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Help Me Make It Through the Night
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For the Sammi Smith album, see Help Me Make It Through the Night (album).
For the Hank Crawford album, see Help Me Make It Through the Night (Hank Crawford album).
"Help Me Make It Through the Night"
Song by Kris Kristofferson
from the album Kristofferson
A-side
"Help Me Make It Through the Night"
Released
1970
Recorded
1969
Genre
Country
Length
2:24
Label
Monument
Songwriter(s)
Kris Kristofferson
Producer(s)
Fred Foster
"Help Me Make It Through The Night"
Single by Sammi Smith
B-side
"When Michael Calls"
Released
January 1970
Genre
Country
Label
Mega Records
Songwriter(s)
Kris Kristofferson
Producer(s)
Jim Malloy
Sammi Smith singles chronology
"Help Me Make It Through The Night"
(1970) "I've Got to Have You"
(1972)
"Help Me Make It Through The Night"
(1971) "I've Got to Have You"
(1972)
"Help Me Make It Through The Night" is a country music ballad written and composed by Kris Kristofferson and released on his 1970 album Kristofferson. It was covered later in 1970 by Sammi Smith, on the album Help Me Make It Through the Night. Smith's recording of the song remains the most commercially successful and most well-known version in the United States. Her recording ranks among the most successful country singles of all time in terms of sales, popularity, and radio airplay. It topped the country singles chart, and was also a crossover hit, reaching number eight on the U.S. pop singles chart. "Help Me Make It Through The Night" also became Smith's signature song.
Inspired by Smith's success with the song, numerous other artists covered it soon thereafter, including Loretta Lynn, Glen Campbell, Joan Baez, Jerry Lee Lewis, Elvis Presley, and Willie Nelson.
Other artists who have recorded charting versions of the song include Gladys Knight & the Pips, John Holt, and (in French) Claude Varade.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and writing
2 Content
3 Chart performance
3.1 Sammi Smith
3.2 Weekly charts
3.3 Year-end charts
4 Other charting versions
4.1 Willie Nelson
5 Other cover versions
5.1 Conventional
5.2 Novelty and other language
6 Television and film appearances
7 References
8 External links
Background and writing[edit]
Kristofferson said that he got the inspiration for the song from an Esquire magazine interview with Frank Sinatra. When asked what he believed in, Frank replied, "Booze, broads, or a bible...whatever helps me make it through the night."
During his time as a struggling songwriter, Kristofferson wrote the song while staying with Dottie West and her husband, Bill, at their home on Shy's Hill Road in Nashville's Green Hills neighborhood. When he offered Dottie the song, she originally claimed it was "too suggestive" for her. Eventually, she would record it before the year was out, and it is included on her album Careless Hands. However, by then, several others had recorded and released versions of it, some garnering great success. Later on, West said that not recording it when it was originally offered to her was one of the greatest regrets of her career.
Content[edit]
Kristofferson's original lyrics speak of a man's yearning for sexual intimacy. They were controversial in 1971 when the song was covered by a woman: I don't care what's right or wrong, I don't try to understand / Let the devil take tomorrow, Lord tonight I need a friend.
Chart performance[edit]
Sammi Smith[edit]
Sammi Smith's recording reached number-one on the U.S. country charts and won the Grammy Award for Best Country Music Female performance. On February 20, 1971, it reached number 8 on Billboard's U.S. pop singles chart, and also enjoyed success in Canada. Adult-Contemporary stations took to the song, and it peaked at number 3 on Billboard's Easy Listening chart. Additionally, it spent three weeks at number 1 on the Country chart.[1] The song became a gold record.
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1971)
Peak
position
Australia KMR[2] 7
Canada RPM Top Singles 4
Canada RPM Country Tracks 1
US Billboard Hot 100[3] 8
US Billboard Easy Listening[4] 3
US Billboard Hot Country Singles[5] 1
US Cash Box Top 100[6] 9
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1971)
Rank
Australia[7] 32
Canada[8] 64
US Billboard Hot 100[9] 36
US Cash Box [10] 78
Other charting versions[edit]
In 1971, Joe Simon hit #69 on the Hot 100 and #13 on the Hot Soul Singles chart.
In 1972, a version by Gladys Knight & the Pips reached number 33 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 13 on the Hot Soul Singles chart, and was a Top 10 pop hit in the United Kingdom. This version was later sampled extensively on Huff and Puff's 1996 dance track "Help Me Make It".[11]
In 1974, John Holt included the song on his album 1000 Volts of Holt. That year, his recording of the song made it into the UK Top Ten.
In 1975, the French Canadian singer Claude Valade recorded a French version of the song, "Aide-moi à passer la nuit", produced and distributed by London Deram Records. The French-language lyrics were written by Canadian singer-songwriter Christine Charbonneau. The song made its way to fame and was on the charts (3rd place) for more than six months.[12]
In 1980, Willie Nelson covered the song. His rendition became a hit on the Country music charts of both the U.S. and Canada.
Willie Nelson[edit]
Chart (1980)
Peak
position
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[13] 4
Canadian RPM Country Tracks 1
In 2007, it was recorded for a second time in French with Annie Blanchard (Musicor Records) and the song made the Top 20 for 26 weeks, reaching a high of #6.[14]
Other cover versions[edit]
Conventional[edit]
Other artists who have recorded the song include:
Ray Price, on the 1970 album For The Good Times, released slightly before Sammi Smith's version
Jerry Lee Lewis, on the 1971 album Touching Home
Lynn Anderson, on the 1971 album You're My Man
Glen Campbell, on the 1971 album The Last Time I Saw Her
Loretta Lynn, on the 1971 album I Wanna Be Free
Johnny Mathis, on the 1971 album You've Got a Friend
Andy Williams, on the 1971 album You've Got a Friend
Skeeter Davis, on the 1971 album Skeeter
Dottie West, on the 1971 album Careless Hands
Jeannie C. Riley, on the 1971 album Jeannie
Joan Baez, on the 1971 album Blessed Are.... (In her 1987 memoir, Baez disclosed that she had had an affair with Kristofferson himself at the same approximate time.)
Peggy Lee, on the 1971 album Where Did They Go
Olivia Newton-John, on the 1971 album If Not for You
Engelbert Humperdinck, on the 1971 album Another Time, Another Place and again in 2009 for A Taste of Country.
Elvis Presley, on the 1972 album Elvis Now
Saxophonist Hank Crawford, on the 1972 album Help Me Make It Through the Night
Tammy Wynette, on the 1974 album Another Lonely Song
Lena Zavaroni, on the 1974 album Ma! (He's Making Eyes At Me); she later performed it live on numerous occasions, including at her own wedding in 1989
Charley Pride, on the 1976 album The Happiness of Having You
Sergio Franchi, a tenor/crossover version on the 1976 DynaHouse album 20 Magnificent Songs.[15]
Harry James, on the 1979 album Still Harry After All These Years
Monika Brodka, on the 2005 album "Album" [1]
Bryan Adams, on the 2014 album Tracks of My Years
Johnny Cash and his wife, June Carter Cash, recorded it as a duet. The recording is found on the 2006 compilation June Carter and Johnny Cash: Duets, released by Sony BMG. In this version, Johnny Cash inserts "June" before the line tonight I need a friend.
In 2008, Mariah Carey recorded a version of the song intended for inclusion on the soundtrack album of the film Tennessee, but the album was never released. Her recording was eventually released on YouTube in 2010.[16]
Novelty and other language[edit]
Barry Humphries, in the lecherous persona of his character Sir Les Patterson, released a version of the song on the 1985 LP 12 Inches of Les.
In 1990, country novelty musician Ray Stevens produced a comedic version of the song. After a conventional balladic first verse with piano and strings, a Foghorn Leghorn character breaks in demanding "a little fire in it!" Stevens launches into an upbeat "hillbilly" bluegrass tempo, interspersing each line with mocking jokes of those lines: the first line "Take the ribbon from your hair," is followed by a ripping sound followed by a woman yelling, Spike Jones-style, and so on. Another comedic version was recorded by novelty group Big Daddy, which was performed in the style, and with musical references to The Coasters. A parody was called "Help Me Make It Through the Yard" by Pinkard & Bowden, in which the lyrics are altered to tell about the plight of a man coming home drunk: Take the rosebush from my hair, / Lord, it has a lot of thorns, / What's the sprinkler doing on / At this hour of the morn? ...
In Austria, a German language version of the song was recorded by S.T.S.. Its title in German was "Gö, Du Bleibst Heut Nacht Bei Mir". The song was also covered by UK singer Charlie Landsborough on his 2009 album 'Nothing Lasts Forever'. Another German Version ("Hilf Mir Durch Die Nacht") exists by Volker Lechtenbrink.
A Spanish version was recorded in Colombia in 2001 by Marco T.[citation needed]
A Estonian version was released in 1983 by Ivo Linna & Rock Hotel.[citation needed]
Television and film appearances[edit]
In 1972, John Huston used Kristofferson's version as the theme for his feature Fat City. It plays under the title credits, with instrumental arrangements later in the movie.
In 1978, Kristofferson made a guest appearance on the television series The Muppet Show; on that episode he performed "Help Me Make It Through the Night" as a duet with a besotted Miss Piggy.
In the 1997 film The Ice Storm, the Sammi Smith recording plays in the background in one of the key party scenes.
In 2013, American Idol contestant Kree Harrison sang this song during season 12 on "Songs They Wish They Had Written" week.[citation needed]
In 2015, DeAnna Johnson covered this song on The Voice.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ Australian-charts.com
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 226.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944-2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 321.
Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, April 10, 1971
Jump up ^ "Forum - 1970 (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". Australian-charts.com. Archived from the original on 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". collectionscanada.gc.ca.
Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com
Jump up ^ Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, December 25, 1971
Jump up ^ "Huff & Puff's Help Me Make It sample of Gladys Knight & the Pips's Help Me Make It Through the Night". WhoSampled. Retrieved 2012-01-06.
Jump up ^ "Claude Valade Hit Parade, ''Aide-moi à passer la nuit'', in 3rd place for 26 weeks" (PDF). 2.banq.qc.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
Jump up ^ "Willie Nelson Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Annie Blanchard, ''Aide-moi à passer la nuit'', Top 20, Charts" (PDF). 2.banq.qc.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
Jump up ^ "Sergio Franchi". Discogs.com. Archived from the original on 2012-04-21. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
Jump up ^ Daw, Robbie (May 17, 2010). "Mariah Carey Covers "Help Me Make It Through The Night"". Idolator.
External links[edit]
Allmusic review
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Joshua"
by Dolly Parton Billboard Hot Country Singles
number-one single
February 13-February 27, 1971 Succeeded by
"I'd Rather Love You"
by Charley Pride
Preceded by
"A Woman Always Knows"
by David Houston RPM Country Tracks
number-one single
March 13, 1971 Succeeded by
"A Stranger in My Place"
by Anne Murray
Preceded by
"Coward of the County"
by Kenny Rogers RPM Country Tracks
number-one single
February 2, 1980 Succeeded by
"Leaving Louisiana in the Broad Daylight"
by The Oak Ridge Boys
[show]
v
t
e
Kris Kristofferson
Albums
Kristofferson
The Silver Tongued Devil and I
Border Lord
Jesus Was a Capricorn
Spooky Lady's Sideshow
Who's to Bless and Who's to Blame
Surreal Thing
Songs of Kristofferson
Easter Island
Shake Hands with the Devil
To the Bone
The Winning Hand (with Willie Nelson, Brenda Lee, Dolly Parton)
Music from Songwriter (with Willie Nelson)
Repossessed
Third World Warrior
A Moment of Forever
The Austin Sessions
This Old Road
Closer to the Bone
With Rita Coolidge
Full Moon
Breakaway
Natural Act
With The Highwaymen
Highwayman
Highwayman 2
The Road Goes on Forever
Live
Live at the Philharmonic
Broken Freedom Song: Live from San Francisco
Compilation albums
Songs of Kristofferson
The Essential Kris Kristofferson
Please Don't Tell Me How the Story Ends: The Publishing Demos
The Complete Monument & Columbia Album Collection
See also
Discography
Filmography
Ghost Brothers of Darkland County
Willie Nelson Sings Kristofferson
[show]
v
t
e
Joe Simon
Studio albums
The Chokin' Kind
The Sounds of Simon
Drowning in the Sea of Love
The Power of Joe Simon
Get Down
Singles
"The Chokin' Kind"
"San Francisco Is a Lonely Town"
"Help Me Make It Through the Night"
"Drowning in the Sea of Love"
"Power of Love"
"Misty Blue"
"Get Down, Get Down (Get on the Floor)"
"Funny How Time Slips Away"
[show]
v
t
e
Gladys Knight & the Pips
Gladys Knight
Merald "Bubba" Knight
William Guest
Edward Patten
Brenda Knight
Eleanor Guest
Langston George
Chris Morante
Studio albums
Everybody Needs Love
Neither One of Us
Imagination
I Feel a Song
2nd Anniversary
The One and Only
Soundtrack albums
Claudine
Compilation albums
The Ultimate Collection
Singles
"Every Beat of My Heart"
"Giving Up"
"Take Me in Your Arms and Love Me"
"Everybody Needs Love"
"I Heard It Through the Grapevine"
"The End of Our Road"
"It Should Have Been Me"
"I Wish It Would Rain"
"The Nitty Gritty"
"If I Were Your Woman"
"Help Me Make It Through the Night"
"Neither One of Us (Wants to Be the First to Say Goodbye)"
"The Look of Love"
"Midnight Train to Georgia"
"I've Got to Use My Imagination"
"Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me"
"I Feel a Song (In My Heart)"
"The Way We Were/Try to Remember"
"Save the Overtime (For Me)"
"Hero"
"Love Overboard"
"Baby, Don't Change Your Mind"
Related topics
Discography
Aaliyah
Barry Hankerson
Book
[show]
v
t
e
Willie Nelson singles discography
1950s
and
1960s
1957
"No Place For Me" / "Lumberjack"
1959
"Man With the Blues" / "The Storm Has Just Begun"
1960
"What a Way to Live" / "Misery Mansion"
"Nite Life" / "Rainy Day Blues"
1961
"The Part Where I Cry" / "Mr. Record Man"
1962
"Willingly" / "Chain of Love"
"Touch Me" / "Where My House Lives"
"Wake Me When It's Over" / "There's Gonna Be Love In My House"
"You Dream About Me" / "Is This My Destiny"
1963
"Half a Man" / "The Last Letter"
"Take My Word" / "Feed it a Memory"
1964
"How Long is Forever" / "You Took My Happy Away"
"Am I Blue" / "There'll Be No Teardrops Tonight"
"River Boy" / "Opportunity to Cry"
"I Never Cared For You" / "You Left Me (A Long Time Ago)"
"Pretty Paper" / "What A Merry Christmas This Could Be"
1965
"She's Not For You" / "Permanently Lonely"
"Healing Hands of Time" / "One Day at the Time"
"I Just Can't Let You Say Goodbye" / "And So Will You, My Love"
1966
"One In A Row" / "San Antonio Rose"
"Colombus Stockade Blues" / "He Sits at my Table"
"I'm Still Not Over You"/ "I Love You Because"
1967
"The Party's Over" / "Make Way for a Better Man"
"Blackjack County Chain" / "Some Other World"
"San Antonio" / "To Make a Long Story Short"
1968
"Little Things" / " Sweet Memories"
"Good Times" / "Where Do You Stand"
"Johnny One Time" / "She's Still Gone"
1969
"Bring Me Sunshine" / "Don't Say Love or Nothing"
"I Hope So" / "Right or Wrong"
1970s
1970
"Once More With Feeling" / "Who Do I Know in Dallas"
"Laying My Burdens Down" / "Truth Number One"
1971
"I'm a Memory" / "Fire and Rain"
"Yesterday's Wine" / "Me and Paul"
1972
"Words Don't Fit the Picture" / "A Moment"
1973
"Shotgun Willie" (mono) / "Sad Songs and Waltzes"
"Stay All Night (Stay a Little Longer)" / "Devil in a Sleepin' Bag"
1974
"I Still Can't Believe You're Gone" / "Heaven and Hell"
"Bloody Mary Morning" / "After the Fire is Gone"(with Tracy Nelson)
"Sister's Comin' Home" (mono) / "Pick Up The Tempo"
1975
"Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain" / "Bandera"
1976
"Remember Me (When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming)" / "Time of the Preacher"
"I'd Have to Be Crazy" (mono) / "Amazing Grace"
"If You've Got the Money I've Got the Time" / "The Sound in Your Mind"
1977
"Uncloudy Day" / "Precious Memories"
"I Love You A Thousand Ways" / "Mom and Dad's Waltz"
1978
"Georgia on My Mind" / "On The Sunny Side Of The Street"
"Blue Skies" / "Moonlight in Vermont"
"All of Me" / "Unchained Melody"
1979
"Whiskey River" / "Under the Double Eagle"
"September Song" / "Don't Get Around Much Anymore"
"White Christmas" / "Blue Christmas"
1980s
1980
"Help Me Make It Through the Night" / "The Pilgrim, Chapter 33"
"My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys" / "Rising Stars"
"Midnight Rider" / "So You Think You're A Cowboy"
"On the Road Again"/ "Jumpin' Cotton Eyed Joe"(performed by Johnny Gimble)
1981
"Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground" / "I Guess I've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes"
"Mona Lisa" / "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star"
"I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter" / "Over the Rainbow"
"Heartaches of a Fool" / "Uncloudy Day"
1982
"Always on My Mind" / "The Party's Over"
"Let It Be Me" / "Permanently Lonely"
"Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning" / "Old Fords and a Natural Stone"
1983
"Little Old Fashioned Karma" / "Beer Barrel Polka"
"Why Do I Have to Choose" / "Would You Lay with Me (In a Field of Stone)"
"Take It to the Limit" / "Till I Gain Control Again"
"Without a Song"
1984
"City of New Orleans (Unedited version)" / "Why Are You Pickin' On Me"
1985
"Forgiving You Was Easy" / "You Wouldn't Cross the Street"
"Me and Paul" / "I Let My Mind Wander"
1986
"Living in the Promiseland" / "Bach Minuet in G"
"I'm Not Trying to Forget You" / "I've Got the Craziest Feeling"
1987
"Partners After All" / "Home Away From Home"
"Heart of Gold" / "So Much Like My Dad"
"Island in the Sea" / "There Is No Easy Way"
1988
"Nobody There But Me" / "Wake Me When It's Over"
"Spanish Eyes" (with Julio Iglesias) / "Ole Buttermilk Sky"
"Twilight Time" / "Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive"
1989
"Nothing I Can Do About It Now" / "If I Were a Painting"
"There You Are" / "Spirit"
"Is The Better Part Over" / "Mr. Record Man"
1990s
1990
"The Highway" / "Spirit"
"Ain't Necessarily So" / "I Never Cared For You" ("Ain't Necessarily So" also on CD Single)
1991
"The Piper Came Today" / "(I Don't Have a Reason) To Go To California Anymore" ("The Piper Came Today" also on CD Single)
"Ten With a Two" / "You Decide"
1993
"Graceland"
"Still is Still Moving to Me" / "Valentine"
1995
"Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing"
1998
"I Never Cared for You"
2000s
and
2010s
2002
"Mendocino County Line" (with Lee Ann Womack) / "Maria (Shut Up and Kiss Me)" (Both single tracks released on CD and 7" record)
2003
"Wurlitzer Prize" (with Norah Jones)
"Beer for My Horses" (with Toby Keith)
2005
"I'm a Worried Man" (with Toots Hibbert)
"The Harder They Come"
2006
"You Don't Know Me"
"Cowboys Are Frequently, Secretly Fond of Each Other"
2008
"Gravedigger"
"You Don't Think I'm Funny Anymore"
2011
"The Scientist"
2012
"Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die"
"Just Breathe"
"Come On Back Jesus"
2013
"From Here to the Moon and Back" (with Dolly Parton)
"Grandma's Hands" (with Mavis Staples)
"It Won't Be Long" (with The Secret Sisters)
"Somewhere Between" (with Loretta Lynn)
2014
"The Wall"
"Bring It On"
"Laws of Nature"
"Who'll Buy My Memories"
"Summer of Roses" / "December Day"
2015
"It's All Going to Pot"
"Alice in Hulaland"
2016
"Lay Me Down"
2017
"Still Not Dead"
2018
"Last Man Standing"
Book:Willie Nelson
Category:Willie Nelson
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help_Me_Make_It_Through_the_Night&oldid=837271361"
Categories:
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Mother's Day (2016 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the 2010 horror film, see Mother's Day (2010 film).
Mother's Day
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Garry Marshall
Produced by
Brandt Andersen
Howard Burd
Daniel Diamond
Mark DiSalle
Mike Karz
Wayne Allan Rice
Screenplay by
Tom Hines
Anya Kochoff Romano
Matt Walker
Story by
Tom Hines
Lily Hollander
Garry Marshall
Matt Walker
Starring
Jennifer Aniston
Kate Hudson
Shay Mitchell
Julia Roberts
Jason Sudeikis
Britt Robertson
Héctor Elizondo
Timothy Olyphant
Jack Whitehall
Narrated by
Penny Marshall
Music by
John Debney
Cinematography
Charles Minsky
Edited by
Bruce Green
Robert Malina
Production
companies
Capacity Pictures
Gulfstream Pictures
PalmStar Media
Distributed by
Open Road Films
Release date
April 13, 2016 (2016-04-13) (Los Angeles)
April 29, 2016 (2016-04-29) (United States)
Running time
118 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$25 million[2]
Box office
$48.4 million[3]
Mother's Day is a 2016 American romantic comedy film directed by Garry Marshall and written by Marshall, Tom Hines, Lily Hollander, Anya Kochoff-Romano and Matt Walker. It features an ensemble cast, led by Jennifer Aniston, Kate Hudson, Shay Mitchell, Julia Roberts, Jason Sudeikis, Timothy Olyphant, Britt Robertson, Jack Whitehall, Héctor Elizondo and Margo Martindale. Filming began on August 18, 2015, in Atlanta, Georgia. It was released in the United States on April 29, 2016, by Open Road Films and grossed $43 million worldwide.
The film is similar in format to Marshall's previous two ensemble romantic comedies with holiday themes: Valentine's Day (2010) and New Year's Eve (2011) and was the final film of his career prior to his death in July 2016.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
4 Release
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Accolades
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
This article needs an improved plot summary. (June 2016)
As Mother's Day draws close, a group of seemingly unconnected people in Atlanta come to terms with the relationships they have with their mothers. Sandy (Jennifer Aniston) is a divorced mother of two boys whose ex-husband has recently remarried a younger woman named Tina (Shay Mitchell). Miranda (Julia Roberts) is an accomplished writer who gave up her only child, Kristin (Britt Robertson), for adoption at birth. But as a grown-up Kristin prepares herself for marriage, she begins to contemplate the missing part in her life and is encouraged by her friend, Jesse (Kate Hudson), to go out and find her mother. Meanwhile, Jesse and her sister Gabi, who never see their mother, are surprised by their parents when they come to visit and must come to terms with their failing relationship.
Cast[edit]
Jennifer Aniston as Sandy Newhouse[4]
Kate Hudson as Jesse[4]
Julia Roberts as Miranda Collins[4]
Jason Sudeikis as Bradley Barton[4]
Timothy Olyphant as Henry
Shay Mitchell as Tina, Henry's new wife[5]
Britt Robertson as Kristin[5]
Jack Whitehall as Zack Zimm[5]
Héctor Elizondo as Ramon Navarro/Lance Wallace; Credited "and as always Héctor Elizondo"
Margo Martindale as Florence, Jesse's mother
Sarah Chalke as Gabi, Jesse's sister
Robert Pine as Earl, Jesse's father
Aasif Mandvi as Russell, Jesse's husband[5]
Cameron Esposito as Max, Gabi's wife
Jon Lovitz as Wally Burn
Loni Love as Kimberly[5]
Lucy Walsh as Jody
Beth Kennedy as Gwenda
Sandra Taylor as Lexy
Ella Anderson as Vicky Barton[6]
Jessi Case as Rachel Barton
Grayson Russell as Tommy
Matthew Walker as Randy
Lisa Roberts Gillan as Betty
Kate Linder as Gigi
Jennifer Garner as Dana Barton
Paul Vogt as Tiny
Owen Vaccaro as Charlie
Scott Marshall as Sam
Christine Lakin as The Hostess
Rory O'Malley as The Customer
Larry Miller as The Motorcycle Cop
Sean O'Bryan as The Male Cop
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
In April 2013, Dennis Dugan confirmed that he would next develop Garry Marshall's comedy film Mother's Day.[7]
Casting[edit]
On June 30, 2015, four cast members were announced, Julia Roberts, Jennifer Aniston, Kate Hudson, and Jason Sudeikis, with the film to be directed by Garry Marshall and scripted by Anya Kochoff-Romano and Lily Hollander.[4] Brandt Andersen produced, along with Wayne Rice and Mike Karz.[4] On July 22, 2015, Open Road Films acquired US distribution rights to the film, and it was revealed that Matt Walker and Tom Hines would co-write the script.[8] On August 21, 2015, Ella Anderson joined the film's cast to play Vicky, Sudeikis's character's daughter.[6] On August 26, 2015, Timothy Olyphant, Britt Robertson, Shay Mitchell, Jack Whitehall, Loni Love, and Aasif Mandvi joined the cast.[5] On October 6, Hilary Duff was confirmed to appear, but she declined due to scheduling conflicts with filming the second season of her show Younger.[9]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography on the film began on August 18, 2015, in Atlanta, Georgia.[10][11] Though shooting her part required only four days, Julia Roberts was paid $3 million.[12]
Release[edit]
Mother's Day was released domestically on April 29, 2016 by Open Road Films.[8]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Mother's Day grossed $32.5 million in the U.S. and Canada and $11.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $43.8 million against a production cost of $25 million.[13]
In the United States and Canada, pre-release tracking suggested the film would gross around $11 million from 3,035 theaters in its opening weekend, trailing fellow newcomer Keanu ($10–14 million projection) but besting Ratchet & Clank ($8–10 million projection).[14] The film grossed $2.6 million on its first day and $8.4 million in its opening weekend, finishing 4th at the box office, behind The Jungle Book ($43.7 million), The Huntsman: Winter's War ($9.6 million), and Keanu ($9.5 million). In its second weekend the film grossed $11.1 million (an increase of 32.5%), finishing 3rd at the box office, behind Captain America: Civil War ($179.1 million) and The Jungle Book ($24.5 million).[15]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 6% based on 146 reviews and an average rating of 2.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Arguably well-intended yet thoroughly misguided, Mother's Day is the cinematic equivalent of a last-minute gift that only underscores its embarrassing lack of effort."[16] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 18 out of 100 based on 30 critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike".[17] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[18]
Richard Roeper gave the film zero out of four stars, saying, "...nothing could have prepared us for the offensively stupid, shamelessly manipulative, ridiculously predictable and hopelessly dated crapfest that is Mother's Day."[19]
Peter Bradshaw, writing in The Guardian, gave the film one star out of five, calling it "as feelgood and life-affirming as a fire in an asbestos factory neighbouring a children's hospital."
Accolades[edit]
Award
Category
Recipients
Result
Teen Choice Awards[20] Choice Movie: Comedy Mother's Day Nominated
Choice Movie Actress: Comedy Jennifer Aniston Nominated
Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Actress Julia Roberts Nominated
Worst Supporting Actress Kate Hudson Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "MOTHER'S DAY (12A)". British Board of Film Classification. April 8, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "More Mowgli Moola As 'Jungle Book' Cruises Over Three Wide Entries – Box Office Preview". deadline.com.
Jump up ^ "Mother's Day (2016)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Jaafar, Ali (June 30, 2015). "Julia Roberts, Jennifer Aniston, Kate Hudson, Jason Sudeikis Anchor Garry Marshall's 'Mother's Day' Package". deadline.com. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Hipes, Patrick (August 26, 2015). "Timothy Olyphant, Shay Mitchell & More Join 'Mother's Day' Pic". deadline.com. Retrieved September 7, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Pedersen, Erik (August 21, 2015). "Ella Anderson Joins 'Mother's Day' Cast; Cheryl Ladd Is 'Unforgettable'". deadline.com. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sztypuljak, David (April 18, 2013). "Dennis Dugan Confirms He's Developing New Year's Eve Sequel 'Mother's Day'". heyuguys.com. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Kroll, Justin (July 22, 2015). "Open Road Acquires Garry Marshall's 'Mother's Day' Starring Julia Roberts". variety.com. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hilary Duff integra elenco do novo filme "Mother's Day", ao lado de Jennifer Aniston e Julia Roberts". Dammit. August 26, 2015. Retrieved September 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "On the Set for 8/21/15: Eddie Redmayne Starts Fantastic Beasts, Russo Brothers Wrap Up Captain America: Civil War". ssninsider.com. August 21, 2015. Archived from the original on August 22, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Mother's Day' filming locations in Atlanta this week". onlocationvacations.com. August 20, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Julia Roberts Made $3 Million for 4 Days on 'Mother's Day' (EXCLUSIVE)".
Jump up ^ "Mother's Day (2016)". The Numbers. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Berhoeven, Beatrice. "Disney's 'The Jungle Book' to Lead Third Weekend in a Row Ahead of 'Keanu'". TheWrap. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (May 8, 2016). "Disney's Spoils Of 'Civil War': $61M+ Saturday As 'Captain America' Heads To $181.8M". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mother's Day (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mother's Day reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com.
Jump up ^ "'Mother's Day': Stupid crapfest should be neither seen nor heard". Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Vulpo, Mike (May 24, 2016). "Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced: See the "First Wave" of Potential Winners". E!. Archived from the original on May 25, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
External links[edit]
Mother's Day on IMDb
Mother's Day at Rotten Tomatoes
Mother's Day at Box Office Mojo
[hide]
v
t
e
Garry Marshall
Director
Young Doctors in Love (1982)
The Flamingo Kid (1984)
Nothing in Common (1986)
Overboard (1987)
Beaches (1988)
The Lottery (1989)
Pretty Woman (1990)
Frankie and Johnny (1991)
Exit to Eden (1994)
Dear God (1996)
The Other Sister (1999)
Runaway Bride (1999)
The Princess Diaries (2001)
Raising Helen (2004)
The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement (2004)
Georgia Rule (2007)
Valentine's Day (2010)
New Year's Eve (2011)
Mother's Day (2016)
Stage
Pretty Woman (2018)
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text:
Zimmermann Telegram
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Zimmermann Telegram as it was sent from Washington to Ambassador Heinrich von Eckardt (who was the German ambassador to Mexico)
Mexican territory in 1916 (dark green), territory promised to Mexico in the Zimmermann telegram (light green), the pre-1836 original Mexican territory (red line)
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The Zimmermann Telegram (or Zimmermann Note or Zimmerman Cable) was a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico in the prior event of the United States entering World War I against Germany. Mexico would recover Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. The proposal was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence. Revelation of the contents enraged American public opinion, especially after the German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann publicly admitted the telegram was genuine on March 3, and helped generate support for the United States declaration of war on Germany in April.[1] The decryption was described as the most significant intelligence triumph for Britain during World War I,[2] and one of the earliest occasions on which a piece of signals intelligence influenced world events.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Content
2 Mexican response
3 British interception
3.1 Use
4 Effect in the United States
5 Previous German efforts to promote war
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Notes
7.2 Bibliography
8 Further reading
9 External links
Content[edit]
Arthur Zimmermann
The message came in the form of a coded telegram dispatched by Arthur Zimmermann, a Staatssekretär (i.e. a top level civil servant) in the Foreign Office of the German Empire on 19 January 1917. The message was sent to the German ambassador to Mexico, Heinrich von Eckardt. Zimmermann sent the telegram in anticipation of the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany on 1 February, an act the German government presumed would almost certainly lead to war with the United States. The telegram instructed Ambassador Eckardt that if the United States appeared certain to enter the war, he was to approach the Mexican Government with a proposal for military alliance with funding from Germany.
The decoded telegram is as follows:
We intend to begin on the first of February unrestricted submarine warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The settlement in detail is left to you. You will inform the President of the above most secretly as soon as the outbreak of war with the United States of America is certain and add the suggestion that he should, on his own initiative, invite Japan to immediate adherence and at the same time mediate between Japan and ourselves. Please call the President's attention to the fact that the ruthless employment of our submarines now offers the prospect of compelling England in a few months to make peace.
Signed, ZIMMERMANN
Mexican response[edit]
The Zimmermann Telegram was part of an effort carried out by the Germans to postpone the transportation of supplies and other war materials from the United States to the Allies of World War I that were at war with Germany.[4] The main purpose of the telegram was to make the Mexican government declare war on the United States in hopes of tying down American forces and slowing the export of American arms.[5] The German High Command believed they would be able to defeat the British and French on the Western Front and strangle Britain with unrestricted submarine warfare before American forces could be trained and shipped to Europe in sufficient numbers to aid the Allies. The Germans were encouraged by their successes on the Eastern Front into believing that they would be able to divert large numbers of troops to the Western Front in support of their goals.
Mexican President Venustiano Carranza assigned a military commission to assess the feasibility of the Mexican takeover of their former territories contemplated by Germany.[6] The generals concluded that it would be neither possible nor even desirable to attempt such an enterprise for the following reasons:
The United States was far stronger militarily than Mexico was. No serious scenarios existed under which Mexico could win a war against the United States.
Germany's promises of "generous financial support" were very unreliable. The German government had already informed Carranza in June 1916 that they were unable to provide the necessary gold needed to stock a completely independent Mexican national bank.[7] Even if Mexico received financial support, the arms, ammunition, and other needed war supplies would presumably have to be purchased from the ABC nations (Argentina, Brazil, and Chile), which would strain relations with them, as explained below.
Even if by some chance Mexico had the military means to win a conflict against the United States and reclaim the territories in question, Mexico would have severe difficulty accommodating a large English-speaking population that was better supplied with arms than most populations.
Other foreign relations were at stake. The ABC nations organized the Niagara Falls peace conference in 1914 to avoid a full-scale war between the United States and Mexico over the United States occupation of Veracruz. If Mexico were to enter war against the United States, it would strain relations with those nations.
The Carranza government was recognized de jure by the United States on 31 August 1917 as a direct consequence of the Zimmermann telegram, since recognition was necessary to ensure Mexican neutrality in World War I.[8][9] After the military invasion of Veracruz in 1914, Mexico would not participate in any military excursions with the United States in World War I,[10] thus ensuring Mexican neutrality was the best outcome that the United States could hope for, even if Mexican neutrality would allow German companies to keep their operations in Mexico open.[11]
British interception[edit]
A portion of the Telegram as decrypted by British Naval Intelligence codebreakers. The word Arizona was not in the German codebook and thus had to be split into phonetic syllables.
The telegram was sent to the German embassy in the United States for re-transmission to Eckardt in Mexico. It has traditionally been claimed that the telegram was sent over three routes: transmitted by radio and also sent over two trans-Atlantic telegraph cables operated by neutral governments (the United States and Sweden) for the use of their diplomatic services. But it has been established that only one method was used. The message was delivered to the United States Embassy in Berlin and then transmitted by diplomatic cable first to Copenhagen and then to London for onward transmission over transatlantic cable to Washington.[12] The misinformation about the "three routes" was spread by William Reginald Hall, then the head of Room 40, to try to conceal from the United States the fact that Room 40 was intercepting its cable traffic.
Direct telegraph transmission of the telegram was not possible because the British had cut the German international cables at the outbreak of war. However, the United States allowed limited use of its diplomatic cables for Germany to communicate with its ambassador in Washington. The facility was supposed to be used for cables connected with President Woodrow Wilson's peace proposals.[12]
The Swedish cable ran from Sweden, and the United States cable from the United States embassy in Denmark. However, neither cable ran directly to the United States. Both cables passed through a relay station at Porthcurno, near Land's End, the westernmost tip of England. Here the signals were boosted for the long trans-oceanic jump. All traffic through the Porthcurno relay was copied to British intelligence, in particular to the codebreakers and analysts in Room 40 at the Admiralty.[13] After their telegraph cables had been cut, the German Foreign Office appealed to the United States for use of their cable for diplomatic messages. President Wilson agreed to this, in the belief that such cooperation would sustain continued good relations with Germany, and that more efficient German-American diplomacy could assist Wilson's goal of a negotiated end to the war. The Germans handed in messages to the United States embassy in Berlin, which were relayed to the embassy in Denmark and then to the United States by American telegraph operators. However, the United States placed conditions on German usage, most notably that all messages had to be in clear (i.e., uncoded). The Germans assumed that the United States cable was secure and used it extensively.[13]
Obviously, Zimmermann's note could not be given to the United States in clear. The Germans therefore persuaded Ambassador James W. Gerard to accept it in coded form, and it was transmitted on 16 January 1917.[13]
In Room 40, Nigel de Grey had partially deciphered the telegram by the next day.[12] Room 40 had previously obtained German cipher documents, including the diplomatic cipher 13040 (captured in the Mesopotamian campaign), and naval cipher 0075, retrieved from the wrecked cruiser SMS Magdeburg by the Russians, who passed it to the British.[14]
Disclosure of the Telegram would obviously sway public opinion in the United States against Germany, provided the Americans could be convinced it was genuine. But Room 40 chief William Reginald Hall was reluctant to let it out, because the disclosure would expose the German codes broken in Room 40 and British eavesdropping on the United States cable. Hall waited three weeks. During this period, Grey and cryptographer William Montgomery completed the decryption. On 1 February Germany announced resumption of "unrestricted" submarine warfare, an act which led the United States to break off diplomatic relations with Germany on 3 February.[13]
The Telegram, completely decrypted and translated
Hall passed the telegram to the Foreign Office on 5 February, but still warned against releasing it. Meanwhile, the British discussed possible cover stories: to explain to the Americans how they got the ciphertext of the telegram without admitting to their ability to intercept American diplomatic communications (which they would continue to do for another 25 years); and to explain how they got the cleartext of the telegram without letting the Germans know their codes were broken. Furthermore, the British needed to find a way to convince the Americans the message was not a forgery.[2]
For the first story, the British obtained the ciphertext of the telegram from the Mexican commercial telegraph office. The British knew that the German Embassy in Washington would relay the message by commercial telegraph, so the Mexican telegraph office would have the ciphertext. "Mr. H", a British agent in Mexico, bribed an employee of the commercial telegraph company for a copy of the message. (Sir Thomas Hohler, then British ambassador in Mexico, claimed to have been "Mr. H", or at least involved with the interception, in his autobiography.) This ciphertext could be shown to the Americans without embarrassment. Moreover, the retransmission was enciphered using the older cipher 13040, so by mid-February the British had not only the complete text, but also the ability to release the telegram without revealing the extent to which the latest German codes had been broken—at worst, the Germans might have realized that the 13040 code had been compromised, but weighed against the possibility of United States entry into the war, that was a risk worth taking. Finally, since copies of the 13040 ciphertext would also have been deposited in the records of the American commercial telegraph, the British had the ability to prove the authenticity of the message to the United States government.[3]
As a cover story, the British could publicly claim that their agents had stolen the telegram's deciphered text in Mexico. Privately, the British needed to give the Americans the 13040 cipher so that the United States government could verify the authenticity of the message independently with their own commercial telegraphic records; however the Americans agreed to back the official cover story. The German Foreign Office refused to consider a possible code break, and instead sent Ambassador Eckardt on a witch-hunt for a traitor in the embassy in Mexico. (Eckardt indignantly rejected these accusations, and the Foreign Office eventually declared the embassy exonerated.)[13]
Use[edit]
On 19 February, Hall showed the Telegram to Edward Bell, secretary of the United States Embassy in Britain. Bell was at first incredulous and thought it to be a forgery. Once Bell was convinced the message was genuine, he became enraged. On 20 February, Hall informally sent a copy to United States Ambassador Walter Hines Page. On 23 February, Page met with British Foreign Minister Arthur Balfour and was given the ciphertext, the message in German, and the English translation. Page then reported the story to President Woodrow Wilson, including details to be verified from telegraph company files in the United States. Wilson released the text to the media on 28 February 1917.
Effect in the United States[edit]
Popular sentiment in the United States at that time was anti-Mexican as well as anti-German, while in Mexico there was considerable anti-American sentiment.[15] General John J. Pershing had long been chasing the revolutionary Pancho Villa and carried out several cross-border raids. News of the telegram further inflamed tensions between the United States and Mexico.
On the other hand, there was also a notable anti-British sentiment in the United States, particularly among German- and Irish-Americans. Many Americans wished to avoid the conflict in Europe. Since the public had been told (untruthfully) that the telegram had been stolen in a deciphered form in Mexico, the message was widely believed at first to be an elaborate forgery perpetrated by British intelligence. This belief, which was not restricted to pacifist and pro-German lobbies, was promoted by German and Mexican diplomats and by some American newspapers, especially the Hearst press empire. This presented the Wilson administration with a dilemma. With the evidence the United States had been provided confidentially by the British, Wilson realized the message was genuine—but he could not make the evidence public without compromising the British codebreaking operation.
Any doubts as to the authenticity of the telegram were removed, however, by Arthur Zimmermann himself. First at a press conference on 3 March 1917, he told an American journalist, "I cannot deny it. It is true." Then, on 29 March 1917, Zimmermann gave a speech in the Reichstag in which he admitted the telegram was genuine.[16] Zimmermann hoped Americans would understand the idea was that Germany would only fund Mexico's war with the United States in the prior event of American entry into World War I.
On 1 February 1917, Germany began unrestricted submarine warfare against all ships in the Atlantic bearing the American flag, both passenger and merchant ships. Two ships were sunk in February, and most American shipping companies held their ships in port. Besides the highly provocative war proposal to Mexico, the telegram also mentioned "ruthless employment of our submarines." Public opinion demanded action. Wilson had previously refused to assign US Navy crews and guns to the merchant ships. However, once the Zimmermann note was public, Wilson called for arming the merchant ships, but anti-war elements in the United States Senate blocked his proposal.[17]
Previous German efforts to promote war[edit]
Germany had long sought to incite a war between Mexico and the U.S., which would have tied down American forces and slowed the export of American arms to the Allies.[18] The Germans had engaged in a pattern of actively arming, funding and advising the Mexicans, as shown by the 1914 Ypiranga Incident[19] and the presence of German advisors during the 1918 Battle of Ambos Nogales. The German Naval Intelligence officer Franz von Rintelen had attempted to incite a war between Mexico and the United States in 1915, giving Victoriano Huerta $12 million for that purpose.[20] The German saboteur Lothar Witzke — responsible for the March 1917 munitions explosion at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard in the Bay Area,[21] and possibly responsible for the July 1916 Black Tom explosion in New Jersey — was based in Mexico City. The failure of United States troops to capture Pancho Villa in 1916 and the movement of President Carranza in favor of Germany emboldened the Germans to send the Zimmermann note.[22]
The German provocations were partially successful. Woodrow Wilson ordered the military invasion of Veracruz in 1914 in the context of the Ypiranga Incident and against the advice of the British government.[23] War was prevented thanks to the Niagara Falls peace conference organized by the ABC nations, but the occupation was a decisive factor in Mexican neutrality in World War I.[10] Mexico refused to participate in the embargo against Germany and granted full guarantees to the German companies for keeping their operations open, specifically in Mexico City.[11] These guarantees lasted for 25 years —coincidentally, it was on 22 May 1942 that Mexico declared war on the Axis Powers following the loss of two Mexican-flagged tankers that month to Kriegsmarine U-boats. Woodrow Wilson considered another military invasion of Veracruz and Tampico in 1917–1918,[24][25] so as to take control of the Tehuantepec Isthmus and Tampico oil fields,[25][26] but this time the relatively new Mexican President Venustiano Carranza threatened to destroy the oil fields in case the Marines landed there.[27][28] The government of Japan, another nation mentioned in the Zimmerman Telegram, was already involved in World War I, on the side of the Allies against Germany, and later released a statement that Japan was not interested in changing sides and attacking America.[29]
In October 2005, it was reported that an original typescript of the deciphered Zimmermann Telegram had recently been discovered by an unnamed historian who was researching and preparing an official history of the United Kingdom's Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). The document is believed to be the actual telegram shown to the American ambassador in London in 1917. Marked in Admiral Hall's handwriting at the top of the document are the words: "This is the one handed to Dr Page and exposed by the President." Since many of the secret documents in this incident had been destroyed, it had previously been assumed that the original typed "decrypt" was gone forever. However, after the discovery of this document, the GCHQ official historian said: "I believe that this is indeed the same document that Balfour handed to Page."[30]
See also[edit]
Germany portal
Mexico portal
World War I portal
United States portal
American entry into World War I
Imperial German plans for the invasion of the United States
Mexico in World War I
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Andrew, p. 42.
^ Jump up to: a b "Why was the Zimmerman Telegram so important?". BBC. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "The telegram that brought America into the First World War". BBC History Magazine. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Tuchman, pp. 63, 73–4
Jump up ^ Katz, pp. 328–29.
Jump up ^ Katz, p. 364
Jump up ^ William Beezley, Michael Meyer (2010) The Oxford History of Mexico, p. 476, Oxford University Press, UK.
Jump up ^ Thomas Paterson, J. Garry Clifford, Robert Brigham, Michael Donoghue, Kenneth Hagan (2010) American Foreign Relations, Volume 1: To 1920, p. 265, Cengage Learning, USA.
Jump up ^ Thomas Paterson, John Garry Clifford, Kenneth J. Hagan (1999) American Foreign Relations: A History since 1895, p. 51, Houghton Mifflin College Division, USA.
^ Jump up to: a b Lee Stacy (2002) Mexico and the United States, Volume 3, p. 869, Marshall Cavendish, USA.
^ Jump up to: a b Jürgen Buchenau (2004) Tools of Progress: A German Merchant Family in Mexico City, 1865–present, p. 82, UNM Press, USA.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gannon
^ Jump up to: a b c d e West, pp. 83, 87–92.
Jump up ^ Polmar & Noot
Jump up ^ Link
Jump up ^ Meyer, p. 76.
Jump up ^ Richard W Leopold, The Growth of American Foreign Policy: A History (1962) pp 330–31
Jump up ^ Katz, pp. 328–29.
Jump up ^ Katz, pp. 232–40.
Jump up ^ Katz, pp. 329–32.
Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts, p. 1606
Jump up ^ Katz, pp. 346–47.
Jump up ^ Michael Small (2009) The Forgotten Peace: Mediation at Niagara Falls, 1914, p. 35, University of Ottawa, Canada.
Jump up ^ Ernest Gruening (1968) Mexico and Its Heritage, p. 596, Greenwood Press, U.S.
^ Jump up to: a b Drew Philip Halevy (2000) Threats of Intervention: U. S.-Mexican Relations, 1917–1923, p. 41, iUniverse, U.S.
Jump up ^ Lorenzo Meyer (1977) Mexico and the United States in the oil controversy, 1917–1942, p. 45, University of Texas Press, U.S.
Jump up ^ Stephen Haber, Noel Maurer, Armando Razo (2003) The Politics of Property Rights: Political Instability, Credible Commitments, and Economic Growth in Mexico, 1876–1929, p. 201, Cambridge University Press, UK.
Jump up ^ Lorenzo Meyer (1977) Mexico and the United States in the Oil Controversy, 1917–1942, p. 44, University of Texas Press, U.S.
Jump up ^ Zimmerman Telegram: What Was The Zimmerman Telegram, and How Did It Affect World War One?
Jump up ^ Fenton.
Bibliography[edit]
Andrew, Christopher (1996). For The President's Eyes Only. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-638071-9.
Beesly, Patrick (1982). Room 40: British Naval Intelligence, 1914–1918. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-178634-8.
Boghardt, Thomas. The Zimmermann Telegram: Intelligence, Diplomacy, and America's Entry into World War I (2012) excerpt and text search; 319pp
Boghardt, Thomas (November 2003). The Zimmermann Telegram: Diplomacy, Intelligence and The American Entry into World War I (PDF). Working Paper Series. Washington DC: The BMW Center for German and European Studies Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University. 6-04. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 2, 2006. ; 35pp
Capozzola, Christopher (2008). Uncle Sam Wants You: World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online. ISBN 9780195335491.
Fenton, Ben (17 October 2005). "Telegram that brought US into Great War is Found Found". The Telegraph. London.
Gannon, Paul (2011). Inside Room 40: The Codebreakers of World War I. London: Ian Allen Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7110-3408-2.
Hopkirk, Peter (1994). On Secret Service East of Constantinople. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280230-5.
Katz, Friedrich (1981). The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution.
Link, Arthur S. (1965). Wilson: Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace: 1916–1917.
Massie, Robert K. (2007). Castles of Steel. London: Vantage Books. ISBN 978-0-09-952378-9.
Meyer, Michael C. (1966). "The Mexican-German Conspiracy of 1915". The Americas. 23 (1): 76. doi:10.2307/980141.
Polmar, Norman & Noot, Jurrien (1991). Submarines of the Russian and Soviet Navies 1718–1990. Annapolis: US Naval Institute Press.
Pommerin, Reiner (1996). "Reichstagsrede Zimmermanns (Auszug), 30. März 1917". 'Quellen zu den deutsch-amerikanischen Beziehungen. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft Vol. 1. pp. 213–16.
Singh, Simon (8 September 1999). "The Zimmermann Telegraph". The Independent. Independent Print Limited. Archived from the original on 1999. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
Tuchman, Barbara W. (1958). The Zimmermann Telegram. ISBN 0-345-32425-0.
Tucker, Spencer & Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005). World War One. Santa Barbara CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-420-2.
West, Nigel (1990). The Sigint Secrets: The Signals Intelligence War, 1990 to Today-Including the Persecution of Gordon Welchman. New York: Quill. ISBN 0-688-09515-1.
Further reading[edit]
Bernstorff, Count Johann Heinrich (1920). My Three Years in America. New York: Scribner. pp. 310–11.
Bridges, Lamar W. "Zimmermann telegram: reaction of Southern, Southwestern newspapers." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly (1969) 46#1: 81–86.
Dugdale, Blanche (1937). Arthur James Balfour. New York: Putnam. Vol. II, pp. 127–129.
Hendrick, Burton J. (2003) [1925]. The Life and Letters of Walter H. Page. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0-7661-7106-X.
Kahn, David (1996) [1967]. The Codebreakers. New York: Macmillan.
Winkler, Jonathan Reed (2008). Nexus: Strategic Communications and American Security in World War I. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02839-5.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Zimmermann Telegram
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zimmermann Telegram.
Failed Diplomacy: the Zimmermann Telegram
The life and death of Charles Jastrow Mendelsohn and the breaking of the code.[permanent dead link]
Our Documents – Zimmermann Telegram (1917)
GermanNavalWarfare.info, Some Original Documents from the British Admiralty, Room 40, regarding the Zimmermann-/Mexico Telegram: Photocopies from The National Archives, Kew, Richmond, UK.
Moving out of German Embassy after breaking relations, 1917
Zimmermann Telegram: The Original Document, accessed 21 Feb 2015
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