text:
The Book of Eli
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For the 12th-century English chronicle, see Book of Ely.
The Book of Eli
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
The Hughes brothers
Produced by
Joel Silver
Susan Downey
Andrew Kosove
Broderick Johnson
Denzel Washington
Written by
Gary Whitta
Starring
Denzel Washington
Gary Oldman
Mila Kunis
Ray Stevenson
Jennifer Beals
Music by
Atticus Ross
Leopold Ross
Claudia Sarne
Cinematography
Don Burgess
Edited by
Cindy Mollo
Production
company
Alcon Entertainment
Silver Pictures
Distributed by
Warner Bros. Pictures (USA)
Summit Entertainment (International)
Release date
January 15, 2010 (2010-01-15)
Running time
117 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$80 million[2]
Box office
$157,107,755[3]
The Book of Eli is a 2010 American post-apocalyptic neo-Western action film directed by the Hughes brothers, written by Gary Whitta, and starring Denzel Washington, Gary Oldman, Mila Kunis, Ray Stevenson, and Jennifer Beals. The story revolves around Eli, a nomad in a post-apocalyptic world, who is told by a voice to deliver his copy of a mysterious book to a safe location on the West Coast of the United States. The history of the post-war world is explained along the way, as is the importance of Eli's task. Filming began in February 2009 and took place in New Mexico.[4]
The film has received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 47% of 200 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 5.5 out of 10. The film was released in theaters in January 2010. Alcon Entertainment financed and co-produced the film with Silver Pictures, while it was distributed by Warner Bros. in the United States; international sales were handled by Summit Entertainment.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical reviews
5 Home media
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot
Thirty years after a nuclear apocalypse,[5] Eli (Denzel Washington) travels on foot toward the west coast of the former United States. Along the way he demonstrates uncanny survival and fighting skills, hunting wildlife and swiftly defeating a group of desert bandits who try to ambush him. Searching for water, he arrives in a ramshackle town rebuilt and overseen by Carnegie (Gary Oldman). Carnegie dreams of building more towns and of controlling the people by using the power of a certain book. His henchmen scour the desolate landscape daily in search of it, but to no avail.
In town Eli barters with a store owner, the Engineer (Tom Waits), to recharge the battery of his portable music player. While waiting, he goes across the street to the town bar, where a gang of bikers attack, but he quickly kills all fifteen. Realizing Eli is a literate man like himself, Carnegie asks Eli to stay, making it clear that the offer is non-negotiable. After Carnegie's blind mistress Claudia (Jennifer Beals) gives Eli some food and water, Carnegie orders Claudia's daughter Solara (Mila Kunis) to seduce Eli, but he turns her down. While killing time, she finds his book. Unperturbed, Eli offers to share his food with her, and before they eat, he says grace. The following day, Solara repeats the prayer, but Carnegie overhears them and realizes Solara's words relate to the book he has been seeking. He soon forces Solara to tell him if Eli was reading a book, and realizes Eli's book is the one he wants—a Bible.
Eli sneaks out of his room and Carnegie has his henchmen shoot at Eli, but the bullets seemingly just graze him, as if he is being protected. Eli shoots most of Carnegie's men and hits Carnegie in the leg with a shotgun blast. Solara, having left the town, leads Eli to a cave which is the town's water supply, hoping she can accompany him on his travels. Eli traps her inside and continues on alone. Solara escapes and soon finds herself ambushed by two bandits who attempt to rape her, but Eli reappears and kills them. As they continue on, Eli explains his mission to Solara. According to Eli, his book is the last remaining copy of the Bible, as all other copies were intentionally destroyed following the nuclear war thirty years ago. He says he was led to the book by a voice in his head, which then directed him to travel westward to a place where it would be safe. The voice assured him that he would be protected and guided on his journey.
Eventually, Eli and Solara investigate an isolated house. They fall into a trap, but manage to allay the suspicions of the residents, George (Michael Gambon) and Martha (Frances de la Tour), who invite them in for tea. When Eli realizes that the couple are cannibals, they attempt to leave just as Carnegie and his henchmen arrive. In the ensuing shootout, George, Martha and many of Carnegie's men are killed. While Eli and Solara are captured, Carnegie threatens to kill Solara unless Eli surrenders the Bible. With the Bible now in his possession, Carnegie shoots Eli, leaving him for dead. Solara escapes and drives back to help Eli. Rather than chase her, Carnegie returns to the town, since his sole remaining vehicle is running low on fuel. Solara finds Eli, and they drive until they reach the Golden Gate Bridge, and then row to Alcatraz Island, where they find a group intent on preserving what they can of literature and music. Eli tells the guards that he has a copy of the King James Version of the Bible. Once inside, Eli, revealed to be blind, begins to dictate the Bible from memory to Lombardi (Malcolm McDowell), the leader of the group.[6][5]
Meanwhile, back in the town, the Engineer opens the locked Bible where Carnegie discovers, to his dismay, that it is in Braille, and orders Claudia to read it to him. She pretends that she cannot remember how to read it, telling Carnegie his leg wound has become infected and his men have begun to run amok. At the sanctuary, Eli has died, but not before he finished reciting the entire book. The printing press at Alcatraz begins producing copies of the Bible, and Lombardi places one on a bookshelf between the Torah and Tanakh on one side and the Quran on the other. Solara, though offered sanctuary, chooses to return home, taking with her Eli's sword and other possessions.
Cast
Denzel Washington as Eli
Gary Oldman as Carnegie
Mila Kunis as Solara
Ray Stevenson as Redridge
Jennifer Beals as Claudia
Evan Jones as Martz
Joe Pingue as Hoyt
Frances de la Tour as Martha
Michael Gambon as George
Tom Waits as Engineer
Chris Browning as Hijack Leader
Malcolm McDowell as Lombardi (uncredited)
Production
In May 2007, Columbia Pictures and Warner Bros. signed the Hughes brothers to direct The Book of Eli, based on a script by Gary Whitta. (The brothers had last directed the 2001 film From Hell.)[7] Subsequently, Anthony Peckham rewrote the script, and in September 2008 Denzel Washington won the lead role.[8] The following October, Gary Oldman was cast to star alongside Washington.[9] Principal photography began in February 2009 and took place in New Mexico.[10] Alcon Entertainment financed the film and co-produced with Silver Pictures.[11]
Jeff Imada choreographed the complex fight scenes, which feature the Filipino martial art of Kali. Washington trained for months with Dan Inosanto and Imada for his role.[12]
Reception
Box office
The film was released in North America on January 15, 2010 in 3,111 theaters. It took in $11,672,970—$3,752 per theater, its opening day.[13] By the end of its opening four-day holiday weekend it grossed $38,437,553—$12,355 per theater. It ranked number two, behind Avatar.[14] On its second weekend, it placed third with Legion taking its number two place and grossed $15,732,493—$5,057 per theater.[15] By its third weekend it dropped down to number five and made $8,908,286—$2,897 per theater.[16] The film has come to gross $94,835,059 in the United States and Canada, and $62,256,659 in other markets, with an estimated worldwide total of $157,091,718.[3]
Critical reviews
The film has received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 48% of 188 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 5.5 out of 10. The site's consensus is that "It's certainly uneven, and many viewers will find that its reach exceeds its grasp, but The Book of Eli finds the Hughes brothers injecting some fresh stylish fun into the kind of post-apocalyptic wasteland filmgoers have seen more than enough of lately."[17] Based on 33 critics reviews, Metacritic (another review aggregator) has assigned the film a weighted average score of 53 out of 100, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[18]
Todd McCarthy of Variety predicted "this will not be one of ... Denzel Washington's bigger grossers."[19] Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert gave the film 3 of 4 stars and said of the film: "You won't be sorry you went. It grips your attention, and then at the end throws in several WTF! moments, which are a bonus."[20] Reviewing the film for The A.V. Club, Scott Tobias graded the film a B, and wrote "At a time when theaters are experiencing a glut of doomsday scenarios, the Hughes' ashen, bombed-out future world looks a little too familiar, no matter how crisply they present it. But the showdown between Washington and a deliciously hammy Oldman complicates the film's overt religiosity...".[21] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a D, calling it "a ponderous dystopian bummer that might be described as The Road Warrior without car chases, or The Road without humanity.[22]
Home media
The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on May 31, 2010 in the UK and on June 15, 2010 in the United States and Canada. The DVD took the top spot on all three national home video market charts in its first week. It premiered No. 1 on Home Media Magazine's Rental Chart, the Nielsen VideoScan Blu-ray chart, and the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert Sales Chart, where it outdistanced its nearest competitor in sales by a 3 to 1 margin.[23]
See also
Eli (biblical figure)
References
Jump up ^ THE BOOK OF ELI rated 15 by the BBFC
Jump up ^ "Movie projector: 'Book of Eli' first major challenger to 'Avatar'". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. January 14, 2010. Retrieved January 22, 2010. Alcon spent $80 million to produce the movie, which stars Denzel Washington.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Book of Eli (2010)". Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Goundry, Nick (February 1, 2010). "The Book of Eli shoots in New Mexico". The Location Guide. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Giroux, Jack (18 January 2010). "Interview, Part 1: Gary Whitta on 'The Book of Eli'". The Film Stage. Retrieved 2 Aug 2017.
Jump up ^ Bakhshian, Sara (January 2010). "'The Book of Eli': Interview with Denzel Washington, Mila Kunis, and Gary Oldman". Retrieved 3 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael (May 21, 2007). "Hughes brothers set for 'Book of Eli'". Variety. Retrieved November 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael; Dave McNary (September 4, 2008). "Denzel Washington picks up 'Book'". Variety. Retrieved November 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (October 29, 2008). "Gary Oldman joins 'Book of Eli'". Variety. Retrieved November 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Vozick-Levinson, Simon (February 2009). "Jack Black Rocks 'Yo Gabba Gabba' and More First Looks". Entertainment Weekly. Time Warner. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Gary Oldman joins Denzel on 'Eli'". Reel Suave. October 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Book of Eli – Behind the Scenes:Stunts". Yahoo! Movies. Yahoo!. 2010.
Jump up ^ "Daily Box Office for Friday, January 15, 2010". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. January 15, 2010. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office Results for January 15–18, 2010 (4-day weekend)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. January 18, 2010. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office Results for January 22–24, 2010". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. January 24, 2010. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office Results for January 29–31, 2010". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. January 31, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Book of Eli (2010)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved January 3, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Book of Eli: Reviews". Metacritic. CNET Networks. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Todd (January 10, 2010). "The Book of Eli Review". 'Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (January 14, 2010). "The Book of Eli review". Chicago Sun-Times. Sun-Times Media Group.
Jump up ^ Tobias, Scott (January 14, 2010). "The Book of Eli". The AV Club. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman (January 15, 2010). "The Book of Eli". Entertainment Weekly. Time Warner. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Book of Eli Sweeps Video Charts". wowcelebrities.us. June 24, 2010. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Book of Eli
The Book of Eli at the American Film Institute Catalog
The Book of Eli on IMDb
The Book of Eli at AllMovie
The Book of Eli at Box Office Mojo
The Book of Eli at Rotten Tomatoes
The Book of Eli at Metacritic
[show]
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Films directed by Albert and Allen Hughes
Together
Menace II Society (1993)
Dead Presidents (1995)
American Pimp (1999)
From Hell (2001)
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Allen only
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Broken City (2013)
The Defiant Ones (2017)
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Alpha (2018)
[show]
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The Great Debaters (2007)
Fences (2016)
Producer
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The Book of Eli (2010)
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Cultural policies of the European Union
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Council of Europe
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Europe
Executive[show]
Secretary General
Thorbjørn Jagland
Committee of Ministers
President: Anders Samuelsen
Legislature[show]
Parliamentary Assembly
President: Stella Kyriakides
European Congress
President: Jean-Claude Frécon
Judiciary[show]
European Court of Human Rights
President: Guido Raimondi
Commissioner for Human Rights
Nils Muižnieks
European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice
European Commission against Racism and Intolerance
Law[show]
Convention on Human Rights
Convention on Cybercrime
Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism
Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings
Oviedo Convention
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Istanbul convention
Members[show]
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia1
Malta
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Romania
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Spain
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European Union culture policies aim to address and promote the cultural dimension of European integration through relevant legislation and government funding.[1] These policies support the development of cultural activity, education or research conducted by private companies, NGO's and individual initiatives based in the EU working in the fields of cinema and audiovisual, publishing, music and crafts.
The European Commission runs Culture Programme (2007-2013),[2] and the EU funds other cultural bodies such as the European Cultural Month, the Media Programme, the European Union Youth Orchestra and the European Capital of Culture programme.
The EU awards grants to cultural projects (233 in 2004) and has launched a web portal dedicated to Europe and Culture, responding to the European Council's expressed desire to see the Commission and the member states "promote the networking of cultural information to enable all citizens to access European cultural content by advanced technological means."[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History and development
2 Structure and strategies adopted
2.1 Policy analysis, Methodology and Statistics
3 Institutions and bodies
3.1 List of institutions and bodies
3.2 List of programmes
3.3 List of awards
3.4 List of non-EU cultural institutions, bodies and programmes
4 Policies by sector
4.1 Arts and Culture
4.2 Sports
4.3 Languages
5 Impact of cultural policies
5.1 European identity
5.2 Urban regeneration
5.3 Economic development
5.4 Expansion of the European Union
5.5 Criticisms
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History and development[edit]
The Council of Europe, which is distinct from the European Union (EU), first formalised cultural cooperation policy in Europe with its European Cultural Convention.[4]
However, specific EU policy on cultural cooperation began between member states since its inclusion in the 1992 Maastricht Treaty.[5]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2011)
Structure and strategies adopted[edit]
A cultural contact point (CCP) is set up in each EU member state, and is responsible for aiding communication between the European Commission's Cultural Programme and member state.[6]
Policy analysis, Methodology and Statistics[edit]
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (March 2011)
Institutions and bodies[edit]
The most important EU institutions through which decisions are made regarding cultural policies are:
the European Commission acting in the areas of culture, sport and languages,
the Committee on Culture and Education of the European Parliament,
the Education, Youth and Culture sector of the Council of the European Union,
and the Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency of the European Commission.
List of institutions and bodies[edit]
The EU promotes cultural development through numerous institutions such as:
Cinema of Europe
Committee on Culture and Education
Directorate-General for Education and Culture
Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency
Euranet
Europa Nostra
European Audiovisual Observatory
European Commission
European Commissioner for Education, Culture, Multilingualism and Youth
European Film Promotion
European Institute of Cultural Routes
European League of Institutes of the Arts
European Network of Information Centres
European Union National Institutes for Culture
European Union Youth Orchestra
Union of the Theatres of Europe
See also: Institutions of the European Union
List of programmes[edit]
The EU promotes cultural development through numerous programmes such as:
Culture 2000
Erasmus Mundus
Erasmus Programme
Europa coin programme
European Capital of Culture
European Cultural Month
European Cultural Route
European Heritage Days
European Library
Europeana
EUscreen
MEDIA Programme
Modul-dance
Protected areas of the European Union
Video Active
List of awards[edit]
The EU promotes cultural development through the policy of awards:
Aristeion Prize
Civis media prize
Europe Book Prize
European Border Breakers Award
European Inventor of the Year
European IST Grand Prize
European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture
European Union Prize for Literature[7]
Lux Prize
Young European of the Year
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2011)
List of non-EU cultural institutions, bodies and programmes[edit]
The following is a list of European institutions, bodies and programmes which may be thought to be related to the EU/EU policy, but are not:
Arte
Council of Europe
Compendium of cultural policies and trends in Europe
Eurocities
EUROFRAME
Europalia
European Broadcasting Union
European Cultural Foundation
European Dancehouse Network
European Film Academy
European Museum Forum
University Network of the European Capitals of Culture
Policies by sector[edit]
Arts and Culture[edit]
The European Commission runs the EU's Culture Programme, which typically runs in 7 year intervals. The last Culture Programme was called Culture 2000. For the next Culture Programme (2007-2013) was spent €400 million. Current program is called "Creative Europe" (2014-2020). [8]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2011)
Sports[edit]
Main article: Sport policies of the European Union
Sport is largely the domain of the member states, with the EU mostly playing an indirect role. Recently the EU launched an anti-doping convention. The role of the EU might increase in the future, if (for example) the Treaty of Lisbon were to be ratified by all member states.[9] Other policies of the EU have affected sports, such as the freedom of employment which was at the core of the Bosman ruling, which prohibited national football leagues from imposing quotas on foreign players with EU nationality.[10]
Languages[edit]
Main article: Languages of the European Union
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References[edit]
Jump up ^ Schindler, Joerg Michael. "Culture, Politics and Europe: en route to Culture-Related Impact Assessment" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-01-06.
Jump up ^ "European Commission - Culture". Ec.europa.eu. 2010-07-07. Retrieved 2013-07-24.
Jump up ^ "Cultural heritage as a vehicle of cultural identity". philatelism.com. 2007-07-05. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
Jump up ^ "Compendium: Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe". Culturalpolicies.net. 1949-05-05. Retrieved 2013-07-24.
Jump up ^ Bozoki, Andras. "Cultural Policy and Politics in the European Union" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-01-06.
Jump up ^ "European Commission Website". Ec.europa.eu. 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2013-07-24.
Jump up ^ "EU Prize for Literature website". Euprizeliterature.eu. Retrieved 2013-07-24.
Jump up ^ "European Commission Website". Ec.europa.eu. 2010-07-07. Retrieved 2013-07-24.
Jump up ^ Goldirova, Renata (2007-07-11). "Brussels' first-ever move into sport area set to spark controversy". EU Observer. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
Jump up ^ Fordyce, Tom (2007-07-11). "10 years since Bosman". BBC News. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
Jump up ^ http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/policy/index_en.html
External links[edit]
Language and culture section, euractiv.com
Europe of cultures 50 years of artistic creation and cultural life from the 27 countries of the European Union with Ina
EU Culture Portal (archived)
Euronews - Culture
Bocholier, Emöke. "Creative Europe Programme: renewing support to the cultural and creative sectors" (PDF). Library Briefing. Library of the European Parliament. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
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Bajrang Dal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Bajrang Dal
बजरंग दल
Formation
1 October 1984 (33 years ago) (1984-10-01)
Type
Specialised agency of Vishva Hindu Parishad
Legal status
Active
Headquarters
New Delhi, India
Region served
India
Official language
Hindi
Head
Rajesh Pandey
Parent organisation
Vishva Hindu Parishad
Website
Bajrang Dal
The Bajrang Dal is a militant organisation that forms the youth wing of the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP). It is a member of the RSS family of organisations.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The ideology of the organisation is based on Hindutva (Hindu nationalism).[10][11] Founded on 1 October 1984 in Uttar Pradesh, it has since spread throughout India,[12] although its most significant base remains the northern and central portions of the country. The group runs about 2,500 akhadas, similar to the shakhas (branches) of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. The name "Bajrang" is a reference to the Hindu deity Hanuman.
The Bajrang Dal's slogan is 'Sevā Surakṣā Sanskṛti' or "service, safety and culture." One of the main goals of the Dal is to build the Ramjanmabhoomi temple in Ayodhya, the Krishnajanmabhoomi temple in Mathura and the Kashi Vishwanath temple in Varanasi, which are currently disputed places of worship. Other goals include protecting India's "Hindu" identity from the perceived dangers of communism, Muslim demographic growth and Christian conversion, as well as the prevention of cow slaughter.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 Ideology and agenda
3 Controversies
4 Criticism
5 Demand for ban
6 List of presidents
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Origin
In October 1984, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) initiated the practice of regular processions to be held in Ayodhya in the state of Uttar Pradesh. These processions were called "Ram-Janaki Rathayatra" and were aimed at "awakening the society." While the VHP did not officially claim any anti-religion drivers for this practice, many sections of the society in India viewed this as a pro-Hindu movement. As a result, there was an environment of communal tension and threat surrounding this procession. Under these circumstances, Hindu saints in the VHP called upon the youth to protect the procession. Thus, the Bajrang Dal came into existence.[citation needed]
The organisation has since spread beyond Uttar Pradesh.
Ideology and agenda
Among the goals of the Bajrang Dal in modern India is a reversing of the Islamic Invasions and British imperialism. They include demands to convert historical monuments currently disputed into temples.[13] The Bajrang Dal asserts on its website that they are neither communal or divisive. In particular, they say[14]
"The Bajrang Dal is not against any religion. It acknowledges respecting the faith of other people, but expects and asserts for a similar respect of the Hindu Sentiments. Being Hindu, the Bajrang Dal believes in validity of all Religions and Respect for all human beings, irrespective of caste, color, and religion (Aatmasvat Sarva Bhuteshu). It is for this purpose that the Bajrang Dal has undertaken various public-awakening campaigns. It does not believe in violence or any unlawful activity."
In addition, Bajrang Dal said they would circulate five million handbills, giving details about the activities of Christian missionaries. Bajrang Dal national convenor Surendra Kumar Jain said the outfit would peacefully expose what he described as questionable means adopted by some Christian bodies to convert poor people under a world evangelical plan that specially targeted Hindu-majority India.[15]
Bajrang Dal, together with the Vishwa Hindu Parishad, has spoken out against Islamic Terrorism in India and have announced that they will carry out awareness campaigns across the nation. They have stated that Islamic terrorists are hiding among the general population in India and mean to expose them.[16] Bajrang Dal convener Prakash Sharma stressed that they were not targeting any particular community, but were trying to "wake up" the people of India, particularly the youth, to the dangers of terrorism in the light of the 2002 Akshardham Temple attack perpetrated by terrorists linked to the militant group Lashkar-e-Toiba.[17][18]
Bajrang Dal shares the VHP's position against cow slaughter and has supported proposals for banning it.[19] The Gujarat Bajrang Dal is at the forefront of the anti-beauty contest agitation. Another of its objectives is preventing Hindu-Muslim marriages.[20] The organisation claims to work towards eradicating social evils like dowry and untouchability.[citation needed]
Controversies
Bajrang Dal was banned in 1992 by Narasimha Rao government following the Babri Masjid Demolition, but the ban was revoked one year later.[12]
According to the Human Rights Watch, Bajrang Dal had been involved in riots against Muslims in the 2002 Gujarat violence.[21]
In April 2006, two Bajrang Dal activists were killed in nearby Nanded in the process of bomb making. The same group of activists were also suspected for perpetrating the 2003 Parbhani mosque blasts.[22] Those arrested later told interrogators they wanted to avenge several blasts across the country.[23] NDTV subsequently accused the police of a coverup in Nanded[24] A report by the Secular Citizen's Forum & PUCL, Nagpur claimed to have found maps of mosques at the home of one of the deceased.[25][26] and on 24 August 2008 in Kanpur.[27]
The VHP leader, Praveen Togadia, was arrested in April 2003 after distributing tridents to Bajrang Dal activists in Ajmer defying ban and prohibitory orders. Togadia asserted that the coming Assembly polls in the Indian state of Rajasthan would be fought on the issue of tridents and attacked the ruling Congress Party for "placating" Muslims for electoral gains. He expressed satisfaction at the publicity received due to the incident.[28]
The Bajrang Dal has been accused of not allowing Muslims to own land in parts of Gujarat by attacking traders who sell to Muslims and by attacking Muslim homes and forcing the sale of the house or flat. This creates a ghettoisation of large cities in Gujarat, like Ahmedabad and Vadodara.[29]
On several occasions, acting as "Social Police" the activists of Bajrang Dal have caught un-married couples on Valentines day and forced them to apply sindoor or tie rakhis against their wishes. The activists of Bajrang Dal have often indulged in violence, invading gift shops and restaurants and threatening couples on Valentines day.[30][31][32][33]
In September 2008, a fresh wave of attacks directed against the Newlife Christian churches and prayer halls in Karnataka by the Bajrang Dal, as a protest against defaming Hindu gods and against religious conversion carried on by the Newlife Missionaries. Later, Mahendra Kumar, the convener of Bajrang Dal was arrested in connection with it even after he publicly announced that they are not responsible for the attacks, after the Center had strongly criticised the state Government. In addition, the National Commission for Minorities has also blamed them for the religious violence in BJP-ruled states of Karnataka and Odisha.[34] However, some police reports claim that the Bajrang Dal was not involved per se and that the attacks were carried out by splinter groups. However, testimonies of Bajrang Dal activists show exactly the opposite, as they described the attacks and openly warned of more violence.[35]
Starting 14 February 2011, there has been a fresh wave of violence directed at people celebrating Valentine's Day in the city of Kanpur, in the province of Uttar Pradesh. "Offenders", so called, are forced to hold their ears and do sit-ups as punishment for being caught celebrating the "Western holiday". Police have been called in to calm the sectarian violence and discrimination.[36]
Criticism
The United States Department of State's annual report on international religious freedom for 2000 and World Report (2000) by the Human Rights Watch labelled this organisation as a Hindu extremist group.[37][38] Paul R. Brass, Professor Emeritus of Political Science and South Asian Studies at the University of Washington, described the Bajrang Dal as Indian equivalent of Nazi Germany's Sturmabteilung.[39]
Bajrang Dal has also received criticism from other Hindu nationalist organisations such as the Hindu Mahasabha. Bajrang Dal has been criticised for adopting the same violent methods as the Islamic fundamentalists in their attempt to curb the spread of Islamic terrorism, a move deemed by the Mahasabha to be counterproductive.[40] In addition, the Bharatiya Janata Party member and former prime minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee have also come out in criticism of Bajrang Dal. Vajpayee said that the Bajrang Dal "only embarrassed the BJP" and urged the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) to "rein them in".[41] After the religious violence in Odisha, the Bharatiya Janata Party Prime Ministerial candidate L. K. Advani advised the Bajrang Dal to cease association with violence, concerned with the fact that it took pressure off the UPA government in Delhi.[42]
Demand for ban
Though there were no demands for ban till recently, there is a lot of demand for ban from the ruling Congress which is accused by opposition for minority appeasement, and also from different minority groups including the government owned National Commission for Minorities. However, the ruling government has decided not to impose due to fear of lack of evidences.[43] In addition, India's National Security Advisor also suggested that a ban on Bajrang Dal is not sustainable[44]
In September 2008, the Indian National Congress (INC) demanded a ban on the Bajrang Dal and the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) which according to the INC are involved in anti-national activities. Congress spokesman Manish Tewari said "White paper should be brought out not only against SIMI but all organisations involved in anti-national activities like Bajrang Dal and VHP".[45] Congress spokesman Shakeel Ahmed said, "Those outfits involved in terrorist activity should be investigated, the question is why Bajrang Dal should not be banned".[46] Muslim cleric Maulana Khalid Rashid Firangi Mahli, who is involved in the "Movement Against Terrorism", also demanded a ban on this organisation in the wake of the Kanpur blast.[47]
The monthly magazine Communalism Combat started by civil rights activists Teesta Setalvad and Javed Anand demanded an immediate ban on the Bajrang Dal in August 2008.[48]
Leader of the Lok Janashakti Party (LJP) Ramchandra Paswan describing the Bajrang Dal as communal organisation said, "Bajrang Dal and VHP should immediately be banned."[49]
The Indian National Congress, Union Minister Ram Vilas Paswan, former prime minister H. D. Deve Gowda and Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Mayawati have demanded a ban on Bajrang Dal and Sri Rama Sena. In this regard, Deve Gowda sent a letter to prime minister and accused Bajrang Dal "for perpetrating senseless violence" against minorities in Karnataka and Odisha.[50][51][52]
On 5 October 2008, the National Commission for Minorities has recommended a ban on the Bajrang Dal and VHP for its alleged role in the attacks on Christian institutions in Karnataka.[53] However, the ruling state government has[54] the Minority commission's recommendations and does not support this suggestion.
On 5 October 2008, the Indian prime minister has decided to call a special cabinet meeting to discuss a possible ban on the Bajrang Dal and the Vishwa Hindu Parishad over the continuing attacks on Christians and its institutions in Odisha and Karnataka.[55]
List of presidents
Vinay Katiyar
Jaibhan Singh Pawaiya
Surendra Jain
Prakash Sharma
Subash Chouhan
Rajesh Pandey
See also
Babu Bajrangi
Rohit Vyasmaan
2001 Odisha Assembly attack
2006 Mangalore riots
References
Jump up ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2010). Religion, Caste, and Politics in India. Primus Books. pp. xxiii. ISBN 9789380607047.
Jump up ^ Chetan Bhatt (2001). Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths. Berg Publishers. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-85973-348-6.
Jump up ^ Keith Watson; William I. Ozanne (2013). Education and Religion: Global Pressures, Local Responses. Routledge. p. 101. Bajrang Dal, the paramilitary youth wing
Jump up ^ Whitehead, Judith. Development and Dispossession in the Narmada Valley. Pearson. p. 166. ISBN 9789332506503. Vishwa Hindu Parishad, its cultural organization, and the Bajrang Dal, the paramilitary youth wing
Jump up ^ Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani (2000). The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour. LeftWord Books. 'paramilitary wing' of the VHP: 'Bajrang Dal
Jump up ^ Timothy Lubin, Donald R. Davis Jr, Jayanth K. Krishnan (2010). Hinduism and Law: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 236. Like the Bajrang Dal, the Durga Vahini plays a paramilitary role CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Sonia Corrêa, Rosalind Petchesky, Richard Parker (2008). Sexuality, Health and Human Rights. Routledge. p. 348. ISBN 9781134266661. Bajrang Dal(the paramilitary wing of the VHP) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Joshy, P. M.; Seethi, K. M. (2015-10-08). State and Civil Society under Siege: Hindutva, Security and Militarism in India. SAGE Publications India. p. 119. ISBN 9789351503835.
Jump up ^ Ludden, David (1996-04-01). Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 47. ISBN 0812215850.
Jump up ^ Anand, Dibyesh (2007). "Anxious sexualities: Masculinity, nationalism and violence". The British Journal of Politics & International Relations. 9 (2): 257–269. doi:10.1111/j.1467-856x.2007.00282.x.
Jump up ^ Deshpande, Rajeev (30 September 2008). "Bajrang Dal: The militant face of the saffron family?". The Times of India. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dal v state".
Jump up ^ From the website of the Bajrang Dal
Jump up ^ Declaration from the website of the Bajrang Dal
Jump up ^ "Welcome to MEDIA-WATCH.ORG". media-watch.org. Archived from the original on 3 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Terror:VHP plans awareness jatha,Deccan Herald
Jump up ^ Bajrang Dal launches campaign,The Tribune
Jump up ^ "Three get death for Akshardham attack". Times of India. 2 June 2006. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
Jump up ^ Cow slaughter: Bajrang Dal dubs Forum’s stand anti-Hindu,Deccan Herald
Jump up ^ "Cover Story: Bajrang Dal: Loonies at Large". india-today.com.
Jump up ^ State Participation and Complicity in Communal Violence in Gujarat Humean Rights Watch – June 2002
Jump up ^ Malegaon the road to perdition,The Hindu
Jump up ^ [1] Malegaon blasts: Is it Bajrang or Lashkar?
Jump up ^ Police cover up Nanded blast,NDTV.com.
Jump up ^ A report on bomb blast at the house of prominent RSS activist in Nanded, Maharashtra,pucl.org
Jump up ^ Security agencies pursue Bajrang Dal, Bangla links to Malegaon DNAIndia – 6 September 2006
Jump up ^ Bajrang Dal plotted ‘revenge blasts’ in Kanpur: UP police Indian Express – 28 August 2008
Jump up ^ Togadia defies ban, distributes tridents,The Hindu
Jump up ^ "Organised intolerance". hinduonnet.com.
Jump up ^ Valentines day
Jump up ^ Gupta, Suchandana (15 February 2008). "On V-Day, Bajrang Dal men force couple to get 'married'". The Times of India.
Jump up ^ "Sena, Bajrang Dal act spoilers on Valentine's Day". Rediff.com. 31 December 2004. Retrieved 2012-11-26.
Jump up ^ "Bajrang Dal protests against Valentine's Day". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 15 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Christians: The Sangh Parivar's new target The Economic Times – 20 September 2008
Jump up ^ BJP, Dal talk in two voices over Karnataka NDTV – 23 September 2008
Jump up ^ Bajrang Dal activists threaten couples celebrating Valentine's Day in Kanpur DailyIndia.com – 14 February 2011
Jump up ^ Barbara Larkin. Annual Report on International Religious Freedom 2000. p. 508. ISBN 0-7567-1229-7.
Jump up ^ Human Rights Watch World Report 2000. Human Rights Watch. p. 188. ISBN 1-56432-238-6.
Jump up ^ Paul R. Brass (1997). Theft of an Idol: Text and Context in the Representation of Collective Violence. Princeton University Press. p. 17. ISBN 0-691-02650-5.
Jump up ^ Bajarangis – Do not become Hindu Jihadis,hindutva.org
Jump up ^ Rein in Parivar outfits, PM tells RSS,The Tribune
Jump up ^ Bajrang deaf to BJP sermon The Telegraph, Calcutta – 3 October 2008
Jump up ^ "Bajrang Dal ban: A case of political divide". rediff.com.
Jump up ^ "No ban on Bajrang Dal now: NSA". rediff.com.
Jump up ^ "Zee News: Latest News Headlines, Current Live Breaking News from India & World". zeenews.com.
Jump up ^ "Congress demands ban on Bajrang Dal". The Times of India.
Jump up ^ Muslim cleric demands ban on Bajrang Dal
Jump up ^ "Call for immediate ban on Bajrang Dal, VHP". The Hindu.
Jump up ^ "Zee News: Latest News Headlines, Current Live Breaking News from India & World". zeenews.com.
Jump up ^ Gowda, Maya demand ban on Bajrang Dal The Times of India, 22 September 2008
Jump up ^ Paswan seeks ban on Bajrang Dal, VHP The Hindu, 20 September 2008
Jump up ^ Congress seeks ban on VHP, Bajrang Dal Sify News, 20 September 2008
Jump up ^ Ban Bajrang Dal, says national minorities panel CNN-IBN, 6 October 2008
Jump up ^ "BJP flays minorities panel report on Karnataka". rediff.com.
Jump up ^ Cabinet to discuss Bajrang, VHP ban The Telegraph
External links
Official website
Human Rights report Watch referring on the role of the Bajrang Dal in the 2002 Gujarat Riots
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Michael Showers (actor)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Michael Showers
Born
(1966-03-14)March 14, 1966
Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
Died
August 22, 2011(2011-08-22) (aged 45)
New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
Cause of death
Drowning
Nationality
American
Occupation
Actor
Years active
2000–2011
Michael Showers (March 14, 1966 – August 22, 2011) was an American actor who was best known for his role as Captain John Guidry on the television series Treme.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Death
2 Filmography
2.1 Film
2.2 Television
3 References
4 External links
Death[edit]
On August 24, 2011, Showers' body was discovered in the Mississippi River near the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana. New Orleans police speculated that Showers had been dead for at least two days when his body was found.[3] Autopsy results confirmed that Showers' death was caused by drowning.[4]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Traffic (2000) - Meeting Leader
Immortally Yours (2007) - Jack Dougherty
Mad Money (2008) - Detective (Uncredited)
Soul Men (2008) - Detective in Charge
I Love You Phillip Morris (2009) - Gary
Wonderful World (2009) - Marty Rowe
The Collector (2009) - Deputy Sheriff
Tekken (2010) - Security Assistant #1
The Resident (2011) - August ER Doctor
The Tree of Life (2011) - Mr. Brown
Love, Wedding, Marriage (2011) - Handsome Toothless Man
Colombiana (2011) - Cop
Television[edit]
Sordid Lives: The Series (2008) - Homeless Man (1 Episode)
The Vampire Diaries (2010) - The Man (1 Episode)
Breaking Bad (2010) - Union Rep (1 Episode)
Treme (2011) - Captain John Guidry (4 Episodes)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ O'Neal, Sean (August 25, 2011). "Treme actor found dead in the Mississippi River". The A.V. Club | TV | Newswire. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Dave Walker (August 25, 2011). "Today in 'Treme:' David Simon reacts to the death of Michael Showers". The Times-Picayune. NOLA.com. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ "'Treme' actor Michael Showers is dead at 45". Latimesblogs.latimes.com. August 25, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Autopsy: 'Treme' actor pulled from river drowned". Yahoo News. August 26, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
External links[edit]
Michael Showers on IMDb
This article about a United States film and television actor or actress born in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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