text:
Mary Had a Little Lamb
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This article is about the nursery rhyme. For other uses, see Mary Had a Little Lamb (disambiguation).
"Mary Had a Little Lamb"
Illustration by William Wallace Denslow
Nursery rhyme
Published
May 24, 1830
Songwriter(s)
Sarah Josepha Hale, John Roulstone
"Mary Had a Little Lamb" is an English language nursery rhyme of nineteenth-century American origin. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 7622.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Text
3 Influence
4 Media
5 Uses of the music
6 See also
7 References
Background[edit]
The Redstone School (1798), now in Sudbury, Massachusetts, is believed to be the schoolhouse mentioned in the nursery rhyme.
The nursery rhyme was first published by the Boston publishing firm Marsh, Capen & Lyon, as an poem by Sarah Josepha Hale on May 24, 1830, and was possibly inspired by an actual incident.[1]
There are competing theories on the origin and inspiration of this poem. One holds that John Roulstone wrote the first four lines and that the final twelve lines, less childlike than the first, were composed by Sarah Josepha Hale; others claim that Hale was responsible for the entire poem.[2]
As a young girl, Mary Sawyer (later Mary Tyler) kept a pet lamb that she took to school one day at the suggestion of her brother. A commotion naturally ensued. Mary recalled: "Visiting school that morning was a young man by the name of John Roulstone, a nephew of the Reverend Lemuel Capen, who was then settled in Sterling. It was the custom then for students to prepare for college with ministers, and for this purpose Roulstone was studying with his uncle. The young man was very much pleased with the incident of the lamb; and the next day he rode across the fields on horseback to the little old schoolhouse and handed me a slip of paper which had written upon it the three original stanzas of the poem..."[3]
Mary Sawyer's house, located in Sterling, Massachusetts, was destroyed by arson on August 12, 2007.[4] A statue representing Mary's Little Lamb stands in the town center.[5] The Redstone School, which was built in 1798, was purchased by Henry Ford and relocated to a churchyard on the property of Longfellow's Wayside Inn in Sudbury, Massachusetts.[citation needed]
Text[edit]
In the 1830s, Lowell Mason set the nursery rhyme to a melody adding repetition in the verses, starting with "Mary had a little lamb, little lamb, little lamb, Mary had a little lamb whose fleece was white as snow.[6]
Influence[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
William Wallace Denslow's illustrations for Mary had a little lamb, from a 1901 edition of Mother Goose
The rhyme was the first audio recorded by Thomas Edison on his newly invented phonograph in 1877.[7] It was the first instance of recorded verse.[7] In 1927, Edison reenacted the recording, which still survives.[8] The earliest recording (1878) was retrieved by 3D imaging equipment in 2012.[9]
Blues musicians Buddy Guy and Stevie Ray Vaughan both recorded the song: Guy composing his own bluesy version of the song for his album A Man and the Blues in 1968 and Vaughan covering Guy's version in his 1983 debut album, Texas Flood, with both also infusing the first four lines of the nursery rhyme, "A-Tisket, A-Tasket", into the song. In 1972, Paul McCartney released a version of the song. Just as he had done with the 16th-century poem Golden Slumbers which was released on The Beatles' Abbey Road LP in 1969, he added his own melody to the lyrics. The single was a top 20 hit in Britain although both the choice for and the saccharine arrangement of "Mary Had a Little Lamb" did much to erode his standing with leading rock journalists.[citation needed] McCartney played the song during Wings' 1972 summer tour and it was included in the Spring 1973 James Paul McCartney television special. It is commercially available on the 1993 CD issue of the Wings Wild Life LP.[10]
Media[edit]
Note: This melody is the British version, which is slightly different from the American version.[how?]
Mary Had a Little Lamb
Male singing the first verses of "Mary Had a Little Lamb".
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Uses of the music[edit]
The first Korean musical road, created using grooves cut into the ground and intended to help motorists stay alert and awake plays "Mary Had a Little Lamb" and took four days to construct.[11] It can be found close to Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea.
See also[edit]
Children's literature portal
Find more aboutMary Had a Little Lambat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from Wikiversity
List of nursery rhymes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Full text of Poems for our children: including Mary had a little lamb : designed for families, Sabbath schools, and infant schools : written to inculcate moral truths and virtuous sentiments
Jump up ^ Mary Had A Little Lamb. Song Facts
Jump up ^ Roulstone, John; Mary (Sawyer) and her friends (1928). The Story of Mary's Little Lamb. Dearborn: Mr. & Mrs. Henry Ford. p. 8.
Jump up ^ "Sterling fire called arson". Worcester Telegram & Gazette News. August 14, 2007. Retrieved 2014-06-14.
Jump up ^ Bronze of lamb. The 2-foot-tall statue and historical marker are on the town common in Sterling, Massachusetts.
Jump up ^ "LOWELL MASON, "Mary Lamb" [music] in Juvenile Lyre, Or, Hymns and Songs, Religious, Moral, and Cheerful, Set to Appropriate Music, For the Use of Primary and Common Schools, Boston: Richardson, Lord & Holbrook; Hartford, H. & F. J. Huntington, – Richards". Forgotten Chapters of Boston's Literary History. Retrieved 2014-06-14.
^ Jump up to: a b Matthew Rubery, ed. (2011). "Introduction". Audiobooks, Literature, and Sound Studies. Routledge. pp. 1–21. ISBN 978-0-415-88352-8.
Jump up ^ Thomas Edison (30 November 1926). "Mary had a little lamb" – via Internet Archive.
Jump up ^ Grondahl, Paul (2012-10-26). "Hear the earliest known recording of voice, music". Timesunion.com. Retrieved 2014-06-14.
Jump up ^ "Mary Had a Little Lamb".
Jump up ^ Choo, Joohee; Lee, Rebecca (29 November 2007). "Singing Streets and Melody Roads". ABC News. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
[hide]
v
t
e
Nursery rhymes (list)
"A-Tisket, A-Tasket"
"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep"
"Did You Ever See a Lassie?"
"Hey Diddle Diddle"
"Hickory Dickory Dock"
"Hot Cross Buns"
"Humpty Dumpty"
"I'm a Little Teapot"
"It's Raining, It's Pouring"
"Jack and Jill"
"Little Bo Peep"
"Little Boy Blue"
"Little Jack Horner"
"Little Miss Muffet"
"Mary Had a Little Lamb"
"Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary"
"Old King Cole"
"Old MacDonald Had a Farm"
"Old Mother Hubbard"
"Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe"
"Peter Piper"
"Polly Put the Kettle On"
"Poor Mary"
"Pop Goes the Weasel"
"Pussy Cat Pussy Cat"
"Rain Rain Go Away"
"Roses Are Red"
"Rub-a-dub-dub"
"Simple Simon"
"Sticks and Stones"
"The Grand Old Duke of York"
"The Queen of Hearts"
"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star"
"Two Little Dickie Birds"
Clapping
"A Sailor Went to Sea"
"Down Down Baby"
"Mary Mack"
"Miss Susie"
"Miss Lucy"
"Pat-a-cake"
"Pretty Little Dutch Girl"
"Pease Porridge Hot"
Counting
"Duck, duck, goose"
"Eeny, meeny, miny, moe"
"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe"
"One, Two, Three, Four, Five"
"This Old Man"
"Tinker, Tailor"
Finger-
plays
"Five Little Monkeys"
"Five Little Ducks"
"Five Little Speckled Frogs"
"Itsy Bitsy Spider"
"Little Robin Redbreast"
"Round and Round the Garden"
"This Little Piggy"
Games
"London Bridge"
"The Muffin Man"
"Mulberry Bush"
"Oranges and Lemons"
"Ring a Ring o' Roses"
"The Farmer in the Dell"
Riddle
"As I was going to St Ives"
Lullabies
"Hush, Little Baby"
"Rock-a-bye Baby"
Rounds
"Ding Dong Bell"
"Frère Jacques"
"Kookaburra"
"Row, Row, Row Your Boat"
"Scotland's Burning"
"Three Blind Mice"
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text:
Howard University
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Howard University
Former names
Howard Normal and Theological School for the Education of Teachers and Preachers
Motto
Veritas et Utilitas
Motto in English
"Truth and Service"
Type
Private, HBCU
Established
March 2, 1867 (1867-03-02)
Academic affiliations
TMCF
NAICU
ORAU
AASCU
CUWMA
Endowment
$685.8 million (2016)[1]
President
Wayne A.I. Frederick
Provost
Anthony Wutoh
Students
10,300[2]
Location
Washington, D.C., U.S.
38°55′20″N 77°01′10″W / 38.92222°N 77.01944°W / 38.92222; -77.01944Coordinates: 38°55′20″N 77°01′10″W / 38.92222°N 77.01944°W / 38.92222; -77.01944
Campus
Urban; 300 acres (1.2 km2)
Newspaper
The Hilltop
Colors
Blue, White and Red[3]
Nickname
Bison & Lady Bison
Sporting affiliations
NCAA Division I – MEAC
Website
www2.howard.edu
Howard University (HU or simply Howard) is a federally chartered, private, coeducational, nonsectarian, historically black university (HBCU) in Washington, D.C. It is recognized by the Carnegie Foundation as a research university with high research activity and is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.
From its outset Howard has been nonsectarian and open to people of all genders and races. Howard offers more than 120 areas leading to undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees.
Howard is classified as a Tier 1 national university and ranks second among HBCUs by U.S. News & World Report.[4] Howard is the only HBCU ranked in the top 75 on the 2015 Bloomberg Businessweek college rankings.[5] The Princeton Review ranked the school of business first in opportunities for minority students and in the top five for most competitive students.[5] The National Law Journal ranked the law school among the top 25 in the nation for placing graduates at the most successful law firms.[6] Howard has produced four Rhodes Scholars between 1986 and 2017.[7] Between 1998 and 2009, Howard University produced a Marshall Scholar, two Truman Scholars, twenty-two Fulbright Scholars and ten Pickering Fellows.[8][9] In 2011, the Huffington Post named Howard the second best-dressed college in the nation.[10] Howard is the most comprehensive HBCU in the nation and produces the most black doctorate recipients of any non-profit university.[11][12]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Recent history
2 Campus
3 Organization
4 Academics
4.1 Schools and colleges
4.2 Honors programs
4.3 Howard University West
4.4 Research
4.4.1 NASA University Research Center (BCCSO)
4.5 Publications
4.6 Howard University Libraries
5 Student life
5.1 Athletics
5.2 Students
5.3 Faculty
5.4 Greek letter organizations
5.5 Howard Homecoming
5.6 Springfest
5.7 Bison Ball
5.8 Resfest
6 Notable alumni
7 In popular culture
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
Main Hall (right) and Miner Hall in 1868.
Shortly after the end of the American Civil War, members of The First Congregational Society of Washington considered establishing a theological seminary for the education of African-American clergymen. Within a few weeks, the project expanded to include a provision for establishing a university. Within two years, the University consisted of the Colleges of Liberal Arts and Medicine. The new institution was named for General Oliver Otis Howard, a Civil War hero, who was both the founder of the University and, at the time, Commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau. Howard later served as President of the University from 1869–74.[13]
U.S. Congress chartered Howard on March 2, 1867, and much of its early funding came from endowment, private benefaction, and tuition. An annual congressional appropriation administered by the U.S. Department of Education funds Howard University and Howard University Hospital.[14]
Many improvements were made on campus. Howard Hall was renovated and made a dormitory for women. J. Stanley Durkee, Howard's last white president, was appointed in 1918.[15]
The Great Depression years of the 1930s brought hardship to campus. Despite appeals from Eleanor Roosevelt, Howard saw its budget cut below Hoover administration levels during the Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt.[16]
Howard University has played an important role in American history and the Civil Rights Movement on a number of occasions. Alain Locke, Chair of the Department of Philosophy and first African American Rhodes Scholar, authored The New Negro, which helped to usher in the Harlem Renaissance.[17] Ralph Bunche, the first Nobel Peace Prize winner of African descent, served as chair of the Department of Political Science.[18] Beginning in 1942, Howard University students pioneered the "stool-sitting" technique, which was to play a prominent role in the later civil rights movement. By January 1943, students had begun to organize regular sit-ins and pickets at cigar stores and cafeterias around Washington, D.C. which refused to serve them because of their race. These protests continued until the administration asked the students to stop in the Fall of 1944.[19] Stokely Carmichael, also known as Kwame Toure, a student in the Department of Philosophy and the Howard University School of Divinity coined the term "Black Power" and worked in Lowndes County, Alabama as a voting rights activist.[20] Historian Rayford Logan served as chair of the Department of History.[21] E. Franklin Frazier served as chair of the Department of Sociology.[22] Sterling Allen Brown served as chair of the Department of English.
Presidents of Howard University
1867 Charles B. Boynton
1867–1869 Byron Sunderland
1869–1874 Oliver Otis Howard
1875–1876 Edward P. Smith
1877–1889 William W. Patton
1890–1903 Jeremiah Rankin
1903–1906 John Gordon
1906–1912 Wilbur P. Thirkield
1912–1918 Stephen M. Newman
1918–1926 J. Stanley Durkee
1926–1960 Mordecai Wyatt Johnson
1960–1969 James Nabrit Jr.
1969–1989 James E. Cheek
1990–1994 Franklyn Jenifer
1995–2008 H. Patrick Swygert
2008–2013 Sidney A. Ribeau
2013–present Wayne A.I. Frederick
The first sitting president to speak at Howard was Calvin Coolidge in 1924. His graduation speech was entitled, "The Progress of a People," and highlighted the accomplishments to date of the blacks in America since the Civil War. His concluding thought was, "We can not go out from this place and occasion without refreshment of faith and renewal of confidence that in every exigency our Negro fellow citizens will render the best and fullest measure of service whereof they are capable."[23]
The Lower Quadrangle behind Founders Library; also known as "The Valley."
In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson delivered a speech to the graduating class at Howard, where he outlined his plans for civil rights legislation and endorsed aggressive affirmative action to combat the effects of years of segregation of blacks from the nation's economic opportunities.[24] At the time, the Voting Rights bill was still pending in the House of Representatives.[25]
In 1975 the historic Freedman's Hospital closed after 112 years of use as Howard University College of Medicine's primary teaching hospital. Howard University Hospital opened that same year and continues to be used as Howard University College of Medicine's primary teaching hospital with service to the surrounding community.
Recent history[edit]
In 1989, Howard gained national attention when students rose up in protest against the appointment of then-Republican National Committee Chairman Lee Atwater as a new member of the university's Board of Trustees. Student activists disrupted Howard's 122nd anniversary celebrations, and eventually occupied the university's Administration building.[26] Within days, both Atwater and Howard's President, James E. Cheek, resigned.
In April 2007, the head of the faculty senate called for the ouster of Howard University President H. Patrick Swygert, saying that the school was in a state of crisis and it was time to end "an intolerable condition of incompetence and dysfunction at the highest level."[27] This came on the heels of several criticisms of Howard University and its management. The following month, Swygert announced that he would retire in June 2008.[28] The university announced in May 2008 that Sidney Ribeau of Bowling Green State University would succeed Swygert as president.[29] Ribeau appointed a Presidential Commission on Academic Renewal to conduct a year-long self-evaluation that resulted in reducing or closing 20 out of 171 academic programs.[30] For example, they proposed closing the undergraduate philosophy major and African studies major.[30]
Six years later, in 2013, university insiders again alleged that the university was in crisis. In April, the vice chairwoman of the university's board of trustees wrote a letter to her colleagues harshly criticizing the university's president and calling for a vote of no confidence; her letter was subsequently obtained by the media where it drew national headline.[31][32] Two months later, the university's Council of Deans alleged that "fiscal mismanagement is doing irreparable harm," blaming the university's senior vice president for administration, chief financial officer and treasurer and asking for his dismissal.[33] In October, the faculty voted no confidence in the university's Board of Trustees executive committee, two weeks after university president Sidney A. Ribeau announced that he would retire at the end of the year.[34] On October 1, the Board of Trustees named Wayne A.I. Frederick Interim President.[35] In July 2014 Howard's Board of Trustees named Frederick as the school's 17th president.[36]
Campus[edit]
WHUT-TV station in Washington, D.C.
The 256-acre (1.04 km2; 0.400 sq mi) campus often referred to as "The Mecca" is located in northwest Washington.[37] Major improvements, additions, and changes occurred at the school in the aftermath of World War I. New buildings were built under the direction of architect Albert Cassell.[38] Howard's buildings and plant have a value of $567.6 million.[37]
Howard University has several historic landmarks on campus, such as Andrew Rankin Memorial Chapel, Fredrick Douglass Memorial Hall, and the Founders Founders Library.
Andrew Rankin Memorial Chapel
The Howard University Gallery of Art was established in 1928 by the University's Board of Trustees. Since its inception, the gallery's permanent collection has grown to over 4,000 works of art and continues to serve as an academic resource for the Howard community.[39]
Howard University has nine residence halls in which students can live: Drew Hall (male freshmen), College Hall North (female freshmen), Tubman Quadrangle (female freshmen), Bethune Annex (co-ed, undergraduates), Cook Hall (co-ed, undergraduates), Plaza Towers West (co-ed, for juniors and seniors only), Slowe Hall (co-ed), College Hall South (co-ed), and Plaza Towers East (co-ed, undergraduate honors program students, graduate students).
Howard University Hospital, opened in 1975 on the eastern end of campus, was built on the site of Griffith Stadium, in use from the 1890s to 1965 as home of the first, second and third incarnations of the MLB Senators, as well as the NFL's Washington Redskins, several college football teams (including Georgetown, GWU and Maryland) and part-time home of the Homestead Grays of the Negro National League.
WHUR-FM (Howard University Radio)
The Interdisciplinary Research Building
Howard University is home to WHUR-FM 96.3, also known as Howard University Radio. Howard is also home to WHUT-TV, which is a television station located on campus beside WHUR-FM.
The Interdisciplinary Research Building (IRB) opened in 2016 is Howard's most prominent research building. The multi-story, 81,670 square foot, state-of-the-art research facility was completed for $70 million. The IRB was designed to cultivate more collaborative and innovative research on campus.[40]
Organization[edit]
The university is led by a Board of Trustees that includes a faculty trustee from the undergraduate colleges, a faculty trustee from the graduate and professional colleges serving 3-year terms, two student trustees, each serving 1-year terms, and three alumni-elected trustees, each serving 3-year terms.[37]
Academics[edit]
Schools and colleges[edit]
College of Engineering and Architecture
College of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences
College of Pharmacy
Howard University College of Arts and Sciences
Howard University College of Dentistry
Howard University School of Business
Howard University School of Communications
Howard University College of Medicine
Howard University School of Law
Middle School of Mathematics and Science
School of Divinity
School of Education
School of Social Work
Honors programs[edit]
Howard offers three honors programs for its most high-achieving undergraduate students: the College of Arts & Sciences Honors Program, the Executive Leadership Honors Program in the School of Business, and the Annenberg Honors Program in the School of Communications.[41]
Howard University West[edit]
In 2017, Google Inc. announced it established a residency program named "Howard University West" on its campus in Mountain View, California to help increase black representation in the tech industry. Beginning in fall 2018, the program will be expanded from a three-month summer program to a full academic year program. Rising juniors majoring in computer science participating in the program will learn from senior Google engineers, practice the latest coding techniques, and experience tech culture in Mountain View for course credit towards their undergraduate degrees.[42][43]
Research[edit]
Main article: Moorland-Spingarn Research Center
"The Moorland-Spingarn Research Center (MSRC) is recognized as one of the world's largest and most comprehensive repositories for the documentation of the history and culture of people of African descent in Africa, the Americas, and other parts of the world. The MSRC collects, preserves, and makes available for research a wide range of resources chronicling black experiences."[44]
NASA University Research Center (BCCSO)[edit]
The Beltsville Center for Climate System Observation (BCCSO) is a NASA University Research Center located at the Beltsville, Maryland campus of Howard University. BCCSO consists of a multidisciplinary group of Howard faculty in partnership with NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Earth Sciences Division, other academic institutions, and government. This group is led by three Principal Investigators, Everette Joseph, also the director of BCCSO, Demetrius Venable and Belay Demoz. BCCSO trains science and academic leaders to understand atmospheric processes through atmospheric observing systems and analytical methods.[45][46]
Publications[edit]
Howard University is home to The Hilltop, the award-winning (Princeton Review) student newspaper. Founded in 1924 by Zora Neale Hurston, The Hilltop enjoys a long legacy at the university, providing students with the ability to learn the newspaper industry.
Howard University is the publisher of The Journal of Negro Education, which began publication in 1932. The Howard University Bison Yearbook is created, edited and published during the school year to provide students a year-in-review. Howard University also publishes the Capstone, the official e-newsletter for the university; and the Howard Magazine, the official magazine for the university, which is published three times a year.
Howard University Libraries[edit]
Founders Library is an iconic building on the Howard University campus that has been declared a National Historic Landmark.
Howard University Libraries (HUL) is the library system of Howard University and is composed by eight branches and centers:
The Founders Library, the main library, founded in January 1939.[47][48][49]
The School of Business Library
The School of Divinity Library
The School of Social Work Library
The Moorland-Spingarn Research Center
The Channing Pollock Theatre Collection
The Patent and Trademark Resource Center
The Undergraduate Library (UGL).[50]
Afro-American Studies Center.[51]
Student life[edit]
Athletics[edit]
Main article: Howard Bison and Lady Bison
Greene Stadium. (Howard's School of Business can be seen in the top-right portion of this image).
Students[edit]
The Caribbean Students Association Tree at Howard University.
The U.S. students come from the following regions: New England 2%, Mid-West 8%. South 22%, Mid-Atlantic 55%, and West 12%.[37] Nearly 4% of the student body are international students. Howard University is 86.1% African-American/Black.[52]
Howard is one of the top five largest HBCUs in the nation with over 10,000 students.[53]
Howard produced four Rhodes Scholars between 1986 and 2017.[7] Between 1998 and 2009, Howard University produced a Marshall Scholar, two Truman Scholars, twenty-two Fulbright Scholars and ten Pickering Fellows.[8][9]
There are over 200 student organizations and special interest groups established on campus.[54]
The student/faculty ratio at Howard is 10 to 1.[55] Howard is a selective admissions institution.[56]
As of 2006[update], Howard's six-year graduation rate was 67.5%.[57] In 2009, 1,270 of the 1,476 full-time freshmen enrolled were found to have financial need (86%). Of these, Howard could meet the full financial aid needs of 316 freshmen.[58] Howard's average undergraduate student's indebtedness at graduation is $16,798.[58]
Faculty[edit]
Howard faculty include: member of Congress from Maryland Roscoe Bartlett, blood shipment pioneer Charles Drew,[59] Emmy-winning actor Al Freeman Jr.,[60] suffragist Elizabeth Piper Ensley,[61] civil rights lawyer Charles Hamilton Houston, media entrepreneur Cathy Hughes, marine biologist Ernest Everett Just, professor of surgery LaSalle D. Leffall Jr., political consultant Ron Walters, novelist and diplomat E. R. Braithwaite,[62] filmmaker Haile Gerima, and psychiatrist Francis Cress Welsing.
Greek letter organizations[edit]
The Zeta Phi Beta Monument located in the lower quadrangle (The Valley) at Howard University.
Howard University is the founding site of the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) and five of the nine NPHC organizations. The first chapters (Alpha Chapters) of Alpha Kappa Alpha (1908), Omega Psi Phi (1911), Delta Sigma Theta (1913), Phi Beta Sigma (1914), and Zeta Phi Beta (1920) were established on Howard's campus.[63] However, the Beta Chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha was the first to appear in 1907.[64] Also in 1920, the Xi Chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi appeared on campus, followed by the Alpha Phi Chapter of Sigma Gamma Rho in 1939, and the Alpha Tau Chapter of Iota Phi Theta in 1983.
The Alpha Kappa Alpha Tree on Howard's main yard.
"Symbiosis" by Richard Hunt was a gift to the university by former school trustee Hobart Taylor.[65]
Other notable Greek letter organizations registered at Howard include Phi Beta Kappa, Tau Beta Pi, Delta Sigma Pi, Phi Sigma Pi, Alpha Phi Omega, Alpha Nu Omega, Alpha Kappa Psi, Phi Sigma Rho, Gamma Iota Sigma, Phi Mu Alpha, Sigma Alpha Iota, Gamma Sigma Sigma, Kappa Kappa Psi, Tau Beta Sigma and Phi Alpha Delta.
Howard Homecoming[edit]
Howard Homecoming week is the most highly publicized and richest cultural tradition of the institution. Over 100,000 of alumni, students, special guests, and visitors are in attendance to patronize the many events and attractions affiliated with the festive week on and near campus. While the specific calendar of events changes from year to year, many of the traditional homecoming events include the Homecoming Football Game and Tailgate, the Pep Rally, the Coronation Ball, the Greek Step-Show (Howard Greeks only), and the Fashion Show. After a two-year hiatus, the Yardfest also returned in 2016 as one of the cherished traditions.[66][67][68]
Howard's first official homecoming was held in 1924 and it takes place every fall semester with a new theme developed by the homecoming committee.[69][70]
Springfest[edit]
Springfest is an annual tradition that officially began by members of the Undergraduate Student Association (USA) to celebrate the new spring season. Springfest is similar to Howard's homecoming week in the fall but on a smaller scale and more emphasis on the student body. For Springfest, normally planned is a Spring Fashion Show, Greek Step-Show (Howard Greeks only), Vendor Fair, Poetry Showcase, Beauty Conference, Charity Basketball Game, and a major community service event. The official schedule of events slightly changes every year.[71][72]
Bison Ball[edit]
The Bison Ball and Excellence Awards is an annual black tie gala hosted by the Howard University Student Association (HUSA). A select number of students, faculty, organizations, and administrators from the Howard community are honored for their exceptional accomplishments. This event takes place near the end of every spring semester.[73][74]
Resfest[edit]
Howard University Towers East is one of the graduate student dormitories located on-campus.
Resfest week is a Howard tradition where students living in freshmen residence halls on campus compete in various organized competitions for awards and bragging rights; arguably the most coveted award is winning the Resfest Step-Show which normally involves elaborate themes and productions. This event is held every spring semester.[75]
The Harriet Tubman Quadrangle-- "The Quad"-- consists of five halls housing approximately 640 freshman females only. The resident halls are Wheatley, Baldwin, Frazier, Truth and Crandall Halls.
Notable alumni[edit]
Main article: List of Howard University people
Howard is the alma mater of many notable individuals, including:
Ben Ali, co-founder and owner of Ben's Chili Bowl restaurant in Washington, D.C.
Debbie Allen, choreographer, actress and singer
Anthony Anderson, Emmy Award-nominated actor and star of the TV show Black-ish
Nnamdi Azikiwe, first president of Nigeria
Ras J. Baraka, mayor of Newark, New Jersey
Antoine Bethea, NFL player
Chadwick Boseman, actor
Stokely Carmichael, an activist and leader in the Civil Rights Movement and Black Power movement
Ta-Nehisi Coates, writer, MacArthur Fellow
Sean Combs, Grammy Award-winning rapper
Elijah Cummings, congressman from Maryland
Ron "Amen-Ra" Lawrence, Grammy Award-winning producer and writer
Ossie Davis, actor, member of American Theater Hall of Fame
Cheick Modibo Diarra, former Malian prime minister and NASA engineer[76]
David Dinkins, the first African-American mayor of New York City
Rachel Dolezal, activist
Mike Espy, the first African-American U.S. Secretary of Agriculture
Adrian Fenty, former mayor of the District of Columbia
E. Franklin Frazier, sociologist, namesake of Howard University E. Franklin Frazier Center for Social Work Research
Ray Goodlett, soccer player and pastor
Lance Gross, actor
Kamala Harris, first African-American, and first Asian-American female Attorney General & US Senator from California
Patricia Roberts Harris, former U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, and first African-American woman United States Ambassador
Taraji P. Henson, Oscar and Emmy-nominated and Golden Globe-winning actress[77]
Shauntay Hinton, beauty pageant winner
Gus Johnson, sports broadcaster
Vernon Jordan, attorney, former president of National Urban League
Laraaji, new-age musician and performer
Ananda Lewis, television personality
Thurgood Marshall, first African-American U.S. Supreme Court Justice
Toni Morrison, Nobel Prize and Pulitzer Prize–winning author
Shauneille Perry, stage director and playwright
Phylicia Rashad, actress and singer
Charlotte E. Ray, first African-American woman lawyer
Kasim Reed, 59th mayor of Atlanta, Georgia
Wendy Raquel Robinson, actress
Clarissa Sligh, book artist
Richard Smallwood, award-winning gospel artist
Lori Stokes, television journalist
Stan Verrett, anchor on the ESPN and ESPNews networks in the United States
Josephine Turpin Washington, educator and writer
Walter Washington, former mayor of Washington, D.C.
Crystal Waters, recording artist
Marlon Wayans, actor
Nikki Woods, Tom Joyner Morning Show producer
Tanekeya Word, artist
Andrew Young, United States Ambassador
Notable Howard University alumni include:
Toni Morrison, Pulitzer Prize and Nobel Prize–winning novelist
Thurgood Marshall, United States Supreme Court Justice
Andrew Young, United States Ambassador
Elijah Cummings, United States Representative
Taraji P. Henson, Academy Award–nominated actress
Chadwick Boseman, actor
In popular culture[edit]
Andre Johnson in the TV show Black-ish is a Howard University alumnus.
Randall, a character on the TV show This is Us, toured Howard University as a prospective student in a 2017 episode.[78]
In the 2011 film Captain America: The First Avenger, linguistic expert Gabe Jones of the Howling Commandos attended Howard before joining the Army.
Captain Hero in the TV show Drawn Together attended Howard University.
Queen Latifah and Erika Alexander, actresses on the hit TV show Living Single, were Howard University alumnae.
Many episodes of A Different World were inspired by Debbie Allen's experiences as a Howard student. Debbie Allen served as a producer of the show following the first season.[79]
See also[edit]
A Bridge Across and Beyond by artist Richard Hunt (a sculpture located at the Blackburn Fountain)
List of presidents of Howard University
American Student Dental Association
Russell L. Adams
Howard Theatre
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Howard University.
Official website
Howard Athletics website
"Howard University". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
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Covenant (biblical)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about biblical covenants. For other uses, see Covenant (disambiguation).
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A biblical covenant is a religious covenant that is described in the Bible. All Abrahamic religions consider biblical covenants important. Of the covenants found in the Pentateuch or Torah or the first five books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy, the Noahic Covenant is unique in applying to all humanity, while the other covenants are principally agreements made between God and the biblical Israelites.
In the Book of Jeremiah, verses 31:30–33 predict "a new covenant" that God will establish with "the house of Israel". Most Christians believe this New Covenant is the "replacement" or "final fulfilment" of the Old Covenant described in the Old Testament and as applying to the People of God, while some believe both covenants are still applicable in a dual covenant theology.
Contents
[hide]
1 Ancient Near Eastern treaties
1.1 Terminology of covenants
1.2 Dissolving covenant form
2 Number of Biblical covenants
3 Noahic covenant
4 Abrahamic covenant
5 Mosaic covenant
6 Priestly covenant
7 Davidic covenant
8 Christian view
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Ancient Near Eastern treaties[edit]
There are two major types of covenants in the Hebrew Bible, including the obligatory type and the promissory type. The obligatory covenant is more common with the Hittite peoples, and deals with the relationship between two parties of equal standing. In contrast, the promissory type of covenant is seen in the Abrahamic and Davidic covenants. Promissory covenants focus on the relationship between the suzerain and the vassal and are similar to the "royal grant" type of legal document, which include historical introduction, border delineations, stipulations, witnesses, blessings, and curses. In royal grants, the master could reward a servant for being loyal. God rewarded Abraham, Noah, and David in his covenants with them.[1] As part of his covenant with Abraham, God has the obligation to keep Abraham's descendants as God's chosen people and be their God. When taking this oath we see that God is accompanied by a smoking oven and a torch. These were objects used in the procedure of taking an oath much like oaths that involved sacrificing animals while taking the oath. God acts as the suzerain power and is the party of the covenant accompanied by the required action that comes with the oath whether it be fire or animals in the sacrificial oaths. In doing this, God is the party taking upon the curse if he does not uphold his obligation. Through history there were also many instances where the vassal was the one who performed the different acts and took the curse upon them.[2]
Terminology of covenants[edit]
Weinfeld believes that similar terminology and wording can connect the Abrahamic and Davidic covenants with ancient Near Eastern grants, as opposed to being largely similar to the Mosaic covenant, which, according to Weinfeld, is an example of a suzerainty treaty. He goes on to argue that phrases about having a "whole heart" or having "walked after me [God] with all his heart" strongly parallels with Neo-Assyrian grant language, such as "walked with royalty". He further argues that in Jeremiah, God uses prophetic metaphor to say that David will be adopted as a son. Expressing legal and political relationships through familial phraseology was common among Near Eastern cultures. Babylonian contracts often expressed fathership and sonship in their grants to actually mean a king to vassal relationship.[3]
Further underlying the idea that these covenants were grant-like in nature is the similar language used in both. In the grant of Ashurbanipal, an Assyrian, to his servant Bulta, he describes Bulta's loyalty with the phrase "kept the charge of my kinship". Abraham similarly kept God's charge in Genesis 26: 4–5: "I will give to your descendants all these lands...inasmuch as Abraham obeyed me and kept my charge, my commandments, my rules and my teachings."[4]
Furthermore, in Jeremiah, God says, through prophetic metaphor, that David will be adopted as a son. Expressing legal and political relationships through familial phraseology was common among Near Eastern cultures. Babylonian contracts often expressed fathership and sonship, in their grants to actually mean a king to vassal relationship.[5]
Dissolving covenant form[edit]
According to Mendhenhall, pressures from outside invaders led the loosely bound Israelite tribes to converge into monarchical unity for stability and solidarity. He also argues that during this consolidation, the new state also had to unify the religious traditions that belonged to the different groups to prevent dissent from those who might believe that the formation of a state would replace direct governance from God. Therefore, Mendenhall continues, these loosely bound tribes merged under the Mosaic covenant to legitimize their unity. They believed that to obey the law was to obey God. They also believed that the king was put into power as a result of God's benefaction, and that this accession was the fulfillment of God's promise of dynasty to David. Mendenhall also notes that a conflict arose between those who believed in the Davidic covenant, and those who believed that God would not support all actions of the state. As a result, both sides became relatively aloof, and the Davidic covenant and the Mosaic covenant were almost entirely forgotten.[6]
Number of Biblical covenants[edit]
Students of the Bible hold wildly differing opinions as to how many major covenants exist (or did exist) between God and humanity, with numbers ranging from one to at least twelve. [7] (See covenant theology and dispensationalism for further information on two of the major viewpoints.)
Noahic covenant[edit]
Noah's Thanksoffering (c.1803) by Joseph Anton Koch. Noah builds an altar to the Lord after being delivered from the Flood; God sends the rainbow as a sign of his covenant.
See also: Genesis flood narrative § Rainbow covenant, and Seven Laws of Noah
The Noahic covenant[Gen 9:8–17] applies to all of humanity and to all other living creatures.[8] In this covenant, God promises never again to destroy all life on Earth by flood[9:11] and creates the rainbow as the sign of this "everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh that is on the earth".[9:12–17]
Abrahamic covenant[edit]
Main article: Covenant of the pieces
The covenant found in Genesis 12–17 is known as the Brit bein HaBetarim, the "Covenant Between the Parts" in Hebrew, and is the basis for brit milah (covenant of circumcision) in Judaism. The covenant was for Abraham and his seed, or offspring,[9] both of natural birth and adoption.[10]
In Genesis chapters 12–17 three covenants can be distinguished based on the differing Jahwist, Elohist and Priestly sources.[11] In Genesis 12 and 15, God grants Abraham land and a multitude of descendants but does not place any stipulations (unconditional) on Abraham for the covenant's fulfillment. By contrast, Genesis 17 contains the covenant of circumcision (conditional).
1. To make of Abraham a great nation and bless Abraham and make his name great so that he will be a blessing, to bless those who bless him and curse him who curses him and all peoples on earth would be blessed through Abraham.[Gen 12:1–3]
2. To give Abraham's descendants all the land from the river of Egypt to the Euphrates.[Gen 15:18–21] Later, this land came to be referred to as the Promised Land (see map) or the Land of Israel.
3. To make Abraham the father of many nations and of many descendants and give "the whole land of Canaan" to his descendants.[Gen 17:2–9] Circumcision is to be the permanent sign of this everlasting covenant with Abraham and his male descendants and is known as the brit milah.[Gen 17:9–14]
Covenants in biblical times were often sealed by severing an animal, with the implication that the party who breaks the covenant will suffer a similar fate. In Hebrew, the verb meaning to seal a covenant translates literally as "to cut". It is presumed by Jewish scholars that the removal of the foreskin symbolically represents such a sealing of the covenant.[12]
According to Weinfeld, the Abraham covenant represents a covenant of grant, which binds the suzerain. It is the obligation of the master to his servant and involves gifts given to individuals who were loyal serving their masters. In the covenant with Abraham in Genesis 15, it is God who is the suzerain who commits himself and swears to keep the promise. In the covenant there are procedures of taking the oath, which involve a smoking oven and a blazing torch. There are many similarities between Genesis 15 and the Abba-El deed. Genesis 15 and similarly in the Abba-El deed it is the superior party who places himself under oath. Also the oaths in both involve a situation where the inferior party is delivering the animals while the superior swears the oath. The Abraham covenant is part of a tradition of covenantal sacrifices, which dates back to the third millennium BC. The animals that are slaughtered in the covenant in Genesis 15 are considered a sacrificial offering. The covenant in Genesis 15 preserve the sacrificial element alongside the symbolic act.[2]
Mosaic covenant[edit]
The Ten Commandments on a monument on the grounds of the Texas State Capitol
Main article: Mosaic covenant
See also: Ten Commandments, 613 commandments, and Law of Moses
The Mosaic covenant, found in Exodus 19–24 and the book of Deuteronomy, contains the foundations of the written Torah and the Oral Torah. In this covenant, God promises to make the Israelites his treasured possession among all people[Exo 19:5] and "a kingdom of priests and a holy nation"[Exo 19:6], if they follow God's commandments. As part of the terms of this covenant, God gives Moses the Ten Commandments. These will later be elaborated on in the rest of the Torah.
The form of the covenant resembles the suzerainty treaty in the ancient Near East.[13] Like the treaties, the Ten Commandments begins with Yahweh's identification and what he had done for Israel ("who brought you out of the land of Egypt"; Ex 20:2) as well as the stipulations commanding absolute loyalty ("You shall not have other gods apart from me"). Unlike the suzerainty treaty, the Decalogue does not have any witness nor explicit blessings and curses.[14] The fullest account of the Mosaic covenant is given in the book of Deuteronomy.
God gave the children of Israel the Shabbat as the permanent sign of this covenant.[Exo 31:12–17]
Priestly covenant[edit]
Main article: Priestly covenant
The priestly covenant[15] (Hebrew: ברית הכהונה brith ha-kehuna) is the covenant that God made with Aaron and his descendants, the Aaronic priesthood, as found in the Hebrew Bible and Oral Torah. The Hebrew Bible also mentions another perpetual priestly promise with Phinehas and his descendants.[16][17]
Davidic covenant[edit]
See also: David § Jerusalem and the Davidic covenant
The Davidic covenant[2Sam 7] establishes David and his descendants as the kings of the united monarchy of Israel[Jer 33:17–21] (which included Judah). The Davidic covenant is an important element in Jewish messianism and Christian theology. In Jewish eschatology, the messiah is believed to be a future Jewish king from the Davidic line, who will be anointed with holy anointing oil, gather the Jews back into the Land of Israel, usher in an era of peace, build the Third Temple, have a male heir, re-institute the Sanhedrin and rule the Jewish people during the Messianic Age.
Christian view[edit]
Christian theologian John F. Walvoord maintains that the Davidic covenant deserves an important place in determining the purposes of God and that its exegesis confirms the doctrine of a future reign of Christ on earth.[18] While Jewish theologians have always held that Jesus did not fulfill the expectations of a Jewish messiah, the position of Dispensational (historically-grammatically literal) Biblical theologians is almost unanimous that Jesus will fully fulfill the Davidic covenant, the provisions of which Walvoord lists as:
David is to have a child, yet to be born, who shall succeed him and establish his kingdom.
A son (Solomon) shall build the temple instead of David.
The throne of his kingdom shall be established forever.
The throne will not be taken away from him (Solomon) even though his sins justify chastisement.
David’s house, throne, and kingdom shall be established forever (2 Samuel 7:16).[18]
The New Covenant is a biblical interpretation originally derived from a phrase in the Book of Jeremiah, in the Hebrew Scriptures. It is often thought of as an eschatological Messianic Age or world to come and is related to the biblical concept of the Kingdom of God.
Generally, Christians believe that the New Covenant was instituted at the Last Supper as part of the Eucharist, which in the Gospel of John includes the New Commandment. A connection between the Blood of Christ and the New Covenant is seen in most modern English translations of the New Testament[19] with the saying: "this cup that is poured out for you is the new covenant in my blood".[20]
Christians see Jesus as the mediator of this New Covenant, and that his blood, shed at his crucifixion is the required blood of the covenant: as with all covenants between God and man described in the Bible, the New Covenant is considered "a bond in blood sovereignly administered by God".[21] It has been theorized that the New Covenant is the Law of Christ as spoken during his Sermon on the Mount.[22]
See also[edit]
Covenant theology
Covenantal theology (Roman Catholic)
Covenantal nomism
Covenant (Latter Day Saints)
Christian views on the Old Covenant
New Covenant
Oaths in Jewish tradition
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Weinfeld, M. (2005). Normative and Sectarian Judaism in the Second Temple Period. United States: T & T Clark International.
^ Jump up to: a b Weinfeld, M. (1970). "The Covenant of Grant in the Old Testament and in the Ancient near East". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 90 (2): 196–199.
Jump up ^ Weinfeld, M. (n.d.). "The Covenant Grant in the Old Testament and Ancient Near East". American Oriental Society.
Jump up ^ Weinfeld, M. (April–June 1970). "The Covenant of Grant in the Old Testament and in the Ancient near East". American Oriental Society. 90 (2): 186–188.
Jump up ^ Weinfield, M. (April–June 1970). The Covenant of Grant in the Old Testament and in the Ancient near East (PDF) (Vol 90 ed.). Jerusalem: American Oriental Society. pp. 184–203. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Mendenhall, George E. (September 1954). "Covenant Forms in Israelite Tradition". The Biblical Archaeologist. New Haven, Conn.: The American Schools of Oriental Research. 17 (3): 70–73. doi:10.2307/3209151. JSTOR 3209151.
Jump up ^ http://theologyonline.com/showthread.php?1653-ARCHIVE-The-Twelve-Dispensations-By-Bob-Hill
Jump up ^ Jenkins, Everett (2003). The creation: secular, Jewish, Catholic, Protestant, and Muslim perspectives analyzed. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 283. ISBN 0-7864-1042-6.
Jump up ^ "Blue Letter Bible: Dictionary and Word Search for zera` (Strong's 2233)". 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
Jump up ^ Genesis 17:11–13 And ye shall circumcise the flesh of your foreskin; and it shall be a token of the covenant betwixt me and you. And he that is eight days old shall be circumcised among you, every man child in your generations, he that is born in the house, or bought with money of any stranger, which is not of thy seed. He that is born in thy house, and he that is bought with thy money, must needs be circumcised: and my covenant shall be in your flesh for an everlasting covenant.
Jump up ^ Michael D. Coogan, A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 62–68
Jump up ^ "Circumcision." Mark Popovsky. Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion. Ed. David A. Leeming, Kathryn Madden and Stanton Marlan. New York: Springer, 2010. pp. 153–154.
Jump up ^ Kline, Meredith. "Deuteronomy". The Zondervan Pictorial Bible Dictionary
Jump up ^ Michael D. Coogan, "A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament" page 103, Oxford University Press, 2009
Jump up ^ Qumran and Jerusalem: studies in the Dead Sea scrolls p. 248 Lawrence H. Schiffman – 2010 This priestly covenant is also echoed in the poem in 1QM 17:2–3 that refers to the eternal priestly covenant. ... Num 18:19).57 That the priestly “covenant of salt,” a biblical expression denoting a permanent covenant,58 is to be ...
Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: Phinehas: "...for this act he was approved by God and was rewarded with the divine promise that the priesthood should remain in his family forever (Num. xxv. 7–15)."
Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: Covenant: "The term "berit" ... refers chiefly to God's covenant made with Israel, and with Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, Aaron, Phineas, and David (Derek Ereẓ Zuṭa, i., end)."
^ Jump up to: a b Walvoord, John F. "Eschatological Problems VII: The Fulfillment of the Davidic Covenant." Web: 19 Mar 2010. Eschatological Problems VII: The Fulfillment of the Davidic Covenant
Jump up ^ but not in the KJV for example
Jump up ^ Luke 22:20
Jump up ^ This definition of covenant is from O. Palmer Robertson's book The Christ of the Covenants. It has become an accepted definition among modern scholars. See this critical review of his book by Dr. C. Matthew McMahon.
Jump up ^ George R. Law, “The Form of the New Covenant in Matthew,” American Theological Inquiry 5:2 (2012).
Further reading[edit]
Paul Fiddes (1985). 'Covenant – Old and New', in P. Fiddes, R. Hayden, R. Kidd, K. Clements, and B. Haymes, Bound to love: the covenant basis of Baptist life and mission, pp. 9–23. London: Baptist Union.
Truman G. Madsen and Seth Ward (2001). Covenant and Chosenness in Judaism and Mormonism. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0-8386-3927-5.
External links[edit]
Jewish Encyclopedia: Covenant
Nave's Topical Bible on covenants
"What is a Covenant" from Kingdom Prologue by Meredith G. Kline (Reformed perspective)
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