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Coinage of India
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Hoard of mostly Maurya Empire coins.
Outline of South Asian history
Palaeolithic (2,500,000–250,000 BC)[show]
Madrasian Culture
Soanian Culture
Neolithic (10,800–3300 BC)[show]
Bhirrana Culture (7570–6200 BC)
Mehrgarh Culture (7000–3300 BC)
Edakkal Culture (5000–3000 BC)
Chalcolithic (3500–1500 BC)[show]
Ahar-Banas Culture (3000–1500 BC)
Pandu Culture (1600–1500 BC)
Malwa Culture (1600–1300 BC)
Jorwe Culture (1400–700 BC)
Bronze Age (3300–1300 BC)[show]
Indus Valley Civilisation (3300–1300 BC)
– Early Harappan Culture (3300–2600 BC)
– Mature Harappan Culture (2600–1900 BC)
– Late Harappan Culture (1900–1300 BC)
Vedic Civilisation (2000–500 BC)
– Ochre Coloured Pottery culture (2000–1600 BC)
– Swat culture (1600–500 BC)
Iron Age (1500–200 BC)[show]
Vedic Civilisation (1500–500 BC)
– Janapadas (1500–600 BC)
– Black and Red ware culture (1300–1000 BC)
– Painted Grey Ware culture (1200–600 BC)
– Northern Black Polished Ware (700–200 BC)
Pradyota Dynasty (799–684 BC)
Haryanka Dynasty (684–424 BC)
Three Crowned Kingdoms (c. 600 BC–AD 1600)
Maha Janapadas (c. 600–300 BC)
Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC)
Ror Dynasty (450 BC–AD 489)
Shishunaga Dynasty (424–345 BC)
Nanda Empire (380–321 BC)
Macedonian Empire (330–323 BC)
Maurya Empire (321–184 BC)
Seleucid India (312–303 BC)
Pandya Empire (c. 300 BC–AD 1345)
Chera Kingdom (c. 300 BC-AD 1102)
Chola Empire (c. 300 BC–AD 1279)
Pallava Empire (c. 250 BC–AD 800)
Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire (c. 250 BC–c. AD 500)
Parthian Empire (247 BC– AD 224)
Middle Kingdoms (230 BC– AD 1206)[show]
Satavahana Empire (230 BC–AD 220)
Kuninda Kingdom (200 BC–AD 300)
Mitra Dynasty (c. 150 –c. 50 BC)
Shunga Empire (185–73 BC)
Indo-Greek Kingdom (180 BC–AD 10)
Kanva Empire (75–26 BC)
Indo-Scythian Kingdom (50 BC–AD 400)
Indo-Parthian Kingdom (AD 21–c. 130)
Western Satrap Empire (AD 35–405 )
Kushan Empire (AD 60–240)
Bharshiva Dynasty (170–350)
Nagas of Padmavati (210–340)
Sasanian Empire (224–651)
Indo-Sassanid Kingdom (230–360)
Vakataka Empire (c. 250–c. 500)
Kalabhras Empire (c. 250–c. 600)
Gupta Empire (280–550)
Kadamba Empire (345–525)
Western Ganga Kingdom (350–1000)
Kamarupa Kingdom (350–1100)
Vishnukundina Empire (420–624)
Maitraka Empire (475–767)
Huna Kingdom (475–576)
Rai Kingdom (489–632)
Kabul Shahi Empire (c. 500–1026)
Chalukya Empire (543–753)
Maukhari Empire (c. 550–c. 700)
Harsha Empire (606–647)
Tibetan Empire (618–841)
Eastern Chalukya Kingdom (624–1075)
Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)
Gurjara-Pratihara Empire (650–1036)
Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
Pala Empire (750–1174)
Rashtrakuta Empire (753–982)
Paramara Kingdom (800–1327)
Yadava Empire (850–1334)
Chaulukya Kingdom (942–1244)
Western Chalukya Empire (973–1189)
Lohara Kingdom (1003–1320)
Hoysala Empire (1040–1346)
Sena Empire (1070–1230)
Eastern Ganga Empire (1078–1434)
Kakatiya Kingdom (1083–1323)
Zamorin Kingdom (1102–1766)
Kalachuris of Tripuri (675-1210)
Kalachuris of Kalyani (1156–1184)
Chutiya Kingdom (1187–1673)
Deva Kingdom (c. 1200–c. 1300)
Late medieval period (1206–1526)[show]
Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)
– Mamluk Sultanate (1206–1290)
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– Sayyid Sultanate (1414–1451)
– Lodi Sultanate (1451–1526)
Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826)
Chitradurga Kingdom (1300–1779)
Reddy Kingdom (1325–1448)
Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646)
Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576)
Garhwal Kingdom (1358–1803)
Mysore Kingdom (1399–1947)
Gajapati Kingdom (1434–1541)
Deccan Sultanates (1490–1596)
– Ahmadnagar Sultanate (1490–1636)
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– Bidar Sultanate (1492–1619)
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– Golkonda Sultanate (1518–1687)
Keladi Kingdom (1499–1763)
Koch Kingdom (1515–1947)
Early modern period (1526–1858)[show]
Mughal Empire (1526–1858)
Sur Empire (1540–1556)
Madurai Kingdom (1559–1736)
Thanjavur Kingdom (1572–1918)
Bengal Subah (1576–1757)
Marava Kingdom (1600–1750)
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Maratha Empire (1674–1818)
Sikh Confederacy (1707–1799)
Travancore Kingdom (1729–1947)
Sikh Empire (1799–1849)
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Coinage of India, issued by imperial dynasties and middle kingdoms, began anywhere between 6th century BCE to 1st millennium BCE and consisted mainly of copper and silver coins in its initial stage.[1] Scholars remain divided over the origins of Indian coinage.[2]
Cowry shells was first used in India as commodity money.[3] The Indus Valley Civilization dates back between 2500 BCE and 1750 BCE.[4] What is known, however, is that metal currency was minted in India well before the Mauryan Empire (322–185 BCE),[5] and as radio carbon dating indicates, before the 5th century BCE.[6]
The practice of minted coins spread to the Indo-Gangetic Plain from West Asia. The coins of this period were called Puranas, Karshapanas or Pana.[7] These earliest Indian coins, however, are unlike those circulated in West Asia, were not disk-shaped but rather stamped bars of metal, suggesting that the innovation of stamped currency was added to a pre-existing form of token currency which had already been present in the Mahajanapada kingdoms of the Indian Iron Age. Mahajanapadas that minted their own coins included Gandhara, Kuntala, Kuru, Panchala, Shakya, Surasena and Surashtra.[8]
The tradition of Indian coinage was further influenced by the coming of Turkic and Mughal invaders in India.[1] The East India Company introduced uniform coinage in the 19th century CE, and these coins were later imitated by the modern nation states of Republic of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh.[9] Numismatics plays a valuable role in determining certain period of Indian history.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Post Maha Janapadas period (600 BCE – 200 BCE)
2 Classical period (300 BCE – 1100 CE)
2.1 Coins of the Mauryas
2.2 Introduction of cast die-struck technique (end of 3rd century BCE)
2.3 Coins of the Indo-Greeks
2.4 Coins of the Sakas and the Pahlavas (200 BCE – 400 CE)
2.5 Coins of Kanishka and Huvishka (100 CE – 200 CE)
2.6 Coinage of the Guptas Empire (320 CE – 480 CE)
2.7 Coinage of the Rajputs (900 CE – 1400 CE)
3 Late Middle Ages – contemporary history (1300 CE – 2000 CE)
3.1 The Alf Coins of King Akbar (1582 CE – 1610 CE)
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Post Maha Janapadas period (600 BCE – 200 BCE)[edit]
See also: Punch-marked coins
Magadha kingdom, circa 430–320 BCE, Karshapana.
Magadha Kingdom coin, circa 350 BCE, Karshapana.
Punch-marked coins are a type of early Coinage of India, dating to between about the 6th and 2nd centuries BCE.
The first coins in India were minted around the 6th century BCE by the Mahajanapadas of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, and certainly before the invasion of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BCE. The coins of this period were punch-marked coins called Puranas, Karshapanas or Pana. Several of these coins had a single symbol, for example, Saurashtra had a humped bull, and Dakshin Panchala had a Swastika, others, like Magadha, had several symbols. These coins were made of silver of a standard weight but with an irregular shape. This was gained by cutting up silver bars and then making the correct weight by cutting the edges of the coin.[10]
They are mentioned in the Manu, Panini, and Buddhist Jataka stories and lasted three centuries longer in the south than the north (600 BCE – 300 CE).[11]
Shurasena
Surashtra[12]
Early coins of India (400 BCE – 100 CE) were made of silver and copper, and bore animal and plant symbols on them.[1]
Classical period (300 BCE – 1100 CE)[edit]
Coins of the Mauryas[edit]
The Mauryan Empire coins were punch marked with the royal standard to ascertain their authenticity.[13] The Arthashastra, written by Kautilya, mentions minting of coins but also indicates that the violation of the Imperial Maurya standards by private enterprises may have been an offence.[13] Kautilya also seemed to advocate a theory of bimetallism for coinage, which involved the use of two metals, copper and silver, under one government.[14]
Maurya Empire coinage
Hoard of mostly Mauryan coins.
Silver punch mark coin of the Maurya empire, with symbols of wheel and elephant. 3rd century BCE.[citation needed]
Mauryan coin with arched hill symbol on reverse.[citation needed]
Mauryan Empire coin. Circa late 4th-2nd century BCE.[citation needed]
Mauryan Empire, Emperor Salisuka or later. Circa 207-194 BCE.[15]
Introduction of cast die-struck technique (end of 3rd century BCE)[edit]
Main article: Post-Mauryan coinage
Ancient Indian Coin from Taxila, India, dating back to the 304-232 BC. One of the earliest style coins from ancient India. On the obverse, it has an Elephant advancing right, and on the reverse, a Lion standing left, with hill to left and swastika above.
Punch marked coins were replaced at the fall of the Maurya Empire by cast, die-struck coins.[16] Each individual coins was first cast by pouring a molten metal, usually copper or silver, into a cavity formed by two molds. These were then usually die-struck while still hot, first on just one side, and then later on the two sides. The coin devices are Indian, but it is thought that this coin technology was introduced from the West, either from the Achaemenid Empire or from the neighboring Greco-Bactrian kingdom.[17]
Coins of the Indo-Greeks[edit]
Silver tetradrachm of Indo-Greek king Philoxenus.
Obv: Helmetted, diademed and draped bust of Philoxenus. Greek legend BASILEOS ANIKETOU PHILOXENOU "Of the Invincible King Philoxenus"
Rev: King on prancing horse in military dress. Kharoshti legend MAHARAJASA APADIHATASA PHILASINASA "Undefeatable King Philoxenus".
Coin of Apollodotus I, with a nandipada taurine symbol on the hump of the zebu bull.
Further information: Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara
The Indo-Greek kings introduced Greek types, and among them the portrait head, into the Indian coinage, and their example was followed for eight centuries.[18] Every coin has some mark of authority in it, this is what known as "types". It appears on every Greek and Roman coin.[18] Demetrios was the first Bactrian king to strike square copper coins of the Indian type, with a legend in Greek on the obverse, and in Kharoshthi on the reverse.[18] Copper coins, square for the most part, are very numerous. The devices are almost entirely Greek, and must have been engraved by Greeks, or Indians trained in the Greek traditions. The rare gold staters and the splendid tetradrachms of Bactria disappear.[18] The silver coins of the Indo-Greeks, as these later princes may conveniently be called, are the didrachm and the hemidrachm. With the exception of certain square hemidrachms of Apollodotos and Philoxenos, they are all round, are struck to the Persian (or Indian) standard, and all have inscriptions in both Greek and Kharoshthi characters.[18]
Coinage of Indo-Greek kingdom began to increasingly influence coins from other regions of India by the 1st century BCE.[1] By this time a large number of tribes, dynasties and kingdoms began issuing their coins; Prākrit legends began to appear.[1] The extensive coinage of the Kushan empire (1st–3rd centuries CE) continued to influence the coinage of the Guptas (320 to 550 CE) and the later rulers of Kashmir.[1]
During the early rise of Roman trade with India up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from Myos Hormos to India.[19] Gold coins, used for this trade, was apparently being recycled by the Kushan empire for their own coinage. In the 1st century CE, the Roman writer Pliny the Elder complained about the vast sums of money leaving the Roman empire for India:
“ India, China and the Arabian peninsula take one hundred million sesterces from our empire per annum at a conservative estimate: that is what our luxuries and women cost us. For what percentage of these imports is intended for sacrifices to the gods or the spirits of the dead? - Pliny, Historia Naturalis 12.41.84. ”
The trade was particularly focused around the regions of Gujarat, ruled by the Western Satraps, and the tip of the Indian peninsular in Southern India. Large hoards of Roman coins have been found and especially in the busy maritime trading centers of South India.[20] The South Indian kings reissued Roman-like coinage in their own name, either producing their own copies or defacing real ones in order to signify their sovereignty.[21]
Coins of the Sakas and the Pahlavas (200 BCE – 400 CE)[edit]
Coin of Indo-Scythian Northern Satrap Rajuvula. Obv. Bust of king and Greek legend. Rev. Athena Alkidemos and Kharoshthi legend chatrapasa apratihatachakrasa rajuvulasa "the Satrap Rajuvula whose discus [cakra] is irresistible".The coins are derived from the Indo-Greek types of Strato II.[22]
During the Indo-Scythians period whose era begins from 200 BCE to 400 CE, a new kind of the coins of two dynasties were very popular in circulation in various parts of the then India and parts of central and northern South Asia (Sogdiana, Bactria, Arachosia, Gandhara, Sindh, Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar).[18] These dynasties were Saka and The Pahlavas.After the conquest of Bactria by the Sakas in 135 BCE there must have been considerable intercourse sometimes of a friendly, sometimes of a hostile character, between them and the Parthians, who occupied the neighboring territory.[18]
Maues, whose coins are found only in the Punjab, was the first king of what may be called the Azes group of princes. His silver is not plentiful; the finest type is that with a "biga" (two-horsed chariot) on the obverse, and this type belongs to a square Hemi drachm, the only square aka silver coin known. His most common copper coins, with an elephant's head on the obverse and a "Caduceus" (staff of the god Hermes) on the reverse are imitated from a round copper coin of Demetrius. On another copper square coin of Maues the king is represented on horseback. This striking device is characteristic both of the Saka and Pahlava coinage; it first appears in a slightly different form on coins of the Indo-Greek Hippostratos; the Gupta kings adopted it for their "horseman" type, and it reappears in Medieval India on the coins of numerous Hindu kingdoms until the 14th century CE.[18]
Coins of Kanishka and Huvishka (100 CE – 200 CE)[edit]
Coin of Kanishka in Greek script, with illustration of the Buddha on the reverse.
Kanishka's copper coinage which came into the scene during 100–200 CE was of two types: one had the usual "standing king" obverse, and on the rarer second type the king is sitting on a throne. At about the same time there was Huvishka's copper coinage which was more varied; on the reverse, as on Kanishka's copper, there was always one of the numerous deities; on the obverse the king was portrayed (1) riding on an elephant, or (2) reclining on a couch, or (3) seated cross-legged, or (4) seated with arms raised.
Coinage of the Guptas Empire (320 CE – 480 CE)[edit]
Silver coin of Chandragupta II of Gupta Empire, in the style of the Western Satrap, with pseudo-Greek script on the obverse, 400 CE.
Gold coins of Chandragupta II of Gupta Empire, 400 CE.
The Gupta Empire produced large numbers of gold coins depicting the Gupta kings performing various rituals, as well as silver coins clearly influenced by those of the earlier Western Satraps by Chandragupta II.[1]
The splendid gold coinage of Guptas, with its many types and infinite varieties and its inscriptions in Sanskrit, are the finest examples of the purely Indian art that we possess.[18] Their era starts from around 320 with Chandragupta I's accession to the throne.[18]Son of Chandragupta I-Samudragupta, the real founder of the Gupta Empire had coinage made of gold only.[18] There were seven different varieties of coins that appeared during his reign.[18] Out of them the archer type is the most common and characteristic type of the Gupta dynasty coins, which were struck by at least eight succeeding kings and was a standard type in the kingdom.[18]
The silver coinage of Guptas starts with the overthrow of the Western Satraps by Chandragupta II. Kumaragupta and Skandagupta continued with the old type of coins (the Garuda and the Peacock types) and also introduced some other new types.[18] The copper coinage was mostly confined to the era of Chandragupta II and was more original in design. Eight out of the nine types known to have been struck by him have a figure of Garuda and the name of the King on it. The gradual deterioration in design and execution of the gold coins and the disappearance of silver money, bear ample evidence to their curtailed territory.[18] The percentage of gold in Indian coins under the reign of Gupta rulers showed a steady financial decline over the centuries as it decreases from 90% pure gold under Chandragupta I (319-335) to a mere 75-80% under Skandagupta (467).
Coinage of the Rajputs (900 CE – 1400 CE)[edit]
The coins of various Rajput princes's ruling in Hindustan and Central India were usually of gold, copper or billon, very rarely silver. These coins had the familiar goddess of wealth, Lakshmi on the obverse. In these coins, the Goddess was shown with four arms than the usual two arms of the Gupta coins; the reverse carried the Nagari legend. The seated bull and horseman were almost invariable devices on Rajput copper and bullion coins.[18]
Late Middle Ages – contemporary history (1300 CE – 2000 CE)[edit]
The Alf Coins of King Akbar (1582 CE – 1610 CE)[edit]
Silver coin of Akbar with inscriptions of the Islamic declaration of faith, the declaration reads: "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."
Political orders in Medieval India were based on a relationship and association of power by which the supreme ruler, especially a monarch was able to influence the actions of the subjects.[23]
In order for the relationship to work, it had to be expressed and communicated in the best possible way. In other words, power was by nature declarative from the point of view of its intelligibility and comprehensibility to the audience and required modes of communication to take effect by means of which sovereign power was articulated in the 16th century India.[23]
An examination was done of a series of coins officially issued and circulated by the Mughal emperor Akbar (r 1556-1605) to illustrate and project a particular view of time, religion, and political supremacy being fundamental and co-existing in nature.
Coins constitute part of the evidence that project the transmission of religious and political ideas in the last quarter of the 16th century.
The word 'Alf' refers to the millennium.[23] The following are the extraordinary decisions, though bizarre, were taken by King Akbar.
The date in coins were written in words and not in figures.
If the intention was to refer to the year 1000 (yak hazar) of the Islamic calendar (hijri era) as is traditionally believed, the expression adopted for it (Alf) was unorthodox and eccentric.
Akbar, ultimately and more importantly, commanded Alf to be imprinted on the coins in 990 hijri (1582 CE ), or ten years before the date (1000 hijri) was due.
The order was a major departure and extremely unconventional and eccentric from the norm of striking coins in medieval India. Till the advent of Alf, all gold and silver coins had been stuck with figure of the current hijri year.[23]
Akbar's courtier and critic, Abdul Badani, presents and explains in brevity the motive for these unconventional decisions while describing the events that took place in 990 hijri (1582 CE):
And having thus convinced himself that the thousand years from the prophethood of the apostle (B'isat I Paighambar) the duration for which Islam [lit. religion] would last was now over, and nothing prevented him from articulating the desires he so secretly held in his heart, and the space became empty of the theologians (ulema) and mystics (mashaikh) who had carried awe and dignity and no need was felt for them: he [Akbar] felt himself at liberty to refute the principles of Islam and to institute new regulations, obsolete and corrupt but considered precious by his pernicious beliefs. The first order, which was given to write the date Alf on coins (Dar Sikka tank half Navisand) and to write the Tarikh-i-Alfi [history of the millennium] from the demise (Rihlat) of the prophet (Badauni II: 301).[23]
The evidence, both textual and numismatic, actually makes it clear that Akbar's decisions to mint the Alf coins and commission the Tarikh-i-Alfi were based on a new communication and interpretation of the terminal dates of the Islamic millennium.
What the evidence doesn't explain is the source of the idea as well as the reason for persisting with the same date on the imperial coinage even after the critical year had passed.[23]
Gallery[edit]
Queen Kumaradevi and King Chandragupta I on a coin of their son Samudragupta 380 CE.
Gold coin of Gupta era, depicting a Gupta king holding a bow, 300 CE.
Maratha Empire, Chhatrapati Shivaji, Gold hon, c. 1674–80 CE.
Silver Rupee coin of Rudra Simha of Ahom kingdom, 1696 CE.
Maratha Kingdom of Baroda, Sayaji Rao III, 1870 CE.
Gold coin of Raja Raja Chola I, 985–1014 CE.
See also[edit]
Coinage of Asia
History of the rupee
Indian rupee
Modern Indian coins
Pre-modern coinage in Sri Lanka
Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Allan & Stern (2008)
Jump up ^ Dhavalikar (1975)
Jump up ^ Kramer, History Begins at Sumer, pp. 52–55.
Jump up ^ https://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-ancient.html
Jump up ^ Sellwood (2008)
Jump up ^ Dhavalikar, M. K. (1975), "The beginning of coinage in India", World Archaeology, 6 (3): 330-338, Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
Jump up ^ See P.L. Gupta: Coins, New Delhi, National Book Trust, 1996, Chapter II.
Jump up ^ "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Gandhara Janapada". Coinindia.com. Retrieved 2012-05-22. "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Kuntala Janapada". Coinindia.com. Retrieved 2012-05-22. "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Kuru Janapada". Coinindia.com. Retrieved 2012-05-22. "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Panchala Janapada". Coinindia.com. Retrieved 2012-05-22. "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Shakya Janapada". Coinindia.com. Retrieved 2012-05-22. "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Shurasena Janapada". Coinindia.com. Archived from the original on 2012-06-05. Retrieved 2012-05-22. "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Surashtra Janapada". Coinindia.com. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
^ Jump up to: a b Sutherland (2008)
Jump up ^ Śrīrāma Goyala (1994). The Coinage of Ancient India. Kusumanjali Prakashan.
Jump up ^ "Puranas or Punch-Marked Coins (circa 600 BC – circa 300 AD)". Government Museum Chhennai. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
Jump up ^ http://coinindia.com/galleries-surashtra.html Accessed 06/03/2007
^ Jump up to: a b Prasad, 168
Jump up ^ Prasad, 166
Jump up ^ CNG Coins [1]
Jump up ^ Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History Book Review Trust, New Delhi, Popular Prakashan, 1995, p.151 [2]
Jump up ^ The Coins Of India, by Brown, C.J. p.13-20 [3]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Brown C.J (1992)
Jump up ^ "The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. I of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1917".
Jump up ^ Curtin, 100
Jump up ^ Kulke & Rothermund, 108
Jump up ^ The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans, by John M. Rosenfield, University of California Press, 1967 p.135 [4]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Himanshu, P. R. (2006)
References[edit]
Himanshu Prabha Ray (2006), "Coins in India", ISBN 81-85026-73-4.
Allan, J. & Stern, S. M. (2008), coin, Encyclopædia Britannica.
Agrawal, Ashvini (1989), Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-0592-5.
Chaudhuri, K. N. (1985), Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-28542-9.
Curtin, Philip DeArmond etc. (1984), Cross-Cultural Trade in World History, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-26931-8.
Dhavalikar, M. K. (1975), "The beginning of coinage in India", World Archaeology, 6 (3): 330-338, Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
Kulke, Hermann & Rothermund, Dietmar (2004), A History of India, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-32919-1.
Prasad, P.C. (2003), Foreign trade and commerce in ancient India, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 81-7017-053-2.
Sellwood, D. G. J. (2008), coin, Encyclopædia Britannica.
Srivastava, A.L. & Alam, Muzaffar (2008), India, Encyclopædia Britannica.
Sutherland, C. H. V. (2008), coin, Encyclopædia Britannica.
Himanshu, P. R. (2006), Coins in India:Power and Communication, J.J. Bhabha Marg Publication, ISBN 81-85026-73-4.
Brown, C.J. (1992), The Coins of India, Association Press(Y.M.C.A), ISBN 978-81-8090-192-8.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coins of India.
British India Coins Wiki
Persian & Devanagari Legends on Silver Rupees of India
India Coin News & Forums
Indian Coins Encyclopedia
Reserve Bank of India Monetary Museum (RBI)
Oriental Coins Database at Zeno.ru
Indian Coins-Numismatics Forum - Coins of India
CoinIndia: The Virtual Museum of Indian Coins
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Historic currencies of India
Overview
Coinage of Asia
History of the rupee
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Punch marked coins
Post-Mauryan coinage (Gandhara)
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Perfect 10 (gymnastics)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Perfect 10 (disambiguation).
Nadia Comăneci poses beside the scoreboard that recorded her perfect 10 as 1.00 (with no Olympic precedent, the hardware was not capable of displaying 10.00).
Perfect 10 refers to a score of 10.00 for a single routine in artistic gymnastics, which was once thought to be unattainable—particularly at the Olympic Games—under the code of points set by the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG). The first person to score a perfect 10 at the Olympic Games was Romanian Nadia Comăneci, at the 1976 Games in Montreal. Other women who accomplished this feat at the Olympics include Nellie Kim, also in 1976, Mary Lou Retton in 1984, and Daniela Silivaș and Yelena Shushunova in 1988. The first man to score a perfect 10 was Alexander Dityatin, at the 1980 Olympics in Moscow.
The FIG changed its code of points in 2006. There are now different top scores, all greater than 10, for the various events, based upon difficulty and artistic merit; there is no consistent perfect score.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Change in scoring
3 List of perfect 10s
3.1 European Championships
3.2 American Cup
3.2.1 New York City, 1976
3.3 Olympics
3.3.1 Montreal, 1976
3.3.2 Moscow, 1980
3.3.3 Los Angeles, 1984
3.3.4 Seoul, 1988
3.3.5 Barcelona, 1992
3.4 World Championships
4 References
History[edit]
Men's Artistic Gymnastics had been an Olympic sport since the beginning of the modern games. Women's gymnastics were introduced as a single (team) event in the 1928 games, but were not expanded until the 1952 games, when there were seven events.[1] The International Federation of Gymnastics first drew up a code of points—for men—in 1949.[2]
Although the code of points was based on a maximum of 10, until 1976 it was considered impossible to achieve a score of greater than 9.95, particularly at the Olympic Games[3][4] (although Věra Čáslavská achieved perfect 10s in the 1967 European Championships,[5] which were displayed on a manual scoreboard).[6] Prior to the 1976 Olympics in Montreal, Omega, the official timers, asked the International Olympic Committee how many digits it should allow on the electronic scoreboard, and were told that three digits would be sufficient, as a score of 10.00 would not be possible.[7]
On 18 July 1976, 14-year-old Romanian gymnast Nadia Comăneci performed in the uneven bars event, and was awarded a score of 10. Because the scoreboard only allowed three digits, it had to display her score as 1.00.[7] This led to confusion, with even Comăneci unsure of what it meant, until the announcer informed the elated crowd that she had scored a perfect 10.[8] An iconic press photograph (pictured above) shows a beaming Comăneci, arms upraised, beside the scoreboard.[9] Comăneci scored a total of seven 10s at the 1976 Olympics—four on the uneven bars and three on the balance beam.[7] Her main rival, Russian Nelli Kim, scored two 10s in the same competition, in the vault and floor exercise.[10] Comăneci's coach, Béla Károlyi, having defected to the United States in 1981, subsequently coached Mary Lou Retton to gold at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles, where she scored 10s in the vault and floor exercise.[11]
The first man to score a perfect 10 in Olympic competition was the Russian Alexander Dityatin, who received the score in the vault on the way to a record-breaking eight medals in the 1980 Olympics in Moscow.[12] Among other men to achieve the score was Comăneci's future husband, Bart Conner, who received two 10s in Los Angeles in 1984.[13]
Change in scoring[edit]
The code of points came under review as a result of separate incidents during the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, in which gymnasts were believed to have received excessively low scores.[14] A new scoring system was introduced in 2006. It consists of an "A" score, based on the difficulty of elements, and a "B" score, based on artistic impression. While the B score still has a maximum of 10, it is only a part of the overall score.[13]
The change had its share of critics. Béla Károlyi said of it: "It's crazy, terrible, the stupidest thing that ever happened to the sport of gymnastics.".[15] Mary Lou Retton remarked: "It's hard to understand. I don't even understand it."[15] Nadia Comăneci commented, "It's so hard to define sports like ours and we had something unique. The 10, it was ours first and now you give it away."[13]
List of perfect 10s[edit]
This list may be incomplete.
European Championships[edit]
Vera Caslavska - 1967 European Artistic Gymnastics Championships
Svetlana Boginskaya - 1989 European Artistic Gymnastics Championships (2) - All-Around (Floor Exercise), Event Final (Floor Exercise)
Daniela Silivaș - 1989 European Championships (1) - Event Final (Floor)
American Cup[edit]
New York City, 1976[edit]
Women
Nadia Comăneci (2) - vault (preliminary), floor exercise (final) [16]
Olympics[edit]
Montreal, 1976[edit]
Women
Nadia Comăneci (7) - uneven bars (team compulsory, team optionals, individual all-around, event final) and balance beam (team optionals, individual all-around, event final);
Nellie Kim (2) - individual all-around vault, floor exercise event final;
(Olympic database;[17] Women's individual results;[18] women's all-around results;[19] women's team results[20])
Moscow, 1980[edit]
Men
Zoltán Magyar (2) - individual and all-around pommel horse
Stoyan Deltchev - all-around rings
Alexander Dityatin - all-around vault
Michael Nikolay - all-around pommel horse
Aleksandr Tkachyov - all-around high bar
Women[citation needed]
Nadia Comăneci (2) - all-around uneven bars and compulsory balance beam
Yelena Davydova - team optionals floor routine
Natalia Shaposhnikova - individual compulsory vault
Melita Ruhn - individual optional vault
(Men's all-around results;[21] men's individual event results[22])
Los Angeles, 1984[edit]
Men
Li Ning (5) - individual floor exercise and pommel horse; pommel horse, rings, and vault in the team final
Tong Fei (4) - high bar in the individual, all-around, and team events; team rings
Koji Gushiken (3) - individual and team high bar; all-around vault
Lou Yun (3) - individual vault; vault in both rounds of the team final
Shinji Morisue (3) - high bar in the individual and both rounds of the team final
Peter Vidmar (3) - all-around high bar; pommel horse in the individual and team finals
Bart Conner (2) - parallel bars in both the team and individual events
Mitch Gaylord (2) - team parallel bars and rings
Tim Daggett - team high bar
Li Xiaoping - team pommel horse
Xu Zhiqiang - team high bar
Women
Julianne McNamara (5) - individual uneven bars and floor exercise; all-around uneven bars; team uneven bars and floor exercise
Ecaterina Szabo (4) - floor exercise; all-around balance beam; team vault and floor exercise
Ma Yanhong (3) - individual, all-around, and team uneven bars
Mary Lou Retton (3) - floor exercise and vault in the all-around; vault in the team event
Simona Păucă - team balance beam
(Men's results;[23] women's results[24])
Seoul, 1988[edit]
Men
Dmitry Bilozerchev (4) - pommel horse; all-around pommel horse, rings, and vault
Vladimir Artemov (2) - all-around parallel bars and high bar
Zsolt Borkai - pommel horse
Csaba Fajkusz - all-around high bar
György Guczoghy - all-around pommel horse
Lubomir Geraskov - pommel horse
Sylvio Kroll - all-around pommel horse
Valeri Liukin - all-around high bar
Women
Daniela Silivaș (7) - compulsory, team, all-around, and individual uneven bars, team balance beam, compulsory and all-around floor
Yelena Shushunova (7) - compulsory, team, and all-around vault, team and individual uneven bars, team and all-around
Dagmar Kersten (2) - compulsory, and individual uneven bars
(Men's results;[25] women's results[26])
Barcelona, 1992[edit]
Women
Lu Li - uneven bars
Lavinia Miloșovici - floor exercise
(Women's results[27])
World Championships[edit]
Daniela Silivaş, 1985, 1987, and 1989 World Gymnastics Championships
Christina Bontas, 1989 World Gymnastics Championships (1) - All Around (Floor)
Aurelia Dobre, 1987 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships (five times)
Svetlana Boginskaya, 1989 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships (5) - Team Optional (Floor Exercise, Uneven Bars), All Around (Floor Exercise, Vault), Event Finals (Floor)
Oleysya Dudnik, 1989 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships (3) - Team Optional (Balance Beam, Vault), Event Finals (Vault)
Natalia Lashenova, 1989 World Gymnastics Championships (1) - Team Optional (Vault)
Fan Di, 1989 World Gymnastics Championships (1) - Event Finals (Uneven Bars)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "History of Artistic Gymnastics at the Olympic Games" (PDF). Olympic.org. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Milestones". International Federation of Gymnastics. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Brown, Gene (1979). The New York Times encyclopedia of sports, Volume 11: Indoor Sports. Arno Press. p. 132. ISBN 0405126379. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Fulton-Smith, Graham; Sampson, James M.; Wange, Willy B. (1976). Olympics 1976: Montreal, Innsbruck. New York: C. N. Potter. p. 25. ISBN 051752743X. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Tatlow, Peter (1979). Gymnastics: all the beauty and skills of this thrilling sport. Chartwell Books, Inc. p. 143. ISBN 9780711100046.
Jump up ^ European Ladies Gymnastics In Amsterdam (1967). British Pathé. 13 Apr 2014. Event occurs at 1 min 32 sec. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "50 stunning Olympic moments No5: Nadia Comaneci scores a perfect 10". 14 December 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Brady, Rachel (6 July 2012). "Nadia Comaneci: From a perfect 10 in Montreal to a busy broadcaster in London". Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Marsden, Rhodri (17 July 2015). "Rhodri Marsden's Interesting Objects: The gymnastics scoreboard at the Montreal Olympics". Independent. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Buchanan, Ian; Mallon, Bill (2005). Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement. Scarecrow Press. p. 149. ISBN 0810865246. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Boyer Sagert, Kelly; Overman, Steven J. (2012). Icons of Women's Sport. ABC-CLIO. pp. 443, 448–9. ISBN 0313385491. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Nauright, John (2012). Sports around the World: History, Culture, and Practice. ABC-CLIO. p. 334. ISBN 159884301X. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Diane Pucin (August 6, 2008). "A 10-shun Deficit". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Dan Baynes (August 6, 2008). "Olympic Gymnasts Won't Chase Perfect 10 as New Scoring Debuts". bloomberg.com. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Jordan Ellenberg (August 12, 2008). "Down With the Perfect 10!". Slate. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ Nadia Comaneci Floor Exercise, 1976 American Cup (tv broadcast)
Jump up ^ "Gymnastics results for the 1976 Summer Olympics". www.databaseolympics.com. Archived from the original on December 25, 2010. Retrieved May 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Games of the 21st Olympiad 1976 Artistic Gymnastics / All-Around Final Women". gymnasticsresults.com. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Games of the 21st Olympiad 1976 Artistic Gymnastics / All-Around Final Women". gymnasticsresults.com. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Games of the 21st Olympiad 1976 Artistic Gymnastics / Teams Women". gymnasticsresults.com. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "All-Around Final Men - Games of the 22nd Olympiad Moscow 1980". gymnasticsresults.com. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Games of the 22nd Olympiad 1980 Artistic Gymnastics / Events Finals Men". gymnasticsresults.com. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Games of 23rd Olympiad / Men's Artistic Gymnastics". gymnasticsresults.com. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Games of 23rd Olympiad / Women's Artistic Gymnastics". gymnasticsresults.com. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Games of 24th Olympiad / Men". gymnasticsresults.com. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Games of 24th Olympiad / Women". gymnasticsresults.com. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Games of 25th Olympiad / Women". gymnasticsresults.com. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
[hide]
v
t
e
Nadia Comăneci
Gymnastics
Comăneci salto
Nadia's Theme
Perfect 10 (gymnastics)
Gymnastics at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Gymnastics at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Honors and awards
Associated Press Athlete of the Year (1976)
United Press International Athlete of the Year Award (1975 and 1976)
BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year (1976)
International Gymnastics Hall of Fame (1993)
Flo Hyman Award (1998)
Olympic Order (2004)
Related people
Bart Conner
Paul Ziert
Béla Károlyi
Márta Károlyi
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perfect_10_(gymnastics)&oldid=826152607"
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text:
List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in One Day International cricket
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In 2001, Sachin Tendulkar became the first player to cross the 10,000 run mark in ODIs.
Scoring over 10,000 runs across a playing career in any format of cricket is considered a significant achievement.[1][2][3] In the year 2001, Sachin Tendulkar became the first player to score 10,000 runs in ODIs, while playing a match during the bi-lateral series against Australia at home.[4] In the chase for achieving top scores, West Indies' Desmond Haynes retired as the most prolific run-scorer in One Day Internationals (ODIs), with a total of 8,648 runs in 1994. The record stood for four years until it was broken by India's Mohammed Azharuddin.[5] Azharuddin remained the top-scorer in the format until his compatriot Sachin Tendulkar passed him in October 2000.[6] As of August 2016, eleven players—from six teams that are Full members of the International Cricket Council—have scored more than 10,000 runs in ODIs. Four of these are from Sri Lanka and three from India. The rest are one player each from Pakistan, Australia, West Indies, and South Africa.[7] Bangladesh, England, New Zealand, and Zimbabwe are yet to have a player reach the 10,000-run mark in this format.
Tendulkar took the fewest innings (259) while Sri Lanka's Mahela Jayawardene took the most innings to achieve the feat (333). Tendulkar holds multiple records—the most appearances, the best average, and the highest number of both centuries and half-centuries. Rahul Dravid—the third Indian to reach the milestone after Tendulkar and Sourav Ganguly—is the fastest in terms of time span, taking 10 years and 317 days.[a][10] Brian Lara's time span of 16 years and 17 days is the slowest among all.[11] As of August 2016, Tendulkar leads the list with 18,426 runs, followed by Sri Lanka's Kumar Sangakkara, who scored 14,234.[12] Sangakkara's compatriot Tillakaratne Dilshan was the latest player to achieve this feat.[b][14]
Contents
[hide]
1 Key
2 10,000 or more runs in One Day Internationals
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Key[edit]
Mat. – denotes the total number of matches played
Inn. – denotes the total number of innings batted
Date – denotes the date in which of the player crossed the 10,000 run mark
Span – denotes the time span between the player's debut and the date in which the player crossed the 10,000 run mark
10KI – denotes the number of innings the player took to reach 10,000 runs
10,000 or more runs in One Day Internationals[edit]
10,000 runs in ODIs[11]
No.
Player
Team
Total Runs
Mat.
Inn.
10KI[11]
Date[11]
Avg.
100s
S/R
50s
Debut
Retirement
Career Span[11]
1 Tendulkar, SachinSachin Tendulkar[15]
India
18,426
463 452 259 000000002001-03-31-000031 March 2001 44.83 490 !49 86.23 960 !96 19890 !1989 20121 !2012 11103 ! 23 years, 103 days
2 Sangakkara, KumarKumar Sangakkara[c][16]
Sri Lanka
14,234
404 380 296 000000002012-02-17-000017 February 2012 41.98 250 !25 78.88 930 !93 20000 !2000 20151 !2015 11227 !11 years, 227 days
3 Ponting, RickyRicky Ponting[d][17]
Australia
13,704
375 365 266 000000002007-03-24-000024 March 2007 42.03 300 !30 80.39 820 !82 19950 !1995 20120 !2012 12037 !12 years, 37 days
4 Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya[e][18]
Sri Lanka
13,430
445 433 328 000000002005-08-09-00009 August 2005 32.36 280 !28 91.20 680 !68 19891 !1989 20110 !2011 15226 !15 years, 226 days
5 Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene[f][19]
Sri Lanka
12,650
448 418 333 000000002011-11-18-000018 November 2011 33.01 190 !19 78.67 770 !77 19980 !1998 20150 !2015 13289 !13 years, 289 days
6 ul-Haq, InzamamInzamam ul-Haq[20]
Pakistan
11,739
378 350 299 000000002004-09-19-000019 September 2004 39.52 100 !10 74.24 830 !83 19910 !1991 20070 !2007 12302 !12 years, 302 days
7 Kallis, JacquesJacques Kallis[g][21]
South Africa
11,579
328 314 272 000000002009-01-23-000023 January 2009 44.36 170 !17 72.89 860 !86 19960 !1996 20140 !2014 1314 !13 years, 14 days
8 Ganguly, SouravSourav Ganguly[h][22]
India
11,363
311 300 263 000000002005-08-03-00003 August 2005 41.02 221 !22 73.70 720 !72 19920 !1992 20072 !2007 13204 !13 years, 204 days[a]
9 Dravid, RahulRahul Dravid[i][23]
India
10,889
344 318 287 000000002007-02-14-000014 February 2007 39.16 120 !12 71.24 831 !83 19961 !1996 20111 !2011 10317 !10 years, 317 days
10 Lara, BrianBrian Lara[j][24]
West Indies
10,405
299 289 278 000000002006-12-16-000016 December 2006 40.48 191 !19 79.51 630 !63 19900 !1990 20071 !2007 1637 !16 years, 37 days
11 Dilshan, TillakaratneTillakaratne Dilshan[25]
Sri Lanka
10,290
330 303 293 000000002015-07-26-000026 July 2015 39.27 220 !22 86.23 470 !47 19990 !1999 20160 !2016 15227 !15 years, 227 days
See also[edit]
List of One Day International cricket records
List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in Test cricket
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b After making his ODI debut in January 1992, Ganguly was dropped and returned to the side in May 1996.[8][9]
Jump up ^ At age 38, he was also the oldest player to score 10,000 runs.[13]
Jump up ^ Sangakkara's aggregate includes matches played for Asia XI and ICC World XI.
Jump up ^ Ponting's aggregate includes matches played for ICC World XI.
Jump up ^ Jayasuriya's aggregate includes matches played for Asia XI.
Jump up ^ Jayawardene's aggregate includes matches played for Asia XI.
Jump up ^ Kallis' aggregate includes matches played for Africa XI and ICC World XI.
Jump up ^ Ganguly's aggregate includes matches played for Asia XI.
Jump up ^ Dravid also played for Asia XI and ICC World XI.
Jump up ^ Lara's aggregate includes matches played for ICC World XI.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ugra, Sharda (24 December 2009). "1987 – Gavaskar is the first to score 10,000 test runs: A 10 tonne toast". India Today. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ S, Santhosh (31 March 2001). "Sachin Tendulkar's brilliance sinks the Australians". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Australia take charge after Lankan collapse". Wisden India Almanack. Agence France-Presse. 26 December 2012. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Time Line of Tendulkar's cricketing achievements". The Hindu. 10 October 2013. Archived from the original on 18 February 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Kahate, Atul (9 November 1998). "Azharuddin's world record". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Gupta, Rajneesh (18 October 2000). "Tendulkar overhauls Azharuddin's record tally of runs in one-day Internationals". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Jeswant, Bishen (26 July 2015). "Dilshan joins the 10,000 club". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 21 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Factbox on Sourav Ganguly". Rediff.com. 3 August 2005. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Statistics / Statsguru / SC Ganguly / One-Day Internationals". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Gollapudi, Nagraj (3 August 2005). "Ganguly landmark no consolation". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Records / One-Day Internationals / Batting records / Fastest to 10000 runs". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Records / One-Day Internationals / Batting records / Most runs in career". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
Jump up ^ "Pakistan vs Sri Lanka 5th ODI: Kusal ton leads Lanka to big win". Emirates 24/7. 26 July 2015. Archived from the original on 30 July 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sri Lanka make record 368–4 against Pakistan after Dilshan joins 10,000-run club". Daily News and Analysis. Press Trust of India. 26 July 2015. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sachin Tendulkar | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 31 December 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kumar Sangakkara | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ricky Ponting | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 26 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sanath Jayasuriya | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 26 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mahela Jayawardene | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Inzamam-ul-Haq | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 12 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jacques Kallis | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sourav Ganguly | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 29 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Rahul Dravid | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 31 December 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Brian Lara | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 26 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tillakaratne Dilshan | Cricket Players and Officials". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
External links[edit]
Elites of the 10,000-run club, and 2015 makes history with hundreds at the 2015 Wisden India Almanack
[show]
v
t
e
Batsmen with 10,000 or more runs in ODI cricket
Australia
Ricky Ponting (13,704)
India
Sachin Tendulkar (18,426)
Sourav Ganguly (11,363)
Rahul Dravid (10,889)
Pakistan
Inzamam-ul-Haq (11,739)
South Africa
Jacques Kallis (11,579)
Sri Lanka
Kumar Sangakkara (14,234)
Sanath Jayasuriya (13,430)
Mahela Jayawardene (12,650)
Tillakaratne Dilshan (10,290)
West Indies
Brian Lara (10,405)
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New Jersey Drive
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
New Jersey Drive
Theatrical Release Poster
Directed by
Nick Gomez
Produced by
Larry Meistrich
Bob Gosse
Written by
Nick Gomez
Starring
Sharron Corley
Gabriel Casseus
Saul Stein
Gwen McGee
Cinematography
Adam Kimmel
Edited by
Tracy Granger
Production
company
40 Acres and a Mule
Distributed by
Gramercy
Release date
April 19, 1995 (1995-04-19)
Running time
98 minutes
Language
English
Budget
$5 million
Box office
$3,565,508
New Jersey Drive is a 1995 crime drama film about joy riding black teenagers in 1990s Newark, New Jersey, then known as the "car theft capital of the world".
The film was written and directed by Nick Gomez. The executive producer was Spike Lee.
Roger Ebert gave the film three stars.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
2 Soundtrack
3 References
4 External links
Cast[edit]
Sharron Corley as Jason Petty
Gabriel Casseus as Midget
Saul Stein as Emil Roscoe
Donald Faison as Tiny Dime
Heavy D as Bo-Kane
Roscoe Orman as Judge
Michael Pincus as Emil Roscoe's Cousin - Curly
Christine Baranski as Prosecutor
Paul Schulze as Booking Sergeant
Arthur Nascarella as Mr. Chop Shop
Gwen McGee as Renee Petty
Soundtrack[edit]
Year
Album
Peak chart positions
Certifications
U.S.
U.S. R&B
1995 New Jersey Drive, Vol. 1
Released: March 28, 1995
Label: Tommy Boy
22 3
US: Gold
1995 New Jersey Drive, Vol. 2
Released: April 11, 1995
Label: Tommy Boy
58 9
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/new-jersey-drive-1995
External links[edit]
New Jersey Drive on IMDb
New Jersey Drive. boxofficemojo.com
[hide]
v
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Films directed by Nick Gomez
Laws of Gravity (1992)
New Jersey Drive (1995)
Illtown (1998)
Drowning Mona (2000)
Final Jeopardy (2001)
Lizzie Borden Took an Ax (2014)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Jersey_Drive&oldid=830830214"
Categories:
1995 films
English-language films
1990s crime drama films
American crime drama films
American films
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40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks films
Films set in New Jersey
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