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The Joker's Wild
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This article is about the American game show. For other uses, see Joker's Wild (disambiguation).
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The Joker's Wild
Also known as
Joker! Joker!! Joker!!!
Created by
Jack Barry
Directed by
Richard S. Kline (1972–86, 1990–91)[1]
Presented by
Jack Barry (1972–84)
Bill Cullen (1984–86)
Jim Peck (substitute host, 1981–86)
Pat Finn (1990–91)
Snoop Dogg (2017–present)
Narrated by
Johnny Jacobs (1972–78)
Jay Stewart (1977–81)
Charlie O'Donnell (1981–86)
Ed MacKay (1990–91)
Theme music composer
Perrey and Kingsley (1972–1974, 1977–1978)
Hal Hidey (1978–1986)
Alan Thicke (1974–1975, 1977–1978)
Joe Manolakakis (1990–91)[1]
Country of origin
United States
Production
Producer(s)
Justin Edgerton (1972–75)
Ron Greenberg, Gary Cox, Allen Koss (1977–86)
Eric Warner (1990–91)[1]
Running time
25 minutes
Production company(s)
Jack Barry Productions (1972–75, 1990–91)
Barry & Enright Productions (1977–86)
Kline & Friends, Inc. (1990–91)
Sony Pictures Television (2017)
Distributor
Colbert Television Sales (1977–86)
Orbis Communications (1990–91)
Release
Original network
CBS (1972–75)
Syndicated (1977–86, 1990–91)
TBS (2017–present)
Original release
September 4, 1972 – June 13, 1975
September 5, 1977 – May 23, 1986
September 10, 1990 – March 8, 1991
October 24, 2017 – present
The Joker's Wild is an American television game show that has aired at different times since the 1970s. Contestants answer questions based on categories determined randomly by a mechanism resembling a slot machine. The show's title refers to the game's slot-machine mechanism also having jokers.
The show was billed as "the game where knowledge is king and lady luck is queen", and was notable for being the first successful game show produced by Jack Barry after his company's role in the quiz show scandals during the late 1950s. The success of the series led in part to the reformation of Barry & Enright Productions in the 1970s, which reunited Barry with his partner Dan Enright. The show aired on CBS from 1972 to 1975, and from 1977 to 1986 in broadcast syndication. A children's version, titled Joker! Joker!! Joker!!!, aired from 1979 to 1981, also in syndication.
Barry's sons, Jonathan and Douglas Barry, were co-executive producers for a revival of the series that aired in 1990 and 1991, which was produced in association with Richard S. Kline and billed as a "Kline and Friends production in association with Jack Barry Productions". The series returned in 2017 on TBS, with Snoop Dogg as host and co-executive producer with Michael Strahan.
Contents
[hide]
1 Personnel
1.1 Announcers
1.2 Other personnel
2 Gameplay
2.1 Main game
2.1.1 Question values
2.1.2 Special categories
2.1.3 Jokers
2.1.4 Winning the game
2.2 Endgame ("Face the Devil")
3 Broadcast history
3.1 Taping locations
4 Versions
4.1 1971: KTLA
4.2 1972–75
4.2.1 Bonus Round
4.2.2 Joker's Jackpot
4.2.3 Tournament of Champions
4.2.4 Audience Game
4.3 Joker! Joker!! Joker!!! (1979–81)
4.4 1990–91
4.4.1 Format #1
4.4.1.1 Round 1
4.4.1.2 Round 2
4.4.2 Format #2
4.4.3 Bonus Round
4.4.4 1990s audience game
4.4.5 Final week change
4.5 2017
4.5.1 Audience Game
4.5.2 Gettin' Wild with Snoop Dogg
5 Merchandise
5.1 Snoop Dogg Presents The Joker's Wild
6 Episode status
7 References
8 External links
Personnel[edit]
Series creator Jack Barry hosted the show from 1972 to 1984.
Jack Barry, who created the show and eventually used it to revive his partnership with longtime producer Dan Enright, hosted all versions of the show up until his death in May 1984.
Barry was not the original choice to host, due to his past involvement in the 1950s quiz show scandals. As a result, Allen Ludden hosted the first two pilots for CBS.[1] Barry hosted the local KTLA series in 1971, but CBS was still hesitant to let him host the network run in 1972. Tom Kennedy, Wink Martindale, and Ludden were the three top choices to host, but each was already committed to other shows (Kennedy was tied to Split Second for ABC, Ludden had just started hosting a revival of Password, and Martindale was to host Gambit which was to premiere the same day as Joker on CBS). They even offered it to Dennis James, who had originally been the favorite to land the host job for the upcoming Mark Goodson–Bill Todman Productions' game show The New Price Is Right. When CBS agreed to a weekday daytime version of The New Price Is Right, Vice President of Daytime Programming B. Donald "Bud" Grant wanted 15-year Truth or Consequences host Bob Barker to host New Price instead of James. Barker originally said he would gladly host Joker, but Grant convinced him to take the hosting role on Price instead.[2] With no alternatives after Grant pushed Barker to The New Price Is Right (a position he would hold for 35 years) and James was hired by Goodson to host a nighttime syndicated version of the same program, Barry was given the green light to host. Barry's contract, however, was only for sixty-five episodes (thirteen weeks, a standard run for a daytime game show).
By January 1973, with no complaints from the viewers or the network and good ratings, Barry signed a regular contract to host the program and continued in that role up to its cancellation in June 1975. Enright was brought on as executive producer of Joker during its final CBS season, and was mentioned by Barry himself on the program's final CBS episode.
In 1981, Barry hired Jim Peck to serve as a regular substitute host for when he was unavailable.[3] Peck subbed for Barry several times between 1981 and 1984, and the original plan set forth by Barry and producer Ron Greenberg was to have Barry end the 1983–84 season as host, announce his retirement on the first episode of the next season, and hand the show over to Peck on a permanent basis. When Barry died of cardiac arrest in May 1984, Enright posthumously overruled his partner and selected Bill Cullen, who had just completed five months of hosting the cancelled Hot Potato for the company, to take over the series. Cullen hosted for the final two seasons and Peck subbed for him for one week in 1986. Pat Finn hosted the 1990–91 version.
Announcers[edit]
Johnny Jacobs, a longtime friend of host Jack Barry, was the original announcer of The Joker's Wild. Jacobs served through most of its CBS run, with Johnny Gilbert and Roy Rowan filling in for Jacobs on occasion. When the series returned to first-run syndication in 1977, Jacobs, Gilbert, and Jay Stewart alternated the primary announcer position. Stewart became the exclusive announcer for The Joker's Wild (as well as for all Barry & Enright-produced game shows at the time) during the 1978–79 season; Bob Hilton and Art James were substitutes for Stewart for the 1980–81 season whenever he was unavailable. In 1981 Stewart was replaced as Barry & Enright lead announcer by Charlie O'Donnell, who announced for the remainder of the series' run. Johnny Gilbert and John Harlan filled in for O'Donnell on occasion.
Ed MacKay, a local Los Angeles radio DJ and one-time overnight news anchor at KNX radio, announced the 1990–91 revival.
Other personnel[edit]
Richard S. Kline served as the director on all incarnations of the show.
Gameplay[edit]
Main game[edit]
Two contestants, one a returning champion, played. The challenger began the game by pulling a lever to set a slot machine in motion. The game's slot machine consisted of three modified slide projectors which used six-slotted metal discs similar to the wheels used in ViewMaster toys. The discs were spun by electric motors, and unused categories were removed from the board by shutting off the projectors for those windows.
The wheels on the machine each contained five different categories, which were revealed to the contestants before the game, and a joker, which served as a wild card and could represent any category. After the wheels stopped, the contestant chose one of the displayed categories and was asked a question in it. If the contestant answered correctly, the dollar value of the question was added to his or her score. An incorrect response or a failure to answer within an unspecified time limit allowed the opponent a chance to answer and steal the money. Certain special categories gave the contestant in control a chance to win extra money, by either increasing the question value or allowing them to answer more than one question on their turn, or involved the participation of both contestants.
Question values[edit]
The values of the questions were determined by the spin. Categories were worth $50, $100, or $200 if they appeared in one, two, or all three windows, respectively. A pair without a joker, if chosen, was played for $100. A "natural triple" required the contestant to answer a question in that category for $200.
In addition, spinning a natural triple (three of a kind with no jokers) awarded a bonus, which the contestant kept whether or not he/she answered correctly or won the game. The bonus initially consisted of a single prize, but by late 1983, it had been changed to the natural triple jackpot, an accumulating collection that saw one prize added to it for every day it went unclaimed.
Special categories[edit]
Mystery: This category was always played for double normal value. The contestant selected one of seven numbered question cards in a rack mounted on the host's podium; each card was in a different category, none of which were the same as any of the other four in play.
Stumpers: This category consisted of questions that were missed by both contestants in previous episodes. After the host read the question, the contestant could choose to hear the two previous wrong answers and play for the normal value, or decline the help and play for higher stakes (originally an extra $100, later changed to double normal value). If the contestant declined the help and missed the question, the opponent was given the two wrong answers and played for the normal value.
Fast Forward: The contestant could answer multiple questions if desired, each worth the amount spun, and stop after any correct answer. Missing a question forfeited all money earned on that turn and gave the opponent a chance to claim the money for only that question.
Bid: The contestant had to decide at the outset how many questions he/she wanted, with a minimum of two. Completing the bid awarded the full value of all questions answered (for example, three questions at $100 each awarded $300), but a miss gave the opponent a chance to take control with a correct answer and complete the bid him/herself. If the champion selected this category but did not bid enough questions to tie or surpass a challenger who had already reached $500, the champion immediately forfeited the game.
Fact or Foto: The contestant could either hear a fact about a subject or see a photograph of it, then try to identify it. If he/she was wrong, the opponent got both the fact and the photo.
Just One More: Given a question with multiple answers, the contestants bid back and forth as to how many they could name. The high bidder won control; if he/she gave an incorrect answer, the opponent could steal the money with one correct response.
How Low Will You Go?: A question was read, with eight clues available to help the contestants, and they bid back and forth as to how few clues they would need. The low bidder won control, but if he/she answered incorrectly, the opponent got to hear all the clues before responding.
Take a Chance: After hearing the question, the contestant could either answer it him/herself or pass it to the opponent. An incorrect answer awarded the money to the contestant who did not receive the question.
Choose the Clues: The opponent decided whether the contestant would receive one clue and play for double value, or two clues for the normal value. If the contestant was given only one clue and missed, the opponent got both clues and played for the normal amount.
Jokers[edit]
In this image, a contestant has just spun three jokers. Doing this enabled contestants to win the game simply by correctly answering one question in any of the categories in play.
When one or two jokers came up during a spin, a contestant could use them to match any displayed category and create a pair or triple, increasing the value of the question. They could also substitute a joker for a category in play but not displayed on the wheels (which was referred to as going "off the board") for $50 using one joker or $100 using two jokers. In addition, if a contestant spun a natural pair and a joker, he or she could discard the pair but use the joker to go off the board in that category for $50.
Spinning three jokers allowed the contestant to choose any of the categories in play during the game. A correct answer automatically won the game, regardless of the contestant's score or whether a full round had been played or not. The winner received either $500 or the total amount he or she had accumulated to that point, whichever was greater. If unsuccessful, however, the opponent could not steal and the game continued as normal.
Using jokers was optional, and contestants occasionally declined to use them if enough money was at stake for their opponent to win the game or take the lead (e.g., spinning a natural pair and a joker, then playing the pair for $100 instead of turning it into a $200 triple). By playing this way, the opponent had less of an advantage if the contestant missed the question and the opponent answered it correctly.
Winning the game[edit]
The game was played in rounds, with each contestant guaranteed one turn per round unless the outcome of the challenger's turn made it unnecessary for the champion to take his/her own. If the challenger reached or surpassed $500 on the first turn of the round, the champion had one last chance to spin either three jokers or a combination that would tie or beat that score. Either contestant could win the game by reaching $500 with a correct answer to a question missed by the other, or by spinning three jokers and correctly answering a question in any category. If a round ended with the scores tied at $500 or more, the game continued until the tie was broken. Contestants received a new car after every fifth victory.
Champions usually played until defeated, but from 1981 to 1984, there was a specified winnings threshold that would force a contestant to retire if it was passed. In 1983,[citation needed] clinical psychologist Joe Dunn became the first contestant on the syndicated series to be retired after he had won $66,200 in cash and prizes, which set a non-tournament show record. Barry gave an explanation at the beginning of the episode in which Dunn was retired, stating that because The Joker's Wild was airing in syndication and not on a network, the program normally would not be subject to any winnings limits. However, for "the past couple of years" (as Barry put it), the program had been airing on affiliates of CBS, the network that had first aired The Joker's Wild when it premiered in 1972, including at least one of the stations that the network owned (WCBS-TV).[4] As a condition of this, Barry stated that the show had to follow the network's procedures (such as a cap on winnings for game shows) and CBS standards and practices staff was assigned to the show to ensure this.[4] The winnings threshold, with some negotiation from Barry & Enright Productions, was eventually established at $50,000 with any overages donated to a charity of the champion's choice.
Endgame ("Face the Devil")[edit]
The wheels now contained 12 slides each, displaying various amounts of money ($25, $50, $75, $100, $150 and $200). One wheel contained a slide depicting the devil. If the devil did not appear on a spin, the total of the displayed amounts was added to the pot. The object was to score $1,000 or more without spinning the devil; doing so won the money accumulated plus a prize package worth anywhere between $3,000 and $5,000. Spinning a natural triple automatically awarded the prize package, along with either $1,000 or the total in the pot plus the value of the triple, whichever was greater. (For example, a contestant who had $850 and spun a triple of $100's would receive $1,150.) If the devil came up, the round ended and the contestant lost the accumulated money. After every safe spin, the contestant had the option to stop and keep the money won up to that point. Contestants who chose this option were often invited to take an unofficial spin to see if the devil would have come up next. For the 1974–75 CBS daytime episodes, as well as the first six syndicated seasons, the same prize package was at stake for the entire show until won, but this was changed to a different prize package for each bonus round for the final three seasons.
During the last season of the CBS run, a special "Lucky $100" symbol was added to each of the bonus reels. If a contestant spun all three of these symbols in one turn, he/she won not only the prize package and the $1,000, but also a cash bonus and a trip around the world worth approximately $7,000. The bonus increased by $100 per day until it was won or the combined value of the bonus and trip reached $15,000. After the extra prizes were claimed, the Lucky $100 symbols were removed and the bonus game reverted to its standard format. It was also during this time that audience members were selected to play the bonus game, except that they only played if the main contestant chose to quit the bonus game and take the cash in the pot.
Broadcast history[edit]
In the late 1960s, Jack Barry pitched the concept of Joker to Goodson-Todman Productions. The company was not impressed, and Barry continued tinkering with the format over the next few years.
The Joker's Wild debuted on CBS September 4, 1972, incidentally on the same Labor Day as the modern incarnation of The Price Is Right as well as Gambit. It ran until June 13, 1975 on that network, airing at 10:00 AM Eastern (9:00 Central). A total of 686 episodes were produced.
For the first two years, it faced NBC's Dinah's Place, the talk vehicle for singer/actress Dinah Shore, which gave way to the Dennis James revival of Name That Tune, which Joker easily defeated in the ratings. However, when NBC moved its panel game Celebrity Sweepstakes to 10:00/9:00 in early 1975, Joker went into steep decline, ending a nearly three-year run in the summer.
However, some big-market independent stations gave the game another chance the next year. After a syndicated rerun cycle of the last CBS season proved successful in 1976, the show returned to first-run syndication from September 5, 1977 to May 23, 1986 (airing back-to-back with sister show Tic-Tac-Dough in some markets, especially so during the aforementioned period where CBS' O&Os added both series). Additionally, repeats of the CBS era were also seen on KTLA in Los Angeles from March 6 to September 8, 1978 in a double-run with the concurrent first-run syndicated episodes, replacing another Barry & Enright series, Hollywood Connection.
A second revival for syndication was one of five game shows sold to local stations for the 1990–91 season. Premiering on September 10, 1990, the new Joker ran into the same ratings trouble that the other four series did and was the third, following a revival of its sibling show Tic-Tac-Dough and The Quiz Kids Challenge, to be cancelled before the end of the television season. The last new episode aired on March 8, 1991.
Taping locations[edit]
From 1972 to 1975, the program was taped at CBS Television City.[5] From 1977 until 1986—with the exception of the 1984–85 season, which was taped at the Production Group Studios near Columbia Square in Hollywood—the taping location was moved to Chris Craft/KCOP Studios. Taping returned to CBS Television City for the 1990–91 version. The current version of the show tapes at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California.
Versions[edit]
1971: KTLA[edit]
A tryout series aired locally on Los Angeles' KTLA for about three months and was hosted by Jack Barry. The rules were similar to the regular 1972–86 versions with the following exceptions:
Three contestants competed in each game, with the champion spinning first to begin the game. Spinning three different categories and answering a question in any of the three categories was worth $25, while pairs were worth $50 and triples were worth $100. $250 was needed to win, and as before an equal amount of turns was given. A three-joker spin resulted in an automatic win with a correct response to a question from any of the five categories in play.
In the event of a tie, the lowest scorer was eliminated and play continued until one was ahead after each round. The bonus round was similar to that of the Ludden pilots but had more elaborate prizes.
Highlights of this version were shown during promos of the eventual series, which began production on CBS in 1972.
1972–75[edit]
For the first two weeks, triples were worth $150 and a three-joker spin resulted in an automatic win for a contestant without having to answer a question. From the premiere until around May 1974, the champion went first.
Bonus Round[edit]
The bonus round went through a few different permutations:
Prize Round #1: Contestants received two spins and could take whatever prizes they spun the first time or could spin a second time, but were forced to keep the prizes that were spun on the second spin. There were black circles around some of the prizes' icons, and if all three prizes in a spin were circled, the contestant also won a new car. This format was only used on the first two episodes.
Prize Round #2: Beginning with the third aired episode, the circles were eliminated and the car became a regular prize on the wheels (other big prizes, including a boat or a trip, were also added to the board).
Jokers and Devils: Beginning with the third week, the wheels contained only jokers and devils. The contestant was given up to three spins, and each time three jokers came up, a different prize was won, increasing in value with each spin taken. If a devil appeared, the contestant lost it all. Originally the winning contestant received four spins, with the last spin being worth a larger prize such as a car or trip. For a brief period, the prize was not told until after the reels had been spun. In 1973, to avoid confusion between the category wheels and the bonus game reels, the jokers featured on the wheels in this format were marked with the word "Joker" instead of the word "Wild".
Face the Devil: Starting around May 1974, the Face the Devil round described above had been implemented.
Joker's Jackpot[edit]
Early in the show's run, returning champions were competing for a chance to win the Joker's Jackpot, an accruing cash jackpot that started at $2,500. Contestants won this jackpot if they won three (originally four) consecutive games. After the jokers and devils bonus round stopped offering a fourth prize, a new automobile was added to the jackpot. However, if the champion was defeated, all of his or her cash winnings were forfeited to the jackpot; though prizes won in the bonus round were his or hers to keep. After every game, the champion decided whether to play on for a chance to win the jackpot or play it safe and retire from the show with his or her current winnings. The jackpot continued to build until it reached $25,000, which was at the time CBS's maximum winnings for game show contestants.
Originally, after winning the Joker's Jackpot, the champion was retired undefeated, but later the rules were changed to allow champions to continue playing until either being defeated or reaching the maximum CBS winnings limit.
Upon implementation of the Face the Devil bonus round, the Joker's Jackpot was abandoned. Contestants kept whatever they earned while still retiring after winning $25,000. Winning five straight games, in multiples of five, won a car.
Tournament of Champions[edit]
From 1977 through 1980, an annual tournament of champions was held. The first tournament was won by Frank Dillon, a contestant on the CBS network series who won over $25,000 in his initial run, and the top prize was $50,000 in cash and prizes.[citation needed] Dillon returned for the second annual tournament and won that as well, taking an additional $100,000 prize.[citation needed] In the 1979 tournament, Dillon advanced to the finals where he faced Eileen Jason, who had previously won over $55,000 in cash and prizes in her reign as champion.[citation needed] Jason defeated Dillon to end his two-year reign as tournament champion, winning the $250,000 prize. Immediately after the game (on-air) host Jack Barry offered Dillon a job as a writer for the show, it's unknown if he ever accepted it.
In 1980, The Joker's Wild became the first television program to advertise that it was giving away a $1,000,000 prize. It was the total purse for a special 16-contestant tournament of champions. The eventual winner received $500,000 ($250,000, paid $25,000 annually for 10 years, plus $250,000 to the charity of his or her choice), and the runner-up received $200,000 ($100,000, paid $10,000 annually for 10 years, plus $100,000 to the charity of his or her choice). The remainder of the money was divided among the other participants in the tournament, depending on how they performed, with once again half of their winnings going to charity. Those eliminated in the preliminaries received $15,000 (with $7,500 going to charity), the quarter-final losers pocketed $25,000 (with $12,500 going to charity), and the two losing semifinalists collected $40,000 (with $20,000 going to charity). Rob Griffin won the grand prize winning three games to none, half of which went to the March of Dimes. Cassandra Dooley won $200,000 for second place, half of which went to Big Brothers Big Sisters of America. Other tournaments of champions ($50,000 in 1977, $100,000 in 1978, and $250,000 in 1979) were held prior to this, but no tournaments were held after the $1,000,000 tournament due to winnings cap limitations.
Different rules applied to Tournament of Champions play. Contestants played for points instead of dollars, with 500 points the target number to win. In the championship game, winning two games out of three was needed to claim the top prize (three out of five games for both the $250,000 and $1,000,000 tournaments). No special categories other than visual categories were used. In the event a natural triple was spun, a $500 bonus was awarded to that contestant (later, it was a $500 donation to the contestant's favorite charity). Contestants drew numbers to determine who spun the wheels first. In the $1,000,000 tournament, contestants also drew numbers to determine who played first in each individual game. If the contestant at the challenger's lectern spun three jokers and answered a question correctly, that contestant's score was increased to 500 points. The contestant at the champion's lectern was given one final turn to tie the game or win the game if trailing by less than 200 points. The contestant who was ahead after each completed round once the target score of 500 points was reached was declared the winner, but as in non-tournament episodes, both contestants received an equal number of turns. Also, no bonus game was played throughout the tournament; after one game was completed, another game began.
Other special weeks over the years included "College Week", "Couples Week", "Teen Week", and "Children's Week".
Audience Game[edit]
An audience game was played beginning with the 1981–82 season. Three members of the studio audience were selected to win money and a chance to spin against the devil. Each audience member had one spin to get as much money as possible. The wheels contained money amounts ($10, $20, $30, $40, $50 and $100), with $300 the highest amount possible in one spin. All three audience members kept whatever totals they spun; the high scorer went on to play Face the Devil for a bonus prize and cash, using the same rules and dollar amounts as the onstage contestants. Ties were broken with an additional spin, and the tied members kept the money they scored on this spin in addition to their previous winnings.
When Bill Cullen began hosting in fall 1984, two audience members were chosen along with a home viewer who played by pressing a key on their touch-tone telephone to spin the wheels. The game was played onstage instead of in the audience, since a childhood attack of polio had left Cullen unable to move great distances quickly as Barry and Peck were able to.
When the audience game was first introduced, it was played at least once every week (usually on the Friday episode). Each audience member was allowed a maximum of two spins, and could either stop after the first or decline that score in hopes of improving it on the second. These rules were later changed to those described above and began appearing daily halfway through the 1981–82 season.
Joker! Joker!! Joker!!! (1979–81)[edit]
Joker! Joker!! Joker!!! was a special once-weekly version of The Joker's Wild in which children competed with appropriately-themed subject matter. Prior to its debut, beginning in 1973 The Joker's Wild featured children playing every year around Easter.
The format was essentially the same, with some slight alterations. In the main game the children played for points instead of money, with 500 points needed to win. The winning contestant received a $500 education bond, while the loser received a $100 bond. The special categories "Mystery" and "Fast Forward" were not used in this version, but "Multiple Choice" was. As before, full rounds were played, and the contestant who reached 500 points or more after each completed round won; if the score was tied at 500 or more, additional rounds were played to break the tie. A three-joker spin still was worth an automatic win with one correct answer from any of the five categories in play. More jokers were also added to the wheels, which Barry himself pointed out during one episode.
The joker cards contained a more juvenile-looking animated joker performing a handstand (with the word Joker written below the design), and the children played the Face the Devil round under the same rules as the adults on The Joker's Wild, except that members of their family joined them onstage for assistance. During the CBS era, the jokers and devils round was in play; however, prizes already won were not at risk when going for future prizes. Additionally, children were allowed to confer with their parents/relatives when choosing categories, but were required to answer questions themselves.
1990–91[edit]
Game play was changed dramatically when the series returned to syndication in 1990. In particular, the regular questions were replaced with terms that the contestants had to define. This version lasted only one season and was hosted by Pat Finn. A memorial plaque was placed on the slot machine as a tribute to Jack Barry.
Format #1[edit]
Round 1[edit]
In the first round, three contestants (one a returning champion) competed to be the first to reach $500. The game began with a toss-up clue, and whoever buzzed in first with the correct answer gained control of the machine. The wheels contained various dollar amounts (generally $5 to $50 in each window), with a joker in the third window tripling the value of the first two if it came up (and giving that contestant 15 seconds to come up with as many correct answers as possible).
After spinning, the contestant was given a series of rapid-fire clues and had to provide a definition to those clues. Each correct answer earned the current value of the wheels. If a clue was missed, the other two contestants buzzed in and attempt to steal the money and control of the board.
After this, the wheels were spun again, either by the contestant with the last correct answer or the controller of the last question if no one had answered correctly. When one contestant reached the $500 target number, the round ended and that contestant and the second place contestant advanced to the second round. The lowest scorer was eliminated and left with parting gifts.
Round 2[edit]
The two remaining contestants advanced to the second round, which was played much like the first but with higher dollar amounts on the wheels (generally $10–$75 in each window). The contestants built on their scores from the first round and were able to choose from two categories after each spin. Additionally, an "Opponent's Choice" card appeared in the third window; this allowed the other contestant to choose the category from which the spinner answered definitions.
Contestants were not guaranteed the same number of spins as their opponent as on the original version of the show. The first contestant to reach $2,000 or more won the game and kept the money, while the loser left with parting gifts.
Format #2[edit]
On January 7, 1991, the front game format was reworked to incorporate elements of the original Joker's Wild game. Although still played with the definition format, the categories and multiple jokers returned to the wheels with spins worth $25 per correct answer for a single category, $50 for a double, or $100 for a triple. In this format, the contestant in control continued answering questions until he or she answered incorrectly or took too long to answer, at which point an opponent attempted to steal the money and control by supplying the correct answer.
Spinning three jokers automatically added $250 to his/her score and the right to pick one of three categories for $100 a question.
However, unlike with the classic version where contestants went off the board and chose any of the categories in the round, jokers only represented categories on the wheels and the value of the question had to be taken for $50 with one joker and $100 with either a pair and a joker or two jokers and a category. Additionally, no bonus was awarded for spinning a natural triple.
The winning score for Round 1 was increased to $1,000 at this point. In addition, the pace of the game was changed to allow games to straddle between shows if there was not enough time to play the bonus game in that particular show.
In both formats, at the end of round 1, if one contestant reached their target score and if the other two contestants were tied for second place, one contestant was given general knowledge definitions and would set the number of definitions to answer. The contestant with the most correct answers won the right to move on to the second round.
Bonus Round[edit]
The champion was given up to three definitions to different words, all starting with the same letter. Each correct answer given within a 60-second time limit earned one spin of the wheels. The wheels this time contained prizes, cash amounts ranging from $500 to $2,000, and jokers. The object was to get three of a kind of any prize. After each earned spin, the contestant had the option of freezing windows containing a prize they wanted to win. For future turns, only the unfrozen windows continued to spin.
Jokers could be used to match any prize showing; spinning three jokers won a jackpot that started at $5,000 and increased by $500 each time until won. However, this could only be done in one spin, as jokers could not be frozen and had to be converted into other prizes on the board when they appeared.
1990s audience game[edit]
Like the previous version, the revival also had audience members spin the wheels for money – however, this was only done when games ended sooner than expected, being used to fill remaining time and avoid straddling. Each audience member was given three spins to get three of the same bonus prize or cash amount on the wheels; if successful, $100 was awarded; otherwise, the contestant received a Joker T-shirt as a consolation prize.
Final week change[edit]
During the final first-run week of this version (March 4–8, 1991), the format reverted to the original format without categories.
2017[edit]
On May 17, 2017, it was announced that TBS would reboot the show with Snoop Dogg acting as host and serving as the executive producer along with Michael Strahan.[6] The revival premiered on October 24, 2017.[7][8][9] In January 2018, the show was renewed for a second season.[10] Jeannie Mai serves as hostess in the first season. Beginning in the second season, there is no co-host.
Each episode is self-contained, with no straddling games or returning champions. The front game consists of two rounds, each of which uses a separate set of five categories. Both contestants receive four spins in the first round and three in the second. In the first round, singles, pairs, and triples are worth $100, $200, and $300 respectively; spinning three jokers earns the contestant a separate question worth $500. Dollar values are doubled for the second round, with the trailing player spinning first. No player could use joker(s) to go off the board, and the game can end early if one contestant attains an insurmountable lead. If one contestant misses a question, his/her opponent is not given a chance to steal. If after two rounds, a tie remains, players get one spin in the playoff; whoever outscores the other is the champion.
In the second season, the game is played in three rounds. Both players get two spins in each round, with the values tripled and three jokers worth $1,500 in the third round. New categories are only introduced at the start of the second round. Additionally, in the third round, a player may challenge their opponent to answer the question, receiving the value of the spin if their opponent answers incorrectly. Ties after three rounds are broken by multiple one-spin spinoffs; whoever outscores the other is champion.
The winner plays Face the Devil, with values from $300 to $1,500 (including $420) and jokers worth $2,000 on the wheels. Reaching a total of $10,000 or more without seeing the Devil wins the jackpot ($25,000 in Season 1, $50,000 in Season 2). Unlike the Barry/Cullen format, a natural triple does not grant an automatic win; in the second season, spinning three jokers is an automatic win. In the second season Snoop Dogg will sometimes offer extra cash in addition to the player's current score in order to tempt them into walking away from the bonus round.
Audience Game[edit]
An audience game will be played beginning with the third season. Two members of the studio audience were selected and appears on the stage to win money and a chance to spin against the devil. Each audience member had one spin to get as much money as possible. The wheels contained money amounts ($100, $200, $300, $400, $500 and $1,000), with $3,000 the highest amount possible in one spin. All two audience members kept whatever totals they spun; the high scorer went on to play Face the Devil for cash, using the same rules and dollar amounts as the onstage contestants. Ties were broken with an additional spin, and the tied members kept the money they scored on this spin in addition to their previous winnings.
When the audience game is first introducing, it will be played at least once every week (usually on the Sunday episode). Each audience member was allowed a maximum of two spins, and could either stop after the first or decline that score in hopes of improving it on the second. These rules were later changed to those described above and began appearing daily halfway through the 2019-20 season.
Gettin' Wild with Snoop Dogg[edit]
Prior to the shows' premiere[11], an all-exclusive six episode documentary series aired on TBS app, TBS social media handles including Facebook Watch tab along its very own website at TBS.com. Directed by Rory Karpf, the show chronicles Snoop Dogg's transition to a game show host as it explores his creative processes behind the show's reboot. The six episodes were posted on the official Facebook and YouTube page every Friday at 4:20.[12]
Merchandise[edit]
Board game manufacturer Milton Bradley produced three editions of The Joker's Wild home game from 1973 to 1975, as well as a version of Joker! Joker!! Joker!!! in 1979. The first edition of the game included the jokers and devils bonus round.
Plans for an Atari 2600 and Mattel Intellivision version of The Joker's Wild were announced by The Great Game Company in 1983, but due to the video game crash of 1983, it was never released for either console.
In 1994, Philips produced two editions for its CD-i platform based on The Joker's Wild, licensed by Sony Pictures Entertainment, by now which owned the franchise. These games featured television game show hosts and were based more or less on the first syndicated series, while the sets on both games resembled the 1990 version. Wink Martindale hosted the first edition, while Marc Summers could be found on a special "Junior" edition of the game. The late Charlie O'Donnell served as the announcer for both games. Martindale was among the first candidates to host the original series when CBS was still not entirely sold on Jack Barry as host, due to his involvement in the quiz show scandals of the 1950s. However, Martindale already chose to host Gambit, another of the three game shows that premiered on the same day in 1972 on CBS (New Price also debuted that day). O'Donnell was an announcer on the series in question also. The theme music in these games was a remix of the 1977–86 theme.
In 2003, a mobile game based on The Joker's Wild was released by Sony Pictures Digital Entertainment.[13]
In 2005, 2007, 2008, and 2009, IGT released video slot machines based on the 1970s version of the show.[14]
Snoop Dogg Presents The Joker's Wild[edit]
A Snapchat[15] video lens was released on October 18, 2017 where Snoop would dance in the lens next to the snapchat user who would act as the dancing joker. The lens features custom green screen footage of Snoop Dogg that was shot exclusively for the lens experience.
An online game[16] was released on October 24, 2017, where fans of the show can play along via the TBS Android and iOS apps, or on TBS.com.
Episode status[edit]
The status of the KTLA series is unknown; brief footage is known to survive through 1972 CBS promos.
For many years, only the third season of the CBS run was known to exist. In 2000, a search of New York's WCBS-TV found both the first two seasons (restoring the full 686-episode run) and the entire series of Spin-Off (which replaced Joker in 1975). A clip from a January 1974 celebrity week was used during the network's anniversary special CBS At 75. This version of the show is currently held by Sony Pictures Television & CBS Television Distribution.
The 1977–1986 syndicated episodes exist, and were rerun (with the exceptions of the 1980–81, 1981–82, 1983–84, and 1984–85 seasons) on GSN, as were the first few months of the CBS era.
USA Network reran episodes of the Cullen era from April 1985 to April 1987.[17] The network also aired the 1990 revival from December 30, 1991[18] to September 11, 1992[19] and March 29, 1993[20] to June 24, 1994.[21]
In 2006, Sony Pictures Television and King World attempted to develop a new version for syndication, paired with a new show called Combination Lock; however, neither project was picked up.[22]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Schwartz, David; Ryan, Steve; Wostbrock, Fred (1999). The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows (3 ed.). Facts on File, Inc. pp. 116–117. ISBN 0-8160-3846-5.
Jump up ^ Rice, Lynette. "Bob Barker on saying goodbye to The Price Is Right". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Baber, David (2008). Television Game Show Hosts: Biographies of 32 Stars. McFarland & Company. p. 21.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Jokers Wild' producer: Security prevents cheating". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 8 November 1983. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Shows–CBS Television City". Cbstelevisioncity.com. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James. "Snoop Dogg to host The Joker's Wild game show reboot". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (27 September 2017). "'Snoop Dogg Presents The Joker's Wild' & 'Drop The Mic': Trailers & Premiere Dates For TBS' First Unscripted Series". Deadline.com. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Snoop Dogg to Host TBS's Reimagined Iconic Game Show The Joker's Wild" (PDF). Tvweek.com. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Snoop Dogg to Host 'The Joker's Wild' Game Show Reboot". Ew.com. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (January 11, 2018). "'Snoop Dogg Presents The Joker's Wild' & 'Drop The Mic' Renewed For Second Seasons By TBS". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "TBS Launches into Unscripted on October 24 with Snoop Dogg Presents The Joker's Wild and Drop the Mic". Turner.com. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Gettin' Wild With Snoop Dogg". Facebook.com. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sony Pictures - Digital Entertainment". Web.archive.org. 8 December 2004. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "IGT – The Joker's Wild Slots". Igt.com. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "TBS Launches into Unscripted on October 24 with Snoop Dogg Presents The Joker's Wild and Drop the Mic". Turner.com. 10 October 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Joker's Wild". Jokers.tbs.io. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows, 2nd Edition (Schwartz/Ryan/Wostbrock, 1995)
Jump up ^ The Intelligencer – December 30, 1991
Jump up ^ The Intelligencer – September 11, 1992
Jump up ^ TV Guide – March 27 – April 2, 1993
Jump up ^ The Intelligencer – June 24, 1994
Jump up ^ Grossman, Ben. "Games Afoot From Sony, King World". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
External links[edit]
The Joker's Wild (1972–1991) on IMDb
Snoop Dogg presents the Joker's Wild (2017) on IMDb
The Joker's Wild (2017) on IMDb
Snoop Dogg Presents The Joker's Wild on TBS
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Organelle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Organelle
Details
Identifiers
Latin
organella
Code
TH H1.00.01.0.00009
TH
H1.00.01.0.00009
FMA
63832
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
In cell biology, an organelle (/ɔːrɡəˈnɛl/) is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function. Individual organelles are usually separately enclosed within their own lipid bilayers.
The name organelle comes from the idea that these structures are parts of cells, as organs are to the body, hence organelle, the suffix -elle being a diminutive. Organelles are identified by microscopy, and can also be purified by cell fractionation. There are many types of organelles, particularly in eukaryotic cells. While prokaryotes do not possess organelles per se, some do contain protein-based bacterial microcompartments, which are thought to act as primitive organelles.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History and terminology
2 Types of organelles
2.1 Eukaryotic organelles
2.2 Prokaryotic organelles
3 Proteins and organelles
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History and terminology[edit]
Cell biology
The animal cell
Components of a typical animal cell:
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Ribosome (little dots)
Vesicle
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus (or "Golgi body")
Cytoskeleton
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondrion
Vacuole
Cytosol (fluid that contains organelles, comprising the cytoplasm)
Lysosome
Centrosome
Cell membrane
In biology organs are defined as confined functional units within an organism.[2] The analogy of bodily organs to microscopic cellular substructures is obvious, as from even early works, authors of respective textbooks rarely elaborate on the distinction between the two.
In the 1830s, Félix Dujardin refuted Ehrenberg theory which said that microorganisms have the same organs of multicellular animals, only minor.[3]
Credited as the first[4][5][6] to use a diminutive of organ (i.e., little organ) for cellular structures was German zoologist Karl August Möbius (1884), who used the term organula (plural of organulum, the diminutive of Latin organum).[7] In a footnote, which was published as a correction in the next issue of the journal, he justified his suggestion to call organs of unicellular organisms "organella" since they are only differently formed parts of one cell, in contrast to multicellular organs of multicellular organisms.[citation needed]
Types of organelles[edit]
While most cell biologists consider the term organelle to be synonymous with "cell compartment", other cell biologists choose to limit the term organelle to include only those that are containing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), having originated from formerly autonomous microscopic organisms acquired via endosymbiosis.[8][9][10]
Under this definition, there would only be two broad classes of organelles (i.e. those that contain their own DNA, and have originated from endosymbiotic bacteria):
mitochondria (in almost all eukaryotes)
plastids[11] (e.g. in plants, algae, and some protists).
Other organelles are also suggested to have endosymbiotic origins, but do not contain their own DNA (notably the flagellum – see evolution of flagella).
Under the more restricted definition of membrane-bound structures, some parts of the cell do not qualify as organelles. Nevertheless, the use of organelle to refer to non-membrane bound structures such as ribosomes is common.[12] This has led some texts to delineate between membrane-bound and non-membrane bound organelles.[13] The non-membrane bound organelles, also called large biomolecular complexes, are large assemblies of macromolecules that carry out particular and specialized functions, but they lack membrane boundaries. Such cell structures include:
large RNA and protein complexes: ribosome, spliceosome, vault
large protein complexes: proteasome, DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, RNA polymerase II holoenzyme, symmetric viral capsids, complex of GroEL and GroES; membrane protein complexes: photosystem I, ATP synthase
large DNA and protein complexes: nucleosome
centriole and microtubule-organizing center (MTOC)
cytoskeleton
flagellum
nucleolus
stress granule
germ cell granule
neuronal transport granule
Eukaryotic organelles[edit]
Eukaryotic cells are structurally complex, and by definition are organized, in part, by interior compartments that are themselves enclosed by lipid membranes that resemble the outermost cell membrane. The larger organelles, such as the nucleus and vacuoles, are easily visible with the light microscope. They were among the first biological discoveries made after the invention of the microscope.
Not all eukaryotic cells have each of the organelles listed below. Exceptional organisms have cells that do not include some organelles that might otherwise be considered universal to eukaryotes (such as mitochondria).[14] There are also occasional exceptions to the number of membranes surrounding organelles, listed in the tables below (e.g., some that are listed as double-membrane are sometimes found with single or triple membranes). In addition, the number of individual organelles of each type found in a given cell varies depending upon the function of that cell.
Major eukaryotic organelles
Organelle
Main function
Structure
Organisms
Notes
chloroplast (plastid) photosynthesis, traps energy from sunlight double-membrane compartment plants, protists (rare kleptoplastic organisms) has own DNA; theorized to be engulfed by the ancestral eukaryotic cell (endosymbiosis)
endoplasmic reticulum translation and folding of new proteins (rough endoplasmic reticulum), expression of lipids (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) single-membrane compartment all eukaryotes rough endoplasmic reticulum is covered with ribosomes, has folds that are flat sacs; smooth endoplasmic reticulum has folds that are tubular
flagellum locomotion, sensory some eukaryotes
Golgi apparatus sorting, packaging, processing and modification of proteins single-membrane compartment all eukaryotes cis-face (convex) nearest to rough endoplasmic reticulum; trans-face (concave) farthest from rough endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondrion energy production from the oxidation of glucose substances and the release of adenosine triphosphate double-membrane compartment most eukaryotes constituting element of the chondriome; has own DNA; theorized to be engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell (endosymbiosis)
nucleus DNA maintenance, controls all activities of the cell, RNA transcription double-membrane compartment all eukaryotes contains bulk of genome
vacuole storage, transportation, helps maintain homeostasis single-membrane compartment eukaryotes
Mitochondria and chloroplasts, which have double-membranes and their own DNA, are believed to have originated from incompletely consumed or invading prokaryotic organisms, which were adopted as a part of the invaded cell. This idea is supported in the Endosymbiotic theory.
Minor eukaryotic organelles and cell components
Organelle/Macromolecule
Main function
Structure
Organisms
acrosome helps spermatozoa fuse with ovum single-membrane compartment many animals
autophagosome vesicle that sequesters cytoplasmic material and organelles for degradation double-membrane compartment all eukaryotes
centriole anchor for cytoskeleton, organizes cell division by forming spindle fibers Microtubule protein animals
cilium movement in or of external medium; "critical developmental signaling pathway".[15] Microtubule protein animals, protists, few plants
cnidocyst stinging coiled hollow tubule cnidarians
eyespot apparatus detects light, allowing phototaxis to take place green algae and other unicellular photosynthetic organisms such as euglenids
glycosome carries out glycolysis single-membrane compartment Some protozoa, such as Trypanosomes.
glyoxysome conversion of fat into sugars single-membrane compartment plants
hydrogenosome energy & hydrogen production double-membrane compartment a few unicellular eukaryotes
lysosome breakdown of large molecules (e.g., proteins + polysaccharides) single-membrane compartment animals
melanosome pigment storage single-membrane compartment animals
mitosome probably plays a role in Iron-sulfur cluster (Fe-S) assembly double-membrane compartment a few unicellular eukaryotes that lack mitochondria
myofibril myocyte contraction bundled filaments animals
nucleolus pre-ribosome production protein-DNA-RNA most eukaryotes
parenthesome not characterized not characterized fungi
peroxisome breakdown of metabolic hydrogen peroxide single-membrane compartment all eukaryotes
proteasome degradation of unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis very large protein complex All eukaryotes, all archaea, some bacteria
ribosome (80S) translation of RNA into proteins RNA-protein all eukaryotes
stress granule mRNA storage[16] membraneless
(mRNP complexes)
Most eukaryotes
vesicle material transport single-membrane compartment all eukaryotes
Other related structures:
cytosol
endomembrane system
nucleosome
microtubule
cell membrane
(A) Electron micrograph of Halothiobacillus neapolitanus cells, arrows highlight carboxysomes. (B) Image of intact carboxysomes isolated from H. neapolitanus. Scale bars are 100 nm.[17]
Prokaryotic organelles[edit]
Prokaryotes are not as structurally complex as eukaryotes, and were once thought not to have any internal structures enclosed by lipid membranes. In the past, they were often viewed as having little internal organization, but slowly, details are emerging about prokaryotic internal structures. An early false turn was the idea developed in the 1970s that bacteria might contain membrane folds termed mesosomes, but these were later shown to be artifacts produced by the chemicals used to prepare the cells for electron microscopy.[18]
However, more recent research has revealed that at least some prokaryotes have microcompartments such as carboxysomes. These subcellular compartments are 100–200 nm in diameter and are enclosed by a shell of proteins.[1] Even more striking is the description of membrane-bound magnetosomes in bacteria, reported in 2006,[19][20] as well as the nucleus-like structures of the Planctomycetes that are surrounded by lipid membranes, reported in 2005.[21]
Prokaryotic organelles and cell components
Organelle/Macromolecule
Main function
Structure
Organisms
anammoxosome anaerobic ammonium oxidation ladderane membrane Planctomycetes
carboxysome carbon fixation protein-shell compartment some bacteria
chlorosome photosynthesis light harvesting complex green sulfur bacteria
flagellum movement in external medium protein filament some prokaryotes and eukaryotes
magnetosome magnetic orientation inorganic crystal, lipid membrane magnetotactic bacteria
mesosomes functions of Golgi bodies, centrioles, etc. small irregular shaped organelle containing ribosomes present in most prokaryotic cells
nucleoid DNA maintenance, transcription to RNA DNA-protein prokaryotes
pilus Adhesion to other cells for conjugation or to a solid substrate to create motile forces. a hair-like appendage sticking out (though partially embedded into) the plasma membrane prokaryotic cells
plasmid DNA exchange circular DNA some bacteria
ribosome (70S) translation of RNA into proteins RNA-protein bacteria and archaea
thylakoid photosynthesis photosystem proteins and pigments mostly cyanobacteria
Proteins and organelles[edit]
The function of a protein is closely correlated with the organelle in which it resides. Some methods were proposed for predicting the organelle in which an uncharacterized protein is located according to its amino acid composition[22][23] and some methods were based on pseudo amino acid composition.[24][25][26][27]
See also[edit]
CoRR Hypothesis
Ejectosome
Endosymbiotic theory
Organelle biogenesis
Membrane vesicle trafficking
Host-pathogen interface
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kerfeld, C. A.; Sawaya, M. R; Tanaka, S; Nguyen, C. V.; Phillips, M; Beeby, M; Yeates, T. O. (August 5, 2005). "Protein structures forming the shell of primitive bacterial organelles" (PDF). Science. 309 (5736): 936–8. Bibcode:2005Sci...309..936K. doi:10.1126/science.1113397. PMID 16081736.
Jump up ^ Lynsey Peterson (April 17, 2010). "Mastering the Parts of a Cell". Lesson Planet. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
Jump up ^ Di Gregorio, M. A. (2005). From Here to Eternity: Ernst Haeckel and Scientific Faith. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 218.
Jump up ^ Bütschli, O. (1888). Dr. H. G. Bronn's Klassen u. Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild. Erster Band. Protozoa. Dritte Abtheilung: Infusoria und System der Radiolaria. p. 1412. Die Vacuolen sind demnach in strengem Sinne keine beständigen Organe oder O r g a n u l a (wie Möbius die Organe der Einzelligen im Gegensatz zu denen der Vielzelligen zu nennen vorschlug).
Jump up ^ Amer. Naturalist. 23, 1889, p. 183: "It may possibly be of advantage to use the word organula here instead of organ, following a suggestion by Möbius. Functionally differentiated multicellular aggregates in multicellular forms or metazoa are in this sense organs, while, for functionally differentiated portions of unicellular organisms or for such differentiated portions of the unicellular germ-elements of metazoa, the diminutive organula is appropriate." Cited after: Oxford English Dictionary online, entry for "organelle".
Jump up ^ Robin, Ch. (1891). Journal de l'anatomie et de la physiologie normales et pathologiques de l'homme et des animaux. F. Alcan.
Jump up ^ Möbius, K. (September 1884). "Das Sterben der einzelligen und der vielzelligen Tiere. Vergleichend betrachtet". Biologisches Centralblatt. 4 (13, 14): 389–392, 448. Während die Fortpflanzungszellen der vielzelligen Tiere unthätig fortleben bis sie sich loslösen, wandern und entwickeln, treten die einzelligen Tiere auch durch die an der Fortpflanzung beteiligten Leibesmasse in Verkehr mit der Außenwelt und viele bilden sich dafür auch besondere Organula". Footnote on p. 448: "Die Organe der Heteroplastiden bestehen aus vereinigten Zellen. Da die Organe der Monoplastiden nur verschieden ausgebildete Teile e i n e r Zelle sind schlage ich vor, sie „Organula“ zu nennen
Jump up ^ Keeling, P.J.; Archibald, J.M. (April 22, 2008). "Organelle evolution: what's in a name?". Current Biology. 18 (8): R345–7. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.02.065. PMID 18430636.
Jump up ^ Imanian B, Carpenter KJ, Keeling PJ (March–April 2007). "Mitochondrial genome of a tertiary endosymbiont retains genes for electron transport proteins". The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology. 54 (2): 146–53. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2007.00245.x. PMID 17403155.
Jump up ^ Mullins, Christopher (2004). "Theory of Organelle Biogenesis: A Historical Perspective". The Biogenesis of Cellular Organelles. Springer Science+Business Media, National Institutes of Health. ISBN 0-306-47990-7.
Jump up ^ Hogan, C. Michael (2010). Deoxyribonucleic acid. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. S. Draggan and C. Cleveland (eds.). Washington DC
Jump up ^ Campbell and Reece, Biology 6th edition, Benjamin Cummings, 2002
Jump up ^ Cormack, David H. (1984) Introduction to Histology, Lippincott, ISBN 0397521146
Jump up ^ Fahey RC, Newton GL, Arrack B, Overdank-Bogart T, Baley S (April 6, 1984). "Entamoeba histolytica: a eukaryote without glutathione metabolism". Science. 224 (4644): 70–72. Bibcode:1984Sci...224...70F. doi:10.1126/science.6322306. PMID 6322306.
Jump up ^ Badano, Jose L.; Norimasa Mitsuma; Phil L. Beales; Nicholas Katsanis (September 2006). "The Ciliopathies: An Emerging Class of Human Genetic Disorders". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 7: 125–148. doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.7.080505.115610. PMID 16722803.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Paul; Kedersha, Nancy (March 1, 2008). "Stress granules: the Tao of RNA triage". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 33 (3): 141–150. doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2007.12.003. PMID 18291657.
Jump up ^ Tsai Y, Sawaya MR, Cannon GC, Cai F, Williams EB, Heinhorst S, Kerfeld CA, Yeates TO (2007). "Structural Analysis of CsoS1A and the Protein Shell of the Halothiobacillus neapolitanus Carboxysome". PLoS Biology. 5 (6): e144. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050144. PMC 1872035  . PMID 17518518.
Jump up ^ Ryter A (January–February 1988). "Contribution of new cryomethods to a better knowledge of bacterial anatomy". Ann. Inst. Pasteur Microbiol. 139 (1): 33–44. doi:10.1016/0769-2609(88)90095-6. PMID 3289587.
Jump up ^ Komeili A, Li Z, Newman DK, Jensen GJ (January 13, 2006). "Magnetosomes are cell membrane invaginations organized by the actin-like protein MamK". Science. 311 (5758): 242–5. Bibcode:2006Sci...311..242K. doi:10.1126/science.1123231. PMID 16373532.
Jump up ^ Scheffel A, Gruska M, Faivre D, Linaroudis A, Plitzko JM, Schüler D (March 2, 2006). "An acidic protein aligns magnetosomes along a filamentous structure in magnetotactic bacteria". Nature. 440 (7080): 110–4. Bibcode:2006Natur.440..110S. doi:10.1038/nature04382. PMID 16299495.
Jump up ^ Fuerst, J.A. (October 13, 2005). "Intracellular compartmentation in planctomycetes". Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 59: 299–328. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.59.030804.121258. PMID 15910279.
Jump up ^ Cedano, J.; Aloy, P.; P'erez-Pons, J. A.; Querol, E. (February 28, 1997). "Relation between amino acid composition and cellular location of proteins". J. Mol. Biol. 266 (3): 594–600. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1996.0804. PMID 9067612.
Jump up ^ Chou, K.C.; Elrod, D.W. (February 1, 1999). "Protein subcellular location prediction". Protein Engineering. 12 (2): 107–118. doi:10.1093/protein/12.2.107. PMID 10195282.
Jump up ^ Chou, K.C. (May 15, 2001). "Prediction of protein cellular attributes using pseudo-amino acid composition". Proteins. 43 (3): 246–55. doi:10.1002/prot.1035. PMID 11288174.
Jump up ^ Mundra, P.; Kumar, M.; Kumar, K.K.; Jayaraman, V.K.; Kulkarni, B.D. (October 1, 2007). "Using pseudo amino acid composition to predict protein subnuclear localization: Approached with PSSM". Pattern Recognition Letters. 28 (13): 1610–1615. doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2007.04.001.
Jump up ^ Du, P.; Cao, S.; Li, Y. (November 21, 2009). "SubChlo: predicting protein subchloroplast locations with pseudo-amino acid composition and the evidence-theoretic K-nearest neighbor (ET-KNN) algorithm". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 261 (2): 330–335. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.08.004.
Jump up ^ L., Feng-Min; L., Qian-Zhong (2008). "Predicting Protein Subcellular Location Using Chous Pseudo Amino Acid Composition and Improved Hybrid Approach". Protein & Peptide Letters. 15 (6): 612–616. doi:10.2174/092986608784966930. PMID 18680458.
External links[edit]
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Biosphere > Ecosystem > Biocoenosis > Population > Organism > Organ system > Organ > Tissue > Cell > Organelle > Biomolecular complex > Macromolecule > Biomolecule
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values: Органоидтар – Kazakh

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebatok
Lebatok – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

values: Органеллалар – Kyrgyz

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organell
Organell – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organel
Organel – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organel
Organel – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelle
Organelle – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organell
Organell – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organet
Organet – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values: ਅੰਗਾਣੂ – Punjabi

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organell
Organell – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelo
Organelo – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: Органеллы – Russian

values: ඉන්ද්‍රයිකා – Sinhala

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organela
Organela – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organel
Organel – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organela
Organela – Serbian
sr
sr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organela
Organela – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluelin
Soluelin – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organell
Organell – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organulo
Organulo – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: நுண்ணுறுப்பு – Tamil

values: ออร์แกเนลล์ – Thai

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organel
Organel – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values: Органела – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Organelle rootpage-Organelle skin-vector action-view