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Topographic map
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For the anatomy concept, see Topographic map (neuroanatomy).
For a broader coverage related to this topic, see Terrain cartography.
A topographic map with contour lines
Part of the same map in a perspective shaded relief view illustrating how the contour lines follow the terrain
Section of topographical map of Nablus area (West Bank) with contour lines at 100-meter intervals. Heights are colour-coded
In modern mapping, a topographic map is a type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief, usually using contour lines, but historically using a variety of methods. Traditional definitions require a topographic map to show both natural and man-made features. A topographic map is typically published as a map series, made up of two or more map sheets that combine to form the whole map. A contour line is a line connecting places of equal elevation.
Natural Resources Canada provides this description of topographic maps:[1]
These maps depict in detail ground relief (landforms and terrain), drainage (lakes and rivers), forest cover, administrative areas, populated areas, transportation routes and facilities (including roads and railways), and other man-made features.
Other authors define topographic maps by contrasting them with another type of map; they are distinguished from smaller-scale "chorographic maps" that cover large regions,[2][3] "planimetric maps" that do not show elevations,[4] and "thematic maps" that focus on specific topics.[5]
However, in the vernacular and day to day world, the representation of relief (contours) is popularly held to define the genre, such that even small-scale maps showing relief are commonly (and erroneously, in the technical sense) called "topographic".[3]
The study or discipline of topography is a much broader field of study, which takes into account all natural and man-made features of terrain.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Uses
3 Conventions
4 Publishers of national topographic map series
4.1 Australia
4.2 Austria
4.3 Canada
4.4 China
4.5 Colombia
4.6 Denmark
4.7 Finland
4.8 France
4.9 Germany
4.10 Greece
4.11 Hong Kong
4.12 India
4.13 Japan
4.14 Nepal
4.15 Netherlands
4.16 New Zealand
4.17 Pakistan
4.18 Portugal
4.19 Romania
4.20 Russia
4.21 Spain
4.22 South Africa
4.23 Switzerland
4.24 Taiwan
4.25 United Kingdom
4.26 United States
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
See also: Topography § Etymology, Cadastre § History, and Cartography § History
Topographic maps are based on topographical surveys. Performed at large scales, these surveys are called topographical in the old sense of topography, showing a variety of elevations and landforms.[6] This is in contrast to older cadastral surveys, which primarily show property and governmental boundaries. The first multi-sheet topographic map series of an entire country, the Carte géométrique de la France, was completed in 1789.[7] The Great Trigonometric Survey of India, started by the East India Company in 1802, then taken over by the British Raj after 1857 was notable as a successful effort on a larger scale and for accurately determining heights of Himalayan peaks from viewpoints over one hundred miles distant.[8]
Global indexing system first developed for International Map of the World
Topographic surveys were prepared by the military to assist in planning for battle and for defensive emplacements (thus the name and history of the United Kingdom's Ordnance Survey). As such, elevation information was of vital importance.[9]
As they evolved, topographic map series became a national resource in modern nations in planning infrastructure and resource exploitation. In the United States, the national map-making function which had been shared by both the Army Corps of Engineers and the Department of the Interior migrated to the newly created United States Geological Survey in 1879, where it has remained since.[10][11]
1913 saw the beginning of the International Map of the World initiative, which set out to map all of Earth's significant land areas at a scale of 1:1 million, on about one thousand sheets, each covering four degrees latitude by six or more degrees longitude. Excluding borders, each sheet was 44 cm high and (depending on latitude) up to 66 cm wide. Although the project eventually foundered, it left an indexing system that remains in use.
By the 1980s, centralized printing of standardized topographic maps began to be superseded by databases of coordinates that could be used on computers by moderately skilled end users to view or print maps with arbitrary contents, coverage and scale. For example, the Federal government of the United States' TIGER initiative compiled interlinked databases of federal, state and local political borders and census enumeration areas, and of roadways, railroads, and water features with support for locating street addresses within street segments. TIGER was developed in the 1980s and used in the 1990 and subsequent decennial censuses. Digital elevation models (DEM) were also compiled, initially from topographic maps and stereographic interpretation of aerial photographs and then from satellite photography and radar data. Since all these were government projects funded with taxes and not classified for national security reasons, the datasets were in the public domain and freely usable without fees or licensing.
TIGER and DEM datasets greatly facilitated Geographic information systems and made the Global Positioning System much more useful by providing context around locations given by the technology as coordinates. Initial applications were mostly professionalized forms such as innovative surveying instruments and agency-level GIS systems tended by experts. By the mid-1990s, increasingly user-friendly resources such as online mapping in two and three dimensions, integration of GPS with mobile phones and automotive navigation systems appeared. As of 2011, the future of standardized, centrally printed topographical maps is left somewhat in doubt.[12][13]
Uses[edit]
Curvimeter used to measure the length of a curve
Topographic maps have multiple uses in the present day: any type of geographic planning or large-scale architecture; earth sciences and many other geographic disciplines; mining and other earth-based endeavours; civil engineering and recreational uses such as hiking and orienteering.
Conventions[edit]
For more details on this topic, see contour lines § elevation and depth.
The various features shown on the map are represented by conventional signs or symbols. For example, colors can be used to indicate a classification of roads. These signs are usually explained in the margin of the map, or on a separately published characteristic sheet.[14]
Topographic maps are also commonly called contour maps or topo maps. In the United States, where the primary national series is organized by a strict 7.5-minute grid, they are often called topo quads or quadrangles.
Topographic maps conventionally show topography, or land contours, by means of contour lines. Contour lines are curves that connect contiguous points of the same altitude (isohypse). In other words, every point on the marked line of 100 m elevation is 100 m above mean sea level.
These maps usually show not only the contours, but also any significant streams or other bodies of water, forest cover, built-up areas or individual buildings (depending on scale), and other features and points of interest.
Today, topographic maps are prepared using photogrammetric interpretation of aerial photography, lidar and other Remote sensing techniques. Older topographic maps were prepared using traditional surveying instruments.
Publishers of national topographic map series[edit]
It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled National topographic map series. (Discuss) (July 2014)
See also: National Mapping Agency and Map series
Although virtually the entire terrestrial surface of Earth has been mapped at scale 1:1,000,000, medium and large-scale mapping has been accomplished intensively in some countries and much less in others.[15] Nevertheless, national mapping programs listed below are only a partial selection. Several commercial vendors supply international topographic map series.
Australia[edit]
The NMIG (National Mapping Information Group) of Geoscience Australia is the Australian Government's national mapping agency. It provides topographic maps and data to meet the needs of the sustainable development of the nation. The Office of Spatial Data Management provides an online free map service MapConnect.[16] These topographic maps of scales 1:250,000 and 1:100,000 are available in printed form from the Sales Centre.[17] 1:50,000 and 1:25,000 maps are produced in conjunction with the Department of Defence.[18]
Austria[edit]
Austrian Maps (German: Österreichische Karte (ÖK)) is the government agency producing maps of Austria, which are distributed by Bundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen (BEV) in Vienna. The maps are published at scales 1:25,000 1:50,000 1:200,000 and 1:500,000. Maps can also be viewed online.[19]
Canada[edit]
The Centre for Topographic Information produces topographic maps of Canada at scales of 1:50,000 and 1:250,000. They are known as the National Topographic System (NTS).[20] A government proposal to discontinue publishing of all hardcopy or paper topographic maps in favor of digital-only mapping data was shelved in 2005 after intense public opposition.[21]
China[edit]
The State Bureau of Surveying and Cartography compiles topographic maps at 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 scales. It is reported that these maps are accurate and attractively printed in seven colors, and that successive editions show progressive improvement in accuracy.[22]
These large-scale maps are the basis for maps at smaller scales. Maps at scales 1:4,000,000 or smaller are exported by Cartographic Publishing House, Beijing while larger-scale maps are restricted as state secrets, and prohibited from publishing by legislation, all except Hong Kong and Macau. China's topographic maps follow the international system of subdivision with 1:100,000 maps spanning 30 minutes longitude by 20 minutes latitude.[23]
Colombia[edit]
The Geographic Institute Agustín Codazzi is the government entity responsible for producing and distributing topographic maps of Colombia in 1:500,000 and 1:100,000 scales. These and several other Geographic information services can be accessed using the Instituto Geográfico Agustin Codazzi website[24] in Spanish.
Denmark[edit]
The National Survey and Cadastre of Denmark is responsible for producing topographic and nautical geodata of Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands.[25]
Finland[edit]
The National Land Survey of Finland produces the Topographic Database (accuracy 1:5000-1:10 000) and publishes topographic maps of Finland at 1:25,000 and 1:50,000. In addition topographics maps can be viewed by using a free map service MapSite.[26][27]
France[edit]
The Institut Géographique National (IGN) produces topographic maps of France at 1:25,000 and 1:50,000.[28] In addition, topographic maps are freely accessible online, through the Géoportail website.
Germany[edit]
In principle, each federal state (Bundesland) is in charge of producing the official topographic maps. In fact, the maps between 1:5,000 and 1:100,000 are produced and published by the land surveying offices of each federal state, the maps between 1:200,000 and 1:1,000,000 by a federal office – the Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie (BKG) in Frankfurt am Main.[29]
Greece[edit]
Topographic maps for general use are available at 1:50,000 and 1:100,000 from the Hellenic Military Geographical Service (HMGS).[30] They use a national projection system called EGSA'87, which is a Transverse Mercatorial Projection mapping Greece in one zone. A few areas are also available at 1:25,000. Some private firms sell topographic maps of national parks based on HMGS topography.
Hong Kong[edit]
The Department of Lands is the government agency responsible for surveying and publishing topographic maps of Hong Kong. Commonly used maps such as the HM20C series (1:20,000) are reviewed and updated every year or two. Very large scale (1:600 in Urban area and the 1:1,000 HM1C series for all of HK) topographic maps are also available to public for various uses.[31]
India[edit]
The Survey of India is responsible for all topographic control, surveys and mapping of India.[32]
Japan[edit]
The Geographical Survey Institute of Japan is responsible for base mapping of Japan. Standard map scales are 1:25,000, 1:50,000, 1:200,000 and 1:500,000.[33]
Nepal[edit]
From 1992 to 2002 a definitive series of large scale topographic maps were surveyed and published through a joint project by Government of Nepal Survey Department[34] and Finland's Ministry for Foreign Affairs contracting through the FinnMap consulting firm.[35] Japan International Cooperation Agency[36] substituted for FinnMap in Lumbini Zone.
Topographic sheets at 1:25,000 scale covering 7.5 minutes latitude and longitude map the densely populatedTerai and Middle Mountain regions. Less populated high mountain regions are on 15-minute sheets at 1:50,000. JPG scans can be downloaded.[37]
Netherlands[edit]
The Land Registry Kadaster (formerly Topografische Dienst) collects, processes and provides topographical information of the entire Dutch territory. The history of the Land Registry goes back to the year 1815, that year was commissioned to create a large map, known as Map of Krayenhoff. Around 1836 they began printing the topographic map on a scale of 1: 50,000, followed in 1865 by the topographic map on a scale of 1: 25,000. In 1951 began the start of production of the topographic map on a scale of 1: 10,000. From various reorganizations arose in 1932 the Topografische Dienst as national mapping agency of the Netherlands, since January 2004 housed within the Land Registry Kadaster.
New Zealand[edit]
Land Information New Zealand is the government agency responsible for providing up-to-date topographic mapping. LINZ topographic maps cover all of New Zealand, offshore islands, some Pacific Islands and the Ross Sea Region.[38] The standard issue NZTopo map series was published September 2009 at 1:50,000 (NZTopo50), and 1:250,000 (NZTopo250). Vector data[39] from the New Zealand Topographic Database (NZTopo) is also available.
Pakistan[edit]
The responsibility for topographic mapping and aerial photography lies with the Surveyor General of Pakistan [SGP]. Established in 1947, the Survey of Pakistan (SOP) is based in Rawalpindi with a number of regional offices distributed at urban centers throughout Pakistan. SGP is a civil organization which, for security reasons, is headed by a Surveyor General and works under the strict control of Army General Headquarters (GHQ). Colonel C.A.K. Innes-Wilson, a Royal Engineers officer who joined the Survey of India which mapped the subcontinent, was the first Surveyor General of Pakistan.
All departments which require topographic maps make their request to SGP and many are permanently registered with it for mapping and aerial photographs procurement. The SOP performs these functions under the auspices of the Ministry of Defence (MOD). Organisationally, the SOP is overseen by the Surveyor General (SG) who is a direct military appointee and a senior uniformed officer. The SG reports directly to the Secretary of Defence. Under the SG are two Deputy SG’s (I and II) who manage the operational departments of the agency and a Senior Technical Advisor. These departments are divided into Regional Directorates for Topographic Mapping including the Northern region centred in Peshawar, Eastern region (Lahore), Western region (Quetta) and finally, the Southern region in Karachi. Responsibility for fields surveys and the maintenance/update of topographic maps are sub-divided according to these geographic areas.
Portugal[edit]
The Army's Geographical Institute - Instituto Geográfico do Exército [1] - produces 1.25,000, 1:500,000 maps for public sale, as well as lots of geographical services.
Romania[edit]
Until recently, the two major government mapping authorities in Romania have been the Military Topographic Department (Directia Topografica Militara (DTM)), and the Institute for Geodesy, Photogrammetry, Cartography and Land Management (Institutul de Geodezie, Fotogrammetrie, Cartografie, si Organizarea Teritoriului (IGFCOT)). This situation has recently changed, following a decision in 1996 by the Romanian Government to establish a combined civilian National Office of Cadastre, Geodesy and Cartography (Oficiul National de Cadastru, Geodezie si Cartografie (ONCGC). Maps continued to be published under the imprint of the previous organizations into the late 1990s. From 1958, a number of town maps at scales of 1:5,000 or 1:10,000 were also made, initially on the Gauss-Krϋger projection, but after 1970 on a stereographic projection. More than 100 such sheets have been produced. There is also a street map of Bucharest in four sheets at 1:15,000 derived from larger scale surveys, which is revised annually.
The 1:50,000 series in 737 sheets is now regarded as the base map. It was revised in the period 1965-72 using aerial photographs, and is currently being updated again with the intention of establishing a revision cycle of five to six years. The 1:25,000 will be retained, but revision only at 15-20-year intervals, except for sheets covering areas of rapid change.
Russia[edit]
Detailed, accurate topographic maps have long been a military priority. They are currently produced by the Military-topographic service of armed forces of the Russian Federation ([Военно-топографическая служба Вооружённых сил Российской Федерации or ВТС ВС] error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)). Military topographic mapping departments held other titles in the Russian Empire since 1793 and in the Soviet Union[40] where these maps also came to be used for internal control and economic development.
When Germany invaded in 1941, detailed maps from the USSR's western borders to the Volga River became an urgent task, accomplished in less than one year. After the war years the entire Soviet Union was mapped at scales down to 1:25,000—even 1:10,000 for the agriculturally productive fraction. The rest of the world except Antarctica is believed to have been mapped at scales down to 1:200,000, with regions of special interest down to 1:50,000 and many urban areas to 1:10,000. In all there may have been over one million map sheets[41] of high quality and detail.[42][43][44] Soviet maps were also notable for their consistent global indexing system.[45][46] These advantages held for Soviet military maps of other countries, although there were some errors due to faulty intelligence.[47]
Soviet maps for domestic civilian purposes were often of lower quality.[48] From 1919 to 1967 they were produced by Head geodesic administration ([Высшее геодезическое управление or ВГУ] error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)), then by Chief administration of geodesy and cartography ([Главное управление геодезии и картографии or ГУГК] error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)). Now (June 2011) civilian maps are produced by the Federal agency for geodesy and cartography ([Федеральное агентство геодезии и картографии or Роскартография] error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)).[49]
Soviet military maps were state secrets. After the 1991 breakup of the Soviet Union, many maps leaked into the public domain[50] and are available for download.[51] Map scales 1:100.000 - 1:500.000 can be viewed online.[52][53]
Spain[edit]
The Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) is responsible for the official topographic maps. It does use six scales that cover all the Spanish territory: 1:25,000, 1:50,000, 1:200,000, 1:500,000, 1:1,000,000 and 1:2,000,000. The most common scale is the first one, which utilizes the UTM system.
South Africa[edit]
The Chief Directorate: National Geo-spatial Information (CD:NGI) produces three topographic map series, each covering the whole country, at scales 1:50 000, 1:250 000, and 1:500 000.
Switzerland[edit]
Swisstopo (the Federal Office of Topography) produces topographic maps of Switzerland at seven different scales.
Taiwan[edit]
Topographic maps for Taiwan had long been kept as confidential information due to security concerns. It has only been recently made available to public from the National Land Surveying and Mapping Center, the government agency responsible for surveying and publishing various maps. Topographic maps of up to 1:25,000 is now available in digital and printed format.[54]
United Kingdom[edit]
The Ordnance Survey (OS) produces topographic map series covering the United Kingdom at 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 scales.[55] The 1:25,000 scale is known as the "Explorer" series, and include an "OL" (Outdoor Leisure) sub-series for areas of special interest to hikers and walkers. It replaced the "Pathfinder" series, which was less colourful and covered a smaller area on each map. The 1:50,000 scale is known as the "Landranger" and carries a distinctive pink cover. More detailed mapping as fine as 1:10,000 covers some parts of the country.[56] The 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 scales are easily coordinated with standard romer scales on currently available compasses and plotting tools. The Ordnance Survey maintains a mapping database from which they can print specialist maps at virtually any scale.[57]
The Ordnance Survey National Grid divides the U.K. into cells 500 km, 100 km, 10 km and 1 km square on a Transverse Mercator grid aligned true North-South along the 2°W meridian. OS map products are based on this grid.
United States[edit]
The United States Geological Survey (USGS), a civilian federal agency, produces several national series of topographic maps which vary in scale and extent, with some wide gaps in coverage, notably the complete absence of 1:50,000 scale topographic maps or their equivalent. The largest (both in terms of scale and quantity) and best-known topographic series is the 7.5-minute or 1:24,000 quadrangle. This scale is unique to the United States,[citation needed] where nearly every other developed nation has introduced a metric 1:25,000 or 1:50,000 large scale topo map. The USGS also publishes 1:100,000 maps covering 30 minutes latitude by one degree longitude, 1:250,000 covering one by two degrees, and state maps at 1:500,000 with California, Michigan and Montana needing two sheets while Texas has four. Alaska is mapped on a single sheet, at scales ranging from 1:1,584,000 to 1:12,000,000.[58][citation needed]
The Mount Marcy area of New York State in 1892 in a 15-minute quadrangle at 1:62,500.
The same area about a century later (1979) in a 7.5- by 15-minute metric map at 1:25,000.
Recent USGS digital US Topo 1:24,000 topo maps based on the National Map omit[why?] several important geographic details that were featured in the original USGS topographic map series (1945-1992).[59] Examples of omitted details and features include power transmission lines, telephone lines, railroads, recreational trails, pipelines, survey marks, and buildings.[59] For many of these feature classes, the USGS is working with other agencies to develop data or adapt existing data on missing details that will be included in The National Map and to US Topo.[59] In other areas USGS digital map revisions may omit geographic features such as ruins, mine locations, springs, wells, and even trails in an effort to protect natural resources and the public at large, or because such features are not present in any public domain database.[59]
See also[edit]
Atlas portal
Aeronautical chart
Bathymetric chart
Cadastral map
Hypsometric tints
International Map of the World
(List of) national mapping agencies
Nautical chart
Raised-relief map
Stereoplotter
Topo (climbing)
Topographic profile
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Government of Canada (8 April 2016). "National Topographic System Maps". Earth Sciences – Geography. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
Jump up ^ P. D. A. Harvey, The History of Topographical Maps: Symbols, Pictures and Surveys, Thames and Hudson, 1980, ISBN 0-500-24105-8, p. 9. "By a topographical map, we mean a large-scale map, one that sets out to convey the shape and pattern of landscape, showing a tiny portion of the earth's surface as it lies within one's own direct experience, and quite distinct from the small-scale maps that show us the features of whole provinces, nations and continents."
^ Jump up to: a b Art & Architecture Thesaurus entry for topographic maps.
Jump up ^ Committee on Nomenclature of the American Society of Photogrammetry, "Definitions of terms used in photogrammetric surveying and mapping: preliminary report", Photogrammetric Engineering, 8, 247-283, 1942. "Topographic Map. A map that presents the horizontal and vertical positions of the features represented; distinguished from a planimetric map by the addition of relief in measurable form." This definition is used in many glossaries of map terminology.
Jump up ^ M.-J. Kraak and F. Ormeling, Cartography: Visualization of Spatial Data, Longman, 1996, ISBN 0-582-25953-3, p. 44. "Traditionally, the main division of maps is into topographic and thematic maps. Topographic maps supply a general image of the earth's surface: roads, rivers, buildings, often the nature of the vegetation, the relief and the names of the various mapped objects."
Jump up ^ The range of information is indicated by the title of a map produced in 1766: A Topographical Map of Hartfordshire from an Actual Survey in which is Express'd all the Roads, Lanes, Churches, Noblemen and Gentlemen's Seats, and every Thing remarkable in the County, by Andrew Dury and John Andrews, reprinted by Hertfordshire Publications in 1980. This showed the relief by using hachures.
Jump up ^ Library of Congress, Geography and Maps: General Collections
Jump up ^ Dickey, Parke A (October 1985). "Who discovered Mount Everest?". Eos. 66 (41): 54–59. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Peter Barber, The Map Book, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005, ISBN 0-297-84372-9, pp. 232, 250.
Jump up ^ "Organizing the U.S. Geological Survey". The United States Geological Survey: 1879-1989. U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior. 10 April 2000. Retrieved 19 June 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Four Great Surveys of the West". The United States Geological Survey: 1879-1989. U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior. 10 April 2000. Retrieved 19 June 2007.
Jump up ^ Ramirez, J. Raul. "Maps for the Future: A Discussion" (PDF). Retrieved 1 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Hurst, Paul (2010), Will we be lost without paper maps in the digital age? (PDF) (M.S. thesis), U.K.: University of Sheffield, pp. 1–18, retrieved 1 July 2011
Jump up ^ Ordnance Survey, Explorer Map Symbols; Swisstopo, Conventional Signs; United States Geological Survey, Topographic Map Symbols.
Jump up ^ Pickles, John. Cartography, Digital Transitions, and Questions of History (PDF). International Cartographic Association, 1999. Ottawa. p. 17. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Geoscience Australia: MapConnect
Jump up ^ Geoscience Australia Sales Centre
Jump up ^ DIGO
Jump up ^ "Austrian Map Online". Retrieved 29 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Centre for Topographic Information website.
Jump up ^ "Canada shreds plan to scrap paper maps". CBC News. 12 October 2006.
Jump up ^ Chen Cheng-siang and Au Kam-nin. "Some Recent Developments in Geoscience in China" (PDF). pp. 37–41. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Chen and Au, op. cit." (PDF).
Jump up ^ Instituto Geográfico Agustin Codazzi website
Jump up ^ Kort & Matrikelstyrelsens website (in Danish).
Jump up ^ 2010 Maanmittauslaitos
Jump up ^ National Land Survey of Finland.
Jump up ^ Institut Géographique National website (in French, English and German).
Jump up ^ Government topographic maps in Germany[better source needed]
Jump up ^ Αρχικη σελιδα
Jump up ^ http://www.landsd.gov.hk/mapping/tc/about/about.htm
Jump up ^ Department of Scientific and Technology: Survey of India
Jump up ^ Omni Resources catalog page
Jump up ^ "Government of Nepal, Survey Department". Retrieved 4 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Land Administration & Management, Mapping, Surveying and Aerial Photography, Major Reference Projects" (PDF). FinnMap. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Japan International Cooperation Agency". Retrieved 4 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nepal-Topo Maps". PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. MyPublisher. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Land Information New Zealand
Jump up ^ http://www.linz.govt.nz/core/topography/topographicdata/topodtabase/index.html
Jump up ^ ru:Топографическая служба Вооружённых сил Российской Федерации[better source needed]
Jump up ^ David Watt (December 2005). "Soviet Military Mapping" (PDF). Sheetlines. London: Charles Close Society. 74: 9–12. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
Jump up ^ John Davies (April 2005). "Uncle Joe knew where you lived. Soviet mapping of Britain (part 1)" (PDF). Sheetlines. London: Charles Close Society. 72: 26–38. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
Jump up ^ J. Davies (August 2005). "...(part 2)" (PDF). Sheetlines. 73: 6–20.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, ed. (1958). Soviet topographic map symbols (PDF). Technical manual. 30-548. Washington DC: USGPO. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
Jump up ^ U.S. Army, 1958, op. cit. (PDF). pp. 2–9.
Jump up ^ ru:Советская система разграфки и номенклатуры топографических карт[better source needed]
Jump up ^ "J. Davies (part 2), op. cit." (PDF): 11ff.
Jump up ^ Charles Close Society (ed.), Soviet Military Mapping of Britain - Study Day Cambridge 8th October 2005 (PDF) (exhibition guide), p. 15, retrieved 5 June 2011
Jump up ^ ru:Федеральное агентство геодезии и картографии[better source needed]
Jump up ^ "J. Davies (part 2), op. cit." (PDF): 6–7.
Jump up ^ "Карты" [Maps] (in English and Russian). Retrieved 5 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Soviet Military Maps" [Online Viewer]. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Collection of Soviet Military Map Country Mosaics 1:200,000 Scale" [Online Viewer]. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.nlsc.gov.tw/websites/make_page.aspx?la=1&le=2&li=11&sno=136&le2=3&li2=135
Jump up ^ Ordnance Survey website
Jump up ^ 1:10,000 Scale Raster: mid-scale high-resolution detailed mapping
Jump up ^ The MasterMap Topography Layer contains information about buildings, roads, woodland, administrative boundaries, etc., with just a few spot heights along the roads. For contours or a digital terrain model, a separate product called OS Terrain is required.
Jump up ^ "USGS Map Booklet". USGS. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Moore, Larry, US Topo – A New National Map Series, Directions Magazine, 16 May 2011, retrieved 18 April 2012
External links[edit]
USGS Topographic maps are downloadable as pdf files from a searcheable map or by a search if the map name is known.
How a Topographic Map is Manufactured, History, and Other Information
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text:
Anoaʻi family
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Anoaʻi family, originating from American Samoa, is a family of professional wrestlers. Family members have comprised several tag teams and stables within a variety of promotions. Famous members of the family include Rikishi, Umaga, Yokozuna, Roman Reigns and The Usos.
Reverend Amituana'i Anoa'i and Peter Maivia were blood brothers,[1] a connection that continued with Afa and Sika, who regard Peter as their uncle. Peter married Ofelia "Lia" Fuataga, who already had a daughter named Feagaimaleata (Ata), whom he adopted and raised as his own. Ata married wrestler Rocky Johnson, and the couple became the parents of Dwayne Johnson, who wrestled under the names Rocky Maivia and The Rock, before establishing himself as an actor.
Contents
[hide]
1 Family tree
2 Other members
3 Tag teams and stables
3.1 The Wild Samoans
3.2 The Headshrinkers
3.3 3-Minute Warning
3.4 Samoan Gangstas
3.5 The Sons of Samoa
3.6 The Usos
4 Championship and accomplishments
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Family tree[edit]
Tovale Anoa'i
Amituana Anoa'i
Blood brother
Peter Maivia
(1937–1982)
Lia Maivia
(1927–2008)
Lynn Anoa'i
Afa Anoaʻi Tumua Anoa'i Afoa Anoa'i Sika Anoa'i
Lisa Anoa'i Sipa Anoa'i Elevera Anoa'i[2]
(1947–2008)
I'aulualo Folau Solofa Fatu[2] Toa Maivia Ata Maivia
Rocky Johnson
Reno Anoa'i
(Black Pearl) Rodney Anoa'i
(Yokozuna)
(1966–2000) Matthew Anoa'i
(Rosey)
(1970-2017) Leati Anoa'i
(Roman Reigns) Sam Fatu
(Tonga Kid/Tama) Eddie Fatu
(Umaga/Jamal)
(1973–2009) Solofa Fatu Jr.
(Rikishi/Fatu)
Talisua Fuavai Dwayne Johnson
(The Rock)
Dany Garcia
Samula Anoa'i
(Samu) Afa Jr.
(Manu) Deon Anoa'i Lloyd Anoa'i
(L.A. Smooth) Monica Anoa'i
Gary Albright
(1963–2000) Jacob Fatu Trinity Mccray
(Naomi)
Jonathan Solofa Fatu
(Jimmy Uso) Joshua Samuel Fatu
(Jey Uso) Thavana Monalisa Jeremiah Peniata Simone Alexandra Johnson
Lance Anoa'i
Other members[edit]
Hollywood stuntman Tanoai Reed (known as Toa on the new American Gladiators) is the great nephew of wrestling promoter Lia Maivia (Peter Maivia's wife),[3][4] while professional wrestler Lina Fanene (Nia Jax) is Dwayne Johnson's cousin.[5] Sean Maluta, nephew of Afa Anoa'i, was a participant in WWE's first Cruiserweight Classic tournament.[6]
Tag teams and stables[edit]
The Wild Samoans[edit]
Main article: The Wild Samoans
The Headshrinkers[edit]
Main article: The Headshrinkers
3-Minute Warning[edit]
Main article: 3-Minute Warning
Samoan Gangstas[edit]
Samoan Gangstas
Tag team
Members
Matt E. Smalls[7]
L.A. Smooth[8]
Name(s)
Samoan Gangstas[9]
Heights
6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) - Matt
6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) - Lloyd
Combined
weight
713 lb (323 kg; 50.9 st)
Debut
1997
Disbanded
1998
Promotions
WXW
Trainer
Wild Samoan Training Center[7][8]
Samoan Gangstas was a tag team in the independent promotion World Xtreme Wrestling (WXW).[9] The tag team consisted of members from the Anoa'i family.[7][8]
Samoan Gangstas was a tag team made up of cousins Matt E. Smalls and Sweet Sammy Silk (Matt and Samu Anoa'i).[10] Their tag team was formed in 1997 in WXW, the promotion of one half of The Wild Samoans, Samu's father and Matt's uncle Afa Anoaʻi. The duo received success in WXW in the tag team division.[9] On June 24, they won their first WXW Tag Team Championship by beating Love Connection (Sweet Daddy Jay Love and Georgie Love).[9] However, they were temporarily suspended and the title was declared vacant.[11] Matt was repackaged as Matty Smalls. They returned in the summer of 1997 and defeated Siberian Express (The Mad Russian and Russian Eliminator), on September 17 to win their second WXW Tag Team Championship.[9][12]
Problems began between Smalls and Smooth. The two partners began feuding with each other and could not focus properly on their tag title. On March 27, 1998, Smooth defeated Smalls in a Loser Leaves Town match. As a result of losing this match, Smalls was forced to leave the promotion.[9][12] He left WXW while Smooth focused on a singles career. After a short while, Smalls returned to WXW and the two partners reunited again as Samoan Gangstas and began teaming in the tag team division. They feuded with several tag teams in WXW and focused to regain the WXW Tag Team Championship. However, due to their family disputes and problems with each other, they did not take part in the tournament for the vacated tag title, and instead feuded with each other. Samoan Gangstas feuded with each other after their splitting until Smalls left WXW and began wrestling as Kimo. He began teaming with Ekmo (Eddie Fatu) as The Island Boyz and the duo worked in Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW) before signing with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and working in its developmental territories.
The Sons of Samoa[edit]
The Sons of Samoa are a tag team currently wrestling in the Puerto Rican wrestling promotion World Wrestling Council and WXW. The team consists of Afa Jr. and L.A. Smooth.
The team was formed at WXW in 1998, briefly as a stable with Samu. The team reformed in April 2009 at a WXW show with Afa Jr. and L.A. Smooth. In 2013, they began wrestling at the WWC promotion in Puerto Rico. At Euphoria 2013, they lost to Thunder and Lightning. They won the WWC World Tag Team Championship from Thunder and Lightning on February 9, before losing the titles back to Thunder and Lightning on March 30 at Camino a la Gloria. However, they won the titles on June 29, 2013, at Summer Madness.
The Usos[edit]
Main article: The Usos
The Usos (born August 22, 1985) are a Samoan American professional wrestling tag team consisting of twin brothers Jimmy Uso and Jey Uso, who appear in WWE where they are former three-time WWE Tag Team Champions. They are also the current WWE SmackDown Tag Team Champions. The pair were previously managed by Tamina Snuka and are one-time FCW Florida Tag Team Champions.
Championship and accomplishments[edit]
Afa Anoaʻi
Championships and accomplishments
Sika Anoaʻi
Championships and accomplishments
Lloyd Anoaʻi
Championships and accomplishments
Rikishi
Championships and accomplishments
Sam Fatu
Championships and accomplishments
Umaga
Championships and accomplishments
Yokozuna
Championships and accomplishments
Rosey
Championships and accomplishments
Roman Reigns
Championships and accomplishments
The Usos
Championships and accomplishments
See also[edit]
Professional wrestling portal
Samoa portal
List of family relations in professional wrestling
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hall of Fame: High Chief Peter Maivia". WWE. Archived from the original on 20 February 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-16.
^ Jump up to: a b Green, John (2014). Historical Dictionary of Wrestling. Scarecrow Press. p. 28. ISBN 0810879263.
Jump up ^ Liane Bonin (2003-09-24). "Rock Candy". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2008-01-09. ...The Rock's double, his cousin Tanoai Reed, shattered an ankle.
Jump up ^ Tenley Woodman (2008-01-03). "Red, white and bruised". Boston Herald. Retrieved 2008-01-09. Among the new gladiators are Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson's cousin Tanoai Reed as Toa, an island warrior who intimidates opponents by performing a tribal war dance...
Jump up ^ "The Rock Police Chase Preceded Mom's Head-On Car Accident". TMZ. August 11, 2014. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sean Maluta". Retrieved 15 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Rosey Bio". Wild Samoan. Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c "L.A. Smooth Bio". Wild Samoan. Archived from the original on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "WXW World Tag Team Title History". Solie's Title Histories. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Samoan Dynasty". Wild Samoan. Archived from the original on 16 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-01.
Jump up ^ "Samoan Dynasty's first WXW Tag Team Championship summary". WXW Wrestling. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-01. 5/24/97: Samoan Gangstas (LA Smooth & Matt E. Smalls) beat Love Connection. 6/97: (Samoan Gangstas are temporarily suspended, titles vacated)
^ Jump up to: a b "Samoan Dynasty's second WXW Tag Team Championship summary". WXW Wrestling. Retrieved 2008-03-01. 9/17/97: Samoan Gangstas beat Siberian Express. 3/27/98: After a family feud, LA Smooth beat Matt E Smalls (loser leaves Top Rope) BELTS VACANT [dead link]
Further reading[edit]
Greer, Jamie (November 26, 2017). "The Family Business: The Anoa'i and Harts". Last Word On Pro Wrestling. Retrieved 2017-12-10.
External links[edit]
Samoan Dynasty
[hide]
v
t
e
Anoaʻi family
First generation
Afa Anoaʻi
Sika Anoaʻi
Second generation
Samu
Afa Anoaʻi Jr.
Lloyd Anoaʻi
Rikishi
Sam Fatu
Umaga
Yokozuna
Rosey
Roman Reigns
Sean Maluta
Third generation
Jimmy and Jey Uso
In-laws
Gary Albright
Naomi
Relatives
Peter Maivia
Lia Maivia
Rocky Johnson
Dwayne Johnson
Related articles
The Headshrinkers
3-Minute Warning
The Wild Samoans
Team B.A.D.
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anoaʻi_family&oldid=822132437"
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Samoan professional wrestlers
Professional wrestling families
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text:
2017 Nobel Peace Prize
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Nobel Peace Prize
Awarded for
Outstanding contributions to peace
Date
6 October 2017 (2017-10-06)
Location
Oslo
Country
Norway
Presented by
Norwegian Nobel Committee
Reward(s)
9 million SEK ($1.11M, €0.94M)
First awarded
1901
2017 laureate
International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
Website
nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace
← 2016
Nobel Peace Prize
2018 →
The 2017 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) "for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition on such weapons," according to the Norwegian Nobel Committee announcement on October 6, 2017.[1] The award announcement acknowledged the fact that "the world's nine nuclear-armed powers and their allies" neither signed nor supported the treaty-based prohibition known as the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons or nuclear ban treaty, yet in an interview Committee Chair Berit Reiss-Andersen told reporters that the award was intended to give "encouragement to all players in the field" to disarm.[2] The award was hailed by civil society as well as governmental and intergovernmental representatives who support the nuclear ban treaty, but drew criticism from those opposed. At the Nobel Peace Prize award ceremony held in Oslo City Hall on December 10, 2017, Setsuko Thurlow, an 85-year-old survivor of the 1945 atomic bombing of Hiroshima, and ICAN Executive Director Beatrice Fihn jointly received a medal and diploma of the award on behalf of ICAN and delivered the Nobel lecture.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Award
2 Congratulatory reactions
3 Critical reactions
4 Commentaries
5 Award funding
6 Award ceremony
7 Past Award recognition of disarmament efforts
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Award[edit]
A global civil society coalition of 468 peace, human rights, environment, development and faith groups as of 2017,[4] ICAN was recognized for its decade-long consensus-building support for the Humanitarian Pledge and the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. Nobel Committee Chair Berit Reiss-Andersen described ICAN's work as having "brought the debate forward by focusing so heavily on the humanitarian consequences of using nuclear arms."[5]
The Peace Prize announcement came in the midst of the 2017 North Korea crisis, uncertainty over certification of Iran's compliance with the 2015 accord that limits Iran's nuclear program, the Doomsday Clock assessment in January 2017 of the highest threat of nuclear war since 1953, heightened rhetoric between Indian and Pakistani military officials to target each other and retaliate with the early use nuclear weapons, Russia's strategic doctrine calling for early use of nuclear weapons against any "major NATO assault" on its territory, and opposition by nuclear powers to the nuclear ban treaty and its ratification.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]
In a telephone interview immediately after the announcement, ICAN Executive Director Beatrice Fihn said that, the Cold War being long over, possession and use of weapons of mass destruction "is no longer acceptable" in the 21st century.[16] In a formal statement, ICAN called the 2017 prize a tribute to "the tireless efforts of many millions of campaigners and concerned citizens worldwide who, ever since the dawn of the atomic age, have loudly protested nuclear weapons" and to "the survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki—the hibakusha—and victims of nuclear test explosions".[17][18] Holding a press conference at UN Headquarters, in New York, the ICAN executive director said that disarmament campaign efforts of a "new generation," of "people who grew up after the Cold War and don't understand why we still have the [nuclear] weapons," were in effect also being recognized by the award.[19]
Nominations for the prize numbered 318, including 215 individuals and 103 organizations, second highest to the record 376 nominations considered in 2016.[20] Though the Nobel Committee does not release names being considered for 50 years, reportedly they included: Tong Jen and Onodera Toshitaki seeking justice for Chinese victims of wartime atrocities during World War II; organizers Iran Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif and EU foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini of the 2015 Iran Deal negotiations; UNHCR and High Commissioner Filippo Grandi for their work on the rights and dignity of refugees; Turkish journalists Cumhuriyet and Can Dündar; The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) for their work securing Gambia's political transition; and the humanitarian White Helmets, also known as the Syrian Civil Defense, and Raed al Saleh.[21][22][23][24]
Congratulatory reactions[edit]
Congratulatory messages in the days following the award announcement came from individual disarmament supporters as well as ICAN coalition organizations, other civil society groups, public figures, governments and the United Nations, including: survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings (hibakusha), The ATOM Project, Peace Boat, Nuclear Threat Initiative, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, Human Rights Watch, Oxfam, Ploughshares Fund, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Germany, EU foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini, UK Green Party co-leader Caroline Lucas, Austria, Canada's New Democratic Party Critic for Foreign Affairs Hélène Laverdière, Mexico, and Nigeria.[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] Twenty-three countries included congratulatory remarks in their statements at the UN General Assembly First Committee on Disarmament and International Security, including Sweden and New Zealand.[40]
Pugwash President Sergio Duarte wrote that the award designation reflects "growing public recognition" of banning nuclear weapons as part of the international humanitarian norm to abolish weapons of mass destruction, citing examples of the abolition of bacteriological weapons in the 1970s and chemical weapons in the 1990s. He also called on State parties to make further progress at the UN High Level Conference on Nuclear Disarmament slated for 2018, noting the role of civil society organizations such as ICAN in supporting such multilateral disarmament processes.[41]
UN Secretary-General António Guterres relayed in a press statement that the award "recognizes the determined efforts of civil society to highlight the unconscionable humanitarian and environmental consequences that would result if they [nuclear weapons] were ever used again," noting that the first UN General Assembly resolution, in 1946, had "established the goal of ridding the world of nuclear weapons and all weapons of mass destruction."[42] The UN's top disarmament official Izumi Nakamitsu in a statement said that the 2017 Peace Prize "recognizes once again the vital and indispensable role of civil society in advancing our common aspirations peace, security and a world free of nuclear weapons."[43]
Former Soviet Union President Mikhail Gorbachev in a statement said the award designation was "a very good decision" and signified that "a world without nuclear weapons—there cannot be any other goal!", also recalling a joint statement with then US President Ronald Reagan at the 1986 Reykjavik Summit that "a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought."[44]
Welcoming the implications of the Peace Prize announcement in an interview with RT,[45] "whistleblower" William McNeilly defended his Wikileaked report in 2015 that claimed Trident nuclear programme safety and security failures and that sparked nuclear-deterrent debates in the UK the same year.[46][47]
New Zealand's Green Party Spokesperson for Social Development, MP Jan Logie, said that "Our Pacific Ocean and its peoples have suffered the terrible effects of nuclear explosions and today we acknowledge the survivors of nuclear weapons use and testing. This Nobel Prize honours them."[48]
Aging survivors of the 1945 Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings, known as hibakusha, have long campaigned to abolish nuclear weapons, often recounting the horrific suffering they endured and from which many more died. At gatherings to watch the broadcast Peace Prize announcement and in other press interviews, their reactions included[49][50]:
Toshiyuki Mimaki, 75, of the Hiroshima Prefectural Confederation of A-Bomb Sufferers Organizations: "The young people's activities have been recognized."
Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors Council members, with a photograph of Sumiteru Taniguchi, who died in August 2017 at the age of 88, said it gave them new motivation to continue their work.
Terumi Tanaka, former secretary-general of Nihon Hidankyo: "We told the world about the inhumanity (of nuclear weapons). We laid the foundations for ICAN to do its work." Toshiki Fujimori, assistant secretary-general of the group, expressed hope that the award would "speed up the flow of countries joining the treaty."
Peace Boat founder Tatsuya Yoshioka said the award "has the same value as if it were given to every hibakusha."
Separately, the older brother of iconic Sadako Sasaki said he felt a sense of pride.
Masahiro Sasaki, 76: "It's wonderful that these low-profile, often unseen activities have been recognized."
Sunao Tsuboi, 92: "Together with ICAN and many other people, we hibakusha will continue to seek a world without nuclear weapons as long as our lives last."
Shigemitsu Tanaka, head of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors Council: "We want to take great delight as it helped build up a treaty banning nuclear weapons. We want to work together so that the nuclear disarmament treaty can be signed as soon as possible."
Speaking at Bowling Green University with fellow Hiroshima bombing survivor Keiko Ogura, who founded Hiroshima Interpreters for Peace, Setsuko Thurlow likened ICAN's work to other social movements eventually embraced by nations, saying "it is our moral imperative to abolish nuclear weapons" and that the Peace Prize for ICAN "represents a break from the typical state perspective."[51]
Supporters from faith communities issued congratulatory statements, including: the Dalai Lama, Daisaku Ikeda, Father Shay Cullen, the Holy See, Pax Christi International, and the World Council of Churches.[52][53][54][55][56][57]
Critical reactions[edit]
While the majority of reactions from the international community hailed the Nobel Committee's decision, other reactions were critical about the announcement's implications.[2] NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg said that NATO has in common with ICAN the goal of "preserving peace and creating the conditions for a world without nuclear weapons" and welcomes the attention drawn by the award announcement to nuclear non-proliferation issues, but that the nuclear ban treaty supported by ICAN "risks undermining the progress we have made over the years," citing the existence of nuclear arms as the reason to maintain nuclear arsenals and for NATO remaining a nuclear alliance since the Cold War.[58] In a press release Norwegian Prime Minister Erna Solberg praised ICAN for promoting their common goal of a world free of nuclear weapons but reiterated that Norway will not sign the ban treaty, echoing NATO's stance.[59]
Similarly, spokesperson Dmitry Peskov told reporters that the Kremlin believes the award decision should be respected and that Russia as a member of the nuclear club both supports nuclear non-proliferation and maintains its position expressed by President Vladimir Putin that "there is no alternative to nuclear parity" in global security measures.[60][61] The government of Australia as of October 9, 2017 did not comment on the award designation but, through its spokesperson, acknowledged "the commitment of ICAN and its supporters to promoting awareness of the humanitarian consequences of nuclear weapons" and restated the government's position that "so long as the threat of nuclear attack exists, US extended deterrence will serve Australia's fundamental national security interests."[62] The USA reacted by saying in its statement that the award announcement "does not change the U.S. position on the treaty" which in its view "risks undermining existing efforts to address global proliferation and security challenges," and that "no state possessing nuclear weapons or which depends upon such weapons for its security supports" the ban treaty.[63] When asked to clarify whether Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau wanted to congratulate ICAN, the prime minister's office did not respond, though in a June 2017 statement Canadian Foreign Minister Chrystia Freeland's press secretary said that "Canada remains firmly committed to concrete steps towards global nuclear disarmament and nonproliferation."[40]
Commentaries[edit]
The Economist questioned the appropriateness of ICAN's winning of the prize, arguing it was doubtful their nuclear-ban treaty effort would do anything to advance global peace due to its rejection by the world's nuclear powers.[64]
Award funding[edit]
On October 20, 2017, Euronews reported that, through research with German broadcaster ZDF into Nobel Prize Foundation index funds investments, German campaign group Facing Finance had determined that the Peace Prize award was funded in part by Foundation investments in companies contributing to nuclear weapons programs, including Textron, Lockheed Martin and Raytheon, and urged ICAN not to accept the 9 million SEK award money. [65] According to Agence France-Presse, the head of the Nobel Institute Olav Njolstad was confronted on October 26, 2017 with the revelation confirmed by environmental group The Future in Our Hands, and Foundation director Lars Heikensten said the following day that "[a]t the latest, by March next year [2018] we will have no investment in anything that is connected with any kind of production which is classified as connected with nuclear weapons."[66][67]
Award ceremony[edit]
A day ahead of the December 10th award ceremony at Oslo City Hall, ICAN installed outside the Norwegian Parliament building 1,000 red and blue paper cranes made by children in Hiroshima. [68]
Past Award recognition of disarmament efforts[edit]
After the first wartime use of nuclear weapons, in 1946, the Peace Prize began to recognize nuclear disarmament efforts[69][70] [71]:
(1959) Philip Noel-Baker
(1962) Linus Pauling
(1974) Eisaku Satō
(1982) Alva Myrdal and Alfonso Garcia Robles
(1985) International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
(1990) Mikhail Gorbachev
(1995) Joseph Rotblat and the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
(2005) International Atomic Energy Agency and Mohamed ElBaradei
In the award presentation speech on December 10, 2017, Nobel Committee Chair Berit Reiss-Andersen recalled that "twelve Peace Prizes have been awarded, in whole or in part," to honor "efforts against the proliferation of nuclear weapons and for nuclear disarmament," and included 2009 Nobelist Barack Obama.[72]
See also[edit]
Concerns about nuclear weapons
Humanitarian Initiative
Nobel Prize controversies
Nuclear disarmament
Nuclear holocaust
Nuclear weapons debate
Nuclear weapons in popular culture
Public opinion on nuclear issues
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Award Presentation Speech by Berit Reiss-Andersen, Chair of the Norwegian Nobel Committee (in English)
Nobel Lecture, delivered by Beatrice Fihn and Setsuko Thurlow (in English)
Nuclear weapons: In conversation with ICAN—Al Jazeera interview with Rebecca Johnson, founding co-chair of ICAN and member of the organization's International Steering Group, December 9, 2017

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1964 Martin Luther King Jr.
1965 UNICEF
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1968 René Cassin
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1972
1973 Lê Đức Thọ (declined award) / Henry Kissinger
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1983 Lech Wałęsa
1984 Desmond Tutu
1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
1986 Elie Wiesel
1987 Óscar Arias
1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces
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1990 Mikhail Gorbachev
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1992 Rigoberta Menchú
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2017 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
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