text:
Robber baron (industrialist)
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For other uses, see Robber baron (disambiguation).
"The protectors of our industries". Cartoon showing Cyrus Field, Jay Gould, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and Russell Sage, seated on bags of "millions", on large heavy raft being carried by workers.
Let Them Have It All, And Be Done With It! (1882): A satirical cartoon from the German language edition of Puck Magazine, critical of those who are carving up the country for their own benefit.
"Robber baron" is a derogatory metaphor of social criticism originally applied to certain late 19th-century American businessmen who used unscrupulous methods to get rich.
Contents
[hide]
1 Usage
2 Criticism
2.1 1860s–1920s
2.2 1930s–1970s
3 Recent approaches
4 Philanthropy
5 List of businessmen labelled as robber barons
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Usage[edit]
The term robber baron derives from the Raubritter (robber knights), the medieval German lords who charged nominally illegal tolls (unauthorized by the Holy Roman Emperor) on the primitive roads crossing their lands[1] or larger tolls along the Rhine river — all without adding anything of value, but instead lining their pockets at the cost of the common good (rent seeking).
The metaphor appeared as early as February 9, 1859, when The New York Times used it to characterize the unethical business practices by Cornelius Vanderbilt. Historian T.J. Stiles says the metaphor, "conjures up visions of titanic monopolists who crushed competitors, rigged markets, and corrupted government. In their greed and power, legend has it, they held sway over a helpless democracy."[2] Charles R. Geisst says, "in a Darwinist age, Vanderbilt developed a reputation as a plunderer who took no prisoners."[3] Hal Bridges said that the term represented the idea that "business leaders in the United States from about 1865 to 1900 were, on the whole, a set of avaricious rascals who habitually cheated and robbed investors and consumers, corrupted government, fought ruthlessly among themselves, and in general carried on predatory activities comparable to those of the robber barons of medieval Europe."[4]
The term combines the pejorative senses of criminal ("robber") and aristocrat ("barons" having no legitimate role in a republic). Hostile cartoonists might dress the offenders in royal garb to underscore the offense against democracy.[5]
Criticism[edit]
Historian Richard White argues that the builders of the transcontinental railroads have attracted a great deal of attention but the interpretations are contradictory: at first very hostile and then very favorable. At first, White says, they were depicted as:
Robber Barons, standing for a Gilded Age of corruption, monopoly, and rampant individualism. Their corporations were the Octopus, devouring all in its path. In the twentieth century and the twenty-first they became entrepreneurs, necessary business revolutionaries, ruthlessly changing existing practices and demonstrating the protean nature of American capitalism. Their new corporations also transmuted and became manifestations of the "Visible Hand," a managerial rationality that eliminated waste, increased productivity, and brought bourgeois values to replace those of financial buccaneers.[6]
1860s–1920s[edit]
Historian John Tipple has examined the writings of the 50 most influential analysts who used the robber baron model in the 1865-1914 period. He argues:
The originators of the Robber Baron concept were not the injured, the poor, the faddists, the jealous, or a dispossessed elite, but rather a frustrated group of observers led at last by protracted years of harsh depression to believe that the American dream of abundant prosperity for all was a hopeless myth....Thus the creation of the Robber Baron stereotype seems to have been the product of an impulsive popular attempt to explain the shift in the structure of American society in terms of the obvious. Rather than make the effort to understand the intricate processes of change, most critics appeared to slip into the easy vulgarizations of the "devil-view" of history which ingenuously assumes that all human misfortunes can be traced to the machinations of an easily located set of villains - in this case, the big businessmen of America. This assumption was clearly implicit in almost all of the criticism of the period.[7]
1930s–1970s[edit]
American historian Matthew Josephson further popularized the term during the Great Depression in a 1934 book.[8] Josephson alleged that, like the German princes, American big businessmen amassed huge fortunes immorally, unethically, and unjustly. The theme was popular during the 1930s amid public scorn for big business. Historian Steve Fraser says the mood was sharply hostile toward big business:
Biographies of Mellon, Carnegie and Rockefeller were often laced with moral censure, warning that "tories of industry" were a threat to democracy and that parasitism, aristocratic pretension and tyranny have always trailed in the wake of concentrated wealth, whether accumulated dynastically or more impersonally by the faceless corporation. This scholarship, and the cultural persuasion of which it was an expression, drew on a deeply rooted sensibility–partly religious, partly egalitarian and democratic–that stretched back to William Jennings Bryan, Andrew Jackson and Tom Paine.[9]
However a counterattack by academic historians began as the Depression ended. Business historian Allan Nevins challenged this view of American big businessmen by advocating the "Industrial Statesman" thesis. Nevins, in his John D. Rockefeller: The Heroic Age of American Enterprise (2 vols., 1940), took on Josephson. He argued that while Rockefeller may have engaged in some unethical and illegal business practices, this should not overshadow his bringing order to the industrial chaos of the day. Gilded Age capitalists, according to Nevins, sought to impose order and stability on competitive business, and that their work made the United States the foremost economy by the 20th century.[10]
In 1958 Bridges reported that, "The most vehement and persistent controversy in business history has been that waged by the critics and defenders of the “robber baron” concept of the American businessman."[11] Richard White, historian of the transcontinental railroads, stated in 2011 he has no use for the concept, which has been killed off by historians Robert Wiebe and Alfred Chandler. He notes that "Much of the modern history of corporations is a reaction against the Robber Barons and fictions."[12]
Recent approaches[edit]
In the popular culture the metaphor continues. In 1975 the student body of Stanford University voted to use "Robber Barons" as the nickname for their sports teams. However, school administrators disallowed it, saying it was disrespectful to the school's founder, Leland Stanford.[13]
In academe, the education division of the National Endowment for the Humanities has prepared a lesson plan for schools asking whether "robber baron" or "captain of industry" is the better terminology. They state:
In this lesson, you and your students will attempt to establish a distinction between robber barons and captains of industry. Students will uncover some of the less honorable deeds as well as the shrewd business moves and highly charitable acts of the great industrialists and financiers. It has been argued that only because such people were able to amass great amounts of capital could our country become the world's greatest industrial power. Some of the actions of these men, which could only happen in a period of economic laissez faire, resulted in poor conditions for workers, but in the end, may also have enabled our present day standard of living.[14]
This debate about the morality of certain business practices has continued in the popular culture, as in the performances in Europe in 2012 by Bruce Springsteen, who sang about bankers as "greedy thieves" and "robber barons".[15] During the Occupy Wall Street protests of 2011, the term was used by Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders in his attacks on Wall Street. He said "We believe in this country; we love this country; and we will be damned if we're going to see a handful of robber barons control the future of this country."[16] The business practices and political power of the billionaires of Silicon Valley has also led to their identification as robber barons.[17][18]
The metaphor has also been used to characterize Russian businessmen allied to Vladimir Putin.[19]
Philanthropy[edit]
Rich industrialists in the U.S. have been major factors in philanthropy, funding and often starting many of the nation's universities, museums, hospitals and other private institutions.[20][21] Andrew Carnegie was the spokesman for the "Gospel of Wealth" whereby it was the duty of the rich to use the money for philanthropy. He founded around 3,000 libraries in U.S., his native Britain, and the British Empire, as well as several research and educational centers including Carnegie Institute of Technology.[22] Rockefeller retired from business in the 1890s and spent his last 40 years making large-scale national philanthropy systematic especially regarding medicine, education and scientific research. His top advisor Frederick Taylor Gates designed several very large philanthropies that were staffed by experts who designed ways to attack problems systematically rather than let the recipients decide how to deal with the problem.[23]
Albert Shaw, editor of the magazine Review of Reviews in 1893, examined philanthropic activities of millionaires in several major cities. The highest rate was Baltimore where 49% of the millionaires were active givers; New York City ranked last. Cincinnati millionaires favored musical and artistic ventures; Minneapolis millionaires gave to the state university and the public library; Philadelphians often gave to overseas relief, and the education of blacks and Indians. Boston had a weak profile, apart from donations to Harvard and the Massachusetts General Hospital.[24]
List of businessmen labelled as robber barons[edit]
1901 US cartoon from Puck depicting John D. Rockefeller as a powerful monarch.
The people here are listed in Josephson, Robber Barons or in the cited source,
John Jacob Astor (real estate, fur) – New York
Andrew Carnegie (steel) – Pittsburgh and New York
William A. Clark (copper) – Butte, Montana[25]
Jay Cooke (finance) – Philadelphia
Charles Crocker (railroads) – California
Daniel Drew (finance) – New York
James Buchanan Duke (tobacco, electric power) – Durham, North Carolina
James Dunsmuir (coal, lumber) - Victoria, BC Canada[26]
Marshall Field (retail) – Chicago[27]
James Fisk (finance) – New York
Henry Morrison Flagler (Standard Oil, railroads) – New York and Florida[28]
Henry Clay Frick (steel) – Pittsburgh and New York
John Warne Gates (barbed wire, oil) – Texas[29]
Jay Gould (railroads) – New York[30]
Edward Henry Harriman (railroads) – New York[31]
James J. Hill (fuel, coal, steamboats, railroads) - St Paul, Minnesota
Charles T. Hinde (railroads, water transport, shipping, hotels) – Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, California
Mark Hopkins (railroads) – California
Collis Potter Huntington (railroads) – California
Lars Kovala (land speculator, railroads) – California, Wisconsin, Michigan
Andrew W. Mellon (finance, oil) – Pittsburgh
J. P. Morgan (finance, industrial consolidation) – New York
John Cleveland Osgood (coal mining, iron) – Colorado[32]
Henry B. Plant (railroads) – Florida[33]
William Randolph Hearst (Media mogul) - California[34][35]
John D. Rockefeller (Standard Oil) – Cleveland, New York
Henry Huttleston Rogers (Standard Oil; copper), New York.[36]
Charles M. Schwab (steel) – Pittsburgh and New York
Joseph Seligman (banking) – New York
John D. Spreckels (water transport, railroads, sugar) – California
Leland Stanford (railroads) – California
Cornelius Vanderbilt (water transport, railroads) – New York[37]
Charles Tyson Yerkes (street railroads) – Chicago[38]
See also[edit]
Business magnate
Media proprietor
Burton W. Folsom Jr.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "A Romance of the New Era". Harper's New Monthly Magazine. LXXXIX (DXXXIV). November 1894. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
Jump up ^ T. J. Stiles, "Robber Barons or Captains of Industry?" History Now
Jump up ^ Charles R. Geisst (1997). Wall Street : A History. Oxford UP. p. 77.
Jump up ^ Hal Bridges, "The robber baron concept in American history." Business History Review 32#1 (1958): 1-13, page 1.
Jump up ^ Worth Robert Miller, Populist cartoons: an illustrated history of the third-party movement in the 1890s (2011) p. 13
Jump up ^ Richard White (2011). Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America. W. W. Norton. p. 230.
Jump up ^ John Tipple, "The anatomy of prejudice: Origins of the robber baron legend." Business History Review 33#4 (1959): 510-523, quoting pp 510, 521.
Jump up ^ Matthew Josephson, The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists, 1861–1901, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1934.
Jump up ^ Steve Fraser, "The Misunderstood Robber Baron: On Cornelius Vanderbilt: T.J. Stiles's The First Tycoon is a gilded portrait of the robber baron Cornelius Vanderbilt," The Nation Nov. 11, 2009
Jump up ^ Allan Nevins, John D. Rockefeller: The Heroic Age of American Enterprise, 2 vols., New York, C. Scribner’s sons, 1940.
Jump up ^ Bridges, "The robber baron concept in American history." p 1
Jump up ^ Richard White, Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America (2011) pp xxxi, 234, 508
Jump up ^ John R. Thelin, "California and the Colleges," California Historical Quarterly (1977) 56#2 pp 140–63 at p 149.
Jump up ^ "The Industrial Age in America: Robber Barons and Captains of Industry" EDSITEment! The Best of the humanities on the web."
Jump up ^ Erik Kirschbaum, "Bruce Springsteen: Bankers Are 'Greedy Thieves'" Reuters May 31, 2012
Jump up ^ Bernie Sanders (2015). Outsider in the White House. Verso Books. p. 278.
Jump up ^ Hanson, Victor Davis (17 August 2017). "Silicon Valley Billionaires Are the New Robber Barons". Retrieved 30 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Motley, Seton (31 July 2017). "Silicon Valley Robber Barons Are Using Government As A Weapon Against Us". Retrieved 30 August 2017.
Jump up ^ David O. Whitten, "Russian robber barons: Moscow business, American style." European Journal of Law and Economics 13#3 (2002): 193-201.
Jump up ^ Marilyn L. Taylor; Robert J. Strom; David O. Renz (2014). Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurs: Engagement in Philanthropy: Perspectives. Edward Elgar. pp. 1–8.
Jump up ^ "Robber baron". 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2018-01-10.
Jump up ^ Charles Harvey, et al. "Andrew Carnegie and the foundations of contemporary entrepreneurial philanthropy." Business History 53.3 (2011): 425-450, which is online and has a good bibliography.
Jump up ^ Dwight Burlingame (2004). Philanthropy in America: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, vol 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 419.
Jump up ^ Robert H. Bremner, American philanthropy (U of Chicago Press, 1988) p 109; full text of Albert Shaw, "American Millionaires and Their Public Gifts," Review of Reviews (February 1893), pp 48-60 [https://sites.hks.harvard.edu/fs/phall/04.%20Bostonization.pdf is online here
Jump up ^ Charles O'Brien (2013). Death of a Robber Baron. Kensington. p. 289.
Jump up ^ Jepson, Tim (2004-01-01). The Rough Guide to Vancouver. Rough Guides. ISBN 9781843532453.
Jump up ^ Theodore Dreiser; Roark Mulligan, editor. (2010). The Financier: The Critical Edition. U. of Illinois Press. p. 559. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ David Leon Chandler, Henry Flagler: The Astonishing Life and Times of the Visionary Robber Baron Who Founded Florida (1986)
Jump up ^ George C. Kohn (2001). The New Encyclopedia of American Scandal. Infobase Publishing. p. 152.
Jump up ^ Edward Renehan, Dark Genius of Wall Street: The Misunderstood Life of Jay Gould, King of the Robber Barons (2005)
Jump up ^ Keys, C. M. (January 1906). "The Overlords of Railroad Traffic: The Seven Men Who Reign Supreme". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XIII: 8437–8445. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
Jump up ^ "The Redstone Story re-lives the industrialization of the West" Redstone, Colorado website, history
Jump up ^ Mary Kupiec Cayton et al. eds. (1993). Encyclopedia of American social history. Scribner. pp. 1064 vol 2. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Denning, Michael (1996). The Cultural Front: The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century. London, New York: Verso. p. 173. ISBN 9781844674640.
Jump up ^ Stone, Oliver (2012). The Untold History of the United States. New York: Gallery Books. ISBN 9780091949310.
Jump up ^ Martin Naparsteck; Michele Cardulla (2013). Mrs. Mark Twain: The Life of Olivia Langdon Clemens, 1845-1904. McFarland. p. 109.
Jump up ^ T. J. Stiles, The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt (2010) p 328
Jump up ^ John Franch, Robber Baron: The Life of Charles Tyson Yerkes (2008)
Further reading[edit]
Beatty, Jack. (2008). Age of Betrayal: The Triumph of Money in America, 1865-1900 Vintage Books. ISBN 1400032423
Bridges, Hal. (1958) "The Robber Baron Concept in American History" Business History Review (1958) 32#1 pp. 1–13 in JSTOR
Burlingame, D.F. Ed. (2004). Philanthropy in America: A comprehensive historical encyclopaedia (3 vol. ABC Clio).
Cochran, Thomas C. (1949) "The Legend of the Robber Barons." Explorations in Economic History 1#5 (1949) online.
Folsom, Burton W. (1991) The Myth of the Robber Barons: A New Look at the Rise of Big Business in America
Fraser, Steve. (2015). The Age of Acquiescence: The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0316185434
Harvey, Charles, et al. "Andrew Carnegie and the foundations of contemporary entrepreneurial philanthropy." Business History 53.3 (2011): 425-450. online
Jones, Peter d'A. ed. (1968). The Robber Barons Revisited (1968) excerpts from primary and secondary sources.
Marinetto, M. (1999). "The historical development of business philanthropy: Social responsibility in the new corporate economy" Business History 41#4, 1-20.
Ostrower, F. (1995). Why the wealthy give: The culture of elite philanthropy (Princeton UP).
Ostrower, F. (2002). Trustees of culture: Power, wealth and status on elite arts boards (U of Chicago: Press).
Josephson, Matthew. (1934). The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists, 1861–1901
Taylor, Marilyn L.; Robert J. Strom; David O. Renz (2014). Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurs: Engagement in Philanthropy: Perspectives. Edward Elgar. pp. 1–8.
Wren, D.A. (1983) "American business philanthropy and higher education in the nineteenth century" Business History Review. 57#3 321-346.
Zinn, Howard. (2005). "Chapter 11: Robber Barons and Rebels" from A People's History of the United States Harper Perennial. ISBN 0060838655
External links[edit]
Look up robber baron in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Full Show: The New Robber Barons. Moyers & Company. December 19, 2014. Interview with historian Steve Fraser
Industrial Age in America: Robber Barons or Captains of Industry EDSITEment lesson from National Endowment for the Humanities
college-level lectures on Robber Barons
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Jan Carew
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Jan Rynveld Carew (24 September 1920 – 6 December 2012)[1] was a Guyana-born novelist, playwright, poet and educator, who lived at various times in The Netherlands, Mexico, England, France, Spain, Ghana, Jamaica, Canada and the United States. His works, diverse in form and multifaceted, make Jan Carew an important intellectual of the Caribbean world. His poetry and his first two novels, Black Midas and The Wild Coast (both published in 1958 by Secker & Warburg in London), were significant landmarks of the West Indian literature then attempting to cope with its colonial past and assert its wish for autonomy. He worked with the late President Cheddi Jagan in the fight for Guianese independence.[2] Carew also played an important part in the Black movement gaining strength in England and North America, publishing reviews and newspapers, producing programs and plays for the radio and the television. His scholarly research drove him to question traditional historiographies and the prevailing historical models of the conquest of America. The way he reframed Christopher Columbus as an historical character outside his mythical hagiography became a necessary path in his mind to build anew the Caribbean world on sounder foundations.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
1.1 Childhood in British Guiana
1.2 The university years
1.3 Exile and later years
2 Literary works
3 The scholar
3.1 Academic career
4 Activism
4.1 The black movement and the problem of culture
4.2 The invasion of Grenada and the redefinition of colonial history
4.3 The environmental issue
5 Awards
6 Selected bibliography
7 Further reading
8 References
9 External links
Biography[edit]
Childhood in British Guiana[edit]
Jan Rynveld Carew was born on 24 September 1920 at Agricola, a coastal village also called Rome, in British Guiana, the South American colony of the British Empire that would become Guyana. He was the middle child and only son of Ethel Robertson and Alan Carew.[3] From 1924 to 1926, the Carews lived in the United States but Jan Carew and his elder sister had to come back to Guyana after the kidnapping of his younger sister in New York in 1926. The child would be recovered and sent back to her family in 1927.[4] Carew's father lived on several occasions in the United States and Canada, working for a while with the Canadian Pacific Railway, and thus crossing the American continent from Halifax to Vancouver. His memories would fuel the imagination of the young Carew.[5] From 1926 to 1938, he was educated in Guyana, first attending the Agricola Wesleyan School, then the Catholic elementary school and then Berbice High School, a Canadian Scottish Presbyterian School, in New Amsterdam.[4] He passed his Senior Cambridge Examination in 1938.
In 1939, he became a part-time teacher at Berbice High School for Girls,[4] and then was called up to the British Army as the Second World War broke out in Europe. He served in the Coast Artillery Regiment until 1943. From 1943 to 1944, he was a customs officer in Georgetown. At the time, he published his first text in the Christmas Annual and was working a lot on his painting and drawing.[4] From 1944 to 1945, he worked at the Price Controls Office in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad.
Carew felt himself to be part of the Caribbean world that for him included "the island archipelago, the countries of the Caribbean littoral and Guyana, Surinam, and Cayenne."[6] He found the paradoxical unity of the Caribbean way of life in the "successive waves of cultural alienation" that shaped the Caribbean frame of mind from "a mosaic of cultural fragments - Amerindian, African, European, Asian."[7]
The university years[edit]
At the age of 17, he left Guyana for the United States, where he studied at Howard University and Western Reserve University (1944-8), the predecessor of Case Western Reserve University. He also went to Charles University in Prague (1948–50) and the Sorbonne in Paris.[8]
Exile and later years[edit]
In what he described as his "endless journeyings",[9] he lived at different times in the Netherlands, Mexico, England, France, Spain, Ghana, Canada and the United States. In England, he acted with Laurence Olivier[10] and edited the Kensington Post.[11] He also worked as a broadcaster and writer with the BBC and lectured in race relations at London University.[12]
He always maintained his Caribbean links, and in 1962 served as director of culture in British Guiana under the Jagan administration.[10] According to York University Professor Emeritus Dr. Frank Birbalsingh, "'He was a strong supporter of the late Dr. Cheddi Jagan and the People's Progressive Party. He was quite fearless when it came to politics.'"[13]
Between 1962 and 1966 Carew lived in Jamaica with his then wife Sylvia Wynter, and then moved to Canada for some years before settling in the USA.[9]
He taught at Princeton, Rutgers, Illinois Wesleyan, Hampshire College, Northwestern and Lincoln Universities. He was Emeritus Professor of African American Studies at Northwestern University.[14]
Jan Carew died at his home in Louisville, Kentucky, USA, at the age of 92,[14] survived by his widow Dr Joy Gleason,[15] his daughters Lisa St Aubin de Terán[16] and Shantoba Eliza Carew, and his son, David Christopher Carew.[3][14]
His memoir Potaro Dreams: My Youth in Guyana was posthumously published in 2014. Envisaged as a first volume, covering the period from birth in 1920 to 1939 when Carew was drawn into the Second World War, it was described by the author as "the prism" through which he would approach life.[17]
Literary works[edit]
Carew wrote novels, short stories, plays, memoirs and other non-fiction, as well as children's stories and books,[18] but he remains best known for his first novel, Black Midas (1958). His many other works include The Wild Coast, The Last Barbarian, Moscow Is Not My Mecca (US edition, Green Winter, 1965), Fulcrums of Change (1988), Ghosts in Our Blood: With Malcolm X in Africa, England and the Caribbean (1994), and The Guyanese Wanderer (Sarabande Books, 2007).
He wrote (together with Sylvia Wynter) the screenplay of a television drama, The Big Pride (ITV/Associated Television, 1961).[19]
The scholar[edit]
Academic career[edit]
His essays include "The Caribbean writer in exile", "Columbus and the origin of racism in the Americas: part one" (Race & Class, April 1988, 29: 1-19), "The fusion of African and Amerindian folk myths" (Bim 16. 64, 1978: 241-257), "United We Stand! Joint Struggles of Native Americans and African Americans in the Columbian Era" (Monthly Review, Vol. 44, No. 3: July–August 1992), "Culture and Rebellion" (Race & Class: Special issue – Black America: the street and the campus, Vol. 35, No. 1, July – September 1993), "Jonestown revisited" (forthcoming in Eusi Kwayana, A New Look At Jonestown: Dimensions from a Guyanese Perspective),[20] "The Ivory trade: The cruelest trade of all, white gold", "The Synergen project", "The Amaranth project", "Estevanico: The African Explorer" (Journal of African Civilizations, 3 (1) April 1981, pp. 86–99) and "Moorish Culture-Bringers: Bearers of Englightenment" (in Ivan Van Sertima, ed., Golden Age of the Moor, New Brunswick: Transaction Press, 1992: 248-77).
Activism[edit]
The black movement and the problem of culture[edit]
Carew was a pioneer in the field of Pan-African Studies.[15] Some of the noted figures to whom Carew has been connected are W. E. B. Du Bois, Paul Robeson, Langston Hughes, Malcolm X, Kwame Nkrumah, Shirley Graham Du Bois, Maurice Bishop, Cheikh Anta Diop, Edward Scobie, John Henrik Clarke, Tsegaye Medhin Gabre, Sterling D. Plumpp and Ivan Van Sertima.
The invasion of Grenada and the redefinition of colonial history[edit]
In his book Grenada: The Hour Will Strike Again (1985), published two years after the American invasion of Grenada, "Carew unearthed and revealed sources of independence in the country itself. [The book] went back to and beyond the struggles of the rebellious African captives, but to the epic resistance of the island's indigenous population."[15]
The environmental issue[edit]
As noted by Eusi Kwayana, Carew "was an environmentalist long before it become fashionable" and made a recommendation to the government of Guyana for an international involvement for a million acres of forestland in Guyana, which inspired an Act on the Guyanese statute book to provide for approximately 360,000 hectares of tropical rainforest for the purposes of research "to make available to Guyana and the International Community systems, methods, and techniques for the sustainable management and utilisation of the multiple resources of the Tropical forest and the conservation of biological diversity and for matters incidental thereto."[15]
Awards[edit]
The many awards Carew that received include a London Daily Mirror Award for Best Play in 1964, the Casa de las Américas Prize for poetry,[13] the Walter Rodney Memorial Award from the Association of Caribbean Studies, in 1985; the London Hansib Publication Award, 1990; the Paul Robeson Award for "living a life of art and politics", 1998; the Clark-Atlanta University Nkyinkyim Award in 2002; and in 2003 the Caribbean-Canadian Lifetime Creative Award from the Caribbean Canadian Literary Exposition, 2003.[8][21]
Selected bibliography[edit]
Streets of Eternity – poetry (1952)
Black Midas - novel, in US A Touch of Midas (London: Secker & Warburg, 1958; Peepal Tree Press, 2009)
The Wild Coast - novel (London: Secker & Warburg, 1958; Peepal Tree Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1845231101)
The Last Barbarian - novel (Secker & Warburg, 1960)[22]
Moscow Is Not My Mecca (1964); Green Winter (Stein & Day, 1965)
Cry Black Power (1970)
Sons of the Flying Wing – for children (1970)
The Third Gift - for children (Little Brown & Co, 1974)
Twins of Dlora – for children (1975)
Sea Drums in My Blood – poetry (1980)
Children of the Sun – for children, illus. Leo and Diane Dillon (Little Brown & Co., 1980)
Computer Killer – for children (Nelson Thornes, 1985)
Grenada: The Hour Will Strike Again (1985)
Fulcrums of Change (Africa World Press, 1988)
Ghosts in Our Blood: With Malcolm X in Africa, England and the Caribbean (Lawrence Hill Books, 1994)
Rape of Paradise: Columbus and the Birth of Racism in the Americas (Brooklyn, N.Y.: A & B Publishers, 1994; Seaburn Publishing, 2006)
The Sisters and Manco's Stories (Oxford: Macmillan Caribbean Writers, 2002)
The Guyanese Wanderer: Stories (Sarabande Books, 2007, ISBN 978-1932511505)
Potaro Dreams: My Youth in Guyana (Hansib Publications, 2014, ISBN 978-1906190644)
Episodes in My Life: The Autobiography of Jan Carew — edited by Joy Gleason Carew (Peepal Tree Books, 2015, 978-1845232450)
Further reading[edit]
Carew, Joy Gleason and Hazel Waters (ed.), The Gentle Revolutionary: Essays in Honour of Jan Carew. Race & Class, vol. 43, n° 3, January 2002.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Renowned Guyanese novelist, Jan Carew, dead at 92", Kaieteur News, 8 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Guyanese writer Jan Carew dies", The Daily Herald, 9 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Obituary: Jan R. Carew, The Courier-Journal, 9 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Carew, Joy Gleason, and Hazel Waters (eds), The Gentle Revolutionary: Essays in Honour of Jan Carew. Race & Class, vol. 43, n° 3, 2001, p. 81.
Jump up ^ Birbalsingh, Frank, "Jan Carew Interview", Journal of Caribbean Studies, 1988.
Jump up ^ Carew, Jan, The Caribbean Writer and Exile, p. 2.
Jump up ^ Carew, Jan, The Caribbean Writer and Exile, p. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b Hilary Hurd Anyaso, "Jan Carew, Leader in Black Studies, Dies at 92", Northwestern University, 10 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Author page at Peepal Tree Press. Archived 2013-01-16 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Margaret Busby, "Jan Carew obituary", The Guardian, 21 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Negro Named Assistant Editor of London Weekly", Jet, 21 July 1955, p. 29: "In London, 33-year-old British Guiana-born Jan Carew was hired as assistant editor on the Kensington Post, a London weekly. The first and only Negro on the staff of an English newspaper, Carew, who attends royal functions in Kensington, borough of the British elite, holds a degree in political economy. During his spare time, he lectures on race relations at London University and reads poetry and short stories on BBC."
Jump up ^ Denis Scott Chabrol, "Guyanese literary icon Jan Carew dies" Archived 2012-12-10 at the Wayback Machine., Demerara Waves, 7 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jan Carew ‘had a remarkable facility for narrating stories’", Share, 12 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Renown Guyanese author Jan Carew dies", Guyana Chronicle Online, 8 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Eusi Kwayana, "Jan Carew - Mission Within the Mission", ChickenBones: A Journal.
Jump up ^ Lisa St Aubin de Terán, Memory Maps, 2002.
Jump up ^ "Preserving Our Literary Heritage: ‘Potaro Dreams, My Youth in Guyana’ by Jan Carew", Guyana Chronicle Online, 27 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Cynthia James (2009), "The Amerindian Presence in a Selection of Children's Literature from Jamaica, Dominica, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago in the Anglophone Caribbean 1". KACIKE: The Journal of Caribbean Amerindian History and Anthropology.
Jump up ^ Drama '61: The Big Pride (28 May 1961), IMDb.
Jump up ^ Jan Carew, "Jonestown Revisited". Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple.
Jump up ^ Lauren Caruba, "Northwestern African American studies professor, noted novelist dies at 92", The Daily Northwestern, 10 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Carew says: 'It’s a New York saga with much heat in it'". Guiana Graphic, 4 July 1960. Reprinted in Guyana Chronicle Online.
External links[edit]
Jan Carew website.
Plays by Jan Carew, Dollee.com
Al Creigton, "Jan Carew: the gentle revolutionary", Arts on Sunday, Stabroek News, 5 May 2002.
N. D. Williams, "Jan Carew: Rewind & Last Hurrah", 5 September 2007.
David Austin, "The gentle revolutionary: Jan Carew at 90", Stabroek News, 27 September 2010.
Joy Gleason Carew, "Black Midas in Moscow - Conversations with Jan Carew", SX Salon, Small Axe, 16 December 2011.
Denis Scott Chabrol, "Guyanese literary icon Jan Carew dies", Demerara Waves, 7 December 2012.
"Renown Guyanese author Jan Carew dies", Guyana Chronicle Online, 8 December 2012.
Obituary: Jan R. Carew, The Courier-Journal, 9 December 2012.
Eusi Kwayana, "Remembering Jan Carew (September 1920 - December 2012", Stabroek News, 10 December 2012.
Margaret Busby, "Jan Carew obituary", The Guardian, 21 December 2012.
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
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LCCN: n83134073
ISNI: 0000 0001 1566 6209
GND: 115827102
SUDOC: 111075386
BNF: cb12419951w (data)
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Bobby Anderson (actor)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bobby Anderson
Bobby Anderson (left) with young Mary and Violet in It's a Wonderful life (1946)
Born
Robert James Anderson
(1933-03-06)March 6, 1933
Hollywood, California, U.S.
Died
June 6, 2008(2008-06-06) (aged 75)
Palm Springs, California, U.S.
Cause of death
Cancer
Other names
Bobbie Anderson
Bob Anderson
Robert J. Anderson
Occupation
Actor/Television producer
Years active
1940–1996
Spouse(s)
Victoria Anderson (? - June 6, 2008; his death)
Children
6
Robert James Anderson (March 6, 1933 – June 6, 2008) was an American actor and television producer, most famous for his role as the young George Bailey in It's a Wonderful Life.
Contents
[hide]
1 Life and career
2 Partial filmography
3 References
4 External links
Life and career[edit]
Bobby Anderson was born in Hollywood, to a showbiz family. He was the son of Eugene Randolph Anderson, an assistant director and production manager, and Marie Augusta Fleischer, and his brothers and cousins were editors and production managers in their own right.[1] He was also the nephew, by marriage, of directors William Beaudine and James Flood, both of whom were married to Anderson's mother's sisters. Anderson's film career as an actor was brief. He appeared in the TV show Spin and Marty,[2] and he made his last film in 1956.
Anderson enlisted in the Navy during the Korean War, serving as a photographer on aircraft carriers. After his time in the Navy, he went on to work behind the scenes in assistant directing, then later production with Disney, Warner Bros., Universal, HBO, United Artists, Columbia, and 20th Century Fox on such films and TV shows as The Apartment, Hawaii, The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter, Code Red, Police Story, and Ripley's Believe It or Not!.
He also worked as a line producer and production consultant for films such as Passenger 57, Demolition Man and Heat.
He died of cancer at age 75 at his home in Palm Springs, California.[3][4] He is survived by his wife Victoria; sons John, Robert, and Joseph; daughters Kathleen, Debora, and Heidi; and 11 grandchildren.
Partial filmography[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1940 The Grapes of Wrath Hungry Boy Film debut
1940 Maryland Lee Danfield - Age 7
1940 Young People Jerry Dakin
1943 Mystery of the 13th Guest Harold as a Child Uncredited
1943 Tender Comrade Boy Uncredited
1945 A Tree Grows in Brooklyn Augie
1945 The Strange Affair of Uncle Harry Child Uncredited
1945 Colorado Pioneers Parish Boy Uncredited
1946 Gentleman Joe Palooka Young Boy Uncredited
1946 It's a Wonderful Life Little George Uncredited
1947 The Fabulous Texan Boy Uncredited
1947 The Bishop's Wife Defense Captain Uncredited
1948 Ruthless Horace Vendig as Child
1948 Silver River Boy Uncredited
1949 Kidnapped Ransome - Cabin Boy
1949 Samson and Delilah Boy Uncredited
1951 A Place in the Sun Eagle Scout Uncredited
1953 Born to the Saddle Ricky Summers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Schaden, Chuck (Spring 2009). "Necrology for 2008". Nostalgia Digest. 35 (2): 55–59.
Jump up ^ Yahoo! News Archived June 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Bob Anderson, 75, Child Actor, Is Dead". New York Times. June 10, 2008. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
External links[edit]
Robert Anderson on IMDb
United States Navy portal
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Battle of Stirling Bridge
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Battle of Stirling Bridge
Part of the First War of Scottish Independence

Old Stirling Bridge with the Abbey Craig and Wallace Monument
Date
11 September 1297
Location
Stirling Bridge, Stirling, Scotland
56°07′54″N 3°55′57″W / 56.1317046°N 3.9325905°W / 56.1317046; -3.9325905Coordinates: 56°07′54″N 3°55′57″W / 56.1317046°N 3.9325905°W / 56.1317046; -3.9325905
Result
Scottish victory
Belligerents
Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of England
Commanders and leaders
William Wallace
Andrew de Moray (WIA) Earl of Surrey
Hugh de Cressingham †
Strength
5,300 to 6,300 men
~300 cavalry
~5,000 to 6,000 infantry[1]
9,000 men
~2,000 cavalry[1]
~7,000 infantry[1]
Casualties and losses
Unknown
100 cavalry killed[2]
5,000 infantry killed[2]
[show]
v
t
e
First War of
Scottish Independence
First Berwick
Dunbar
Lanark
Stirling Bridge
Falkirk
Roslin
Happrew
Stirling Castle
Methven
Dalrigh
Turnberry
Loch Ryan
Glen Trool
Loudoun Hill
Slioch
Inverurie
Buchan
Pass of Brander
Bannockburn
Campaign in Ireland
Moiry Pass
Connor
Kells
Skerries
Skaithmuir
Second Berwick
Faughart
Myton
Arbroath Declaration
The Great Raid of 1322
Old Byland
Corbeil Treaty
Stanhope Park
Edinburgh-Northampton Treaty
[show]
v
t
e
Scottish Independence Wars
First
Second
Third
The Battle of Stirling Bridge was a battle of the First War of Scottish Independence. On 11 September 1297, the forces of Andrew Moray and William Wallace defeated the combined English forces of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey, and Hugh de Cressingham near Stirling, on the River Forth.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 The main battle
3 Aftermath
4 The battle in fiction
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
The Earl of Surrey had won a victory over the aristocracy of Scotland at the Battle of Dunbar. However, by August 1297 Moray and Wallace controlled almost all of Scotland north of the Forth, except for Dundee. Surrey marched north with an army from Berwick to relieve Dundee. The town of Stirling was the key entry point to the north of Scotland.
The main battle[edit]
The earl arrived at the narrow, wooden bridge over the River Forth near Stirling Castle and determined that he would be at a tactical disadvantage if he attempted to take his main force across there. So he delayed crossing for several days to allow for negotiations, and to reconnoiter the area.[3] On 10 September Warenne gave orders to cross the river the next day. At dawn the English and Welsh infantry started to cross only to be recalled due to the fact that Warenne had overslept.
The Scots arrived first and encamped on Abbey Craig which dominated the soft, flat ground north of the river. The English force of English, Welsh and Scots knights, bowmen and foot soldiers camped to the south of the river. Sir Richard Lundie, a Scots knight who joined the English after the Capitulation of Irvine, offered to outflank the enemy by leading a cavalry force over a ford two miles upstream, where sixty horsemen could cross at the same time. Hugh Cressingham, King Edward's treasurer in Scotland, persuaded the Earl to reject this advice and order a direct attack across the bridge.[4]
The small bridge was only broad enough to allow two horsemen to cross abreast, but offered the safest river crossing as the Forth widened to the east and the marshland of Flanders Moss lay to the west.[4] The Scots waited as the English knights and infantry made their slow progress across the bridge on the morning of 11 September. It would have taken several hours for the entire English army to cross.[3]
Wallace and Moray waited, according to the Chronicle of Hemingburgh, until "as many of the enemy had come over as they believed they could overcome". When a substantial number of the troops had crossed (possibly about 2,000)[5] the attack was ordered. The Scots spearmen came down from the high ground in rapid advance and fended off a charge by the English heavy cavalry before counterattacking the English infantry. They gained control of the east side of the bridge, and cut off the chance of English reinforcements to cross. Caught on the low ground in the loop of the river with no chance of relief or of retreat, most of the outnumbered English on the east side were probably killed. A few hundred may have escaped by swimming across the river.[6] Marmaduke Thweng managed to fight his way back across the bridge and he thus became the only knight of all those on the far side of the river to survive the battle.
The present-day Stirling Bridge
Surrey, who was left with a pitiful contingent of archers, had remained to the south of the river and was still in a strong position. The bulk of his army remained intact and he could have held the line of the Forth, denying the triumphant Scots a passage to the south, but his confidence was gone. After the escape of Sir Marmaduke Tweng, an English knight from Yorkshire, Surrey ordered the bridge's destruction and retreated towards Berwick, leaving the garrison at Stirling Castle isolated and abandoning the Lowlands to the rebels. James Stewart, the High Steward of Scotland, and Malcolm, Earl of Lennox, whose forces had been part of Surrey's army, observing the carnage to the north of the bridge, withdrew. Then the English supply train was attacked at The Pows, a wooded marshy area, by James Stewart and the other Scots lords, killing many of the fleeing soldiers.[7]
The location of Stirling Bridge at the date of the battle is believed to lie about 180 yards upstream from the 15th century stone that still crosses the river today.[3] Four stone piers have been found underwater just north (56°07′45″N 3°56′12″W / 56.1290916°N 3.936764°W / 56.1290916; -3.936764) and at an angle to the extant 15th-century bridge, along with man-made stonework on one bank in line with the piers. The site of the fighting was along either side of an earthen causeway leading from the Abbey Craig, atop which the Wallace Monument is now located, to the northern end of the bridge.[8][9][10] The battlefield has been inventoried and protected by Historic Scotland under the Scottish Historical Environment Policy of 2009.[11]
Aftermath[edit]
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Stirling Bridge from the south bank of the River Forth with the Wallace Monument in the background
The Battle of Stirling Bridge was a shattering defeat for the English: it showed that under certain circumstances infantry could be superior to cavalry. It was some time, though, before this lesson was fully absorbed.
Contemporary English chronicler Walter of Guisborough recorded the English losses in the battle as 100 cavalry and 5,000 infantry killed.[2] Scottish casualties in the battle are unrecorded, with the exception of Andrew Moray. He appears to have been injured in the battle and died of his injuries around November.
Hugh de Cressingham's body was reportedly subsequently flayed and the skin cut into small pieces for souvenirs of the victory. The Lanercost Chronicle records that Wallace had[12] "a broad strip [of Cressingham’s skin]...taken from the head to the heel, to make therewith a baldrick for his sword".
Wallace went on to lead a destructive raid into northern England which did little to advance the Scots objectives,[citation needed] however the raids frightened the English army and stalled their advance. By March 1298 he had emerged as Guardian of Scotland. His glory was brief, for King Edward himself was coming north from Flanders. The two men finally met on the field of Falkirk in the summer of 1298, where Wallace was defeated.
The battle in fiction[edit]
The exploits of Wallace were passed on to posterity mainly in the form of tales collected and recounted by the poet Blind Harry, the Minstrel (d.1492) whose original, probably oral sources were never specified. Blind Harry was active some two hundred years after the events described in his The Acts and Deeds of the Illustrious and Valiant Champion Sir William Wallace, c.1470. The tales were designed to entertain the court of James IV (r.1488–1513) and are undoubtedly a blend of fact and fiction. Like most of his episodes, Blind Harry's account of the battle of Stirling Bridge is highly improbable, for example his use of figures of a biblical magnitude for the size of the participating armies. Nevertheless, his highly dramatised and graphic account of the battle fed the imaginations of subsequent generations of Scottish schoolchildren. Here is his description:
On Saturday they [Moray and Wallace] rode on to the bridge, which was of good plain board, well made and jointed, having placed watches to see that none passed from the army. Taking a wright, the most able workman there, he [Wallace] ordered him to saw the plank in two at the mid streit [middle stretch], so that no-one might walk over it. He then nailed it up quickly with hinges, and dirtied it with clay, to cause it to appear that nothing had been done. The other end he so arranged that it should lie on three wooden rollers, which were so placed, that when one was out the rest would fall down. The wright, himself, he ordered to sit there underneath, in a cradle, bound on a beam, to loose the pin when Wallace let him know by blowing a horn when the time was come. No one in all the army should be allowed to blow but he himself.
A Victorian depiction of the battle.[13] The bridge collapse suggests that the artist has been influenced by Blind Harry's account.
Hugh Cressingham leads on the vanguard with twenty thousand likely men to see. Thirty thousand the Earl of Warren had, but he did then as wisdom did direct, all the first army being sent over before him. Some Scottish men, who well knew this manner of attack, bade Wallace sound, saying there were now enough. He hastened not, however, but steadily observed the advance until he saw Warren's force thickly crowd the bridge. Then from Jop he took the horn and blew loudly, and warned John the Wright, who thereupon struck out the roller with skill; when the pin was out, the rest of it fell down. Now arose an hideous outcry among the people, both horses and men, falling into the water. (...)
On foot, and bearing a great sharp spear, Wallace went amongst the thickest of the press. he aimed a stroke at Cressingham in his corslet, which was brightly polished. The sharp head of the spear pierced right through the plates and through his body, stabbing him beyond rescue; thus was that chieftain struck down to death. With the stroke Wallace bore down both man and horse.
The English army although ready for battle, lost heart when their chieftain was slain, and many openly began to flee. Yet worthy men abode in the place until ten thousand were slain. Then the remainder fled, not able to abide longer, seeking succour in many directions, some east, some west, and some fled to the north. Seven thousand full at once floated in the Forth, plunged into the deep and drowned without mercy; none were left alive of all that fell army.[14]
As well as the bridge ploy, Wallace's use of a spear appears to be a fictional element. As the son of a minor laird, he would have been trained in arms, and as a commander it is unlikely he would have wielded the weapon of the common footsoldier. It cannot of course be ruled out that he would have used one in the heat of battle. A two-handed sword [Claidheamh de Laimh], purporting to be Wallace's, which may contain original metal from his sword blade, was kept by the Scottish kings[15] and is displayed as a relic in the Wallace Monument.
The potency of these tales can be gauged from the following statement by the poet Robert Burns, writing some three centuries after they were first related.
The two first books I ever read in private, and which gave me more pleasure than any two books I ever read again, were The Life of Hannibal and The History of Sir William Wallace [a modernised version of Blind Harry by William Hamilton of Gilbertfield]. Hannibal gave my young ideas such a turn that I used to strut in raptures up and down after the recruiting drum and bagpipe, and wish myself tall enough that I could be a soldier; while the story of Wallace poured a Scottish prejudice into my veins which will boil along there till the flood-gates of life shut in eternal rest.[16]
The Battle of Stirling Bridge is depicted in the 1995 film Braveheart, but it bears little resemblance to the real battle, there being no bridge (due mainly to the difficulty of filming around the bridge itself) and tactics resembling the Battle of Bannockburn.
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c BBC History Magazine July 2014, pages 24–25
^ Jump up to: a b c Cowan, Edward J., The Wallace Book, 2007, John Donald, ISBN 0-85976-652-7, ISBN 978-0-85976-652-4, p. 69
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Battle of Stirling Bridge, 1297", Scotland's History, BBC
^ Jump up to: a b "The Battle of Stirling Bridge", Foghlam Alba
Jump up ^ Reid, Stuart. Battles of the Scottish Lowlands, Battlefield Britain. Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2004
Jump up ^ "Battle of Stirling Bridge", UK Battlefields Resource Centre
Jump up ^ "The Wars - Stirling Bridge", Stirling Council
Jump up ^ Page, R. (1992). "Ancient Bridge, Stirling (Stirling parish)" (PDF). Discovery and Excavation in Scotland: 17.
Jump up ^ Page, R. & Main, L. (1997). "Stirling Ancient Bridge (Stirling; Logie parishes)" (PDF). Discovery and Excavation in Scotland: 80–81.
Jump up ^ "Battle of Stirling Bridge". Historic Scotland Battlefields. Historic Scotland. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Inventory battlefields". Historic Scotland. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Chronicle of Lanercost, ed. H.Maxwell, vol.1, p.164.
Jump up ^ Grant, James (1873). British Battles On Land and Sea. Cassell Petter & Galpin. p. 31.
Jump up ^ Sir William Wallace, His Life And Deeds By Henry The Minstrel In Modern Prose By Thomas Walker, Glasgow 1910
Jump up ^ "To bynding of Wallass's sword with cordis of silk and new hilt and plomet, new skabbard, and new hilt to the said sword, XXVj.sh.", entry in James IV's Household Book for 8 December 1505, in E M Brougham, News Out Of Scotland, Heinemann 1926
Jump up ^ letter to Dr. John Moore, dated 2 August 1787, quoted in M. Lindsay, Robert Burns, London and New York 1979
References[edit]
Barrow, G. W. S., Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland, 1976.
Brown, C., "William Wallace" 2005.
Cowan, Edward J., The Wallace Book, 2007, John Donald, ISBN 0-85976-652-7, ISBN 978-0-85976-652-4
Ferguson, J., William Wallace: Guardian of Scotland., 1948.
"The Chronicle of Lanercost 1272–1346", ed. H. Maxwell, 1913.
Nicholson, R., Scotland-the Later Middle Ages, 1974.
Prestwich, M., The Three Edwards: War and State in England, 1272–1277, 1980.
Traquair, P., Freedom's Sword
Mel Gibsons 1995 drama - Braveheart
External links[edit]
Historic Scotland site report and area map
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Stirling_Bridge&oldid=817241934"
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Daddy's Home 2
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Daddy's Home 2
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Sean Anders
Produced by
Will Ferrell
Adam McKay
Chris Henchy
John Morris
Screenplay by
Sean Anders
John Morris
Based on
Characters
by Brian Burns
Starring
Will Ferrell
Mark Wahlberg
Linda Cardellini
John Cena
John Lithgow
Mel Gibson
Music by
Michael Andrews
Cinematography
Julio Macat
Edited by
Brad Wilhite
Production
companies
Gary Sanchez Productions
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date
November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05) (Regency Village Theater)
November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10) (United States)
Running time
100 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$69 million[2]
Box office
$180.6 million[2]
Daddy's Home 2 is a 2017 American Christmas comedy film directed by Sean Anders and written by Anders and John Morris. A sequel to Daddy's Home (2015), it stars Will Ferrell, Mark Wahlberg, Linda Cardellini, John Cena, John Lithgow and Mel Gibson. The plot follows now reformed-fathers Brad and Dusty (Ferrell and Wahlberg), now co-parenting Dusty's kids, who have to deal with their own fathers (Lithgow and Gibson) visiting for the holidays.
Principal photography on the film began in Massachusetts in March 2017 and it was released in the United States by Paramount Pictures on November 10, 2017. Although the film received unfavorable reviews, it has grossed over $180 million worldwide on a $69 million budget.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
4 Release
4.1 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Accolades
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
After finally becoming friends at the end of the first film, Brad Whittaker and Dusty Mayron have a co-dad system where their two children, Megan and Dylan, take turns at each father's house. Dusty has also remarried, this time to Karen, a writer, and is stepdad to Adrianna, Karen's daughter.
Brad and his wife, Sara, along with Dusty and Karen, attend a school play for Megan, where she announces to the whole audience that she doesn't like the fact that she has to go back and forth to different houses all the time. Back at the house, after the play, Brad and Dusty decide to do away with having two separate Christmases and instead do one "together Christmas". Dusty, however, finds out his tough fighter pilot/astronaut father Kurt (Mel Gibson) is coming for Christmas.
At the airport the next day, Dusty tells Brad that his father is going to make fun of them since he won't understand their co-dad arrangement. When Kurt arrives, he mistakes Brad for a chauffeur. When Dusty explains that Brad is the stepdad to his children, Kurt doesn't like it. Brad's overbearing and over-cheerful dad, Don, arrives next, unnerving Kurt. Don tells Brad that his mother didn't come along, because she is taking care of Brad's Uncle who isn't feeling well.
Back at the house, Megan and Dylan warmly embrace Don, since he is very present in their lives, while Kurt hasn't seen the children since they were toddlers. Kurt rents a large cabin through Airbnb, to house all of them through the holiday week. As Brad and Dusty pack the bags into the car, Dusty tells Brad that Kurt thinks the two men are harboring bad feelings for each other, but are just hiding it from everyone by pretending to be friends. When Kurt comes up, they change the subject.
Throughout the week, Brad and Dusty's co-dad relationship is put to the test by Kurt's meddling. Meanwhile, Dusty tries to get close to his stepdaughter, Adrianna, but she doesn't like him and repeatedly tells him that he isn't her father. Sara also tries to bond with Karen but is taken aback by some of Karen's actions, like shoplifting clothes from a store. Dylan develops a crush on a little girl staying in the cabin next door. He gets made fun of it by Megan and Adrianna.
The next day, the family goes out to take the kids to see Santa. While there, Kurt convinces Dylan to ask Santa for a shotgun, which he does ask for. Brad and Sara tell Dylan that a shotgun for hunting means that a poor innocent animal will lose its life. This convinces Dylan to change his mind, but Megan instead decides she wants to go hunting. While out hunting the next day, Megan accidentally shoots Kurt in the shoulder, sending him to the hospital.
At the hospital, Dusty and Kurt begin to bond after they almost begin fighting when Kurt tries to leave the hospital. That night, Brad, Dusty, Don & Kurt go to an improv comedy club where the four men are relaxing and having a good time watching the show. Kurt gets up to go get another drink at the bar. Dusty sees Kurt picking up a woman at the bar and leaves with her. Brad enters Don into the improv show, and Dusty chooses a topic of a husband confronting his cheating wife as the subject of an improv skit. As the skit progresses, it is revealed that Don has separated from his wife in real life. The audience believes that this is all part of the show, even when Brad tries to tell the audience that it is not.
The next day, Brad confronts Dusty. After Dusty reveals that he chose the infidelity subject for the improv game because he wanted to get back at Brad, because of how Brad has a good relationship with Don. Brad says he knows that is why Dusty chose that particular topic and to get back at Dusty; Brad has invited Adrianna's real dad, Roger, to the cabin for Christmas.
That evening, the entire family takes part in a Christmas manger representation. Brad gets into a fight with Dusty after Brad wants to play Joseph, which Dusty is currently playing. This breaks out in front of a crowd that is watching. Instead of Dusty fighting Brad, he almost comes to blows with Roger.
The next morning, Christmas Day, the families all pack up to leave. On their way out of town, the families are forced back to town on account of a blizzard. They are forced to take shelter at a movie theater. With every other movie being sold out, due to the huge influx of business from other families seeking shelter at the theater, both families go to see the last movie available: Missile Tow, a fictitious Liam Neeson holiday action film.
When the power cuts off during the movie, the families go to the lobby where each man confronts their father about the secrets, lies, and attitudes. Don confronts Brad about not telling him the truth about his divorce, while Dusty tries to talk to Kurt. When Dylan sees the girl he has a crush on, is also there at the theater, he is teased again by Megan and Adrianna. After remembering some advice given to him by Kurt, Dylan walks toward her to kiss her. All of a sudden, he doesn't kiss her, but instead kisses Adrianna, his stepsister. Roger gets freaked out and attempts to leave with Adrianna, but is confronted by Dusty. He deduces that the reason why Adrianna hasn't warmed up to him is that he has never told her that he loves her, which he does. He also tells Roger that loving Adrianna means loving her real father as well since he is also part of the family. Roger almost leaves without Adrianna, but has a change of heart after everyone breaks out into a song of Do They Know It's Christmas? and decides to stay. Don and Brad also reconcile.
Sometime later, at the airport, Don and Kurt are preparing to leave to head back to their respective homes. Kurt heads with Don up the terminal escalators, where he reveals to Don that he switched out the tickets and they're going to spend New Years in Las Vegas.
As Brad's mom's flight arrives, Dusty and Brad discover that Brad's new stepdad is Chesley "Sully" Sullenberger, the pilot of the "Miracle on the Hudson" flight. Brad and Dusty remember that they watched the film "Sully" together not too long ago and Brad appears to be welcoming towards him. Brad runs down the terminal and says that Sully will never replace his father, because Sully has only one great personal story, whereas his father has thousands of stories.
Cast[edit]
Will Ferrell as Brad Whitaker
Mark Wahlberg as Dusty Mayron
Mel Gibson as Kurt Mayron
John Lithgow as Don Whitaker
Linda Cardellini as Sara Whitaker
John Cena as Roger
Scarlett Estevez as Megan Mayron
Owen Vaccaro as Dylan Mayron
Alessandra Ambrosio as Karen Mayron
Didi Costine as Adrianna
Chesley Sullenberger as himself
Liam Neeson as himself
Bill Burr as Jerry
Production[edit]
In April 2016, the sequel was announced, with Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg reprising their roles, Sean Anders and John Morris writing the script, and Anders directing.[3] In January 2017, it was reported that Mel Gibson and John Lithgow were being sought to play the main characters' fathers in the film.[4] The two were later confirmed to star, along with Linda Cardellini, John Cena, Owen Vaccaro and Scarlett Estevez, reprising their roles.[5][6]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography began on March 20, 2017.[7] Scenes were filmed in Concord, Massachusetts, Framingham, Massachusetts, and Great Barrington, Massachusetts.
Release[edit]
The film was released in the United States on November 10, 2017.[8]
Home media[edit]
Daddy's Home 2 was released on Digital HD on February 6, 2018, and was released on Blu-ray and DVD on February 20, 2018.[9][10]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Daddy's Home 2 grossed $103.8 million in the United States and Canada, and $76.6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $180.4 million, against a production budget of $69 million.[2]
In the United States and Canada, Daddy's Home 2 opened alongside Murder on the Orient Express, and was projected to gross around $20 million from 3,575 theaters in its opening weekend.[11] The film made $10.7 million on its first day, including $1.5 million from Thursday night previews at 2,500 theaters, up from the $1.2 million made by the first film. It went on to debut to $29.7 million, finishing second at the box office, behind holdover Thor: Ragnarok ($57 million).[12] In its second weekend the film made $14.4 million (a drop of 51.3%), finishing 4th behind Justice League, Wonder and Thor: Ragnarok.[13]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 19% based on 111 reviews, and an average rating of 3.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A formulaic comedy that's unlikely to spread much yuletide merriment, Daddy's Home 2 can only muster a few stray yuks from its talented cast."[14] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 30 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[15] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[12]
Alonso Duralde of TheWrap was critical of what he described as the film's sloppiness and laziness, saying, "Director Sean Anders and his co-writer John Morris execute what are supposed to be the laughs with blunt force. The jokes announce themselves with heavy footsteps, and almost none of them land, stranding a talented cast with terrible material that they’re straining to sell."[16] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 1 out of 4 stars, saying: "After enduring last week’s lousy and lazy A Bad Moms Christmas, I would have bet it would be many a year before we’d see another holiday comedy more sour and cynical and profoundly unfunny. I sit corrected."[17]
Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars, writing, "I found the sequel better than the original—the writing sharper, the jokes fresher and smarter, the comic interaction between the lead characters consistently engaging. I mentioned this to my incredulous wife, who said, 'So you’re saying it's the Godfather, Part 2 of the Daddy’s Home series'."[18]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Subject
Result
2018 Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Actor Mark Wahlberg Nominated
Worst Supporting Actor Mel Gibson Won
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Daddy's Home 2". AMC Theatres. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Daddy's Home 2 (2017)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike, Jr. (April 22, 2016). "Will Ferrell & Mark Wahlberg Set 'Daddy's Home' Sequel At Paramount". Deadline. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike, Jr. (January 30, 2017). "Mel Gibson, John Lithgow Circling 'Daddy's Home' Sequel". Deadline. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (February 15, 2017). "Mel Gibson and John Lithgow Join 'Daddy's Home' Sequel". Variety. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (March 10, 2017). "John Cena Back For 'Daddy's Home 2'". Deadline. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Daddy's Home 2" (PDF). Directors Guild of America. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lee, Ashley (February 1, 2017). "Paramount Sets 'Daddy's Home 2' for November Release". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Daddys Home 2 Blu-ray, 4k & Digital Release Dates Announced". HD Report. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Daddy's Home 2 (2017)". DVDs Release Date. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (October 25, 2017). "'Thor' Rocks On With $10.8M Tuesday; Will Continue To Strike Lightning In Second Weekend With $60M".
^ Jump up to: a b Anthony D'Alessandro (November 11, 2017). "'Daddy's Home 2' Higher Than 'The Orient Express' In A 'Ragnarok'-Ruled Weekend – Early Sunday AM Update". Retrieved November 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (November 19, 2017). "'Justice League' Encounters Kryptonite At The B.O. With $96M Opening: Why The DC Movie Weakened – Sunday AM Update". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Daddy's Home 2 (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Daddy's Home 2 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Alonso Duralde (November 9, 2017). "'Daddy's Home 2' Film Review: Mark Wahlberg and Will Ferrell Listlessly Pack This Stocking With Coal". TheWrap. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Roeper, Richard (November 9, 2017). "In 'Daddy's Home 2' universe, no one acts human and no one is funny". Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Glenn Kenny (November 10, 2017). "'Daddy's Home 2'". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved November 11, 2017.
External links[edit]
Daddy's Home 2 on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Sean Anders
Never Been Thawed (2005)
Sex Drive (2008)
That's My Boy (2012)
Horrible Bosses 2 (2014)
Daddy's Home (2015)
Daddy's Home 2 (2017)
Instant Family (TBA)
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