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Spruce Grove
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This article is about the city in Alberta. For other uses, see Spruce Grove (disambiguation).
Spruce Grove
City
City of Spruce Grove
Spruce Grove City Hall

Flag
Logo
Spruce Grove
Location of Spruce Grove in Alberta
Coordinates: 53°32′42″N 113°54′03″W / 53.545°N 113.9008°W / 53.545; -113.9008Coordinates: 53°32′42″N 113°54′03″W / 53.545°N 113.9008°W / 53.545; -113.9008
Country
Canada
Province
Alberta
Region
Edmonton Capital Region
Census division
11
Incorporated[1]
• Village
March 14, 1907
• Dissolution
August 30, 1916
• Village
January 1, 1955
• Town
January 1, 1971
• City
March 1, 1986
Government[2]
• Mayor
Stuart Houston
• Governing body
Spruce Grove City Council[show]
Chantal McKenzie
Dave Oldham
Wayne Rothe
Erin Stevenson
Michelle Thiebaud-Gruhlke
Searle Turton
• CAO
Robert Cotterill
• MP
Dane Lloyd
• MLA
Trevor Horne
Area (2016)[3]
• Land
32.2 km2 (12.4 sq mi)
Elevation[4]
709 m (2,326 ft)
Population (2016)[3]
• Total
34,066
• Density
1,057.9/km2 (2,740/sq mi)
• Municipal census (2016)
33,640[5]
Time zone
MST (UTC−7)
• Summer (DST)
MDT (UTC−6)
Forward sortation areas
T7X - T7Y
Area code(s)
+1-780, +1-587
Highways
Hwy 16A (Parkland Highway)
Railways
Canadian National Railway
Website
www.sprucegrove.org
Spruce Grove is a city that is 11 km (6.8 mi) west of Edmonton, Alberta in Canada. The city is adjacent to the Town of Stony Plain and is surrounded by Parkland County.
With a 2016 population of 34,066, Spruce Grove is the ninth-largest city in Alberta. The mayor of Spruce Grove is Stuart Houston.
Spruce Grove is home to the Horizon Stage Performing Arts Centre, a local theatre, and the TransAlta Tri Leisure Centre, a recreation facility shared with Stony Plain and Parkland County.
Jennifer Heil, the freestyle skier who won the first gold medal for Canada in the 2006 Winter Olympics games in Turin, Italy, and a silver medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics is from Spruce Grove, as is Carla MacLeod, a member of the 2010 Canada women's national ice hockey team.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Geography
3 Demographics
4 Arts and culture
5 Attractions
6 Sports
7 Infrastructure
7.1 Transportation
7.2 Education
8 Media
9 Notable people
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
Homesteaders in the area date back to 1879.[6] Spruce Grove was incorporated as a village on March 14, 1907, but it was dissolved on August 30, 1916.[1] Spruce Grove was re-incorporated as a village on January 1, 1955 and incorporated as a town on January 1, 1971, and as a city on March 1, 1986.[1]
Geography[edit]
Spruce Grove is located near the province's geographical centre, at 30 kilometres (19 mi) from downtown Edmonton and 14 km (8.7 mi) from Edmonton's city limits.[7] It is part of the Edmonton Capital Region.
Demographics[edit]
[show]Federal census
population history
Year
Pop.
±%
1911
16 —
1916
23 +43.8%
1931
76 +230.4%
1941
160 +110.5%
1951
227 +41.9%
1956
309 +36.1%
1961
456 +47.6%
1966
598 +31.1%
1971
3,029 +406.5%
1976
6,907 +128.0%
1981
10,326 +49.5%
1986
11,918 +15.4%
1991
12,908 +8.3%
1996
14,271 +10.6%
2001
15,983 +12.0%
2006
19,496 +22.0%
2011
26,171 +34.2%
2016
34,066 +30.2%
Source: Statistics Canada
[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]
[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][3]
The population of the City of according to its 2017 municipal census is 34,881,[23] a change of 7000370000000000000♠3.7% from its 2016 municipal census population of 33,640.[5]
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the City of Spruce Grove recorded a population of 34,066 living in 12,552 of its 13,109 total private dwellings, a change of 7001302000000000000♠30.2% from its 2011 population of 26,171. With a land area of 32.2 km2 (12.4 sq mi), it had a population density of 1,058.0/km2 (2,740.1/sq mi) in 2016.[3]
In the 2011 Census, the City of Spruce Grove had a population of 26,171 living in 9,619 of its 10,105 total dwellings, a change of 33.9% from its 2006 adjusted population of 19,541. With a land area of 32.37 km2 (12.50 sq mi), it had a population density of 808.5/km2 (2,094.0/sq mi) in 2011.[22]
Grain elevator in Spruce Grove, 2009.
Arts and culture[edit]
The Spruce Grove Art Gallery is located in the Melcor Cultural Centre and is operated by the Allied Arts Council of Spruce Grove. The gallery hosts ongoing shows for original art created by its members, made up of artists from mainly the Spruce Grove, Stony Plain and Parkland County area.[24]
Horizon Stage hosts many plays and acts throughout the year, as well as a lot of community theatre. Spruce Grove also has a 7 screen theatre complex which opened in the fall of 2007.[25]
Another cultural facility within the city is the Spruce Grove Grain Elevator Museum.
Attractions[edit]
The TransAlta Tri Leisure Centre, opened in 2002, provides a pool, soccer fields, a gymnasium, workout gym, and ice rinks to the people of Parkland County. Spruce Grove has bike trails winding throughout the city, called the Heritage Grove Trail, where bike riders can ride for hours through lush forest. On June 7, 2008, Spruce Grove held the grand opening of the West District Park, which features two full artificial surface fields for football, soccer and other activities. The Edmonton Eskimos donated $10,000 towards the event and held practice at the facility as part of the first day activities.
Sports[edit]
Spruce Grove has an abundant number of youths and adults involved in amateur sports, that run year round. Box lacrosse runs from March to July under the organization Parkland Posse [1], which pulls young people from the Tri communities of Spruce Grove, Stony Plain and Parkland County. Hockey runs from September to April, soccer and rugby run from May to October, football runs from July to December and baseball runs from March to October. The Spruce Grove Saints are a Junior A hockey team that play in the AJHL.
Infrastructure[edit]
Transportation[edit]
Highways
Two highways pass through Spruce Grove, Highway 16 (Yellowhead Highway) and Highway 16A. Highway 16 has no traffic lights but has two exits into Spruce Grove, while Highway 16A has several traffic intersections. Travelling east of either of these highways will lead to Edmonton. Travelling west on Highway 16A will lead to Stony Plain, and going west on either highway will lead to Edson, Hinton, and eventually Jasper.[7]
Local streets
The majority of the streets in Spruce Grove use a standard naming system. Their names share a first letter with that of its subdivision. For example, all streets start with M in Millgrove subdivision; in Woodhaven, they all start with W. Only in the original subdivision of Broxton Park and the downtown core is this naming convention not utilized.
Rail
The Canadian passenger train travels through the city three times a week, in each direction, between Vancouver and Toronto. However, the nearest stop is at Edmonton.
Transit
Edmonton Transit System offers a commuter transit route from Spruce Grove to Edmonton, peak hours only.
There is also a local transit service run by the city for transportation within the city boundaries.
Air
Local air travel is provided by Parkland Airport and Villeneuve Airport.
Education[edit]
Public schools
Spruce Grove is part of the Parkland School Division No. 70. The following public schools are located in Spruce Grove.[26]
Brookwood School
École Broxton Park School
Greystone Centennial Middle School
Millgrove School
Parkland Village School
Spruce Grove Composite High School
Woodhaven Middle School
Prescott Learning Centre
Separate schools
Spruce Grove is part of the Evergreen Catholic Separate Regional Division No. 2. The following separate schools are located in Spruce Grove.[27]
St. Joseph's Catholic School
St. Marguerite Catholic School
St. Peter the Apostle Catholic High School
St. Thomas Aquinas Catholic School
Private schools
Living Waters Christian Academy[28]
Media[edit]
Spruce Grove receives almost all of its print, radio, and television media from Edmonton.
However, Spruce Grove has its own weekly newspaper, the Spruce Grove Examiner, delivered to all homes every Friday. This newspaper holds almost exclusively local news.[29] The area has a radio station, 88.1 The One is dedicated to Spruce Grove, Stony Plain, and area.[30]
Notable people[edit]
Stu Barnes (former professional hockey player)
Nathan Dempsey (former professional hockey player)
Grant Fuhr (former professional hockey player, member of the Hockey Hall of Fame)
Jennifer Heil (former Olympic moguls skier)
Carla MacLeod (former Olympic hockey player)
Howie Schumm and Herb Schumm (brothers, both former professional Canadian football players)
Ben Scrivens (professional hockey player)
Keith Shologan (professional Canadian football player)
Grant Stevenson (professional hockey player)
See also[edit]
List of cities in Canada
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Location and History Profile: City of Spruce Grove" (PDF). Alberta Municipal Affairs. June 17, 2016. p. 106. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Municipal Officials Search". Alberta Municipal Affairs. September 22, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Alberta Private Sewage Systems 2009 Standard of Practice Handbook: Appendix A.3 Alberta Design Data (A.3.A. Alberta Climate Design Data by Town)" (PDF) (PDF). Safety Codes Council. January 2012. pp. 212–215 (PDF pages 226–229). Retrieved October 9, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "2016 Municipal Affairs Population List" (PDF). Alberta Municipal Affairs. ISBN 978-1-4601-3127-5. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lunan, Esther (1979). As the roots grow : the history of Spruce Grove and district. Inter-Collegiate Press. p. 16.
^ Jump up to: a b The City of Spruce Grove. Location
Jump up ^ "Table 4: Population in incorporated cities, towns and villages, 1901-1936". Census of the Prairie Provinces, 1936. Volume I: Population and Agriculture. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1938. pp. 833–836.
Jump up ^ "Table 12: Population of Canada by provinces, counties or census divisions and subdivisions, 1871-1931". Census of Canada, 1931. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1932. pp. 98–102.
Jump up ^ Ninth Census of Canada, 1951. SP-7, Population: Unincorporated villages and hamlets. Dominion Bureau of Statistics. pp. 55–57.
Jump up ^ "Table 6: Population by sex, for census subdivisions, 1956 and 1951". Census of Canada, 1956. Population, Counties and Subdivisions. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1957. p. 6.50–6.53.
Jump up ^ "Table 6: Population by census subdivisions, 1901–1961". 1961 Census of Canada. Series 1.1: Historical, 1901–1961. Volume I: Population. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1963. p. 6.77-6.83.
Jump up ^ "Population by specified age groups and sex, for census subdivisions, 1966". Census of Canada, 1966. Population, Specified Age Groups and Sex for Counties and Census Subdivisions, 1966. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1968. p. 6.50–6.53.
Jump up ^ "Table 2: Population of Census Subdivisions, 1921–1971". 1971 Census of Canada. Volume I: Population, Census Subdivisions (Historical). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1973. p. 2.102-2.111.
Jump up ^ "Table 3: Population for census divisions and subdivisions, 1971 and 1976". 1976 Census of Canada. Census Divisions and Subdivisions, Western Provinces and the Territories. Volume I: Population, Geographic Distributions. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1977. p. 3.40–3.43.
Jump up ^ "Table 4: Population and Total Occupied Dwellings, for Census Divisions and Subdivisions, 1976 and 1981". 1981 Census of Canada. Volume II: Provincial series, Population, Geographic distributions (Alberta). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1982. p. 4.1–4.10. ISBN 0-660-51095-2.
Jump up ^ "Table 2: Census Divisions and Subdivisions – Population and Occupied Private Dwellings, 1981 and 1986". Census Canada 1986. Population and Dwelling Counts – Provinces and Territories (Alberta). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1987. p. 2.1–2.10. ISBN 0-660-53463-0.
Jump up ^ "Table 2: Population and Dwelling Counts, for Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1986 and 1991 – 100% Data". 91 Census. Population and Dwelling Counts – Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1992. pp. 100–108. ISBN 0-660-57115-3.
Jump up ^ "Table 10: Population and Dwelling Counts, for Census Divisions, Census Subdivisions (Municipalities) and Designated Places, 1991 and 1996 Censuses – 100% Data". 96 Census. A National Overview – Population and Dwelling Counts. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1997. pp. 136–146. ISBN 0-660-59283-5.
Jump up ^ "Population and Dwelling Counts, for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Census Divisions, 2001 and 1996 Censuses - 100% Data (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
Jump up ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. 2010-01-06. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses". Statistics Canada. 2012-02-08. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
Jump up ^ "2017 Municipal Affairs Population List" (PDF). Alberta Municipal Affairs. ISBN 978-1-4601-3652-2. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Allied Arts Council of Spruce Grove". Alliedartscouncil.com. Retrieved 2017-04-30.
Jump up ^ "New Magic Lantern Parkland Cinema 7 to open this week". Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Our Schools". Parkland School Division No. 70. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Schools". Evergreen Catholic Separate Regional Division No. 2. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Living Waters Christian Academy". Living Waters Christian Academy. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ nurun.com. "Spruce Grove Examiner". Spruce Grove Examiner. Retrieved 2017-04-30.
Jump up ^ nurun.com (2014-09-19). "Blackgold Broadcasting awarded licence for local radio station". Stonyplainreporter.com. Retrieved 2017-04-30.
External links[edit]
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text:
One Piece at a Time
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Johnny Cash album, see One Piece at a Time (album).
"One Piece at a Time"
Single by Johnny Cash
from the album One Piece at a Time
B-side
"Go On Blues"
Released
March 1976 (1976-03)
Format
7-inch single
Genre
Country, rockabilly, novelty
Length
4:00
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Wayne Kemp
Producer(s)
Charlie Bragg, Don Davis
Johnny Cash singles chronology
"Strawberry Cake"
(1976) "One Piece at a Time"
(1976) "Sold Out of Flagpoles"
(1976)
Audio sample
file
help
"One Piece at a Time" is a country novelty song written by Wayne Kemp[1] and recorded by Johnny Cash and the Tennessee Three in 1976. It was the last song performed by Cash to reach number one on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and the last of Cash's songs to reach the Billboard Hot 100, on which it peaked at number 29.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 In popular culture
3 Charts
4 References
5 External links
Background[edit]
Johnny Cash's "One Piece at a Time" Cadillac. Cash is in the driver's seat and Bruce Fitzpatrick is standing at the far right.
The singer leaves his home in Kentucky in 1949 to pursue work at General Motors in Detroit, Michigan. He installs wheels on Cadillacs, watching each one roll by day after day on the assembly line, knowing that he will never be able to afford one of his own.
Beginning almost immediately, the singer and a co-worker decide to "steal" a Cadillac by way of using their assembly line jobs to obtain the parts via salami slicing. He takes the small parts home hidden in his unusually large lunch box; larger parts are smuggled out in his co-worker's motorhome.
The process of accumulating all the necessary parts turns out to take at least 25 years (the newest part mentioned, the engine, is from 1973), but once they have what they think is a complete car, they attempt to assemble the pieces. Because automakers inevitably make numerous changes to their models, designs and parts over the course of a quarter-century, the result was a hodgepodge of parts from different years and models that did not fit together well (the bolt holes disappear when attempting to fit the engine with a 1953 transmission, there was only one right headlight and two left headlights, and they only had one tail fin).
Despite these problems, the singer and his co-worker get the car in proper working condition. The singer's wife is surprised at the outcome, but wants a ride in it anyway. Townspeople began laughing at the singer's unique car as he takes it to have it registered. However, the folks at the courthouse were not as pleased — it took the "whole staff" to type up the vehicle title, which ended up weighing 60 pounds (27 kg).
The song ends with a CB radio conversation between the singer and a truck driver inquiring about the "psychobilly Cadillac", in which the singer replies, "you might say I went right up to the factory and picked it up; it's cheaper that way".
The song is in a moderate tempo in the key of F major, with a main chord pattern of F-B♭-C7-F. The verses are done in a talking blues style; Cash had used a similar spoken-word format and chord progression in his earlier hit "A Boy Named Sue."[3]
In popular culture[edit]
Bruce Fitzpatrick, owner of Abernathy Auto Parts and Hilltop Auto Salvage in Nashville, Tennessee, was asked by the promoters of the song to build the vehicle for international promotion. Fitzpatrick had all the models of Cadillacs mentioned in the song when it was released and built a car using the song as a model. The result was presented to Cash in April 1976. It was parked outside The House of Cash[4] in Hendersonville, Tennessee, until someone could find a place to store it. After The House of Cash Museum closed, Bruce Fitzpatrick retrieved the '49–'70 Cadillac with a wrecker and brought it back to Abernathy Auto Parts and Hilltop Auto Salvage in Nashville, Tennessee, and crushed it.[5]
The song was covered by Chicago rock band Tub Ring for the 2001 Johnny Cash tribute album, Cash from Chaos.
The psychobilly Cadillac from the "One Piece at a Time" video is at the Storytellers museum in Bon Aqua, Tennessee. This is a different car than the one made by Bruce Fitzpatrick. This car was made at the behest of Bill Patch of Welch, OK and constructed by Leland Mayfield, Harley Malone, Eldon McCoy and Don. P. Chenoweth. [6]
An attempt at building a vehicle "one piece at a time" was completed successfully over a five-year period by a Chinese motorcycle assembly line worker in Chongqing.[7]
Charts[edit]
Chart (1976)
Peak
position
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[8] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[9] 29
U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks[10] 6
Canadian RPM Country Tracks 1
Canadian RPM Top Singles 40
Canada RPM Adult Contemporary[11] 1
UK Singles Chart 32
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hall of Fame - Wayne Kemp". Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944-2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 76.
Jump up ^ "'One Piece at a Time' sheet music". MusicNotes.com. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "The House Of Cash". stevenmenke.com. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Neel, Lara (3 March 2014). "A '49–'70 Cadillac Built for Johnny Cash". Motorbooks. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Jimmie Tramel, Unusual Gift for Johnny Cash turned Welch into Cash Country." Tulsa World August 13, 2017. http://www.tulsaworld.com/scene/17towns/towns-in-unusual-gift-for-johnny-cash-turned-welch-into/article_b2607cc5-3ebd-5ccd-a5ea-bd430b6a2c3b.html
Jump up ^ "Man stole motorbike - part by part". Ananova. Archived from the original on 22 August 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Cash Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Cash Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 49.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1976-07-03. Retrieved 2018-01-04.
External links[edit]
Lyrics as they appear on Yahoo! Music
Origin of the Second Cadillac as presented by the Antique Automobile Club of America. See also [1]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"After All the Good Is Gone"
by Conway Twitty Billboard Hot Country Singles
number-one single
May 29-June 6, 1976 Succeeded by
"I'll Get Over You"
by Crystal Gayle
RPM Country Tracks
number-one single
June 19, 1976 Succeeded by
"El Paso City"
by Marty Robbins
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Jarmo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the board game, see Jarmo (game).
Jarmo
The Neolithic village of Jarmo in Iraqi, 1954
Shown within Iraq
Location
Chamchamal, Kirkuk Province, Iraq
Region
Mesopotamia
Coordinates
35°32′56″N 44°57′1″E / 35.54889°N 44.95028°E / 35.54889; 44.95028Coordinates: 35°32′56″N 44°57′1″E / 35.54889°N 44.95028°E / 35.54889; 44.95028
Type
Settlement
Area
12,000 to 16,000 m2 (170,000 sq ft)
History
Founded
Approximately 7090 BC
Abandoned
Approximately 4950 BC
Periods
Neolithic
Jarmo (Qal'at Jarmo) is a prehistoric archeological site located in Iraq on the foothills of the Zagros Mountains. It lies at an altitude of 800 m above sea-level in a belt of oak and pistachio woodlands. Excavations revealed that Jarmo was an agricultural community dating back to 7090 BC. It was broadly contemporary with such other important Neolithic sites such as Jericho in the southern Levant and Çatal Hüyük in Anatolia.
Contents
[hide]
1 Discovery and excavation
2 Jarmo, the village
3 Agriculture and cattle farming
4 Pottery and religion
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Discovery and excavation[edit]
The site was originally discovered by the Iraqi Directorate of Antiquities in 1940, and later became known to archaeologist Robert Braidwood from the University of Chicago Oriental Institute. At the time, he was looking for suitable places to research the origins of the Neolithic Revolution.[1] Braidwood worked as part of the Iraq-Jarmo programme for three seasons, those of 1948, 1950–51 and 1954–55; a fourth campaign, to be carried out in 1958-59 did not come about because of the 14 July Revolution. During the excavations in Jarmo in 1954-55, Braidwood used a multidisciplinary approach for the first time, in an attempt to refine the research methods and clarify the origin of the domestication of plants and animals. Among his team were a geologist, Herbert Wright, a palaeo-botanist, Hans Helbaek, an expert in pottery and radio-carbon dating, Frederic Mason, and a zoologist, Charles Reed, as well as a number of archaeologists. The interdisciplinary method was subsequently used in all serious field work in archaeology.
Jarmo, the village[edit]
Personal adornments from Jarmo - University of Chicago Oriental Institute
The excavations exposed a small village, covering an area of 12,000 to 16,000 m², and which has been dated (by carbon-14) to 7090 BC, for the oldest levels, to 4950 BC for the most recent. The entire site consists of twelve levels. Jarmo appears to be two older, permanent Neolithic settlements and, approximately, contemporary with Jericho or the Neolithic stage of Shanidar. The high point is likely to have been between 6,200 and 5,800 BC. This small village consisted of some twenty five houses, with adobe walls and sun-dried mud roofs, which rested on stone foundations, with a simple floor plan dug from the earth. These dwellings were frequently repaired or rebuilt. In all, about 150 people lived in the village, which was clearly a permanent settlement. In the earlier phases there is a preponderance of objects made from stone, silex- using older styles- and obsidian. The use of this latter material, obtained from the area of Lake Van, 200 miles away, suggests that some form of organized trade already existed, as does the presence of ornamental shells from the Persian Gulf. In the oldest level baskets have been found, waterproofed with pitch, which is readily available in the area.
Agriculture and cattle farming[edit]
Agricultural activity is attested by the presence of stone sickles, cutters, bowls and other objects, for harvesting, preparing and storing food, and also by receptacles of engraved marble. In the later phases instruments made of bone, particularly perforating tools, buttons and spoons, have been found. Further research has shown that the villagers of Jarmo grew wheat of two types, emmer and einkorn, a type of primitive barley and lentils (it is common to record the domestication of grains, less so of pulses). Their diet, and that of their animals, also included species of wild plant, peas, acorns, carob seeds, pistachios and wild wheat. Snail shells are also abundant. There is evidence that they had domesticated goats, sheep and dogs. On the higher levels of the site pigs have been found, together with the first evidence of pottery.
Pottery and religion[edit]
Jarmo is one of the oldest sites at which pottery has been found, appearing in the most recent levels of excavation, which dates it to the 7th millennium BC. This pottery is handmade, of simple design and with thick sides, and treated with a vegetable solvent. There are clay figures, zoomorphic or anthropomorphic, including figures of pregnant women which are taken to be fertility goddesses, similar to the Mother Goddess of later Neolithic cultures in the same region.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ [1] L. S. Braidwood et al., Prehistoric Archeology Along the Zagros Flanks, Oriental Institute Publications 105, 1983, ISBN 0-918986-36-2
References[edit]
R.J. Braidwood, Jarmo: A village of early farmers in Iraq, Antiquity, vol. 24, pp. 189–195, 1950,
J. M. Adovasio, The Textile and Basketry Impressions from Jarmo, Paléorient, vol. 3, iss. 3, pp. 223–230, 1975
External links[edit]
Link to letters from the archeologist
Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée details on Jarmo
University of Cologne Radiocarbon CONTEXT database dates for Jarmo
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jarmo&oldid=811575094"
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Sulaymaniyah Governorate
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