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Frontal lobe
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Frontal lobe
Principal fissures and lobes of the cerebrum viewed laterally. (Frontal lobe is shown in pale green.)
Details
Part of
Cerebrum
Artery
Anterior cerebral
Middle cerebral
Identifiers
Latin
Lobus Frontalis
Acronym(s)
FL
MeSH
A08.186.211.730.885.213.270
NeuroNames
Hier-37
NeuroLex ID
Frontal Lobe
TA
A14.1.09.110
FMA
61824
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]
Not to be confused with Prefrontal cortex.
The frontal lobe, located at the front of the brain, is the largest of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the mammalian brain. The frontal lobe is located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere (in front of the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe). It is separated from the parietal lobe by a groove between tissues called the central sulcus, and from the temporal lobe by a deeper groove called the lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure). The most anterior rounded part of the frontal lobe (though not well-defined) is known as the frontal pole, one of the three poles of the cerebrum.[1]
The precentral gyrus, a portion of the frontal lobe directly anterior to the central sulcus, contains the primary motor cortex, which controls voluntary movements of specific body parts.
The frontal lobe contains most of the dopamine-sensitive neurons in the cerebral cortex. The dopaminergic system is associated with reward, attention, short-term memory tasks, planning, and motivation. Dopamine tends to limit and select sensory information arriving from the thalamus to the forebrain.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Damage
3.1.1 Symptoms
3.2 Genetic
4 History
4.1 Psychosurgery
4.2 Theories of function
5 In other animals
6 Additional images
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Structure[edit]
Animation. Frontal lobe (red) of left cerebral hemisphere.
On the lateral surface of the human brain, the central sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. The lateral sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe.
The frontal lobe can be divided into a lateral, polar, orbital (above the orbit; also called basal or ventral), and medial part. Each of these parts consists of a particular gyrus:
Lateral part: lateral part of the superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus.
Polar part: Transverse frontopolar gyri, frontomarginal gyrus.
Orbital part: Lateral orbital gyrus, anterior orbital gyrus, posterior orbital gyrus, medial orbital gyrus, gyrus rectus.
Medial part: Medial part of the superior frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus.
The gyri are separated by sulci. E.g., the precentral gyrus is in front of the central sulcus, and behind the precentral sulcus. The superior and middle frontal gyri are divided by the superior frontal sulcus. The middle and inferior frontal gyri are divided by the inferior frontal sulcus.
In humans, the frontal lobe reaches full maturity around the late 20s,[2] marking the cognitive maturity associated with adulthood. A small amount of atrophy, however, is normal in the aging person’s frontal lobe. Fjell, in 2009, studied atrophy of the brain in people aged 60–91 years. The 142 healthy participants were scanned using MRI. Their results were compared to those of 122 participants with Alzheimer's disease. A follow-up one year later showed there to have been a marked volumetric decline in those with Alzheimer's and a much smaller decline (averaging 0.5%) in the healthy group.[3] These findings corroborate those of Coffey, who in 1992 indicated that the frontal lobe decreases in volume approximately 0.5%–1% per year.[4]
Function[edit]
The frontal lobe plays a large role in voluntary movement. It houses the primary motor cortex which regulates activities like walking.
The function of the frontal lobe involves the ability to project future consequences resulting from current actions, the choice between good and bad actions (or better and best) (also known as conscience), the override and suppression of socially unacceptable responses, and the determination of similarities and differences between things or events.
The frontal lobe also plays an important part in integrating longer non-task based memories stored across the brain. These are often memories associated with emotions derived from input from the brain's limbic system. The frontal lobe modifies those emotions to generally fit socially acceptable norms.
Psychological tests that measure frontal lobe function include finger tapping (as the frontal lobe controls voluntary movement), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and measures of language and numeracy skills.[5]
Clinical significance[edit]
Damage[edit]
Stuss, et al. discuss in a review of many studies how damage to the frontal lobe can occur in an assortment of ways and result in many different consequences. Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) also known as mini-strokes, and strokes are common causes of frontal lobe damage in older adults (65 and over). These strokes and mini-strokes can occur due to the blockage of blood flow to the brain or as a result of the rupturing of an aneurysm in a cerebral artery. Other ways in which injury can occur include head injuries such as traumatic brain injuries incurred following accidents, diagnoses such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease (which cause dementia symptoms), and frontal lobe epilepsy (which can occur at any age).[6]
Symptoms[edit]
Common effects of damage to the frontal lobe are varied. Patients who have experienced frontal lobe trauma may know the appropriate response to a situation but display inappropriate responses to those same situations in "real life". Similarly, emotions that are felt may not be expressed in the face or voice. For example, someone who is feeling happy would not smile, and his or her voice would be devoid of emotion. Along the same lines, though, the person may also exhibit excessive, unwarranted displays of emotion. Depression is common in stroke patients; it affects a great number of those who have experienced one. Also common along with depression is a loss of or decrease in motivation. Someone might not want to carry out normal daily activities and would not feel "up to it".[6] Those who are close to the person who has experienced the damage may notice that the person no longer behaves like him or herself.[7] This personality change is characteristic of damage to the frontal lobe and was exemplified in the case of Phineas Gage. The frontal lobe is the same part of the brain that is responsible for executive functions such as planning for the future, judgement, decision-making skills, attention span, and inhibition. These functions can decrease drastically in someone whose frontal lobe is damaged.[6]
Consequences that are seen less frequently are also varied. Confabulation may be the most frequently indicated "less common" effect. In the case of confabulation, someone gives false information while maintaining the belief that it is the truth; he or she cannot remember the accurate information. In a small number of patients, uncharacteristic cheerfulness can be noted. This effect is seen mostly in patients with lesions to the right frontal portion of the brain.[6][8]
Another infrequent effect is that of reduplicative paramnesia, in which patients believe that the location in which they currently reside is a replica of one located somewhere else. Similarly, those who experience Capgras syndrome after frontal lobe damage believe that an identical "replacement" has taken the identity of a close friend, relative, or other person and is posing as that person. This last effect is seen mostly in schizophrenic patients who also have a neurological disorder in the frontal lobe.[6][9]
Genetic[edit]
A report from the National Institute of Mental Health says a gene variant of (COMT) that reduces dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex is related to poorer performance and inefficient functioning of that brain region during working memory tasks, and to a slightly increased risk for schizophrenia.[10]
History[edit]
Psychosurgery[edit]
In the early 20th century, a medical treatment for mental illness, first developed by Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz, involved damaging the pathways connecting the frontal lobe to the limbic system. Frontal lobotomy (sometimes called frontal leucotomy) successfully reduced distress but at the cost of often blunting the subject's emotions, volition and personality. The indiscriminate use of this psychosurgical procedure, combined with its severe side effects and a mortality rate of 7.4 to 17 per cent,[11] gained it a bad reputation. The frontal lobotomy has largely died out as a psychiatric treatment. More precise psychosurgical procedures are still used, although rarely. They may include anterior capsulotomy (bilateral thermal lesions of the anterior limbs of the internal capsule) or the bilateral cingulotomy (involving lesions of the anterior cingulate gyri) and might be used to treat otherwise untreatable obsessional disorders or clinical depression.
Theories of function[edit]
Theories of frontal lobe function can be separated into four categories:
Single-process theories, which propose that "damage to a single process or system is responsible for a number of different dysexecutive symptoms” [12]
Multi-process theories, which propose "that the frontal lobe executive system consists of a number of components that typically work together in everyday actions (heterogeneity of function)" [13]
Construct-led theories, which propose that "most if not all frontal functions can be explained by one construct (homogeneity of function) such as working memory or inhibition" [14]
Single-symptom theories, which propose that a specific dysexecutive symptom (e.g., confabulation) is related to the processes and construct of the underlying structures.[15]
Other theories include:
Stuss (1999) suggests a differentiation into two categories according to homogeneity and heterogeneity of function.
Grafman's managerial knowledge units (MKU) / structured event complex (SEC) approach (cf. Wood & Grafman, 2003)
Miller & Cohen's integrative theory of prefrontal functioning (e.g. Miller & Cohen, 2001)
Rolls's stimulus-reward approach and Stuss's anterior attentional functions (Burgess & Simons, 2005; Burgess, 2003; Burke, 2007).
It may be highlighted that the theories described above differ in their focus on certain processes/systems or construct-lets. Stuss (1999) remarks that the question of homogeneity (single construct) or heterogeneity (multiple processes/systems) of function "may represent a problem of semantics and/or incomplete functional analysis rather than an unresolvable dichotomy" (p. 348). However, further research will show if a unified theory of frontal lobe function that fully accounts for the diversity of functions will be available.
In other animals[edit]
For many years, many scientists thought that the frontal lobe was disproportionately enlarged in humans compared to other primates. They thought that this was an important feature of human evolution and was the primary reason why human cognition differs from that of other primates. However, this view has been challenged by newer research. Using magnetic resonance imaging to determine the volume of the frontal cortex in humans, all extant ape species and several monkey species, Semendeferi et al. found that the human frontal cortex was not relatively larger than the cortex of other great apes but was relatively larger than the frontal cortex of lesser apes and the monkeys.[16]
Additional images[edit]
Left frontal lobe (click to view animation)
Lobes
Base of brain.
Human brain showing the four major lobes of the cerebrum. Beneath the cerebral cortex are the cerebellum, pons, olive, and medulla oblongata
Drawing to illustrate the relations of the brain to the skull.
Frontal lobe
Frontal lobe
Cerebrum.Inferior view.Deep dissection
Ventricles of brain and basal ganglia.Superior view. Horizontal section.Deep dissection
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Broca's area
Limen insulae
Regions in the human brain
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Muzio, Bruno Di. "Frontal pole | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org". radiopaedia.org.
Jump up ^ Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Jeffries NO, et al. (October 1999). "Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study". Nature Neuroscience. 2 (10): 861–3. doi:10.1038/13158. PMID 10491603.
Jump up ^ Fjell AM, Walhovd KB, Fennema-Notestine C, et al. (December 2009). "One-year brain atrophy evident in healthy aging". The Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (48): 15223–31. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3252-09.2009. PMC 2827793  . PMID 19955375.
Jump up ^ Coffey CE, Wilkinson WE, Parashos IA, et al. (March 1992). "Quantitative cerebral anatomy of the aging human brain: a cross-sectional study using magnetic resonance imaging". Neurology. 42 (3 Pt 1): 527–36. doi:10.1212/wnl.42.3.527. PMID 1549213.
Jump up ^ Kimberg DY, Farah MJ (December 1993). "A unified account of cognitive impairments following frontal lobe damage: the role of working memory in complex, organized behavior". Journal of Experimental Psychology. General. 122 (4): 411–28. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.122.4.411. PMID 8263463.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Stuss DT, Gow CA, Hetherington CR (June 1992). "'No longer Gage': frontal lobe dysfunction and emotional changes". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 60 (3): 349–59. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.60.3.349. PMID 1619089.
Jump up ^ Rowe AD, Bullock PR, Polkey CE, Morris RG (March 2001). "'Theory of mind' impairments and their relationship to executive functioning following frontal lobe excisions". Brain. 124 (Pt 3): 600–16. doi:10.1093/brain/124.3.600. PMID 11222459.
Jump up ^ Robinson RG, Kubos KL, Starr LB, Rao K, Price TR (March 1984). "Mood disorders in stroke patients. Importance of location of lesion". Brain. 107 (1): 81–93. doi:10.1093/brain/107.1.81. PMID 6697163.
Jump up ^ Durani, Shiban K.; Ford, Rodney; Sajjad, S. H. (September 1991). "Capgras syndrome associated with a frontal lobe tumour". Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine. 8 (2): 135–6. doi:10.1017/S0790966700015093.
Jump up ^ "Gene Slows Frontal Lobes, Boosts Schizophrenia Risk". National Institute of Mental Health. May 29, 2001. Archived from the original on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2013-06-20.
Jump up ^ Ogren K, Sandlund M (2007). "Lobotomy at a state mental hospital in Sweden. A survey of patients operated on during the period 1947-1958". Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 61 (5): 355–62. doi:10.1080/08039480701643498. PMID 17990197.
Jump up ^ (Burgess, 2003, p. 309).
Jump up ^ (Burgess, 2003, p. 310).
Jump up ^ (Stuss, 1999, p. 348; cf. Burgess & Simons, 2005).
Jump up ^ (cf. Burgess & Simons, 2005).
Jump up ^ Semendeferi K, Lu A, Schenker N, Damasio H (March 2002). "Humans and great apes share a large frontal cortex". Nature Neuroscience. 5 (3): 272–6. doi:10.1038/nn814. PMID 11850633.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frontal lobe.
NIF Search - Frontal Lobe via the Neuroscience Information Framework
[hide]
v
t
e
Anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brain
Frontal lobe
Superolateral
Prefrontal
Superior frontal gyrus
4
6
8
Middle frontal gyrus
9
10
46
Inferior frontal gyrus: 11
47-Pars orbitalis
Broca's area
44-Pars opercularis
45-Pars triangularis
Superior frontal sulcus
Inferior frontal sulcus
Precentral
Precentral gyrus
Precentral sulcus
Medial/inferior
Prefrontal
Superior frontal gyrus
4
6
Medial frontal gyrus
8
9
Paraterminal gyrus/Paraolfactory area
12
Straight gyrus
11
Orbital gyri/Orbitofrontal cortex
10
11
12
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
10
Subcallosal area
25
Olfactory sulcus
Orbital sulcus
Precentral
Paracentral lobule
4
Paracentral sulcus
Both
Primary motor cortex
4
Premotor cortex
6
Supplementary motor area
6
Supplementary eye field
6
Frontal eye fields
8
Parietal lobe
Superolateral
Superior parietal lobule
5
7
Inferior parietal lobule
40-Supramarginal gyrus
39-Angular gyrus
Parietal operculum
43
Intraparietal sulcus
Medial/inferior
Paracentral lobule
1
2
3
5
Precuneus
7
Marginal sulcus
Both
Postcentral gyrus/Primary somatosensory cortex
1
2
3
Secondary somatosensory cortex
5
Posterior parietal cortex
7
Occipital lobe
Superolateral
Occipital pole of cerebrum
Lateral occipital gyrus
18
19
Lunate sulcus
Transverse occipital sulcus
Medial/inferior
Visual cortex
17
Cuneus
Lingual gyrus
Calcarine sulcus
Temporal lobe
Superolateral
Transverse temporal gyrus/Auditory cortex
41
42
Superior temporal gyrus
38
22/Wernicke's area
Middle temporal gyrus
21
Superior temporal sulcus
Medial/inferior
Fusiform gyrus
37
Medial temporal lobe
27
28
34
35
36
Inferior temporal gyrus
20
Inferior temporal sulcus
Interlobar
sulci/fissures
Superolateral
Central (frontal+parietal)
Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal)
Parieto-occipital
Preoccipital notch
Medial/inferior
Longitudinal fissure
Cingulate (frontal+cingulate)
Collateral (temporal+occipital)
Callosal sulcus
Limbic lobe
Parahippocampal gyrus
anterior
Entorhinal cortex
Perirhinal cortex
Postrhinal cortex
Posterior parahippocampal gyrus
Prepyriform area
Cingulate cortex/gyrus
Subgenual area
25
Anterior cingulate
24
32
33
Posterior cingulate
23
31
Isthmus of cingulate gyrus: Retrosplenial cortex
26
29
30
Hippocampal formation
Hippocampal sulcus
Fimbria of hippocampus
Dentate gyrus
Rhinal sulcus
Other
Supracallosal gyrus
Uncus
Amygdala
Insular cortex
Insular cortex
General
Operculum
Poles of cerebral hemispheres
Some categorizations are approximations, and some Brodmann areas span gyri.
Authority control
GND: 4183361-2
NDL: 01071497

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text:
2016 UEFA Champions League Final
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
2016 UEFA Champions League Final
Match programme cover
Event
2015–16 UEFA Champions League
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
1
1
After extra time
Real Madrid won 5–3 on penalties
Date
28 May 2016
Venue
San Siro, Milan
Man of the Match
Sergio Ramos (Real Madrid)[1]
Referee
Mark Clattenburg (England)[2]
Attendance
71,942[3]
Weather
Cloudy
27 °C (81 °F)
45% humidity[4]
← 2015
2017 →
The 2016 UEFA Champions League Final was the final match of the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League, the 61st season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 24th season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs' Cup to the UEFA Champions League. It was played at the San Siro stadium in Milan, Italy, on 28 May 2016,[5] between Spanish teams Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid, in a repeat of the 2014 final. It was the second time in the tournament's history that both finalists were from the same city. Real Madrid won 5–3 on a penalty shoot-out after a 1–1 draw at the end of extra time, securing a record-extending 11th title in the competition.
Real Madrid earned the right to play against the winners of the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League, Sevilla, in the 2016 UEFA Super Cup. They also qualified to enter the semi-finals of the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup as the UEFA representative.
Contents
[hide]
1 Venue
2 Background
3 Road to the final
4 Pre-match
4.1 Ambassadors
4.2 Logo
4.3 Ticketing
4.4 Opening ceremony
4.5 Related events
5 Match
5.1 Officials
5.2 Goal-line technology
5.3 Summary
5.4 Details
5.5 Statistics
6 Post-match
6.1 Reactions
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Venue[edit]
The San Siro in Milan was selected to host the final in September 2014.
The San Siro, officially known as Stadio Giuseppe Meazza, was announced as the venue of the final at the UEFA Executive Committee meeting in Nyon, Switzerland, on 18 September 2014,[5] the fourth European Cup/Champions League final hosted at the stadium following those in 1965, 1970 and 2001.
The San Siro was built in 1925, opened in 1926 as the home of Milan, and was sold to the city in 1935. Internazionale became tenants in 1947, and the stadium has been shared by the two clubs ever since, with Inter winning the first European Cup final played at the stadium in 1965. The stadium was used as a venue in the 1934 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 1980, and the 1990 FIFA World Cup. Its current capacity is 80,018, but is reduced to just under 80,000 seats for UEFA competitions.[5]
The 2016 final marked the first time a final has been held at the San Siro when neither of its tenants were able to win the competition, as Milan and Internazionale both failed to qualify for any European competitions after their performance in the 2014–15 Serie A.
Background[edit]
Real Madrid manager Zinedine Zidane won the Champions League while playing for the club in 2002
This final was the sixth tournament final to feature two teams from the same association,[6] the third all-Spanish final, and the second between teams from the same city, fielding exactly the two teams that faced each other in the 2014 final, making it the seventh repeated final pairing.[7] The all-Madrid final also guaranteed the city of Madrid becoming the most successful city in the European Cup with 11 wins and 17 final appearances, and also in all UEFA club competitions with 16 wins, overtaking the city of Milan with 10 wins and 16 final appearances in the European Cup and 15 wins in all UEFA club competitions.[8]
Real Madrid reached a record 14th final after a 1–0 aggregate win against Manchester City, with a chance to win a record 11th title.[9] Previously, they won finals in 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1998, 2000, 2002, and 2014, and lost in 1962, 1964 and 1981. This was also their 18th final in all UEFA club competitions, having also played in two Cup Winners' Cup finals (losing in 1971 and 1983) and two UEFA Cup finals (winning in 1985 and 1986). Their manager, Zinedine Zidane, who scored the winning goal for Real Madrid in the 2002 final, was aiming to become the seventh man to win the Champions League as both player and manager,[10] joining Miguel Muñoz, Giovanni Trapattoni, Johan Cruyff, Carlo Ancelotti, Frank Rijkaard and Pep Guardiola.[11]
Atlético Madrid reached their third European Cup final after defeating Bayern Munich on away goals (2–2 on aggregate).[12] Their previous two European Cup finals in 1974 and 2014 both ended in defeats, to Bayern Munich and Real Madrid respectively. Atlético Madrid had also played in three Cup Winners' Cup finals (winning in 1962, and losing in 1963 and 1986) and two Europa League finals (winning in 2010 and 2012), with their most recent Europa League triumph in 2012 led by current coach Diego Simeone. He had the chance to join fellow Argentinians Luis Carniglia and Helenio Herrera as the only non-European coaches to win the European Cup/Champions League.[13] If they would win the Champions League, they would join Juventus, Ajax, Bayern Munich and Chelsea as clubs to have won the three main European club competitions.[14] On the other hand, if they were to lose, they would become the first team to lose their first three European Cup finals.[15]
Apart from the 2014 final, won by Real Madrid 4–1 after extra time, the only previous Madrid Derby matches in European competitions were in the 1958–59 European Cup semi-finals, where Real Madrid won 2–1 in a replay, after a 2–2 aggregate draw, and in the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League quarter-finals, where Real Madrid won 1–0 on aggregate.[16]
Road to the final[edit]
For more details on this topic, see 2015–16 UEFA Champions League.
Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).
Real Madrid
Round
Atlético Madrid
Opponent Result Group stage Opponent Result
Shakhtar Donetsk 4–0 (H) Matchday 1 Galatasaray 2–0 (A)
Malmö FF 2–0 (A) Matchday 2 Benfica 1–2 (H)
Paris Saint-Germain 0–0 (A) Matchday 3 Astana 4–0 (H)
Paris Saint-Germain 1–0 (H) Matchday 4 Astana 0–0 (A)
Shakhtar Donetsk 4–3 (A) Matchday 5 Galatasaray 2–0 (H)
Malmö FF 8–0 (H) Matchday 6 Benfica 2–1 (A)
Group A winners
Pos
Team
v
t
e
Pld
Pts
1
Real Madrid 6 16
2
Paris Saint-Germain 6 13
3
Shakhtar Donetsk 6 3
4
Malmö 6 3
Source: UEFA
Final standings Group C winners
Pos
Team
v
t
e
Pld
Pts
1
Atlético Madrid 6 13
2
Benfica 6 10
3
Galatasaray 6 5
4
Astana 6 4
Source: UEFA
Opponent Agg. 1st leg 2nd leg Knockout phase Opponent Agg. 1st leg 2nd leg
Roma 4–0 2–0 (A) 2–0 (H) Round of 16 PSV Eindhoven 0–0 (8–7 p) 0–0 (A) 0–0 (a.e.t.) (H)
Wolfsburg 3–2 0–2 (A) 3–0 (H) Quarter-finals Barcelona 3–2 1–2 (A) 2–0 (H)
Manchester City 1–0 0–0 (A) 1–0 (H) Semi-finals Bayern Munich 2–2 (a) 1–0 (H) 1–2 (A)
Pre-match[edit]
Ambassadors[edit]
Javier Zanetti Paolo Maldini
The ambassadors for the final were former Argentine international Javier Zanetti, who won the Champions League with Internazionale against Bayern Munich in 2010, and former Italian international Paolo Maldini, who won five European Cups with Milan.[17]
Logo[edit]
UEFA unveiled the brand identity of the final on 27 August 2015 in Monaco ahead of the group stage draw. The logo features the Milan landmark Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II.[18]
Ticketing[edit]
With a stadium capacity of 71,500, a total amount of 46,000 tickets were available to fans and the general public, with the two finalist teams receiving 20,000 tickets each and with 6,000 tickets being available for sale to fans worldwide via UEFA.com from 1 to 14 March 2016 in four price categories: €440, €320, €160 and €70. The remaining tickets were allocated to the local organising committee, UEFA and national associations, commercial partners and broadcasters, and to serve the corporate hospitality programme.[19]
Opening ceremony[edit]
American singer Alicia Keys performed in the opening ceremony prior to the match, the first time it has featured a live music performance.[20] Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli performed the UEFA Champions League Anthem.[21]
Related events[edit]
The 2016 UEFA Women's Champions League Final was held two days prior, on 26 May 2016, at the Mapei Stadium – Città del Tricolore in Reggio Emilia.
The annual UEFA Champions Festival was held between 26–29 May 2016 at Milan's Piazza del Duomo.[22]
Match[edit]
Officials[edit]
English referee Mark Clattenburg was announced as the final referee by UEFA on 10 May 2016.[2]
Goal-line technology[edit]
The goal-line technology system Hawk-Eye was used for the match. This was the first UEFA Champions League final to employ goal-line technology, following approval by the UEFA Executive Committee in January 2016.[23]
Summary[edit]
Real Madrid dominated possession in the early stages of the match. Six minutes into the game Gareth Bale delivered a free-kick into Atlético Madrid's penalty box, which found Casemiro. His goalbound shot was cleared off the line by goalkeeper Jan Oblak. Five minutes later, Dani Carvajal received the first yellow card of the match after a late tackle on Antoine Griezmann. In the 15th minute, Toni Kroos sent a free-kick into Atlético's penalty box, which was flicked on by Bale. In the subsequent scramble, Sergio Ramos touched the ball past Oblak to score for Real.[24][25] The goal stood despite video evidence subsequently showing Ramos was in an offside position, meaning the goal should have been disallowed.[26][27]
In the 46th minute, Fernando Torres won a penalty kick for Atlético after a foul from behind from Pepe. Real Madrid goalkeeper Keylor Navas was shown a yellow card for delaying the kick. Griezmann took the penalty but his shot missed the goal, with the ball ricocheting off the crossbar. Substitute Yannick Carrasco latched onto a cross by Juanfran from the right to equalise from close range for Atlético in the 79th minute. The scoreline remained the same at the end of 90 minutes to send the match into extra time.[28]
After a goalless 30 minutes, the game was settled by a penalty shoot-out. Juanfran missed Atlético's fourth penalty, hitting the post, thus allowing Cristiano Ronaldo to seal Real Madrid's 11th Champions League title.[29]
Details[edit]
The "home" team (for administrative purposes) was determined by an additional draw held after the semi-final draw, which was held on 15 April 2016 at UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland.[30]
Real Madrid v Atlético Madrid
28 May 2016 (2016-05-28)
20:45 CEST
Real Madrid
1–1 (a.e.t.)
Atlético Madrid
Ramos 15' Report Carrasco 79'
Penalties
Vázquez
Marcelo
Bale
Ramos
Ronaldo
5–3
Griezmann
Gabi
Saúl
Juanfran
San Siro, Milan
Attendance: 71,942[3]
Referee: Mark Clattenburg (England)
Real Madrid[4]
Atlético Madrid[4]
GK 1 Keylor Navas 47'
RB 15 Dani Carvajal 11' 52'
CB 4 Sergio Ramos (c) 90+3'
CB 3 Pepe 112'
LB 12 Marcelo
DM 14 Casemiro 79'
RM 19 Luka Modrić
LM 8 Toni Kroos 72'
RF 11 Gareth Bale
CF 9 Karim Benzema 77'
LF 7 Cristiano Ronaldo
Substitutes:
GK 13 Kiko Casilla
DF 6 Nacho
DF 23 Danilo 93' 52'
MF 10 James Rodríguez
MF 18 Lucas Vázquez 77'
MF 22 Isco 72'
FW 20 Jesé
Manager:
Zinedine Zidane
GK 13 Jan Oblak
RB 20 Juanfran
CB 15 Stefan Savić
CB 2 Diego Godín
LB 3 Filipe Luís 109'
RM 17 Saúl
CM 14 Gabi (c) 90+3'
CM 12 Augusto Fernández 46'
LM 6 Koke 116'
SS 7 Antoine Griezmann
CF 9 Fernando Torres 61'
Substitutes:
GK 1 Miguel Ángel Moyà
DF 19 Lucas 109'
DF 24 José Giménez
MF 5 Tiago
MF 21 Yannick Carrasco 46'
MF 22 Thomas 116'
FW 16 Ángel Correa
Manager:
Diego Simeone
Man of the Match:
Sergio Ramos (Real Madrid)[1]
Assistant referees:[2]
Simon Beck (England)
Jake Collin (England)
Fourth official:[2]
Viktor Kassai (Hungary)
Additional assistant referees:[2]
Anthony Taylor (England)
Andre Marriner (England)
Reserve assistant referee:[2]
Stuart Burt (England)
Match rules[31]
90 minutes.
30 minutes of extra time if necessary.
Penalty shoot-out if scores still level.
Seven named substitutes, of which up to three may be used.
Statistics[edit]
First half[32]
Statistic
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Goals scored
1 0
Total shots
5 5
Shots on target
2 3
Saves
3 1
Ball possession
48% 52%
Corner kicks
1 1
Fouls committed
6 6
Offsides
0 1
Yellow cards
1 0
Red cards
0 0
Second half[32]
Statistic
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Goals scored
0 1
Total shots
9 10
Shots on target
4 1
Saves
0 4
Ball possession
45% 55%
Corner kicks
3 1
Fouls committed
8 7
Offsides
0 1
Yellow cards
3 2
Red cards
0 0
Extra time[32]
Statistic
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Goals scored
0 0
Total shots
11 3
Shots on target
2 0
Saves
0 2
Ball possession
44% 56%
Corner kicks
3 4
Fouls committed
4 3
Offsides
0 0
Yellow cards
2 0
Red cards
0 0
Overall[32]
Statistic
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Goals scored
1 1
Total shots
25 18
Shots on target
8 4
Saves
3 7
Ball possession
46% 54%
Corner kicks
7 6
Fouls committed
18 16
Offsides
0 2
Yellow cards
6 2
Red cards
0 0
Post-match[edit]
Man of the Match winner Sergio Ramos holding the Champions League trophy during celebrations in Madrid.
The match was the eleventh European Cup/Champions League final to be decided by penalty shoot-out. With their win, Real Madrid secured a record-extending eleventh European Cup/Champions League title. This was Real Madrid's 14th appearance in a European Cup/Champions League final. The club has not lost a final since 1981. On the other hand, Atlético Madrid became the only team to lose in their first three final appearances. Juventus and Barcelona had lost during their first two appearances in the final, but won on their third attempts in 1985 and 1992 respectively. Atlético's three losses in European Cup finals ranks them level with Barcelona, and behind only Juventus (six losses), Bayern Munich and Benfica (five losses each).
Ramos, who scored the opening goal of the match, became the fifth player to score in two Champions League finals. He had not scored in the competition since scoring the equaliser against Atlético Madrid in the 2014 final. Carrasco's second-half equaliser made him the first Belgian to score in a Champions League final.[33] Real Madrid coach Zidane became the first French coach to win the Champions League and the seventh person to win the Champions League as a player and as a coach. Muñoz, the first person to achieve the feat, had also done so by winning the title with Real Madrid as a player (in 1956 and 1957) and as a coach (in 1960 and 1966).[10][34]
During the match, fans at an Iraqi Real Madrid fan club were attacked for the second time, bringing the combined death toll to at least 29. In the aftermath of the attack, club president Florentino Pérez dedicated Real Madrid's victory to the fans that were killed and other Iraqi fans of the club, including others who have been killed by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Players had previously worn black armbands and observed moment of silence after the first attack.[35]
Reactions[edit]
Zidane expressed his pride at being Real Madrid coach and winning the Champions League with the club as a player, as assistant coach and now as head coach. On the result, he said, "Both teams got to the very end – the penalties went our way but could easily have gone the other. Congratulations to Atlético and [Diego] Simeone. He's a great coach, but of course I'm happy with this victory." Simeone congratulated Real Madrid on their victory, saying, "[T]hey were better than us again, this time in the penalty shootout."[36] When asked if he would continue as the coach of Atlético Madrid, Simeone replied, "My plan is to think. That's all."[37]
Ronaldo told the media after the match that he had requested to take the fifth penalty because he "had a vision" that he would score the winning goal. Ronaldo added, "The penalties are always a lottery, you never know what will happen but our team showed more experience and we showed it by scoring all the penalties." Bale said that he was "cramping up", but described the win as an "amazing feeling". He also stated he felt nervous after his penalty, but not while taking it. On defeating their derby rivals, Bale added, "That's the most important thing [beating their rivals]. Obviously they gave us a great game and we're obviously feeling a little bit sorry for them but a final is a final and you have to win."[38] Luka Modrić told the media he was happy and proud of the win, and that the team had shown character until the end. He added, "We deserved to win. I feel sorry for Atlético but I feel glad for ourselves that we won the game. This is Real Madrid's competition. The undecima ["eleventh"]. This trophy belongs to Real Madrid, it's why it's the best club in the world."[39]
See also[edit]
Association football portal
Milan portal
2016 UEFA Europa League Final
2016 UEFA Super Cup
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Spot-on Real Madrid defeat Atlético in final again". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 28 May 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Clattenburg to referee Champions League final". UEFA.com. 10 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Full Time Report Final – Real Madrid v Atlético Madrid" (PDF). UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 28 May 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Tactical Line-ups – Final – Saturday 28 May 2016" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 28 May 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Milan to host 2016 UEFA Champions League final". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "One-nation UEFA Champions League finals". UEFA.com. 21 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Second time round: European Cup final rematches". UEFA.com. 9 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Madrid to supplant Milan as top footballing city". UEFA.com. 6 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Real Madrid 1–0 Manchester City (agg 1–0)". BBC Sport. 4 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Zinedine Zidane could become seventh person to win Champions League as player and manager". Daily Mail Online. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Will Zidane be latest winner as a player and coach?". UEFA.com. 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bayern Munich 2–1 Atletico Madrid (agg 2–2)". BBC Sport. 3 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Atlético coach Simeone eyes exclusive club". UEFA.com. 23 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "2016 UEFA Champions League Final Press Kit" (PDF). Uefa.com. 27 May 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Can Atlético make it third time lucky in Milan?". UEFA.com. 27 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Real Madrid v Atlético in European competition". UEFA.com. 4 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Final ambassadors: Zanetti v Maldini quiz". UEFA. 5 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "2016 UEFA Champions League final identity launched". UEFA.org. 27 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "2016 UEFA Champions League final ticket sales launch". UEFA.org. 1 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Alicia Keys to perform at UEFA Champions League final". UEFA. 27 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Andrea Bocelli to perform before final". UEFA.com. 26 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Where and when: UEFA Champions Festival in Milan". UEFA.com. 18 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Goalline technology to be used in Champions League final". BBC Sport. 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Grez (28 May 2016). "Champions League final 2016: Live". CNN. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Real Madrid beat Atletico on penalties to win Champions League". ESPNFC.com. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Was Sergio Ramos offside when scoring Real Madrid's opening Champions League final goal?". Metro.co.uk. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Real Madrid win Champions League on penalties after offside goal". irishexaminer.com. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "2016 UEFA Champions League Final: as it happened". Guardian. 28 May 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Real Madrid beat Atletico Madrid on penalties". BBC Sport. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Draws — Semi-finals". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2015/16 Season" (PDF). UEFA.com. 1 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Team statistics" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 28 May 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "UEFA Champions League 2016 - Real Madrid-Atlético Report – UEFA.com". Uefa.com. 28 May 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "UEFA Champions League - News – UEFA.com". UEFA.com. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Real Madrid's Florentino Perez dedicates Champions League victory to Iraqi fans killed by Daesh
Jump up ^ "UEFA Champions League 2016 - Real Madrid-Atlético Quotes – UEFA.com". Uefa.com. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Atletico Madrid boss Diego Simeone: Real Madrid 'were better than us again'". ESPNFC.com. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cristiano Ronaldo: 'I had a vision' I'd score decisive penalty for Real Madrid". ESPNFC.com. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Luka Modric admits he "feels sorry" for Atletico Madrid after defeat". Mirror.co.uk. 28 May 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
External links[edit]
2015–16 UEFA Champions League
2016 final: Milan
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_UEFA_Champions_League_Final&oldid=817677763"
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values: نهائي دوري أبطال أوروبا 2016 – Arabic

values: Фінал Лігі чэмпіёнаў УЭФА 2016 году – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

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