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Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961
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Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961
The aircraft involved in the accident is seen here at Frankfurt am Main Airport in 1993
Hijacking summary
Date
23 November 1996
Summary
Fuel exhaustion due to hijacking, water landing
Site
Grande Comore, Comoros
Passengers
163 (including 3 hijackers)
Crew
12
Fatalities
125 (including 3 hijackers)
Injuries (non-fatal)
46
Survivors
50
Aircraft type
Boeing 767-260ER
Operator
Ethiopian Airlines
Registration
ET-AIZ
Flight origin
Bole International Airport
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
1st stopover
Jomo Kenyatta Int'l Airport
Nairobi, Kenya
2nd stopover
Maya-Maya Airport
Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
Last stopover
Murtala Mohammed Int'l Airport
Lagos, Nigeria
Destination
Port Bouet Airport
Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961, a Boeing 767-200ER, was hijacked on 23 November 1996,[1] en route from Addis Ababa to Nairobi on an Addis Ababa–Nairobi–Brazzaville–Lagos–Abidjan service,[2] by three Ethiopians seeking asylum in Australia.[3] The plane crash-landed in the Indian Ocean near Grande Comore, Comoros Islands, due to fuel exhaustion; 125 of the 175 passengers and crew on board died, along with the hijackers.[3] The official accident report stated that four of the survivors were uninjured.
The incident is one of the few documented water landing attempts of a widebody airliner with survivors.[4][not in citation given] Until the 11 September 2001 attacks, it was the deadliest hijacking involving a single aircraft,[5] and the second deadliest hijacking after the 1990 Guangzhou Baiyun airport collisions.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Aircraft
2 Description
2.1 Hijacking
2.2 Crash landing
2.3 Medical treatment and repatriation of bodies
2.4 Investigation
3 Fate of the passengers and crew
3.1 Notable passengers
4 Maps
5 Aftermath
6 In the media
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Aircraft[edit]
The aircraft involved in the accident was a Boeing 767-260ER, registration ET-AIZ, c/n 23916, that had its maiden flight on 17 September 1987.[7] Powered by two Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7R4E engines, it was delivered new to Ethiopian Airlines on 22 October 1987.[7][8] Except for a short period between May 1991 (1991-05) and February 1992 (1992-02) when it was leased to Air Tanzania, the airplane spent its life in the Ethiopian Airlines fleet.[7] It was 9 years old at the time the incident took place.
Captain Leul Abate (42), an experienced pilot with over 11,500 total flight hours, was the pilot-in-command. The first officer on the flight was Yonas Mekuria (34). He had flown more than 6,500 hours.[9]
The flight had been delayed in order to allow a connecting flight to feed passengers. The aircraft took off at 08:09 UTC.[10]
Description[edit]
Hijacking[edit]
At about 08:29 UTC,[10] when the aircraft, referred to as Zulu by Ethiopian Airlines' pilots, after the last letter of its registration,[11] was still flying over Ethiopian airspace,[12] three Ethiopian men charged the cockpit and hijacked the aircraft after taking an axe and a fire extinguisher from the cockpit.[13] According to a special Airdisaster.com report, "One of the men ran down the aisle toward the cockpit, shouting statements that could not be understood, and his two accomplices followed soon after." The Airdisaster report described the men as "young (mid-twenties), inexperienced, psychologically fragile, and intoxicated."[12] Ethiopian state-operated radio later identified the hijackers as two unemployed high-school graduates and a nurse; their names were Alemayehu Bekeli Belayneh, Mathias Solomon Belay, and Sultan Ali Hussein (they did not say who had which description).[14]
The men threatened to blow the plane up in flight if the pilots did not obey their demands.[15] The hijackers said that there were eleven of them when in fact there were only three.[11][15] After assaulting and forcing first officer Yonas Mekuria into the cabin, they made an announcement. Over the intercom, they declared in Amharic, French and English that if anyone tried to interfere, they had a bomb and they would use it to blow up the plane.[11][15] Authorities later determined that the purported bomb was actually a covered bottle of liquor.[16]
The hijackers demanded the plane be flown to Australia.[3] Leul tried to explain they had only taken on the fuel needed for the scheduled flight and thus could not even make a quarter of the journey, but the hijackers did not believe him.[11] One of them took a copy of the airline's in-flight magazine Selamta to the cockpit and turned to the fleet page then pointed out to a photo of the 767 stating that the maximum flying time of the airplane was 11 hours.[15]
Instead of flying towards Australia, the captain followed the African coastline southward. The hijackers noticed that land was still visible and forced the pilot to steer east. Leul secretly headed for the Comoro Islands, which lie midway between Madagascar and the African mainland.[11]
Crash landing[edit]
Sequence showing the ditching of the aircraft; this was recorded by a South African tourist.
The plane was nearly out of fuel as it approached the island group, but the hijackers continued to ignore the captain's warnings. Out of options, Leul began to circle the area, hoping to land the plane at the Comoros' main airport. This forced Leul to land at more than 175 knots (324 km/h; 201 mph).[11]
Leul tried to make an emergency landing at Prince Said Ibrahim International Airport on Grande Comore, but a fight with the hijackers at the last minute caused him to lose his visual point of reference, leaving him unable to locate the airport. While still fighting with the hijackers, he tried to ditch the aircraft in shallow waters 500 yards (457 m) off Le Galawa Beach Hotel, near Mitsamiouli at the northern end of Grande Comore island. Leul attempted to land parallel with the waves instead of against the waves in an effort to smooth the landing. Seconds prior to contacting the water the aircraft was banked left some ten degrees;[5] the left engine and wingtip struck the water first. The engine acted as a scoop and struck a coral reef, slowing that side of the aircraft quickly and causing the Boeing 767 to suddenly tilt left. The rest of the aircraft then entered the water unevenly, causing it to break apart. Except for the rear part of the airframe, the broken portions of the fuselage sank rapidly.[5] Many passengers died because they inflated their life jackets in the cabin,[12][16] causing them to be trapped inside by the rising water.
Island residents and tourists, including a group of scuba divers and some French doctors on vacation, came to the aid of crash survivors.[4][11] A tourist recorded a video of ET-AIZ crashing. She said that she had begun taping because she initially believed that the 767 formed a part of an air show for tourists.[17]
Medical treatment and repatriation of bodies[edit]
Survivors were initially taken to Mitsamiouli Hospital. The crash site was less than 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) away from this hospital. The passengers were transferred to El-Maarouf Regional Hospital Centre (Centre Hospitalier National El Maarouf) in Moroni the same day.[18] The two French who survived and 19 injured were transported to Réunion.[19] In Réunion, one of the injured died, making the death toll 125.[20] Excluding those transported to Réunion, survivors were transported to Nairobi and South Africa.[19]
At the time there was no mortuary in Moroni, so cold rooms were used to store 124 bodies.[20]
Investigation[edit]
On 3 December 1996 the Direction Generale de l'Aviation Civile des Comores of the Comoros agreed to delegate the investigation of ET961 to the Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority (ECAA).[21] The Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) analysed the flight recorders.[22]
Fate of the passengers and crew[edit]
The final accident report includes a listing of surviving and deceased passengers and crew. All 12 crew members were Ethiopians. Six survived, including the pilot and copilot.[23]
The passengers originated from 36 countries.
The passenger manifest (including hijackers but not crew members) follows:
Nationality
Number on board
Survivors
Austria 1 0
Belgium 1 0
Benin 2 0
Cameroon 2 0
Canada 1 0
Chad 1 0
Republic of the Congo 5 2
Ivory Coast 1 0
Djibouti 2 2
Egypt 1 0
Ethiopia 19 3
France 4 2
Germany 1 0
Hungary 1 0
India 20 6
Israel 8 1
Italy 4 4
Japan 2 1
Kenya 14 6
South Korea 1 0
Lesotho 1 1
Liberia 2 0
Mali 12 3
Nigeria 23 4
Pakistan 1 0
Sierra Leone 1 0
Somalia 1 0
Sri Lanka 9 0
Sweden 2 0
Switzerland 1 0
Uganda 1 1
Ukraine 4 3
United Kingdom 7 2
United States 5 3
Yemen 1 0
Zaire 1 0
Total
163
44
Seat map showing deceased and surviving passengers and crew
The deceased passenger count includes the three hijackers.[24] Of the passengers, 42 originated in Bombay, including:[25]
3 Americans
9 Nigerians
9 Sri Lankans
19 Indians
The rest of the passengers originated in Addis Ababa.
Of the 175 passengers and crew members, 125 were killed, including the three hijackers. According to the accident report, all six surviving crew members and 38 passengers received serious injuries, two passengers received minor injuries, and four passengers received no injuries.[26] One passenger, an Ethiopian, was identified as a child on the manifest; this passenger was among the dead.[27]
Many of the passengers who died survived the initial crash, but they had disregarded or did not hear Leul's warning not to inflate their life jackets inside the aircraft, causing them to be pushed against the ceiling of the fuselage by the inflated life jackets when water flooded in. Unable to escape, they drowned. An estimated 60 to 80 passengers, strapped to their seats, presumably drowned.[28][29]
Leul and Yonas both survived. For his actions, Leul was awarded the Flight Safety Foundation Professionalism in Flight Safety Award.[30]
Notable passengers[edit]
Among those killed was Mohamed Amin, a wartime photojournalist and publisher of Selamta, Ethiopian Airlines' in-flight magazine.[31] He was believed to be standing near the entrance to the cockpit arguing and negotiating with the hijacker presumed to be guarding the cockpit during the final moments of the flight. Brian Tetley, Amin's colleague, also died.[32]
CIA officer Leslianne Shedd, who was posted to Ethiopia, died in the crash. At the CIA's 2012 Annual Memorial Ceremony to Honor Fallen Colleagues, the Agency recalled survivors of the crash telling the CIA that "Leslianne...spent her final moments comforting those around her."[33]
Franklin Huddle, the U.S. Consul General of Bombay at the time, and his wife Chanya "Pom" Huddle both survived the crash.[34] Huddle said that he chose to fly on Ethiopian Airlines while planning a safari trip to Kenya because of the airline's reputation; it was one of the few airlines in Africa to have Federal Aviation Administration certification. Huddle wanted a flight during the day, reasoning that flying during the day was "safer."[11] He credits his and his wife's survival to a last-minute upgrade to business class.[35]
Other passengers who perished on the aircraft included Lt.Gen.(Ret.) Antal Annus, the Hungarian ambassador to Kenya[36] and a French foreign ministry official.[37]
Maps[edit]
Addis Ababa
Nairobi
Crash site
Brazzaville
Lagos
Abidjan
Location of the crash and the airports
Crash site
Crash site in the Comoros
Aftermath[edit]
A memorial service was held in Galawa on 30 November 1996.[20]
The incident has become a well-known hijacking because of the videotape.[17] This was one of very few large airliner water landings, and was the first hijacked water landing. Both the captain and first officer of the flight received aviation awards, and both continued to fly for Ethiopian Airlines.[11]
In the media[edit]
The crash was featured in three episodes of Mayday (Air Emergency, Air Crash Investigation). The first appearance was in season 1 to explain what might have happened if Air Transat Flight 236 had ditched instead of landing in a nearby airport. In season 3, an episode ("Ocean Landing") covered the events of Flight 961 in detail. Most recently, it featured in the season 10 episode covering US Airways Flight 1549, to explain the risks of that crew's decision to ditch in the Hudson River. It was also featured in a 2010 episode of the Biography Channel series I Survived..., in which a survivor told his story of what happened on the plane.[38]
See also[edit]
Ethiopia portal
Aviation portal
1990s portal
Air Canada Flight 143
Air Transat Flight 236
Ethiopian Airlines accidents and incidents
Guangzhou aircraft collision
List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft
List of airline flights that required gliding
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "1996 spawns worst-ever accident totals". Flightglobal. Flight International. 15 January 1997. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2012. The 23 November 1996, hijack of an Ethiopian Airlines 767 resulted in the death of 128 people when the pilots were forced to ditch the aircraft near the Comoros Islands.
Jump up ^ "Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996" (PDF). Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority. 4 May 1998. p. 9/99. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hijacking description at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 24 May 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Lendon, Brad (16 January 2009). "Previous jet ditchings yielded survival lessons". CNN. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Ethiopian hijacking results in worst-ever fatalities". Flight International: 8. 4–10 December 1996. Archived from the original on 1 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Corrections". The New York Times. 27 November 1996. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Boeing 767 – MSN 23916". Airfleets.net. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Accident information : Boeing 767 Ethiopian Airlines ET-AIZ". Airfleets.net. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Oceanon November 23, 1996" (PDF). Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority. 4 May 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996" (PDF). Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority. 4 May 1998. p. 3 (9/99). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "African Hijack"/"Ocean Landing," Mayday series', season 3, episode 13
^ Jump up to: a b c "Special Report: Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961". Airdisaster.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996" (PDF). Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority. 4 May 1998. p. 1 (7/99). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Government Names Ethiopian Airlines Hijackers". Minnesota Daily. 5 December 1996. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2012. Two unemployed high school graduates and a nurse were identified Wednesday as the hijackers of a jet that crashed off the Comoros Islands last month... The Ethiopian men were identified as Alemayehu Bekeli Belayneh, Mathias Solomon Belay and Sultan Ali Hussein. Officials did not say which was the nurse or how old they were.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996" (PDF). Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority. 4 May 1998. p. 4 (10/99). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Blomfield, Adrian (25 January 2010). "Beirut: 90 feared dead as Ethiopian Airlines plane crashes into Mediterranean". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Honeymooners capture dramatic images of Ethiopian jet crash". CNN. 26 November 1996. Archived from the original on 17 January 1999.
Jump up ^ "Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996" (PDF). Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority. 4 May 1998. p. 25 (31/99). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996" (PDF). Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority. 4 May 1998. p. 80/99. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996" (PDF). Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority. 4 May 1998. p. 81/99. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996" (PDF). Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority. 4 May 1998. p. 6/99 (Preface). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996" (PDF). Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority. 4 May 1998. p. 17 (23/99). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996" (PDF). Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority. 4 May 1998. p. Appendix E (Page 1 of 6), p. 61 (PDF document 67/99) - List of Surviving Crew Members (Table 1), List of Fatally Injured Crew Members (Table 2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996" (PDF). Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority. 4 May 1998. p. Appendix E (Pages 2–6 of 6). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2014.
Jump up ^ McNeil Jr., Donald G. (25 November 1996). "Terror in the Air, and Frantic Rescue From the Sea". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996" (PDF). Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority. 4 May 1998. p. 10 (PDF 16/99). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ethiopian Airlines B767(ET-AIZ) Aircraft Accident in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean on November 23, 1996" (PDF). Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority. 4 May 1998. p. 66 (72/99). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Plane is hijacked; crashes in Ocean off east Africa". The New York Times. 24 November 1996. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Archived 25 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Ethiopian airline crash kills at least 50". Moroni: CNN. 23 November 1996. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Flight Safety Foundation Award in Flight Professionalism". Flight Safety Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
Jump up ^ Episode Seven, Mo & Me: Part 1, Part 2
Jump up ^ "Mohamed Amin, 53, Camera Eye During the Famine in Ethiopia". The New York Times. 26 November 1996. Archived from the original on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "CIA Holds Annual Memorial Ceremony to Honor Fallen Colleagues" (Press release). Central Intelligence Agency. 22 May 2012. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2012. Leslianne Shedd was serving a highly successful tour in Ethiopia when, in November 1996, hijackers forced down her plane over the Indian Ocean, killing over 125 people. Survivors of that flight tell us that Leslianne—an outstanding young woman—spent her final moments comforting those around her.
Jump up ^ "'I Thought I Had Finished My Life' – Tale Depicts Drunken Abductors Who Fought With Pilot – Survivors Tell of Terror As Jetliner Tumbles Across Ocean's Surface". The Seattle Times. 25 November 1996. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "No Resting Place," () Brown University Alumni Magazine
Jump up ^ Cohen, Tom (25 November 1995). "I was sinking fast . . . I had to get out". The Independent. Associated Press.
Jump up ^ "Bizarre ordeal recounted in Ethiopian Airlines crash". Moroni: CNN. 24 November 1996. Archived from the original on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "37 – Franklin/Jeff and Frank/Connie". Archived from the original on 2 September 2012. Retrieved January 2013. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961.
Final Incident Report (Archive) - Ethiopian Civil Aviation Authority - Includes list of passengers, surviving and deceased
"Milestones." TIME. 9 December 1996. – Announcement of deaths of Mohammed Amin and Brian Tetley
"Rescuers continue search for victims of hijacked plane." (Archive) Associated Press at the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. 1996.
The Hijacking of Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 (Criminal Acts Against Civil Aviation – 1996, FAA) (Archive)
Video clip of the crash
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Coordinates: 11°22.0′S 43°18.0′E / 11.3667°S 43.3000°E / -11.3667; 43.3000
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ISTJ
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Myers–Briggs personality type. For the Socionics ISTj, see Logical Sensory Introvert.
ISTJ (By functions; Introverted Sensing (Si), Extroverted Thinking (Te), Introverted Feeling (Fi) and Extroverted Intuition (Ne)) is an abbreviation used in the publications of the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) to refer to one of sixteen personality types.[1] The MBTI assessment was developed from the work of prominent psychiatrist Carl G. Jung in his book Psychological Types. Jung proposed a psychological typology based on the theories of cognitive functions that he developed through his clinical observations.
From Jung's work, others developed psychological typologies. Jungian personality assessments include the MBTI assessment, developed by Isabel Briggs Myers and Katharine Cook Briggs, and the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, developed by David Keirsey. Keirsey referred to ISTJs as Inspectors, one of the four types belonging to the temperament he called the Guardians.[2] ISTJs account for about 10–14% of the population.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 The MBTI instrument
2 ISTJ characteristics
2.1 Type description
2.2 Learning
2.3 Working
3 Cognitive functions
3.1 Dominant: Introverted sensing (Si)
3.2 Auxiliary: Extraverted thinking (Te)
3.3 Tertiary: Introverted feeling (Fi)
3.4 Inferior: Extraverted intuition (Ne)
3.5 Shadow functions
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
The MBTI instrument[edit]
The MBTI preferences indicate the differences in people based on the following:[4]
How they focus their attention or get their energy (extraversion or introversion)
How they perceive or take in information (sensing or intuition)
How they prefer to make decisions (thinking or feeling)
How they orient themselves to the external world (judgment or perception)
By using their preference in each of these areas, people develop what Jung and Myers called psychological type. This underlying personality pattern results from the dynamic interaction of their four preferences, in conjunction with environmental influences and their own individual tendencies. People are likely to develop behaviors, skills, and attitudes based on their particular type. Each personality type has its own potential strengths as well as areas that offer opportunities for growth.
The MBTI tool consists of multiple choice questions that sort respondents on the basis of the four "dichotomies" (pairs of psychological opposites). Sixteen different outcomes are possible, each identified by its own four-letter code, referred to by initial letters. (N is used for iNtuition, since I is used for Introversion). The MBTI is approximately 75% accurate according to its own manual.[5]
I – Introversion preferred to extraversion: ISTJs tend to be quiet and reserved. They generally prefer interacting with a few close friends rather than a wide circle of acquaintances, and they expend energy in social situations (whereas extroverts gain energy).[6]
S – Sensing preferred to intuition: ISTJs tend to be more concrete than abstract. They focus their attention on the details rather than the big picture, and on immediate realities rather than future possibilities.[7]
T – Thinking preferred to feeling: ISTJs tend to value objective criteria above personal preference. When making decisions, they generally give more weight to logic than to social considerations.[8]
J – Judgment preferred to perception: ISTJs tend to plan their activities and make decisions early. They derive a sense of control through predictability.[9]
ISTJ characteristics[edit]
Type description[edit]
ISTJs are logical, organized, sensible, and earnest traditionalists who enjoy keeping their lives and environments well-regulated. Typically reserved and serious individuals, they earn success through their thoroughness and extraordinary dependability. They are capable of shutting out distractions in order to take a practical, logical approach to their endeavors, and are able to make the tough decisions that other types avoid. Realistic and responsible, ISTJs are often seen as worker bees striving steadily toward their goals. Despite their dependability and good intentions, however, ISTJs can experience difficulty in understanding and responding to the emotional needs of others.[10]
Although they often focus on their internal world, ISTJs prefer dealing with the present and the factual. They are detail-oriented and weigh various options when making decisions, although they generally stick to the conventional. ISTJs are well-prepared for eventualities and have a good understanding of most situations. They believe in practical objectives, and they value traditions and loyalty.
For the Keirsey description, see Inspector (role variant).
Learning[edit]
ISTJs learn best and apply themselves to subjects that they deem practical and useful. They bring painstaking attention to detail in their work and will not rest until a concept is fully learned or a job is well completed.[11] As learners, ISTJs tend to need materials, directions, and teachers to be precise and accurate if they are to trust the information that is presented. They prefer concrete and useful applications and will tolerate theory only if it leads to these ends.
They like learning activities that allow them time to reflect and think. Material that seems too easy or too enjoyable leads ISTJs to be skeptical of its merit. Because of their practical outlook, ISTJs clearly delineate between work and play. Therefore, their ideal learning environment is task-oriented, has a clear schedule, and has a clear and precise assignment.
Working[edit]
ISTJs respect facts. They hold a tremendous store of data within themselves, gathered through their Sensing function. They may have difficulty valuing a theory or idea that differs from their own perspective. However, if they are shown the importance or relevance of the idea by someone whom they respect or care about, the idea becomes a fact that the ISTJ will internalize and vigorously support.
ISTJs often work for long periods, devoting their energy to tasks that they see as important to fulfilling a goal. However, they resist putting energy into things that don't make sense to them, or for which they can't see a practical application. They prefer to work alone but can work well in teams when the situation demands it. They like to be accountable for their actions, and they enjoy positions of responsibility. They have little use for theory or abstract thinking, unless the practical application is clear.
In general, ISTJs are capable, logical, reasonable, and effective individuals with a deeply driven desire to promote security and peaceful living. They can be highly effective at achieving their goals—whatever those may be.
Cognitive functions[edit]
A diagram of the cognitive functions of each type. A type's background color represents its Dominant function, and its text color represents its Auxiliary function.
Drawing upon Jungian theory, Isabel Myers proposed that for each personality type, the cognitive functions (sensing, intuition, thinking, and feeling) form a hierarchy. This hierarchy represents the person's default pattern of behavior.
The Dominant function is the personality type's preferred role, the one they feel most comfortable with. The secondary Auxiliary function serves to support and expand on the Dominant function. If the Dominant is an information gathering function (sensing or intuition), the Auxiliary is a decision making function (thinking or feeling), and vice versa. The Tertiary function is less developed than the Dominant and Auxiliary, but it matures over time, rounding out the person's abilities. The Inferior function is the personality type's fatal weakness. This is the function they are least comfortable with. Like the Tertiary, the Inferior function strengthens with maturity.[12]
Jung and Myers considered the attitude of the Auxiliary, Tertiary, and Inferior functions to be the opposite of the Dominant. In this interpretation, if the Dominant function is extraverted, then the other three are introverted, and vice versa. However, many modern practitioners hold that the attitude of the Tertiary function is the same as the Dominant.[13]
Using the more modern interpretation, the cognitive functions of the ISTJ are as follows:[12]
Dominant: Introverted sensing (Si)[edit]
Si collects data in the present moment and compares it with past experiences, a process that sometimes evokes the feelings associated with memory, as if the subject were reliving it. Seeking to protect what is familiar, Si draws upon history to form goals and expectations about what will happen in the future.[14] Using Si, ISTJs thrive on deep analysis of their surroundings.[12]
Auxiliary: Extraverted thinking (Te)[edit]
Te organizes and schedules ideas and the environment to ensure the efficient, productive pursuit of objectives. Te seeks logical explanations for actions, events, and conclusions, looking for faulty reasoning and lapses in sequence.[15] ISTJs use this function to actively process and evaluate their perceptions.[12]
Tertiary: Introverted feeling (Fi)[edit]
Fi filters information based on interpretations of worth, forming judgments according to criteria that are often intangible. Fi constantly balances an internal set of values such as harmony and authenticity. Attuned to subtle distinctions, Fi innately senses what is true and what is false in a situation.[16] Fi allows ISTJs to turn their analysis to themselves and others, to understand their feelings and the causes thereof.[12]
Inferior: Extraverted intuition (Ne)[edit]
Ne finds and interprets hidden meanings, using “what if” questions to explore alternatives, allowing multiple possibilities to coexist. This imaginative play weaves together insights and experiences from various sources to form a new whole, which can then become a catalyst to action.[17] While ISTJs are capable of rapid and dogged information processing and number crunching, they often have difficulty with, or simply dismiss, abstract concepts without immediate concrete applications.[12]
Shadow functions[edit]
Later personality researchers (notably Linda V. Berens)[18] added four additional functions to the descending hierarchy, the so-called "shadow" functions to which the individual is not naturally inclined but which can emerge when the person is under stress. The shadow processes "operate more on the boundaries of our awareness…We usually experience these processes in a negative way, yet when we are open to them, they can be quite positive."[19] For the ISTJ these shadow functions are (in order):
Extraverted sensing (Se): Se focuses on the experiences and sensations of the immediate, physical world. With an acute awareness of the present surroundings, it brings relevant facts and details to the forefront and may lead to spontaneous action.[20]
Introverted thinking (Ti): Ti seeks precision, such as the exact word to express an idea. It notices the minute distinctions that define the essence of things, then analyzes and classifies them. Ti examines all sides of an issue, looking to solve problems while minimizing effort and risk. It uses models to root out logical inconsistency.[21]
Extraverted feeling (Fe): Fe seeks social connections and creates harmonious interactions through polite, considerate, and appropriate behavior. Fe responds to the explicit (and implicit) wants of others, and may even create an internal conflict between the subject’s own needs and the desire to meet the needs of others.[22]
Introverted intuition (Ni): Attracted to symbolic actions or devices, Ni synthesizes seeming paradoxes to create the previously unimagined. These realizations come with a certainty that demands action to fulfill a new vision of the future, solutions that may include complex systems or universal truths.[23]
See also[edit]
Inspector (role variant)
Keirsey Temperament Sorter
Guardian temperament
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Myers-Briggs Foundation: The 16 MBTI Types". Retrieved 2009-05-07.
^ Jump up to: a b "Keirsey.com". Retrieved 2008-05-03.
Jump up ^ "CAPT". Retrieved 2008-10-13.
Jump up ^ Myers, Isabel Briggs (1998). Introduction to Type: A Guide to Understanding your Results on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Mountain View, CA: CPP, Inc.
Jump up ^ Myers, Isabel Briggs; Mary H. McCaulley (1985). Manual: A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (2nd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-89106-027-8.
Jump up ^ "Changing Minds: Extraversion vs. Introversion". Retrieved 2009-01-10.
Jump up ^ "Changing Minds: Sensing vs. Intuiting". Retrieved 2009-01-10.
Jump up ^ "Changing Minds: Thinking vs. Feeling". Retrieved 2009-01-10.
Jump up ^ "Changing Minds: Judging vs. Perceiving". Retrieved 2009-01-10.
Jump up ^ "Myers-Briggs Type Indicator General Profile ISTJ" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
Jump up ^ "The Myers-Briggs Foundation". Retrieved 2008-05-03.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Barron-Tieger, Barbara; Tieger, Paul D. (1995). Do what you are: discover the perfect career for you through the secrets of personality type. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-84522-1.
Jump up ^ Myers, Isabel Briggs; Mary H. McCaulley (1985). Manual: A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (2nd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. ISBN 0-89106-027-8.
Jump up ^ "Cognitive Processes: Introverted sensing". Retrieved 2009-05-12.
Jump up ^ "Cognitive Processes: Extraverted thinking". Retrieved 2009-05-12.
Jump up ^ "Cognitive Processes: Introverted feeling". Retrieved 2009-05-12.
Jump up ^ "Cognitive Processes: Extraverted intuition". Retrieved 2009-05-12.
Jump up ^ "CognitiveProcesses.com". Retrieved 2008-05-21.
Jump up ^ "CognitiveProcesses.com The 16 Type Patterns". Retrieved 2009-07-11.
Jump up ^ "Cognitive Processes: Extraverted Sensing". Retrieved 2009-05-12.
Jump up ^ "Cognitive Processes: Introverted Thinking". Retrieved 2009-05-12.
Jump up ^ "Cognitive Processes: Extraverted Feeling". Retrieved 2009-05-12.
Jump up ^ "Cognitive Processes: Introverted Intuition". Retrieved 2009-05-12.
External links[edit]
The Myers & Briggs Foundation: The 16 MBTI Types
http://personalityjunkie.com/istj/
https://www.truity.com/personality-type/istj
http://www.personalitypage.com/ISTJ.html
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text:
A.P. Bio
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the 2018 NBC sitcom. For the course offered by the College Board, see AP Biology.
A.P. Bio
Genre
Comedy
Created by
Mike O'Brien
Starring
Glenn Howerton
Patton Oswalt
Lyric Lewis
Mary Sohn
Jean Villepique
Tom Bennett
Jacob McCarthy
Aparna Brielle
Nick Peine
Opening theme
"Listen to My Heart" by Ramones
Composer(s)
Jeff Cardoni
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
12 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Seth Meyers
Mike O'Brien
Lorne Michaels
Andrew Singer
Michael Shoemaker
Producer(s)
Hilary Marx
Katy Jenson
Shelly Grossman
Glenn Howerton
Barbara Stoll
Cinematography
Blake McClure
Editor(s)
Adam Lichtenstein
Dane McMaster
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
22 minutes
Production company(s)
Broadway Video
Sethmaker Shoemeyers Productions
Universal Television
Release
Original network
NBC
Original release
February 1, 2018 – present
A.P. Bio is an American comedy television series created by Mike O'Brien for NBC. After a pilot order in late January 2017,[1] the project was ordered to series on May 8, 2017.[2] The series premiered on February 1, 2018 for a special preview and made its official debut on March 1, 2018.[3] NBC released the first three episodes on NBCUniversal streaming platforms after the February 1 broadcast premiere for early viewing.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Main Cast
2.2 Recurring
2.3 Guest stars
3 Episodes
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Ratings
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
When disgraced Harvard philosophy scholar Jack Griffin (Glenn Howerton) loses out on his dream job to his rival Miles Leonard (Tom Bennett), he is forced to return to Toledo, Ohio and work as a high-school Advanced Placement Biology teacher. As he comes crashing into Whitlock High School, Jack makes it absolutely clear he will not be teaching any biology. Realizing he has a room full of honor-roll students at his disposal, Jack decides to use them for his own benefit: getting revenge on Miles. Eager to prove that he is still king of the castle, Principal Durbin (Patton Oswalt) struggles to control the force of nature that is Jack Griffin.
Cast[edit]
Main Cast[edit]
Glenn Howerton as Jack Griffin, a disgraced Harvard philosophy scholar and current Advanced Placement Biology teacher at Whitlock High School.[4]
Lyric Lewis as Stef Duncan, a history teacher at Whitlock High School.[5]
Mary Sohn as Mary Wagner, an art teacher at Whitlock High School.[6]
Jean Villepique as Michelle Jones, a home economics teacher at Whitlock High School.[7]
Tom Bennett as Miles Leonard, a scholar who is Jack's rival and nemesis.[8]
Patton Oswalt as Principal Ralph Durbin, the principal of Whitlock High School.[4]
Jacob McCarthy as Devin[9]
Aparna Brielle as Sarika Sarkar[10]
Nick Peine as Marcus Kasperak[11]
Recurring[edit]
Allisyn Ashley Arm as Heather
Eddie Leavy as Anthony Lewis
Charlie McCrackin as Coach Dick Novak
Jacob Houston as Victor Kozlowski
Tucker Albrizzi as Colin McConnell
Spence Moore II as Dan Decker
Paula Pell as Helen Henry Demarcus
Sari Arambulo as Grace
Guest stars[edit]
Collette Wolfe as Meredith
Niecy Nash as Kim Burke
Taran Killam as Mr. Vining
Mark Proksch as Philip
Episodes[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
"Catfish" Oz Rodriguez Mike O'Brien February 1, 2018 (2018-02-01) 101 3.12[12]
When Harvard philosophy scholar Jack Griffin finds himself teaching high school in Toledo, he tosses the syllabus and recruits his students to help mentally break his dream-job-stealing nemesis Miles Leonard.
2
"Teacher Jail" Oz Rodriguez Rob Klein February 25, 2018 (2018-02-25) (broadcast)
February 2, 2018 (2018-02-02) (online) 102 5.89[13]
Despite his love of teacher jail where he’s paid to not teach, Jack betrays the boisterous union rep who got him there in favor of Principal Durbin.
3
"Burning Miles" Oz Rodriguez Luvh Rakhe March 1, 2018 (2018-03-01) (broadcast)
February 2, 2018 (2018-02-02) (online) 103 2.70[14]
While Principal Durbin struggles with budget cuts, Jack discovers his students pity him - so he rallies, making a splash at the school bake sale and getting kicked out of the bookstore for life.
4
"Overachieving Virgins" Julie Anne Robinson John Blickstead & Trey Kollmer March 1, 2018 (2018-03-01) 104 2.60[14]
Jack gets into a petty dispute with Marcus, the President of Student Council, who surprisingly refuses to back down, causing the situation to escalate much too far. Meanwhile, Stef sells makeup at school as a side business.
5
"Dating Toledoans" Ryan Case Aseem Batra March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08) 105 2.33[15]
Jack, who has been taking busses to New York to meet dates, is convinced to let Stef, Mary, and Michelle show him how to enjoy Toledo. Meanwhile, Principal Durbin finds out that his announcements have not been as well received as he had previously believed when Helen covers for him and entertains everyone.
6
"Freakin' Enamored" Oz Rodriguez Shelly Gossman March 15, 2018 (2018-03-15) 106 3.07[16]
When Jack is attracted to a Colin's mother at a parent-teacher conference, he feigns interest in her son only to have it backfire. Meanwhile, a group of parents complain to principal Durbin when they notice a piece of controversial student art from Mary's class, resulting in her inciting a protest.
7
"Selling Out" Payman Benz Donick Cary March 22, 2018 (2018-03-22) 107 2.87[17]
After Jack receives an offer from Miles' publisher to write a book of feel-good philosophy, he enlists the help of Helen in hopes of using the deal as his ticket out of Toledo. Meanwhile, principal Durbin accidentally sets off an emotional firestorm when he reveals who Mary chose as her emergency contact.
8
"We Don't Party" Daniel Gray Longino Nicole Sun March 29, 2018 (2018-03-29) 108 2.05[18]
9
"Rosemary's Boyfriend" Maggie Carey Mike O'Brien & Charlie McCrackin April 5, 2018 (2018-04-05) 109 2.21[19]
10
"Durbin Crashes" Andrew DeYoung Mike O'Brien & Rob Klein April 12, 2018 (2018-04-12) 110 2.05[20]
11
"Eight Pigs and a Rat" Carrie Brownstein Mike O'Brien & Zeke Nicholson April 19, 2018 (2018-04-19) 111 1.83[21]
12
"Walleye" TBA TBA April 26, 2018 (2018-04-26) 112 TBD
13
"Drenching Dallas"[22] TBA TBA May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03) 113 TBD
Payman Benz, Dan Longino, Andy DeYoung, Maggie Carey, Tristram Shapeero, and Lynn Shelton are set to direct episodes of the series.[23] Carrie Brownstein will also direct.[24][25]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Writing in The Hollywood Reporter, Daniel Fienberg commented that A.P. Bio had a good cast and "the only thing holding it back is the small quibble that it's not actually all that funny".[26] Margaret Lyons of the New York Times called A.P. Bio "an abrasive sitcom that isn’t merely unfunny, it’s also deeply unpleasant".[27] Jen Chaney of Vulture said the series had bright spots but was, overall, "conceptually played-out".[28]
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
1 "Catfish" February 1, 2018 0.8/3 3.12[12]
2 "Teacher Jail" February 25, 2018 1.4/6 5.89[13]
3 "Overachieving Virgins" March 1, 2018 0.7/3 2.70[14]
4 "Burning Miles" March 1, 2018 0.7/3 2.60[14]
5 "Dating Toledoans" March 8, 2018 0.7/3 2.33[20]
6 "Freakin' Enamored" March 15, 2018 0.9/3 3.07[16]
7 "Selling Out" March 22, 2018 0.8/3 2.87[17]
8 "We Don’t Party" March 29, 2018 0.6/2 2.05[18]
9 "Rosemary’s Boyfriend" April 5, 2018 0.6/2 2.21[19]
10 "Durbin Crashes" April 12, 2018 0.6/3 2.05[20]
11 "Eight Pigs and a Rat" April 19, 2018 0.6/3 1.83[21]
12 "Walleye" April 26, 2018 TBD TBD
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (January 24, 2017). "NBC Orders Comedy Pilot From Seth Meyers, Mike O'Brien & Lorne Michaels". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 8, 2017). "'A.P. Bio' NBC Comedy Pilot From Mike O'Brien & Seth Meyers Gets Series Order". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (December 14, 2017). "NBC's 'A.P. Bio' Gets February Preview Date, 'This Is Us' Midseason Return Moved Back A Week". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (March 8, 2017). "Glenn Howerton & Patton Oswalt To Star In NBC's Mike O'Brien/Seth Meyers Pilot". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (February 28, 2017). "Noah Mills Enlists In 'For God And Country'; Lyric Lewis Joins NBC's Seth Meyers Pilot". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (February 24, 2017). "Gillian Vigman Cast In The CW's 'Life Sentence' Pilot; Mary Sohn in NBC's Seth Meyers Comedy". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (August 1, 2017). "'A.P. Bio': Jean Villepique Cast As Regular In NBC Comedy". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kate (June 12, 2017). "NBC's 'A.P. Bio' Promotes 'Mascots' Star to Series Regular (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (March 14, 2017). "Christopher Gorham Joins the CW's 'Insatiable'; NBC's Seth Meyers Comedy Adds Jacob McCarthy". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (March 7, 2017). "'Redliners': Greg Germann Joins NBC Drama Pilot; Aparna Brielle In Seth Meyers Comedy". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (March 10, 2017). "NBC's Seth Meyers Comedy Pilot Casts Nick Peine; CBS' 'The Get' Adds Alex Fitzalan". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (February 2, 2018). "ShowbuzzDaily's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.1.2018". ShowbuzzDaily. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (February 27, 2018). "ShowbuzzDaily's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.25.2018". ShowbuzzDaily. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Metcalf, Mitch (February 27, 2018). "ShowbuzzDaily's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.1.2018". ShowbuzzDaily. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 9, 2018). "'Young Sheldon,' 'SWAT,' all NBC shows adjust down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (March 16, 2018). "ShowbuzzDaily's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 3.15.2018". ShowbuzzDaily. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 23, 2018). "'AP Bio' adjusts up, NCAA Sweet 16 ahead of last year: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 30, 2018). "'Big Bang Theory,' 'Grey's Anatomy' and 'Chicago Fire' adjust up, 'SWAT' adjusts down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 6, 2018). "'Big Bang Theory,' 'Grey's Anatomy' adjust up, 'Mom,' 'Supernatural,' 'Arrow' down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Porter, Rick (April 13, 2018). "'Big Bang Theory,' 'Grey's Anatomy' and 'Superstore' adjust up: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 20, 2018). "'Grey's Anatomy' adjusts up, 'SWAT,' 'Supernatural' & 'Arrow' adjust down: Thursday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "(#113) "Drenching Dallas"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "A.P. Bio - NBC.com". Retrieved 2 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Carrie Brownstein". IFC. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Carrie Brownstein Leaving 'Portlandia,' Out To 'Search And Destroy' - We Are Flagrant". 16 January 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Fienberg, Daniel (February 1, 2018). "'AP Bio': TV Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lyons, Margaret (January 31, 2018). "Review: 'A.P. Bio' Is Not Advanced in Timing or Taste". New York Times. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chaney, Jen (January 31, 2018). "A.P. Bio Isn't Exactly Advanced Placement TV". Vulture. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
A.P. Bio on IMDb
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