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Follow the Leader (Korn album)
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"Children of the Korn" redirects here. For other uses, see Children of the Corn (disambiguation).
Follow the Leader
Studio album by Korn
Released
August 18, 1998
Recorded
March–May 1998
Studio
NRG Recording Studios, North Hollywood, Los Angeles[1]
Genre
Nu metal
Length
70:08
Label
Immortal/Epic
Producer
Steve Thompson, Toby Wright
Korn chronology
Life Is Peachy
(1996)Life Is Peachy1996 Follow the Leader
(1998) Issues
(1999)Issues1999
Singles from Follow the Leader
"All in the Family"
Released: July 18, 1998
"Got the Life"
Released: November 23, 1998
"Children of the Korn"
Released: 1998
"B.B.K."
Released: 1998
"Freak on a Leash"
Released: May 25, 1999
Follow the Leader is the third studio album by the American nu metal band Korn. The album was released on August 18, 1998, through Immortal/Epic. This was their first album not produced by Ross Robinson. Instead, it was produced by Steve Thompson and Toby Wright.
The album peaked at number one on four charts, including the Billboard 200 with 268,000 units sold in its first week of release,[2] and is often credited with launching nu metal into the mainstream. The album received a 5× Platinum certification in the United States on March 15, 2002[3] as well as a 3× Platinum in Australia and Canada.[4][5] Its singles "Got the Life", and "Freak on a Leash", both charted on more than three charts, and their music videos are considered to be the first music videos retired from MTV, most notably the MTV show Total Request Live.[6] The album generally received positive reviews by critics. Korn was praised by AllMusic saying the album is "an effective follow-up to their first two alt-metal landmarks."[7]
The Family Values Tour promoted the album, along with its five singles. The song "Freak on a Leash" was nominated for nine MTV Video Music Awards, and won for the Best Rock Video award, as well as Best Editing.[6] The music video for "Freak on a Leash" won Best Short Form Music Video at the 2000 Grammy Awards.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Recording and production
1.1 Photography and illustration
2 Promotion
3 Composition
4 Critical reception
5 Commercial performance
6 Track listing
7 Credits
8 Charts
9 References
10 Bibliography
Recording and production[edit]
By early 1998, Korn returned to the studio to record Follow the Leader. Even though Korn was impressed by the work Ross Robinson had done on their previous albums, they decided to work with Steve Thompson and Toby Wright. Robinson did however work with singer Jonathan Davis as a vocal coach for the album. Korn was shown making the video on KornTV. The reason they exposed themselves making the album was because they wanted to let their fans see what they were doing in the studio and behind the scenes.[9] Follow the Leader features numerous guest vocalists, including Ice Cube on "Children of the Korn", Tre Hardson of The Pharcyde on "Cameltosis" and Limp Bizkit's Fred Durst on "All in the Family".[10][11] The songs for the album were written and copyrighted in 1997, with the exception of "Children of the Korn", "All in the Family" and "Cameltosis", which are copyrighted from 1998.[12]
In a 2013 interview, the band revealed that they partied heavily during the production of Follow the Leader, with massive amounts of alcohol, drugs, and women in the studio. Davis explained further, saying that while recording the vocals for "It's On", there were "people getting blowjobs right behind me, there was girls banging each other in front of me, people getting boned in the closet right behind me, it was the craziest shit I've ever seen in my life and I sang that song." According to Davis, he only agreed to begin tracking vocals when producer Toby Wright met his demands for an eight-ball (a one-eighth ounce of cocaine).[13]
The hidden track "Earache My Eye" features comedian Cheech Marin of Cheech & Chong
Photography and illustration[edit]
The artwork for Follow the Leader was done by Todd McFarlane Entertainment, with McFarlane and fellow Image Comics artists Greg Capullo (penciller) and Brian Haberlin (colorist) doing the album cover, and designer Brent Ashe handling the graphics work.[10][14] According to drummer David Silveria, the band got interested in McFarlane after hearing that "Todd had actually referred to us as 'the Doors of the 90's'", leading to them recording a song for Spawn, a film based on a comic book by McFarlane, and eventually approaching the artist to make an album cover for them.[15] The cover art depicts a child hopscotching off a cliff and a gathering of kids waiting to follow, a concept that begun with bassist Reginald "Fieldy" Arvizu and sketched by a friend of Jonathan Davis before being submitted to McFarlane. It marked the third straight Korn cover featuring children in a disturbing context, which Davis explained by saying that "Children are always scared when they're all happy and stuff. They're the most beautiful thing in the world, but when you see it in our artwork, the way we've placed it, it's just kinda fuckin' weird."[16] [17] The "Freak on a Leash" music video features animated segments by McFarlane featuring this cover art.[18]
Promotion[edit]
Rapper Ice Cube is featured on the track "Children of the Korn."
Follow the Leader is recognized as Korn's mainstream breakthrough, and the album that launched nu metal into the mainstream.[19] Follow the Leader was released August 18, 1998,[20] and was awarded multi-platinum certification for shipments in excess of five million copies, by the RIAA on March 15, 2002.[21] In fall of 1998, Korn started the Family Values Tour. According to Arvizu, the tour name was due to "so many of their friends who were like family to us played in bands".[22] The tour started on September 22, 1998, ending on October 31, 1998. The tour grossed over 6.4 million (6,400,000). Korn maintained a generally low ticket price, usually no more than thirty dollars. Korn toured with the band Limp Bizkit, as well as Ice Cube, Orgy, Incubus, and Rammstein.[22] The tour was considered to be a major success, and promoted Follow the Leader to sales that were considered to have "skyrocketed".[23]
The album was also promoted through Concrete Marketing's Concrete Corner program. The promotion saw 100,000 copies of a compilation CD featuring tracks of breakthrough artists approved by Korn, as well as a previously unreleased Korn track, being shrink-wrapped to the album at participating stores and given away for free with each purchase of the album. Band artists (at the time) featured on this CD included Kid Rock, Orgy, Powerman 5000 and Limp Bizkit.[24] The album had five singles issued: "All in the Family", "Got the Life", "Freak on a Leash", "Children of the Korn", and "B.B.K."[25]
Composition[edit]
Follow the Leader is seventy minutes and eight seconds long. AllMusic said, "They write songs, but those wind up not being nearly as memorable as their lurching metallic hip-hop grind."[7] Entertainment Weekly commented that Follow the Leader was Korn's "gimmick", while saying the album had "steely riffs" and "stomping beats".[26] Tower Records said the album "combines streamlined metal with ominous industrial touches and an undercurrent of hip-hop rhythm," and also said it was an "urban nightmare".[1] The album is considered to be nu metal, but also spans other genres such as alternative metal and heavy metal.[7][27]
"Freak on a Leash"
Both "Freak on a Leash" and "Got the Life" are among the first music videos to be retired from MTV's Total Request Live.[6] The song was a "boiling straw."[28]
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The album features 25 tracks, 12 of which last five seconds of silence, making the first 1 minute of the album all silent as respect for a fan named Justin, which had the 10th track, or 22nd, named after him. The concept of the song "Justin" was about a boy with the same name dying of intestinal cancer. His last wish was to meet the members of Korn. [1] Winston-Salem Journal writer Ed Bumgardner described Korn's work as having "shaped rap, metal, and punk into a sonic maelstrom that is brutal, aggressive - and reasonably musical".[29] The Daily News said that "the band shovels chunky beats into an already complex sound..."[28] Michael Mehle of Rocky Mountain News said, "For the uninitiated, the classic Korn sound comes rumbling out of the speakers on the first cut: It's On! grinds fuzzy guitars, thunderous beats, and shouts of gut-wrenching rage into an anthem for the alienated", and gave other positive remarks.[30] The Charlotte Observer said the album was dark, but humble.[31] A Zeeland high school assistant principal said in an interview for a Michigan newspaper that the music is "indecent, vulgar, obscene, and intends to be insulting". She said this after giving a student a one-day suspension for wearing a shirt with Korn on it.[17]
Critical reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [7]
Billboard (favorable)[32]
Robert Christgau C[33]
Entertainment Weekly B−[26]
The New York Times (mixed)[34]
Pitchfork Media 6.9/10[38]
Rolling Stone [35]
Spin 7/10[36]
Yahoo! Music (favorable)[37]
Follow the Leader received generally positive reviews. Stephan Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic gave the album four out of five stars, saying that it "is an effective follow-up to their first two alt-metal landmarks." Erlewine also said that the songs were "vehicles for the metal grind".[7] Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B–. Reviewer Jim Farber said that the lyrics "provide a new blend of metal and remnants of alt-rock."[26] Jon Pareles from The New York Times said the album was "choppy", and also said that lead singer Jonathan Davis was "wrestling with self-hatred, violent impulses, parental execration, and a confused sexual identity..."[34] Robert Christgau of The Village Voice said that, although Korn "deny they're metal", they "nevertheless demonstrate that the essence of metal ... is self-obliterating volume and self-aggrandizing display."[33] Rolling Stone gave the album four out of five stars, while saying that Korn "have an ideal record for those long, black days when all you can do is say 'What the Fuck! What the Fuck! What the Fuck!' at bloody murder volume".[35] The album is featured in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.[39]
Commercial performance[edit]
Follow the Leader peaked at number one on four charts, including the Billboard 200.[40] Follow the Leader peaked at number five in the United Kingdom.[41] The album received a 5× platinum certification in the United States,[3] as well as a triple platinum in Australia and Canada.[4][5] Follow the Leader also received a gold certification in the Netherlands.[42] The album's first charting single, "Got the Life", released on July 24, 1998, peaked at number fifteen on the Mainstream Rock Songs chart,[43] and received a gold certification in Australia.[44] The album's next charting single, "Freak on a Leash", released in February 1999, peaked at number six on the Alternative Songs chart, as well as number six on the Bubbling Under Hot 100,[40] and like "Got the Life", received a gold certification in Australia.[44] "Freak on a Leash" was nominated for nine MTV Video Music Awards, and won for the Best Rock Video award, as well as Best Editing.[6]
Track listing[edit]
All songs written by Korn except "Earache My Eye" written by Tommy Chong, Gaye Delorme and Richard Marin. All guest appearances feature an extra writing credit by the guest.
No.
Title
Length
1. "It's On!" 4:28
2. "Freak on a Leash" 4:15
3. "Got the Life" 3:45
4. "Dead Bodies Everywhere" 4:44
5. "Children of the Korn" (featuring Ice Cube) 3:52
6. "B.B.K." 3:56
7. "Pretty" 4:12
8. "All in the Family" (featuring Fred Durst) 4:48
9. "Reclaim My Place" 4:32
10. "Justin" 4:17
11. "Seed" 5:54
12. "Cameltosis" (featuring Tre Hardson) 4:38
13. "My Gift to You" ("My Gift To You" ends at 7:12. A hidden track entitled "Earache My Eye", a Cheech & Chong cover, starts at 9:12, after 2 minutes of silence.) 15:40
Total length: 70:08
The original physical release features 25 tracks. The music begins on track 13 and ends on track 25, starting the album with 12 hidden tracks consisting of five seconds of silence each, totaling 60 seconds of silence out of respect for a deceased fan, who also had track 10, or track 22, (Justin) named after him.[45] Later prints move the silent tracks after the music. In interviews Jon Davis also mentioned he was very superstitious and did not want to end an album on track 13.
Credits[edit]
Korn
Additional musicians
Production
Ref
Jonathan Davis – vocals, bagpipes
Head – lead and rhythm guitars
Munky – rhythm and lead guitars
Fieldy – bass
David Silveria – drums
Fred Durst – vocals
Tre Hardson – vocals
Ice Cube – vocals
Cheech Marin - vocals
Todd McFarlane, Greg Capullo – artwork
Brian Haberlin – artwork (coloring)
Joseph Cultice – photography
Tommy D. Daugherty – programming
John Ewing, Jr. – engineer, assistant engineer
Ross Robinson - vocal coaching
Stephen Marcussen – mastering
Brendan O'Brien – mixing
Steve Thompson – producer
Don C. Tyler – digital editing
Justin Z. Walden – drums, programming
Toby Wright – producer, engineer
[10]
Charts[edit]
Chart (1998)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[46] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[47] 7
Belgium (Ultratop Flanders)[48] 13
Belgium (Ultratop Wallonia)[48] 30
Canada (CANOE)[40] 1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[49] 4
France (SNEP)[50] 5
Germany (Media Control AG)[51] 12
Netherlands (MegaCharts)[52] 7
New Zealand (RIANZ)[53] 1
Norway (VG-lista)[54] 5
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[55] 24
UK Albums (OCC)[56] 5
US Billboard 200[40] 1
Singles
Year
Song
Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles
US
Alt.
[40]
US
Main.
[43]
AUS
[46]
CAN
Alt.
[57]
GER
[51]
NLD
[52]
NZL
[53]
UK
[41]
1998 "Got the Life" – 17 15 26 1 — — — 22
1999 "Freak on a Leash" 6 6 10 22 25 58 23 43 24
Preceded by
Da Game Is to Be Sold Not to Be Told
by Snoop Dogg Billboard 200 number-one album
September 5–12, 1998 Succeeded by
The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill
by Lauryn Hill
Preceded by
Left of the Middle by Natalie Imbruglia Australian ARIA Albums Chart number-one album
August 30–September 6, 1998 Succeeded by
Internationalist by Powderfinger
Preceded by
Armageddon (soundtrack) by various artists Canadian Albums Chart number-one album
September 5–12, 1998 Succeeded by
Armageddon (soundtrack) by various artists
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Korn Interviewe by U.K.'s Scuzz". Blabbermouth.net. Archived from the original on 2015-02-05. Retrieved 2013-12-29.
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Jump up ^ "Korn - Follow The Leader Review". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved 2010-03-19
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Jump up ^ Ed Bumgardner (28 August 1998). "Korn's Follow the Leader rides the maelstrom", Winston-Salem Journal, p. 4.
Jump up ^ (98-11-04) "Follow the Leader Sticks To the Korn Recipe" The Rocky Mountain News.
Jump up ^ "Korn's Dark But Humble Says Guitarist" Newsbank.com Retrieved 2010-04-13
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^ Jump up to: a b Follow the Leader Review Archived 2012-07-06 at the Wayback Machine.. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
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"ultratop.be - Belgian charts portal" (in French). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 2012-11-02. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
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"Chartverfolgung / Korn / Longplay" (in German). PhonoNet. Archived from the original on 2012-02-08. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
"Chartverfolgung / Korn / Single" (in German). PhonoNet. Archived from the original on 2012-09-05. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
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^ Jump up to: a b "charts.org.nz - New Zealand charts portal". Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
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Bibliography[edit]
Book: Follow the Leader
Arvizu, Reginald (2009). Got The Life. William Marrow. ISBN 0-06-166249-6.
[hide]
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Life Is Peachy
Follow the Leader
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See You on the Other Side
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"Here to Stay"
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"Hater"
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"Take Me"
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Notable songs
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Bitch We Have a Problem Tour
Escape from the Studio Tour
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Mayhem Festival 2010
Music as a Weapon V Tour
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Capital punishment in New York
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Capital punishment is not in force in the State of New York. The last execution took place in 1963, when Eddie Mays was electrocuted at Sing Sing Prison. The state was the first to adopt the electric chair as a method of execution, which replaced hanging. Following the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling declaring existing capital punishment statutes unconstitutional in Furman v. Georgia (1972), New York was without a death penalty until 1995, when then-Governor George Pataki signed a new statute into law, which provided for execution by lethal injection.
In June 2004, the state's highest court ruled in People v. LaValle that the state's death penalty statute violated the state constitution,[1] and New York has had an effective moratorium on capital punishment since then. Subsequent legislative attempts at fixing or replacing the statute have failed,[2] and in 2008 then-Governor David Paterson issued an executive order disestablishing New York's death row.[3] Legislative efforts to amend the statute have failed, and death sentences are no longer sought at the state level, though certain crimes that fall under the jurisdiction of the federal government are subject to the federal death penalty.[4][5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Colonial period and statehood
2 Temporary abolition
3 Introduction of the electric chair
4 Statistics
5 Famous cases
6 Restrictions
7 Furman v. Georgia
8 Grasso extradition and execution
9 1995 reinstatement
10 Statute struck down in 2004
11 Political significance in Manhattan District Attorney elections
12 Legislative efforts to reinstate the death penalty
13 Death row disestablished
14 See also
15 References
16 External links
Colonial period and statehood[edit]
See also: Capital punishment in the United Kingdom
During various periods from the 1600s onward, New York law prescribed the death penalty for crimes such as sodomy, adultery, counterfeiting, perjury, and attempted rape or murder by slaves.[7] In 1796, New York abolished the death penalty for crimes other than murder and treason, but arson was made a capital crime in 1808.[7]
Temporary abolition[edit]
In 1860, the New York Legislature passed a bill which effectively, though unintentionally, abolished capital punishment in the state, by repealing hanging as a method of execution without prescribing an alternative method. The bill was signed by Governor Edwin D. Morgan in April 1860. The New York Court of Appeals ruled the statute unconstitutional, in part, as an ex post facto law. Governor Morgan signed legislation to restore the death penalty in 1861, and again in 1862 to fully repeal the earlier statute.[8]
Introduction of the electric chair[edit]
William Kemmler was the first individual to be executed by electric chair, on August 6, 1890.
Further information: Electric chair
In 1886, newly elected New York State governor David B. Hill set up a three-member "New York Commission" to determine a new, more humane system of execution to replace hanging. The commission included the human rights advocate and reformer Elbridge Thomas Gerry, New York lawyer and politician Matthew Hale, and Buffalo dentist and experimenter Alfred P. Southwick.[9] Southwick had been developing an idea since the early 1880s of using electric current as a means of capital punishment after hearing about how relatively painlessly and quickly a drunken man died due to grabbing the energized parts on a generator. Southwick had published this proposal first in 1882 and, being a dentist accustomed to performing procedures on subjects in chairs, used the form of a chair in his designs, which became known as the "electric chair".[10] The commission reviewed ancient and modern forms of execution including lethal injection but finally settled on electrocution in 1888. A bill making electrocution New York State's form of execution passed the legislature and was signed by Governor Hill on June 4, 1888, set to go into effect on January 1, 1889.
The first individual to be executed in the electric chair was William Kemmler, on August 6, 1890. Current was passed through Kemmler for 17 seconds and he was declared dead, but witnesses noticed he was still breathing, and the current was turned back on. From start to finish, the execution took eight minutes. During the execution, blood vessels under the skin ruptured and bled, and some witness reported that Kemmler's body set on fire.
Statistics[edit]
Main article: List of people executed in New York
From 1890 to 1963, 695 people were executed in New York. The first was William Kemmler on August 6, 1890, and the last was Eddie Lee Mays on August 15, 1963. Kemmler was the first person in the world known to be executed in an electric chair. Except for four individuals, all of the people executed during this period were convicted of murder. The four exceptions were Joseph Sacoda and Demetrius Gula, who were convicted of kidnapping and executed January 11, 1940, and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, who were convicted of espionage and executed June 19, 1953.[11]
Famous cases[edit]
Raymond Fernandez (left) and Martha Beck (right).
In 1901, Leon Czolgosz was electrocuted for the assassination of U.S. President William McKinley.
Ruth Snyder was one of the very few women executed at Sing Sing. She was put to death in 1928 for the murder of her husband.
A lesser known case dates to January 1936, when serial killer Albert Fish was put to death for the cannibal murder of 10-year-old Grace Budd. At age 65, Fish was the oldest person ever executed at Sing Sing.
Other notable cases are those of seven members of Mafia hit squad Murder, Inc between 1941 and 1944, and "Lonely hearts killer" Raymond Fernandez and Martha Beck in 1951, who are believed to have killed as many as 20 women.
The most famous execution in state history occurred in June, 1953, when Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were put to death at Sing Sing for espionage against the United States.
Restrictions[edit]
In 1965, Governor Nelson Rockefeller, a liberal Republican who supported capital punishment, signed legislation which abolished the death penalty except for cases involving the murder of a police officer.[12]
Furman v. Georgia[edit]
In the July 1972 decision in Furman v. Georgia, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the existing death penalty procedures across the United States. The moratorium lasted until 1976, when the Court ruled in Gregg v. Georgia that states could resume capital punishment under reworked statutes.
Grasso extradition and execution[edit]
On January 11, 1995, convicted killer Thomas J. Grasso, who had been sentenced to death by Oklahoma but was serving a sentence of 20 years to life in New York, was extradited from New York to Oklahoma to face execution.[13] Grasso was transported to Buffalo Niagara International Airport and flown to Oklahoma. He was executed on March 20, 1995.[14]
1995 reinstatement[edit]
In 1995, fulfilling a campaign promise, newly elected Governor George Pataki, a Republican, signed legislation reinstating the death penalty in New York, establishing lethal injection as the method of execution.
Statute struck down in 2004[edit]
On June 24, 2004, the New York Court of Appeals, the state's highest court, held 4–3 in People v. LaValle that the state's death penalty statute violated the New York Constitution.[1] Governor Pataki criticized the ruling and promised a quick legislative fix.
Between December 2004 and February 2005, public hearings were held in Manhattan and Albany. New York Law School Professor and death penalty advocate Robert Blecker advocated strongly in favor of reinstatement, while Manhattan District Attorney Robert M. Morgenthau strongly opposed reinstatement.
In 2007, the New York Court of Appeals heard arguments in People v. John Taylor, and, in rejecting the arguments of the Queens District Attorney, commuted the sentence to life without parole, leaving New York with an empty death row.
Political significance in Manhattan District Attorney elections[edit]
In the 2005 Democratic primary for Manhattan District Attorney, incumbent Robert Morgenthau's successful campaign produced television advertisements criticizing opponent Leslie Crocker Snyder, a prosecutor who had stated in her autobiography that in one case, she would have been willing to give a lethal injection to a defendant herself, saying Snyder was "Wrong on the Death Penalty, Wrong for Manhattan".[15] The New York Times endorsed Snyder but expressed concern about her support for the death penalty.[16] For the duration of Morgenthau's tenure as Manhattan District Attorney, he never once sought the death penalty in the period it was legal in New York.[17]
In the 2009 Democratic primary in which Morgenthau did not run, Snyder ran for District Attorney again, against Cyrus Vance, Jr. (who would win) and Richard Aborn. Both opponents strongly opposed the death penalty, and criticized Snyder for her previous comments. Snyder accused Vance and Aborn of taking her comments out of context, and stated that her position on the death penalty had changed due to learning about wrongful convictions. Aborn said he would oppose attempts to restore it, and would "lead the effort against any attempt to revive it".[18]
Legislative efforts to reinstate the death penalty[edit]
In 2005, supporters of the death penalty in the New York Legislature passed a bill restoring New York's death penalty in the Republican-controlled State Senate,[19][20] but the legislation was voted down by a legislative committee in the Democratic-controlled New York Assembly, and was not enacted into law.[2]
In 2008, the State Senate again passed legislation that would have established the death penalty for the murder of law enforcement officers,[21] but the Assembly did not act on the legislation.[citation needed]
Death row disestablished[edit]
In 2008, Governor David Paterson, a Democrat, issued an executive order requiring the removal of the state's execution equipment.[3]
See also[edit]
List of individuals executed in New York
New York State Electrician (executioner)
Crime in New York
Law of New York
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Glaberson, William (June 25, 2004). "4-3 Ruling Effectively Halts Death Penalty in New York". The New York Times. Retrieved December 31, 2009. New York State's highest court ruled yesterday that a central provision of the state's capital punishment law violated the State Constitution. Lawyers said the ruling would probably spare the lives of the four men now on death row and effectively suspend the death penalty in New York.
^ Jump up to: a b Powell, Michael (April 13, 2005). "In N.Y., Lawmakers Vote Not to Reinstate Capital Punishment". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 31, 2009. NEW YORK, April 12 -- New York's death penalty is no more. A legislative committee tossed out a bill Tuesday aimed at reinstating the state's death penalty, which a court had suspended last year. It was an extraordinary bit of drama, not least because a top Democrat who once strongly supported capital punishment led the fight to end it.
^ Jump up to: a b Scott, Brendan (July 24, 2008). "GOV PULLS SWITCH ON DEATH CELL". New York Post. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ Rob Gallagher (October 25, 2005). "New York Executions". Archived from the original on 2008-05-28. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
Jump up ^ Scott, Brendan (July 24, 2008). "GOV PULLS SWITCH ON DEATH CELL". New York Post. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
Jump up ^ Powell, Michael (April 13, 2005). "In N.Y., Lawmakers Vote Not to Reinstate Capital Punishment". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
^ Jump up to: a b Eisenstadt, Peter; Moss, Laura-Eve, eds. (2005). "Agriculture". The Encyclopedia of New York State. p. 261. ISBN 081560808X. LCCN 2005001032.
Jump up ^ "WHEN NEW YORK HAD NO DEATH PENALTY; Punishment for Murder Under Law of 1860 Curiously Limited to a Year in Prison". The New York Times. January 21, 1912. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ David Marc. "Southwick, Alfred Porter", American National Biography Online - 2000
Jump up ^ Christen, AG; Christen JA. (November 2000). "Alfred P. Southwick, MDS, DDS: dental practitioner, educator and originator of electrical executions". Journal of the History of Dentistry. 48 (3): 115–45. PMID 11806253.
Jump up ^ Lumer, Michael; Tenney, Nancy (1995). "The Death Penalty in New York: An Historical Perspective". Journal of Law and Policy. 4 (1). |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Craig Brandon, The Electric Chair: An Unnatural American History, 1999
Jump up ^ Sack, Kevin (January 12, 1995). "New York Transfers Killer to Oklahoma To Await Execution". The New York Times. Retrieved December 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Schwartzman, Paul; Finnegan, Michael (March 20, 1995). "GRASSO IS PUT TO DEATH POEM, COMPLAINT HIS FINAL WORDS". New York Daily News. Retrieved December 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Eaton, Leslie (August 31, 2005). "THE AD CAMPAIGN; A Morgenthau Attack, for Liberal Voters". The New York Times. Retrieved December 31, 2009. THE SCRIPT -- A narrator says: For district attorney, a clear choice. Eliot Spitzer calls Bob Morgenthau the best prosecutor in the nation. Morgenthau's innovative policies have brought crime in Manhattan down to record lows. And Morgenthau is leading the fight against the death penalty. Leslie Crocker Snyder supports the death penalty. She even told one defendant that she would have been willing to give him the lethal injection herself. Leslie Crocker Snyder. Wrong on the death penalty. Wrong for Manhattan.
Jump up ^ "When to End an Era". The New York Times. August 30, 2005. Retrieved December 31, 2009. There are some aspects of Ms. Snyder's record that give us pause. Unlike Mr. Morgenthau, she supports the death penalty.
Jump up ^ Powell, Michael; Rashbaum, William K.; Weiser, Benjamin (February 27, 2009). "Morgenthau Heads for Door, Legacy Assured". The New York Times. Retrieved January 8, 2010. A liberal Democratic lion, he never once sought the death penalty; and yet the city’s most confrontational mayors, Edward I. Koch and Rudolph W. Giuliani, hesitated to slash at him.
Jump up ^ "New Ideas". Archived from the original on December 31, 2009. Retrieved December 31, 2009. Capital punishment is contrary to our values as New Yorkers. It is immoral and it is wrong. I have always opposed capital punishment, and will lead the effort against any attempt to revive it in New York.
Jump up ^ "Senate Passes Death Penalty Legislation". March 9, 2005. Retrieved December 31, 2009. Senator Thomas P. Morahan announced that the New York State Senate passed legislation that will reinstate the death penalty for criminals who kill police officers. The Senate also passed a bill that would amend the state’s death penalty law to fix a provision that was ruled invalid by the state Court of Appeals.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Michael; Ramirez, Anthony (March 10, 2005). "New York: Albany: Senate Votes To Restore Execution". The New York Times. Retrieved December 31, 2009. The Republican-led State Senate voted yesterday to restore New York's death penalty, but the Democratic-controlled Assembly has shown little inclination to follow suit. The vote in the Senate was 37 to 22, mostly along party lines.
Jump up ^ "Senate Passes Bill To Establish Death Penalty For Cop Killers". May 29, 2008. Retrieved December 31, 2009. The New York State Senate today passed legislation, sponsored by Senator Martin Golden (R-C, Brooklyn), that would establish the death penalty for criminals who kill police officers.
External links[edit]
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Timeline of New York's death penalty
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_New_York&oldid=823630869"
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Cat on a Hot Tin Roof
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the film adaptations, see Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958 film) and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1984 film).
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof
First edition cover (New Directions)
Written by
Tennessee Williams
Characters
Margaret
Brick
Big Daddy
Big Mama
Mae/"Sister Woman"
Gooper/"Brother Man"
Doctor Baugh
Reverend Tooker
Date premiered
March 24, 1955
Place premiered
Morosco Theatre
New York City, New York
Original language
English
Subject
Death, mendacity, relationships, loneliness, homosexuality, alcoholism
Genre
Drama, southern gothic
Setting
Brick and Margaret's room on the Pollitt plantation in Mississippi
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof is a play by Tennessee Williams. One of Williams's more famous works and his personal favorite,[1] the play won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1955. Set in the "plantation home in the Mississippi Delta"[2] of Big Daddy Pollitt, a wealthy cotton tycoon, the play examines the relationships among members of Big Daddy's family, primarily between his son Brick and Maggie the "Cat", Brick's wife.
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof features motifs such as social mores, greed, superficiality, mendacity, decay, sexual desire, repression and death. Dialogue throughout is often rendered phonetically to represent accents of the Southern United States. The original production starred Barbara Bel Geddes, Burl Ives and Ben Gazzara. The play was adapted as a motion picture of the same name in 1958, starring Elizabeth Taylor and Paul Newman as Maggie and Brick, with Burl Ives and Madeleine Sherwood recreating their stage roles. Williams made substantial excisions and alterations to the play for a revival in 1974. This has been the version used for most subsequent revivals, which have been numerous.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Themes
2.1 Falsehoods and untruths
2.2 Facing death
3 Stage productions
3.1 Original production
3.2 Revivals
4 Original Broadway cast
5 Original West End cast
6 Adaptations
7 Awards and nominations
7.1 Original Broadway production
7.2 1974 Broadway revival
7.3 1990 Broadway revival
7.4 2003 Broadway revival
7.5 2008 Broadway revival
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Plot[edit]
Barbara Bel Geddes as Maggie in the original Broadway production of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955)
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof is the story of a Southern family in crisis, especially the husband Brick and wife Margaret (usually called Maggie or "Maggie the Cat"), and their interaction with Brick's family over the course of one evening's gathering at the family estate in Mississippi. The party is to celebrate the birthday of patriarch Big Daddy Pollitt, "the Delta's biggest cotton-planter",[2] and his return from the Ochsner Clinic with what he has been told is a clean bill of health. All family members (except Big Daddy and his wife Big Mama) are aware of Big Daddy's true diagnosis: He is dying of cancer. His family has lied to Big Daddy and Big Mama to spare the aging couple from pain on the patriarch's birthday but, throughout the course of the play, it becomes clear that the Pollitt family has long constructed a web of deceit for itself.
Maggie, determined and beautiful, has escaped a childhood of poverty to marry into the wealthy Pollitts, but finds herself unfulfilled. The family is aware that Brick has not slept with Maggie for a long time, which has strained their marriage. Brick, an aging football hero, infuriates her by ignoring his brother Gooper's attempts to gain control of the family fortune. Brick's indifference and his drinking have escalated with the suicide of his friend Skipper. Maggie fears that Brick's malaise will ensure that Gooper and his wife Mae inherit Big Daddy's estate.
Ben Gazzara as Brick in the original Broadway production of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955)
Through the evening, Brick, Big Daddy and Maggie—and the entire family—separately must face the issues which they have bottled up inside. Big Daddy attempts a reconciliation with the alcoholic Brick. Both Big Daddy and Maggie separately confront Brick about the true nature of his relationship with his pro football buddy Skipper, which appears to be the source of Brick's sorrow and the cause of his alcoholism.
Brick explains to Big Daddy that Maggie was jealous of the close friendship between Brick and Skipper because she believed it had a romantic undercurrent. He states that Skipper took Maggie to bed to prove her wrong. Brick believes that when Skipper couldn't complete the act, his self-questioning about his sexuality and his friendship with Brick made him "snap". Brick also reveals that, shortly before he committed suicide, Skipper confessed his feelings to Brick, but Brick rejected him.
Disgusted with the family's "mendacity", Brick tells Big Daddy that the report from the clinic about his condition was falsified for his sake. Big Daddy storms out of the room, leading the party gathered out on the gallery to drift inside. Maggie, Brick, Mae, Gooper, and Doc Baugh (the family's physician) decide to tell Big Mama the truth about his illness, and she is devastated by the news. Gooper and Mae start to discuss the division of the Pollitt estate. Big Mama defends her husband from Gooper and Mae's proposals.
Big Daddy reappears and makes known his plans to die peacefully. Attempting to secure Brick's inheritance, Maggie tells him she is pregnant. Gooper and Mae know this is a lie, but Big Mama and Big Daddy believe that Maggie "has life". When they are alone again, Maggie locks away the liquor and promises Brick that she will "make the lie true".
Themes[edit]
Falsehoods and untruths[edit]
Mendacity is a recurring theme throughout the play. Brick uses the word to express his disgust with the "lies and liars" he sees around him, and with complicated rules of social conduct in Southern society and culture. Big Daddy states that Brick's disgust with mendacity is really disgust with himself for rejecting Skipper before his suicide. With the exception of Brick, the entire family lies to Big Daddy and Big Mama about his terminal cancer. Furthermore, Big Daddy lies to his wife, and Gooper and Mae exhibit avaricious motives in their attempt to secure Big Daddy's estate.
In some cases, characters refuse to believe certain statements, leading them to believe they are lies. A recurring phrase is the line, "Wouldn't it be funny if that was true?", said by both Big Daddy and Brick after Big Mama and Maggie (respectively) claim their love. The characters' statements of feeling are no longer clear-cut truths or lies; instead they become subject more to certainty or uncertainty. This phrase is the last line of the play as originally written by Williams and again in the 1974 version.[3]
Facing death[edit]
The ways in which humans deal with death are also at the focus of this play, as are the futility and nihilism some encounter when confronted with imminent mortality. Similar ideas are found in Dylan Thomas's "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night", which Williams excerpted and added as an epigraph to his 1974 version.[4] These lines are appropriate, as Thomas wrote the poem to his own dying father.[5]
Additionally, in one of his many drafts,[6] in a footnote on Big Daddy's action in the third act, Williams deems Cat on a Hot Tin Roof a "play which says only one affirmative thing about 'Man's Fate': that he has it still in his power not to squeal like a pig but to keep a tight mouth about it."[6]
Stage productions[edit]
There are many versions of the play script, one of which was influenced by director Elia Kazan, who directed the play on Broadway,[7] and another which was performed for the first time in London.[citation needed]
Original production[edit]
The original Broadway production, which opened at the Morosco Theater on March 24, 1955, was directed by Elia Kazan and starred Barbara Bel Geddes as Maggie, Ben Gazzara as Brick, Burl Ives as Big Daddy, Mildred Dunnock as Big Mama, Pat Hingle as Gooper, and Madeleine Sherwood as Mae.[8] Bel Geddes was the only cast member nominated for a Tony Award, and Kazan was nominated for Best Director of a Play.[9] Both Ives and Sherwood would reprise their roles in the 1958 film version. The cast also featured the southern blues duo Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry and had as Gazzara's understudy the young Cliff Robertson. When Gazzara left the play, Jack Lord replaced him.[10] Others from the original Broadway production included R.G. Armstrong as Doctor Baugh, Fred Stewart as Reverend Tooker, Janice Dunn as Trixie, Seth Edwards as Sonny, Maxwell Glanville as Lacey, Pauline Hahn as Dixie, Darryl Richard as Buster, Eva Vaughn Smith as Daisy, and Musa Williams as Sookey.[8]
In London, the play was directed by Peter Hall and opened at the Comedy Theatre on January 30, 1958. Kim Stanley starred as Maggie, with Paul Massie as Brick and Leo McKern as Big Daddy.[11]
Revivals[edit]
A 1974 revival by the American Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford, Connecticut, featured Elizabeth Ashley, Keir Dullea, Fred Gwynne, Kate Reid, and Charles Siebert. Ashley was nominated for a Tony Award. For this production, Williams restored much of the text which he had removed from the original one at the insistence of Elia Kazan. He included a revised third act and made substantial revisions elsewhere.[12] According to Ashley, Williams allowed the actors to examine his original notes and various drafts of the script, and to make additions to the dialogue. When this production moved from Connecticut to Broadway, the part of Lacey was omitted and the number of Mae and Gooper's children reduced to three.[13] In that same decade, John Carradine and Mercedes McCambridge toured in a road company production as Big Daddy and Big Mama.
The 1988 London National Theatre production, directed by Howard Davies, starred Ian Charleson, Lindsay Duncan, Barbara Leigh-Hunt, and Eric Porter.
A revival in 1990 featured Kathleen Turner, who was nominated for a Tony for her performance as Maggie, though New York magazine called her "hopelessly lost ... in this limp production." Charles Durning, as Big Daddy, received a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play. Daniel Hugh Kelly was Brick, and Polly Holliday was Big Mama. Holliday also was nominated for a Tony.
A 2003 revival received lukewarm reviews despite the presence of film stars Ashley Judd and Jason Patric. Only Ned Beatty as Big Daddy and Margo Martindale as Big Mama were singled out for impressive performances. Martindale received a Tony nomination.
A 2003 revival for Belvoir St Theatre was directed by Simon Stone and starred Jacqueline McKenzie as Maggie, Ewen Leslie as Brick, and Marshall Napier as Big Daddy. This production was a box office hit, with season extended to the Theatre Royal (Sydney).[14]
A 2004 production at the Kennedy Center featured Mary Stuart Masterson as Maggie, Jeremy Davidson as Brick, George Grizzard as Big Daddy, Dana Ivey as Big Mama, and Emily Skinner as Mae. Shortly afterward, Masterson and Davidson were married.
In 2008, an all-black production directed by Debbie Allen opened on Broadway. Terrence Howard made his Broadway debut as Brick, with James Earl Jones as Big Daddy, Phylicia Rashad as Big Mama, Anika Noni Rose as Maggie and Lisa Arrindell Anderson as Mae. In November 2009, the production moved to London's West End, where Adrian Lester played Brick and Sanaa Lathan played Maggie.[15] The West End Production received the 2010 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Revival of a Play.
In 2010, a production of the play opened at Cambridge University's ADC Theatre, and in January 2011, a production to mark Williams' 100th birthday was presented at Vienna's English Theatre, Vienna, Austria. The play was performed at the Shaw Festival in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Canada in 2011 and in 2012 at the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis.
A 2013 Broadway revival featured Ciarán Hinds as Big Daddy, Debra Monk as Big Mama, Benjamin Walker as Brick, George Porteous as Sonny, and Scarlett Johansson as Maggie.[16]
A 2014 production played at Royal & Derngate, Royal Exchange Theatre and Northern Stage, with original music by White Lies. It featured Mariah Gale, Charles Aitken, Daragh O'Malley and Kim Criswell and was directed by James Dacre. In this production, O'Malley was singled out for his performance and won an MTA Award and Stage Nomination for his portrayal of Big Daddy.
The Berkshire Theatre Festival produced the play in June, 2016, under the direction of David Auburn, with Michael Raymond-James as Brick, Rebecca Brooksher as Maggie, Linda Gehringer as Big Mama, and Jim Beaver as Big Daddy.[17]
Original Broadway cast[edit]
Barbara Bel Geddes as Margaret[18]
Ben Gazzara as Brick
Jack Lord as Brick (replaced Ben Gazzara)
Burl Ives as Big Daddy
Mildred Dunnock as Big Mama
Pat Hingle as Gooper, sometimes called Brother Man[18]
Madeleine Sherwood as Mae, sometimes called Sister Woman[18]
R.G. Armstrong as Doctor Baugh, pronounced "Baw"[13]
Fred Stewart as Reverend Tooker
Janice Dunn as Trixie
Seth Edwards as Sonny
Maxwell Glanville as Lacey
Pauline Hahn as Dixie
Brownie McGhee as Brightie
Darryl Richard as Buster
Eva Vaughn Smith as Daisy
Sonny Terry as Small
Musa Williams as Sookey
Original West End cast[edit]
Kim Stanley as Margaret
Paul Massie as Brick
Leo McKern as Big Daddy
Bee Duffell as Big Mama
Alan Tilvern as Gooper
Daphne Anderson as Mae
Launce Maraschal as Doctor Baugh
Roger Winton as Reverend Tooker
Vanessa Petty as Trixie
Don Johnson as Lacey
Lorna Henderson as Dixie
Sylvia Sutch as Buster
Mark Heath as Small
Sonate as Sookey
Adaptations[edit]
Main article: Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958 film)
The big-screen adaptation of the play was made in 1958 by MGM, and starred Elizabeth Taylor, Paul Newman, Judith Anderson, and Jack Carson, with Burl Ives and Madeleine Sherwood reprising their stage roles. The Hays Code limited Brick's portrayal of sexual desire for Skipper, and diminished the original play's critique of homophobia and sexism. Williams reportedly was unhappy with the screenplay, which removed almost all of the homosexual themes and revised the third act section to include a lengthy scene of reconciliation between Brick and Big Daddy. Paul Newman, the film's star, also had stated his disappointment with the adaptation. Despite this, the film was highly acclaimed and was nominated for several Academy Awards, including Best Picture. Elizabeth Taylor and Paul Newman both received Oscar nominations for their performances.
In 1976, a television version of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof was produced, starring the then husband-and-wife team of Natalie Wood and Robert Wagner, and featuring Laurence Olivier as Big Daddy and Maureen Stapleton as Big Mama.
In 1984 a television version was produced by American Playhouse, starring Jessica Lange, Tommy Lee Jones, Rip Torn, Kim Stanley, David Dukes, and Penny Fuller. This adaptation, directed by Jack Hofsiss, revived the sexual innuendos which had been muted in the 1958 film. Both Stanley and Fuller were nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Special, and Stanley won.
The recent Bollywood movie Kapoor and Sons also drew its inspiration from the play.
Awards and nominations[edit]
Original Broadway production[edit]
Year
Award ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result
1955 New York Drama Critics' Circle Best American Play Tennessee Williams Won
Pulitzer Prize Drama Won
1956 Tony Award Best Play Nominated
Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play Barbara Bel Geddes Nominated
Best Director Elia Kazan Nominated
Best Scenic Design Jo Mielziner Nominated
1974 Broadway revival[edit]
Year
Award ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result
1975 Tony Award Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play Elizabeth Ashley Nominated
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actress in a Play Nominated
Outstanding Set Design John Conklin Nominated
1990 Broadway revival[edit]
Year
Award ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result
1990 Tony Award Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play Kathleen Turner Nominated
Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play Charles Durning Won
Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play Polly Holliday Nominated
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival Nominated
Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play Charles Durning Won
Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Revival of a Play Won
Outstanding Actor in a Play Charles Durning Nominated
Outstanding Actress in a Play Kathleen Turner Nominated
2003 Broadway revival[edit]
Year
Award ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result
2004 Tony Award Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play Margo Martindale Nominated
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play Ned Beatty Won
Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play Margo Martindale Nominated
Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play Ned Beatty Won
Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play Margo Martindale Nominated
Drama League Award Distinguished Revival of a Play Nominated
2008 Broadway revival[edit]
Year
Award ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result
2008 Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play James Earl Jones Won
See also[edit]
Theatre portal
1950s portal
United States portal
LGBT portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Parker, Brian: "Swinging a Cat", as published within Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, p. 175. New York: New Directions Publishing Corporation, 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b Williams, Tennessee: "Notes for the Designer", Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, p. 15. New Directions Publishing Corporation, 2004.
Jump up ^ Williams, Tennessee: Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, p. 173. New Directions Publishing Corporation, 2004.
Jump up ^ Williams, Tennessee: Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, p. 14. New Directions Publishing Corporation, 2004.
Jump up ^ Parker, Brian: "Swinging a Cat", published within Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, p. 177. New Directions Publishing Corporation, 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b Parker, Brian: "Swinging a Cat", published within Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, p. 181. New Directions Publishing Corporation, 2004.
Jump up ^ Williams, Tennessee (1983). Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. New York: Signet. pp. 134–135. ISBN 0-451-17112-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Williams, Tennessee (1983). Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. New York: Signet. p. 4. ISBN 0-451-17112-8.
Jump up ^ "Tony Awards".
Jump up ^ Cat on a Hot Tin Roof: The Playbill for the Morosco Theatre. Playbill Incorporated. 1955. pp. 25, 27, 36, 38.
Jump up ^ Theatre World Annual (London) number nine [editor: Frances Stephens], London 1958
Jump up ^ Albee, Edward: "Introduction" for Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, p. 8. New Directions Publishing Corporation, 2004.
^ Jump up to: a b Williams, Tennessee: Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, p. 13. New Directions Publishing Corporation, 2004.
Jump up ^ "Belvoir news".
Jump up ^ "Cat West End". CatWestEnd.com. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
Jump up ^ "Benjamin Walker, Debra Monk and Ciarán Hinds Will Join Scarlett Johansson in Broadway's Cat on a Hot Tin Roof". Playbill. 2012-09-20. Archived from the original on 2013-01-03. Retrieved 2012-12-28.
Jump up ^ Gray, John. Beaver on a Hot Tin Roof, Troy Record, June 22, 2016 http://www.troyrecord.com/opinion/20160622/john-grays-fade-to-gray-column-beaver-on-a-hot-tin-roof
^ Jump up to: a b c Williams, Tennessee: Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, p. 12. New Directions Publishing Corporation, 2004.
Further reading[edit]
Bloom, Harold (ed.). Tennessee Williams, Modern Critical Views, 80. New York: Chelsea House, 1987.
Cañadas, Ivan. "The Naming of Straw and Ochello in Tennessee Williams's Cat On a Hot Tin Roof", English Language Notes 42.4 (June 2005): 57–62.
Clum, John M. "'Something Cloudy, Something Clear': Homophobic Discourse in Tennessee Williams", South Atlantic Quarterly 88.1 (Winter 1989): 161–79.
The National, indie rock band. "City Middle" from the record Alligator: "I think I'm like Tennessee Williams, I wait for the click; I wait, but it doesn't kick in."
Plooster, Nancy. "Silent Partners: Lost Lovers in American Drama". 1995 Queer Frontiers: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual National Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Graduate Student Conference. University of Southern California. March 23–26, 1995, Ed. John Waiblinger. University of Southern California Library. USC.edu
Shackelford, Dean. "The Truth That Must Be Told: Gay Subjectivity, Homophobia, and Social History in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof". Tennessee Williams Annual Review 1 (1998): 103–118.
Spoto, Donald (1985). The Kindness of Strangers: The Life of Tennessee Williams. Boston: Little Brown. ISBN 0-306-80805-6.
Stanton, Stephen S. (Ed.). Tennessee Williams: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1977.
Winchell, Mark Royden. "Come Back to the Locker Room Ag'in, Brick Honey!". Mississippi Quarterly: The Journal of Southern Culture. 48:4 (Fall 1995): 701–12.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cat on a Hot Tin Roof.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Cat on a Hot Tin Roof
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof at the Internet Broadway Database
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof at the Internet Broadway Database
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof study guide, themes, quotes, character analyses, teaching guide
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Novels
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Moise and the World of Reason (1975)
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Three Players of a Summer Game and Other Stories (1960)
The Knightly Quest: a Novella and Four Short Stories (1966)
One Arm and Other Stories (1967)
Eight Mortal Ladies Possessed: a Book of Stories (1974)
Screenplays
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A Streetcar Named Desire (1951)
The Rose Tattoo (1955)
Baby Doll (1956)
Suddenly, Last Summer (1959)
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Ten Blocks on the Camino Real (1966)
Boom! (1968)
The Loss of a Teardrop Diamond (1957, filmed 2009)
Non-fiction
"The Catastrophe of Success" (1947)
"A Streetcar Named Success" (1947)
Poetry
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List of one-act plays by Tennessee Williams
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