium, the Tabaqat Al-Kubra, Uqba was not executed but was killed during fighting in the field of battle at Badr and was among those Quraysh leaders whose corpses were buried in a pit.[48][49][50]
Muslims killed in the Battle of Badr
Fourteen Muslims were killed in that battle.
Haritha bin Suraqa al-Khazraji
Dhush-shimaalayn ibn 'Abdi 'Amr al-Muhajiri
Rafi' bin al-Mu'alla al-Khazraji
Sa'd bin Khaythama al-Awsi
Safwan bin Wahb al-Muhajiri
Aaqil bin al-Bukayr al-Muhajiri
Ubayda bin al-Harith al-Muhajiri
Umayr bin al-Humam al-Khazraji
Umayr bin Abi Waqqas al-Muhajiri
Awf bin al-Harith al-Khazraji
Mubashshir bin 'Abdi'l Mundhir al-Awsi
Mu'awwidh bin al-Harith al-Khazraji
Mihja' bin Salih al-Muhajiri
Yazid bin al-Harith bin Fus.hum al-Khazraji
Implications
The Battle of Badr was extremely influential in the rise of two men who would determine the course of history on the Arabian peninsula for the next century. The first was Muhammad, who was transformed overnight from a Meccan outcast into a major leader. Marshall Hodgson adds that Badr forced the other Arabs to "regard the Muslims as challengers and potential inheritors to the prestige and the political role of the [Quraish]." Shortly thereafter he expelled the Banu Qaynuqa, one of the Jewish tribes at Medina that had been threatening his political position, and who had assaulted a Muslim woman which led to their expulsion for breaking the peace treaty. At the same time Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy, Muhammad's chief opponent in Medina, found his own position seriously weakened. Henceforth, he would only be able to mount limited challenges to Muhammad.[51]
The other major beneficiary of the Battle of Badr was Abu Sufyan. The death of Amr ibn Hashim, as well as many other Quraishi nobles[52] gave Abu Sufyan the opportunity, almost by default, to become chief of the Quraish. As a result, when Muhammad marched into Mecca six years later, it was Abu Sufyan who helped negotiate its peaceful surrender. Abu Sufyan subsequently became a high-ranking official in the Muslim Empire, and his son Muawiya would later go on to found the Umayyad Caliphate.
In later days, the battle of Badr became so significant that Ibn Ishaq included a complete name-by-name roster of the Muslim army in his biography of Muhammad. In many hadiths, veterans who fought at Badr are identified as such as a formality, and they may have even received a stipend in later years.[53] The death of the last of the Badr veterans occurred during the First Islamic civil war.[54]
As Paul K. Davis sums up, "Mohammed's victory confirmed his authority as leader of Islam; by impressing local tribes that joined him, the expansion of Islam began."[55]
Islamic primary sources
The angelic host is sent to assist the Muslims
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Badr in the Quran
The Battle of Badr is one of the few battles explicitly discussed in the Quran. It is even mentioned by name as part of a comparison with the Battle of Uhud.
Quran: Al Imran 3:123–125 (Yusuf Ali). "Allah had helped you at Badr, when ye were a contemptible little force; then fear Allah; thus May ye show your gratitude. Remember thou saidst to the Faithful: "Is it not enough for you that Allah should help you with three thousand angels (Specially) sent down? "Yea, – if ye remain firm, and act aright, even if the enemy should rush here on you in hot haste, your Lord would help you with five thousand angels Making a terrific onslaught."
According to Abdullah Yusuf Ali, the term "gratitude" may be a reference to discipline. At Badr, the Muslim forces had allegedly maintained firm discipline, whereas at Uhud they broke ranks to pursue the Meccans, allowing Meccan cavalry to flank and rout their army. The idea of Badr as a furqan, an Islamic miracle, is mentioned again in the same surah.
Quran: Al Imran 3:13 (Yusuf Ali). "There has already been for you a Sign in the two armies that met (in combat): One was fighting in the cause of Allah, the other resisting Allah; these saw with their own eyes Twice their number. But Allah doth support with His aid whom He pleaseth. In this is a warning for such as have eyes to see."
Badr is also the subject of Sura 8: Al-Anfal, which details military conduct and operations. "Al-Anfal" means "the spoils" and is a reference to the post-battle discussion in the Muslim army over how to divide up the plunder from the Quraishi army. Though the Sura does not name Badr, it describes the battle, and several of the verses are commonly thought to have been from or shortly after the battle.
Hadith literature
This battle is also mentioned in the Sunni Hadith collection Sahih al-Bukhari and Sunan Abu Dawud. Sahih al-Bukhari mentions that Uthman did not join the battle:
“ Narrated Ibn 'Umar: 'Uthman did not join the Badr battle because he was married to one of the daughters of Allah's Apostle and she was ill. So, the Prophet said to him. "You will get a reward and a share (from the war booty) similar to the reward and the share of one who has taken part in the Badr battle."
Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:53:359
”
It also mentions the war booty that each fighter who participated in the battle received in Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:59:357. Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:53:369 also mentions how Abu Jahl was killed:
“ Narrated 'Abdur-Rahman bin 'Auf: While I was standing in the row on the day (of the battle) of Badr, I looked to my right and my left and saw two young Ansari boys, and I wished I had been stronger than they. One of them called my attention saying, "O Uncle! Do you know Abu Jahl?" I said, "Yes, what do you want from him, O my nephew?" He said, "I have been informed that he abuses Allah's Apostle. By Him in Whose Hands my life is, if I should see him, then my body will not leave his body till either of us meet his fate." I was astonished at that talk. Then the other boy called my attention saying the same as the other had said. After a while I saw Abu Jahl walking amongst the people. I said (to the boys), "Look! This is the man you asked me about." So, both of them attacked him with their swords and struck him to death and returned to Allah's Apostle to inform him of that. Allah's Apostle asked, "Which of you has killed him?" Each of them said, "I Have killed him." Allah's Apostle asked, "Have you cleaned your swords?" They said, "No. " He then looked at their swords and said, "No doubt, you both have killed him and the spoils of the deceased will be given to Muadh bin Amr bin Al-Jamuh." The two boys were Muadh bin 'Afra and Muadh bin Amr bin Al-Jamuh.
Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:53:369
”
It is also mentioned in the Sunni hadith collection Sunan Abu Dawood, 14:2716
Biographical literature
The incident is also mentioned in Ibn Ishaq's biography of Muhammad.[56]
In modern culture
"Badr" has become popular among Muslim armies and paramilitary organizations. "Operation Badr" was used to describe Egypt's offensive in the 1973 Yom Kippur War as well as Pakistan's actions in the 1999 Kargil War. Iranian offensive operations against Iraq in the late 1980s were also named after Badr.[57] During the 2011 Libyan civil war, the rebel leadership stated that they selected the date of the assault on Tripoli to be the 20th of Ramadan, marking the anniversary of the Battle of Badr.[58]
The Battle of Badr was featured in the 1976 film The Message, the 2004 animated movie Muhammad: The Last Prophet, and the 2012 TV series Omar.
See also
Book: Military career of Muhammad
Islamic military jurisprudence
Military career of Muhammad
Pre-Islamic Arabia
List of expeditions of Muhammad
Footnotes
Jump up ^ Quraish refers to the tribe in control of Mecca. The plural and adjective are Quraishi. The terms "Quraishi" and "Meccan" are used interchangeably between the Hijra in 622 and the Muslim Conquest of Mecca in 630.
Jump up ^ The development of exegesis in early Islam: the authenticity of Muslim ... By Herbert Berg.
Jump up ^ The Sealed Nectar, p. 274
Jump up ^ Noor Muhammad, Farkhanda. "Islamiat". Fifth Revised Edition, 2008, p. 61
Jump up ^ Dr. Iftikhar ul Haq and Maulvi Jahangir."O' Level Islamiyat [Endorsed by CIE]", Bookland Publishers, 2008, p. 74
Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq/Hisham 167
Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq/Hisham (326–328)
Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq 299–301
Jump up ^ Nigosian, S. A. (2004). Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices. Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 10. ISBN 0-253-21627-3. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
Jump up ^ Quran 22:39
Jump up ^ The Life of Muḥammad: A Translation of ibn Isḥāq's Sīrat Rasul Allāh with introduction & notes by Alfred Guillaume, Oxford University Press, 1955, pp. 281–86
Jump up ^ Mirza Bashir Ahmad. "The Life and Character of the Seal of Prophets", Volume II Islam International Publications, 2013, pp. 89–92
Jump up ^ Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar) at the Wayback Machine
Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq/Hisham 425
Jump up ^ Muḥammad ibn Jarīr al-Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Rusul wa al-Mulūk, volume 3, p. 14, Lebanon, Bihī Dārul-Fikr, 2nd ed., (2002)
Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq/Hisham 424–425
Jump up ^ Quran 2:217
Jump up ^ The Life of Muḥammad: A Translation of ibn Isḥāq's Sīrat Rasul Allāh with introduction & notes by Alfred Guillaume, Oxford University Press, 1955, pp. 287–88
Jump up ^ Hodgson, pp. 174–75.
Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq/Hisham 424–426
Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq/Hisham 428
Jump up ^ Ibn Kathir v. II p. 253
Jump up ^ Lings, pp. 138–39
Jump up ^ "Sahih al-Bukhari: Volume 4, Book 53, Number 359". Usc.edu. Archived from the original on 20 July 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Witness-pioneer.org". Witness-pioneer.org. 16 September 2002. Archived from the original on 5 February 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Martin Lings, pp. 139–40.
Jump up ^ "Sahih al-Bukhari: Volume 5, Book 59, Number 286". Usc.edu. Archived from the original on 16 August 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Ibn Ishaq says that Abu Sufyan himself rode ahead to reconnoiter the area and discovered the Muslim scouts via the dates left in their camels' droppings
Jump up ^ Martin Lings, p. 140
^ Jump up to: a b "Sahih Muslim: Book 19, Number 4394". Usc.edu. Archived from the original on 20 August 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Martin Lings, p. 142
Jump up ^ Lings, p. 154.
Jump up ^ Lings, p. 142.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, p. 174
Jump up ^ Lings, pp. 142–43.
Jump up ^ Lings, pp. 143–44.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, pp. 174–75.
Jump up ^ Lings, pp. 144–146.
^ Jump up to: a b Armstrong, p. 176.
^ Jump up to: a b Lings, p. 148.
Jump up ^ "O thou whom God hath made victorious, slay!"
Jump up ^ Quran: Al-i-Imran 3:123–125 (Yusuf Ali). "Allah had helped you at Badr, when ye were a contemptible little force; then fear Allah; thus May ye show your gratitude. Remember thou saidst to the Faithful: "Is it not enough for you that Allah should help you with three thousand angels (Specially) sent down? "Yea, – if ye remain firm, and act aright, even if the enemy should rush here on you in hot haste, your Lord would help you with five thousand angels Making a terrific onslaught."
Jump up ^ "Sahih Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 52, Number 252". Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2015. Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah: When it was the day (of the battle) of Badr, prisoners of war were brought including Al-Abbas who was undressed. The Prophet looked for a shirt for him. It was found that the shirt of 'Abdullah bin Ubai would do, so the Prophet let him wear it. That was the reason why the Prophet took off and gave his own shirt to 'Abdullah. (The narrator adds, "He had done the Prophet some favor for which the Prophet liked to reward him.")
^ Jump up to: a b Muir, William (1861). The Life of Mahomet (Volume 3 ed.). London: Smith, Elder and Co. p. 122. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
Jump up ^ William Muir (1861). "The Life of Mahomet: With Introductory Chapters on the Original Sources for the Biography of Mahomet, and on the Pre-Islamite History of Arabia". London: Smith, Elder and Co. p. ix. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
Jump up ^ The Life of Muhammad The Prophet
Jump up ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar (Free Version), p. 129
Jump up ^ Sahih Bukhari: Volume 1, Book 4, Number 241
Jump up ^ Sahih Bukhari: Volume 1, Book 9, Number 499
Jump up ^ Al Tabaqat-al-Kubra, Muhammad Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2, p. 260, ghazwatul Badr, Darul Ihya'it-Turathil-'Arabi, Beirut, Lebanon, First Edition, (1996)
Jump up ^ Hodgson, pp. 176–78.
Jump up ^ Including the elderly Abu Lahab, who was not at Badr but died within days of the army's return.
Jump up ^ "Sahih al-Bukhari: Volume 5, Book 59, Number 357". Usc.edu. Archived from the original on 16 August 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Sahih Al-Bukhari: Volume 5, Book 59, Number 358 Archived 16 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Paul K. Davis, 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present: The World's Major Battles and How They Shaped History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 95–96.
Jump up ^ Ibn Hisham; Ibn Ishaq (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Translated by Alfred Guillaume. Oxford University Press. p. 304. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
Jump up ^ Wright, Robin (1989). In the name of God: The Khomeini decade. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 133. ISBN 9780671672355.
Jump up ^ Laub, Karin (21 August 2011). "Libyan Rebels Say They Are Closing In on Tripoli". Associated Press (via The Atlanta Journal-Constitution). Retrieved 21 August 2011.
References
Books and articles
Ali, Abdullah Yusuf (1987). The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation & Commentary. Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an; Reissue edition. ISBN 0-940368-32-3.
Armstrong, Karen (1992). Muhmmad: Biography of the Prophet. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-250886-5.
Crone, Patricia (1987). Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam. Blackwell.
Hodgson, Marshall (1974). The Venture of Islam: The Classical Age of Islam. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-34683-8.
Lings, Martin (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. Inner Traditions International. ISBN 0-89281-170-6.
Mubarakpuri, Safi-ul-Raḥmān (2002). Ar-Raheeq Al Makhtum: The Sealed Nectar. Darussalam. ISBN 9960-899-55-1. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
Nicolle, David (1993). Armies of the Muslim Conquest. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-279-X.
Ramadan, Tariq (2007). In the Footsteps of the Prophet. United States of America: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-530880-8.
Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press.
Online references
"Translation of Malik's Muwatta.". USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts. Archived from the original on 17 October 2010. Retrieved September 2010. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
"Translation of Sahih Muslim.". USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts. Archived from the original on 17 October 2010. Retrieved September 2010. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
"Translation of Sahih al-Bukhari.". USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts. Archived from the original on 17 October 2010. Retrieved September 2010. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
"Partial Translation of Sunan Abu-Dawud.". USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts. Archived from the original on 17 October 2010. Retrieved September 2010. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Battle of Badr
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Badr.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Holy Qur'an/Al-Anfal
Battle of Badr, 17th Ramadan 624 A.D
Badr at IslamAnswers.Net
The first battle of Islam at Badr: Islamic Occasions Network
Tafsir (Sura 8: verse 11 to 18) – Battle of Badr: Analysis of Qur'anic verses by Irshaad Hussain.
[show]
v
t
e
People and things in the Quran
[hide]
Characters
God in Islam (Allah)
Names of God found in the Quran
Angels
Israfil
Izra'il/Azrael (Malak al-Mawt)
Jibra'il/Gabriel (Al-Ruh al-Amin) and Holy Spirit (Al-Ruh al-Qudus) and Al-Ruh (The Spirit)
Maalik
Mika'il
Harut and Marut
Jinns
Iblīs/Devil
Shaitan/Satan
Ifrit (and Marid)
Qareen
In Heaven (Jannah)
Ghilman and Wildan
Houri
In Hell (Jahannam)
Zabaniyya
Zaqqum
Prophets
and apostles
(messengers)
of God
Mentioned
Ādam/Adam
Alyasa'/Elisha
Ayyub/Job
Dawud/David
Dhul-Kifl/Ezekiel?
Harun/Aaron
Hud/Eber?
Ibrahim/Abraham (Khalilullah)
Idris/Enoch?
Ilyas/Elijah
Imran/Joachim (father of Maryam)
Isa/Jesus
Isḥaq/Isaac
Isma'il/Ishmael
Dhabih Ullah
Lut/Lot
Muhammad or Ahmad/Paraclete
Musa/Moses (Kalimullah)
Nuh/Noah
Saleh/Shelah?
Shuaib/Jethro
Sulayman/Solomon
Uzair/Ezra?
Yahya/John the Baptist
Yaqub/Jacob (Israel)
Yunus/Jonah (Dhul-Nun, Sahib al-Hut)
Yūsuf/Joseph
Zakariya/Zechariah
Implied
Ermia/Jeremiah
Samuel
Yusha' ibn Nūn/Joshua
Good people
(before Islam)
Mentioned
Dhul-Qarnayn
Luqman
Maryam/Mary (mother of Isa)
Talut/Saul
Implicitly
mentioned
Asiyah bint Muzahim/Bithiah? (wife of Fir'aun)
Asif ibn Barkhiya
Bilquis (Queen of Saba/Sheba)
Believer of Fir'aun Family (Hizbil/Hizqil ibn Sabura)
Beniamin/Benjamin
Habib the Carpenter (believer of Ya-Sin)
Kaleb/Caleb
Khidr
Magicians of Fir'aun
Simon Cephas/Simon Peter
Other people
(before Islam)
Mentioned
Āzar (uncle of Ibrahim)
Fir'aun/Pharaoh
Haman
Jalut/Goliath
Qarun/Korah
Sāmiri
Implicitly
mentioned
Abraha
Bal'am/Balaam
Barṣīṣā
Nebuchadnezzar II
Nimrod
Potiphar (Al-Aziz)
Shaddad
Simeon (son of Ya'qub)
Slayers of Saleh's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)
Valid ibn Rayyan (king of Egypt in the account of Yūsuf)
Zuleika (wife of al-Aziz)
Mentioned people
(after inception of Islam)
Abū Lahab
Zayd ibn Harithah
Relatives
of prophets
Specified
good relatives
Daughters of Lut/Lot (Ritha, Za'ura, et al.)
Elizabeth or 'Ishā' (wife of Zakariya)
Habil/Abel (son of Adam)
Hawwa'/Eve (wife of Adam)
Kulthum/Miriam (sister of Musa)
Saffurah/Zipporah (wife of Musa) and Layya (Saffura's sister)
Sarah (wife of Ibrahim, mother of Isḥaq)
Yukabed/Jochebed (mother of Musa)
Non-specified
good relatives
Abiona/Amtelai daughter of Karnebo (mother of Ibrahim)
Bathsheba (wife of Dawud)
Muhammad's wives
Daughters of Muhammad
Hājar/Hagar (wife of Ibrahim, mother of Isma'il)
Hannah/Anne daughter of Faquz (mother of Maryam)
Imran/Amram (father of Musa)
Lamech (father of Nuh)
Rāhil/Rachel (wife of Ya'qub)
Rahma/Dinah (wife of Ayyub)
Shamkha bint Anush/Betenos (mother of Nuh)
Son of Luqman
Other relatives
Brothers of Yūsuf
Children of Ayyub
Dead son of Sulaiman
Qabil/Cain?
Tārah/Terah (father of Ibrahim)
Umm Jamil (wife of Abu Lahab)
Wali'ah or Wa'ilah/Waala? (wife of Nuh)
Walihah or Wahilah (wife of Lut)
Yam or Kan'an (son of Nuh)
[show]
Groups and tribes
Tribes and
ethnicities
Mentioned
'Ād (people of Hud)
Arabs and Ajam
Children of Israel/Israelites
Companions of the Rass
People of Saba'/Sheba
People of Shu'aib (people of Madyan and people of Aykah/Wood)
People of Tubba'
Quraysh
Romans
Thamud (people of Saleh, companions of Hijr)
Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog
Implicitly
mentioned
Ahl al-Bayt
Amalek
Banu Hashim
Banu Nadir
Banu Qaynuqa
Banu Qurayza
Iranian people
Umayyad Dynasty
Groups
Mentioned
Christian apostles
Disciples of Jesus
Companions of Noah's Ark
Companions of Sabbath (Aşḥāb al-Sabt)
Companions of the Cave/Seven Sleepers and Companions of al-Raqaim
Companions of the Elephant
People of al-Ukhdūd
People of the City (People of Ya-Sin)
People of the Burned Garden (Aşḥāb al-Jannah)
Ulu'l azm prophets
Implicitly
mentioned
Ahl al-Suffa (People of the Verandah)
Aus and Khazraj
Copts
Hezbollah
Muhajirun (The emigrants) and Ansar (The helpers)
Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)
Religious groups
Ahl al-dhimmah (Dhimmi)
Christians (People of Injil)
Jews
Kafir (Infidels)
Majus
Zoroastrians
Munafiq
Hypocrites
Mushrik
Polytheists
Muslims
People of the Book (′Ahl al-Kitāb)
Sabians
Ahbār (Jewish scholars)
Qissis (Christian priest)
Rabbani/Rabbi
Ruhban (Christian monks)
[show]
Locations, entities and events
Locations
Mentioned
Ahqāf
Al-Aqsa Mosque
Arafat and Mash'ar al-Harām
Bābil/Babylon
Badr
Door of Hittah
Hijr/Hegra
Holy Land (Palestine and Levant)
Hunayn
Iram
Ka'bah/Kaaba (Bayt al-Harām/Sacred House, Bayt al-'Atīq/Ancient House)
Madyan/Midian
Madinah/Medina (formerly Yathrib)
Majma' al-Bahrain
Makkah/Mecca (Umm al-Qura, Balad al-Amin, Bakkah)
Maqām Ibrahim
Masjid al-Dirar
Masjid al-Haram
Mount Judi
Mu'tafikat (Sodom)
Rass
Saba'/Sheba
Al-Safa and Al-Marwah
Tur Sinā' /Mount Sinai and Jabal al-Tur
Egypt
Valley of Tuwa
Implicitly
mentioned
Antioch
Antakya
Ayla
Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn
Bayt al-Muqaddas and 'Ariha
Black Stone (Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad) and Al-Hijr of Isma'il
Canaan
Cave of Hira and Cave of Thawr
Cave of Seven Sleepers
Dār al-Nadwa
Hudaybiyyah
Jordan River
Ma'rib Dam
Masjid al-Nabawi (Prophet's Mosque)
Mesopotamia
Nile River
Nineveh
Palestine River
Paradise of Shaddad
Quba Mosque
Sinai Desert and Tīh Desert
Ta'if
Religious locations
Bay'a (Church)
Mihrab
Monastery
Mosque
Salat (Synagogue)
Non-human
physical
entities
Religious texts
Injil/Gospel
Quran
Suhuf-i Ibrahim (Scrolls of Abraham)
Tawrat/Torah, Suhuf-i-Musa (Scrolls of Moses) and Tablets of Stone
Zabur
Related animals
Cow of Israelites and Golden calf
Dog of Seven Sleepers
Fish of Yunis
Hoopoe of Sulayman
She-Camel of Saleh
Related objects
Forbidden fruit of Adam
Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles
Noah's Ark
Staff of Musa
Tabut al-Sakina (Casket of Shekhinah)
Throne of Bilqis
Trumpet of Israfil
Mentioned idols
(cult images)
Baal
Lāt, 'Uzza and Manāt
Wadd, Suwa', Yaghuth, Ya'uq and Nasr
(Jibt and Taghut
Ansāb)
Events
Battle of Badr
Battle of Hunayn
Battle of Khaybar
Battle of Tabouk
Battle of the Trench (Battle of the Confederates)
Battle of Uhud
Conquest of Mecca
Hadith of the pond of Khumm
Incident of Ifk
Layla al-Mabit
Mubahala
The Farewell Pilgrimage (Hujja al-Wada')
Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
Umrah al-Qaza
Yawm al-Dār
Note: The names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)
Coordinates: 23°44′N 38°46′E / 23.733°N 38.767°E / 23.733; 38.767
Authority control
GND: 4428873-6
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Badr&oldid=804866869"
Categories:
624 in Asia
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Battles of Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah
Battle of Badr
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MAP sensor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The examples and descriptions in this article apply strictly to four-stroke cycle gasoline engines. Other engine types such as diesel, or two-stroke cycle can differ in the exact implementation, but the general ideas still apply.
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The manifold absolute pressure sensor (MAP sensor) is one of the sensors used in an internal combustion engine's electronic control system.
Engines that use a MAP sensor are typically fuel injected. The manifold absolute pressure sensor provides instantaneous manifold pressure information to the engine's electronic control unit (ECU). The data is used to calculate air density and determine the engine's air mass flow rate, which in turn determines the required fuel metering for optimum combustion (see stoichiometry) and influence the advance or retard of ignition timing. A fuel-injected engine may alternatively use a mass airflow sensor (MAF sensor) to detect the intake airflow. A typical naturally aspirated engine configuration employs one or the other, whereas forced induction engines typically use both; a MAF sensor on the intake tract pre-turbo and a MAP sensor on the charge pipe leading to the throttle body.
MAP sensor data can be converted to air mass data using the speed-density method. Engine speed (RPM) and air temperature are also necessary to complete the speed-density calculation. The MAP sensor can also be used in OBD II (on-board diagnostics) applications to test the EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) valve for functionality, an application typical in OBD II equipped General Motors engines.
Contents
[hide]
1 Example
2 Vacuum comparison
3 EGR testing
4 References
5 External links
Example[edit]
The following example assumes the same engine speed and air temperature.
Condition 1:
An engine operating at wide open throttle (WOT) on top of a very high mountain has a manifold pressure of about 50 kPa (essentially equal to the barometer at that high altitude).
Condition 2:
The same engine at sea level will achieve 50 kPa (7.25 psi, 14.7 inHG) of manifold pressure at less than WOT due to the higher barometric pressure.
The engine requires the same mass of fuel in both conditions because the mass of air entering the cylinders is the same.
If the throttle is opened all the way in condition 2, the manifold absolute pressure will increase from 50 kPa to nearly 100 kPa (14.5 psi, 29.53 inHG), about equal to the local barometer, which in condition 2 is sea level. The higher absolute pressure in the intake manifold increases the air's density, and in turn more fuel can be burned resulting in higher output.
Another example is varying rpm and engine loads -
Where an engine may have 60kPa of manifold pressure at 1800 rpm in an unloaded condition, introducing load with a further throttle opening will change the final manifold pressure to 100kPa, engine will still be at 1800 rpm but its loading will require a different spark and fueling delivery.
Vacuum comparison[edit]
Engine vacuum is the difference between the pressures in the intake manifold and ambient atmospheric pressure. Engine vacuum is a "gauge" pressure, since gauges by nature measure a pressure difference, not an absolute pressure. The engine fundamentally responds to air mass, not vacuum, and absolute pressure is necessary to calculate mass. The mass of air entering the engine is directly proportional to the air density, which is proportional to the absolute pressure, and inversely proportional to the absolute temperature.
Note: Carburetors are largely dependent on air volume flow and vacuum, and neither directly infers mass. Consequently, carburetors are precise, but not accurate fuel metering devices. Carburetors were replaced by more accurate fuel metering methods, such as fuel injection in combination with an air mass flow sensor (MAF).
EGR testing[edit]
With OBD II standards, vehicle manufacturers were required to test the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve for functionality during driving. Some manufacturers use the MaP sensor to accomplish this. In these vehicles, they have a MAF sensor for their primary load sensor. The MaP sensor is then used for rationality checks and to test the EGR valve. The way they do this is during a deceleration of the vehicle when there is low absolute pressure in the intake manifold (i.e., a high vacuum present in the intake manifold relative to the outside air) the powertrain control module (PCM) will open the EGR valve and then monitor the MaP sensor's values. If the EGR is functioning properly, the manifold absolute pressure will increase as exhaust gases enter.
References[edit]
External links[edit]
MaP sensor
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text:
List of Richmond Football Club captains
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is a list of all captains of the Richmond Football Club, an Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League.
Dates Captain(s) Notes
1908 Charlie Pannam
1909 Dick Condon
John Lawson
1910 Billy Schmidt
1911 Len Incigneri
1912 Ted Ohlsen
1913 Hugh James
1914 Charlie Ricketts
1914–1916 Bill Thomas
1917 Percy Maybury
1918 Clarrie Hall
1919 Bill Thomas
1920–1925 Dan Minogue 1920 Premiership Captain
1921 Premiership Captain
1926 Mel Morris
1927–1928 Alan Geddes
1929 Cyril Lilburne
1930 Alan Geddes
1931 Maurie Hunter
1932–1940 Percy Bentley 1932 Premiership Captain
1934 Premiership Captain
1941–1949 Jack Dyer 1943 Premiership Captain
1950–1951 Bill Morris
1952–1957 Des Rowe
1958–1959 Roy Wright
1960–1962 Ron Branton
1963–1966 Neville Crowe
1967 Fred Swift 1967 Premiership Captain
1968–1971 Roger Dean 1969 Premiership Captain
1972–1975 Royce Hart 1973 Premiership Captain
1974 Premiership Captain
1976–1977 Francis Bourke
1978 Kevin Sheedy
1979 Kevin Bartlett
1980 Bruce Monteath 1980 Premiership Captain
1981 Bryan Wood
1982 David Cloke
1983–1984 Barry Rowlings
1985–1987 Mark Lee
1988–1992 Dale Weightman
1993 Jeff Hogg
1994–1996 Tony Free
1997–2000 Matthew Knights
2001–2004 Wayne Campbell
2005–2008 Kane Johnson
2009–2012 Chris Newman
2013– Trent Cotchin 2017 Premiership Captain

References[edit]
Richmond Football Club Honour Roll

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Captains of the Richmond Football Club
1908: Pannam
1909: Condon
1909: Lawson
1910: Schmidt
1911: Incigneri
1912: Ohlsen
1913: James
1914–1916: Thomas
1917: Maybury
1918: Hall
1919: Thomas
1920–1925: Minogue
1926: M. Morris
1927–1928: Geddes
1929: Lilburne
1930: Geddes
1931: Hunter
1932–1940: Bentley
1941–1949: Dyer
1950–1951: B. Morris
1952–1957: Rowe
1958–1959: Wright
1960–1962: Branton
1963–1966: Crowe
1967: Swift
1968–1971: Dean
1972–1975: Hart
1976–1977: Bourke
1978: Sheedy
1979: Bartlett
1980: Monteath
1981: Wood
1982: Cloke
1983–1984: Rowlings
1985–1987: Lee
1988–1992: Weightman
1993: Hogg
1994–1996: Free
1997–2000: Knights
2001–2004: Campbell
2005–2008: Johnson
2009–2012: Newman
2013–: Cotchin
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Richmond Football Club (VFL)

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