text:
Right to Buy
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The Right to Buy scheme is a policy in the United Kingdom (with the exception of Scotland since August 1, 2016) which gives secure tenants of councils and some housing associations the legal right to buy, at a large discount, the council house they are living in. There is also a Right to Acquire for assured tenants of housing association homes built with public subsidy after 1997, at a smaller discount. About 1,500,000 homes in the UK have been sold in this manner since the introduction of the scheme in 1980.
Supporters claim that the programme has given millions of households a tangible asset, secured their families' finances and—by releasing cash to repay local authority debt—helped improve the public finances.[citation needed] Critics claim that the policy compounded a housing shortage for people of low income, initiated a national house price bubble, and led ultimately to what is commonly recognised as the displacement and social cleansing of traditional communities.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Thatcher policies
2 Right to Buy rules after 2005
3 Recent changes
4 Criticisms
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
History[edit]
Council-type housing stock in Weaverham, now mostly owner-occupied
Individual local authorities have always had the ability to sell council houses to their tenants, but until the early 1970s such sales were extremely rare.
The Labour Party initially proposed the idea of the right of tenants to own the house they live in, in their manifesto for the 1959 general election which they subsequently lost.[2] Later, the Conservative-controlled Greater London Council (GLC) of the late 1960s was persuaded by Horace Cutler, its Chairman of Housing, to create a general sales scheme. Cutler disagreed with the concept of local authorities as providers of housing, and supported a free-market approach. GLC housing sales were not allowed during the Labour administration of the mid-1970s, but picked up again once Cutler became Leader in 1977. They proved extremely popular. Cutler was close to Margaret Thatcher (MP for Finchley) who made the right to buy council housing a Conservative Party policy nationally. The policy was largely in place for the 1974 Conservative manifesto, but did not prove an asset in the two general elections that year because of high interest and mortgage repayment rates, as well as the growth of negative equity as house prices fell.[3]
In the meantime, council house sales to tenants began to increase. Some 7,000 were sold to their tenants during 1970; this soared to more than 45,000 in 1972.[4]
Thatcher policies[edit]
After Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister in May 1979, the legislation to implement the Right to Buy was passed in the Housing Act 1980. Michael Heseltine, in his role as Secretary of State for the Environment, was in charge of implementing the legislation. Some 6,000,000 people were affected; about one in three actually purchased their housing unit. Heseltine noted that "no single piece of legislation has enabled the transfer of so much capital wealth from the state to the people". He said the right to buy had two main objectives: to give people what they wanted, and to reverse the trend of ever-increasing dominance of the state over the life of the individual.
He said: "There is in this country a deeply ingrained desire for home ownership. The Government believe that this spirit should be fostered. It reflects the wishes of the people, ensures the wide spread of wealth through society, encourages a personal desire to improve and modernise one's own home, enables parents to accrue wealth for their children and stimulates the attitudes of independence and self-reliance that are the bedrock of a free society."[5]
The sale price of a council house was based on its market valuation but also included a discount of between 33% and 50%, to reflect the rents paid by tenants and also to encourage take-up. According to a government survey in 1988, the average discount that had been offered was 44%.[6] Mortgages involved no down payments. The legislation gave council tenants the right to buy their council house at a discounted value, depending on how long they had been living in the house, with the proviso that if they sold their house before a minimum period had expired they would have to pay back a proportion of the discount. The sales were an attractive deal for tenants; hundreds of thousands of homes were sold. The policy became one of the major points of Thatcherism.[7]
The policy proved immediately popular. Some local Labour-controlled councils were opposed, but the legislation prevented them from blocking purchases, and gave them half the proceeds.[8] Sales were much higher in the south and east of England than in inner London and northern England.[9]
Half the proceeds of the sales were paid to the local authorities, but the government restricted authorities' use of most of the money to reducing their debt until it was cleared, rather than spending it on building more homes. The effect was to reduce the council housing stock, especially in areas where property prices were high, such as London and the south-east of England.[10]
200,000 council houses were sold to their tenants in 1982. By 1987, more than 1,000,000 council houses in the UK had been sold to their tenants, although the number of council houses purchased by tenants declined during the 1990s.[11]
The Labour Party was initially against the sales, and pledged to oppose them at the 1983 general election, but then dropped its official opposition to the scheme in 1985.[12] However, at the 1987 general election, the Conservative government warned voters that a Labour government would still abolish the scheme.[13]
When Labour returned to power at the 1997 general election, it reduced the discount available to tenants in local authorities which had severe pressure on their housing stock; this included almost the whole of London.[14]
Right to Buy rules after 2005[edit]
The Right to Buy rules were changed in 2005. Five years' tenancy was now required for new tenants to qualify, and properties purchased after January 2005 could no longer immediately be placed on the open market should the owner decide to sell. Such owners now had to approach their previous landlord (council or housing association) and offer them "first right of refusal". If the previous landlord was no longer in existence, for example in cases where the former landlord was a registered social landlord that has ceased business, then the property had to first be offered to the local housing authority.
The time in which a Right to Buy conveyance should take place was reduced from 12 months to 3 months. The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) now governed and regulated most types of mortgage-selling.
The FCA's governance of Right to Buy purchases was partly to solve the widespread problem of Right to Buy mis-selling from brokers and solicitors alike. Each had their own agenda and many were actively charging excessive fees which were then taken out of their client's discount. Fortunately, the above actions that have been taken coupled with the end of the boom period seem to have brought this problem under control.
In 2009, the Localis think tank suggested, as part of a review of principles for social housing reform, that the right to buy should be extended into equity slivers, which could be part-earned through being a good tenant.[15]
The qualifying period changed from 5 years to 3 years (edited rbcdd3117 in 2018)
Recent changes[edit]
At the 2011 Conservative Party Conference, David Cameron proposed to increase Right to Buy discounts in order to revitalise the housing market and generate receipts which could be spent on new housing. Social housing professionals expressed concerns over the proposal.[16]
As of 2 April 2012, the Right to Buy discount was increased to a maximum of £75,000 or 60% of the house value (70% for a flat) depending on which is lower. In March 2013, the maximum discount in London was increased to £100,000.[17]
The maximum amount of discount changes annually wef April 2017 it changed to £78,600.00 (edited 2018 rbc dd3117)
The maximum right to buy discount increases each financial year in line with CPI as at the previous September (see separate document from the Right to Buy Team, Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government.
As the CPI in September 2017 was 3% the new maximum discounts for Redditch in respect of the financial year 2018/19 will be £80,900 and applies to all applications made by the tenant on or after 6 April 2018. Any applications made before then are processed using the current discounts (£78,600). In summary discount is a maximum of £80,900.00 from April 2018 (rbcdd3117)
The aim of the scheme is, for every additional home sold, a new home will be built for 'affordable rent'[18] at up to 80% of market rent, aimed at maintaining the level of affordable housing while also increasing the number of properties available for those on the waiting list. The five year tenancy criterion will remain, and should the property be sold within the first five years of the original sale, part or all of the discount will be required to be paid back.
The Housing and Planning Bill 2016 will if enacted extend right-to-buy to housing association tenants.[19]
In July 2013, the Scottish Government confirmed that Right to Buy would be abolished in Scotland from 2017.[20] It was in the end abolished as a part of the Housing (Scotland) Act 2014 from 1 August 2016.[21][22]
In the summer of 2017, the Welsh Government proposed a law to abolish Right to Buy in Wales. This law was passed by the Welsh Assembly in December 2017.
Criticisms[edit]
The Right to Buy scheme has been criticised for the following reasons:
Speculating investors were able to buy up council properties through deferred transaction agreements, hastening the rise in property costs;[23][not in citation given]
Commercially and socially valuable council assets being sold at below their market value or replacement cost;
The remaining stock of council housing was concentrated in undesirable areas with little employment opportunity, further isolating and stigmatising the tenants.[24]
A report published in January 2013 by London Assembly member Tom Copley, From Right to Buy to Buy to Let,[25] showed that 36% of homes sold under Right to Buy in London (52,000 homes) were being rented by councils from private landlords, leading to criticisms that the scheme "represents incredibly poor value for money to taxpayers" since it "helped to fuel the increase in the housing benefit bill, heaped more pressure on local authority waiting lists and led to more Londoners being forced into the under-regulated private rented sector".[26] A survey in 2013 showed around one third of Right to Buy houses were now owned by private landlords, while the son of the late Ian Gow (Thatcher's sometime housing minister) owned some 40 houses.[27]
As of recent changes in 2015, Alan Murie concluded that "the proposed extension of right-to-buy could not easily be reconciled with the independence and charitable status of housing associations", and that "extending the right-to-buy to housing association tenants revived a previous Parliamentary debate and raised questions about the legal position of charities and the risks faced by housing associations and their funders".[28]
A 2017 BBC survey of council areas where waiting lists were rising showed the councils had bought back houses they had been forced to sell, sometimes at many times the original price. Housing charities criticised the lack of investment in affordable housing.[29]
See also[edit]
Help to Buy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ MKoore, Thatcher p 471
Jump up ^ Housing, 1959 Labour Party manifesto. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Murie, Alan (11 November 2015). "The Right to Buy: History and Prospect". History & Policy. History & Policy. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "What future for social housing?". BBC News. 4 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Housing Bill - Provisions and Enactment" in Keesing's Contemporary Archives v. 27, January, 1981 p. 30644
Jump up ^ Beckett, Andy (26 August 2015). "The right to buy: the housing crisis that Thatcher built". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Polly Toynbee, "It's on the house," The Guardian, 11 October 2002
Jump up ^ Charles Moore, Margaret Thatcher: From Grantham to the Falklands (2013)
Jump up ^ Murrie (1989) p 221
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22077190 BBC article: Right-to-buy: Margaret Thatcher's controversial gift
Jump up ^ Slide 4, Thatcher years in graphics, BBC News, 18 November 2005. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "1979: Council tenants will have 'right to buy'". BBC News. 20 December 1979.
Jump up ^ Newspaper advert for Conservative Party by Saatchi & Saatchi, 1987. Getty Images. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/HRD28.pdf
Jump up ^ Principles for Social Housing Reform, Localis, 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "SALE! (while stocks last)". Inside Housing. 13 January 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Reforming the Right to Buy in 2012 & 2013". Commons Library Standard Note. UK Parliament. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Affordable Rent". DCLG.
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/housing-network/2016/jan/05/expert-views-housing-bill-end-affordable-housing
Jump up ^ "'Right to buy' to be scrapped in Scotland". BBC News. 3 July 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
Jump up ^ The Right to Buy Notice Period. The Scottish Government's guide for tenants of social housing. November 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Housing bodies welcome end of Right to Buy in Scotland". BBC News. 31 July 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Nick, Sommerlad (5 March 2013). "Great Tory housing shame: Third of ex-council homes now owned by rich landlords". The Daily Mirror.
Jump up ^ Grant, Carol (1992). Built to Last?: Reflections on British Housing Policy. ROOF Magazine. p. 214. ISBN 978-1870767583.
Jump up ^ From Right to Buy to Buy to Let From Right to Buy to Buy to Let
Jump up ^ "Councils are renting sold Right to Buy homes, says report". BBC London News. 13 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Patrick Collinson (28 June 2013). "Meet the new class of landlords profiting from Generation Rent". Guardian Newspapers. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Murie, Alan (11 November 2015). "The Right to Buy: History and Prospect". History & Policy. History & Policy. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Alex Homer (3 May 2017). "Town halls buy back Right-to-Buy homes". BBC news. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Murie, Alan. "Housing and the Environment," in Dennis Kavanagh and Anthony Seldon, eds., The Thatcher Effect (1989) pp 213–25
Jones, Colin & Murie, Alan. The Right to Buy: Analysis & Evaluation of a Housing Policy (Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2006).
Forrest R and Murie A (1990) Selling the Welfare State second edition London, Routledge.
Wilson W and Bate A (2015) Extending the Right to Buy (England), Briefing Paper No 07224, 9 June 2015 House of Commons Library
Blow E (2015) Comparing the Right to Buy in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland Briefing Paper Number 07174, 12 June 2015, House of Commons Library
External links[edit]
Right to Buy: buying your council home at the GOV.UK website
Right to Buy Co-op: the non-profit helpline for tenants looking to buy their home at the RighttoBuy.coop website
Right to Buy at the Wayback Machine (archived November 21, 2005) (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right_to_Buy&oldid=833993994"
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Card security code
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The card security code is located on the back of MasterCard, Visa, Discover, Diners Club, and JCB credit or debit cards and is typically a separate group of three digits to the right of the signature strip.
On American Express cards, the card security code is a printed, not embossed, group of four digits on the front towards the right.
A card security code (CSC; also called card verification data [CVD], card verification number, card verification value [CVV], card verification value code, card verification code [CVC], verification code [V-code or V code], or signature panel code [SPC][1]) is a security feature for "card not present" payment card transactions instituted to reduce the incidence of credit card fraud.
The CSC is in addition to the bank card number which is embossed or printed on the card. The CSC is used as a security feature, in situations where a PIN cannot be used. The PIN is not printed or embedded on the card but is manually entered by the cardholder during point-of-sale (card present) transactions. Contactless card and chip cards may electronically generate their own code, such as iCVV or a dynamic CVV.
CSC was originally developed in the UK as an 11 character alphanumeric code by Equifax employee Michael Stone in 1995. After testing with the Littlewoods Home Shopping group and NatWest bank, the concept was adopted by APACS (the UK Association of Payment Clearing Services) and streamlined to the three-digit code known today. MasterCard started issuing CVC2 numbers in 1997 and Visa in the United States issued them by 2001. American Express started to use the CSC in 1999, in response to growing internet transactions and card member complaints of spending interruptions when the security of a card has been brought into question.
In 2016, a new e-commerce technology called Motioncode was introduced, designed to automatically refresh the CVV code to a new one every hour or so.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Types of codes
3 Location of code
4 Security benefits
5 Limitations
6 Generation of CSC
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
Description[edit]
The codes have different names:
"CID": "Card Id", "Card Identification Number", or "Card Identification Code" – Discover, American Express (four digits on front of card)[a][3]
"CSC" or "Card Security Code" – debit cards,[which?] American Express (three digits on back of card)[3]
"CVC2" or "Card Validation Code" – MasterCard
"CVD" or "Card Verification Data" – Discover, sometimes used as the common acronym for this kind of code
"CVE" or "Elo Verification Code" – Elo in Brazil
"CVN2" or "Card Validation Number 2" – China UnionPay
"CVV2" or "Card Verification Value 2" – Visa
Types of codes[edit]
There are several types of security codes:
The first code, called CVC1 or CVV1, is encoded on track two of the magnetic stripe of the card and used for card present transactions. The purpose of the code is to verify that a payment card is actually in the hand of the merchant. This code is automatically retrieved when the magnetic stripe of a card is swiped on a point-of-sale (card present) device and is verified by the issuer. A limitation is that if the entire card has been duplicated and the magnetic stripe copied, then the code is still valid. (See credit card fraud § skimming.)
The second code, and the most cited, is CVV2 or CVC2. This code is often sought by merchants for card not present transactions occurring by mail, fax, telephone or Internet. In some countries in Western Europe, card issuers require a merchant to obtain the code when the cardholder is not present in person.[citation needed]
Contactless cards and chip cards may supply their own electronically generated codes, such as iCVV or a dynamic CVV.
Location of code[edit]
The card security code is typically the last three or four digits printed, not embossed like the card number, on the signature strip on the back of the card. On American Express cards, the card security code is the four digits printed (not embossed) on the front towards the right. The card security code is not encoded on the magnetic stripe but is printed flat.
American Express cards have a four-digit code printed on the front side of the card above the number.
Diners Club, Discover, JCB, MasterCard, and Visa credit and debit cards have a three-digit card security code. The code is the final group of numbers printed on the back signature panel of the card.
New North American MasterCard and Visa cards feature the code in a separate panel to the right of the signature strip.[4] This has been done to prevent overwriting of the numbers by signing the card.
Security benefits[edit]
As a security measure, merchants who require the CVV2 for "card not present" payment card transactions are required by the card issuer not to store the CVV2 once the individual transaction is authorized.[5] This way, if a database of transactions is compromised, the CVV2 is not included, and the stolen card numbers are less useful. Virtual terminals and payment gateways do not store the CVV2 code, therefore employees and customer service representatives with access to these web-based payment interfaces who otherwise have access to complete card numbers, expiration dates, and other information still lack the CVV2 code.
The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) also prohibits the storage of CSC (and other sensitive authorisation data) post transaction authorisation. This applies globally to anyone who stores, processes or transmits card holder data.[6] Since the CSC is not contained on the magnetic stripe of the card, it is not typically included in the transaction when the card is used face to face at a merchant. However, some merchants in North America, such as Sears and Staples, require the code. For American Express cards, this has been an invariable practice (for "card not present" transactions) in European Union (EU) countries like Ireland and the United Kingdom since the start of 2005. This provides a level of protection to the bank/cardholder, in that a fraudulent merchant or employee cannot simply capture the magnetic stripe details of a card and use them later for "card not present" purchases over the phone, mail order or Internet. To do this, a merchant or its employee would also have to note the CVV2 visually and record it, which is more likely to arouse the cardholder's suspicion.
Supplying the CSC code in a transaction is intended to verify that the customer has the card in their possession. Knowledge of the code proves that the customer has seen the card, or has seen a record made by somebody who saw the card.
Limitations[edit]
The use of the CSC cannot protect against phishing scams, where the cardholder is tricked into entering the CSC among other card details via a fraudulent website. The growth in phishing has reduced the real-world effectiveness of the CSC as an anti-fraud device. There is now also a scam where a phisher has already obtained the card account number (perhaps by hacking a merchant database or from a poorly designed receipt) and gives this information to the victims (lulling them into a false sense of security) before asking for the CSC (which is all that the phisher needs).[7]
Since the CSC may not be stored by the merchant for any length of time[5] (after the original transaction in which the CSC was quoted and then authorized), a merchant who needs to regularly bill a card for a regular subscription would not be able to provide the code after the initial transaction. Payment gateways, however, have responded by adding "periodic bill" features as part of the authorization process.
Some card issuers do not use the CSC. However, transactions without CSC are possibly subjected to higher card processing cost to the merchants,[citation needed] and fraudulent transactions without CSC are more likely to be resolved in favour of the cardholder.[citation needed]
It is not mandatory for a merchant to require the security code for making a transaction[citation needed], hence the card may still be prone to fraud even if only its number is known to phishers.
It is possible for a fraudster to guess the CSC by using a distributed attack.[8]
Generation of CSC[edit]
The CSC for each card (form 1 and 2) is generated by the card issuer when the card is issued. It is calculated by encrypting the bank card number and expiration date (two fields printed on the card) with encryption keys known only to the card issuer, and decimalising the result.[9][10]
See also[edit]
Credit card fraud
ISO 8583 (data element #44 carries the Security Code response)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ American Express usually uses the four-digit code on the front of the card, referred to as the Card Identification Code (CID), but also has a three-digit code on the back of the card, referred to as the Card Security Code (CSC). American Express also sometimes refers to a "Unique Card Code".
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "CIBC MasterCard - MasterCard SecureCode". Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 2012-07-12.
Jump up ^ "This card is being rolled out by French banks to eliminate fraud". thememo.com. 27 September 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Do I need to do anything before using my Gift Card or Business Gift Card?, "four digit Card Identification Code (CID) located on the front of the Card, three digit Card Security Code (CSC) on the back of the Card"
Jump up ^ "Card Security Features" (PDF). Visa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rules for Visa Merchants" (doc). p. 1.
Jump up ^ "Official Source of PCI DSS Data Security Standards Documents and Payment Card Compliance Guidelines". Pcisecuritystandards.org. Retrieved 2011-12-25.
Jump up ^ "Urban Legends Reference Pages: Visa Fraud Investigation Scam". Snopes.com. Retrieved 2011-12-25.
Jump up ^ Ducklin, Paul (5 December 2016). "How to guess credit card security codes". naked security by SOPHOS. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "z/OS Integrated Cryptographic Service Facility Application Programmer's Guide". IBM. March 2002. p. 209.
Jump up ^ "z/OS Integrated Cryptographic Service Facility Application Programmer's Guide". IBM. March 2002. p. 258.
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Barry & the Tamerlanes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Barry & the Tamerlanes were a doo wop trio from California. Their 1963 single for Valiant Records, "I Wonder What She's Doing Tonight", spent 10 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #21,[1] while reaching #23 on Billboard's "Hot R&B Singles".[2] "Barry" was Barry De Vorzon, who went on to considerable success as a film music composer; the group's other members were Terry Smith and Bodie Chandler.[3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Barry & the Tamerlanes - Chart History - The Hot 100, Billboard.com. Accessed September 27, 2015
Jump up ^ "Hot R&B Singles", Billboard, November 23, 1963. p. 22
Jump up ^ Biography, Allmusic.com
External links[edit]
Barry & The Tamerlanes at Doo Wop Heaven
Authority control
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Intramural sports
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Intramural sports or intramurals are recreational sports organized within a particular institution, usually an educational institution,[1][2] or a set geographic area.[citation needed] The term, which is chiefly North American,[2] derives from the Latin words intramuros meaning "within walls",[3][4][5] and was used to describe sports matches and contests that took place among teams from "within the walls" of an institution or area. The term dates to the 1840s.[4][5] It is contrasted with extramural, varsity or intercollegiate sports, which are played between teams from different educational institutions.[6] The word intermural, which also correctly means "between institutions",[7] is a common error for "intramural".[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Intramural sports in the United States
3 Intramural sports in Canada
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
History[edit]
Elmer D. Mitchell, University of Michigan Director of Intramural Athletics, 1919
The first intramural sports departments were established at Ohio State University and the University of Michigan in 1913.[9] Elmer Mitchell, a graduate student, at the time, was named the first Director of Intramural Sports at the University of Michigan in 1919 and the first recreational sports facility in the country opened at the University of Michigan.[10] Mitchell is considered the "father of intramural sports" and taught a class in intramural sports taken by William Wasson, founder of the National Intramural Association (NIA), the forerunner to the National Intramural and Recreational Sports Association (NIRSA).[11]
Mitchell later authored Intramural Athletics (ED Mitchell - AS Barnes, 1928), and Intramural Sports.[12] He co-authored Intramural Sports with Pat Mueller.[13]
Today, "intramural" tournaments are still organized within a specific community or municipal area, between teams of equivalent age or athletic ability. For example, intramural sports programs are often organized on college campuses to promote competition and fun among the students and teachers sometimes.
For most schools and campuses, intramural sports are used to promote wellness and allow students who do not compete on a national (NCAA) level an opportunity to be active.
Intramural sports in the United States[edit]
NIRSA: Leaders in Collegiate Recreation, formerly known as the National Intramural Recreational Sports Association, a professional organization based in Corvallis, Oregon, provides a network of more than 4,500 highly trained professionals, students and Associate Members in the recreational sports field throughout the United States, Canada and other countries. In most of the world outside North America, sports scholarships and college sports on the North American model do not exist so the distinction between college and intramural sports has no relevance and is not made.
Intramural sports in Canada[edit]
The Canadian Intramural Recreation Association (CIRA) organized intramurals within Canada from 1976-2002. CIRA Ontario has been the major intramural organization in the Canadian province of Ontario since 1969. CIRA Ontario is an incorporated, non-profit organization whose mission is to encourage, promote, and develop active living, healthy lifestyles and personal growth through intramural and recreation programs within the education and recreation communities. They fulfill their mandate through resources, workshops, conferences, newsletters, awards, and other means.[14]
See also[edit]
Physical education class
Team sport
References[edit]
Jump up ^ macmillandictionary.com
^ Jump up to: a b oxforddictionaries.com
Jump up ^ intra muros - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary[permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b "Definition of 'intramural'". dictionary.com. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Definition of 'intramural'". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
Jump up ^ macmillandictionary.com
Jump up ^ http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/intermural
Jump up ^ Common Errors in English Usage, Paul Brians
Jump up ^ University of Michigan
Jump up ^ Department of Recreational Sports Archived 2010-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. University of Michigan, retrieved May 24, 2010
Jump up ^ Dr. William N. Wasson, NIRSA, retrieved May 25, 2010
Jump up ^ New York, A.S. Barnes and company, 1939
Jump up ^ New York, Ronald Press Co. 1960
Jump up ^ CIRA Ontario
Further reading[edit]
C. Jensen & S. Overman. Administration and Management of Physical Education and Athletic Programs. 4th edition. Waveland Press, 2003 (Chapter 14, "Intramural Recreation").
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intramural_sports&oldid=810528584"
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Terminology used in multiple sports
Student sport
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Shot glass
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Three shot glasses of varying shape and size
Shot glasses with a variety of designs. Shot glasses such as these are often collected as novelty items.
A shot glass is a small glass originally designed to hold or measure spirits or liquor, which is either imbibed straight from the glass ("a shot") or poured into a cocktail ("a drink"). An alcoholic beverage served in a shot glass and typically consumed quickly, in one gulp, may also be known as a "shooter".
Shot glasses decorated with a wide variety of toasts, advertisements, humorous pictures, or other decorations and words are popular souvenirs and collectibles, especially as merchandise of a brewery.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Name origin
2 Earliest shot glasses
3 Sizes
4 Shot-measuring tools
4.1 Jigger
4.2 Measuring shot glass
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Name origin[edit]
The word "shot", meaning a drink of alcohol, has been used since at least the 17th century, while reference to a shot specifically as a small drink of spirits is known in the U.S. since at least the 1920s.[2] The phrase "shot glass" has been in use since at least 1940.[3][4]
Earliest shot glasses[edit]
Some of the earliest small whiskey glasses in America from the late 1700s to early 1800s were called "whiskey tasters" or "whiskey tumblers" and were hand blown. They are thick, similar to today's shot glasses, but will show a pontil mark or scar on the bottom, or will show a cupped area on the bottom where the pontil mark was ground and polished off. Some of these glasses even have hand-applied handles and decorations hand cut by a grinding wheel.
In the early to mid-1800s, glass blowers began to use molds and several different patterns of "whiskey tasters" in several different colors were being made in molds. These glasses are also thick like today's shot glass but they will have rough pontiled bottoms from being hand blown into the mold. By the 1870s to 1890s as glass making technology improved, the rough pontiled bottoms largely disappeared from glasses and bottles.
Just before Prohibition in the U.S. in the late 1800s to early 1900s, thin-sided mass-produced whiskey glasses were common. Many of these glasses feature etched advertising on them. After Prohibition, these were replaced by shot glasses with a thick base and thick sides.[citation needed]
Sizes[edit]
Country
Small
Single
Double
Notes
Australia 30 ml 60 ml A single shot is sometimes called a "nip".[5] At 30 mL, a typical spirit with 40 percent alcohol is roughly equivalent to one Australian standard drink.[6]
Bulgaria 50 ml 100 ml
Canada 30 ml (1 US fl oz) or 28 ml (1 imp fl oz) 44 ml (1.5 US fl oz) or 43 ml (1.5 imp fl oz) 71 ml (2.5 imp fl oz) In Canada, a "shot" may refer to an official "standard drink" of 1.5 imperial fluid ounces or 42.6 millilitres,[7] though many establishments serve a "standard drink" of 1 oz.[8] However, shot glasses available in Canada typically are manufactured according to US fluid ounces rather than imperial,[9] making them about 4% larger.
Denmark 20 ml 40 ml
Estonia 20 or 30 ml 40 ml
Finland 20 ml 40 ml N/A In Finland, the amount of strong alcohol that restaurants are allowed to serve is regulated by law to one portion of no more than 40 mL at a time per customer. Doubles cannot be legally served.[10]
France 25 or 35 ml 50 or 70 ml
Germany 20 ml 40 ml In Germany, shot glasses (Schnapsglas, Pinnchen, Stamperl) are smaller.[citation needed]
Greece 45 ml 90 ml A shot is commonly referred to as a "sfinaki" and it can be made of one liquor or a cocktail mix. There is also a 3 oz – "bottoms up" version of "sfinaki", called "ipovrihio", Greek word for submarine. It's served in a standard liquor glass half full of blonde beer, where the bartender adds a glass shot filled with vodka or whiskey.[citation needed]
Hungary 20 or 30 ml 40 or 50 ml 80 or 100 ml In Hungarian, shot glasses are called felespohár (feles meaning "half", standing for 0.5 dl), pálinkáspohár (for pálinka), kupica or stampedli.[citation needed]
India 30 ml 30 ml 60 ml A shot is commonly referred to as a "peg", and is measured as a "small" (chhota), or a "large" (bud-da) peg. A 120 ml shot in India is called a Patiala peg.[11]
Ireland 35.5 ml 71 ml Derived from the use of a quarter-gill (35.516 ml, one-sixteenth of a pint) as the traditional Irish spirit measure.
Israel 30 ml 50 or 60 ml In Israel, the common word for a small shot is צ'ייסר ("chaser").[citation needed]
Italy 30 ml 40 or 60 ml In Italy, the common word for a shot is cicchetto or, more informally and used mainly in nightclubs by young people, shortino. In North Italy, the cicchetto is the most-common way to taste grappa from at least two centuries.[citation needed]
Japan 30 ml 60 ml In Japanese, the word ショットグラス (shottogurasu) is the singular term for a shot glass.
Poland 50 ml 100 ml A standard shot (small) is called pięćdziesiątka (lit. fifty, as in 50 ml) while a large shot (double) is called setka or, colloquially, seta (lit. a hundred, as in 100 ml).
Romania 50 ml 100 ml A single shot is traditionally known in the Romanian language as unu mic (una mică) meaning "a small one" or cinzeacă, meaning "a fifty", as in fifty milliliters. A double shot is simply called unu (una mare), meaning "one (big)".[citation needed]
Russia 50 ml 100 ml Both single and double shots are commonly called стопка (stópka) in Russian, though a variety of slang names exist. Before metrication a single shot was called шкалик (shkálik) and amounted to 61.5ml, while a double was called чарка (chárka) and was equal to 123 ml — both names are still occasionally used.
Serbia 20 ml 30–50 ml 60–100 ml A single shot is traditionally known in the Serbian language as чашица за ракију and ракијска чашица, meaning "small glass for rakija" and "rakija glass", or simply as мера—мерица, meaning "measure". A double shot is simply called Дупли, meaning "a double", while the smallest, 20 milliliter glass, is known as dvojka meaning "two".[citation needed]
Sweden 20 ml 40 ml 60 ml A single shot is referred to as a fyra, meaning "a four" and a double is referred to as a sexa, meaning "a six", as Swedes generally use centiliters rather than milliliters.
Slovakia 20 or 25 ml 40 or 50 ml 80 or 100 ml The most-common single-shot size is the pol deci (literally, "half a decilitre", 50 ml).[citation needed]
Slovenia 30 ml 50 ml 100 ml The 50 ml size is colloquially known as nula pet ("zero five", meaning 0.5 of a decilitre), and the small one nula tri ("zero three"). Another common term for a single shot is ta kratek, meaning "the short one".
South Africa 25 ml 50 ml The South African government has an official definition for the single-shot size.[citation needed]
United Kingdom 25 or 35 ml 50 or 70 ml Shots sold on-premises must contain either 25 ml or 35 ml measures of whisky, gin, rum, or vodka as defined in the Weights and Measures Act of 1985. This requirement does not extend to other spirits. A 2001 amendment allowed a double shot of 70 ml to be served. Generally, a single measure is equal to 35 ml in Northern Ireland and Scotland and 25 ml in England and Wales.[12]
United States 30 ml (1 US fl oz) 44 ml (1.5 US fl oz) 59 to 89 ml (2 to 3 US fl oz) There is no standard size for a single shot, except in Utah, where a shot is defined as 1.5 US fl oz (44 ml).[13] Elsewhere in the U.S., the standard size is generally considered to be 1.25–1.5 US fl oz (37–44 ml).[14][15] A double shot in the U.S. may be 2 fluid ounces[16] or more.
Shot-measuring tools[edit]
Jigger[edit]
Variety of jiggers
A jigger or measure is a bartending tool used to measure liquor, which is typically then poured into a glass or cocktail shaker.
The term jigger in the sense of a small cup or measure of spirits or wine originates in the U.S. in the early 19th century. It was slang for a small drink of about half a gill or so, or the special cup used for it. Many references from the 1800s describe the "jigger boss" providing jiggers of whiskey to Irish immigrant workers who were digging canals in the U.S. Northeast.[17][18]
The style of double-ended jigger common today, made of stainless steel with two unequal sized opposing cones in an hourglass shape, was patented in 1893 by Cornelius Dungan of Chicago.[19] Typically, one cone measures a regulation single shot, and the other some fraction or multiple—with the actual sizes depending on local laws and customs.
A contemporary jigger measure in the U.S. usually holds 1.5 US fluid ounces (44 ml),[20] while the jiggers used in the U.K. are typically either 25/50 ml or 35/70 ml. Jiggers may also hold other amounts and ratios, and can vary depending on the region and date of manufacture.
In the U.S. up until Prohibition, a jigger was commonly known to be about half a gill, or 2 US fluid ounces (59 ml),[21] but starting in the latter part of the 20th century, it is typically interpreted to be 1.5 US fluid ounces (44 ml).[22]
Measuring shot glass[edit]
A shot glass graduated in smaller units such as half-ounces, teaspoons, tablespoons, or millilitres. They are useful for precise measurement of cocktail ingredients, as well as in cooking recipes that call for multiples of a smaller unit (e.g. several teaspoons), allowing the dispensing of the amount in a single measure.
See also[edit]
Alcoholic spirits measure
Pony glass
Alcohol measurements
Drink portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mark Pickvet (Oct 1, 1998). The Encyclopedia of Shot Glasses. Glass Press, Inc.
Jump up ^ "shot". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989.
Jump up ^ "He held his shot glass upside down and watched the last few drops of whisky roll down the side of the glass" Prairie Schooner, Volumes 13–14 (1939-1940). University of Nebraska Press).
Jump up ^ "...and brought out a bottle of brandy and a shot glass..." The Portsmouth Times September 6, 1941.
Jump up ^ "Alcohol – Standard drinks guide". alcohol.gov.au.
Jump up ^ "Standard Drinks Guide". Australia: Department of Health and Ageing. Retrieved April 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Canada's Low-Risk Alcohol Drinking Guidelines" (PDF). The Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Smart Serve Ontario: Hospitality Industry Training Organization of Ontario. Smart Serve Ontario: Responsible Alcohol Beverage Service Training (2002). Queen's Printer for Ontario, p. 6.
Jump up ^ "What's in an ounce? Less if you're in Canada". The Hamilton Spectator. Dec 23, 2010. Retrieved August 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ § 24
Jump up ^ Kirin Narayan, Love, stars, and all that, Piatkus, 1995, ISBN 978-0-7499-0265-0, A Patiala peg is as high as the distance between pinky and index finger.
Jump up ^ "1 Unit" (PDF format).
Jump up ^ Mark. "Shotglass Size". Shotglass.org: a site for shotglasses and other similar items. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ Graham, Colleen. "Shot Glass". Cocktails: The Glassware Tour. About.com. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ Rowlett, Russ. "Units: S". How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ Rowlett, Russ. "Units: D". How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ Ware, Eugene Fitch (1907). The Lyon campaign in Missouri. Topeka, Kansas: Crane and Company. pp. 187–189.
Jump up ^ "jigger". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989.
Jump up ^ Frechette, Chloe (April 14, 2017). "How Japanese Are Japanese Bar Tools?". Punch. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Klein, Herbert Arthur (1974). The Science of Measurement: A Historical Survey. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. p. 34. ISBN 0-486-25839-4. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Willett, Andrew (2016). Elemental Mixology. p. 24. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ Feller, Robyn M. (2003). The Complete Bartender. Berkley Books. ISBN 978-0-425-19013-5.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shot glasses.
The Shotglass collectors website
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See You in September
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"See You in September"
Single by The Tempos
B-side
"Bless You My Love"
Released
June 1959
Format
7" single
Genre
Pop
Length
2:03
Label
Climax
Songwriter(s)
Sid Wayne, Sherman Edwards
Producer(s)
Jack Gold
The Tempos singles chronology
"See You in September"
(1959) "The Crossroads of Love"
(1959)
"See You in September"
(1959) "The Crossroads of Love"
(1959)
"See You in September" is a song written by Sid Wayne and Sherman Edwards. The song was first recorded by the Pittsburgh vocal group The Tempos. This first version peaked at number 23 in the summer of 1959.[1] The most popular version of "See You In September" was the version by The Happenings in 1966, when it reached number three.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 The Happenings version
3 Other versions
4 Use in popular culture
5 References
6 External links
Background[edit]
Sid Wayne would recall the song's inception: "I was in the habit of going from my home on Long Island every day to Brill Building, on Tin Pan Alley [to] meet with different songwriters there. We'd eat at Jack Dempsey's or The Turf Restaurant and then we'd go up to one of the publishers' offices and work in the piano room. We'd sit around saying to each other, 'What do you want to write today? A hit or a standard?'" At 11 a.m. on a Friday in June 1959 Wayne thus met up with Sherman Edwards: "he said, 'What do you want to write?' 'I'd like to write a song called See You in September,"' I said. We talked it back and forth and I think I may have contributed part of the opening music, but with Sherman it didn't matter, because he could throw me back half the lyric — that's how he worked. I think probably by two in the afternoon we got the song finished. It needed to be written; it was like boiling inside of us."
By 4:30 p.m. that day, Wayne and Edwards had reworked their composition, simplifying it so as to appeal to the teen demographic, and proceeded to make the rounds of publishers to pitch the song which, after one rejection, met with an enthusiastic reception from Jack Gold, owner of the local Paris label, who by 8 p.m. had telephoned the Tempos1 in their hometown of Pittsburgh. The group had been flown into New York City by the next day, Saturday. Sid Wayne: "By Monday the record was cut [with the Billy Mure orchestra], test pressings were Thursday, and by Friday the song was played on WNEW in New York. The thing took off like wildfire… Five hundred dollars to split between the two of us [ie. Wayne & Edwards]… was a damn good week's pay in 1961."[3]
In fact, the Tempos' "See You in September" failed to become a hit in the New York City area and despite breaking in San Francisco in June 1959, the single did not reach the national charts until that July. Despite a subsequent swift ascent of the Billboard Hot 100, the single's momentum fell sharply at the end of August 1959 with a resultant #23 peak. Although overshadowed by the Happenings' #3 remake, the Tempos' version of "See You in September" did gain considerable currency in 1973 by virtue of its inclusion on the American Graffiti soundtrack.
Mike Lazo (top tenor), Jim Drake, Tom Monito, Gene Schachter[4]
The Happenings version[edit]
"See You in September"
Single by The Happenings
from the album The Happenings
B-side
"He Thinks He's a Hero"
Released
1966
Format
7" single
Genre
Pop
Length
2:31
Label
B.T. Puppy
Songwriter(s)
Sid Wayne, Sherman Edwards
Producer(s)
The Tokens
The Happenings singles chronology
"Girls on the Go"
(1966) "See You in September"
(1966) "Go Away Little Girl"
(1966)
"Girls on the Go"
(1966) "See You in September"
(1966) "Go Away Little Girl"
(1966)
Bob Miranda of the Happenings recalls that he and the other members of the group considered the original version of "See You in September", which was "sort of a slow Cha-Cha [to be] a great song and kind of a bad record. We always looked for that. If you want to revise something and put your own sound to it, I think you should look for a great song that was not a great record."[5] Recorded in the spring of 1966, the Happenings' version of "See You in September" was produced by Bob Crewe for the B.T. Puppy label, though the label credits the producer to "Bright Tunes Productions." The song's arrangement—by Herb Bernstein—recalled both the recordings of the Tokens (who owned B. T. Puppy) and the Four Seasons. Breaking out in Boston, where the track reached the Top Ten that June, "See You in September" accrued enough national support to enter the Billboard Hot 100 that July to reach that chart's Top Ten the third week of August 1966. Despite peaking at #3 the first week of September 1966, the single had enough staying power to remain in the Top Ten throughout the rest of the month.[6] That December, the Happenings were awarded a Gold disc for "See You in September"'s selling a million units. The single became a hit in Brazil, appearing at #1 on the chart for Rio de Janeiro in January 1967. In June 1967 the Happenings were invited to participate in the Sanremo Music Festival, where they performed it in Italian as "Aria de settembre".[7]
Other versions[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
During the period between the original recording of "See You in September" by the Tempos in 1959 and the #3 hit version by the Happenings in 1966, the song was remade in classic doo-wop style by the Quotations in April 1962; according to Quotations member Harvey Hersh: "Verve [the group's label] released the record in August which pretty much destroyed any chance of air play."[8]
1962 also saw a cover of the song on the album The Things We Did Last Summer by Shelley Fabares.
In 1963, Bobby Rydell recorded the song for his album Wild (Wood) Days. Also in 1963, the Chiffons recorded a version of the song for their He's So Fine album; the track was reprised on their 1966 Sweet Talkin' Guy album.
Mike Clifford had a September 1964 single release of the song but as the B-side of the non-charter "One By One The Roses Died".
In the UK, where the Happenings' single was released on Fontana Records in August 1966 and fell short of UK Singles Chart, "See You in September" was recorded the same month by The Symbols, a male quartet from East London signed by Edward Kassner of President Records specifically to cover the Happenings' hit. Featuring Keith Mansfield on orchestral arrangement/conducting duties, the Symbols' version reached #19 on the Radio London Fab 40, without ranking on the UK Singles Chart. Distribution problems reportedly also factoring into its lack of chart impact, although the Symbols remained with President providing the label with successful covers of older American hits "Bye Bye Baby" and "The Best Part of Breaking Up"; and their guitarist, Mick Clarke, would be a founding member of The Rubettes. "See You in September" was also recorded by Gerry and the Pacemakers.
In 1966, in Hong Kong, this song was covered by local pop group Teddy Robin and the Playboys on their LP album Not All Lies!.
The Association and Frankie Valli also had hits with the song.[citation needed]
In 1972, a remake of the song by the Mike Curb Congregation reached #15 on Billboard's Easy Listening chart. Julie Budd also remade the song that year, with her version successful enough in Argentina to justify a South American tour in the spring of 1973.
In August 1979, a version by Debby Boone was issued as a single to coincide with the release of the Debby Boone album (which did not feature "See You in September"). This version charted at #41 C&W and #45 Adult Contemporary. Also in 1979 Cisse (fi) remade "See You in September" for his Summer Party album.
In November 1966, Olivier Despax (fr) recorded a French-language version of the song in London for release on Barclay Records. That same year the Spanish rendering "Te veré en septiembre" was recorded by both Marta Baizán and Kinita, while 1967 saw the release of an alternate Spanish rendering: "Setembre Está Lonxe", recorded by Jacinta.
Use in popular culture[edit]
In 1988, the song was used in a commercial for Roy Rogers Restaurants that depicted school cafeteria personnel holding up trays of unappetizing school lunches. The commercial was later pulled off the air after real life school cafeteria personnel complained that the commercial was demeaning to their profession.[9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "1959 - Weekly Top 40".
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits: Eighth Edition. Record Research. p. 625.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ Billboard, 12 October 1959, p. 20
Jump up ^ "The Happenings Interview". Classicbands.com. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits: Eighth Edition. Record Research. p. 275.
Jump up ^ "Hit Parade Italia - Festival di Sanremo 1967". Hitparadeitalia.it. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 3, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Roy Rogers Chain Drops Ad". Washington Post. August 19, 1988. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
External links[edit]
The Tempos - Pittsburgh Music History
[hide]
v
t
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Debby Boone
Studio albums
You Light Up My Life
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Debby Boone
Love Has No Reason
With My Song
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Reflections
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"Baby I'm Yours"
"My Heart Has a Mind of Its Own"
"Breakin' in a Brand New Broken Heart"
"See You In September"
"Everybody's Somebody's Fool"
"Are You on the Road to Lovin' Me Again"
Related articles
Discography
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