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Julie Kavner
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Julie Kavner
Kavner in 1974
Born
Julie Deborah Kavner
(1950-09-07) 7 September 1950 (age 67)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actress, voice actress, comedian
Years active
1971–present
Known for
Marge Simpson in The Simpsons
Julie Deborah Kavner (born September 7, 1950) is an American actress, voice actress and comedian. She first attracted notice for her role as Valerie Harper's character's younger sister Brenda in the sitcom Rhoda for which she won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. She is best known for her voice role as Marge Simpson on the animated television series The Simpsons. She also voices other characters for the show, including Jacqueline Bouvier, and Patty and Selma Bouvier.
Known for her improvisation and distinctive "honeyed gravel voice",[1] Kavner was cast in her first professional acting role as Brenda Morgenstern in Rhoda in 1974. She received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for playing the character, winning the award in 1978. Following Rhoda, Kavner was cast in The Tracey Ullman Show, which debuted in 1987. The Tracey Ullman Show included a series of animated shorts about a dysfunctional family. Voices were needed for the shorts, and the producers decided to ask Kavner to voice Marge. The shorts would eventually be spun off into The Simpsons.
Kavner has been described as "nearly reclusive"; part of her contract says that she will never have to promote The Simpsons on video. For her work as Marge, Kavner received another Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance in 1992 and an Annie Award nomination for her performance as the character in The Simpsons Movie.
Typically cast as a "woman who is supportive, sympathetic or self-effacingly funny",[1] Kavner grew to dislike playing such roles. In 1992, she starred in This Is My Life, her first leading role in a feature film. Kavner has also appeared in live-action roles in seven films written by Woody Allen, and in the Adam Sandler comedy Click.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Early career
2.2 The Simpsons
2.3 Further career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Video games
4.4 Music video
4.5 Theme park
5 Awards
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Kavner was born in Los Angeles, California, on September 7, 1950,[2] the second daughter of Rose (1918-2010), a family counselor, and David Kavner (1917-2016), a furniture manufacturer,[1] and grew up in Southern California. Her family is Jewish. She decided to pursue a career in acting because "There was nothing else I wanted to do, ever".[1] She attended Beverly Hills High School (which she later admitted she hated), where she was "something of a loner", and unsuccessfully tried out for several plays.[1] John Ingle, formerly the chairman of the Beverly Hills High School art department, later commented that Kavner was "excellent at improvisation, but she wasn't an ingenue and not that castable at that age".[1]
After graduating from high school, Kavner attended San Diego State University and majored in drama, being cast in several productions including a role as Charlotte Corday in Marat/Sade, becoming known for her improvisation and ability to do both comedy and drama. After graduating in 1971, she got a day job as a typist at the UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture.[1]
Career[edit]
Early career[edit]
In 1973, Kavner auditioned for a role as one of Rhoda Morgenstern's sisters in The Mary Tyler Moore Show. David Davis, producer of the show, had convinced her to audition for the part, but decided to cast another actress instead.[3] A year later, Rhoda Morgenstern became the leading character in a spin-off called Rhoda. Kavner was cast in her first professional acting role as Brenda Morgenstern, sister of the eponymous character.[1] Rhoda ran on CBS from September 9, 1974, to December 1978. She received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for playing Brenda, winning in 1978.[4] She also received four Golden Globe Award nominations.[5] In 1975, she received Daytime Emmy Award nomination for her starring role in the daytime special The Girl Who Couldn't Lose.[6]
Following Rhoda, Kavner had a guest appearance on Taxi[7] and appeared in the 1985 comedy Bad Medicine[8] as well as the 1987 film Surrender, both of which were box office failures.[9] She appeared in the television movies Revenge of the Stepford Wives, No Other Love and A Fine Romance, and shot a television pilot.[1] She also starred in several stage plays, including a play called It Had to be You[9] at a dinner theater in Canada, Particular Friendships in New York City in 1981,[10] and Two for the Seesaw, directed by Burt Reynolds.[9] Woody Allen first saw Kavner one night while he was watching Rhoda in the 1970s. He thought that she was remarkable and later offered her a role in his 1986 film Hannah and Her Sisters.[3] Kavner agreed, and credits Allen and the film with rejuvenating her career.[9]
Kavner was then cast as a sidekick to Tracey Ullman in The Tracey Ullman Show, which debuted on Fox in 1987. Kavner described the show as, "like being back in school, a chance to play a wide variety of characters, some really vicious people, to not rest on laurels, to not play it safe".[1] Kavner commented, "What I do is not mimicry or an impersonation, but more of an assimilation. [On The Tracey Ullman Show] we did a lot of looking at people to find out who to base our characters on. We did our homework on our lunch hour."[1] She received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Best Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program.[4]
The Simpsons[edit]
Kavner in 2009
Kavner became most famous for her role as Marge Simpson on the animated television show The Simpsons, a show that continues to the present. The Tracey Ullman Show included a series of animated shorts about the dysfunctional Simpson family. Voices were needed for the shorts, so the producers decided to ask Kavner and fellow cast member Dan Castellaneta to voice Marge and Homer rather than hire more actors.[11][12] Kavner has what Hilary de Vries of The New York Times described as a "honeyed gravel voice".[1] Kavner says her distinctive voice is due to "a bump on [her] vocal cords".[13]
Although Marge is her most famous character, Kavner's favorite characters to voice are her sisters Patty and Selma Bouvier because "they're really funny and sad at the same time".[14] Series creator Matt Groening instructed Kavner to voice the duo as characters who "suck the life out of everything".[15] Both have similar raspy voices, but Patty's voice is more masculine and has a lower register, while Selma's voice is a little sweeter.[16] Kavner also provides the voices of every other female member of the Bouvier family, including Marge's mother Jacqueline, Great-Aunt Gladys (a dead relative who was introduced on season four's "Selma's Choice"), and an unnamed grandmother seen on the season six episode "Fear of Flying".[16]
Part of Kavner's contract says that she will never have to promote The Simpsons on video and she rarely performs Marge's voice in public because she believes it "destroys the illusion. People feel these are real people."[14][17] Kavner takes recording sessions seriously, and feels that voice acting is, "a little more limiting than live acting. And I have nothing to do with my character's movement."[18] Nancy Cartwright, who voices Bart Simpson, said in her book My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy that Kavner is "a workhorse of an actor" with "extraordinary professionalism and quiet work ethic", and notes that she is rarely late for recording sessions.[19]
Until 1998, Kavner was paid $30,000 per episode. During a pay dispute in 1998, Fox threatened to replace the six main voice actors with new actors, going as far as preparing to cast new voices.[20] However, the dispute was soon resolved and she received $125,000 per episode until 2004 when the voice actors demanded that they be paid $360,000 an episode.[20] The issue was resolved a month later,[21] and Kavner earned $250,000 per episode.[17] After salary re-negotiations in 2008, the voice actors received approximately $400,000 per episode.[22] Three years later, with Fox threatening to cancel the series unless production costs were cut, Kavner and the other cast members accepted a 30 percent pay cut, down to just over $300,000 per episode.[23]
At the 44th Primetime Emmy Awards, Kavner received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance for voicing Marge in the season three episode "I Married Marge".[4] In 2004, Kavner and Dan Castellaneta won a Young Artist Award for "Most Popular Mom & Dad in a TV Series".[24] For her performance in The Simpsons Movie, Kavner was nominated for "Best Voice Acting in an Animated Feature" at the 2007 Annie Awards, but lost to Ian Holm from Ratatouille.[25][26] Kavner's emotional performance in the movie got positive reviews, and one critic said she "gave what must be the most heartfelt performance ever to find its way into a movie based on an irreverent cartoon".[27] Some scenes in the movie, such as Marge's emotional video message to Homer, were recorded over one hundred times, leaving Kavner exhausted.[28]
Further career[edit]
Many of Kavner's roles have been described by New York Times writer Hilary de Vries as a "woman who is supportive, sympathetic, or self-effacingly funny".[1] Kavner grew to despise playing such roles, saying, "If it smacks of Brenda Morgenstern, I won't take the job."[1] She had a supporting role as Eleanor Costello, a nurse who befriends Robin Williams' character in the Academy Award nominated film Awakenings.[29] Kavner interviewed several nurses in preparation for the role, and Penny Marshall, the director of the film, described Kavner as "a low-maintenance actor [...] You never have to worry about giving [her] back-story for her characters."[1] In 1992, Kavner starred in This Is My Life, her first leading role in a feature film. Kavner played Dottie Ingels, an aspiring stand-up comedian who starts neglecting her family when her career begins to take off. Kavner described Dottie as "really selfish" but admitted, "I liked the role for that very reason."[1] Kavner had been asked to play a character with a smaller role in the film, but Joe Roth, at the time the chairman of 20th Century Fox, suggested that they cast a lesser known actress in the lead role.[1] Nora Ephron, the writer of This Is My Life, said Kavner "has so little vanity that it is almost shocking. Not only does she have no demands as an actress - 'How big is my trailer, what's in my refrigerator?' - but she will do anything for the character if it makes sense to her."[1]
Kavner has frequently appeared in Woody Allen films, having roles in Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), Radio Days (1987), New York Stories (1989), Alice (1990), Shadows and Fog (1991), the television movie Don't Drink the Water (1994)[30] and Deconstructing Harry (1997).[31] Allen described her as "a naturally funny person. When she does a scene, you listen to her and look at her, and the prism through which it's all filtered is funny."[32] Kavner believes he is "a true filmmaker, one that has something to say, continually experimenting on different themes within his own film-making", adding that "anything [Allen] ever does, I always want to do, [...] I don't even have to read it."[33]
She has done voice-over work in films such as The Lion King 1½,[34] Dr. Dolittle[35] and an uncredited role as an announcer in A Walk on the Moon.[36] Her most recent live-action film was a role of the mother of Adam Sandler's character in Click.[37] She has also worked with Tracey Ullman in the HBO sketch comedy series Tracey Takes On....[30]
Personal life[edit]
Kavner leads a private, "nearly reclusive" life, "discreet and guarded beyond the usual reticent star routine".[1] She rarely makes public appearances and refuses to allow herself to be photographed at work, especially in the studio while doing The Simpsons.[7] Her partner is retired producer David Davis; they have lived together since 1976.[3][7] In a 1992 interview with The New York Times, Kavner said she was considering retiring, "except for doing three days a year for Woody [Allen]", but felt that if she did retire, she would receive a script she wanted "to do more than life itself".[1]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1983 National Lampoon's Movie Madness Mrs. Falcone
1985 Bad Medicine Cookie Katz
1986 Hannah and Her Sisters Gail
1987 Radio Days Mother
1987 Surrender Ronnie
1989 New York Stories Treva
1990 Awakenings Eleanor Costello
1990 Alice Decorator
1991 Shadows and Fog Alma
1992 This Is My Life Dottie Ingels
1994 I'll Do Anything Nan Mulhanney
1995 Forget Paris Lucy
1997 Deconstructing Harry Grace
1998 Dr. Dolittle Female pigeon Voice
1999 Judy Berlin Marie
1999 A Walk on the Moon P.A. Announcer
1999 Story of a Bad Boy Elaine
2001 Someone like You Furry animal
2004 Barn Red Unnamed character
2004 The Lion King 1½ Ma Voice
Direct-to-DVD
2006 Click Trudy Newman
2007 The Simpsons Movie Marge Simpson, Patty Bouvier, Selma Bouvier Voices
Television[edit]
Year
Show
Role
Notes
1974–1978 Rhoda Brenda Morgenstern 110 episodes
1975 The ABC Afternoon Playbreak Jane Darwin Episode: "The Girl Who Couldn't Lose"
1975 Katherine Margot Weiss Goldman Television film
1975 Petrocelli Julie Episode: "To See No Evil"
1976 Bert D'Angelo/Superstar Episode: "The Brown Horse Connection"
1977 Lou Grant Alice Episode: "Housewarming"
1979 No Other Love Janet Michaels Television film
1980 Revenge of the Stepford Wives Megan Brady Television film
1980 Taxi Monica Banta Douglas Episode: "Tony's Sister and Jim"
1983 A Fine Romance Laura Prescott Television film
1987–1990 The Tracey Ullman Show Various characters 43 episodes
1988 Care Bears Bedtime Bear (voice) Episode: "Bedtime for Care-a-lot"; Uncredited
1989–present The Simpsons Marge Simpson, Patty Bouvier, Selma Bouvier, additional voices 618 episodes
1991 Sibs Julia Episode: "Honey, I Shrunk My Head"
1991 To the Moon, Alice Sitcom Producer Television film
1994 Birdland Madeline Diamond Episode: "Grand Delusion"
1994 Don't Drink the Water Marion Hollander Television film
1996 Jake's Women Karen Television film
1996–1999 Tracey Takes On... Various characters 10 episodes
2014 Family Guy Marge Simpson (voice) Episode: "The Simpsons Guy"
Video games[edit]
The Simpsons (1991) - Marge Simpson
Storybook Weaver (1994) - Mayzie Bird
The Simpsons Cartoon Studio (1996) - Marge Simpson
Virtual Springfield (1997) - Marge Simpson, Patty Bouvier, Selma Bouvier
Simpsons Bowling (1999) - Marge Simpson, Patty Bouvier, Selma Bouvier
The Simpsons Wrestling (2001) - Marge Simpson
The Simpsons: Road Rage (2001) - Marge Simpson
The Simpsons Skateboarding (2002) - Marge Simpson
The Simpsons: Hit & Run (2003) - Marge Simpson, Patty Bouvier, Selma Bouvier
Storybook Weaver Deluxe (2004) - Mayzie Bird
The Simpsons Game (2007) - Marge Simpson, Patty Bouvier, Selma Bouvier
The Simpsons: Tapped Out (2012) - Marge Simpson, Patty Bouvier, Selma Bouvier
Music video[edit]
"Do the Bartman" (1990) - Marge Simpson
Theme park[edit]
The Simpsons Ride (2008) - Marge Simpson, Patty Bouvier, Selma Bouvier
Awards[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Role
Series/film
Result
1975 Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Brenda Morgenstern Rhoda Nominated
1975 Golden Globe Award Best Supporting Actress – Television Brenda Morgenstern Rhoda Nominated
1975 Emmy Award Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Special Jane Darwin The Girl Who Couldn't Lose Nominated
1976 Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Brenda Morgenstern Rhoda Nominated
1976 Golden Globe Award Best Supporting Actress – Television Brenda Morgenstern Rhoda Nominated
1977 Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Brenda Morgenstern Rhoda Nominated
1977 Golden Globe Award Best Supporting Actress – Television Brenda Morgenstern Rhoda Nominated
1978 Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Brenda Morgenstern Rhoda Won
1978 Golden Globe Award Best Television Actress in a Supporting Role Brenda Morgenstern Rhoda Nominated
1987 Emmy Award Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program Various The Tracey Ullman Show Nominated
1988 Emmy Award Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program Various The Tracey Ullman Show Nominated
1989 Emmy Award Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program Various The Tracey Ullman Show Nominated
1990 Emmy Award Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program Various The Tracey Ullman Show Nominated
1992 Emmy Award Outstanding Voice-Over Performance Marge Simpson The Simpsons: "I Married Marge" Won
2004 Young Artist Award Most Popular Mom & Pop in a Television Series Marge Simpson The Simpsons Won
2008 Annie Award Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production Marge Simpson The Simpsons Movie Nominated
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t De Vries, Hilary (1992-01-26). "'Darling! Listen to Me'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ "Today in History - September 7". MSNBC. Associated Press. 2007-09-07. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c Golden, Daniel (1991-06-30). "From sitcoms to films, Kavner is true to her characters". Boston Globe.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Primetime Emmy Awards Advanced Search". Emmys.org. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ "Julie Kavner". Hollywood Foreign Press Agency. Archived from the original on 2008-08-30. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
Jump up ^ "Julie Kavner". TV Guide. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c Salem, Rob (2009-04-21). "Kavner's long and winding Rhoda". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
Jump up ^ Christiansen, Richard (1985-11-26). "'Bad Medicine' overdoses on bad jokes". Chicago Tribune.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Vadeboncoeur, John E. (1992-03-19). "Coming into her own - Kavner's sagging career got needed lift from Allen films". Syracuse Herald-Journal.
Jump up ^ Rich, Frank (1981-10-01). "Theater: 'Particular Friendships', A First Play". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
Jump up ^ Lee, Luaine (2003-02-27). "D'oh, you're the voices". Melbourne: The Age. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ Elber, Lynn (2008-08-18). "D'oh!: The Voice of Homer Is Deceivingly Deadpan". Fox News. Associated Press. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ Haun, Harry (1992-03-13). "The actress with the one-of-a-kind voice stars in Nora Ephron's comedy 'This is my Life'". The Orlando Sentinel.
^ Jump up to: a b Duffy, Mike (1996-12-31). "Ay caramba!: Only TV could call this work". The Hamilton Spectator.
Jump up ^ Groening, Matt. (2001). Commentary for "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire", in The Simpsons: The Complete First Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
^ Jump up to: a b Jean, Al. (2004). Commentary for "Selma's Choice", in The Simpsons: The Complete Fourth Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
^ Jump up to: a b Sheridan, Peter (2004-05-06). "Meet the Simpsons". Daily Express.
Jump up ^ Weiskind, Ron (1994-09-18). "Treading 'Water' Julie Kavner takes break from Marge Simpson to star in Woody Allen's TV Movie". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
Jump up ^ Cartwright, Nancy (2000). My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy. New York City: Hyperion. p. 48. ISBN 0-7868-8600-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Glaister, Dan (2004-04-03). "Simpsons actors demand bigger share". Melbourne: The Age. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ "'Simpsons' Cast Goes Back To Work". CBS News. 2004-05-01. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ "Simpsons cast sign new pay deal". BBC News. 2008-06-03. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ Block, Alex Ben (October 7, 2011). "'The Simpsons' Renewed for Two More Seasons". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "25th Annual Winners and Nominees". Youngartistawards.org. Archived from the original on 2016-08-17. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ "For Your Consideration". Annie Awards. 2007-12-31. Archived from the original on 2009-02-17. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ Debruge, Peter (2008-02-08). "'Ratatouille' nearly sweeps Annies". Variety. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ Shulman, Randy (2007-07-26). "Homer's Odyssey". Metro Weekly. Archived from the original on 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Sheila. "The Simpsons Movie Interviews". Movies Online. Archived from the original on 2009-01-04. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
Jump up ^ "Awakenings". Variety. Archived from the original on July 24, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
^ Jump up to: a b "Julie Kavner". FoxFlash. Archived from the original on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
Jump up ^ Stratton, David (1997-09-07). "Deconstructing Harry". Variety. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
Jump up ^ Diamond, Jamie (1991-01-19). "The choicest of voices". Calgary Herald.
Jump up ^ "Julie Kavner would follow Woody anywhere, even to the difficult medium of TV". The Gazette. 1994-12-17.
Jump up ^ Leydon, Joe (2004-02-11). "The Lion King 1½". Variety.
Jump up ^ Klady, Leonard (1998-06-24). "Dr. Dolittle". Variety. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
Jump up ^ Lovell, Glenn (1999-03-09). "A Walk on the Moon". Variety. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
Jump up ^ Dargis, Manohla (2006-06-23). "A Man-Child Who Has His World Under Control in 'Click'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Julie Kavner.
Julie Kavner on IMDb
Julie Kavner at the TCM Movie Database
Julie Kavner at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
[show]
v
t
e
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Vivian Vance (1953)
Audrey Meadows (1954)
Nanette Fabray (1955)
Pat Carroll (1956)
Ann B. Davis (1957)
Ann B. Davis (1959)
Alice Pearce (1966)
Frances Bavier (1967)
Marion Lorne (1968)
Karen Valentine (1970)
Valerie Harper (1971)
Sally Struthers / Valerie Harper (TIE) (1972)
Valerie Harper (1973)
Cloris Leachman (1974)
Betty White (1975)
Betty White (1976)
Mary Kay Place (1977)
Julie Kavner (1978)
Sally Struthers (1979)
Loretta Swit (1980)
Eileen Brennan (1981)
Loretta Swit (1982)
Carol Kane (1983)
Rhea Perlman (1984)
Rhea Perlman (1985)
Rhea Perlman (1986)
Jackée Harry (1987)
Estelle Getty (1988)
Rhea Perlman (1989)
Bebe Neuwirth (1990)
Bebe Neuwirth (1991)
Laurie Metcalf (1992)
Laurie Metcalf (1993)
Laurie Metcalf (1994)
Christine Baranski (1995)
Julia Louis-Dreyfus (1996)
Kristen Johnston (1997)
Lisa Kudrow (1998)
Kristen Johnston (1999)
Megan Mullally (2000)
Doris Roberts (2001)
Doris Roberts (2002)
Doris Roberts (2003)
Cynthia Nixon (2004)
Doris Roberts (2005)
Megan Mullally (2006)
Jaime Pressly (2007)
Jean Smart (2008)
Kristin Chenoweth (2009)
Jane Lynch (2010)
Julie Bowen (2011)
Julie Bowen (2012)
Merritt Wever (2013)
Allison Janney (2014)
Allison Janney (2015)
Kate McKinnon (2016)
Kate McKinnon (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance
Nancy Cartwright / Dan Castellaneta / Julie Kavner / Jackie Mason / Yeardley Smith / Marcia Wallace (1992)
Dan Castellaneta (1993)
Christopher Plummer (1994)
Jonathan Katz (1995)
none (1996)
Jeremy Irons / Rik Mayall (1997)
Hank Azaria (1998)
Ja'net Dubois (1999)
Seth MacFarlane / Julie Harris (2000)
Hank Azaria / Ja'net Dubois (2001)
Peter Macon / Pamela Adlon (2002)
Hank Azaria (2003)
Dan Castellaneta (2004)
Keith David (2005)
Kelsey Grammer (2006)
none (2007)
Keith David (2008)
Dan Castellaneta (2009)
Anne Hathaway (2010)
Maurice LaMarche (2011)
Maurice LaMarche (2012)
Lily Tomlin (2013)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 117631437
LCCN: n81122877
ISNI: 0000 0001 0775 1382
GND: 1020514639
SUDOC: 143000837
BNF: cb140527365 (data)
BIBSYS: 2114606
MusicBrainz: 2afc07db-7c50-42e5-8245-65054b04be05
BNE: XX1151009
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julie_Kavner&oldid=818918345"
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URL
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see URL (disambiguation).
A Uniform Resource Locator (URL), colloquially termed a web address,[1] is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it. A URL is a specific type of Uniform Resource Identifier (URI),[2] although many people use the two terms interchangeably.[3][a] URLs occur most commonly to reference web pages (http), but are also used for file transfer (ftp), email (mailto), database access (JDBC), and many other applications.
Most web browsers display the URL of a web page above the page in an address bar. A typical URL could have the form http://www.example.com/index.html, which indicates a protocol (http), a hostname (www.example.com), and a file name (index.html).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Syntax
3 Internationalized URL
4 Protocol-relative URLs
5 See also
6 Notes
7 Citations
8 References
9 External links
History
Uniform Resource Locators were defined in RFC 1738 in 1994 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web, and the URI working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF),[6] as an outcome of collaboration started at the IETF Living Documents Birds of a feather session in 1992.[7][8]
The format combines the pre-existing system of domain names (created in 1985) with file path syntax, where slashes are used to separate directory and filenames. Conventions already existed where server names could be prefixed to complete file paths, preceded by a double slash (//).[9]
Berners-Lee later expressed regret at the use of dots to separate the parts of the domain name within URIs, wishing he had used slashes throughout,[9] and also said that, given the colon following the first component of a URI, the two slashes before the domain name were unnecessary.[10]
An early (1993) draft of the HTML Specification[11] referred to "Universal" Resource Locators. This was dropped some time between June 1994 (RFC 1630) and October 1994 (draft-ietf-uri-url-08.txt).[12]
Syntax
Main article: Uniform Resource Identifier § Syntax
Every HTTP URL conforms to the syntax of a generic URI. A generic URI is of the form:
 scheme:[//[user[:password]@]host[:port]][/path][?query][#fragment]

It comprises:
The scheme, consisting of a sequence of characters beginning with a letter and followed by any combination of letters, digits, plus (+), period (.), or hyphen (-). Although schemes are case-insensitive, the canonical form is lowercase and documents that specify schemes must do so with lowercase letters. It is followed by a colon (:). Examples of popular schemes include http, https, ftp, mailto, file, data, and irc. URI schemes should be registered with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), although non-registered schemes are used in practice.[b]
Two slashes (//): This is required by some schemes and not required by some others. When the authority component (explained below) is absent, the path component cannot begin with two slashes.[14]
An authority part, comprising:
An optional authentication section of a user name and password, separated by a colon, followed by an at symbol (@)
A "host", consisting of either a registered name (including but not limited to a hostname), or an IP address. IPv4 addresses must be in dot-decimal notation, and IPv6 addresses must be enclosed in brackets ([ ]).[15][c]
An optional port number, separated from the hostname by a colon
A path, which contains data, usually organized in hierarchical form, that appears as a sequence of segments separated by slashes. Such a sequence may resemble or map exactly to a file system path, but does not always imply a relation to one.[17] The path must begin with a single slash (/) if an authority part was present, and may also if one was not, but must not begin with a double slash. The path is always defined, though the defined path may be empty (zero length), therefore no trailing slash. The final part of the path may be referred to as a 'slug'.
Query delimiter
Example
Ampersand (&) key1=value1&key2=value2
Semicolon (;)[d][incomplete short citation] key1=value1;key2=value2
An optional query, separated from the preceding part by a question mark (?), containing a query string of non-hierarchical data. Its syntax is not well defined, but by convention is most often a sequence of attribute–value pairs separated by a delimiter.
An optional fragment, separated from the preceding part by a hash (#). The fragment contains a fragment identifier providing direction to a secondary resource, such as a section heading in an article identified by the remainder of the URI. When the primary resource is an HTML document, the fragment is often an id attribute of a specific element, and web browsers will scroll this element into view.
A web browser will usually dereference a URL by performing an HTTP request to the specified host, by default on port number 80. URLs using the https scheme require that requests and responses will be made over a secure connection to the website.
Internationalized URL
Internet users are distributed throughout the world using a wide variety of languages and alphabets and expect to be able to create URLs in their own local alphabets. An Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI) is a form of URL that includes Unicode characters. All modern browsers support IRIs. The parts of the URL requiring special treatment for different alphabets are the domain name and path.[19][20]
The domain name in the IRI is known as an Internationalized Domain Name (IDN). Web and Internet software automatically convert the domain name into punycode usable by the Domain Name System; for example, the Chinese URL http://例子.卷筒纸 becomes http://xn--fsqu00a.xn--3lr804guic/. The xn-- indicates that the character was not originally ASCII.[21]
The URL path name can also be specified by the user in the local writing system. If not already encoded, it is converted to UTF-8, and any characters not part of the basic URL character set are escaped as hexadecimal using percent-encoding; for example, the Japanese URL http://example.com/引き割り.html becomes http://example.com/%E5%BC%95%E3%81%8D%E5%89%B2%E3%82%8A.html. The target computer decodes the address and displays the page.[19]
Protocol-relative URLs
Protocol-relative links (PRL), also known as protocol-relative URLs (PRURL), are URLs that have no protocol specified. For example, //example.com will use the protocol of the current page, either HTTP or HTTPS.[22][23]
See also
CURIE (Compact URI)
Use of slashes in networking
Fragment identifier
Internationalized resource identifier (IRI)
Semantic URL
Typosquatting
Uniform Resource Identifier
URL normalization
Notes
Jump up ^ A URL implies the means to access an indicated resource and is denoted by a protocol or an access mechanism, which is not true of every URI.[4][3] Thus http://www.example.com is a URL, while www.example.com is not.[5]
Jump up ^ The procedures for registering new URI schemes were originally defined in 1999 by RFC 2717, and are now defined by RFC 7595, published in June 2015.[13]
Jump up ^ For URIs relating to resources on the World Wide Web, some web browsers allow .0 portions of dot-decimal notation to be dropped or raw integer IP addresses to be used.[16]
Jump up ^ Historic RFC 1866 (obsoleted by RFC 2854) encourages CGI authors to support ';' in addition to '&'.[18]
Citations
Jump up ^ W3C (2009).
Jump up ^ RFC 3986 (2005).
^ Jump up to: a b Joint W3C/IETF URI Planning Interest Group (2002).
Jump up ^ RFC 2396 (1998).
Jump up ^ Miessler, Daniel. "The Difference Between URLs and URIs".
Jump up ^ W3C (1994).
Jump up ^ IETF (1992).
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee (1994).
^ Jump up to: a b Berners-Lee (2000).
Jump up ^ BBC News (2009).
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim; Connolly, Daniel (March 1993). Hypertext Markup Language (draft RFCxxx) (Technical report). p. 28.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, T; Masinter, L; McCahill, M (October 1994). Uniform Resource Locators (URL) (Technical report). cited in Ang, C.S.; Martin, D.C. (January 1995). Constituent Component Interface++ (Technical report). UCSF Library and Center for Knowledge Management.
Jump up ^ IETF (2015).
Jump up ^ RFC 3986 (2005), §3.
Jump up ^ RFC 3986 (2005), §3.2.2.
Jump up ^ Lawrence (2014).
Jump up ^ RFC 2396 (1998), §3.3.
Jump up ^ RFC 1866 (1995), §8.2.1.
^ Jump up to: a b W3C (2008).
Jump up ^ W3C (2014).
Jump up ^ IANA (2003).
Jump up ^ J. D. Glaser (2013). Secure Development for Mobile Apps: How to Design and Code Secure Mobile Applications with PHP and JavaScript. CRC Press. p. 193. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Steven M. Schafer (2011). HTML, XHTML, and CSS Bible. John Wiley & Sons. p. 124. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
References
"Berners-Lee "sorry" for slashes". BBC News. 2009-10-14. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
"Living Documents BoF Minutes". World Wide Web Consortium. 18 March 1992. Retrieved 2011-12-26.
Berners-Lee, Tim (21 March 1994). "Uniform Resource Locators (URL): A Syntax for the Expression of Access Information of Objects on the Network". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
Berners-Lee, Tim; Masinter, Larry; McCahill, Mark (August 1998). "Uniform Resource Locators (URL)". Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
Berners-Lee, Tim (2015) [2000]. "Why the //, #, etc?". Frequently asked questions. World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
Connolly, Dan; Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., eds. (21 May 2009). "Web addresses in HTML 5". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (14 February 2003). "Completion of IANA Selection of IDNA Prefix". IETF-Announce mailing list. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy; Masinter, Larry (August 1998). "Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax". Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
Hansen, T.; Hardie, T. (June 2015). Thaler, D., ed. "Guidelines and Registration Procedures for URI Schemes". Internet Engineering Task Force. ISSN 2070-1721.
Mealling, M.; Denenberg, R., eds. (August 2002). "Report from the Joint W3C/IETF URI Planning Interest Group: Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs), URLs, and Uniform Resource Names (URNs): Clarifications and Recommendations". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
Berners-Lee, Tim; Fielding, Roy; Masinter, Larry (January 2005). "Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax". Internet Engineering Task Force. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
"An Introduction to Multilingual Web Addresses". 9 May 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
Phillip, A. (2014). "What is Happening with "International URLs"". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
External links
URL specification at WHATWG
[hide]
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Baltimore Colts relocation to Indianapolis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Baltimore Colts relocation to Indianapolis was a successful effort by the then-owner of the Baltimore Colts (Robert Irsay) to move the American football team from Baltimore, Maryland to Indianapolis, Indiana. The team began play as the Indianapolis Colts for the 1984 National Football League (NFL) season. The Colts' move was completely unannounced and occurred in the early hours of March 29, 1984, after years of lobbying for a new stadium to replace the inadequate Memorial Stadium. The franchise's move continues to embitter many Baltimore natives decades afterward,[1] and would have a lasting impact on the NFL, including another controversial relocation twelve years later that resulted in Baltimore receiving its current NFL team, the Ravens.
Contents
[hide]
1 Actions leading up to the move
1.1 Baltodome project
1.2 1975–1980
2 Relocation to Indianapolis
2.1 Construction of the Hoosier Dome begins
2.2 Negotiations with Phoenix and Indianapolis
2.3 March 29, 1984
3 Aftermath
4 See also
5 References
Actions leading up to the move[edit]
The Colts had played at Memorial Stadium since 1953
Although the Colts had been successful since arriving in Baltimore for the 1953 NFL season, Memorial Stadium was claimed to be inadequate for both them and Major League Baseball's Baltimore Orioles. In May 1969, the city of Baltimore announced it would seek a substantial increase in Memorial Stadium rental fees from Colts owner Carroll Rosenbloom and the team itself. Rosenbloom had already called Memorial Stadium "antiquated" and had threatened to move all Colts home games out of the stadium unless improvements were made.[2] Rosenbloom even considered using $12–20 million of his own money to help fund the building of a new football only stadium on land in adjoining Baltimore County.[3] By November 1971, Rosenbloom announced that the Colts would not return to Memorial Stadium when their lease ran out following the 1972 season and that he was not interested in negotiating with the city anymore.[4] He wanted out of Baltimore for a few reasons—team revenue, problems with Baltimore Orioles ownership relating to Memorial Stadium revenues, a running feud with the Baltimore press, and his new wife's desire to move to the West Coast.[4][5] Real estate investor Will Keland was originally slated to buy the Colts from Rosenbloom. Keland could not generate enough funds necessary to purchase the team, but his golfing buddy Robert Irsay, who originally was only slated to own 1 percent of the team, did possess the necessary funds and moved in to make the purchase. On July 13, 1972, Irsay became owner of the Colts. Under the terms of the arrangement, he bought the Los Angeles Rams for $19 million, then traded them to Rosenbloom for the Colts and $3 million in cash.
In 1971, Baltimore mayor William Donald Schaefer and the state's governor, Marvin Mandel, created a stadium committee to examine the city's stadium needs. Their report was a blow to Memorial Stadium. Some of the problems mentioned: 10,000 of the stadium's seats had poor views of the field; 20,000 seats were out-dated bench seats that had no back support; 7,000 so called seats were actually poorly constructed temporary bleachers that were installed for football games only. Also, there was not enough office space for the front offices of either the Orioles or Colts, much less both teams combined. Both teams had to share locker rooms, the upper deck of Memorial Stadium did not circle the field, ending instead at the 50-yard line. Any expansion plans for the stadium had usually mentioned less attractive (and less expensive) end-zone seats, not upper deck seating. Lastly, the number of bathroom facilities in Memorial Stadium was deemed inadequate.[4]
Baltodome project[edit]
Maryland's planners came up with an ambitious project. Nicknamed the Baltodome,[6] the original plan was to create a facility near the city's Inner Harbor known as Camden Yards. The new stadium would host 70,000 fans for football games, 55,000 for baseball, and 20,000 as an arena for hockey or basketball. For an estimated $78 million, the city would build a facility that would have kept all parties happy; Orioles owner Hoffberger, Colts owner Irsay, the Stadium Complex Authority (whose Chairman Edmond Rovner reiterated in 1972 that "A major consideration in Mr. Irsay's trading of franchises was the city's firm commitment to proceed with these plans."[6]), Baltimore Mayor Schaefer, and the state's governor, Marvin Mandel.[4]
But the proposal did not receive support to pass the Maryland legislature, in spite of assurances that contributions from taxpayers would be limited strictly to city and state loans. On February 27, 1974, Maryland's Governor Mandel pulled the plug on the idea.[6] Orioles owner Jerold Hoffberger was blunt: "I will bow to the will of the people. They have told us what they want to tell us. First, they don't want a new park and second, they don't want a club."[4][6] Robert Irsay was willing to wait. "It's not a matter of saying that there will be no stadium. It's a matter of getting the facts together so everybody is happy when they build the stadium. I'm a patient man. I think the people of Baltimore are going to see those new stadiums in New Orleans and Seattle opening in a year or two around the country, and they are going to realize they need a stadium ... for conventions and other things besides football."[4][6]
But Hyman Pressman, Baltimore's comptroller, was against using any public funds to build a new stadium. During the 1974 elections, Pressman had an amendment to the city's charter placed on the fall ballot. Known as Question P,[4] the amendment called for declaring "the 33rd Street stadium as a memorial to war veterans and prohibiting use of city funds for construction of any other stadium." The measure passed 56 percent to 44 percent, and the same political motivations that had been used to upgrade the then Baltimore Stadium, originally built in 1922, in the late 1940s and rename it Memorial Stadium, effectively destroyed any chance of a new, modern sports complex being built in Baltimore.[4][6]
1975–1980[edit]
Although the Colts made the playoffs for three straight years from 1975 to 1977, there had still been no progress made on a new park for the team. Robert Irsay first spoke with Phoenix, Arizona in 1976 and then Indianapolis, Indiana in 1977 about the possibility of relocating his team to one of those cities. In 1976, he acknowledged publicly that he had received an attractive offer to move the franchise to Phoenix, Arizona.[6] Then, in 1977, he said, "I like Baltimore and want to stay there, but when are we going to find out something about our stadium? I'm getting offers from towns like Indianapolis to build me a new stadium and give me other inducements to move there. I don't want to but I'd like to see some action in Baltimore."[6] In 1979, Hoffberger sold the Orioles to Washington D.C. attorney Edward Bennett Williams, who declared 1980 to be a trial year for the fans of Baltimore. He then went on to explain his concerns with Memorial Stadium, saying it had "inadequate parking and inadequate access and egress. Frankly, I don't know if those problems will ever be solvable at that location."[6] Irsay began shopping the Colts around in earnest, talking first to officials from the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Commission, Memphis, Tennessee, and Jacksonville, Florida[5] where he visited the Gator Bowl packed with 50,000 cheering fans trying to convince him that Jacksonville would be the best home for the Colts. That same year Irsay presented Maryland's Governor Harry Hughes with a request for $25 million in renovation to the 64,124 seat Memorial Stadium.[7] Irsay's request for $25 million in improvements was decreased to $23 million by the Maryland legislature. The plan added more seats (but none of the revenue-generating skyboxes), improving the plumbing and would have given both teams better office space. The plan's approval was contingent on both the Colts and Baltimore Orioles signing long term leases. The Orioles challenged the requested football improvements and refused to sign anything more than a one-year lease. Irsay also refused to sign long term. As a result, the funds and improvements never came.[4][8]
Relocation to Indianapolis[edit]
"I have not any intentions of moving the goddamn team. If I did, I will tell you about it, but I'm staying here."
—Robert Irsay, January 20, 1984[9]
The Hoosier Dome was constructed with a view to attracting an NFL franchise to Indianapolis
Under the administration of Mayor (and future U.S. Senator) Richard Lugar and then continuing with successor William Hudnut, the City of Indianapolis was making a serious effort to reinvent itself into a "Great American City." In 1979, Indianapolis community leaders created the Indiana Sports Corp. in order to attract major sports events to central Indiana. The next year, Indianapolis Mayor William Hudnut appointed a committee to study the feasibility of building a new stadium that could serve primarily as a boon to the city's convention business and, secondarily, as a lure for an NFL team.[10]
Construction of the Hoosier Dome begins[edit]
In 1982, construction of the Hoosier Dome (later renamed the RCA Dome) began. Deputy Mayor David Frick, who would later lead the negotiations with the Colts and then go on to become chairman of the Indiana state commission that would oversee construction of the RCA Dome's replacement, Lucas Oil Stadium, would say that the RCA Dome was a key to changing the city's image. "Sports was an element in our game plan to change the image of the city back in the late 1970s, early 1980s."[10]
In February 1983, after relations between Irsay and the city of Baltimore had deteriorated significantly, Baltimore Mayor Schaefer asked the Maryland General Assembly to approve $15 million for renovation to Memorial Stadium. The legislature did not approve the request until the following spring, after the Colts' lease had expired, and only half of that $15 million would go toward improvements that the Colts were seeking (The other half for the Orioles').[citation needed] However, Baltimore reportedly did offer Irsay a $15 million loan at 6.5%, a guarantee of at least 43,000 tickets sold per game for six years, and the purchase of the team's Owings Mills training facility for $4 million.[5]
Negotiations with Phoenix and Indianapolis[edit]
On March 2, 1984 NFL owners voted to give Irsay permission to move his franchise to the city of his choosing.[11] Irsay continued discussions with several cities hungry for an NFL franchise (New York City, Phoenix, Arizona, Indianapolis, Indiana, Birmingham, Alabama, Jacksonville, Florida, and Memphis, Tennessee[12]) eventually narrowing the list of cities to two, Phoenix and Indianapolis.[13] In January 1984, Baltimore's mayor Schaefer stated, "We're not going to build a new stadium. We do not have the bonding capacity. We don't have the voters or taxpayer who can support a $60 million stadium. One-third of the people in Baltimore pay taxes. Unless private enterprise builds it, we won't build it."[6] The Phoenix Metropolitan Sports Foundation, headed by real estate developer Eddie Lynch, along with Arizona Governor Bruce Babbitt and other top Arizona officials, had secretly met with Irsay early in January 1984.[11] Preliminary talks seemed promising. Phoenix was offering a below market rate $15 million loan and rent-free use of the 71,000 seat Sun Devil Stadium on the campus of Arizona State University. (Sun Devil Stadium would later serve as the home to the Arizona Cardinals from 1988 to 2005 after the team moved there from St. Louis, Missouri; that team has since moved into University of Phoenix Stadium within that market.) A second meeting was scheduled between Irsay and the Phoenix group. But when word of a second scheduled meeting leaked out and was reported by the media on the Friday before the Super Bowl, Irsay canceled.[13] Meanwhile, Indianapolis and local real estate developer Robert Welch, were lobbying the NFL to bring an expansion team to the city, with Welch as team owner. Welch also had personal discussions with New Orleans Saints owner John Mecom about buying the team and moving it to Indianapolis.
In January 1984, NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle announced that expansion had been put on hold. As a result of that announcement, Indiana Pacers' owner Herb Simon contacted Colts officials in order to take negotiations between the club and Indianapolis to the next level. Mayor Hudnut then assigned deputy mayor David Frick to begin secret negotiations with Colts counsel Michael Chernoff. On February 13, Colts representatives came to town to look at the Hoosier Dome construction.[14] Colts owner Robert Irsay visited on February 23. "He [Irsay] was visibly moved," former deputy mayor Dave Frick said commenting on Irsay's reaction to entering the brand new domed stadium. "Emotionally, he was making the move."[15]
Meanwhile, in Baltimore, the Maryland State Legislature became involved in the dispute. On March 27, 1984, the Maryland Senate passed legislation giving the city of Baltimore the right to seize ownership of the Colts by eminent domain,[5] an idea first floated in a memo written by Baltimore mayoral aide Mark Wasserman. Robert Irsay said that his move was "a direct result" of the eminent domain bill.[8] Chernoff would say of the move by the Maryland legislature: "They not only threw down the gauntlet, but they put a gun to his head and cocked it and asked, 'Want to see if it's loaded?' They forced him to make a decision that day."[5][14]
March 29, 1984[edit]
Although Maryland Governor Harry Hughes signed a bill allowing the city of Baltimore to seize the Colts by eminent domain, it was too late to prevent the organization from moving to Indianapolis.
On March 28, 1984, due to the Maryland Senate's actions, the Phoenix group withdrew its offer.[16] That afternoon, Irsay paid a call to Mayor Hudnut and the city of Indianapolis offered the Colts owner a $12.5 million loan, a $4 million training complex, and the use of the brand new $77.5 million, 57,980 seat Hoosier Dome. Irsay agreed, which set a chain of events into motion that would bring about the move.[17]
After he got off the phone with Irsay, Hudnut called his neighbor and friend, John B. Smith, after the deal was finalized. Smith was the chief executive officer of Mayflower Transit, an Indiana-based moving company, and Hudnut asked him to assist the team in their move. Smith sent fifteen Mayflower trucks to Owings Mills and they arrived at the Colts' facility at around 10 p.m. The reasoning for the late hour of the move was out of fear that the Maryland House of Delegates would also approve the eminent domain bill the State Senate had, which would have resulted in the team being seized the next morning once Maryland Governor Harry Hughes signed the bill into law.[18][14] Workers loaded all of the team's belongings and the trucks left for Indianapolis.[19] Within eight hours of the Mayflower trucks' arrival in Owings Mills, the Colts were completely gone from Baltimore.[20] Later that day, the House of Delegates indeed passed the bill by a count of 103–19 and Governor Hughes signed it, but by that time it was too late.[21]
All fifteen moving trucks took a different route to Indianapolis from Baltimore, done as a diversion tactic so the Maryland State Police could not delay them until the eminent domain law was signed (which they would have been able to act upon once it took effect to force the Colts back to Baltimore). Once a truck got to Indiana, the Indiana State Police would meet it and escort it to Indianapolis—a process repeated until all fifteen vans had reached the destination. Indianapolis Mayor Hudnut held a press conference March 29 to announce the agreement.[22] The deal was sealed March 30 with approval by the Capital Improvement Board, which operated the Hoosier Dome. Two days later, 20,000 new Colts fans cheered as Mayor Hudnut proclaimed March 29, 1984, "one of the greatest days in the history of this city."[10] Baltimore's Mayor Schaefer appeared on the front page of the Baltimore Sun in tears. After the Colts left, and in spite of his earlier stance that the city of Baltimore would not build a new stadium,[6] he placed the building of a new stadium at the top of his legislative agenda.[8] Plans for a new stadium never got off the ground for the rest of his mayoral tenure.
Later John Moag, Jr., chairman of the Maryland Stadium Authority, stated in sworn testimony before the U.S. Senate subcommittee responsible for the Fan Freedom and Community Protection Act: "It was the failure of our local (Baltimore) and state elected officials in Maryland to provide the Colts with a firm proposal for a new stadium that led Mr. Irsay to accept an offer from Indianapolis to play in a new dome in that city."[23]
Aftermath[edit]
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Not only were Baltimore Colts' fans heartbroken about losing their team, but they also lost the team name. (The Colts were named in honor of the city's Preakness Stakes and Maryland horse farmers.) In elections that year, city voters repealed Question P by a measure of 62 percent to 38 percent. However, the amendment's author (Hyman Pressman) remained as an elected City Comptroller for 28 years (seven terms in a row) until retiring in 1991.[24] The team's move triggered a flurry of legal activity, which ultimately reached the U.S. Supreme Court and bills were filed in both the U.S. House and Senate seeking to block the move. In December 1985, a U.S. District Court judge threw out the lawsuit which sought to return the team to Maryland, though the city of Baltimore was allowed to keep the Vince Lombardi Trophy that the Colts won in Super Bowl V.
The United States Football League reacted promptly to the move. The league's 1984 champions, the Philadelphia Stars, relocated to Baltimore for the 1985 season to capitalize on the departure of the Colts. Unfortunately for the Stars, the Colts, despite abandoning Memorial Stadium, were still able to block the Stars from using it,[citation needed] forcing the team to move to the University of Maryland's Byrd Stadium, much closer to Washington, D.C and over 30 miles south of Baltimore. The rechristened "Baltimore Stars" won the 1985 championship as well. Had the USFL played its proposed fall season in 1986, Baltimore, by virtue of not being up against an NFL team in its market, would have been a part of it, but the league suspended operations and ultimately folded before the season could take place.
Representatives of Baltimore and the Colts organization reached a settlement in March 1986 in which all lawsuits regarding the relocation were dismissed, and the Colts would endorse a new NFL team for Baltimore.[14]
The Colts' move prompted city and state officials to redouble efforts to retain Baltimore's remaining major-league team, the Orioles. Oriole Park at Camden Yards, a facility designed specifically for baseball, was constructed near the proposed Baltodome site and opened in 1992. Its retro-classic design was well-received and inspired the designs of new MLB stadiums for the next twenty years.[25]
One aspect that would remain in Baltimore would be the Baltimore Colts Marching Band. According to an ESPN 30 for 30 documentary called The Band That Wouldn't Die, directed by Baltimore native Barry Levinson, band leaders got advance warning that the team was being moved from Baltimore to Indianapolis overnight and were able to remove their equipment from team headquarters before the moving vans arrived. At the time of the move, the band's uniforms were being dry-cleaned. Band President John Ziemann contacted the owner of the dry cleaners, who was sympathetic, told Ziemann where the uniforms were and offered to let Ziemann take the company van "for a walk".[26] Ziemann and some associates then hid the uniforms in a nearby cemetery until the wife of then-Colts owner Robert Irsay said they could keep them. From 1984 until the NFL returned to Baltimore in 1996, the band stayed together, playing at football halftime shows and marching in parades, eventually becoming well known as "Baltimore's Pro-Football Musical Ambassadors".[27] The band remained an all-volunteer band as it is today and supported itself. At one point, John Ziemann pawned his wife's wedding ring for the money to buy new equipment.[26]
Colts Hall of Fame quarterback Johnny Unitas, who had settled with his family in Baltimore after his playing career was over, was angered by the move to Indianapolis and cut all ties with the team.[28] Unitas aligned himself with the Ravens when they moved to Baltimore, and a statue of him was placed outside of M&T Bank Stadium.[29]
When the Canadian Football League decided to expand into the United States in the mid-1990s, Baltimore was viewed as a natural selection for an American CFL team, both because the city was much larger closer to Canada than the other expansion teams' markets, but also on account of the city's (then-still) lingering bitterness toward the NFL. The Baltimore Stallions were originally named the Baltimore CFL Colts, but an injunction by the NFL compelled the name change to Stallions. Even after the name change, the team continued to use the logo and colors that had originally been designed for the "CFL Colts." After winning a division championship in its first year and then winning the Grey Cup the next, the team disbanded after the NFL's return to Baltimore became inevitable. The Stallions' ownership and front office staff subsequently established a "new" CFL team in the Canadian city of Montreal, where they were able to re-sign much of the Stallions' roster. The CFL subsequently recognized the "new" Montreal Alouettes to be a resumption of the previous Alouettes franchise that had ceased operations in 1987 and not a continuation of the Baltimore Stallions.
Ironically, the NFL would return to Baltimore in a very similar manner to the way in which it left. On November 6, 1995, Cleveland Browns owner Art Modell announced his intention to move the Browns to Baltimore for the 1996 NFL season. Like most other sports teams relocations including that of the Colts, Modell had intended on keeping the Browns name, colors, history, trophies, archives, and other artifacts with him to Baltimore for the rechristened Baltimore Browns. Like the Colts' move, the Browns' relocation led to lawsuits by the City of Cleveland. At the same time, a number of Baltimore football fans balked at Modell's intention to rechristen his team as the "Baltimore Browns." As badly as they wanted to see the NFL return, they were uneasy at the prospect of taking Cleveland's football history in a manner that seemed similar to how they believed Irsay had taken the Colts' legacy with him to Indianapolis.
Eventually, Modell agreed to a settlement with the NFL that granted him an "expansion" franchise in Baltimore that in turn would assume the then-current contracts of Cleveland Browns players and personnel. However, he was required to leave the Browns' name, colors, history, records, trophies, awards and archives in Cleveland. However, no owner was ready to start a new football organization on such short notice, and Cleveland Stadium had been ruled out even for temporary use until a new stadium could be built. Without a viable owner or facility available in Cleveland, the league agreed to allow the Browns to officially suspend operations until the 1999 NFL season. That season, the Browns resumed operations complete with an established name, colors, history, records, trophies, awards, and archives. For all intents and purposes, however, they were an expansion team with a roster stocked primarily via an expansion draft similar to every other North American professional sports team established in the modern era. The last NFL team to completely suspend operations temporarily, coincidentally, was also a Cleveland team at the time: the Rams, who suspended operations for one year in 1943 because of World War II, moved to Los Angeles in 1946.
Modell's "expansion" franchise in Baltimore would subsequently become the Baltimore Ravens, and would later adopt the Colts Marching Band, which in 1998, when the team, which had played its first two seasons at Memorial Stadium, moved into a new stadium at Camden Yards, was renamed Baltimore's Marching Ravens, who continue to perform to this day.
The Ravens play the Colts in the 2012-13 playoffs.
The Colts' final game in Baltimore was played on December 18, 1983 against the Houston Oilers. The Colts won 20–10. Thirteen years later the Oilers would play their final game before moving to Tennessee against the Baltimore Ravens at Memorial Stadium (the Tennessee Titans are currently one of the Colts' division rivals). The Colts would not play another game in Baltimore until 1998. Since then, the Colts have played in Baltimore several more times during the regular season (most recently in 2017). The teams have had three playoff match-ups, playing two in Baltimore (2006 and 2012), and one in Indianapolis (2009). The Colts won the 2006 game en route to their first Super Bowl win since moving to Indianapolis. The Colts also won the 2009 game but lost the 2012 game, in what was Ray Lewis' last home game. The current rivalry between the two teams is in favor of the Colts (who lead the series eleven wins to four overall [9-3 in the regular season, and 2-1 in the playoffs]). In each game that Indianapolis has played in Baltimore the scoreboard has listed only the city, Indy, never acknowledging the team's name, Colts.
Punter Rohn Stark was the last active NFL player who played for the Colts while in Baltimore, retiring after the 1997 NFL season. Stark is also the only player to play for the Baltimore Colts and against the Baltimore Ravens (no player ever played for both the Baltimore Colts and Baltimore Ravens). Ted Marchibroda is the only person to coach the Baltimore Colts, Baltimore Ravens, and the Indianapolis Colts.
Since the formation of the Ravens, both teams have won the Super Bowl. The Ravens won Super Bowl XXXV and Super Bowl XLVII, while the Colts won Super Bowl XLI and played in Super Bowl XLIV. As of the 2015 NFL season, the Colts have now played in Indianapolis longer than Baltimore.
See also[edit]
Relocation of professional sports teams
History of the Baltimore Colts
History of the Indianapolis Colts
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wilson, Phillip B. (January 4, 2013). "Colts' move still stings for some in Baltimore". USA Today. Retrieved August 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Colts Stadium Rent To Rise". Palm Beach Post. Associated Press. May 29, 1969. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
Jump up ^ "Colts May Build Own Stadium". Free Lance-Star. November 18, 1968. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Descendants of the Mayflower by Michael Devitt". Tripod.com. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Colt's Irsay reportedly leaning towards Phoenix". Palm Beach Post. Associated Press. March 17, 1984. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
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[hide]
v
t
e
Indianapolis Colts
Founded in 1953
Played in Baltimore (1953–83)
Based and headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana
Franchise
History
in Baltimore
relocation to Indianapolis
in Indianapolis
Players
Quarterbacks
Coaches
Seasons
Draft
First-round draft picks
Ring of Honor
Stadiums
Memorial Stadium
RCA Dome
Lucas Oil Stadium
Culture
Carroll Rosenbloom
Robert Irsay
Jim Irsay
12th Man
AAFC Colts
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The Band That Wouldn't Die
Blue
Cheerleaders
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The Greatest Game Ever Played
Ghost to the Post
1995 AFC Championship Game
Deflategate
Rivalries
New England Patriots
Brady–Manning rivalry
Division championships (16)
1968
1970
1975
1976
1977
1987
1999
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2009
2010
2013
2014
Conference championships (7)
1958
1959
1964
1968
1970
2006
2009
League championships (4†)
1958
1959
1970 (V)
2006 (XLI)
† does not include 1968 NFL championship
Retired numbers
18
19
22
24
70
77
82
89
Media
Broadcasters
WFNI-AM
Bob Lamey
Jim Sorgi
Current league affiliations
League: National Football League
Conference: American Football Conference
Division: South Division
Seasons (66)
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
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1990
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1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Championship seasons in bold
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baltimore_Colts_relocation_to_Indianapolis&oldid=836591927"
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National Football League controversies
National Football League franchise relocations
1984 in sports in Indiana
1984 in sports in Maryland
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