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One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)
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One Day at a Time
Genre
Sitcom
Dramedy
Based on
One Day at a Time
by Whitney Blake and Allan Manings
Developed by
Gloria Calderon Kellett
Mike Royce
Starring
Justina Machado
Todd Grinnell
Isabella Gomez
Marcel Ruiz
Stephen Tobolowsky
Rita Moreno
Opening theme
"This Is It" performed by Gloria Estefan
Ending theme
"This Is It" (instrumental)
Composer(s)
Jeff Barry
Nancy Barry
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
2
No. of episodes
26 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Gloria Calderon Kellett
Mike Royce
Norman Lear
Michael Garcia
Brent Miller
Producer(s)
Dan Hernandez
Benji Samit
Patricia Fass Palmer
Camera setup
Multi-camera
Running time
26–31 minutes
Production company(s)
Act III Productions
Snowpants Productions
Big Girl Pants Productions
Small Fish Studios
Sony Pictures Television
Release
Original network
Netflix
Picture format
4K (UHD)
Audio format
Dolby Digital 5.1
Original release
January 6, 2017 – present
External links
Official Website
One Day at a Time is an American comedy-drama web television series based on the 1975–1984 sitcom of the same name.[1] It was developed by Gloria Calderon Kellett and Mike Royce, with Norman Lear serving as an executive producer.[2] The series features an ensemble cast starring Justina Machado, Todd Grinnell, Isabella Gomez, Marcel Ruiz, Stephen Tobolowsky, and Rita Moreno.[3][4] The show revolves around a Cuban-American family living in Los Angeles, focusing on a single mom who is an Army veteran dealing with PTSD, her kids and her Cuban mother. The re-imagination of the original CBS sitcom tackles important issues like mental illness, immigration, sexism, homophobia, and racism that face Latinos living in the United States.
Filming took place in Los Angeles, California at Sony Pictures Studios in Stage 25.[5] It was shot with a multiple-camera setup in front of a studio audience. The first season consisted of thirteen episodes and it was released on January 6, 2017.[6] On March 4, 2017, Netflix renewed the series for a second season.[7] Filming of the second season began on May 2017 and ended on September 2017.[8] On January 26, 2018, the second season premiered on the streaming service with thirteen episodes.[9] On March 26, 2018, a third season was ordered.[10]
Upon its release, the show received critical acclaim, with critics and journalists praising the writing and the performances of Justina Machado and Rita Moreno.[11][12] One Day at a Time was listed as one of the best television shows of 2017, with over eighteen critics ranking it as one of the top ten shows of the year.[13] The series received multiple awards and nominations, including a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series (Pat Barnett). At the Imagen Foundation Awards won Best Primetime Television Program – Comedy, Best Actress – Television (Justina Machado), Best Supporting Actress – Television (Isabella Gomez) and Best Young Actor – Television (Marcel Ruiz). Rita Moreno was nominated for a Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. The series was also nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Comedy Series.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
2.3 Guest
3 Episodes
4 Production
4.1 Music
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response
5.2 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Premise[edit]
The show depicts the everyday life of a Cuban-American family with each character finding their own journey. Following the story of Penelope Alvarez (Justina Machado) a United States Army Nurse Corps[2] veteran, facing her return to civilian life with a lot of unresolved issues from her time in the Army. She works as a nurse in the office of Dr. Leslie Berkowitz (Stephen Tobolowsky). After her husband's alcoholism due to post-traumatic stress disorder from his time in the Army make it, in Penelope's words, 'unsafe to be in the house', she separates from Victor (James Martínez), taking the children with her. With the help of her Mother, Lydia (Rita Moreno), a refugee who left Cuba as a teen following Fidel Castro's rise to power, she is raising her two children: Elena (Isabella Gómez) and Alex (Marcel Ruiz). Apart from planning her daughter's quinceañera, Penelope starts dating and finds a love interest. Elena, resistant to have a quinces, starts dating a teenager from her class; to later realize that she is a lesbian. After struggling in ways to tell her family about her sexuality she finds the right time to come out. Alex starts working in a school project about Cuba with the help of Schneider (Todd Grinnell) and Lydia. Lydia talks about leaving Cuba escaping from Castro's dictatorship and how she fell in love with her late husband Berto (Tony Plana).
Each episode of the series focuses on important issues that face the Hispanic community and families in general. It has dealt with topics such as veterans' struggles with PTSD, depression, and anxiety, as well as sexuality, gender identity, sexism, and religion, amongst others.
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Justina Machado plays Penelope Alvarez.
Rita Moreno plays Penelope's mother, Lydia Riera.
Justina Machado as Penelope Riera Alvarez, a United States Army Nurse Corps and mother of Alex and Elena. She works as a nurse for Dr. Leslie Berkowitz. After coming back from army service, she joins a therapy group to help her with her depression and anxiety. In the first season she separates from her husband Victor and starts dating Ben. Later she breaks up with Ben after Victor's visit for Elena's quinceañera. In season two Penelope decides to go back to school to become a nurse practitioner. She begins dating an Army Veteran, now EMT Max Ferraro, but breaks up with him after finding out he wanted children of his own, and decides to let him find that chance with someone else, as she believes that she is too old for another child, and has two children of her own.
Todd Grinnell as Dwayne Schneider, the rich landlord of the building. He is a close friend of the family and Penelope's best friend. Schneider is frequently having one-night stands with different women. Often in the series he talks about having multiple stepmothers and how dysfunctional his family was, while also occasionally discussing his history of addictions. He is Canadian and after years of having a green card decides to become a US citizen.
Isabella Gomez as Elena Maria Alvarez Riera Calderón Leytevidal Inclán, the activist and feminist teenage daughter of Penelope. After dating Josh, a classmate, and watching gay porn, she discovers that she is a lesbian and comes out to her family. The news doesn't sit well with her father, which upsets Elena. In season two she finds a love interest and founds a Gay-Straight Alliance club at her Catholic School.
Marcel Ruiz as Alejandro "Alex" Alberto Alvarez Riera Calderon Leytevidal Inclan, the son of Penelope. He wants to gain popularity at school and is part of the baseball team. He starts a school project about Cuba. In season two he begins working during the summer at Dr. Berkowitz's office.
Rita Moreno as Lydia Riera, a faithful Cuban, Penelope's mother and grandmother of Elena and Alex. She fled Cuba after Castro seized power. She was a dancer and a performer back in the day. Over the course of the season, she develops a relationship with Dr. Berkowitz.
Stephen Tobolowsky as Dr. Leslie Berkowitz, Penelope's boss and Lydia's love interest.
Recurring[edit]
Fiona Gubelmann as Lori (season 1): Penelope's co-worker.
Ariela Barer as Carmen (season 1): Elena's best friend. She spent nights with Elena in her bedroom after her parents were deported back to Mexico, but Penelope finds out. She later moves to Austin, Texas to live with her brothers.
Froy Gutierrez as Josh Flores (season 1)
Eric Nenninger as Scott (season 1–present): Penelope's co-worker.
Haneefah Wood as Jill Riley (season 1–present): Penelope's friend.
Mackenzie Phillips as Pam Valentine (season 1–present): the leader of Penelope's female veteran therapy group.
Judy Reyes as Ramona (season 1–present): Penelope's friend from the therapy group.
Tony Plana as Berto Riera (season 1–present): Lydia's late husband.
James Martínez as Victor Alvarez (season 1–present): Penelope's ex-husband.
Ed Quinn as Max Ferraro (season 2): a military veteran, EMT, and Penelope's boyfriend[14]
Sheridan Pierce as Syd (season 2): Elena's significant other who is non-binary.[15][16]
Guest[edit]
Cedric Yarbrough as Jerry
Jay Hayden as Ben
Gabrielle Elyse as Dani
Jolie Jenkins as Nikki
Ivonne Coll as Esme
Emiliano Díez as Padre Jose
Georgia Engel as Sister Barbara
Tim Bagley as Henry
Mindy Sterling as Delia
Timm Sharp as Nurse Wally
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of One Day at a Time (2017) episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally released
1 13 January 6, 2017 (2017-01-06)
2 13 January 26, 2018 (2018-01-26)
Production[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2018)
Music[edit]
The theme song for the original One Day at a Time series, “This is It", was re-recorded for the newer version of the series, with a new arrangement by Emilio Estefan featuring Cuban instrumentation and lead vocals by Gloria Estefan. The song was composed by husband-and-wife songwriters Jeff Barry and Nancy Barry. Recording artist Polly Cutter sang the original version of the theme song.[17]
Reception[edit]
Season
Critical response
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic
1 97% (29 reviews) 79 (23 reviews)
2 100% (14 reviews) 88 (6 reviews)
Critical response[edit]
On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has an approval rating of 97% based on 30 reviews with an average rating of 7.62/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "One Day at a Time breathes fresh life into the classic Norman Lear original with a lively, sharp, and proudly old-school sitcom bolstered by a surfeit of heart and terrific performances from Rita Moreno and Justina Machado."[18]
Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times found the first season to be "lively without being rushed" thanks to the full 30 minute run time.[19] "The show is nicely written ... and the performances [especially Moreno's] are almost universally engaging," according to David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle.[20] The Newsday review by Verne Gay particularly praises Machado as "flat-out terrific" and calls the first season "congenial, good-hearted, easy going, sentimental, old-fashioned and surprisingly new-fashioned. There’s also a deep emotional core here which refuses to be devalued by the typical (or tired) beat of a multicamera sitcom."[21]
A USA Today review by Kelly Lawler noted that Elena's coming-out arc in the first season has drawn special praise from LGBT critics for its "unique, realistic and refreshing take on the subject... the depiction of a young, happy Latinx lesbian comes as a hopeful sign for many."[22] Autostraddle senior editor Yvonne Marquez called the arc "mind-blowing"[22] and the show revolutionary because "it centers the family’s brownness and provides ample social commentary to deliver a fantastic modern-day sitcom."[23]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show: Comedy One Day at a Time Nominated [24]
Imagen Foundation Awards Best Primetime Television Program – Comedy One Day at a Time Won [25][26]
Best Actress – Television Justina Machado Won
Best Supporting Actress – Television Rita Moreno Nominated
Isabella Gomez Won
Best Young Actor – Television Marcel Ruiz Won
Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series Pat Barnett Nominated [27]
Gold Derby Awards Best Comedy Supporting Actress Rita Moreno Nominated [28]
2018 Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Rita Moreno Nominated
GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Comedy Series One Day at a Time Nominated [29]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 22, 2016). "'One Day At A Time': Justina Machado To Play The Lead In Netflix Series Remake". Deadline.
^ Jump up to: a b "Netflix Orders 'One Day At A Time' Latino Remake Series Co-Starring Rita Moreno". Deadline. January 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 2, 2016). "'One Day At a Time': Stephen Tobolowsky Cast In Netflix Latino Family Remake". Deadline.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (April 19, 2016). "'One Day At a Time': Todd Grinnell Cast As Schneider In Netflix Series Remake". Deadline.
Jump up ^ "One Day at a Time Taping: Take Two - LezWatchTV". 3 August 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (July 27, 2016). "One Day at a Time Reboot Gets Premiere Date at Netflix". TVLine. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 4, 2016). "'One Day At A Time' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix". Deadline.
Jump up ^ "One Day At A Time Finale Taping - LezWatchTV". 18 September 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Netflix's 'One Day at a Time' announces season 2 premiere date in delightful video". Retrieved 18 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "One Day At A Time - Season 3 Announcement - Netflix". Netfflix. 26 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Cuban-Americans Take Spotlight In Netflix Reboot Of 'One Day At A Time'". Retrieved 18 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Miller, Liz Shannon (26 January 2018). "'One Day at a Time' Season 2 Review: Netflix's Best Multi-Cam Sitcom Just Gets Sharper and More Sincere". Retrieved 18 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2017: Television Critic Top Ten Lists". Retrieved 18 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Lyons, Margaret (January 25, 2018). "Review: The Euphoria of 'One Day at a Time'". The New York Times. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Miller, Liz Shannon (2018-02-02). "'One Day at a Time' Stars Talk Season 3 and Why a Non-Binary Character Is Called a 'Girlfriend' On The Show". IndieWire. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chaney, Jen (January 25, 2018). "One Day at a Time Is Back, and Rest Assured, It's Still Great". Vulture. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Norman Lear reboots 'One Day at a Time' for a new generation". Los Angeles Times. 2017-01-05. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2017-04-07.
Jump up ^ "One Day at a Time: Season 1". Rotten Tomatoes. Rotten Tomatoes. January 2017. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lloyd, Robert (January 5, 2017). "Netflix reboot of 'One Day at a Time' is bighearted fun". LA Times. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wiegand, David (January 4, 2017). "Brand-new old-fashioned 'Day' on Netflix". San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gay, Verne (January 5, 2017). "Norman Lear almost – reboot a sentimental winner". Newsday. Newsday. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "How Netflix's 'One Day at a Time' flips the coming-out script". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2018-01-28.
Jump up ^ "Netflix's "One Day at a Time" Is the Revolutionary, Feminist Latinx Family Sitcom We Didn't Know We Needed". Autostraddle. 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2018-01-28.
Jump up ^ Ceron, Ella (June 19, 2017). "Teen Choice Awards 2017: See the First Wave of Nominations". Teen Vogue. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "32nd Annual Imagen Awards". Imagen Founation. June 19, 2017. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lin Manuel Miranda Family Honored at Imagen Awards". The Hollywood Reporter. June 19, 2017. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "69th Emmy® Awards Nominations" (PDF). Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. July 13, 2017. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "2017 Gold Derby Awards". Gold Derby Awards. June 19, 2017. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "These Are the 2018 GLAAD Media Awards Nominees". Time. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
External links[edit]
One Day at a Time on IMDb
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Biceps
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Biceps (disambiguation).
Biceps
The biceps is a two-headed muscle and is one of the chief flexors of the forearm. Here is the left side, seen from the front.
Details
Origin
Short head: coracoid process of the scapula.
Long head: supraglenoid tubercle
Insertion
Radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis into deep fascia on medial part of forearm
Artery
Brachial artery
Nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve (C5–C7)[1]
Actions
Flexes elbow[1]
flexes and abducts shoulder [1]
supinates radioulnar joint in the forearm[1]
Antagonist
Triceps brachii muscle
Identifiers
Latin
musculus biceps brachii
Dorlands
/Elsevier
m_22/12548475
TA
A04.6.02.013
FMA
37670
Anatomical terms of muscle
[edit on Wikidata]
In human anatomy, the biceps, also biceps brachii (/ˈbaɪsɛps ˈbreɪki.aɪ/), is a two-headed muscle that lies on the upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow. Both heads arise on the scapula and join to form a single muscle belly which is attached to the upper forearm. While the biceps crosses both the shoulder and elbow joints, its main function is at the elbow where it flexes the forearm and supinates the forearm. Both these movements are used when opening a bottle with a corkscrew: first biceps unscrews the cork (supination), then it pulls the cork out (flexion).[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Variation
1.2 Nerve supply
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
4 Society and culture
4.1 Etymology and grammar
4.2 Training
5 History
6 Other species
6.1 Neanderthals
6.2 Horses
7 Additional images
8 References
9 External links
Structure[edit]
Location of biceps. Two different colors represent two different bundles which compose biceps.
Short head
Long head
The biceps is one of three muscles in the anterior compartment of the upper arm, along with the brachialis muscle and the coracobrachialis muscle, with which the biceps shares a nerve supply.[1] The biceps muscle has two heads, the short head and the long head, distinguished according to their origin at the coracoid process and supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, respectively.[1] From its origin on the glenoid, the long head remains tendinous as it passes through the shoulder joint and through the intertubercular groove of the humerus.[2] Extending from its origin on the coracoid, the tendon of the short head runs adjacent to the tendon of the coracobrachialis as the conjoint tendon. Unlike the other muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm, the biceps muscle crosses two joints, the shoulder joint and the elbow joint.
Both heads of the biceps join in the middle upper arm to form a single muscle mass usually near the insertion of the deltoid to form a common muscle belly, although several anatomic studies have demonstrated that the muscle bellies remain distinct structures without confluent fibers.[3][4] As the muscle extends distally, the two heads rotate 90 degrees externally before inserting onto the radial tuberosity. The short head inserts distally on the tuberosity while the long head inserts proximally closer to the apex of the tuberosity.[3] The bicipital aponeurosis, also called the lacertus fibrosis, is a thick fascial band that organizes close to the musculotendinous junction of the biceps and radiates over and inserts onto the ulnar part of the antebrachial fascia.[5]
The tendon that attaches to the radial tuberosity is partially or completely surrounded by a bursa; the bicipitoradial bursa, which ensures frictionless motion between the biceps tendon and the proximal radius during pronation and supination of the forearm.[6]
Two muscles lie underneath the biceps brachii. These are the coracobrachialis muscle, which like the biceps attaches to the coracoid process of the scapula, and the brachialis muscle which connects to the ulna and along the mid-shaft of the humerus. Besides those, the brachioradialis muscle is adjacent to the biceps and also inserts on the radius bone, though more distally.
Variation[edit]
Traditionally described as a two-headed muscle, biceps brachii is one of the most variable muscles of the human body and has a third head arising from the humerus in 10% of cases (normal variation) — most commonly originating near the insertion of the coracobrachialis and joining the short head — but four, five, and even seven supernumerary heads have been reported in rare cases. [7]
The distal biceps tendons are completely separated in 40% and bifurcated in 25% of cases. [8][4]
Nerve supply[edit]
See also: Biceps reflex
The biceps shares its nerve supply with the other two muscles of the anterior compartment. The muscles are supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve. Fibers of the fifth, sixth and seventh cervical nerves make up the components of the musculocutaneous nerve which supply the biceps.[1]
Function[edit]
Flexed arm in the pronated position (left); with the biceps partially contracted and in a supinated position with the biceps more fully contracted, approaching minimum length (right.)
The biceps works across three joints.[9] The most important of these functions is to supinate the forearm and flex the elbow. In more detail, the actions are, by joint:[10]
Proximal radioulnar joint (upper forearm) – Contrary to popular belief, the biceps brachii is not the most powerful flexor of the forearm, a role which actually belongs to the deeper brachialis muscle. The biceps brachii functions primarily as a powerful supinator of the forearm (turns the palm upwards). This action, which is aided by the supinator muscle, requires the elbow to be at least partially flexed. If the elbow, or humeroulnar joint, is fully extended, supination is then primarily carried out by the supinator muscle. The biceps is a particularly powerful supinator of the forearm due to the distal attachment of the muscle at the radial tuberosity, on the opposite side of the bone from the supinator muscle. When flexed, the biceps effectively pulls the radius back into its neutral supinated position in concert with the supinator muscle.[11]
Elbow (Humeroulnar joint) – The biceps brachii also functions as an important flexor of the forearm, particularly when the forearm is supinated.[1] Functionally, this action is performed when lifting an object, such as a bag of groceries or when performing a biceps curl. When the forearm is in pronation (the palm faces the ground), the brachialis, brachioradialis, and supinator function to flex the forearm, with minimal contribution from the biceps brachii. It is also important to note that regardless of forearm position, (supinated, pronated, or neutral,) the force exerted by the biceps brachii remains the same; however, the brachioradialis has a much greater change in exertion depending on position than the biceps during concentric contractions. That is, the biceps can only exert so much force, and as forearm position changes, other muscles must compensate.[12]
Shoulder (Glenohumeral joint) (shoulder) – Several weaker functions occur at the glenohumeral, or shoulder, joint. The biceps brachii weakly assists in forward flexion of the shoulder joint (bringing the arm forward and upwards). It may also contribute to abduction (bringing the arm out to the side) when the arm is externally (or laterally) rotated. The short head of the biceps brachii also assists with horizontal adduction (bringing the arm across the body) when the arm is internally (or medially) rotated. Finally, the short head of the biceps brachii, due to its attachment to the scapula (or shoulder blade), assists with stabilization of the shoulder joint when a heavy weight is carried in the arm. The tendon of the long head of the biceps also assists in holding the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity.[13]
Clinical significance[edit]
The proximal tendons of the biceps brachii are commonly involved in pathological processes and are a frequent cause of anterior shoulder pain.[14] Disorders of the distal biceps brachii tendon include insertional tendonitis and partial or complete tears of the tendon. Partial tears are usually characterized by pain and enlargement and abnormal contour of the tendon.[15] Complete tears occur as avulsion of the tendinous portion of the biceps away from its insertion on the tuberosity of the radius, and is often accompanied by a palpable, audible "pop" and immediate pain and soft tissue swelling.[16] A soft-tissue mass is sometimes encountered in the anterior aspect of the arm, the so-called Reverse Popeye deformity, which paradoxically leads to a decreased strength during flexion of the elbow and supination of the forearm.[17] Tears of the biceps brachii may occur during athletic activities, however avulsion injuries of the distal biceps tendon are frequently occupational in nature and sustained during forceful, eccentric contraction of the biceps muscle while lifting.[16] Acute rupture of the distal biceps tendon can be treated nonoperatively with acceptable results,[18] but because the injury can lead to 30% loss of elbow flexion strength and 30-50% loss of forearm supination strength, surgical repair is generally recommended.[19][20][21] Complete distal biceps tears are commonly treated with re-attachment of the biceps tendon to its native insertion on the tuberosity of the radius using bone tunnels, suture buttons, or suture anchors.[22][19][23] Proximal ruptures of the long head of the biceps tendon can be surgically addressed by two different techniques. Biceps tenodesis includes release of the long head of the biceps tendon off of its insertion on the glenoid and re-attachment by screw or suture anchor fixation to the humerus. Biceps tenotomy consists of simple release of the long head of the biceps without reattachment to the humerus, allowing the tendon to retract into the soft tissues of the proximal upper arm.[16] Degeneration of the tendon can cause partial tears and are rarely associated with a traumatic event. Treatment of a biceps tear depends on the severity of the injury. In most cases, the muscle will heal over time with no corrective surgery. Applying cold pressure and using anti-inflammatory medications will ease pain and reduce swelling. More severe injuries require surgery and post-op physical therapy to regain strength and functionality in the muscle. Corrective surgeries of this nature are typically reserved for elite athletes who rely on a complete recovery.[24]
Society and culture[edit]
The biceps are usually attributed as representative of strength within a variety of worldwide cultures.
Etymology and grammar[edit]
The biceps brachii muscle is the one that gave all muscles their name: it comes from the Latin musculus, "little mouse", because the appearance of the flexed biceps resembles the back of a mouse. The same phenomenon occurred in Greek, in which μῦς, mȳs, means both "mouse" and "muscle".
The term biceps brachii is a Latin phrase meaning "two-headed [muscle] of the arm", in reference to the fact that the muscle consists of two bundles of muscle, each with its own origin, sharing a common insertion point near the elbow joint. The proper plural form of the Latin adjective biceps is bicipites, a form not in general English use. Instead, biceps is used in both singular and plural (i.e., when referring to both arms).
The English form bicep [sic], attested from 1939, is a back formation derived from interpreting the s of biceps as the English plural marker -s.[25][26] While common even in professional contexts, it is often considered incorrect.[27]
Training[edit]
The Preacher curl, also known as the Scott Curl, is a popular exercise for biceps
The biceps can be strengthened using weight and resistance training. Examples of well known biceps exercises are the chin-up and biceps curl.
To isolate the biceps brachii in elbow flexion, place the shoulder in hyperextension.
The split between the short head (front) and the long head (back) of the biceps muscle, resulted from special trainings
In training the biceps brachii, it is important to distinguish between the long head and the short head of the biceps. The long head is the outer portion of the muscle. The short head is the inner portion of the muscle.
There is much debate over the best biceps workouts for targeting each of these heads.
The first theory for targeting is based on the proximity of the arms in relation to the body. It is said that when the elbows are pulled back behind the body, this targets the long head more. To target the short head, the elbows should be in front of the body.
The second theory uses grip placement and angle as the primary factor in targeting each head. For instance, to target the long head when using dumbbells or cables, the grip should be semi-supinated (hammer) grip where the palms face each other. If using a barbell (EZ grip or straight), the grip should be inside of shoulder width. To target the short head when using dumbbells or cables, grip should be supinated, where the palms are facing up completely. If using a barbell (EZ grip or straight), grip should be outside of shoulder width.[28]
History[edit]
Leonardo da Vinci expressed the original idea of the biceps acting as a supinator in a series of annotated drawings made between 1505 and 1510; in which the principle of the biceps as a supinator, as well as its role as a flexor to the elbow were devised. However, this function remained undiscovered by the medical community as da Vinci was not regarded as a teacher of anatomy, nor were his results publicly released. It was not until 1713 that this movement was re-discovered by William Cheselden and subsequently recorded for the medical community. It was rewritten several times by different authors wishing to present information to different audiences. The most notable recent expansion upon Cheselden's recordings was written by Guillaume Duchenne in 1867, in a journal named Physiology of Motion. To this day it remains one of the major references on supination action of the biceps brachii.[citation needed]
Other species[edit]
Neanderthals[edit]
See also: Neanderthal anatomy
In Neanderthals, the radial bicipital tuberosities were larger than in modern humans, which suggests they were probably able to use their biceps for supination over a wider range of pronation-supination. It is possible that they relied more on their biceps for forceful supination without the assistance of the supinator muscle like in modern humans, and thus that they used a different movement when throwing.[29]
Horses[edit]
See also: Equine anatomy
In the horse, the biceps' function is to extend the shoulder and flex the elbow. It is composed of two short-fibred heads separated longitudinally by a thick internal tendon which stretches from the origin on the supraglenoid tubercle to the insertion on the medial radial tuberosity. This tendon can withstand very large forces when the biceps is stretched. From this internal tendon a strip of tendon, the lacertus fibrosus, connects the muscle with the extensor carpi radialis -- an important feature in the horse's stay apparatus (through which the horse can rest and sleep whilst standing.) [30]
Additional images[edit]
Biceps and triceps.
Movement of biceps and triceps when arm is flexing
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Ort, Bruce Ian Bogart, Victoria (2007). Elsevier's integrated anatomy and embryology. Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 262–267. ISBN 978-1-4160-3165-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Lippert, Lynn S. (2006). Clinical kinesiology and anatomy (4th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company. pp. 126–7. ISBN 978-0-8036-1243-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Athwal, George S.; Steinmann, Scott P.; Rispoli, Damian M. (October 2007). "The distal biceps tendon: footprint and relevant clinical anatomy". The Journal of Hand Surgery. 32 (8): 1225–1229. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.05.027. ISSN 0363-5023. PMID 17923307.
^ Jump up to: a b Eames, M. H. A.; Bain, G. I.; Fogg, Q. A.; van Riet, R. P. (May 2007). "Distal biceps tendon anatomy: a cadaveric study". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 89 (5): 1044–1049. doi:10.2106/JBJS.D.02992. ISSN 0021-9355. PMID 17473142.
Jump up ^ Platzer, Werner (2004). Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System (5th ed.). Thieme. p. 154. ISBN 1-58890-159-9.
Jump up ^ Kegels, Lore; Van Oyen, Jan; Siemons; Verdonk, René (2006). "Bicipitoradial bursitis A case report" (PDF). Acta Orthopædica Belgica. 72: 362–365. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Poudel, PP; Bhattarai, C (2009). "Study on the supernumerary heads of biceps brachii muscle in Nepalese" (PDF). Nepal Med Coll J. 11 (2): 96–98. PMID 19968147. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Dirim, Berna; Brouha, Sharon Sudarshan; Pretterklieber, Michael L; Wolff, Klaus S; Frank, Andreas; Pathria, Mini N; Chung, Christine B (2008). "Terminal Bifurcation of the Biceps Brachii Muscle and Tendon: Anatomic Considerations and Clinical Implications". American Journal of Roentgenology. 191 (6): W248–55. doi:10.2214/AJR.08.1048. PMID 19020211.
Jump up ^ "Biceps Brachii". ExRx.net. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Simons David G.; Travell Janet G.; Simons Lois S. (1999). "30: Biceps Brachii Muscle". In Eric Johnson. Travell & Simons' Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction (2nd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Williams and Wilkins. pp. 648–659. ISBN 0-683-08363-5.
Jump up ^ Saladin, Kenneth (2015). Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 346–347. ISBN 978-0-07-340371-7.
Jump up ^ Kleiber, Tim; Kunz, Leo; Disselhorst-Klug, Catherine (2015-01-01). "Muscular coordination of biceps brachii and brachioradialis in elbow flexion with respect to hand position". Integrative Physiology. 6: 215. doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00215. PMC 4526813  . PMID 26300781.
Jump up ^ Saladin, Kenneth (2015). Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York NY 10121: McGraw-Hill Education. p. 295. ISBN 978-0-07-340371-7.
Jump up ^ Frost A, Zafar MS, Maffulli N (April 2009). "Tenotomy versus tenodesis in the management of pathologic lesions of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 37 (4): 828–33. doi:10.1177/0363546508322179. PMID 18762669.
Jump up ^ Chew ML, Giuffrè BM (2005). "Disorders of the distal biceps brachii tendon". Radiographics. 25 (5): 1227–37. doi:10.1148/rg.255045160. PMID 16160108.
^ Jump up to: a b c DeLee & Drez's orthopaedic sports medicine : principles and practice. Miller, Mark D.,, Thompson, Stephen R.,, Drez, David. (Fourth ed.). Philadelphia, PA. ISBN 9781455743766. OCLC 880421005.
Jump up ^ Arend CF. Ultrasound of the Shoulder. Master Medical Books, 2013. Free chapter on ultrasound evaluation of biceps tendon tears available at ShoulderUS.com
Jump up ^ Freeman, Carl R; McCormick, Kelly R; Mahoney, Donna; Baratz, Mark; Lubahn, John D. "Nonoperative Treatment of Distal Biceps Tendon Ruptures Compared with a Historical Control Group". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 91 (10): 2329–2334. doi:10.2106/jbjs.h.01150.
^ Jump up to: a b Morrey, B. F.; Askew, L. J.; An, K. N.; Dobyns, J. H. (March 1985). "Rupture of the distal tendon of the biceps brachii. A biomechanical study". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 67 (3): 418–421. ISSN 0021-9355. PMID 3972866.
Jump up ^ Baker, B. E.; Bierwagen, D. (March 1985). "Rupture of the distal tendon of the biceps brachii. Operative versus non-operative treatment". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 67 (3): 414–417. ISSN 0021-9355. PMID 3972865.
Jump up ^ Nesterenko, Sergiy; Domire, Zachary J.; Morrey, Bernard F.; Sanchez-Sotelo, Joaquin (March 2010). "Elbow strength and endurance in patients with a ruptured distal biceps tendon". Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 19 (2): 184–189. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2009.06.001. ISSN 1532-6500. PMID 19664936.
Jump up ^ Sotereanos, D. G.; Pierce, T. D.; Varitimidis, S. E. (May 2000). "A simplified method for repair of distal biceps tendon ruptures". Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 9 (3): 227–233. ISSN 1058-2746. PMID 10888168.
Jump up ^ Bain, G. I.; Prem, H.; Heptinstall, R. J.; Verhellen, R.; Paix, D. (March 2000). "Repair of distal biceps tendon rupture: a new technique using the Endobutton". Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 9 (2): 120–126. ISSN 1058-2746. PMID 10810691.
Jump up ^ "Bicep tear - Muscular Injuries". Sports Medicine Information.
Jump up ^ "Bicep". Dictionary and Thesaurus — Merriam-Webster Online. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Arnold Zwicky (July 30, 2008). "The dangers of satire". Language Log. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Tangled Passages, Corbett, Philip B., February 9, 2010, The New York Times
Jump up ^ "Biceps Workouts".
Jump up ^ Churchill, SE; Rhodes, JA (2009). "Fossil Evidence for Projectile Weaponry". In Hublin, Jean-Jacques. The evolution of hominin diets: integrating approaches to the study of Palaeolithic subsistence. Springer. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-4020-9698-3.
Jump up ^ Watson, JC; Wilson, AM (January 2007). "Muscle architecture of biceps brachii, triceps brachii and supraspinatus in the horse". J. Anat. 210 (1): 32–40. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00669.x. PMC 2100266  . PMID 17229281.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Biceps brachii muscle.
Look up biceps in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Anatomy photo:06:05-0102 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
"Bicep Exercises". Elite Men's Guide Health.
[hide]
v
t
e
Muscles of the arm
Shoulder
deltoid
rotator cuff
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
teres major
fascia:
deltoid fascia
supraspinous fascia
infraspinous fascia
Arm
(compartments)
anterior
coracobrachialis
biceps
brachialis
posterior
triceps brachii
anconeus
articularis cubiti
fascia
axillary sheath
axillary fascia
brachial fascia
intermuscular septa
lateral
medial
other
spaces
quadrangular space
triangular space
triangular interval
Forearm
anterior
superficial:
pronator teres
palmaris longus
flexor carpi radialis
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flexor digitorum superficialis
deep:
pronator quadratus
flexor digitorum profundus
flexor pollicis longus
posterior
superficial:
mobile wad
brachioradialis
extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
extensor digitorum
extensor digiti minimi
extensor carpi ulnaris
deep:
supinator
anatomical snuff box
abductor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
extensor pollicis longus
extensor indicis
fascia
bicipital aponeurosis
common tendons
extensor
flexor
antebrachial fascia
other
cubital tunnel
Hand
lateral volar
thenar
opponens pollicis
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hypothenar
opponens digiti minimi
flexor digiti minimi brevis
abductor digiti minimi
palmaris brevis
intermediate
lumbrical
interossei
dorsal
palmar
fascia
posterior:
extensor retinaculum
extensor expansion
anterior:
flexor retinaculum
palmar aponeurosis
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text:
Driver's licenses in Trinidad and Tobago
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Motor vehicles in Trinidad
In Trinidad and Tobago, you could obtain a learner's permit at your 17th birthday. Licenses to drive are commonly referred to in Trinidad and Tobago as Driver's Permits. Driver's Permits are issued by the Licensing Authority, which is governed by the Ministry of Works and Transport.[1] In order to legally operate any motor vehicle in Trinidad and Tobago, whether it is on or off public-owned-roads, the operator of the motor vehicle must be in possession of a valid Driver's Permit on their person and is legally endorsed for that class of vehicle.[2] Contravention to the aforementioned could warrant a fine of up to TT$1500[3] and imprisonment.
Contents
[hide]
1 Features
2 History
3 Obtaining a driver's permit
3.1 First issue
3.2 Renewal
3.3 Endorsements
3.4 Lost/ Stolen
4 Endorsements/ Vehicle Classes
4.1 Legend
5 Public Service Vehicles
5.1 Omnibuses
5.2 Taxi
5.3 School Bus
5.4 Maxi Taxi
6 Disqualification and suspension
7 Demerit Points System
7.1 Main conditions
7.2 Disqualification
8 Technology
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Features[edit]
The Driver's Permit in Trinidad and Tobago features personal information about holder and it is widely accepted as a form of legal photo identification.[4]
It features:
Holder's Name- Full legal name of the Driver's Permit holder e.g. John Staffon Smith
Current Driver's Permit for Trinidad and Tobago
Full Address- Mailing address of the Driver's Permit holder e.g. #79 Palm Beach Avenue, Woodbrook, Port of Spain.
Date of Birth (Date that the holder was born DD/MM/YYYY) - e.g. 12/23/1982
To verify the three aforementioned, the applicant would bring along their National Identification Card and Birth Certificate.
Issue Date (Date that the holder first received driving privileges DD/MM/YYYY)- e.g. 23/12/1995
Expiry Date (Date that the holder has to renew the permit DD/MM/YYYY) - e.g. 23/12/2018
Sex (The Gender of the holder M Male or F, Female)- e.g. F
TR (Code of the last transaction that was done A- First Issue, B- Renewal, C-Duplicate, D- Endorsement) e.g.- B
(See section below on Obtaining a driver's permit)
Class (The class of vehicle that the holder is legally permitted to drive) e.g. 3
Permit Number (The unique permit ID of the holder) e.g. 542418 B
Date of Payment (Date that the holder paid/received the permit) e.g. 23/12/2013
Signature of Holder
Signature of Licensing Officer
History[edit]
Driver's Permits in Trinidad and Tobago first came as a book in the 1950s but then progressed to a laminated card then finally to a digital printed card with holograms and scanning technology.[5][6]
Obtaining a driver's permit[edit]
First issue[edit]
A potential applicant must first have attained the age of 17 years, then will visit their nearest Licensing Office. Applications for driver's permits shall be made to the Transport Officer on the approved form and shall be officially accepted by the applicant.[7] The applicant would then be issued a learner's permit that is usually valid for (1) one year. The applicant would then also receive a date for the first exam that they would have to undergo, which is commonly called "Driving Regulations", which comprises excerpts from both the Highway Code and the Motor Vehicle and Road Traffic Act Chapter 48:50.
Once the applicant was successful in the written exam, the applicant would then receive a date for the practical exam. The practical exam consists of a series of driving maneuvers and a road test that must be completed thoroughly.
Once satisfying the aforementioned conditions, the Transport Officer would issue the applicant with a Driver's Permit.
Transaction Code: A
Renewal[edit]
Driver's permits can be valid for five (5) - ten (10) years depending on which is requested by the applicant. For five (5) year permits, the cost is TT$500, and the cost for a ten (10) year permit is TT$1000. These two permits are only distributed to citizens who are under the age of sixty (60) years and are deemed medically fit by a licensed medical practitioner. For those sixty (60) years of age and over, their Driver's permits are issued free of charge. Applicants over sixty (60) years of age but less than sixty-five (65) years of age, three (3) year permits are issued. Finally, for those over sixty-five (65) years of age, two (2) year permits are issued. All applicants over 60 years of age require a medical endorsement from a licensed medical practitioner.
Transaction Code: B
Endorsements[edit]
(See Section Below on Endorsements/Vehicle Classes)
In order for an individual to operate any vehicle in Trinidad and Tobago they must be endorsed by the Licensing Authority to drive that particular class. With that being said most persons in Trinidad and Tobago are holders of Class 3 (Light Motor vehicles). In order for the aforementioned holder to drive any other classes the procedure is as follows.
The applicant would visit the nearest Licensing Authority office and submit an application for the endorsement. Provided that the applicant does not contravene the rules below, they would be given a learner's permit valid for a period of (1) year. The applicant would then go through the same process as the First Issue with the difference being the exams would now be centered around the class of vehicle that applicant is applying to operate.
Rules:
In order for the Holder of a Class 3 (Light Motor vehicles) to obtain a Class 4 (Heavy motor vehicles) or a Public Service Permit. He/ she must have attained the age of twenty-one years (21) and have held the Class 3 permit for at least one (1) year.
In order for a Class 4 to obtain a Class 5 (Extra Heavy Motor Vehicles) he/she must have held the Class 4 permit for at least one (1) year.
In order for a holder to obtain a Class 6 Omni-bus he/she must apply through the Public Transport Service Corporation.
Transaction Code: D
Lost/ Stolen[edit]
Immediately after noticing the permit's disappearance, the holder must go to the nearest Police station and make a report indicating the particulars of the incident. Then the Police would supply a receipt of the report which would then be taken to the Licensing Authority where they would reissue the holder a new permit at a small fee.
Transaction Code: C
Endorsements/ Vehicle Classes[edit]
Motor Vehicles in Trinidad and Tobago are classified under law as following:
Class 1: Motorcycles
Class 2: Wheel tractors
Class 3: Light motor vehicles
Class 4: Heavy motor vehicles
Class 5: Extra heavy motor vehicles
Class 6: Motor omnibuses
Class 7: Motor vehicles not specified in Classes 1 to 6.[8]
When the applicant is issued his/her driver's permit, the coloured background of their photo would be determined by the highest class of vehicle that they are legally allowed to drive. The background colours are as follows:[7]
Legend[edit]
Class
Type of Vehicle
Photo Background Colour
1 Motorcycles White
2 Wheel Tractors Brown
3 Light Motor Vehicles Red
4 Heavy Motor Vehicles Yellow
5 Extra Heavy Motor Vehicles Orange
6 Omnibus Blue
7 Other Pink[9]
Public Service Vehicles[edit]
In Trinidad and Tobago a Public Service vehicle is defined as a vehicle that's intended purpose is to operate in a public capacity for hire or reward[10] such as Omni Buses, Taxi and Maxi taxis.
To operate any one of the aforementioned, by law a Permit or License must be obtained:
Omnibuses[edit]
Omni bus in Trinidad
To apply for a permit to operate an omnibus, the applicant must have driving experience of over 10 years and must be in possession of class 5 for a period of at least three of the aforementioned years. The applicant must also be able to produce a certificate of good character and a certificate of fitness attesting to good medical health. The applicant must then apply to the Public Transport Service Corporation (PTSC) for permission to do so. The applicant would then have to undergo a training course/exercise for a period that is determined by the Transport Officer. Once satisfying all the conditions that were requested in the training exercise and passing the exams, the applicant would be issued an omnibus permit. However, being the holder of an omnibus permit you are required by law to report for service without fail, in any state of emergency, time of crisis or anytime the Government of Trinidad and Tobago sees fit.[11]
Taxi[edit]
Taxi Cabs in Trinidad are not usually yellow. To identify a taxi car, the Number Plate would start with a "H" e.g. HCB 5313.
To operate a taxi in Trinidad and Tobago, the applicant must be over 21 years of age and have driving experience of over 3 years. The applicant must be in possession of a class 3 for a period of at least three years.The applicant must also be able to produce a certificate of good character and a certificate of fitness attesting to good medical health. The applicant must then visit their nearest Licensing Authority and apply for a Taxi-Badge (Similar process to First Issue). Upon successful completion of both written and practical examinations the applicant would then be issued a taxi badge.
School Bus[edit]
To become a School bus operator in Trinidad and Tobago, the applicant must be over 25 years of age and have driving experience of over 3 years. The applicant must be in possession of a class 4.The applicant must also be able to produce a certificate of good character and a certificate of fitness attesting to good medical health.[12] The applicant must then register the school bus and ensure it is painted in bright yellow, with SCHOOL BUS OPERATOR and the identification number on both sides in Black. Contravention to the aforementioned would warrant a fine of up to TT$10,000.
Example of School Bus. Same colour scheme is used in Trinidad and Tobago
Maxi Taxi[edit]
To operate a maxi taxi in Trinidad and Tobago, the applicant must be in possession of a Taxi Badge (as mentioned above) and a class 4 permit. The applicant would then apply to their nearest Licensing Authority and apply for a maxi taxi operator's permit.[13]
Maxi Taxi's From Route 2, Trinidad and Tobago
Disqualification and suspension[edit]
A Driver's Permit Holder may be disqualified for a number of reasons including:
If the Transport Officer is not satisfied that the applicant's vision, hearing, bodily and mental fitness (as shown in a medical certificate) are of a standard that would warrant the issuance of a driving permit and that the applicant is of good character.[14]
If the holder of a driving permit or provisional permit suffers the loss of use of an eye or limb, his permit can be revoked. However, if the holder aforementioned can prove his/her medical fitness by means of a test provided by the Transport Officer, the holder would be issued a permit for one year.
If the holder of a driving permit or provisional permit is advised by a licensed medical practitioner that he is incapable of driving due to a physical or mental incapacity.
Road Traffic Accident
A Magistrate in a court of law can also order that a Driver's Permit be suspended or a person become barred from being issued a Driver's Permit for a stipulated period of time or indefinitely for Traffic related offences including drunk driving, dangerous driving, or driving without a permit.[15][16]
Demerit Points System[edit]
The demerit points system entails that certain traffic offences and traffic violations will also carry predefined demerit points, in addition to the other penalties i.e. Fixed Penalty Tickets and Imprisonment.[17]
This system was designed to work closely connected with the Red Light Camera Enforcement and the Speed Camera Enforcement projects[18] of 2017 where thirty five red light cameras were installed in strategic locations and multiple speed cameras where those infractions usually occurs (i.e. Speeding & Breaking of Traffic Lights) . These systems are totally automated and send the fixed penalty ticket to the registered owner of the vehicle via postage.[19]
The predefined demerit points allotted for each traffic offences and traffic violations are said to be on par with other international countries for similar types of offences. The demerit points system would be ranging from two (2) to maximum fourteen (14) points, which would remain on your record at the Licensing Authority for a period of three (3) years, then it would be expunged. The individual can check their records online at the official page of the Licensing Authority https://apps.mowt.gov.tt/
Main conditions[edit]
Drivers holding a permit for under a year from the date of issue, will get their permit suspended when:
Drivers receive seven or more demerit points within a 12-month period, they shall be disqualified from holding or obtaining a driving permit for a period one year.
Drivers holding a permit for over a year may have their driving license suspended if they receive more than 10 demerit points within a three-year period.[20]
Drivers who receive 10-14 demerits can be disqualified from holding or obtaining a driving permit for a period of six months.
Drivers who receive 14-20 demerits points can be disqualified from holding or obtaining a driving permit for up to one year.
Drivers who receive over 20 demerits points can be disqualified from holding or obtaining a driving permit for up to two years.
When a driver is in contravention of more than one traffic law arising out of one incident. The driver would have recorded in his driving permit record:
Demerit points for the traffic offence that carries the highest number of demerit points.
Demerit points for only one traffic offence in instances where the traffic offense carry an equal number of demerit points.
Disqualification[edit]
When a driver meets the conditions for their driver's permit to be suspended they can file a Notice to Contest within 15 days of receiving the penalties. The driver would then have to appear before magistrate, the decision of the court would be final.
If the driver decides not to contest and accepts the disqualification, they would have to surrender their license to the nearest Licensing Authority. Failure to do so would result in a fine of five thousand dollars ($5000) and further disqualification of up to a year. If the driver decides to apply for a driver's permit while on suspension they would be subjected to a fine of ten thousand dollars ($10,000) dollars.
After the period of disqualification ends, the driver, must reapply to the Licensing Authority for a driver's permit. Attend a driver's rehabilitation programme approved by the Licensing Authority, then start the process aforementioned in the Obtaining a Driver's Permit section on this page.
Technology[edit]
On 13 January 2017, the Licensing Authority unveiled it's new drivers permit with the addition of new security features hologram technology. The permits now feature a scannable barcode that can be used to view the holder's driving details and records. This aims to alleviate the problem of counterfeit driving permits that are prevalent in Trinidad and Tobago.[21]
The Authority also announced its proposal to integrate Permit scanners that Police officers can use to scan the permits and be able to view outstanding warrants or offences that the holder may have. This system will also be compatible with the points of merit system that was aforementioned.[22]
See also[edit]
Trinidad and Tobago
Transport in Trinidad and Tobago
Vehicle registration plates of Trinidad and Tobago
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Ministry of Works & Transport". Government of Trinidad and Tobago.
Jump up ^ "Production of driving permit or provisional permit. [8 of 1978 21 of 1978 14 of 1979 25 of 1997]" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "$$ Penalties increased for drunk driving, street racing". Retrieved 2017-01-19.
Jump up ^ "New Driver's Permits for Trinidad and Tobago 2011". Retrieved 2017-01-14 – via http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HC3x7NesSQoJ:www.trinidadexpress.com/news/New_driver_s_permits__for_2011-113431164.html+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=tt.
Jump up ^ "New Driver's Permits". CNC3 News. Caribbean News Channel. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
Jump up ^ "Deliberate bird design on permit". The Trinidad Guardian Newspaper. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
^ Jump up to: a b Motor Vehicle and Road Traffic Act 48:50
Jump up ^ Motor Vehicle and Road Traffic Act 48:50 Classes of vehicles. [14 of 1979 8 of 1982 6 of 1992 25 of 1997].
Jump up ^ Motor Vehicle and Road Traffic Act 48:50 Colour classification of driving permits and provisional permits. [8 of 1978 14 of 1979 25 of 1997].
Jump up ^ "Public Service Vehicles". www.wexford.ie. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
Jump up ^ "www.ptsc.co.tt/". www.ptsc.co.tt. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
Jump up ^ "Private school transport driving strong in T&T". The Trinidad Guardian Newspaper. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
Jump up ^ "Ministry of Works & Transport - Notices - Requirements for Maxi-Taxi Ownership and Operation". www.mowt.gov.tt. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
Jump up ^ "Certificate of Character, Trinidad and Tobago". TTConnect. TTConnect.
Jump up ^ "REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Act No. 5 of 2010 Dangerous Driving and Suspension of Permits" (PDF). Min of Legal Affairs TT. Government of Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Ministry of Works & Transport - Traffic Laws - Frequently Asked Questions - Demerit Points System". www.mowt.gov.tt. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
Jump up ^ "10 things to know about the Demerit Points System". www.looptt.com. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
Jump up ^ "Vehicle registration plates of Trinidad and Tobago". Wikipedia. 2017-11-13.
Jump up ^ Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic Act, Chap. 48:50 Amendment 2017. Trinidad and Tobago: Government of Trinidad and Tobago. 2017.
Jump up ^ "Oops! Wrong hummingbird on new drivers' permit". Retrieved 2017-01-17.
Jump up ^ "Citizens invited to comment on proposed Demerits Points System". Loop News Trinidad and Tobago. 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2017-01-15.
External links[edit]
Ministry of Legal Affairs, Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic Act of Trinidad and Tobago, Chapter 48: 50. Retrieved from: https://rgd.legalaffairs.gov.tt/laws2/alphabetical_list/lawspdfs/48.50.pdf
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values: Edit section: Obtaining a driver's permit

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Driving licence

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values: Driver's licenses in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)

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