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Comparison of operating systems
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These tables provide a comparison of operating systems, of computer devices, as listing general and technical information for a number of widely used and currently available PC or handheld (including smartphone and tablet computer) operating systems. The article "Usage share of operating systems" provides a broader, and more general, comparison of operating systems that includes servers, mainframes and supercomputers.
Because of the large number and variety of available Linux distributions, they are all grouped under a single entry; see comparison of Linux distributions for a detailed comparison. There is also a variety of BSD and DOS operating systems, covered in comparison of BSD operating systems and comparison of DOS operating systems. For information on views of each operating system, see operating system advocacy.
Contents
[hide]
1 General information
2 Technical information
3 Security
4 Commands
5 See also
5.1 Operating system comparisons
6 References
7 External links
General information[edit]
Name
Creator
Initial public release
Predecessor
Current stable version
Release date
Cost, availability
Preferred license[g 1]
Target system type
AIX
IBM 1986 UNIX System V Release 3 7.2 2015, October 5 Bundled with hardware Proprietary Server, NAS, workstation
Android
Android, Inc., Google 2008 Linux 8.1 Oreo 2018, April 9 Free Apache 2.0, GNU GPLv2 Smartphone, tablet computer, education
AmigaOS classic
Commodore International, Haage & Partner, Hyperion Entertainment 1985 TRIPOS (as the disk operating component of AmigaOS) 3.9 BB2 2002, March 20 Discontinued; Bundled with hardware up to version 3.0 (Amiga International hardware came with 3.1); versions 2.1, 3.0, 3.1, 3.5, 3.9 also available as separate packages Proprietary, open source clone available under AROS Public License Workstation, personal computer
AmigaOS 4
Hyperion Entertainment 2004 AmigaOS classic 4.1 Final Edition 2014 4.0 bundled with hardware; 4.0 for classic and 4.1 available as standalone package at €29 Proprietary Workstation, personal computer
Chrome OS
Google 2009 Gentoo[1] 62.0.3202.97 2017, October 10 Bundled with hardware Proprietary: Google OS Terms of Service Chromebook
DragonFly BSD
Matthew Dillon 2003 FreeBSD 4.8[2] 2017, March 27 Free BSD Server, workstation, NAS, embedded
FreeBSD
The FreeBSD Project 1993 386BSD 11.1 2017, July 26 Free BSD Server, workstation, NAS, embedded
GhostBSD
Eric Turgeon 2009 FreeBSD 10.1 2015, September 13 Free BSD Desktop, workstation
eComStation
Serenity Systems, Mensys BV 2001 OS/2 2.1 2011 Home-student edition (max. three per site) US$145.00 (equivalent to $157.74 in 2017)
business edition $290.00 Proprietary Server, workstation, personal computer
EPOC32
Psion PLC 1996 ER5 1999 Discontinued; Commercial Proprietary PDA
GNU/Linux
Notable contributors include: Richard Stallman for GNU Project and Linus Torvalds for Linux and the Unixes they emulated; Red Hat, Debian Project See: Comparison of Linux distributions and Linux Kernel#Development 1991 (kernel), See: Comparison of Linux distributions and History of Linux None 4.16.4 (kernel) 2018, April 24 (kernel) Free GNU GPLv2 (kernel) See: Comparison of Linux distributions
Haiku
Haiku Inc. 2009 BeOS R5 R1/Alpha4 2012 Free / Use latest night build, not Alpha4 MIT Personal computer
HP-UX
Hewlett-Packard 1983 UNIX System V 11.31, 11i v3 Update 14 2015, March US$400 Proprietary Server
IBM i
IBM 1988 OS/400 7.3 2016, April 15 Bundled with hardware Proprietary Server
Inferno
Bell Labs 1997 Plan 9 Fourth Edition 2009, June 30 Free MIT, GNU GPL, GNU LGPL, LPL NAS, server, embedded
iOS
Apple Inc. 2007 macOS 11.3 2018, March 29 Bundled with hardware and free updates given to most existing users, subject to hardware requirements Proprietary higher level API layers; open source core system (ARM versions): APSL, GNU GPL, others Smartphone, music player, tablet computer
IRIX
SGI 1988 UNIX System V 6.5.30 2006 Discontinued; Bundled with hardware Proprietary Server, workstation
Classic Mac OS
Apple Inc. 1984 None[g 2][g 3] 9.2.2 2000 Discontinued; Was bundled with 68k and PowerPC Macs;
versions 7-9 sold as retail upgrades[g 4]
Proprietary Workstation, personal computer
MVS
IBM 1972 OS/360 MVS/ESA SP - JES3 Version 5 R2.2 1995, September 29 Bundled with hardware Proprietary IBM mainframe
macOS
Apple Inc. 2001 NeXTSTEP, BSD 10.13.4 High Sierra 2018, March 29 Bundled with hardware; No-cost update via Mac App Store for users of Mac OS X 10.6 or later, assuming hardware requirements are met Proprietary higher level API layers; open source core system (Intel-PowerPC versions): APSL, GNU GPL, others Workstation, personal computer, embedded
macOS Server
Apple Inc. 2001 NeXTSTEP, BSD 10.12 / September 20, 2016 2016, September 20 Previously bundled with hardware; No longer a separate operating system, but a group of services installed atop any current version of Mac OS X; US$19.99 on the Mac App Store Proprietary higher level API layers; open source core system (Intel-PowerPC versions): APSL, GNU GPL, others Server
MPE
HP 1974 None MPE-V 1988 Discontinued; Was bundled with HP-3000 CISC hardware "Classic" Proprietary Server
MCP
Unisys 1961 None CP OS 17.0 2015, April Bundled with hardware Proprietary Server
MPE/XL
HP 1987 MPE 7.5 2002 Discontinued; Was bundled with HP-3000 PA-RISC hardware Proprietary Server
MINIX 3
Andrew S. Tanenbaum 2005 Minix2 3.3.0 2014 Free BSD Workstation
NetBSD
The NetBSD Project 1993 386BSD 7.1.1[3] 2017, December 22[3] Free BSD NAS, server, workstation, embedded
NetWare
Novell 1985 S-Net 6.5 SP8 2009, May 6 Superseded by Novell Open Enterprise Server; Was US$184 (equivalent to $209.89 in 2017) (one-user) Proprietary Server
NeXTSTEP
NeXT 1989 Unix 3.3 1995 Discontinued; Was bundled with hardware, then sold separately Proprietary Workstation
OpenBSD
The OpenBSD Project 1995 NetBSD 1.0 6.3 2018, April 15 Free ISC Server, NAS, workstation, embedded
OpenIndiana
Many, based on software developed by Sun Microsystems and many others 2010 OpenSolaris 2017, May 3[4] Free CDDL Server, workstation
OpenVMS
DEC (now VSI) 1977 RSX-11M 8.4-2L2 2017, July 10 Commercial, free non-commercial use Proprietary Server, workstation
OS/360
IBM 1966 None Operating System/360 R21.8 1972, August Bundled with hardware Proprietary IBM mainframe
OS/390
IBM 1995 MVS OS/390 Version 2 R10 2000, September 29 Bundled with hardware Proprietary IBM mainframe
OS 2200
Unisys 1967 as Exec 8e Exec 8, OS 1100 CP OS 16 (Exec 49.2) 2015, February 27 Bundled with hardware Proprietary Server
OS/2
IBM and Microsoft 1987 Windows 3.x 4.52 2001 Discontinued (see eComStation successor); Was US$300 (equivalent to $414.62 in 2017) Proprietary Personal computer, server
Plan 9
Bell Labs 1993 Unix Fourth Edition 2003 (except for minor later updates) Free LPL Workstation, server, embedded, HPC
QNX
QNX Software Systems 1982 Unix, POSIX 7.0.0 2017, March Bundled with BlackBerry 10 and PlayBook devices. Commercial; an academic version exists that needs authorization code before installing Proprietary Automotive, medical, smartphones, consumer, industrial, embedded, safety
Solaris
Sun, Oracle Corporation 1992 SunOS 11.3 2015, October 26 Commercial; (but free/no-cost perpetual license when used "for the purpose of developing, testing, prototyping and demonstrating your applications"[5]) CDDL Server, workstation
Symbian
Symbian Ltd. 1998 EPOC32 9.5 2009 Discontinued; Commercial Proprietary Phones
Symbian platform
Symbian Foundation 2010 (initially 1998 as Symbian) Symbian 3.0.4 2010 Free EPL embedded
Windows Server (NT family)
Microsoft 1993 OS/2, Windows 3.x and MS-DOS Windows Server 2016 (Version 1709 (10.0.16299)) 2017, October US$1050 5 CALs server; other editions dependent on number of CALs purchased Proprietary; Shared source Server, NAS, embedded
Windows (NT family)
Microsoft 1993 OS/2, Windows 9x and MS-DOS Windows 10 (Version 1709 (10.0.16299.402) (April 23, 2018; 3 days ago (2018-04-23)[6]) [±]) 2017, August 8 Windows 10 Home US$119, Windows 10 Pro US$199[7] Proprietary; Shared source Workstation, personal computer, media center, Tablet PC, embedded
Windows (classic 9x family)
Microsoft 1995 MS-DOS, Windows NT 3.5 Windows Me (Win 4.90.3000) 2000 Discontinued Proprietary Personal computer, media center
RISC iX
Acorn Computers 1988 BSD 4.3 1.21c 1993 Discontinued; Was bundled with hardware Proprietary Workstation
RISC OS
Acorn Computers 1987 Arthur, also the BBC Master OS 3.71 1997 Discontinued; Was bundled with hardware Proprietary Education, personal computer
RISC OS 4
RISCOS Ltd, Pace plc 1999 RISC OS 4.39 2004 Bundled with hardware, then sold separately at £70 (US$127) Proprietary Education, personal computer
RISC OS 5
Castle Technology, RISC OS Open 2002 RISC OS 4 5.22[8] 2015 Free for non-commercial use (recent releases); formerly bundled with hardware Shared source Education, personal computer
RISC OS 6
RISCOS Ltd 2006 RISC OS 4 6.20 2009 Bundled with hardware, then sold separately at £70 (US$127) Proprietary Education, personal computer
ZETA
yellowTAB 2005 BeOS R5 1.5 2007 Discontinued Proprietary Personal computer, media center, workstation
STOP 6, XTS-400
BAE Systems 2003 STOP 5, XTS-300 6.5 2008, August US$60,000 (equivalent to $68,198 in 2017)+; bundled with XTS hardware and OEM licensed Proprietary Server, workstation
ReactOS
ReactOS development team 1996 Windows NT 0.4.8 2018, April 14 Free GNU GPL, GNU LGPL Workstation, personal computer
TrueOS
PC-BSD Software 2006 FreeBSD[g 5] 10.1[9] 2014, November 16 Free BSD Personal computer, workstation, server
VxWorks
Wind River Systems 1987 VRTX 7 2014 March Paid Proprietary Embedded Real-time systems
z/OS
IBM 2000 OS/390 Version 2.3 (V2R3) 2017, September 29 Monthly license fee, about US$130 and up Proprietary IBM mainframe
z/VSE
IBM 2007 VSE/ESA 6.1 2015, October 5 Monthly license fee Proprietary IBM mainframe
z/VM
IBM 2000 VM 6.4 2016, November 11 Monthly license fee Proprietary IBM mainframe
HP NonStop
HP 1974 Guardian H06.24/J06.13 2012 Non-free Proprietary HP Nonstop Servers
Name
Creator
Initial public release
Predecessor
Current stable version
Release date
Cost, availability
Preferred license[g 1]
Target system type
^ Jump up to: a b Most OS distributions include bundled software with various other licenses.
Jump up ^ The Original Macintosh Anecdotes. Although Lisa OS ran on the same, but a slower variant, microprocessor and was developed by Apple Inc. at the same time as Classic Mac OS, they were developed as different projects, only sharing a similar GUI between them.
Jump up ^ Mac OS 7.6 was the first Macintosh system software to be labeled Mac OS. Operating systems before this were named Macintosh System Software through System Software 7.5, and known as System #.# for short.
Jump up ^ "Official Apple Support". apple.com.
Jump up ^ PC-BSD uses FreeBSD as a base system with custom configuration and several desktop-oriented tools to make an easy to use FreeBSD system for desktops and workstations.
Technical information[edit]
Name
Computer architectures supported
File systems supported
Kernel type
Source lines of code
GUI default is on[t 1]
Package management
Update management
Native APIs[t 2]
Non-native APIs supported through subsystems
AIX
POWER, PowerPC-AS, PowerPC, Power Architecture JFS, JFS2, ISO 9660, UDF, NFS, SMBFS, GPFS Monolithic with modules No installp, RPM Service Update Management Assistant (SUMA) SysV/POSIX
AmigaOS Classic
68k, PowerPC Proprietary (OFS, FFS, SFS, PFS), FAT, ISO 9660, UDF, many others via 3rd party drivers, such as SMBFS, etc. Microkernel Yes Installer[t 3] (almost not needed)[t 4] Proprietary BSD subset (available through 3rd party ixemul.library)
AmigaOS 4
PowerPC Proprietary (OFS, FFS, SFS, PFS), JXFS, FAT, ISO 9660, UDF, many others via 3rd party drivers, such as SMBFS, etc. Microkernel Yes Installer[t 3] (almost not needed)[t 4] AmiUpdate (almost not needed)[t 5] Proprietary BSD subset (available through 3rd party ixemul.library)
Chrome OS
ARM, x86 eCryptfs, NTFS, FAT, FAT16, FAT32, exFAT, ext2, ext3, ext4, HFS+, MTP (read and write), ISO9660 (read-only), UDF (read-only) Monolithic with modules ~ 17 million[15] Yes Portage Linux/POSIX
DragonFly BSD
x86-64 UFS1, MFS, ext2, FAT (16/32), HAMMER, ISO 9660 Hybrid No dports, pkg git, cvsup, rsync, pkg BSD/POSIX Mono, Java, Win16,[t 6] Win32,[t 6] Linux
eComStation
x86 HPFS (default), FAT, JFS, UDF, FAT32, NTFS (read only) Hybrid Yes WarpIN, Feature Install, others Maintenance Tool Proprietary, DOS API, Win16 POSIX, Java, others
FreeBSD
x86, x86-64, ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, others UFS2, ZFS, ext2, ext3, FAT, ISO 9660, UDF, NFS, others Monolithic with modules 6.25 million[16] No Ports collection, packages by source, network binary update (freebsdupdate) BSD/POSIX Mono, Java, Win16,[t 6] Win32,[t 6] Linux
GhostBSD
x86, x86-64 UFS2, ext2, ext3, FAT, ISO 9660, UDF, NFS, ReiserFS (read only), XFS (experimental), ZFS, others Monolithic with modules Yes Ports collection, packages by source, network binary update (freebsdupdate) BSD/POSIX Mono, Java, Win16,[t 6] Win32,[t 6] Linux
Linux
x86, x86-64, ARM, PowerPC, SPARC, others ext2, ext3, ext4, btrfs, ReiserFS, FAT, ISO 9660, UDF, NFS, and others Monolithic with modules ~15 million (kernel)[17]
lines of code for userland libraries and applications vary depending on the distribution
Yes Portage Linux/POSIX Mono, Java, Win16,[t 6] Win32[t 6]
Haiku
x86, PowerPC BFS (default), FAT, ISO 9660, ext3, NTFS Hybrid ~5.2 million[citation needed] Yes Ports collection (haikuport) pkgman, HaikuDepot POSIX, BeOS API Java, Qt
HP-UX
PA-RISC, IA-64 VxFS, HFS, CDFS, EVFS, NFS, CIFS Monolithic with modules No SD, swinstall swa (HP-UX Software Assistant) SysV/POSIX
Inferno
x86, PowerPC, SPARC, Alpha, MIPS, others Styx/9P2000, kfs, FAT, ISO 9660 Monolithic with modules, user space file systems Yes ? ? Proprietary
iOS
ARM HFS+, FTP Hybrid ~80 million[citation needed] Yes ? Software Update Cocoa, BSD-POSIX ?
Classic Mac OS
68k, PowerPC HFS+, HFS, MFS (Mac OS 8.0 and before), AFP, ISO 9660, FAT(System 7 and later), UDF Monolithic with modules Yes None Software Update (only in Mac OS 9) Toolbox, Carbon (from version 8.1)
macOS
PowerPC, x86, x86-64, (see also iOS for ARM) HFS+ (default), HFS, UFS, AFP, ISO 9660, FAT, UDF, NFS, SMBFS, NTFS (read only), FTP, WebDAV, APFS (experimental), ZFS (experimental) Hybrid with modules ~86 million[18] Yes macOS Installer Software Update Carbon, Cocoa, Java, BSD-POSIX Toolbox (only in versions up to Mac OS X 10.4, not supported on x86 architecture), Win16,[t 6] Win32[t 6]
MINIX 3
x86 Microkernel ~12,000 (C) + ~1,400 (Assembly)[19] No POSIX
NetBSD
x86, x86-64, ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, sparc64, others UFS, UFS2, ext2, FAT, ISO 9660, NFS, LFS, and others Monolithic with modules No[t 7] pkgsrc by source or binary (using sysinst) BSD-POSIX Linux, others
NetWare
x86 NSS, NWFS, FAT, NFS, AFP, UDF, CIFS, ISO 9660 Hybrid Yes NWCONFIG.NLM, RPM, X11-based GUI installer binary updates, ZENWorks for Servers, Red Carpet Proprietary
OpenBSD
x86, x86-64, SPARC, 68k, Alpha, VAX, others ffs, ext2, FAT, ISO 9660, NFS, some others Monolithic No[t 7] Ports collection, packages by source or binary (packages via pkg_add) BSD-POSIX
OpenVMS
VAX, Alpha, IA-64 Files-11 (ODS), ISO 9660, NFS, CIFS Monolithic with modules No PCSI, VMSINSTAL ? Proprietary POSIX
OS/2
x86 HPFS, JFS, FAT, ISO 9660, UDF, NFS Monolithic with modules Yes Feature Install and others ? Proprietary, DOS API, Win16 Win32
Plan 9
x86, Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC, SPARC, others fossil/venti, 9P2000, kfs, ext2, FAT, ISO 9660 Hybrid, user space file systems ~ 2.5 Million /sys/src (complete source of all supported architectures, kernels, commands and libraries) Yes None replica Proprietary (Unix-like) POSIX compatibility layer
QNX
x86, SH-4, PowerPC, ARM, MIPS QNX4FS, QNX6, ext2, FAT, ISO 9660, Joliet, NFS, CIFS, ETFS, UDF, HFS, HFS+, NTFS, others Microkernel POSIX, Java
ReactOS
x86, PowerPC, ARM FAT, NTFS (read only) Hybrid nearly 8 million[20] Yes None None Win32, NT API
RISC OS
ARM (both 26 and 32-bit addressing modes) Acorn ADFS, Econet ANFS, FAT, ISO 9660, many others as loadable filesystems Monolithic with modules. Cooperative multitasking with limited memory protection.[21] Yes Applications self-contained; hardware drivers often in ROM !IyoUpWtch Huge number of SWI calls; extensive C libraries
Solaris
x86, x86-64, SPARC UFS, ZFS, ext2, FAT, ISO 9660, UDF, NFS, QFS, some others Monolithic with modules Yes SysV packages (pkgadd)
Image Packaging System (pkg) (Solaris 11 and later) Image Packaging System (Solaris 11 and later) SysV/POSIX, GTK, Java Win16,[t 6] Win32,[t 6] Mono, Linux[t 8]
OpenSolaris
x86, x86-64, SPARC(AI) UFS, ZFS, ext2, FAT, ISO 9660, UDF, NFS, QFS, some others Monolithic with modules ~18.8 million[22] Yes Image Packaging System (pkg), SysV packages (pkgadd) Image Packaging System SysV/POSIX, GTK, Java Win16,[t 6] Win32,[t 6] Mono, Linux[t 8]
STOP 6, XTS-400
x86 Proprietary Monolithic No RPM for some untrusted applications Binary updates via postal mail and proprietary tools Some: SysV, POSIX, Linux, proprietary
Symbian
ARM FAT Microkernel Yes SIS files FOTA Proprietary POSIX compatibility layer
TrueOS
x86[t 9] UFS2, ext2, ext3, FAT, ISO 9660, UDF, NFS, ReiserFS (read only), XFS (experimental) and others Monolithic with modules Yes Ports collection, packages, PBI Graphical Installers by PBI updates, source, network binary update (freebsdupdate) BSD-POSIX Win16,[t 6] Win32[t 6]
Windows Server (NT family)
x86, x86-64, IA-64 NTFS, FAT, ISO 9660, UDF; 3rd-party drivers support ext2, ext3, ReiserFS,[t 10] and HFS Hybrid with modules ~45 million[23] Yes MSI, custom installers Windows Update Win32, NT API DOS API, Win16 (only in 32-bit versions), POSIX, .NET
Windows (NT family)
x86, x86-64, ARM NTFS, FAT exFAT ISO 9660, UDF; 3rd-party drivers support ext2, ext3, ReiserFS,[t 10] HFS+, FATX, and HFS (with third party driver) Hybrid with modules ~40 (XP)/64 (Vista and later) million[citation needed] Yes MSI, custom installers Windows Update Win32, NT API DOS API, Win16 (only in 32-bit versions), POSIX, .NET
ZETA
x86 BFS (default), FAT, ISO 9660, UDF, HFS, AFP, ext2, CIFS, NTFS (read only), ReiserFS (read only, up to v3.6) Hybrid Yes SoftwareValet, script-based installers None POSIX, BeOS API
z/OS
z/Architecture VSAM, BDAM, QSAM, BPAM, HFS, zFS, etc. Protected, multithreading, multitasking nucleus with programmable/user replaceable extensions. Not kernel-based.[clarification needed] No None, SMP/E SMP/E Filesystem access methods, Systems Services, etc. POSIX, many others.
Name
Computer architectures supported
File systems supported
Kernel type
Source lines of code
GUI default is on[t 1]
Package management
Update management
Native APIs[t 2]
Non-native APIs supported through subsystems
^ Jump up to: a b Operating systems where the GUI is not installed and turned on by default are often bundled with an implementation of the X Window System, installation of which is usually optional.
^ Jump up to: a b Most operating systems use proprietary APIs in addition to any supported standards.
^ Jump up to: a b Amiga OS features since OS 2.0 version a standard centralized Install utility called Installer, which could be used by any software house to install programs. It works as a Lisp language interpreter, and install procedures could be listed as simple text. AmigaOS can also benefit of a 3rd party copyrighted library called XAD that is available for all POSIX (Unix, Linux, BSD, and for AmigaOS, MorphOS, etc.). This library is freely distributable and publicly available on Aminet Amiga centralized repository of all Open Source or Free programs and utilities. XAD.Library, complete with GUI Voodoo-X, is based on modules and capable to manage over 300 compression methods and package systems (Voodoo-X GUI supports 80 package systems), including those widely accepted as standards such as .ZIP, .CAB, .LHA, .LZX, .RPM, etc.
^ Jump up to: a b A standard AmigaOS installation requires usually only few files (typically 3 to 10 files) to be copied in their appropriate directory, and libraries and language files for national localization to be put in their standard OS directories. Any Amiga user with some minimal experience knows where these files should be copied and could perform programs installations by hand.
Jump up ^ AmiUpdate is capable to update AmigaOS files and also all Amiga programs which are registered to use the same update program that is standard for Amiga. Updating AmigaOS requires only few libraries to be put in standard OS location (for example all libraries are stored in "Libs:" standard virtual device and absolute path finder for "Libs" directory, Fonts are all in "Fonts:" absolute locator, the files for language localization are all stored in "Locale:" and so on). This leaves Amiga users with a minimal knowledge of the system almost free to perform by hand the update of the system files.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p using Wine
^ Jump up to: a b NetBSD and OpenBSD include the X Window System as base install sets, managed in their respective main source repository, including local modifications. Packages are also provided for more up-to-date versions which may be less tested.
^ Jump up to: a b "BrandZ (Community Group brandz.WebHome) - XWiki". Opensolaris.org. 2009-10-26. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
Jump up ^ only i686 CPU
^ Jump up to: a b Windows can read and write with Ext2 and Ext3 file systems only when a driver from FS-driver or Ext2Fsd is installed. However, using Explore2fs, Windows can read from, but not write to, Ext2 and Ext3 file systems. Windows can also access ReiserFS through rfstool and related programs.
Security[edit]
Name
Resource
access
control
Subsystem
isolation
mechanisms
Integrated
firewall
Encrypted
file
systems
No execute (NX)
page flag
Manufacturer acknowledged unpatched vulnerabilities (by severity)[s 1]
Secunia
Security-
Focus
Hard-
ware
Emula-
tion
Extremely critical
(number / oldest)
Highly
critical
(number / oldest)
Moderately critical
(number / oldest)
Less
critical
(number / oldest)
Not
critical
(number / oldest)
Total
(number / oldest)
AIX 7.1
POSIX, ACLs, MAC, Trusted AIX - MLS, RBAC chroot IPFilter, IPsec VPNs, basic IDS Yes Yes[s 2] N/A Unknown 0
FreeBSD 10.1
POSIX, ACLs, MAC chroot, Jails, MAC partitions, multilevel security, Biba Model, BSD file flags set using chflags, Capsicum Capability-based security IPFW2, IPFilter, PF, IPsec Yes Yes Yes[s 3] 0 0 0 0 0 >0
GhostBSD 3.1
POSIX, ACLs, MAC chroot, jail, MAC partitions, BSD file flags set using chflags IPFW2, IPFilter, PF Yes Yes Yes 0 0 0 0 0 >0
HP-UX 11.31
POSIX, ACLs chroot IPFilter Yes ? ? 0 0 3
June 30, 2004;
13 years ago (2004-06-30) 2
December 12, 2002;
15 years ago (2002-12-12) 0 >0
Inferno
POSIX Namespaces,[34] capability-based security, no superuser or setuid bit ? ? No No Unknown >0
Linux-based 2.6.39
POSIX, ACLs,[s 4] MAC chroot,[s 5] seccomp, Namespaces, SELinux, AppArmor Netfilter, varied by distribution Yes Yes Yes 0 0 0 6
June 24, 2004;
13 years ago (2004-06-24) 11
April 4, 2005;
13 years ago (2005-04-04) >0
Mac OS 9.2.2
No No No No No No 0 0 0 0 0 >0
OS X 10.10.5
POSIX, ACLs[s 6] chroot, BSD file flags set using chflags ipfw Yes Yes (as of 10.5, X64 only) Yes (Intel only) 0 0 1
April 14, 2009;
9 years ago (2009-04-14) 2
January 8, 2007;
11 years ago (2007-01-08) 5
November 22, 2006;
11 years ago (2006-11-22) >0
NetBSD 6.1.2
POSIX, Veriexec, PaX, kauth chroot, kauth, BSD file flags set using chflags IPFilter, NPF, PF Yes Yes No Unknown >0
NetWare 6.5 SP8
Directory-enabled ACLs Protected address spaces IPFLT.NLM Yes Yes No 0 0 1
August 31, 2010;
7 years ago (2010-08-31) 2
October 30, 2003;
14 years ago (2003-10-30) 0 0
OES-Linux
Directory-enabled ACLs chroot IPFilter Yes Yes No Unknown >0
OpenBSD 4.8
POSIX chroot, systrace, BSD file flags set using chflags PF Yes Yes Yes Unknown >0
OpenVMS 8.4
ACLs, privileges logical name tables ? ? Yes ? 0 0 0 0 0 Unknown
OS/2, eComStation
ACLs[s 7] No IPFilter No ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 0
TrueOS 8.1
POSIX, ACLs, MAC chroot, jail, MAC partitions IPFW2, IPFilter, PF Yes[s 8] ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 >0
Plan 9
POSIX ? Namespaces,[34] capability-based security, no superuser or setuid bit ipmux Yes No No Unknown >0
QNX 6.5.0
POSIX ? PF, from NetBSD ? ? ? 0 0 0 5
November 20, 2002;
15 years ago (2002-11-20) 1
November 7, 2002;
15 years ago (2002-11-07) Unknown
RISC OS
No No No No No No Unknown
Solaris 10
POSIX, RBAC, ACLs, least privilege, Trusted Extensions chroot, Containers,[s 9] Logical Domains IPFilter Yes[s 10] Yes No 0 2
October 31, 2007;
10 years ago (2007-10-31) 5
October 23, 2007;
10 years ago (2007-10-23) 3
September 10, 2009;
8 years ago (2009-09-10) 2
November 6, 2006;
11 years ago (2006-11-06) >0
OpenSolaris 2009.06
POSIX, RBAC, ACLs, least privilege, Trusted Extensions chroot, Containers,[s 9] Logical Domains IPFilter Yes[s 10] Yes No 0 0 0 0 0 >0
Windows Server 2012
ACLs, privileges, RBAC Win32 WindowStation, desktop, job objects Windows Firewall Yes Yes Yes 0 0 0 0 0 [Unknown]
Windows 8.1
ACLs, privileges, RBAC Win32 WindowStation, desktop, job objects Windows Firewall Yes Yes Yes 0 0 0 0 1
May 30, 2014;
3 years ago (2014-05-30) [Unknown]
ZETA
POSIX[s 11] No No No No No Unknown
STOP 6, XTS-400[s 12]
POSIX, multilevel security, Biba Model mandatory integrity, ACLs, privileges, subtype mechanism Multilevel security, Biba Model, subtype mechanism No No No No Unknown
z/OS 1.11
RACF RACF, low storage protection, page protection, storage protect key, execution key, subspace group facility, APF, ACR (alternate CPU recovery), more z/OS IPSecurity Optional Yes (storage protect key, execution key, APF, more) Yes 0 0 0 0 0 Unknown
Name
Resource
access
control
Subsystem
isolation
mechanisms
Integrated
firewall
Encrypted
file
systems
Hard-
ware
Emula-
tion
Extremely critical
(number / oldest)
Highly
critical
(number / oldest)
Moderately critical
(number / oldest)
Less
critical
(number / oldest)
Not
critical
(number / oldest)
Total
(number / oldest)
No execute (NX)
page flag
Secunia
Security-
Focus
Known unpatched vulnerabilities (severity is accounted for)[s 1]
^ Jump up to: a b Comparison of known unpatched vulnerabilities based on Secunia & SecurityFocus reports with severity of Not critical & above. Update lists manually with oldest published date(s).
Jump up ^ AIX use the PowerPC architecture which offer page-level protection mechanism. Since AIX version 5300-03 (5.3), this feature can be activated using the sedmgr command.
Jump up ^ The GCC stack protection (a.k.a. ProPolice stack-smashing protector) has been enabled in base system since FreeBSD 8.0-release.
Jump up ^ Support for the in 1997 withdrawn POSIX ACL draft is included in Linux 2.6, but requires a file system able to store them (such as ext3, XFS or ReiserFS).
Jump up ^ A jail mechanism is available separately in the Linux-VServer project, but is not integrated into any mainline Linux kernel.
Jump up ^ ACLs were added to Mac OS X starting with version 10.4.
Jump up ^ ACLs are available only in OS/2 Server versions with HPFS386 filesystem.
Jump up ^ Additionally swap space may be encrypted during installation, uses memory based tmp file storage by default.
^ Jump up to: a b "Solaris Containers" (including "Zones") are a jail-type mechanism introduced with Solaris 10.
^ Jump up to: a b Through ZFS
Jump up ^ Zeta has full Unix file permissions, but the OS is single user, and users always run as superuser.
Jump up ^ STOP 6 is certified under Common Criteria at EAL5+.
Commands[edit]
For POSIX compliant (or partly compliant) systems like FreeBSD, Linux, macOS or Solaris, the basic commands are the same because they are standardized.
Feature
AROS
FreeBSD
Linux-based
HP-UX
OpenVMS
macOS
Solaris
Windows (cmd)
Windows (PowerShell)
Windows (cygwin, SFU or MKS)
List directory
list, dir ls ls ls dir ls ls dir Get-ChildItem ls
Clear console
clear clear clear clear clear clear cls Clear-Host clear
Copy file(s)
copy cp cp cp copy cp cp copy Copy-Item cp
Move file(s)
move mv mv mv mv mv move Move-Item mv
Rename file(s)
rename mv mv, rename mv ren mv mv ren (rename) Rename-Item mv
Delete file(s)
delete rm rm rm del rm rm del (erase) Remove-Item rm
Delete directory
delete rmdir rmdir rmdir del rmdir rmdir rd (rmdir) Remove-Item rmdir
Create directory
makedir mkdir mkdir mkdir create/dir mkdir mkdir md (mkdir) New-Item mkdir
Change current directory
cd [c 1] cd cd cd set def cd cd cd (chdir) Set-Location cd
Run shell script with new shell
shell file.shell sh file.sh sh file.sh sh file.sh @ file.com sh file.sh sh file.sh cmd /c file.cmd powershell.exe file.ps1 sh file.sh
Kill processes
kill, killall killall, pkill, kill, skill kill stop kill, killall kill, pkill taskkill Stop-Process kill
Change process priority
changetaskpri nice nice, chrt nice set proc/prio nice nice start /low, start /normal, start /high, start /realtime Start-Process, wmic nice
Change I/O priority
[c 2] ionice set proc/prio nice[c 3] ? ? ? ?
Create file system
format newfs mkfs newfs init mkfs newfs,zpool / zfs create format Format-Volume ?
File system check and recovery
fsck fsck fsck analyze/disk fsck fsck,n/a chkdsk Repair-Volume ?
Create software raid
atacontrol, gmirror, zfs create (mdadm—create) diskutil appleRAID metainit, zpool create diskpart (mirror only) diskpart (mirror only) ?
Mount device
mount mount mount mount mount mount, diskutil mount mount mountvol New-PSDrive ?
Unmount device
assign drivename: dismount umount umount umount dismount umount, diskutil unmount(disk) umount mountvol /d Remove-PSDrive ?
Mount file as block device
mdconfig + mount mount -o loop hdid lofiadm + mount ? ? ?
Show network configuration
ifconfig ip addr, ifconfig ifconfig, lanadmin tcpip sh net (sh net) ifconfig ifconfig ipconfig Get-NetIPInterface, ipconfig ?
Show network route
netstat -r, route get, route monitor ip route, route netstat -r tcpip sh route netstat -r, route get, route monitor netstat -r route Get-NetRoute ?
Trace network route
traceroute traceroute traceroute tcptrace traceroute traceroute tracert Test-NetConnection ?
Trace network route with pings
traceroute -I traceroute -I & mtr tcptrace traceroute -I traceroute -I pathping pathping ?
Feature
AROS
FreeBSD
Linux-based
HP-UX
OpenVMS
macOS
Solaris
Windows (cmd)
Windows (PowerShell)
Windows (cygwin, SFU or MKS)
NOTE: Linux systems may vary by distribution which specific program, or even 'command' is called, via the POSIX alias function. For example, if you wanted to use the DOS dir to give you a directory listing with one detailed file listing per line you could use alias dir='ls -lahF' (e.g. in a session configuration file).
Jump up ^ May be omitted. Simply entering the directory name will change to it.
Jump up ^ This feature is still in development, see [1].
Jump up ^ The nice command utilizes the setpriority() system call, which affects I/O priority, see OS X man page .
See also[edit]
Comparison of command shells
Comparison of file systems
List of operating systems
Lightweight Linux distribution
MacvsWindows
Operating system advocacy
Security-focused operating system
Timeline of operating systems
Usage share of operating systems
Operating system comparisons[edit]
Comparison of BSD operating systems
Comparison of DOS operating systems
Comparison of IPv6 support in operating systems
Comparison of operating system kernels
Comparison of Linux distributions
Comparison of netbook-oriented Linux distributions
Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions
Comparison of mobile operating systems
Comparison of open-source operating systems
Comparison of real-time operating systems
Comparison of OpenSolaris distributions
Comparison of Windows Vista and Windows XP
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols (March 6, 2013). "The secret origins of Google's Chrome OS". ZDNet.
Jump up ^ "DragonFly BSD: release48".
^ Jump up to: a b "NetBSD 7.1.1 released (December 22, 2017)".
Jump up ^ Alexander Pyhalov (May 3, 2017). "OpenIndiana Hipster 2017.04 is here".
Jump up ^ "Oracle Solaris OTN License". Oracle.com. Retrieved 2013-10-04.
Jump up ^ "April 23, 2018—KB4093105 (OS Build 16299.402)". Microsoft Support. Microsoft.
Jump up ^ "Windows 10 release date, price, news and features". Techradar.com. Retrieved 2015-07-29.
Jump up ^ "RISC OS Open: News: RISC OS 5.22 stable is now available". www.riscosopen.org. Retrieved 2018-04-24.
Jump up ^ "Official PC-BSD Blog » PC-BSD 10.1-RELEASE Now Available". Official PC-BSD Blog.
Jump up ^ "The Chromium (Google Chrome) Open Source Project on Open Hub". openhub.net.
Jump up ^ Arno Wagner (December 11, 2009). "(S)LOC Count Evolution for Selected OSS Projects" (PDF). data for 2009, fig 1.
Jump up ^ Ryan Paul (2012-04-04). "Linux kernel in 2011: 15 million total lines of code and Microsoft is a top contributor". arstechnica.com. Retrieved 2012-08-21.
Jump up ^ Jobs, Steve (7 August 2006). "Live from WWDC 2006: Steve Jobs Keynote". Retrieved 2007-02-16. 86 million lines of source code that was ported to run on an entirely new architecture with zero hiccups.
Jump up ^ Tanenbaum, Andrew S. (2015). Modern Operating Systems: Global Edition. Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 9781292061955.
Jump up ^ "ReactOS Change Log".
Jump up ^ "RISC OS Memory Protection - Drobe.co.uk archives". drobe.co.uk.
Jump up ^ find usr/src -type f -exec wc -l {} + | grep total | awk '{ sum += $1 } END {print sum }' on [2] results in 18793105
Jump up ^ Ben Liblit; Andrew Begel; Eve Sweetser. "Cognitive Perspectives on the Role of Naming in Computer Programs" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-26.
^ Jump up to: a b Rob Pike; Dave Presotto; Ken Thompson; Howard Trickey; Phil Winterbottom. "The Use of Name Spaces in Plan 9".
External links[edit]
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: A Neutral Look at Operating Systems
"Operating System Technological Comparison". Retrieved May 9, 2005.
[hide]
v
t
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Operating systems
General
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algorithms
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resource protection
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file systems
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Pick
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tvOS
Unix
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watchOS
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DD Form 214
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The DD Form 214, Certificate of Release or Discharge from Active Duty, generally referred to as a "DD 214", is a document of the United States Department of Defense, issued upon a military service member's retirement, separation, or discharge from active duty in the Armed Forces of the United States, e.g., U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Marine Corps, or U.S. Navy.
Contents
[hide]
1 History and usage
2 Available versions
3 Copies
4 Electronic Cost-Free Copy of DD-214
5 Paper Cost-Free Copy of DD-214
6 Corrections
7 Distribution
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History and usage[edit]
The first DD Form 214s were issued in 1950, replacing the older "WD AGO" (War Department Adjutant General's Office) Forms and the NAVPERS (Naval Personnel) discharge documents. These documents had existed since 1941. In earlier versions of the form (1 November 1972) it was called a "Report of Separation from Active Duty"; the current title dates from 1 July 1979.
DD Form 214 is the capstone military service document, as it represents the complete, verified record of a service member's time in the military (Active and Reserve), awards and medals, and other pertinent service information, such as highest rank/rate and pay grade held on active duty, total military combat service and/or overseas service, Military Occupational Specialty (MOS), Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC) or Navy officer designator, Navy Officer Billet Code (NOBC), Additional Qualification Designation (ACD) or Navy Enlisted Classification (NEC) identifiers and a record of training and schools completed. Individuals who served exclusively in the Air National Guard or Army National Guard do not receive a DD Form 214, but will receive a form called NGB-22 from the National Guard Bureau.
The DD Form 214 is commonly used by various government agencies, chief among them the Department of Veterans Affairs, to secure veteran benefits, and may be requested by employers should a person indicate he or she has served in the military.
This document also contains codes used by the Armed Forces to describe a former servicemember's reason for discharge and, in the case of enlisted personnel, their reenlistment eligibility. These codes are known as Separation Designator/Separation Justification (abbreviated as SPD/SJC) Codes and Reenlistment Eligibility (RE) Codes, respectively.
DD Form 214 is also generally required by funeral directors in order to immediately prove eligibility for interment in VA cemetery and/or obtaining a grave marker and/or provide military honors to a deceased veteran. On September 1, 2000, the National Defense Authorization Act enabled, upon the family's request, every eligible veteran to receive a military funeral honors ceremony to include the folding and presentation of the United States burial flag and the sounding of Taps, at no cost to the family.
Copies of DD Form 214s are typically maintained by the government as part of a service member's 201 file or OMPF (Official Military Personnel File). The 201 file generally contains additional personnel related forms.
Available versions[edit]
There are two versions of the DD Form 214, usually referred to simply as "short" or "redacted" or "deleted" (edited), and "long" or "unredacted" or "undeleted" (unedited) copies. The edited, or "short", copy omits a great deal of information, chiefly the Characterization of Service, Reason for Separation, and Authority for Separation.[1][2]
Copies[edit]
Service members are given the option of accepting the "short form" edited Member 1, "long form" unedited Member 4 or both copies upon separation.
The most important copy of the DD 214 for the individual is the long form copy. It is the standard form needed to obtain benefits such as GI Bill or government employment priority.
There are eight original DD214 copies. All but Member 1, the "short form" copy, contain information as to the nature and type of discharge, and the re-enlistment code. This code is used to determine whether or not the service member can go back into the service. For unemployment benefits, veterans affairs benefits, as well as for several other services, the "Member's Copy 4" is usually requested but any other "long form" copy is acceptable. All eight copies are identical except Member 1, the "short form," which lacks this critical information. The military will not provide a replacement "Member's Copy 4" (it is the service member's personal copy and physically given to him at separation) and any request for a replacement is always honored by providing a "Service 2," "Service 7" or "Service 8" copy. All but Member 1 are acceptable legal substitutes for Member 4.
Other versions of the DD Form 214 include the "Member 1" (deleted version), "Service 7 & 8" (additional copies of the "Service 2"), "Veterans Affairs 3" (sent directly to the Department of Veterans Affairs), "Member 6" (provided to the respective veteran's State Department of Veteran Affairs), and "Department of Labor 5" (provided directly to the United States Department of Labor).
If for whatever reason your original DD214 is unusable, unreadable, or destroyed, upon verification of your service the National Personnel Record Center can issue NA Form 13038, a Certification of Military Service, which is also a perfect legal substitute for DD214.
Electronic Cost-Free Copy of DD-214[edit]
eBenefits, a web portal[3] managed jointly by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and the United States Department of Defense (DoD) provides Service members with free electronic copies of their Official Military Personnel File, including their DD Form 214. Electronic copies will be provided within 48 hours from the time of request. In order for a Service member to request his/hers DD-214 in eBenefits, he/she must have an eBenefits Premium Account ( DS Logon Level 2[4]).
Paper Cost-Free Copy of DD-214[edit]
The National Personnel Records Center is the government agency tasked with replacing lost and destroyed DD Form 214s upon request from a veteran. Requested copies are mailed from the Military Personnel Records Center. Most veterans who separated from their service generally pre-1992 can obtain their DD 214 from the National Personnel Records Center, ("NPRC"). The NPRC has two distinct tracks available to obtain records for veterans. The first is for the veteran to submit a Department of Defense Standard Form 180 ("SF180") to the facility via mail or fax. The second is to appear in-person at the facility. The National Archives also maintains a list of independent researchers who will physically visit the St. Louis facility to request records in person.[5]
Corrections[edit]
The DD Form 215 ("Correction to DD Form 214, Certificate of Release or Discharge from Active Duty") is used to correct errors or additions to a DD Form 214 discovered after the original had been delivered and/or distribution had been made. It is distributed in the same manner as the DD Form 214.GED is not on DD214
Distribution[edit]
A DD Form 214/215 is prepared in eight copies and distributed as follows:
Copy 1 – Service Member
Copy 2 – Service Personnel File
Copy 3 – United States Department of Veterans Affairs
Copy 4 – Member (if initialed in Block 30)
Copy 5 – United States Department of Labor
Copy 6 – State Director of Veteran Affairs
Copy 7 & 8 – Distributed in accordance with Military Service Department directions (shredded and retain)
See also[edit]
US Military discharge
References[edit]
History, Usage and Acquisition of DD214s
Jump up ^ Northwest Justice Project. "Sample DD-214". RepWaVets.org (Representing Washington Veterans). Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ DD214.TLD. "Your DD214 and Veterans' Employment Opportunities: DD214 and Jobs". DD214.us. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ eBenefits Site Tour. YouTube. 17 October 2012.
Jump up ^ How to Get a DS Logon for eBenefits. YouTube. 9 May 2014.
Jump up ^ How To Acquire Your DD214, Military Separation Records. YouTube. 12 May 2014.
External links[edit]
DD214 Expedite
How to obtain an eBenefits Premium Account (DS Logon Level 2)
How to obtain your free electronic DD-214 in eBenefits
eBenefits Homepage
SPN and Separation Codes
Reenlistment Codes
National Personnel Records Center
How to get copies of Military Service Records (e.g.,: DD 214/DD 215) - National Archives
Separation Program Designator (SPD) Codes (PDF)
Army Regulation 635-5 Separation Documents
Make a DD-214 throw blanket
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DD_Form_214&oldid=829645149"
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