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Cracker Barrel
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Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, Inc.
Type
Public
Traded as
NASDAQ: CBRL
S&P 400 Component[1]
ISIN
US22410J1060
Industry
Restaurants
Founded
September 19, 1969; 48 years ago (1969-09-19)
Founder
Dan Evins
Headquarters
Lebanon, Tennessee, United States
Number of locations
640 at Sept. 19, 2016[2]
Area served
United States
Key people
Michael A. Woodhouse (Director & Executive Chairman)
Sandra B. Cochran (President & CEO)[3]
Revenue
US$2.91 billion (fiscal 2016)[2]
Operating income
US$280.47 million (fiscal 2016)[2]
Net income
US$189.30 million (fiscal 2016)[2]
Total assets
US$1.50 billion (fiscal 2016)[2]
Total equity
US$526.43 million (fiscal 2016)[2]
Number of employees
approx. 73,000 at July 29, 2016 [2]
Website
www.crackerbarrel.com
Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, Inc. is an American chain of combined restaurant and gift stores with a Southern country theme. The company was founded by Dan Evins in 1969; its first store was in Lebanon, Tennessee, which remains the company headquarters. The chain's stores were at first positioned near Interstate highway exits in the Southeastern and Midwestern United States, but has expanded across the country during the 1990s and 2000s. As of September 18, 2012[update],[4] the chain operates 639 stores in 43 states.
Cracker Barrel's menu is based on traditional Southern cuisine, with appearance and decor designed to resemble an old-fashioned general store. Each restaurant features a front porch lined with wooden rocking chairs, a stone fireplace, and decorative artifacts from the local area. Cracker Barrel is known for its partnerships with country music performers. It has received attention for its charitable activities, such as its assistance of victims of Hurricane Katrina and injured war veterans. Employees there wear a choice of either white, yellow, blue or pink shirts.
During the 1990s, the company was the subject of controversy for its official stance against gay and lesbian employees and for discriminatory practices against African-American customers and female employees. In 2004, a U.S. Department of Justice (USDOJ) investigation found that Cracker Barrel discriminated against minority customers; patrons complained of racially segregated seating and service quality. In an agreement with the USDOJ, Cracker Barrel implemented non-discrimination policies and pledged to focus on improving minority representation and civic involvement, particularly in the black community. Company shareholders added sexual orientation to the company's non-discrimination policy in 2002.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 First location and early company history
1.2 New markets and refocus
1.3 Recent operations
2 Restaurants
2.1 Food and gift shop
2.2 Locations, service, and decor
2.3 Awards
3 Corporate overview
3.1 Investment and business model
3.2 Community involvement
4 Controversies
4.1 LGBT policies
4.2 Race- and gender-based discrimination lawsuits
5 Licensed products
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
First location and early company history[edit]
Cracker Barrel was founded in 1969 by Dan Evins, a sales representative for Shell Oil, who developed the restaurant and gift store concept initially as a plan to improve gasoline sales.[5] Designed to resemble the traditional country store that he remembered from his childhood, with a name chosen to give it a Southern country theme,[6] Cracker Barrel was intended to attract the interest of highway travelers.[5] The first restaurant was built close to Interstate 40, in Lebanon, Tennessee.[7] It opened in September 1969,[8] serving Southern cuisine including biscuits, grits, country ham, and turnip greens.[7]
Evins incorporated Cracker Barrel in February 1970,[5] and soon opened more locations. In the early 1970s, the firm leased land on gasoline station sites near interstate highways to build restaurants.[6] These early locations all featured gas pumps on-site; during gasoline shortages in the mid to late 1970s, the firm began to build restaurants without pumps.[5] Into the early 1980s, the company reduced the number of gas stations on-site, eventually phasing them out altogether as the company focused on its restaurant and gift sales revenues.[8] Cracker Barrel became a publicly traded company in 1981 to raise funds for further expansion.[5][7] It floated more than half a million shares, raising $4.6 million.[6] Following the initial public offering, Cracker Barrel grew at a rate of around 20 percent per year;[9] by 1987, the company had become a chain of more than 50 units in eight states, with annual net sales of almost $81 million.[5]
New markets and refocus[edit]
A Cracker Barrel in Minnesota
The company grew consistently through the 1980s and 1990s, attaining a $1 billion market value by 1992.[7][10][11] In 1993, the chain's revenue was nearly twice that of any other family restaurant.[6]
In 1994, the chain tested a carry-out-only store, Cracker Barrel Old Country Store Corner Market, in suburban residential neighborhoods.[11] In addition, it expanded into new markets through the establishment of more traditional Cracker Barrel locations, the majority of them outside the South, and tested alterations to its menus to adapt to new regions.[12] The chain added regional dishes to its menus, including eggs and salsa in Texas and Reuben sandwiches in New York, but continued to offer its original menu items in all restaurants.[10]
By September 1997, Cracker Barrel had 314 restaurants, and aimed to increase the number of stores by approximately 50 per year over the following five years.[12] The firm closed its Corner Market operations in 1997 and refocused on its restaurant and gift store locations. Its then president, Ron Magruder, stated that the chain was concentrating on strengthening its core theme, offering traditional foods and retail in a country store setting, with good service and country music.[9] The chain opened its first restaurant and gift store not located near a highway in 1998, in Dothan, Alabama.[13] In the 2000s, in the wake of incidents including charges of racial discrimination and controversy over its policy of firing gay employees, the firm launched a series of promotional activities including a nationwide book drive and a sweepstakes with trips to the Country Music Association Awards and rocking chairs among the prizes.[14]
Recent operations[edit]
The number of combined restaurants and stores owned by Cracker Barrel increased between 1997 and 2000, to more than 420 locations. In 2000 and 2001, the company addressed staffing and infrastructure issues related to this rapid growth by implementing a more rigorous recruitment strategy and introducing new technology, including an order-placement system.[15] From the late 1990s to the mid-2000s, the company focused on opening new locations in residential areas to attract local residents and workers as customers.[13] It updated its marketing in 2006 to encourage new customers, changing the design of its highway billboard advertisements to include images of menu items. Previously the signs had featured only the company's logo.[16] By 2011, Cracker Barrel had opened more than 600 restaurants in 42 states.[17][18][19] On January 17, 2012, company founder Dan Evins died of bladder cancer.[20]
Restaurants[edit]
A Cracker Barrel gift shop
Food and gift shop[edit]
As a Southern-themed chain, Cracker Barrel serves traditional Southern comfort food often described as "down-home" country cooking and sells gift items including simple toys representative of the 1950s and 1960s, toy vehicles, puzzles, and woodcrafts. Also sold are country music CDs, DVDs of early classic television, cookbooks, baking mixes, kitchen novelty decor, and early classic brands of candy and snack foods.[21][22] Breakfast is served all day, and there are two menus: one for breakfast, the other for lunch and dinner. Since the first restaurant opened, the menu has featured Southern specialties, including biscuits, fried chicken, and catfish;[5] seasonal and regional menu items were added during the 1980s and 1990s.[5][12] In 2007, Cracker Barrel announced plans to remove artificial trans fats from its menu items.[23][24]
Locations, service, and decor[edit]
A Cracker Barrel guest playing peg solitaire
For much of its early history, Cracker Barrel decided to locate its restaurants along the Interstate Highway System,[5] and the majority of its restaurants remain close to interstate and other highways.[25][26][27] Cracker Barrel is known for the loyalty of its customers,[10] particularly travelers who are likely to spend more at restaurants than locals.[12]
The locations are themed around the idea of a traditional Southern U.S. general store. Items used to decorate each store are authentic artifacts,[7] including everyday objects from the early 1900s and after.[28] Each restaurant features a front porch lined with wooden rocking chairs, a wooden peg solitaire game on every table,[29] and a stone fireplace with a deer head displayed above the mantel.[30] In fact, each location has five common items: a shotgun, a cookstove, a deer head, a telephone, and a traffic light.[31] The peg games have been present in Cracker Barrel since the opening of the first store, and continue to be produced by the same family in Lebanon, Tennessee.[32] The decor at each location typically includes artifacts related to the local history of the area, including antique household tools, old wall calendars and advertising posters, and antique photographs;[26] these are centrally stored in a warehouse in Tennessee, where they are cataloged and stockpiled for future use by individual store locations.[33]
Awards[edit]
Destinations magazine has presented the chain with awards for best chain restaurant,[34] and in 2010 and 2011, the Zagat survey named it the "Best Breakfast".[35][36] The chain was selected by the Outdoor Advertising Association of America as the 2011 OBIE Hall of Fame Award recipient for its long-standing use of outdoor advertising.[37] It was also named the "Best Family Dining" restaurant by a nationwide "Choice in Chains" consumer poll in Restaurants & Institutions magazine for 19 consecutive years.[30]
Corporate overview[edit]
Investment and business model[edit]
Cracker Barrel restaurants are aimed at the family and casual dining market as well as retail sales.[9] The chain also advertises to people traveling on the interstate highways, as the majority of its locations are close to highway exits.[11] The company has promoted its cost controls to investors.[38][39] The company has stated its goal to keep employee turnover low, to provide better trained staff.[39] Since the 1980s, the firm has offered a formal training program with benefits for progressing through it to all of its employees.[5][40]
The board of directors of Cracker Barrel has repeatedly been at odds with the largest shareholder, Biglari Holdings Inc.[41] The owner of Biglari Holdings, Sardar Biglari, controls a 19.9% share of the company,[42] just short of the 20% needed to trigger a shareholder rights plan, more commonly termed a "poison pill".[43] The poison pill was adopted after Biglari Holdings sought approval to purchase a 49.99% share of the company and join the board of directors.[43]
Biglari Holdings purchased shares of Cracker Barrel in 2011, and has been often critical of the transparency to shareholders, overspending on advertising, lack of customer value,[44] capital funds mismanagement,[45] and not maximizing shareholder value.[46] Biglari has requested to be on the board of directors three times, and has been denied each time by a vote of shareholders.[41] Biglari Holdings has also put forward a request for a one-time $20/share dividend to address perceived overly conservative capitalization,[46] which was also rejected by shareholders.[45] Cracker Barrel has responded by claiming Biglari has a "hidden agenda" and a conflict of interest by holding shares in other restaurant chains such as Steak 'n Shake.[47][48]
Community involvement[edit]
Cracker Barrel has supported a wide range of charities through one-off donations, promotional events, and partnerships with charitable organizations.[49] The chain has supported charities and causes in communities where its restaurants are located, including the Gulf Coast after Hurricane Katrina in 2005[50] and Nashville after severe flooding in 2010. In the same year, Cracker Barrel established Cracker Barrel Cares Inc., an employee-funded non-profit organization that provides support to Cracker Barrel employees.[51] Cracker Barrel has also formed a partnership with the Wounded Warrior Project, a charity for injured veterans.[52] In attempts to rebuild its image after several race-related controversies,[53] the firm has provided a scholarship through the National Black MBA Association,[54] and job skills programs and sponsorships with 100 Black Men of America[53][55] and the Restaurant and Lodging Association.[56]
Cracker Barrel sponsored the NASCAR Atlanta 500 race at Atlanta Motor Speedway from 1999 to 2001[57] and the Grand Ole Opry from 2004 to 2009. The company was the first presenting sponsor of the Grand Ole Opry.[58] This sponsorship allowed the company to make connections within the Nashville music industry, following which it entered into partnership with a number of country music performers.[59] The chain has established partnerships with artists including Alison Krauss, Charlie Daniels, Josh Turner, Kenny Rogers, Dolly Parton, Alan Jackson, and Alabama, to offer CD releases and merchandise.[59][60][61]
Controversies[edit]
LGBT policies[edit]
In early 1991, an intra-company memo called for employees to be dismissed if they did not display "normal heterosexual values". According to news reports, at least 11 employees were fired under the policy on a store-by-store basis from locations in Georgia and other states.[6][12] After demonstrations by gay rights groups, the company ended its policy in March 1991 and stated it would not discriminate based on sexual orientation.[62][63] The company's founder, Dan Evins, subsequently described the policy as a mistake.[6] From 1992 onward,[64] the New York City Employees Retirement System, then a major shareholder, put forward proposals to add sexual orientation to the company's non-discrimination policy. An early proposal in 1993 was defeated, with 77 percent against and only 14 percent in support, along with 9 percent abstaining.[65] It was not until 2002 that the proposals were successful; 58 percent of company shareholders voted in favor of the addition.[62]
Cracker Barrel achieved the lowest score (15 out of 100) of all rated food and beverage companies in the Human Rights Campaign's 2008 Corporate Equality Index, a measure of LGBT workplace equality.[66] Their score for 2011 had increased to a 55. The 2011 survey noted that the firm had established a non-discrimination policy and had introduced diversity training that included training related to sexual orientation.[67] However, the company's score for 2013 dropped to a 35 out of 100, not having obtained the points related to non-discrimination toward gender identity and health benefits for partners of LGBT employees and transgender-inclusive benefits.[68]
On December 20, 2013, Cracker Barrel announced it would no longer sell certain Duck Dynasty products which it was "concerned might offend some of [its] guests"[69] after Phil Robertson, a star of the reality TV show, remarked in a GQ interview[70]
Don't be deceived. Neither the adulterers, the idolaters, the male prostitutes, the homosexual offenders, the greedy, the drunkards, the slanderers, the swindlers—they won't inherit the kingdom of God. Don't deceive yourself. It's not right.
--Duck Dynasty's Phil Robertson
Robertson also made "comments likening homosexuality to terrorism and bestiality" in the interview, and expressed views about race which attracted criticism. On December 22, less than two days after pulling the products from its shelves, Cracker Barrel reversed its position after protests from customers.[71][72][73]
Race- and gender-based discrimination lawsuits[edit]
In July 1999, a discrimination lawsuit was filed against Cracker Barrel by a group of former employees, who claimed that the company had discriminated against them on the grounds of race.[74][75] In December 2001, twenty-one of the restaurant's customers, represented by the same attorneys, filed a separate lawsuit, alleging racial discrimination in its treatment of guests.[76][77][78] Regarding both accusations, Cracker Barrel officials disputed the claims and stated that the company was committed to fair treatment of its employees and customers.[75][77][79]
In 2004, an investigation by the U.S. Justice Department found evidence that Cracker Barrel had been segregating customer seating by race; seating or serving white customers before seating or serving black customers; providing inferior service to black customers, and allowing white servers to refuse to serve black customers.[80] The Justice Department determined that the firm had violated Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The company was required to sign a five-year agreement to introduce "effective nondiscrimination policies and procedures." The terms included new equal opportunity training; the creation of a new system to log, investigate, and resolve complaints of discrimination; and the publicizing of its non-discrimination policies. They were required to hire an outside auditor to ensure compliance with the terms of the settlement.[81]
In 2006, Cracker Barrel paid a $2 million settlement to end a lawsuit alleging race and sexual harassment at three Illinois restaurants.[82][83] Cracker Barrel stores subsequently began displaying a sign in the front foyer explaining the company's non-discrimination policy,[80] and added to its website and menu the policy and details on how to make a complaint.[84]
Since the early 2000s, Cracker Barrel has provided training and resources to minority employees, to improve its image on diversity. These efforts involved outreach to minority employees, along with testing a training plan to help employees whose first language is Spanish to learn English.[53] As of 2002[update], minorities made up 23 percent of the company's employees, including over 11 percent of its management and executives.[54]
Cracker Barrel is on the Corporate Advisory Board for the Texas Conference of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP),[85] and is a corporate sponsor of the NAACP Leadership 500 Summit.[86] The company has been praised for its gender diversity, particularly on its board of directors, which includes three women out of eleven total board members.[87] Its chief executive officer (CEO), Sandra Cochran, is the second woman in Tennessee to hold that office in a publicly traded company.[87]
Licensed products[edit]
In November 2012, Cracker Barrel licensed its name to Smithfield Foods' John Morrell Division in a deal to create a line of meat products to be sold in supermarkets and through other retail channels.
In response, Kraft Foods filed a trademark-infringement lawsuit in February 2013. Kraft has sold cheese in retail stores under their Cracker Barrel brand since 1954. The corporation said that Cracker Barrel stores have not made significant sales of retail food products beyond their restaurant menu, and asked that the Smithfield Foods deal be nullified by the U.S. District Court in the Northern District of Illinois.[88]
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b "Cracker Barrel Hit With $100M Racism Suit". Newsday. December 13, 2001. p. A78. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ McCampbell, Candy (December 14, 2001). "Patrons accuse Cracker Barrel of bias". The Tennessean. p. 1E. Retrieved January 25, 2012. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Russell, Keith; Bivins, Larry (April 12, 2002). "Executives say racist charges are unfounded". The Tennessean. p. 1E. Retrieved January 25, 2012. (Subscription required (help)).
^ Jump up to: a b Schmidt, Julie; Copeland, Larry (May 7, 2004). "Cracker Barrel customer says bias was 'flagrant'". USA Today. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Justice Department Settles Race Discrimination Lawsuit Against Cracker Barrel Restaurant Chain". United States Department of Justice. May 3, 2004. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Cracker Barrel To Pay $2 Million For Race And Sexual Harassment At Three Illinois Restaurants". LawMemo. March 10, 2006. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Pallasch, Abdon M. (March 12, 2006). "Cracker Barrel settles Illinois workers' harassment claims". Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved January 23, 2012. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ DuPlessis, Jim (October 21, 2006). "Discrimination claims hurt business even if false". The State. p. B8. Retrieved January 25, 2012. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "Corporate Advisory". texasnaacp.org. Texas Conference of the NAACP. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sponsors". NAACP Leadership 500 Summit. NAACP. May 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Allyn, Bobby (August 2, 2011). "Cracker Barrel says 'goodbye, glass ceiling'". The Tennessean. Retrieved February 2, 2012. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Kraft sues Cracker Barrel restaurants over trademark". Chicago Tribune. February 1, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
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text:
C4 carbon fixation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Kranz anatomy allows C4 carbon fixation.
A: Mesophyll Cell
B: Chloroplast
C: Vascular Tissue
D: Bundle Sheath Cell
E: Stomate
F: Vascular Tissue: provides continuous source of water
1) Carbon is fixed to produce oxaloacetate by PEP carboxylase.
2) The four carbon molecule then exits the cell and enters the chloroplasts of bundle sheath cells.
3) It is then broken down releasing carbon dioxide and producing pyruvate. Carbon dioxide combines with ribulose bisphosphate and proceeds to the Calvin Cycle.
4) Pyruvate re-enters the mesophyll cell. It then reacts with ATP to produce the beginning compound of the C4 cycle.
C4 carbon fixation or the Hatch-Slack pathway is a photosynthetic process in some plants. It is the first step in extracting carbon from carbon dioxide to be able to use it in sugar and other biomolecules. It is one of three known processes for carbon fixation. The C4 in one of the names refers to the 4-carbon molecule that is the first product of this type of carbon fixation.
C4 fixation is an elaboration of the more common C3 carbon fixation and is believed to have evolved more recently. C4 overcomes the tendency of the enzyme RuBisCO to wastefully fix oxygen rather than carbon dioxide in the process of photorespiration. This is achieved by ensuring that RuBisCO works in an environment where there is a lot of carbon dioxide and very little oxygen. CO2 is shuttled via malate or aspartate from mesophyll cells to bundle-sheath cells. In these bundle-sheath cells CO2 is released by decarboxylation of the malate. C4 plants use PEP carboxylase to capture more CO2 in the mesophyll cells. PEP Carboxylase (3 carbons) binds to CO2 to make oxaloacetic acid (OAA). The OAA then makes malate (4 carbons). Malate enters bundle sheath cells and releases the CO2. These additional steps, however, require more energy in the form of ATP. Using this extra energy, C4 plants are able to more efficiently fix carbon in drought, high temperatures, and limitations of nitrogen or CO2. Since the more common C3 pathway does not require this extra energy, it is more efficient in the other conditions.
The naming Hatch-Slack pathway is in honor of Marshall Davidson Hatch and C. R. Slack, who elucidated it in Australia in 1966.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 C4 pathway
2 C4 Kranz leaf anatomy
3 The evolution and advantages of the C4 pathway
4 Plants that use C4 carbon fixation
4.1 Converting C3 plants to C4
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
C4 pathway[edit]
NADP-ME type C4 pathway
NAD-ME type C4 pathway
PEPCK type C4 pathway
The first experiments indicating that some plants do not use C3 carbon fixation but instead produce malate and aspartate in the first step of carbon fixation were done in the 1950s and early 1960s by Hugo P. Kortschak[2] and Yuri Karpilov.[3] The C4 pathway was elucidated by Marshall Davidson Hatch and C. R. Slack, in Australia, in 1966; it is sometimes called the Hatch-Slack pathway.[4]
In C3 plants, the first step in the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis involves the fixation of CO2 by the enzyme RuBisCO into 3-phosphoglycerate. However, due to the dual carboxylase and oxygenase activity of RuBisCo, some part of the substrate is oxidized rather than carboxylated, resulting in loss of substrate and consumption of energy, in what is known as photorespiration. In order to bypass the photorespiration pathway, C4 plants have developed a mechanism to efficiently deliver CO2 to the RuBisCO enzyme. They utilize their specific leaf anatomy where chloroplasts exist not only in the mesophyll cells in the outer part of their leaves but in the bundle sheath cells as well. Instead of direct fixation to RuBisCO in the Calvin cycle, CO2 is incorporated into a 4-carbon organic acid, which has the ability to regenerate CO2 in the chloroplasts of the bundle sheath cells. Bundle sheath cells can then utilize this CO2 to generate carbohydrates by the conventional C3 pathway.
The first step in the pathway is the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), by the enzyme pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase. This reaction requires inorganic phosphate and ATP plus pyruvate, producing phosphoenolpyruvate, AMP, and inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi). The next step is the fixation of CO2 into oxaloacetate by the enzyme PEP carboxylase. Both of these steps occur in the mesophyll cells:
pyruvate + Pi + ATP → PEP + AMP + PPi
PEP + CO2 → oxaloacetate
PEP carboxylase has a lower Km for HCO−
3 — and, hence, higher affinity — than RuBisCO. Furthermore, O2 is a very poor substrate for this enzyme. Thus, at relatively low concentrations of CO2, most CO2 will be fixed by this pathway.
The product is usually converted to malate, a simple organic compound, which is transported to the bundle-sheath cells surrounding a nearby vein. Here, it is decarboxylated to produce CO2 and pyruvate. The CO2 now enters the Calvin cycle and the pyruvate is transported back to the mesophyll cell.
Since every CO2 molecule has to be fixed twice, first by 4-carbon organic acid and second by RuBisCO, the C4 pathway uses more energy than the C3 pathway. The C3 pathway requires 18 molecules of ATP for the synthesis of one molecule of glucose, whereas the C4 pathway requires 30 molecules of ATP. This energy debt is more than paid for by avoiding losing more than half of photosynthetic carbon in photorespiration as occurs in some tropical plants,[citation needed] making it an adaptive mechanism for minimizing the loss.
There are several variants of this pathway:
The 4-carbon acid transported from mesophyll cells may be malate, as above, or aspartate.
The 3-carbon acid transported back from bundle-sheath cells may be pyruvate, as above, or alanine.
The enzyme that catalyses decarboxylation in bundle-sheath cells differs. In maize and sugarcane, the enzyme is NADP-malic enzyme; in millet, it is NAD-malic enzyme; and, in Panicum maximum, it is PEP carboxykinase.
C4 Kranz leaf anatomy[edit]
Cross section of a maize leaf, a C4 plant. Kranz anatomy (rings of cells) shown. Drawing based on microscopic images courtesy of Cambridge University Plant Sciences Department.
The C4 plants often possess a characteristic leaf anatomy called kranz anatomy, from the German word for wreath. Their vascular bundles are surrounded by two rings of cells; the inner ring, called bundle sheath cells, contains starch-rich chloroplasts lacking grana, which differ from those in mesophyll cells present as the outer ring. Hence, the chloroplasts are called dimorphic. The primary function of kranz anatomy is to provide a site in which CO2 can be concentrated around RuBisCO, thereby avoiding photorespiration. In order to maintain a significantly higher CO2 concentration in the bundle sheath compared to the mesophyll, the boundary layer of the kranz has a low conductance to CO2, a property that may be enhanced by the presence of suberin.[5]
Although most C4 plants exhibit kranz anatomy, there are, however, a few species that operate a limited C4 cycle without any distinct bundle sheath tissue. Suaeda aralocaspica, Bienertia cycloptera, Bienertia sinuspersici and Bienertia kavirense (all chenopods) are terrestrial plants that inhabit dry, salty depressions in the deserts of the Middle East. These plants have been shown to operate single-cell C4 CO2-concentrating mechanisms, which are unique among the known C4 mechanisms.[6][7][8][9] Although the cytology of both genera differs slightly, the basic principle is that fluid-filled vacuoles are employed to divide the cell into two separate areas. Carboxylation enzymes in the cytosol can, therefore, be kept separate from decarboxylase enzymes and RuBisCO in the chloroplasts, and a diffusive barrier can be established between the chloroplasts (which contain RuBisCO) and the cytosol. This enables a bundle-sheath-type area and a mesophyll-type area to be established within a single cell. Although this does allow a limited C4 cycle to operate, it is relatively inefficient, with the occurrence of much leakage of CO2 from around RuBisCO. There is also evidence for the exhibiting of inducible C4 photosynthesis by non-kranz aquatic macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata under warm conditions, although the mechanism by which CO2 leakage from around RuBisCO is minimised is currently uncertain.[10]
The evolution and advantages of the C4 pathway[edit]
Further information: Evolutionary history of plants § Evolution of photosynthetic pathways
C4 plants have a competitive advantage over plants possessing the more common C3 carbon fixation pathway under conditions of drought, high temperatures, and nitrogen or CO2 limitation. When grown in the same environment, at 30 °C, C3 grasses lose approximately 833 molecules of water per CO2 molecule that is fixed, whereas C4 grasses lose only 277. This increased water use efficiency of C4 grasses means that soil moisture is conserved, allowing them to grow for longer in arid environments.[11]
C4 carbon fixation has evolved on up to 61 independent occasions in 19 different families of plants, making it a prime example of convergent evolution.[12] This convergence may have been facilitated by the fact that many potential evolutionary pathways to a C4 phenotype exist, many of which involve initial evolutionary steps not directly related to photosynthesis.[13] C4 plants arose around 35 million years ago[12] during the Oligocene (precisely when is difficult to determine) and did not become ecologically significant until around 6 to 7 million years ago, in the Miocene Period.[14] C4 metabolism originated when grasses migrated from the shady forest undercanopy to more open environments,[15] where the high sunlight gave it an advantage over the C3 pathway.[16] Drought was not necessary for its innovation; rather, the increased resistance to water stress was a by-product of the pathway and allowed C4 plants to more readily colonise arid environments.[16]
Today, C4 plants represent about 5% of Earth's plant biomass and 3% of its known plant species.[11][17] Despite this scarcity, they account for about 23% of terrestrial carbon fixation.[14][18] Increasing the proportion of C4 plants on earth could assist biosequestration of CO2 and represent an important climate change avoidance strategy. Present-day C4 plants are concentrated in the tropics and subtropics (below latitudes of 45°) where the high air temperature contributes to higher possible levels of oxygenase activity by RuBisCO, which increases rates of photorespiration in C3 plants.
Plants that use C4 carbon fixation[edit]
Maize (or corn) is a common C4 plant.
About 8,100 plant species use C4 carbon fixation, which represents about 3% of all terrestrial species of plants.[18][19] All these 8,100 species are angiosperms. C4 carbon fixation is less common in dicots than in monocots, with only 4.5% of dicots using the C4 pathway, compared to 40% of monocots. Despite this, only three families of monocots utilise C4 carbon fixation compared to 15 dicot families. Of the monocot clades containing C4 plants, the grass (Poaceae) species use the C4 photosynthetic pathway most. Forty-six percent of grasses are C4 and together account for 61% of C4 species. These include the food crops maize, sugar cane, millet, and sorghum.[20][21] Of the dicot clades containing C4 species, the order Caryophyllales contains the most species. Of the families in the Caryophyllales, the Chenopodiaceae use C4 carbon fixation the most, with 550 out of 1,400 species using it. About 250 of the 1000 species of the related Amaranthaceae also use C4.[11][22]
Members of the sedge family Cyperaceae, and members of numerous families of Eudicots -including Asteraceae (the daisy family), Brassicaceae (the cabbage family), and Euphorbiaceae (the spurge family)- also use C4.
Trees which use C4 include Paulownia.
Converting C3 plants to C4[edit]
Given the advantages of C4, a group of scientists from institutions around the world are working on the C4 Rice Project to turn rice, a C3 plant, into a C4 plant by studying the C4 plants maize and Brachypodium.[23] As rice is the world's most important human food—it is the staple food for more than half the planet—having rice that is more efficient at converting sunlight into grain could have significant global benefits towards improving food security. The team claim C4 rice could produce up to 50% more grain—and be able to do it with less water and nutrients.[24][25][26]
The researchers have already identified genes needed for C4 photosynthesis in rice and are now looking towards developing a prototype C4 rice plant. In 2012, the Government of the United Kingdom along with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $14 million over 3 years towards the C4 Rice Project at the International Rice Research Institute.[27]
See also[edit]
C2 photosynthesis
CAM photosynthesis
C3 photosynthesis
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Slack, CR; Hatch, MD (1967). "Comparative studies on the activity of carboxylases and other enzymes in relation to the new pathway of photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation in tropical grasses" (PDF). The Biochemical Journal. 103 (3): 660–5. doi:10.1042/bj1030660. PMC 1270465  . PMID 4292834. Retrieved 2010-04-08.
Jump up ^ Nickell, Louis G. (1993). "A tribute to Hugo P. Kortschak: The man, the scientist and the discoverer of C4 photosynthesis". Photosynthesis Research. 35 (2): 201–204. doi:10.1007/BF00014751.
Jump up ^ Hatch, Marshall D. (2002). "C(4) photosynthesis: Discovery and resolution". Photosynthesis Research. 73 (1–3): 251–6. doi:10.1023/A:1020471718805. PMID 16245128.
Jump up ^ Slack, CR; Hatch, MD (1967). "Comparative studies on the activity of carboxylases and other enzymes in relation to the new pathway of photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation in tropical grasses" (PDF). The Biochemical Journal. 103 (3): 660–5. doi:10.1042/bj1030660. PMC 1270465  . PMID 4292834. Retrieved 2010-04-08.
Jump up ^ Laetsch (1971) Photosynthesis and Photorespiration, eds Hatch, Osmond and Slatyer
Jump up ^ Freitag, H; Stichler, W (2000). "A remarkable new leaf type with unusual photosynthetic tissue in a central Asiatic genus of Chenopodiaceae". Plant Biol. 2: 154–160. doi:10.1055/s-2000-9462.
Jump up ^ Voznesenskaya, Elena; Vincent R. Franceschi; Olavi Kiirats; Elena G. Artyusheva; Helmut Freitag; Gerald E. Edwards (2002). "Proof of C4 photosynthesis without Kranz anatomy in Bienertia cycloptera (Chenopodiaceae)". The Plant Journal. 31 (5): 649–662. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313X.2002.01385.x. PMID 12207654.
Jump up ^ Akhani, Hossein; Barroca, João; Koteeva, Nuria; Voznesenskaya, Elena; Franceschi, Vincent; Edwards, Gerald; Ghaffari, Seyed Mahmood; Ziegler, Hubert (2005). "Bienertia sinuspersici (Chenopodiaceae): A New Species from Southwest Asia and Discovery of a Third Terrestrial C4 Plant Without Kranz Anatomy". Systematic Botany. 30 (2): 290–301. doi:10.1600/0363644054223684.
Jump up ^ Akhani, H; Chatrenoor, T; Dehghani, M; Khoshravesh, R; Mahdavi, P.; Matinzadeh, Z. (2012). "A new species of Bienertia (Chenopodiaceae) from Iranian salt deserts: a third species of the genus and discovery of a fourth terrestrial C4 plant without Kranz anatomy". Plant Biosystems. 146: 550–559. doi:10.1080/11263504.2012.662921.
Jump up ^ Holaday, A. S.; Bowes, G. (1980). "C4 Acid Metabolism and Dark CO2 Fixation in a Submersed Aquatic Macrophyte (Hydrilla verticillata)". Plant Physiology. 65 (2): 331–5. doi:10.1104/pp.65.2.331. PMC 440321  . PMID 16661184.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sage, Rowan; Russell Monson (1999). "7". C4 Plant Biology. pp. 228–229. ISBN 0-12-614440-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Sage, Rowan F. (2004-02-01). "The evolution of C4 photosynthesis". New Phytologist. 161 (2): 341–370. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.00974.x. ISSN 1469-8137.
Jump up ^ Williams BP, Johnston IG, Covshoff S, Hibberd JM (September 2013). "Phenotypic landscape inference reveals multiple evolutionary paths to C₄ photosynthesis". eLife. 2: e00961. doi:10.7554/eLife.00961. PMC 3786385  . PMID 24082995.
^ Jump up to: a b Osborne, C. P.; Beerling, D. J. (2006). "Nature's green revolution: the remarkable evolutionary rise of C4 plants". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 361 (1465): 173–194. doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1737. PMC 1626541  . PMID 16553316.
Jump up ^ Edwards, E. J.; Smith, S. A. (2010). "Phylogenetic analyses reveal the shady history of C4 grasses". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (6): 2532–7. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.2532E. doi:10.1073/pnas.0909672107. PMC 2823882  . PMID 20142480.
^ Jump up to: a b Osborne, C. P.; Freckleton, R. P. (2009). "Ecological selection pressures for C4 photosynthesis in the grasses". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1663): 1753–60. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1762. PMC 2674487  . PMID 19324795.
Jump up ^ Bond, W. J.; Woodward, F. I.; Midgley, G. F. (2005). "The global distribution of ecosystems in a world without fire". New Phytologist. 165 (2): 525–538. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01252.x. PMID 15720663.
^ Jump up to: a b Kellogg, Elizabeth A. "C4 photosynthesis". Current Biology. 23 (14): R594–R599. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.066.
Jump up ^ Sage, Rowan F. (2016-07-01). "A portrait of the C4 photosynthetic family on the 50th anniversary of its discovery: species number, evolutionary lineages, and Hall of Fame". Journal of Experimental Botany. 67 (14): 4039–4056. doi:10.1093/jxb/erw156. ISSN 0022-0957. PMID 27053721.
Jump up ^ Sage, Rowan; Russell Monson (1999). "16". C4 Plant Biology. pp. 551–580. ISBN 0-12-614440-0.
Jump up ^ Zhu XG, Long SP, Ort DR (2008). "What is the maximum efficiency with which photosynthesis can convert solar energy into biomass?". Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 19 (2): 153–159. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2008.02.004. PMID 18374559.
Jump up ^ Kadereit, G; Borsch, T; Weising, K; Freitag, H (2003). "Phylogeny of Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae and the Evolution of C4 Photosynthesis". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 164 (6): 959–86. doi:10.1086/378649.
Jump up ^ Slewinski. "Scarecrow Plays a Role in Establishing Kranz Anatomy in Maize Leaves".
Jump up ^ Gilles van Kote (2012-01-24). "Researchers aim to flick the high-carbon switch on rice". The Guardian. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
Jump up ^ Von Caemmerer, S.; Quick, W. P.; Furbank, R. T. (2012). "The Development of C4 Rice: Current Progress and Future Challenges". Science. 336 (6089): 1671–1672. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1671V. doi:10.1126/science.1220177. PMID 22745421.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, J. M.; Sheehy, J. E.; Langdale, J. A. (2008). "Using C4 photosynthesis to increase the yield of rice—rationale and feasibility". Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 11 (2): 228–231. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2007.11.002. PMID 18203653.
Jump up ^ Munawan Hasan (2012-11-06). "C4 rice project gets financial boost". The News. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
External links[edit]
Khan Academy, video lecture
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C4_carbon_fixation&oldid=819421901"
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F Is for Family
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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F Is for Family
F Is for Family promotional poster
Genre
Animated sitcom
Comedy-drama
Black Comedy
Satire
Created by
Bill Burr
Michael Price
Starring
Bill Burr
Laura Dern
Justin Long
Haley Reinhart
Debi Derryberry
Sam Rockwell
Opening theme
"Come and Get Your Love" by Redbone
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
2
No. of episodes
16 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Vince Vaughn
Peter Billingsley
Bill Burr
Michael Price
Katie O'Connell
Elisa Todd Ellis
Sidonie Dumas
Christophe Riandee
Producer(s)
Heath Kenny
Brian J. Cowan
Running time
25–28 minutes
Production company(s)
Wild West Television
Loner Productions
King of France Productions
Gaumont International Television
Gaumont Animation
Telegael Teoranta
Paramount Television
Distributor
Netflix
Release
Original network
Netflix
Original release
December 18, 2015 – present
External links
Website
F Is for Family is an American web animated sitcom[1] created by Bill Burr and Michael Price [2] and produced by Gaumont International Television and Vince Vaughn's Wild West Television.[2]
The show premiered on December 18, 2015 to generally favorable reviews.[3] Season 2 premiered May 30, 2017.[4] On June 28, 2017, the show was renewed for a third season.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Main
1.2 Co-starring
1.3 Recurring
2 Episodes
2.1 Season 1 (2015)
2.2 Season 2 (2017)
3 Production
4 Reception
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Bill Burr as Francis X. "Frank" Murphy – Frank is a disillusioned, short-tempered, foul-mouthed, Irish-American, Korean War veteran and father of three who lives in the Great Lakes region of town during the mid-1970s. He is prone to angry, profane rants. As a parent, Frank often responds to his children with profanity and emotional abuse. The Murphy children often go out of their way to avoid upsetting their father. Frank works as a baggage handler at the local Mohican Airlines, and is promoted to management after his boss dies in a violent workplace accident. Frank is usually seen spending many hours in front of his television set while at home. Frank's favorite show is an action series called Colt Luger. Luger, an overweight middle-aged character who is portrayed as an unerringly victorious hero. When facing dire situations, Luger utters the phrase "Sometimes, a man's got to do...what a man does", much to Frank's excitement.
Laura Dern as Sue Murphy[2] – Frank's wife who is a housewife, and also sells Plast-a-Ware (a play on words of Tupperware.)
Justin Long as Kevin Murphy[1][2] – Frank's teenage son who is a juvenile delinquent and a struggling rock musician. Despite his rebellious personality, Kevin often shows signs of love and respect for his parents and a desire to better himself (although he rarely, if ever, follows through on the latter).
Haley Reinhart as Bill Murphy, Frank's younger son.[6][7] Bill tends to be shy and is skinny. He gets bullied frequently. Despite his seemingly weak persona, Bill can often let his anger get the best of him. He is 11 years old in the first season.[8]
Debi Derryberry as Maureen Murphy [2][9] – Frank's young daughter who he often refers to as "Princess". However, even though Frank sees Maureen as a princess, Maureen is an intelligent child and can be destructive like the rest of her family members. However, Maureen is smart enough to hide it. Despite her generally girly appearance, Maureen can act somewhat tomboyish at times, much to Frank's chagrin.
Sam Rockwell as Vic – Frank's wealthy, womanizing neighbor, who brags a lot. Frank loathes him for his playboy lifestyle, laid-back attitude and successful career.
Co-starring[edit]
Mo Collins as Jimmy, Vivian, Ben, Brandy, Ginny[10]
Trevor Devall as Red, Bolo, Mr. Goomer, Mr. Holtenwasser, others[11][12]
Phil Hendrie as Jim Jeffords, Colt Luger, others[13][14]
Recurring[edit]
Kevin Michael Richardson as Rosie, others
David Koechner as Robert "Bob Pogo" Pogrohvich, Frank's obese, chainsmoking boss.[15][16]
Kevin Farley as Babe, Carl, others[17]
Gary Cole as Rodger Dunbarton, the owner and founder of the airlines where Frank and his co-workers work.
Joe Buck as Lou Gagliardi, others[18]
John DiMaggio as Scoop Dunbarton, Roger Dunbarton's racist and moronic nephew.
Allison Janney as Henrietta Van Horne[19]
T.J. Miller as Randy
Michael K. Williams as Smoky
Episodes[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally released
1 6 December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18)
2 10 May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
Season 1 (2015)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
Prod.
code
1
1 "The Bleedin' in Sweden" Benjamin Marsaud Story by : Bill Burr and Michael Price
Teleplay by : Michael Price December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18) 101
Frank is excited at the prospect of having the entire neighborhood over to watch an upcoming boxing match, but when Vic threatens to ruin his chances with his much more expensive and exciting television set, Frank overpromises that he has a color TV to convince the neighbors to come to his house instead. After he purchases one, Bill accidentally ruins it when he sticks a magnet on it as part of a school project. Frank initially believes that the store sold him a lemon and has an outburst in front of all the employees and customers when they refuse to give him a refund, embarrassing Sue. Bill eventually confesses, but after being gloated over by one of the store's employees when Frank and Sue take him to apologize, Bill uses his magnet to ruin every single television set in the store, and Frank gets refunded. At the end of the episode, the neighbors watch the match at Frank's house, while Vic watches it at his house "alone".
2
2 "Saturday Bloody Saturday" Laurent Nicolas David Richardson December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18) 102
After finding out that Kevin is failing nearly every single one of his classes, Frank takes him to his job at the airport, where he's recently been promoted after his former boss was decapitated in a violent work accident, to demonstrate to him the responsibilities of caring for a family. Frank is torn between his underpaid, hard-working co-workers who are contemplating a strike, and his employer, who worries a strike will shut down Mohican Airways for good. Although Kevin is initially unimpressed and spends most of the day hanging around with some pill-popping, underachieving airport staff, he realizes the difficulties of his father's job after he witnesses Frank being yelled at and insulted by an old woman, who accuses the airport of stealing her medication, and comes to appreciate how hard Frank works to put food on the table. Meanwhile, after his father puts him in charge of Maureen for the day, Bill struggles to keep her rebellious nature under wraps, while Sue begins to doubt her solitary role as a mother and wife.
3
3 "The Trough" Benjamin Marsaud Michael Price December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18) 103
Despite Kevin's promises to get back on track to improve his grades, Frank is outraged when he finds out that Kevin is still falling behind, and as a punishment, takes Bill to a football game where he was given corporate seats by the management at Mohican Airways, which Frank had initially promised Kevin to go to. While there, they meet Rodger Dunbarton, CEO at Mohican Airways, who speaks to Frank about talks of a strike and how he must no longer sympathize with his co-workers. On the drive home, their car breaks down, and they are rescued by Rosie, one of Frank's colleagues, but when Bill innocently reveals they had been given tickets to a football game and his father's conversation with Dunbarton, Frank faces a hostile situation at work. Meanwhile, Sue goes to the mall with Maureen, where she is accosted by a talkative friend, and Maureen learns of her mother's underwhelming home life during a surprise outburst. Kevin hangs out with friends and gets high, reminiscing of the loving relationship he and his father had when he was young.
4
4 "'F' is for Halloween" Laurent Nicolas Tom Gianas December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18) 104
On Halloween, Frank attempts to dissuade Sue from a promotion, leading to tensions between them; Bill is reluctant to trick-or-treat due to his fear of being bullied by school greaser Jimmy Fitzsimmons.
5
5 "Bill Murphy's Day Off" Benjamin Marsaud Emily Towers December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18) 105
Bill tries to hide his recent suspension while Frank earns the ire of his co-workers for befriending the aloof CEO of the airline. In addition, Frank struggles to make good on a promise to Kevin.
6
6 "O Holy Moly Night" Laurent Nicolas David Richardson December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18) 106
When Christmas comes near, Frank is desperate to remedy the hostility of his co-workers and his supervisors at the airport while the family dog is missing. Kevin starts his part-time job. Bill becomes an altar boy at the church and gets into trouble.
Season 2 (2017)[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
Prod.
code
7
1 "Heavy Sledding" Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Michael Price May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) TBA
Three weeks after he got fired, Frank is still unemployed. On a snow day, Sue decides to take the family sledding to get them out of their slump.
8
2 "A Girl Named Sue" Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm David Richardson May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) TBA
Frank's old boss, Bob Pogo, calls him to offer him a job, only for things to turn out bad for Frank. Meanwhile, Sue ponders a change in her life.
9
3 "The Liar's Club" Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Bill Burr May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) TBA
After bailing out of the unemployment office, Frank turns to Rosie's friend, Smokey, for a job, but not before helping Kevin move into the basement after he ditches school. Meanwhile, Sue gets a new job as a secretary, but is mistreated by the sexist heads of her company.
10
4 "Night Shift" Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Emily Towers May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) TBA
Frank gets a job as a stocking man courtesy of Smokey, consequently sleeping through the day and ignoring Sue and his family. All the while, Kevin and his band try to get a gig and Sue has an idea for a new Plast-a-Ware product.
11
5 "Breaking Bill" Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Joe Heslinga May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) TBA
After Frank learns that Kevin and his band are performing on a school night, his attempts at halting it cause intense tension between him and Kevin. Meanwhile, Bill, having received money from his job as a paperboy, tries to buy a hockey-stick for hockey tryouts, but a run-in with the local bully, Jimmy, pushes him over the edge. Also, when Sue pitches her idea, she still receives a lack of respect.
12
6 "This is Not Good" Romain Bounoure, Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts Henry Gammill May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) TBA
When Frank's new job includes a stop at the airport, he ends up in a predicament with Bob. Kevin tries to get a date with a 'haircut' girl, but due to erection problems, he bails and this attracts the attention of Vic's new girlfriend. Also, Bill begins to enjoy lifting his legs on the law, much to the concern of his friend Phillip.
13
7 "Fight Night" Romain Bounoure, Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts Eric Goldberg & Peter Tibbals May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) TBA
Frank and Sue's individual underhanded actions causes them to have a major fight on their anniversary when they're called into a meeting with Maureen's school teacher.
14
8 "F is for Fixing It" Romain Bounoure, Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts Valeri Vaughn May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) TBA
Frank and Sue try to deal with their marital problems; Kevin feels guilty for having sex with Vic's new girlfriend; and when Jimmy tried to make amends after he has been released from Catholic Military School, a fearful revelation from Phillip reveals Bill's part in sending him away, causing Jimmy to go back to his bullying ways.
15
9 "Pray Away" Romain Bounoure, Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts Marc Wilmore May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) TBA
Frank and Sue go to a couple's retreat to get help from a religious psychiatrist when their marriage begins to hit a snag, which only leads to a moment of truth between them. Meanwhile, Bill and his friends try to deal with a vengeful Jimmy, while Kevin is forced to deal with Vic when the latter finds out about his girlfriend's affair with Kevin.
16
10 "Landing the Plane" Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Michael Price May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30) TBA
The day takes a traumatic turn for the Murphys when the founder of Plast-a-Wares takes credit for Sue's idea and Frank and his friends attempt to get rid of "Scoop," the mentally unstable new manager (Roger Dunbarton's nephew), which inadvertently causes them to be caught in the middle of a terrorist attack caused by a Black Panthers-esque band of domestic terrorists.
Production[edit]
The series was announced in October 2014 as part of a partnership between Netflix, Gaumont International Television, and Wild West Television.[20] The show is a "family comedy" based on the standup of Bill Burr.[21] Moreover, the show takes place in the 1970s, "a time when you could smack your kid, smoke inside, and bring a gun to the airport".[21] Burr voices the Murphy family patriarch, with Laura Dern as his wife, Justin Long as his eldest son, Debi Derryberry as his daughter Maureen, and Haley Reinhart as his young son.[6][7][21] The first season consists of six episodes, shown in a serial manner, written by Bill Burr and Michael Price.[22] Price is best known for his Emmy and Writers Guild award-winning work on The Simpsons.[22] The series is co-directed by Ben Marsaud (director of Counterfeit Cat & former storyboard artist on The Amazing World of Gumball).
Reception[edit]
The series has received generally positive reviews.[23] On Rotten Tomatoes the series holds a rating of 81% based on 15 reviews, with an average score of 7.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "While the humor relies on vulgarity, the strength of F Is for Family is its substantial heart."[24] On Metacritic, the series holds a score of 75 out of 100, based on 14 reviews, indicating "Generally favorable reviews".[25]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
2017 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance Mo Collins as Ginny, Jimmy Fitzsimmons, Lex, Ben, and Cutie Pie (Episode: Pray Away) Nominated
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "F is for Family: Original, Animated Series From Bill Burr Coming Exclusively to Netflix". PR Newswire. October 23, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Netflix Orders 'F Is for Family' Animated Comedy Series from Bill Burr". Variety. October 23, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'F Is For Family' Gets December Premiere On Netflix". Deadline.com. November 6, 2015. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "F Is for Family - Season 2 Date Announcement Teaser - Netflix". April 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (2017-06-28). "'F Is for Family' Renewed for Season 3 at Netflix". Variety. Retrieved 2017-06-28.
^ Jump up to: a b "'American Idol' Alum Haley Reinhart to Star in New Netflix Animated Series". Hollywood Reporter. December 12, 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "I will be making my VoiceOver debut..." Instagram.com. December 11, 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'F' is for Halloween". F is for Family. Season 1. Episode 4. 26 June 2017. Netflix.
Jump up ^ "That's the amazing @DebiDerryberry". Twitter.com. December 24, 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mo voices Jimmy". Twitter.com. December 19, 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "#FIsForFamily cast rollcall Part 5". Twitter.com. December 14, 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "I love Mr. Goomer". Twitter.com. December 26, 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "#FIsForFamily cast roll call". Twitter.com. December 12, 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "In Bill Burr's New Netflix Series". Decider.com. December 24, 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "I play this guy". Twitter.com. December 19, 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "He's so so great as Bob Pogo". Twitter.com. December 23, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "#FIsForFamily cast rollcall part 6". Twitter.com. December 15, 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Who does Joe Buck voice". Twitter.com. December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Perkins, Dennis (June 11, 2017). "F Is For Family knows that all family debts come due sometime". The A.V. Club. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Netflix Orders Bill Burr Cartoon 'F Is for Family'". Hollywood Reporter. October 23, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Netflix orders Bill Burr animated series F Is For Family". AV Club. October 23, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "'F is for Family' is the newest addition to Netflix's original shows". Digital Trends. October 23, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "F is for Family || Critica animada". CoolPop: criticas animadas, noticias y rumores sobre animacion. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
Jump up ^ "F is for Family: Season 1". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "F is for Family – Season 1". Metacritic. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
External links[edit]
F Is for Family on Netflix
F Is for Family on IMDb
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