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Bacon's Rebellion
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Bacon's Rebellion
The Burning of Jamestown by Howard Pyle, c. 1905
Date
1676
Location
Jamestown, Colony of Virginia
Goals
Change in Virginia's Indian-Frontier policy
Methods
Demonstrations, vigilantes
Parties to the civil conflict
Common indentured servants and African slaves
Sir William Berkeley, Royal Colonial Governor appointed by the Virginia Company
Lead figures
Nathaniel Bacon
William Berkeley
Number
200
300
Arrests, etc
Deaths: 24 hanged[1]
Bacon's Rebellion was an armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley. The colony's dismissive policy as it related to the political challenges of its western frontier, along with other challenges including leaving Bacon out of his inner circle, refusing to allow Bacon to be a part of his fur trade with the Indians, and Doeg American Indian attacks, helped to motivate a popular uprising against Berkeley, who had failed to address the demands of the colonists regarding their safety.
A thousand Virginians of all classes and races rose up in arms against Berkeley, attacking Indians, chasing Berkeley from Jamestown, Virginia, and ultimately torching the capital. The rebellion was first suppressed by a few armed merchant ships from London whose captains sided with Berkeley and the loyalists.[2] Government forces from England arrived soon after and spent several years defeating pockets of resistance and reforming the colonial government to be once more under direct royal control.[3]
It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part. A similar uprising in Maryland took place later that year. The alliance between indentured servants and Africans (most enslaved until death or freed), united by their bond-servitude, disturbed the ruling class, who responded by hardening the racial caste of slavery in an attempt to divide the two races from subsequent united uprisings with the passage of the Virginia Slave Codes of 1705.[4][5][6] While the farmers did not succeed in their initial goal of driving the Indians from Virginia, the rebellion did result in Berkeley being recalled to England.
Contents
[hide]
1 Motives
2 Rebellion
3 Backlash
4 Historiography
5 Use of scopolamine
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Motives[edit]
The immediate cause of the rebellion was Governor William Berkeley's refusal to retaliate for a series of Native American attacks on frontier settlements. In addition, many colonists wished to attack and claim American Indian frontier land westward, but they were denied permission by Gov. Berkeley.[4]
Modern historians have suggested the rebellion may have been a power play by Bacon against Berkeley and his favoritism towards certain members of court. Bacon's financial backers included men of wealth from outside Berkeley's circle of influence.[4]
Historian Peter Thompson argues that Bacon's motivation was a personal vendetta between him and Berkeley. However, Bacon's followers used the rebellion as an effort to gain government recognition of the shared interests among all social classes of the colony in protecting the "commonalty" and advancing its welfare.[7]
Rebellion[edit]
When Sir William Berkeley refused to retaliate against the Native Americans, farmers gathered around at the report of a new raiding party. Nathaniel Bacon arrived with a quantity of brandy; after it was distributed, he was elected leader. Against Berkeley's orders, the group struck south until they came to the Occaneechi tribe. After getting the Occaneechi to attack the Susquehannock, Bacon and his men followed by killing most of the men, women, and children at the village. Upon their return, they discovered that Berkeley had called for new elections to the Burgesses in order to better address the Native American raids.[8]
Governor Berkeley baring his breast for Bacon to shoot after refusing him a commission (1895 engraving)
The recomposed House of Burgesses enacted a number of sweeping reforms (known as Bacon's Laws). (Bacon was not serving his duty in the House; rather, he was at his plantation miles away.) It limited the powers of the governor and restored suffrage rights to landless freemen.[9]
After passage of these laws, Nathaniel Bacon arrived with 500 followers in Jamestown to demand a commission to lead militia against the Native Americans. The governor, however, refused to yield to the pressure. When Bacon had his men take aim at Berkeley, he responded by "baring his breast" to Bacon and told Bacon to shoot him. Seeing that the Governor would not be moved, Bacon then had his men take aim at the assembled burgesses, who quickly granted Bacon his commission. Bacon had earlier been promised a commission before he retired to his estate if he could only be on "good" behavior for two weeks. While Bacon was at Jamestown with his small army, eight colonists were killed on the frontier in Henrico County (from where he marched) due to a lack of manpower on the frontier.[10]
On July 30, 1676, Bacon and his army issued the "Declaration of the People of Virginia". The declaration criticized Berkeley's administration in detail. It leveled several accusations against Berkeley:
that "upon spacious pretense of public works [he] raised great unjust taxes upon the commonality";
advancing favorites to high public offices;
monopolizing the beaver trade with the American Indians;
being pro-Native American.
19th-century engraving depicting the burning of Jamestown
After months of conflict, Bacon's forces, numbering 300-500 men, moved to Jamestown. They burned the colonial capital to the ground on September 19, 1676. Outnumbered, Berkeley retreated across the river.[11]
Before an English naval squadron led by Thomas Larimore[12] could arrive to aid Berkeley and his forces, Bacon died from dysentery on October 26, 1676.[13][14] John Ingram took over leadership of the rebellion, but many followers drifted away. The rebellion did not last long after that. Berkeley launched a series of successful amphibious attacks across the Chesapeake Bay and defeated the rebels. His forces defeated the small pockets of insurgents spread across the Tidewater. Thomas Grantham, a captain of a ship cruising the York River, used cunning and force to disarm the rebels. He tricked his way into the garrison of the rebellion, and promised to pardon everyone involved once they got back onto the ship. However, once they were safely ensconced in the hold, he trained the ship's guns on them, and disarmed the rebellion. Through various other tactics, the other rebel garrisons were likewise overcome.[15]
Backlash[edit]
Ruins of Jamestown (1878 engraving)
The 71-year-old governor Berkeley returned to the burned capital and a looted home at the end of January 1677.[16] His wife described Green Spring in a letter to her cousin:
It looked like one of those the boys pull down at Shrovetide, and was almost as much to repair as if it had been new to build, and no sign that ever there had been a fence around it...[17]
Bacon's wealthy landowning followers returned their loyalty to the Virginia Government after Bacon's death. Governor Berkeley returned to power. He seized the property of several rebels for the colony and executed 23 men by hanging,[18] including the former governor of the Albemarle Sound colony, William Drummond.[19]
After an investigative committee returned its report to King Charles II, Berkeley was relieved of the governorship, and recalled to England. "The fear of civil war among whites frightened Virginia’s ruling elite, who took steps to consolidate power and improve their image: for example, restoration of property qualifications for voting, reducing taxes and adoption of a more aggressive American Indian policy."[4] Charles II was reported to have commented, "That old fool has put to death more people in that naked country than I did here for the murder of my father."[20] No record of the king's comments have been found; the origin of the story appears to have been colonial myth that arose at least 30 years after the events, although it is true that the King prided himself on the clemency he had shown to his father's enemies.[21]
Indentured servants both black and white joined the frontier rebellion. Seeing them united in a cause alarmed the ruling class. Historians believe the rebellion hastened the hardening of racial lines associated with slavery, as a way for planters and the colony to control some of the poor.[22]
Historiography[edit]
Historians question whether the rebellion by Bacon against Berkeley in 1676 had any lasting contemporary significance for the more-successful revolution a century later. The most idolizing portrait of Bacon is found in Torchbearer of the Revolution by Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker, "one of the worst books on Virginia that a reputable scholarly historian ever published."[23] The central area of debate in this era was Bacon's controversial character and complex disposition. Nothing better illustrates this than Wilcomb Washburn's The Governor and the Rebel. Rather than singing Bacon's praises and chastizing Berkeley's tyranny, Washburn found the roots of the rebellion in the colonists' intolerable demand to "authorize the slaughter and dispossession of the innocent as well as the guilty."[24]
More nuanced approaches on Berkeley's supposed tyranny or mismanagement entertained specialist historians throughout the middle of the century, leading to a diversification of factors responsible for Virginia's contemporary instability. Wesley Frank Craven in the 1968 publication The Colonies in Transition argues that his greatest failings took place during the revolt, near the end of his life.[25] Bernard Bailyn pushed the novel thesis that it was a question of access to resources, a failure to fully transplant Old World society to New.[26]
Edmund S. Morgan's classic 1975 American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia connected the calamity of Bacon's Rebellion, namely the potential for lower-class revolt, with the colony's transition over to slavery: "..But for those with eyes to see, there was an obvious lesson in the rebellion. Resentment of an alien race might be more powerful than resentment of an upper class. Virginians did not immediately grasp it. It would sink in as time went on.…" [27]
James Rice’s 2012 narrative Tales from a Revolution: Bacon’s Rebellion and the Transformation of Early America, whose emphasis on Bacon’s flaws echoes The Governor and the Rebel, integrates the rebellion into a larger story emphasizing the actions of multiple Native Americans, as well as placing it in the context of English politics; in this telling, the climax of Bacon's Rebellion comes with the Glorious Revolution of 1688/89.[28]
Use of scopolamine[edit]
It is reported by Robert Beverley, in his 1705 book on the history of Virginia, that some British soldiers who had been dispatched to Jamestown to quell Bacon's rebellion gathered and ate leaves of Datura stramonium, and spent eleven days acting in bizarre and foolish ways before recovering.[29] This led to the plant being known as Jamestown weed, and later jimsonweed.
See also[edit]
Cockacoeske, Pamunkey Chief
Queen Ann (Pamunkey chief)
Bacon's Castle
Jamestown Weed— a name for Datura stramonium that has its origins in a psychedelic incident that occurred during Bacon's Rebellion
Culpeper's Rebellion
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Bacon's Rebellion". nps.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Webb, Stephen Saunders (1995). 1676: The End of American Independence. Syracuse University Press. pp. 87–93. ISBN 978-0-8156-0361-0. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Webb, Stephen Saunders (1995). 1676: The End of American Independence. Syracuse University Press. pp. 10–13. ISBN 978-0-8156-0361-0. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty!: An American History (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2009), p. 100.
Jump up ^ "Bacon's Rebellion", Africans in America, Part 1, PBS, accessed 25 Mar 2009
Jump up ^ "Green Spring Plantation". Historic Jamestowne, National Park Service. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Peter Thompson, "The Thief, the Householder, and the Commons: Languages of Class in Seventeenth-Century Virginia," William and Mary Quarterly (2006) 63#2 pp 253-280 in JSTOR
Jump up ^ John Berry, Francis Moryson, and Herbert Jefferys, "A True Narrative of the Rise, Progress and Cessation of the Late Rebellion in Virginia, Most Humbly an Impartially Recorded by His Majesties Commissioners, Appointed to inquire into the Affairs of the Said Colony", Ed. by Charles Andrews, in Narrative of the Insurrections 1675 to 1690, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1915, pp. 111–113.
Jump up ^ Susan P. Castillo; Ivy Schweitzer (2001). The literatures of colonial America. Blackwell Publishing. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-631-21125-9.
Jump up ^ John Berry, Francis Moryson, and Herbert Jefferys, "A True Narrative of the Rise, Progress and Cessation of the Late Rebellion in Virginia, Most Humbly an Impartially Recorded by His Majesties Commissioners, Appointed to inquire into the Affairs of the Said Colony." Ed. by Charles Andrews, in Narrative of the Insurrections 1675 to 1690, (Charles Scribner’s Sons: New York, 1915), 116.
Jump up ^ Edward Channing; Eva G. Moore (1908). A history of the United States. Macmillan. p. 88.
Jump up ^ Webb, Stephen Saunders (1995). 1676: The End of American Independence. Syracuse NY: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815603610. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Bragdon Kathleen J., The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Northeast, Columbia University Press, 2005, p. 112.
Jump up ^ Narratives of the Insurrections, 1675–1690, ed. Charles McLean Andrews, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1915, p. 139.
Jump up ^ Zinn, Howard (1997). A People's History Of The United States. New York, NY: The New York Press. p. 281. ISBN 1-56584-724-5.
Jump up ^ "Green Spring Plantation". Historic Jamestowne. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Waldrup, Carole Chandler, Colonial Women: 23 Europeans Who Helped Build a Nation, McFarland, 1999, p. 86.
Jump up ^ Geiter, Mary K., William Arthur Speck, Colonial America: From Jamestown to Yorktown, Macmillan, 2002, p. 63
Jump up ^ Tyler, Lyon G., Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography, Lewis historical publishing company, 1915, Vol. I p. 226
Jump up ^ Fiske, John, Old Virginia and Her Neighbours, Houghton, Mifflin and Co., 1902, p. 110
Jump up ^ Washburn, The Governor and the Rebel, p. 139
Jump up ^ Cooper, William J, Liberty and Slavery: Southern Politics to 1860, Univ of South Carolina Press, 2001, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Rice, James D. Tales from a Revolution: Bacon’s Rebellion and the Transformation of Early America. Oxford University Press (Oxford: 2012.) Print. Pg. 204.
Jump up ^ Washburn, The Governor and the Rebel, p. 163
Jump up ^ Craven, Wesley Frank. The Colonies in Transition: 1669-1713. Harper & Row, Publishers (New York: 1968.) Print.
Jump up ^ Bailyn, Bernard, "Politics and Social Structure in Virginia." Seventeenth-Century America, pp. 90-108.
Jump up ^ Morgan, Edmund S. American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. (New York: 1975.) 270.
Jump up ^ Rice, James D. Tales from a Revolution: Bacon’s Rebellion and the Transformation of Early America. Oxford University Press (Oxford: 2012.) Print.
Jump up ^ Karen Ordahl Kupperman (2012). The Atlantic in World History. Oxford UP. pp. 89–90.
Further reading[edit]
Allen, Theodore W. The Invention of the White Race, Vol. 2: The Origins of Racial Oppression in Anglo-America. London: Verso (1997).
Billings, Warren M. "The Causes of Bacon's Rebellion: Some Suggestions," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 1970, Vol. 78 Issue 4, pp. 409–435
Cave, Alfred A. "Lethal Encounters: Englishmen and Indians in Colonial Virginia" (University of Nebraska Press, 2011) ISBN 978-0-8032-4834-2 pp. 147–165
Cullen, Joseph P. "Bacon's Rebellion," American History Illustrated, Dec 1968, Vol. 3 Issue 8, p. 4 ff.
Rice, James D. "Bacon's Rebellion in Indian Country," Journal of American History, vol. 101, no. 3 (Dec. 2014), pp. 726–750.
Tarter, Brent. "Bacon's Rebellion, the Grievances of the People, and the Political Culture of Seventeenth-Century Virginia," Virginia Magazine of History & Biography (2011) 119#1 pp 1–41.
Thompson, Peter. "The Thief, the Householder, and the Commons: Languages of Class in Seventeenth-Century Virginia," William & Mary Quarterly (2006) 63#2 pp 253–280 in JSTOR
Webb, Stephen Saunders (1995). 1676, the end of American independence. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-0361-0.
Wertenbaker, Thomas Jefferson. Torchbearer of the Revolution: The Story of Bacon’s Rebellion and its Leader (Princeton University Press, 1940)
Washburn, Wilcomb E. The Governor and the Rebel: A History of Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia (University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1957)
Wiseman, Samuel. Book of Record: The Official Account of Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia, 1676–1677 (2006)
External links[edit]
Media related to Bacon's Rebellion at Wikimedia Commons
Online books, and library resources in your library and in other libraries about Bacon's Rebellion
Bacon's Rebellion at Encyclopedia Virginia
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacon%27s_Rebellion&oldid=835145212"
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text:
Great Tang Records on the Western Regions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Great Tang Records on the Western Regions
A page from an edition collected in 1773-1782
Traditional Chinese
大唐西域記
Simplified Chinese
大唐西域记
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Dà Táng Xīyù Jì
Wade–Giles
Ta4 T'ang2 Hsi1-yü4 Chi4
The Great Tang Records on the Western Regions is a narrative of Xuanzang's nineteen-year journey from Chang'an in central China to the Western Regions of Chinese historiography. The Buddhist scholar traveled through the silk road regions of Xinjiang in northwest China, as well as neighboring areas in Central Asia and south China.
The book was compiled in 646, describing travels undertaken between 626 and 645.[1] Bianji, a disciple of Xuanzang, spent more than one year editing the book through Xuanzang's dictation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Importance
3 References
3.1 Citations
3.2 Sources
4 Translations
5 External links
Overview[edit]
The book contains more than 120,000 Chinese characters and is divided into twelve volumes, which describe the geography, land and maritime transportation, climate, local products, people, language, history, politics, economic life, religion, culture, and customs in 110 countries, regions and city-states from Xinjiang to Persia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, among other regions.
Importance[edit]
Today, the text is of a great value to modern historians and archaeologists.[1] The Records is an important document of Central Asia during the early seventh century, as it provides information of a Buddhist culture existing in Afghanistan during that time and the earliest textual evidence for Buddhist sculptures at Bamiyan.[2] The text also has equal importance in the studies of India, and archaeologists have been using it to fill in certain gaps in Indian history.[1] The book is known for having "exact descriptions of distances and locations of different places",[1] and has served as a guidebook for the excavation of many important sites, such as Rajagrha, the Temple at Sarnath, Ajanta, the ruins of the Nalanda Monastery in Bihar[1] and the ruins of Vasu Bihar of ancient Pundra City. The text inspired Journey to the West, a Chinese novel published in the Ming Dynasty.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
大唐西域記
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions". University of Hawaii Press.
Jump up ^ New Bamiyan Buddha find amid destruction Archived May 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Sources[edit]
Zhu, Yunqiu and Wang, Lixin. Da Tang Xiyu Ji Zhong De Yinduren Xingxiang (The Image of Indians in the Great Tang Records on the Western Regions)[permanent dead link]. Journal of Shenyang University. 2005.2. p. 98-102. ISSN 1008-9225.
Tang, Qinfu (2001). History of Chinese Historiography. Taiyuan: Shanxi Education Press. ISBN 7-5440-2111-4. p. 230-232.
Xie, Fang, "Da Tang Xiyu Ji" ("Great Tang Records on the Western Regions"). Encyclopedia of China, 1st ed.
Zhang Xiuping et al. (1993). 100 Books That Influenced China: Da Tang Xiyu Ji. Nanning: Guangxi Renmin Press. ISBN 7-219-02339-1. p. 392-398.
Translations[edit]
Beal, Samuel (1884). Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang. 2 vols. Translated by Samuel Beal. London. 1884. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969. Volume 1 (PDF 21.5 MB) Volume2 (PDF 16.9 MB)
Beal, Samuel (1911). The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang. Translated from the Chinese of Shaman (monk) Hwui Li by Samuel Beal. London. 1911. Reprint Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi. 1973. Internet Archive (PDF 14.3 MB)
Julien, Stanislas, (1857/1858). Mémoires sur les contrées occidentales, L'Imprimerie impériale, Paris. Vol.1 Vol.2
Li, Rongxi (translator) (1995). The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions. Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. Berkeley, California. ISBN 1-886439-02-8
Watters, Thomas (1904). On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, 629-645 A.D. Volume1. Royal Asiatic Society, London. Volume 2
External links[edit]
Da Tang Xiyu Ji "Records from the Regions West of the Great Tang Empire" — Chinaknowledge.de.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Tang_Records_on_the_Western_Regions&oldid=806740912"
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Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the charisms listed in the New Testament, see spiritual gift.
Stained glass symbolic representation of the Holy Spirit as a dove, c. 1660.
The 7 gifts of the Holy Spirit is an enumeration of 7 spiritual gifts originating from patristic authors,[1] later elaborated by five intellectual virtues[2] and 4 other groups of ethical characteristics.[3][4] They are: wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety, and fear of the Lord.
Contents
[hide]
1 Book of Isaiah
2 In Christianity
2.1 Roman Catholicism
3 The seven gifts of Holy Spirit
4 Relation to the Virtues
5 Augustine
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Book of Isaiah[edit]
Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit. Folio from Walters manuscript W.171 (15th century)
The seven gifts are found in the Book of Isaiah[5] 11:1-2, where the Biblical passage refers to the characteristics of a Messianic figure understood by Christians to be Jesus Christ empowered by the "Spirit of the Lord".[6]
In the Hebrew Masoretic text the "Spirit of the Lord" is described with six characteristics (wisdom, understanding, counsel, might, knowledge, fear of the Lord), and then the last characteristic (fear of the Lord) is mentioned a second time.[7]
In the Greek Septuagint the first mention of the fear of the Lord is translated as "spirit of [...] godliness" (πνεῦμα [...] εὐσεβείας).[8]
Verse
Hebrew
Masoretic[9]
English
New International Version[10]
Greek
Septuagint[11]
Latin
Vulgate[12]
11.1 א וְיָצָא חֹטֶר, מִגֵּזַע יִשָׁי; וְנֵצֶר, מִשָּׁרָשָׁיו יִפְרֶה. A shoot will come up from the stump of Jesse;
from his roots a Branch will bear fruit. και εξελευσεται ραβδος εκ της ριζης ιεσσαι
και ανθος εκ της ριζης αναβησεται et egredietur virga de radice Iesse
et flos de radice eius ascendet
11.2 ב וְנָחָה עָלָיו, רוּחַ יְהוָה--רוּחַ חָכְמָה וּבִינָה,
רוּחַ עֵצָה וּגְבוּרָה, רוּחַ דַּעַת, וְיִרְאַת יְהוָה. The Spirit of the LORD will rest on him—
the Spirit of wisdom and of understanding,
the Spirit of counsel and of might,
the Spirit of the knowledge and fear of the LORD— και αναπαυσεται επ' αυτον πνευμα του θεου
πνευμα σοφιας και συνεσεως
πνευμα βουλης και ισχυος
πνευμα γνωσεως και ευσεβειας et requiescet super eum spiritus Domini
spiritus sapientiae et intellectus
spiritus consilii et fortitudinis
spiritus scientiae et pietatis
11.3 ג וַהֲרִיחוֹ, בְּיִרְאַת יְהוָה; and he will delight in the fear of the LORD. εμπλησει αυτον πνευμα φοβου θεου et replebit eum spiritus timoris Domini
The seven Latin terms are then:
sapientia
intellectus
consilium
fortitudo
scientia
pietas
timor Domini.
In Christianity[edit]
The Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit is one of several works in Christian devotional literature which follow a scheme of seven.[13] Others include the seven petitions of the Lord's Prayer, the beatitudes, the seven last words from the cross, the seven deadly sins, and the seven virtues.[14]
The seven gifts were often represented as doves in medieval texts and especially figure in depictions of the Tree of Jesse which shows the Genealogy of Jesus. For Saint Thomas Aquinas, the dove signifies by its properties each gift of the Holy Spirit.[15]
Roman Catholicism[edit]
Although the New Testament does not refer to Isaiah 11:1-2 regarding these gifts,[16][17] Roman Catholicism teaches that initiates receive them at Baptism, and that they are strengthened at Confirmation, so that one can proclaim the truths of the faith:
"The reception of the sacrament of Confirmation is necessary for the completion of baptismal grace."[88] For "by the sacrament of Confirmation, [the baptized] are more perfectly bound to the Church and are enriched with a special strength of the Holy Spirit. Hence they are, as true witnesses of Christ, more strictly obliged to spread and defend the faith by word and deed."[89][18]
The seven gifts of Holy Spirit[edit]
According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church, these gifts "...complete and perfect the virtues of those who receive them."[19]
Wisdom is considered the first and the greatest of the gifts. It acts upon both the intellect and the will. According to St. Bernard, it both illumines the mind and instills an attraction to the divine. Adolphe Tanquerey OP explained the difference between the gift of wisdom and that of understanding, "...the latter is a view taken by the mind, while the former is an experience undergone by the heart; one is light, the other love, and so they unite and complete one another."[20] Wisdom is the perfection of the theological virtue of charity;
Understanding is a perceptive intuition which illuminates the mind to grasp the truths of faith. It does not involve a comprehensive understanding of the mysteries of faith, but helps a person understand that these mysteries are credible; compatible with and related to each other; and not unreasonable. The gift of understanding perfects the theological virtue of faith.[21]
Counsel functions as a sort of supernatural intuition, to enable a person to judge promptly and rightly, especially in difficult situations. It perfects the cardinal virtue of prudence. While prudence operates in accord with reason as enlightened by faith, the gift of counsel operates under the guidance of the Holy Spirit to illuminate the will of God.[22]
Fortitude is often identified with courage, but Aquinas takes its meaning to also encompass endurance. Joseph J. Rickaby describes it as a willingness to stand up for what is right in the sight of God, even if it means accepting rejection, verbal abuse, or physical harm. The gift of fortitude allows people the firmness of mind that is required both in doing good and in enduring evil.[23] It is the perfection of the cardinal virtue of the same name.
Knowledge: The gift of knowledge allows one, as far as is humanly possible, to see things from God's perspective. It “allows us to perceive the greatness of God and his love for his creatures” through creation.[24]
Piety accords with reverence. A person with reverence recognizes his total reliance on God and comes before God with humility, trust, and love. Thomas Aquinas says that piety perfects the virtue of religion, which is an aspect of the virtue of justice, in that it accords to God that which is due him.[25] In a series of talks on the Gifts of the Holy Spirit, Pope Francis said that piety is a recognition of "...our belonging to God, our deep bond with him, a relationship that gives meaning to our whole life and keeps us resolute, in communion with him, even during the most difficult and troubled moments”.[26] "Piety is not mere outward religiosity; it is that genuine religious spirit which makes us turn to the Father as his children and to grow in our love for others, seeing them as our brothers and sisters,..."[27]
Fear of the Lord is akin to wonder (or awe): With the gift of fear of the Lord, one is made aware of the glory and majesty of God. At a June 2014 general audience Pope Francis said that it “is no servile fear, but rather a joyful awareness of God’s grandeur and a grateful realization that only in him do our hearts find true peace”.[28] A person with wonder and awe knows that God is the perfection of all one desires. This gift is described by Aquinas as a fear of separating oneself from God. He describes the gift as a "filial fear," like a child's fear of offending his father, rather than a "servile fear," that is, a fear of punishment. Fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom. It is the perfection of the theological virtue of hope.
Relation to the Virtues[edit]
In Summa Theologiae I.II, q. 68, a1, Saint Thomas Aquinas says that four of these gifts (wisdom, understanding, knowledge, and counsel) direct the intellect, while the other three gifts (fortitude, piety, and fear of the Lord) direct the will toward God.[29]
In some respects, the gifts are similar to the virtues, but a key distinction is that the virtues operate under the impetus of human reason (prompted by grace), whereas the gifts operate under the impetus of the Holy Spirit; the former can be used when one wishes, but the latter operate only when the Holy Spirit wishes. In the case of Fortitude, the gift has, in Latin and English, the same name as a virtue, which it is related to but from which it must be distinguished.
In Summa Theologiae II.II, Thomas Aquinas asserts the following correspondences between the seven Capital Virtues and the seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit:[30]
The gift of wisdom corresponds to the virtue of charity.
The gifts of understanding and knowledge correspond to the virtue of faith.
The gift of counsel (right judgment) corresponds to the virtue of prudence.
The gift of fortitude corresponds to the virtue of courage.
The gift of fear of the Lord corresponds to the virtue of hope.
The gift of Reverence corresponds to the virtue of justice.
To the virtue of temperance, no Gift is directly assigned; but the gift of fear can be taken as such, since fear drives somebody to restrict himself from forbidden pleasures.
The Rev. Brian Shanley contrasts the gifts to the virtues this way: "What the gifts do over and above the theological virtues (which they presuppose) is dispose the agent to the special promptings of the Holy Spirit in actively exercising the life of the virtues; the gifts are necessary for the perfect operations of the virtues, especially in the face of our human weakness and in difficult situations."[31]
Augustine[edit]
Saint Augustine drew a connection between the gifts of the Holy Spirit and the Beatitudes (Matt.5:3-12).
Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven, reflects Fear of the Lord as the "poor in spirit" are the humble and God-fearing.
Blessed are they who mourn, for they will be comforted, corresponds to the Gift of Knowledge, as for Augustine the knowledge of God brings both an increased awareness of personal sin, and to some extent grieving at the abandonment of practices and activities that separate one from God.
Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the land, relates to Piety.
Blessed are they who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they will be satisfied, pertains to Fortitude.
Blessed are the merciful, for they will be shown mercy demonstrates the Gift of Counsel.
Blessed are the clean of heart, for they will see God, the Gift of Understanding.
Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called children of God, Wisdom.
Blessed are they who are persecuted for the sake of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.[32]
See also[edit]
Fruit of the Holy Spirit
Tree of Jesse
Theological virtues
Works of mercy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ For example, see Victorinus, Commentarii in Apocalypsim Iohannis 1, 4: Septiformem spiritum in Esaia legimus '(Esa., XI, 2), spiritum' videlicet 'sapientiae et intellectus, consilii et fortitudinis, scientiae et pietatis, spiritum amorem Domini.' Authors such Augustine, Hilary of Poitiers, and John Cassian all speak of the gifts with familiarity.
Jump up ^ Macfarlane, Bruce (2008). Researching with Integrity. The Ethics of Academic Enquiry. London: Routledge. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-203-88696-0. ISBN 0-20388696-8. The theoretical, intellectual virtues consist of philosophical wisdom (sophia), scientific or empirical knowledge (episteme), and intuitive understanding (nous). In addition to these 3 is the virtue of practical wisdom also known as prudence (phronesis) and the productive virtues of art, skill, and craft knowledge (techne).
Jump up ^ Stump, Eleonore (1998). Kretzmann, Norman; MacDonald, Scott Charles; Stump, Eleonore, eds. Aquinas' Moral Theory. Essays in honor of Norman Kretzmann. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-801-43436-5. ISBN 0-80143436-X. Besides the five intellectual virtues and the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit, Aquinas recognizes four other groups of ethical characteristics which are important for his discussion of wisdom.
Jump up ^ Walters, Barbara R.; Corrigan, Vincent Justus; Ricketts, Peter T., eds. (2006). The Feast of Corpus Christi. University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State Press. p. 451. ISBN 978-0-271-04831-4. ISBN 0-27104831-X. set grasces: these are the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit, which, in the Middle Ages, were probably codified by Thomas Aquinas ... cf. Isaias 11: 2–3
Jump up ^ Robin Lane Fox (3 November 2015). Augustine: Conversions to Confessions. Basic Books. pp. 345–. ISBN 978-0-465-06157-0.
Jump up ^ John MacArthur (21 February 2011). Luke 1-17 MacArthur New Testament Commentary Set. Moody Publishers. pp. 347–. ISBN 978-0-8024-8263-1.
Jump up ^ Cantalamessa, Raniero (2003). Come, Creator Spirit. Meditations on the Veni Creator. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. p. 175 . ISBN 978-0-814-62871-3. ISBN 0-81462871-0. The text from which it takes its rise is Isaiah 1 1:1,3. In the Hebrew original six gifts are listed, and the last, fear, is mentioned twice: wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, and fear of the Lord.
Jump up ^ "katapi New Study Bible: Parallel Greek English Old Testament". Septuagint Compiled from the Translation by Sir Lancelot C. L. Brenton, 1851. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Isaiah 11:1-3 (Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre)
Jump up ^ Isaiah 11:1-3 (New International Version).
Jump up ^ "Online Greek OT (Septuagint/LXX) UTF8". Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Isaias 11:1-3 (Biblia Sacra Vulgata).
Jump up ^ Anlezark, Daniel (2010). Godden, Malcolm; Keynes, Simon; Blackburn, Mark, eds. Anglo-Saxon England (Volume 38). Cambridge University Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-521-19406-8. ISBN 0-52119406-7.
Jump up ^ Rolle, Richard (1988). Jeffrey, David Lyle, ed. English Spirituality in the Age of Wyclif. Vancouver: Regent College Publishing. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-573-83185-7. ISBN 1-57383185-9.
Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Summa Theologiae III, 39, q. 66, a6. The baptizing of Christ. Article 6. Whether it is fitting to say that when Christ was baptized the Holy Ghost came down on Him in the form of a dove? Reply to Objection 4". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.
Jump up ^ Erickson, Millard J. (1992). Introducing Christian Doctrine. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-801-03215-8. ISBN 0-80103215-6. 2nd ed. 2001. Chapter Thirty - "The work of the Holy Spirit" (pp. 275ff.). ISBN 978-0-801-02250-0. ISBN 0-80102250-9.
Jump up ^ Shaw, Russell; Stravinskas, Peter M. J. (1998). Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Encyclopedia. Huntington, Indiana: Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. p. 457. ISBN 978-0-879-73669-9. ISBN 0-87973669-0.
Jump up ^ CCC §1285.
Jump up ^ CCC §1831.
Jump up ^ Tanquerey, Adolphe. The Spiritual Life, §§ 1348 & 1349
Jump up ^ Pope, Charles. "Distinguishing Knowledge, Wisdom and Understanding", Community in Mission, July 19, 2010
Jump up ^ Harris, Elise. "Pope Francis: gift of counsel illuminates the will of God", Catholic News Agency, May 7, 2014
Jump up ^ Rickaby, John. "Fortitude." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 3 September 2017
Jump up ^ Harris, Elise. "Gift of knowledge attunes us to vision of God, Pope says", Catholic News Agency, May 21, 2014
Jump up ^ Delany, Joseph. "Virtue of Religion." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 1 September 2017]
Jump up ^ Glatz, Carol. "Piety is embracing God and others with real love, not fake devotion, says Pope", Catholic Herald, June 4, 2014
Jump up ^ "Pope Francis on the gift of piety", News.VA, June 4, 2014
Jump up ^ Harris, Elise. "Pope: Fear of the Lord an alarm reminding us of what's right", Catholic News Agency, June 11, 2014
Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Summa Theologiae. First Part of the Second Part (Prima Secundæ Partis). Question 68. The gifts. Article 1. Whether the Gifts differ from the virtues?". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.
Jump up ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Summa Theologiae. Second Part of the Second Part (Secunda Secundæ Partis)". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.
Jump up ^ Shanley, Brian. Review of Knowledge and Faith in Thomas Aquinas by John I. Jenkins. The Thomist 63 (1999), p. 318.
Jump up ^ Augustine. "On the Sermon on the Mount, Book I", Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, Vol. 6. (William Findlay, trans.), (Philip Schaff, ed.) (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1888
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rickaby, John (1909). "Fortitude". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. 6. New York: Robert Appleton.
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El Pollo Loco
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
El Pollo Loco is the name of two independent restaurant chains that are controlled by different companies, El Pollo Loco, Inc. and El Pollo Loco, S.A. de C.V. Both companies specialize in Mexican-style grilled chicken and were founded by Juan Francisco Ochoa. Ochoa established the first El Pollo Loco restaurant in Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico, in the mid-1970s, and then expanded his chain into the United States in 1980. Ochoa then sold his U.S. restaurants in 1983, which became El Pollo Loco, Inc., while keeping the ones in Mexico, which became El Pollo Loco, S.A. de C.V. Both companies have since occupied non-overlapping global territories, and have offered different fare.
Contents
[hide]
1 United States
1.1 Fare
1.2 History
1.3 Temporary expansion eastward
1.4 Locations within the United States
1.5 Locations outside North America
1.6 Charity partners
2 Mexico
2.1 History of the Mexican chain
2.2 Fare
2.3 Controversies
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
United States[edit]
El Pollo Loco, Inc.
Fresh from the grill
Entrance to Costa Mesa headquarters
Trading name
El Pollo Loco
Type
Public
Traded as
NASDAQ: LOCO
S&P 600 Component
Industry
Casual dining restaurant, Restaurants
Founded
Guasave, Sinaloa, México (1975)
Los Angeles, California, United States (December 8, 1980; 37 years ago (1980-12-08))
Founder
Juan Francisco Ochoa
Headquarters
Costa Mesa, California
Number of locations
430[1]
Area served
United States
(California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Texas)
Key people
Steve Sather (President, CEO)
Kay Bogeajis (Chief Operating Officer)
Larry Roberts (Chief Financial Officer)
Ed Valle (Chief Marketing Officer)
Products
Fire-grilled chicken and related Mexican food
Website
elpolloloco.com
El Pollo Loco, Inc. is a restaurant chain based in the United States, specializing in Mexican-style grilled chicken. Restaurant service consists of: dine-in, take-out, with some locations offering drive through options. The company is headquartered in Costa Mesa, California and operates over 400 (as of March 2014) company-owned and franchised restaurants in the Southwestern United States. "El Pollo Loco" is Spanish for "The Crazy Chicken".
Fare[edit]
A typical El Pollo Loco restaurant
El Pollo Loco primarily prepares Mexican chicken entrees. The company describes its chicken as "citrus-marinated and fire-grilled." The American company also offer Mexican-style food such as tacos, burritos, enchiladas, and quesadillas.[2]
In a bid to compete with companies such as KFC and Chick-fil-A, El Pollo Loco experimented with offering deep fried chicken in the form of breaded chicken tenders at selected locations in the United States for a limited time during the Fall 2016.[3][4] This experiment is a big departure from its previous marketing campaigns that tout their fired-grilled chicken as a healthy alternative to fried chicken.
History[edit]
Juan Francisco Ochoa started the restaurant in Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico, in 1975.[5]
By 1979 the chain had expanded throughout northern Mexico. On December 8, 1980, Ochoa opened his first U.S. restaurant in Los Angeles, California at 503 Alvarado Street, near Sixth Street.[6][7] The first American location was only 1,500-square-feet and it grossed more than $125,000 per month during its first year of operation.[8] The initial menu was very simple: a choice of a half or whole chicken with a packet of warm tortillas and a cup of salsa.[8] A second location was opened in Santa Ana in the fall of 1981.[8]
In 1983, the 19 American restaurants in the chain were acquired by Denny's with an agreement that the Ochoa family would continue to operate the restaurants in Mexico.[9] After 18 months of new ownership, the American owned El Loco Pollo, Inc. had increased the number of locations in Southern California from 19 to 29 while adding 6 locations in distant Houston, Texas, with almost all of the new locations were franchise operations.[10]
Four years later the 70-unit El Pollo Loco was acquired by TW Services when TW Services purchased El Pollo Loco's then parent Denny's Inc. in 1987 for $218 million in cash.[11][12]
In May 1990, El Pollo Loco opened its 200th restaurant. That new restaurant was located in Yorba Linda, California.[13] During the early 1990s the company experimented with many different concepts to increase marketshare in the competitive Southern Californian fast food industry. In 1994 the company test marketed at a select few locations: a side-dish bar, salsa bar, and barbecue at some locations, while other locations tried selling french fries or ice cream.[14] Only salsa bars survived the test and were introduced chainwide the following year.[15] The company also tested home delivery and catering in 1995.[15]
In August 1995 El Pollo Loco earned a place in the Guinness Book of World Records for building the world's largest burrito in Anaheim, California. The burrito was 3,112 feet (949 m) long and weighed two tons.[16]
American Securities Capital Partners acquired the 274-location El Pollo Loco in 1999 for $114 Million from Advantica (formerly called TW Services)[17] and later sold it to Trimaran Capital Partners in 2005 for $400 Million with 328 locations.[18][19]
El Pollo Loco 2015 logo
In January 2007, El Pollo Loco was featured on NBC TV's hit show The Apprentice: Los Angeles where contestants competed by creating and selling versions of El Pollo Loco's Pollo Bowl.[20] El Pollo Loco was recognized by the World Franchising Network as a Top Franchise for Hispanics in 2010.[21]
New locations were first open by franchisees in the states of Utah[22] and Oregon[23] in 2008. The 400th location was opened in Chelsea, Massachusetts in May 2008.[24]
In July 2014, El Loco Pollo (NASDAQ: LOCO) became a publicly traded company on NASDAQ.[25][26]
In October 2016, the company announced that it had teamed up with a Louisiana-based franchisee who plans to build and open two units in Lafayette, Louisiana, sometime in 2018.[27] In the following year, the Louisiana-based franchisee announced that construction of the first Lafayette was going to start in the upcoming month with an anticipated opening in the late spring of 2018.[27]
Temporary expansion eastward[edit]
Throughout its history, El Pollo Loco, Inc., tried at various times to expand beyond its core territories of California and the American Southwest, but all of these attempts were so far not very successful.
In 1987, then owner TW Services began to open restaurants in the Orlando area, starting in Winter Park, Florida.[28] Five restaurants were eventually built but all five were forced to close in 1991.[29]
A second expansion attempt, mainly though franchises, was started in 2006 under then owner Trimaran Capital Partners.[30][31][32] All of these locations were closed within six years.
During this time, El Pollo Loco or its franchisees briefly operated several restaurants in metro Atlanta,[33] and Boston,[24][34] New Jersey[35] and in the Hampton Roads area of Virginia;[36] these closed by 2011. The chain's franchised restaurants in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area[23][37] also closed in 2011. An El Pollo Loco in the Foxwoods Resort Casino in Connecticut[38] closed in spring 2012. The last of four Chicago area[39][40][41] stores closed at the end of 2012.
Locations within the United States[edit]
In the U.S., the El Pollo Loco chain operates over 400 company-owned and franchised restaurants in Arizona, California, Nevada, Texas, Utah, and coming in 2018 Louisiana.[42][43] In 2012, El Pollo Loco restaurants went through a major makeover.[44]
Locations outside North America[edit]
Under Denny's and its successors, El Pollo Loco, Inc., had sold franchise licenses to operators based in East Asia. By 1997, EPL, Inc., had franchises located in Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines.[45] The franchise licenses for both Malaysia and Singapore has since lapsed. In July 2016, the Delgado family, owners of the El Pollo Loco franchise in the Philippines, filed a lawsuit against EPL, Inc. in the Regional Trial Court so it could retain the El Pollo Loco trademark in that country after the franchise contract had terminated.[46]
Charity partners[edit]
The brand created Fire-Grilled Fundraisers, an initiative for nonprofit organizations to raise funds for their cause while dining at the restaurant. They also created El Pollo Loco Charities, a nonprofit 501(c) charity to provide meals to underprivileged families, in 2005.[47]
Mexico[edit]
El Pollo Loco, S.A. de C.V.
¿Que lo hace diferente... único...?
Trading name
El Pollo Loco
Type
Private
Industry
Casual dining restaurant, Restaurants
Founded
Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico January 6, 1975; 43 years ago (1975-01-06)
Founder
Juan Francisco Ochoa
Headquarters
San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, Mexico
Number of locations
52 (October 2017)[48]
Area served
Mexico
(Coahuila, Michoacán, Nuevo León, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, and Mexico D.F.)
Products
Fire-grilled chicken and related Mexican food
Website
elpolloloco.com.mx
The El Pollo Loco locations in Mexico are not affiliated with or operated by the Costa Mesa, California-based El Pollo Loco, Inc. but are operated by Mexico-based El Pollo Loco, S.A. de C.V., which is still owned by founder Juan Francisco Ochoa and his family.[49] The company specializes in selling Sinaloa-style marinaded grilled chicken.
In Mexico, El Pollo Loco, S.A. de C.V., operates as El Pollo Loco in over 50 locations within Mexico City and the states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, Michoacán, Sinaloa, and Tamaulipas, of which 28 of those being located in Nuevo León.[48]
History of the Mexican chain[edit]
Ochoa opened his first location in Guasave in the state of Sinaloa on January 6, 1974 at a small roadside location containing ten tables and with a starting working capital of 15 thousand pesos. His wife Flérida created a fruit-based marinade which was used to coat the chicken for several hours prior to grilling. After a few hours of operations on their first day, they sold out all 43 chickens.[49][50][51]
Three years later, Ochoa's brother Jaime quit his job and opened the company's second location in San Luis Potosi. This was quickly followed by other locations that were opened and operated by Ochoa's other brothers and sisters in Guadalajara, Morelia, Monterrey, and Saltillo.[49]
By the end of 1979, Ochoa had 85 restaurants in 20 cities throughout Northern Mexico with many of the locations operated by family members or close friends.[50] At that time, Ochoa thought about expanding north of the borders into areas of the United States that he had previously visited. In 1980, Ochoa opened his first U.S. location on Alvarado Street in Los Angeles, an area which had a high concentration of immigrants from Sinaloa.[7][49]
The company rapidly expanded on both sides of the international border during the early 1980s. However a number of bad decisions caused by a non-related manager caused the company to accumulate $3 million in debts and created a cash flow problem that forced Ochoa to sell his properties outside Mexico to help cover those debts.[49]
In September 1983, Ochoa sold the 19 U.S. locations, all of which were located in Southern California, to Denny's[9][52] for either $12.6 million[53] or $11.3 million.[10] At the time of the sale, Ochoa had retained 92 locations within Mexico.[9] As part of the agreement, Denny's promised to assist Ochoa in opening new locations in the parts of Mexico that Ochoa's company did not then occupy. In 2004, the Mexican company filed suit in U.S. Federal Court against the American company for failure to fulfill the joint expansion agreement. After three years of litigation, the Court ruled against the American company and ordered the American company to pay $22 million in damages and to return the ownership of the "El Pollo Loco" trademark and intellectual property within Mexico back to the Mexican company.[54][55]
As a result of the debt debacle created during the early 1980s by a non-family manager, the number of locations has since shrunk to approximately 40 locations, all of which are managed and operated by family members.[49]
After the sale of the American locations in 1983, Ochoa restricted his business activities to Mexico. However, the lure of new business activities north of the Rio Grande was too hard to resist and Ochoa opened his new business, called Taco Palenque, in Laredo, Texas in 1987.[56]
Fare[edit]
Unlike its American counterpart, the Mexican chain has kept its menu simple and focused on the grilled chicken. Deboned chicken or other meats like shrimp or carne asada are not available. Standard Mexican-American fare such as tacos, burritos, enchiladas, and quesadillas are also not available.[49][57]
Controversies[edit]
In January 2016, the Secretaría de Salud de Nuevo León, the Health Ministry for the Mexican state of Nuevo León, closed several franchised locations of El Pollo Loco for several health code violations.[58] At least one of the locations was owned by Mexican politician Marco González who claimed that the closures were politically motivated.[59]
See also[edit]
List of fast-food chicken restaurants
Los Angeles portal
Companies portal
Food portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Full List of Locations". El Pollo Loco. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Our Food". El Pollo Loco Inc.
Jump up ^ Luna, Nancy (September 2, 2016). "El Pollo Loco adds fried chicken tenders as Raising Cane's leads surge in chicken sales". Orange County Register.
Jump up ^ "El Pollo Loco Introduces New Chicken Tenders". Brand Eating. September 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Diaz, Francisco (8 July 2011), "Entrepreneur of the Year is Named", Laredo Sun, archived from the original on 17 July 2013, retrieved 16 July 2013
Jump up ^ "The Legacy of El Pollo Loco". El Pollo Loco. Archived from the original on 2010-11-25.
^ Jump up to: a b "Saboreando el éxito" [Savouring success]. Revista Clase (in Spanish). June 24, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Moreland, Pamela (February 12, 1982). "Mexico's Crazy Chicken Is Set to Take on Colonel". Los Angeles Times. p. F1. (Subscription required (help)). Alternate Link via ProQuest.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Denny's Inc. restaurant chain has reached an agreement..." United Press International. September 19, 1983.
^ Jump up to: a b Rivera, Nancy (March 10, 1985). "El Pollo Loco Adopts Yuppie Look but Still Maintains Its Latin Flavor". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ "TW Services To Get Denny's". New York Times. July 17, 1987.
Jump up ^ Sanchez, Jesus (July 17, 1987). "N.Y. Firm Buys Denny's Chain for $218 Million : Most of Top Management Will Remain With Chain". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ "Retail". Los Angeles Times (Orange County ed.). May 3, 1990. p. 5. (Subscription required (help)). El Pollo Loco is about to open its 200th store. The "store of significance," as the company calls it, is situated on Yorba Linda Boulevard in Yorba Linda and opens Wednesday. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, J. L. (June 6, 1994). "Becoming a tough bird: El Pollo Loco regroups, steps up marketing effort". Orange County Business Journal. 17 (23). p. 1. A side-dish bar and salsa bar are in test periods at several locations. El Pollo Loco executives are currently testing a barbecue concept, as well as a joint operation with a Fosters Freeze store in Upland, Calif., a project that might lead to the introduction of ice creams chainwide. Also rolling into the chain's locations are french fries, which executives hope will round out their selection and remove a possible objection by customers considering a meal out. Link via ProQuest.
^ Jump up to: a b Monson, Rani Cher (February 16, 1995). "El Pollo Loco will open more outlets, boost menu, remodel". Orange County Register. p. c.02. The Irvine-based fast-food chain has other plans, too. For starters, $6.6 million will be spent to remodel all 206 El Pollo Loco locations. Changes include an exterior overhaul, installing new lamps and adding salsa bars at every location. The goal is to finish the job systemwide by 1996. Also, the company might expand a recent experiment in catering and home delivery. The company says the services were so popular during the holidays that the idea might go chainwide. All 31 Orange County locations cater, and one Huntington Beach store has home delivery. The menu, once topheavy with chicken, will get several new items, including fish tacos, mashed potatoes and cucumber salad. Six entrees and five side dishes were added last year, helping to boost the company's sales. Link via ProQuest.
Jump up ^ Eyerly, Alan (August 1, 1995). "That's a Wrap--Charity Event Is Full of Beans". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Hernandez, Greg (November 10, 1999). "El Pollo Loco Sold for $114 Million". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Vincent, Roger (September 29, 2005). "El Pollo Loco to Be Sold for $400 Million". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Luna, Nancy (September 29, 2005). "El Pollo Loco to be sold". Orange County Register.
Jump up ^ "El Pollo Loco is Newest 'Recruit' on NBC's The Apprentice: Los Angeles". Business Wire (Press release). 28 January 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Bond, Rob (July 6, 2010). "Top 26 Franchises for Hispanics: Poder's annual survey of Hispanic diversity in the franchise business sector in 2010". World Franchising Network.
Jump up ^ "El Pollo Loco plans to open 1st Utah restaurant in May". Deseret News. January 24, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Wells, Shannon (15 July 2008). "Restaurant spices up Wood Village Town Center". Portland Tribune.
^ Jump up to: a b "El Pollo Loco Opens 400th Restaurant in Chelsea, its First Boston Area Location Experienced Multi-Unit Restaurateurs Open Third of at Least 25 New Eng". Multi-Unit Franchisee Magazine. May 27, 2008.
Jump up ^ Li, Shan (July 25, 2014). "El Pollo Loco stock sizzles to close at 60% above IPO price". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Luna, Nancy (July 25, 2014). "Wall Street clamors for a taste of chicken: El Pollo Loco stock surges 60 percent on first day of trading". Orange County Register.
^ Jump up to: a b "Two El Pollo Loco locations planned for Lafayette". Baton Rouge Advocate. October 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Snyder, Jack (July 13, 1987). "Real Estate". Orlando Sentinel. p. 6. (Subscription required (help)). Alternate Link via ProQuest.
Jump up ^ Strother, Susan G. (October 19, 1991). "El Pollo Loco Closes Orlando Restaurants". Orlando Sentinel.
Jump up ^ Hirsch, Jerry (November 28, 2006). "Will East Coast go loco for an expanding El Pollo?: The Mexican chicken chain has ambitious plans to compete nationally but faces a challenge in taco-deprived New England". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ "El Pollo Loco Heats up National Expansion with Multiple Franchise Development Agreements: Flame-Grilled Chicken Leader Signs Agreements for 61 New Locations in Five Key States". Business Wire (Press release). November 6, 2006.
Jump up ^ "El Pollo Loco plans eastward expansion". L.A. Biz. January 28, 2004.
Jump up ^ "El Pollo Loco Leaves Atlanta as Other Chains Make a Comeback". Tomorrow's News Today - Atlanta. October 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "El Pollo Loco in Chelsea Has Closed". Boston Restaurant Talk. January 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ Verdon, Joan (May 3, 2012). "Latin-flavor chicken chains haven't migrated to North Jersey in expected numbers". NorthJersey.com.
Jump up ^ Shapiro, Carolyn (February 17, 2011). "3 El Pollo Loco restaurants closing". Virginia Pilot.
Jump up ^ Gunderson, Laura (April 4, 2009). "Fast-food chains look toward growth in Portland market". The Oregonian.
Jump up ^ Giuca, Linda (November 23, 2006). "Take On A Chicken In A Game Of Tic-tac-toe". Hartford Courant.
Jump up ^ Fulmer, Melinda (February 4, 2004). "El Pollo Loco to Expand to Chicago Area". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Meyer, Gregory (August 4, 2005). "El Pollo Loco's Hombre in Chicago". Crain's Chicago Business.
Jump up ^ "El Pollo Loco pulls back on Chicago expansion". QSR Web. January 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ "El Pollo Loco to Enter Louisiana with New Franchise Partner". October 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Wyatt, Megan (August 31, 2017). "Mexican restaurant to open 1st Louisiana location in Lafayette".
Jump up ^ Luna, Nancy (November 8, 2012). "El Pollo Loco joins fray of fast food makeovers". Orange County Register. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
Jump up ^ O'Dell, John (April 23, 1997). "Marchioli to Head El Pollo Loco". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Agustin, Victor C. (July 8, 2016). "Cocktales: El Pollo Loco breaks away from US parent over trademark issue". InterAksyon.
Jump up ^ "El Pollo Loco Seeks to Boost Impact on Community through Non-Profit Charity". Bison Advertising. April 18, 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b "El Pollo Loco - Sucursales". elpolloloco.com.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Cantu, Gustavo (March 9, 2015). "Don Pollo Loco". El Universal (Mexico City) (in Spanish).
^ Jump up to: a b Manjarrez, Azucena (November 9, 2006). "Sigo soñando: Juan Francisco Ochoa: En 1974, y después de varios fracasos como vendedor, abre en Guasave el primer Pollo Loco, convertido hoy en una de las cadenas más prominentes en México y EU" [I keep dreaming: Juan Francisco Ochoa: In 1974, and after several failures as a seller, opens in Guasave the first Pollo Loco, now become one of the most prominent chains in Mexico and the US.]. Editorial Noroeste (in Spanish).
Jump up ^ Festejo, Guasave (January 6, 2015). "Pollo Loco celebra 40 años de vuelo: Francisco Ochoa le dice a quienes tienen la idea de emprender un negocio que no se rindan y se arriesguen a tener muchos tropiezos" [Pollo Loco celebrates 40 years of flight: Francisco Ochoa tells those who have the idea of starting a business that would not stop and take the risk to have many setbacks.]. El Debate (Mexico) (in Spanish).
Jump up ^ Yoshihara, Nancy (September 19, 1983). "Denny's to Acquire 19 El Pollo Loco Outlets". Los Angeles Times. p. E1. (Subscription required (help)). Alternate Link via ProQuest.
Jump up ^ Mendez, Cruz Alberto (November 11, 1993). "Pollo Loco expadirá su mercado mundial" [Pollo Loco expand its global market]. La Opinión (in Spanish). pp. 1E, 4E – via Google News.
Jump up ^ "El Pollo Loco loses Mexican rights". Nation's Restaurant News. December 4, 2007. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "$22 Million Verdict Against El Pollo Loco". QSR Magazine. August 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Pancho Ochoa Sr. A One of a Kind Restaurateur and Creator of Flavorful Food Concepts". Texas Border Business. April 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Menu". El Pollo Loco, S.A. de C.V.
Jump up ^ "Secretaría de Salud revela anomalías en las sucursales de El Pollo Loco: La Secretaría de Salud de Nuevo León emitió un comunicado donde aclara las razones de suspensión de estos restaurantes" [Ministry of Health reveals anomalies in El Pollo Loco branches: The Health Ministry of Nuevo León issued a statement clarifying the reasons for suspension of these restaurants]. Publimetro (in Spanish). January 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gobierno suspende negocio del diputado priísta Marco González" [Government suspends business of PRI MP Marco González]. El Horizonte (in Spanish). January 20, 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website for American company
Official website for Mexican company
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