text:
Rennes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Rennes (disambiguation).
Rennes
Roazhon (Breton)
Prefecture and commune
Top to bottom, left to right: City hall, Marché des Lices, Rennes Metro, Esplanade Charles de Gaulle, Opera of Rennes by night, University of Rennes 2, Skyline of Rennes from Cathedral

Flag
Coat of arms
Motto(s): Live in harmony (French: "Vivre en intelligence")
Rennes
show
Location within Brittany region
Rennes
Coordinates: 48°06′53″N 1°40′46″W / 48.1147°N 1.6794°W / 48.1147; -1.6794Coordinates: 48°06′53″N 1°40′46″W / 48.1147°N 1.6794°W / 48.1147; -1.6794
Country
France
Region
Brittany
Department
Ille-et-Vilaine
Arrondissement
Rennes
Canton
Rennes-1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
Intercommunality
Rennes Métropole
Government
• Mayor (2014-2020)
Nathalie Appéré (PS)
Area1
50.39 km2 (19.46 sq mi)
Population (2015)2
215,366
• Density
4,300/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
• Metro
719,840
Time zone
CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)
CEST (UTC+2)
INSEE/Postal code
35238 /35000, 35200, 35700
Elevation
20–74 m (66–243 ft)
(avg. 30 m or 98 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.
Rennes (French pronunciation: [ʁɛn]; Breton: Roazhon, Breton pronunciation: [ˈrwaːzən]; Gallo: Resnn; Latin: Condate Redonum) is a city in the east of Brittany in northwestern France at the confluence of the Ille and the Vilaine. Rennes is the capital of the region of Brittany, as well as the Ille-et-Vilaine department.
Rennes's history goes back more than 2,000 years, at a time when it was a small Gallic village named Condate. Together with Vannes and Nantes, it was one of the major cities of the ancient Duchy of Brittany. From the early sixteenth century until the French Revolution, Rennes was a parliamentary, administrative and garrison city of the historic province of Brittany of the Kingdom of France.
Since the 1950s, Rennes has grown in importance through rural flight and its modern industrial development, partly automotive. The city developed extensive building plans to accommodate upwards of 200,000 inhabitants. During the 1980s, Rennes became one of the main centres in telecommunication and high technology industry. It is now a significant digital innovation centre in France.
In 2015, the city was the tenth largest in France, with a metropolitan area of about 720,000 inhabitants.[1] With more than 66,000 students in 2016, it is also the eighth-largest university campus of France.[2] The inhabitants of Rennes are called Rennais(e)(es) in French. In 2018, L'Express named Rennes as "the most liveable city in France".[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Administration
2.1 Mayors
2.2 National representation
3 Geography
3.1 Climate
4 Population
5 Sights
5.1 Historic centre
5.1.1 The Parlement de Bretagne and city hall area
5.1.2 The Place des Lices and cathedral area
5.1.3 Remains of the ramparts
5.1.4 Place Saint-Anne area
5.1.5 East: Thabor park area
5.1.6 South city centre
5.2 South of the Vilaine
5.3 Other sights
5.4 Parks and gardens
6 Economy
7 Culture
7.1 Concerts hall
7.2 Museums and exhibitions places
7.3 Media
7.4 Local culture
7.4.1 Local languages
7.4.2 Local food
8 Education
9 Sport
9.1 Football club
9.2 Handball
9.3 Road bicycle
9.4 Rugby
10 Transport
10.1 Public transport
10.2 Cycling
10.3 Roads
10.4 Railway
10.5 Airport
11 Notable people
12 International relations
12.1 Twin towns – sister cities
13 Broadcasting facilities
14 Cityscape
15 See also
16 References
17 External links
History[edit]
Main articles: History of Rennes and Timeline of Rennes
Administration[edit]
Since 2015, Rennes is divided into 6 cantons (populations as of 2014):[4][5]
Canton of Rennes-1 (38,672 inhabitants)
Canton of Rennes-2 (40,124 inhabitants)
Canton of Rennes-3, which includes parts of Rennes but also the commune of Chantepie (43,829 inhabitants)
Canton of Rennes-4 (37,036 inhabitants)
Canton of Rennes-5, which includes parts of Rennes but also the commune of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande (43,072 inhabitants)
Canton of Rennes-6, which includes parts of Rennes but also the commune of Pacé (44,888 inhabitants)
Rennes quarters
Rennes is divided into 12 quarters:
Le Centre
Thabor/Saint Hélier
Bourg l'Évêque-Moulin du Comte
Saint-Martin
Maurepas-Patton-Bellangerais
Jeanne d'Arc-Longs-Champs-Beaulieu
Francisco Ferrer-Landry-Poterie
Sud Gare
Cleunay-Arsenal-Redon
Villejean-Beauregard
Le Blosne
Bréquigny
Mayors[edit]
Nathalie Appéré, current mayor of Rennes
The current mayor of Rennes is Nathalie Appéré. A member of the Socialist Party, she replaced retiring Socialist incumbent Daniel Delaveau, in office from 2008 to 2014.
Edmond Hervé (b. 1942), Socialist mayor from 1977 to 2008;
Henri Fréville (1905–1987), mayor MRP from 1953 to 1977;
Eugène Quessot (1882–1949), interim mayor from 15 July 1947 until 26 October 1947;
Yves Milon (1897–1987), mayor RPF from 1944 to 1953.
Among previous well-known mayors are:
Jean Janvier (1859–1923), from 1908 to 1923;
Edgar Le Bastard (1836–1891), from 1880 to 1891;
Toussaint-François Rallier du Baty (1665–1734) from 1695 to 1734.
The mairie (city hall) is right in the centre of Rennes.
National representation[edit]
The French Prison Service operates the Centre pénitentiaire de Rennes, the largest women's prison in France.[6]
Geography[edit]
Green Belt between Rennes and L'Hermitage
The ancient centre of the town is built on a hill, with the north side being more elevated than the south side. It is at the confluence of two rivers: the Ille and the Vilaine.
Rennes is located on the European atlantic arc, 50 km from the English Channel (near Saint-Malo, Dinard and Mont Saint-Michel).
Rennes has the distinction of having a significant Green Belt around its ring road. This Green Belt is a protected area between the city proper (rather dense) and the rest of its urban area (rather rural).
Climate[edit]
Rennes features an oceanic climate. Precipitation in Rennes is considerably less abundant than in the western parts of Brittany, reaching only half of the levels of, e.g., the city of Quimper, which makes rainfall in Rennes comparable to the levels of larger parts of western Germany. Sunshine hours range between 1,700 and 1,850 annually, which is about the amount of sunshine received by the city of Lausanne.
[hide]Climate data for Rennes, Brittany
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
16.8
(62.2) 19.8
(67.6) 23.4
(74.1) 28.7
(83.7) 30.8
(87.4) 36.3
(97.3) 38.3
(100.9) 39.5
(103.1) 34.8
(94.6) 30.0
(86) 21.4
(70.5) 17.8
(64) 39.5
(103.1)
Average high °C (°F)
8.7
(47.7) 9.6
(49.3) 12.7
(54.9) 15.2
(59.4) 18.9
(66) 22.2
(72) 24.5
(76.1) 24.3
(75.7) 21.6
(70.9) 17.0
(62.6) 12.1
(53.8) 9.1
(48.4) 16.4
(61.5)
Average low °C (°F)
3.0
(37.4) 2.6
(36.7) 4.5
(40.1) 5.9
(42.6) 9.3
(48.7) 11.9
(53.4) 13.8
(56.8) 13.7
(56.7) 11.4
(52.5) 9.1
(48.4) 5.5
(41.9) 3.3
(37.9) 7.9
(46.2)
Record low °C (°F)
−14.7
(5.5) −11.2
(11.8) −7.3
(18.9) −3.2
(26.2) −1.2
(29.8) 2.2
(36) 5.5
(41.9) 4.0
(39.2) 1.9
(35.4) −4.6
(23.7) −7.5
(18.5) −12.6
(9.3) −14.7
(5.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
67.6
(2.661) 49.1
(1.933) 51.6
(2.031) 50.9
(2.004) 67.2
(2.646) 46.7
(1.839) 49.1
(1.933) 37.8
(1.488) 59.0
(2.323) 74.8
(2.945) 67.5
(2.657) 72.7
(2.862) 694.0
(27.323)
Average precipitation days
11.5 9.4 9.8 9.9 9.8 7.3 7.3 6.4 7.7 11.1 11.7 12.4 114.4
Average snowy days
2.1 2.6 1.5 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 1.7 9.2
Average relative humidity (%)
87 83 79 76 77 75 75 76 80 85 87 87 80.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours
69.1 87.2 128.4 162.7 191.2 217.3 210.7 205.5 177.8 117.5 81.3 68.6 1,717.1
Source #1: Météo France[7][8]
Source #2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity, snowy days 1961–1990)[9]
Population[edit]
In 2018, the inner population of the city was of 221,272 inhabitants, the Rennes intercommunal structure connecting Rennes with 42 nearby suburbs (named Rennes Métropole) counted 450,593 inhabitants and the metropolitan area counted over 72000 inhabitants.
Rennes has the second fastest-growing metropolitan area in France after Toulouse and before Montpellier, Bordeaux and Nantes.
The inhabitants of Rennes are called Rennais in French.
Historical population
Year
Pop.
±%
1770
23,143 —
1790
25,160 +8.7%
1793
30,160 +19.9%
1800
25,904 −14.1%
1806
29,225 +12.8%
1821
29,589 +1.2%
1831
27,340 −7.6%
1836
35,552 +30.0%
1841
37,895 +6.6%
1846
39,218 +3.5%
Year
Pop.
±%
1851
39,505 +0.7%
1856
45,664 +15.6%
1861
45,483 −0.4%
1866
48,283 +6.2%
1872
52,044 +7.8%
1876
57,177 +9.9%
1881
60,974 +6.6%
1886
66,139 +8.5%
1891
69,232 +4.7%
1896
69,937 +1.0%
Year
Pop.
±%
1901
74,676 +6.8%
1906
75,640 +1.3%
1911
79,372 +4.9%
1921
82,241 +3.6%
1926
83,418 +1.4%
1931
88,659 +6.3%
1936
98,538 +11.1%
1946
113,781 +15.5%
1954
124,122 +9.1%
1962
151,948 +22.4%
Year
Pop.
±%
1968
180,943 +19.1%
1975
198,305 +9.6%
1982
194,656 −1.8%
1990
197,536 +1.5%
1999
206,229 +4.4%
2009
206,604 +0.2%
2012
209,860 +1.6%
2014
213,454 +1.7%
Sights[edit]
Rennes is classified as a city of art and history.
Historic centre[edit]
The historic centre is located on the former plan of the ramparts. There is a difference between the northern city centre and the southern city centre due to the 1720 fire, which destroyed most of the timber framed houses in the northern part of the city. The rebuilding was done in stone, on a grid plan. The southern part, the poorest at this time, was not rebuilt.
Due to the presence of the parlement de Bretagne, many "hôtels particuliers" were built in the northern part, the richest in the 18th century. Most of the monuments historiques can be found there.
Colourful traditional half-timbered houses are situated primarily along the roads of Saint-Sauveur, Saint-Georges, de Saint-Malo, Saint-Guillaume, des Dames, du Chapitre, Vasselot, Saint-Michel, de la Psallette and around the plazas of Champ-Jacquet, des Lices, Saint-Anne and Rallier-du-Baty.
The Parlement de Bretagne and city hall area[edit]
The Parlement de Bretagne (Administrative and judicial centre of Brittany, Breton: Breujoù Breizh) is the most famous 17th century building in Rennes. It was rebuilt after a terrible fire in 1994 that may have been caused by a flare fired by a protester during a demonstration. It houses the Rennes Court of Appeal. The plaza around is built on the classical architecture.
On the west, the Place de la Mairie (City Hall Plaza, Plasenn Ti Kêr):
City Hall
Opera
On the east, at the end of the Rue Saint-Georges with traditional half-timbered houses:
1920s Saint George Municipal Pool, with mosaics
Saint George Palace, and its garden
On the south-east:
Saint-Germain square
Saint-Germain Church
Saint-Germain footbridge, 20th century wood and metal construction to link the plaza with Émile Zola Quay, across the Vilaine River.
Saint Germain's church
Opera of Rennes
Saint Georges Palace
Rennes's city hall
The Place des Lices and cathedral area[edit]
The Place des Lices is lined by hôtels particuliers with the place Railler-du-Baty, is the location of the weekly big market, the marché des Lices.
Near the Rennes Cathedral (cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Rennes) is the Rue du Chapitre:
Hôtel de Blossac
There are 16th century polychrome wooden busts on the façade of 20, Rue du Chapitre.
On this era are the former St. Yves chapel, now the tourism office and a museum about the historical development of Rennes and the Basilica Saint-Sauveur
Place des Lices with the roof top of Les Halles Martenot seen in on the left, and the hôtels particuliers on the right.
Rue du Chapitre
Gate of the Hôtel de Blossac
Basilique Saint-Sauveur
Remains of the ramparts[edit]
Built from the 3rd to the 12th centuries, the ramparts were largely destroyed between the beginning of the 16th century and the 1860s.
Portes mordelaises. The street crossing this gate comes from the Place des Lices and ends at the cathedral
Tour Duchesne
Place Railler-du-Baty
Map of the remaining ramparts in Rennes
Place Saint-Anne area[edit]
Place Saint-Anne (Plasenn Santez-Anna)
Saint-Aubin Church, built in the beginning of the 20th century
Location of a former 14th century hospital
Jacobite convent, the futur convention centre (2018)
South-western, La Rue Saint-Michel nicknamed Rue de La Soif (Road of Thirst) because there are bars all along this street.
South-eastern, the Champ-Jacquet square, with Renaissance buildings and a statue of mayor Jean Leperdit ripping up a conscription list.
Place Saint-Anne
Jacobite convent, vieved from the Place Saint-Anne
Saint-Michel street
Medieval houses at Champ-Jacquet
East: Thabor park area[edit]
Area of Saint-Melaine square
Notre-Dame-en-Saint-Melaine basilica,
Tower and transept from the 11th century Benedictine abbey of Saint-Melaine
14th century Gothic arcades
17th century colonnade
Bell tower topped with a gilded Virgin Mary (19th century)
17th century cloister
Jardin botanique du Thabor (formal French garden, orangerie, rose garden, aviary) a botanical garden on 10 hectares of land, built between 1860 and 1867.
17th century promenade "la Motte à Madame", and a monumental stairway overlooking the Rue de Paris entrance to the Thabor.
Notre-Dame-en-Saint-Melaine basilica, viewed from the parc du Thabor
Main gate of the parc du Thabor
Rue de Paris Thabor entrance
South city centre[edit]
The south city centre is a mix of old buildings and 19th and 20th centuries constructions.
Maison des Carmes
Lycée Zola
Toussaints church
Palais du commerce
South of the Vilaine[edit]
The Fine Arts Museum is situated on Quai Émile Zola, by the Vilaine River.
Les Champs Libres is a building on Esplanade Charles de Gaulle, and was designed by the architect Christian de Portzamparc. It houses the Brittany Museum (Musée de Bretagne), the regional library Bibliothèque de Rennes Métropole with six floors, and the Espace des Sciences science centre with a planetarium.
At Place Honoré Commeurec is Les Halles Centrales, a covered market from 1922, with one part converted into contemporary art gallery.
The Mercure Hotel is located in a restored building on Rue du Pré-Botté, which was the prior location of Ouest-Éclair, and then of Ouest-France, a premier daily regional newspaper.
There are large mills at Rue Duhamel, constructed on each side of the south branch of the Vilaine in 1895 and 1902.
Other sights[edit]
To the northwest of Rennes, near Rue de Saint-Malo are the locks of the Canal d'Ille-et-Rance of 1843.
There are two halls of the printer, Oberthür, built by Marthenot between 1870 and 1895 on Rue de Paris in the eastern part of the city. Oberthür Park is the second biggest garden in the city.
The 17th century manor of Haute-Chalais, a granite château, is situated to the south of the city in Blosne Quarter (Bréquigny).
Parks and gardens[edit]
Gayeulles parc
Square of Motte.
Mail Mitterrand
Thabor parc
Oberthur parc
Saint-Georges garden.
Parc du Thabor contains a compact but significant botanical garden, the Jardin botanique du Thabor. The University of Rennes 1, with a campus in the city's eastern section, also contains a botanical garden and collections (the Jardin botanique de l'Université de Rennes).
Economy[edit]
Technopole Atalante
Local economy include car manufacturing, telecommunications, digital sector and agrofood.
The ITC firm Orange (ex-France Telecom) is the largest private employer with 4,800 people. PSA Peugeot Citroën, is the second largest private employer in the metropolitan area of Rennes, with 4,000 people. PSA opened a manufacturing plant at La Janais in Chartres-de-Bretagne in 1961. Technicolor, one of the biggest firms in TV and cinema broadcasting in the world employs over 500 people.
In a few years, Rennes became one of the main centres in high technology industry and digital. The city hosts one of the first Technopoles established in France: Rennes Atalante which employs over 20,000 people.
Rennes is the 2nd concentration of digital and ITC firms in France after Paris (with well-known companies and startups like Atos, SFR, Neosoft, Orange S.A., France Telecom, Ericsson, Harmonic France, STmicroelectronics, Technicolor R&D, Ubisoft, Regionsjob, Capgemini, OVH, Dassault Systèmes, Delta Dore, Canon, Artefacto, Enensys Technologies, Astellia, Mitsubishi Electric R&D Europe, Digitaleo, Alcatel-Lucent, Kelbillet, Texas Instruments, Sopra Group, Niji, Thales, Nemeus or Logica). Rennes was one of the first French cities to receive the French Tech label in November 2014. Moreover, Rennes hosts the 3rd public research potential in digital and ITC sectors in France, after Paris and Grenoble, with 3,000 people working in 10 laboratories, like well-known IRISA, IETR, IRMAR, DGA-MI (cyberdefense), SATIE, etc. It is also the 3rd innovation potential in agrofood French industry with lots of firms in this field (Lactalis, Triballat Sojasun, Coralis, Panavi, Bridor, Claude Léger, Loïc Raison, Groupe Roullier, Sanders, etc.), an agro campus (Agrocampus Ouest) and a big international and professional expo, the Space (every year in September).
Other large firms located in Rennes include the restaurant conglomerate Groupe Le Duff (owners of Brioche Dorée, Bruegger's, La Madeleine, Mimi's Cafe, Timothy's World Coffee[10]), the first French newspaper Ouest France (800,000 daily copies) and Samsic Service (cleanliness, industrial safety, job search, etc.).
Culture[edit]
A festival by night at Thabor Park
Cultural plaza with cinema, Brittany museum, library, science space, planetarium, youth house, shopping centres or concert and exhibition halls
Brittany FRAC (Regional Fund for Contemporary Art)
Rennes is known to be one of the most festive cities of France. It invests heavily in arts and culture and a number of its festivals (such as the music festival Les Transmusicales, Les Tombées de la Nuit, Mythos, Stunfest (fighting game competition) and Travelling (a cinematic festival)) are well known throughout France. During the 80's, Rennes was often cited as the French town of rock and new wave music.[11]
Concerts hall[edit]
Rennes is well equipped in musical facilities:
The MusikHall, for large shows (near the airport). (7,000 seats)
Le Liberté, dedicated to major cultural events and touring shows. (5,300 seats)
La Cité, dedicated to contemporary musics & locals artists. (1,150 seats)
L'Etage (Le Liberté), dedicated to contemporary musics & locals artists. (900 seats)
Rennes's Opera House (650 seats) and National Theatre of Brittany, TNB in French (Vilar room, 950 seats) for Brittany orchestra.
The Ubu, an associative concert hall. (500 seats)
L'Antipode MJC, which also an art centre. (500 seats)
Museums and exhibitions places[edit]
There are also five museums in Rennes:
Musée des Beaux Arts (Museum of Fine Arts of Rennes). This art museum hold many works by the sculptor Pierre Charles Lenoir
Musée de Bretagne (Museum of Brittany) at the Champs Libres, together with the 'espace of sciences' and a planetarium.
Museum of Farming and Rennes Countryside at la Bintinais, south of Rennes.
Musée des Transmissions (Museum of Broadcasting) at Cesson-Sévigné, east of Rennes centre.
FRAC Bretagne Fond Régional d'Art contemporain (Regional Fund for Contemporary Art).
In addition to this list, there is art facilities, such as 40mcube exhibition space or the centre for contemporary art La Criée.
There is also miscellaneous cultural places: the dance dedicated place the Triange, two "Art et Essai" - art house cinemas - cinemas called l'Arvor and Cine TNB. Remark that the surrounding cities house many other cultural places.
Media[edit]
Rennes was one of the first towns in France to have its own local television channel 'TV Rennes', created in 1987.
Rennes has also local radio stations (Hit West, Radio Campus, Canal B, Radio Caroline, Radio Rennes, Radio Laser) and local newspapers or magazines (Ouest-France, Le Mensuel de Rennes, Place Publique, 20 Minutes Rennes).
Local culture[edit]
Local languages[edit]
Flag of Brittany
In Brittany, two regional languages are spoken: Breton and Gallo. In and around Rennes, Gallo was traditionally spoken as a local language, but Breton has always been spoken by regional migrants coming from the western part of the region.
Nowadays, the Breton language is taught in one Diwan school, some bilingual public and Catholic schools, in evening courses, and in university.[12]
The municipality launched a linguistic plan through Ya d'ar brezhoneg on 24 January 2008.
In 2008, 2.87% of primary school children were enrolled in bilingual primary schools, and the number of pupils enrolled in these schools is steadily growing.[13]
Local food[edit]
Cider and galette with eggs, ham and cheese
Specialties from Rennes include:
Breton Galette
Galette-saucisse
Crêpe
Cider
Many other Breton specialties (seafood, milk, vegetables, cheese, meat) are seen at the Marché des Lices, a weekly market held every Saturday morning (one of the most important markets in France).
Education[edit]
Rennes 1 University.
Campus of Villejean.
The Rennes agglomeration has a large student population (around 63,000).
The city has two main universities; Université de Rennes 1, which offers courses in science, technology, medicine, philosophy, law, management and economics and Université Rennes 2, which has courses in the arts, literature, languages, communication, human and social sciences and sport. The official website of Université Rennes 2 identifies that facility as "the largest research and higher learning institution in Arts, Literature, Languages, Social Sciences and Humanities in the West of France."
There are a few École Supérieures in Rennes, like the École Normale Supérieure de Rennes on the Ker Lann campus, just outside Rennes, the Institut d'études politiques de Rennes or the ESC Rennes School of Business.
There is also branches of École Supérieure d'Électricité – Supélec and Telecom Bretagne in the east of the city (Cesson-Sévigné), a campus of the École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies, a campus of the École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées, and the grande école Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, which is next to the "École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes".
The computer science and applied mathematics research institute, IRISA, is located on the campus of the Université des Sciences, nearby Cesson-Sévigné. The Délégation Générale pour l'Armement (defence procurement agency) operates the CELAR research centre, dedicated to electronics and computing, in Bruz, a neighbouring town.
Catholic University of Rennes (Institut Catholique de Rennes) is a Catholic university founded in 1989.
The city is also home to an American study abroad program for high school students, School Year Abroad, in which students are immersed in French culture through five classes in the language and a nine-month home stay.[14]
The École Compleméntaire Japonaise de Rennes (レンヌ補習授業校 Rennu Hoshū Jugyō Kō), a part-time Japanese supplementary school, is held in the Collège Anne de Bretagne in Rennes.[15]
Sport[edit]
Flares of the Roazhon Celtic Kop at the Roazhon Park.
Football club[edit]
Rennes is home to Stade Rennais F.C., who plays in Ligue 1 at the Roazhon Park stadium.
Handball[edit]
Cesson-Sévigné is home to Cesson-Rennes-Métropole handball, who plays in division 1.
Road bicycle[edit]
Rennes is home to Fortuneo-Vital Concept (UCI Team Code: BSE), a professional cycling team.
Rugby[edit]
Rennes is home to Stade Rennais Rugby, a women's rugby team who plays in Championnat de France de rugby à XV féminin, which is the top national competition for women's rugby union football clubs in France.
Transport[edit]
An elevated metro section
VéloStar
Rennes Airport
Rennes has well-developed national road, rail and air links.
Public transport[edit]
Local transport is based primarily on an extensive bus network (65 lines) and a metro line that was inaugurated in March 2002 and cost €500 million to build. The driverless Rennes Metro (VAL) is 9.4 km (5.8 mi) in length and has 15 stations, including one designed by architect Norman Foster (La Poterie station). A second metro line is being planned, it should be operational by 2019, and the construction began in 2014.[16]
Cycling[edit]
Rennes provides other modes of local transport: a bike sharing system with 900 bicycles (named vélo STAR). Rennes created the first system of modern French bike sharing (1998).
Roads[edit]
The city is an important hub of Brittany's motorway network and is surrounded by a ring road: the Rocade (national road 136). The construction of the bypass was started in 1968 and completed in 1999. It is 31 km (18.5 mi) long, it has 2 lanes each way (sometimes 3 lanes) and toll free. Many other expressways are connected to the Rennes ring road for local and regional service. By road, Saint-Malo can be reached in 45 minutes, Nantes in 1 hour, Brest in 2 hours and 30 minutes, Paris in 4 hours, Bordeaux in 5 hours and Bruxelles in 6 hours and 30 minutes.
Railway[edit]
Rennes has a major French railway station, the Gare de Rennes, opened in 1857. Since July 2 2017 It is now one hour twenty seven minutes by TGV high speed train from Paris ( after the extension of the High Speed Rail Line[17]). Train service is available to other big cities in France such as Lyon, Marseille, Lille and Strasbourg. Rennes is also an important railway station for regional transport in Brittany. The TER Bretagne provide links to Saint-Malo, Nantes, Redon, Vitré, Saint-Brieuc, Vannes, Laval, Brest and many other regional cities. It is served by Gare station on the VAL Rennes Metro.
Airport[edit]
Rennes is served by Rennes Brittany Airport (Saint-Jacques), located 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from the centre to the south-west in the commune Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande.
It notably operates regular or seasonal flights to Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Lyon, Marseille, Nice, Toulouse, Barcelona, Palma de Mallorca, Rome-Fiumicino, Southampton, Dublin, Manchester, Amsterdam Schiphol, Madrid Barajas, Birmingham, London-City, London-Gatwick and daily flights to London Southend Airport with Flybe.
Notable people[edit]
(by alphabetical order)
Soazig Aaron (born 1949), writer
Bertrand d'Argentré (1519–1590), jurist and historian, seneschal of Rennes in 1547 than head of the présidial court
Georges Ernest Boulanger (1837–1891), general and politician, born in Rennes
Jean-Claude Bourlès (born 1937), writer traveler
Maxime Daniel (born 1991), professional cyclist
Madeleine Desroseaux (1873–1939), poet and novelist
Félix Dujardin (1801–1860), Professor and Dean, University of Rennes, famous parasitologist
Paul Jausions (1835–1870), musicologist specialising in Gregorian chant
Hélène Jégado (1803–1852), serial poisoner executed in 1852
Jacques Legrand (born 1946), mongologist
Charles Vanel (1892–1989), actor born in Rennes
Malika Ménard (born 1987), Miss France 2010
Louis Pérouas (1923–2011), priest and historian
François-Henri Pinault (born 1962), Chairman and CEO of PPR.
René Pleven (1901–1993), twice President of the Council of Ministers, born in Rennes
Pierre Robiquet (1780–1840), chemist member of Académie des Sciences, discover of among others codein, asparagin and alizarin
International relations[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France
Twin towns – sister cities[edit]
Twinned towns inscribed on the bridge over the central canal.
Rennes is twinned with:
(These twinned towns save one are inscribed on the bridge over the central canal of Rennes)
Exeter, England, UK (since 1956)[18][19]
Rochester, New York, USA (since 1958)
Erlangen, Germany (since 1964)
Brno, Czech Republic (since 1965)[20][21]
Sendai, Japan (since 1967)
Leuven, Belgium (since 1980)
Sétif, Algeria (since 1982)
Cork, Ireland (since 1982)[22]
Almaty, Kazakhstan (since 1991)
Bandiagara Cercle, Mali (since 1995)
Poznań, Poland (since 1998)[23][24]
Sibiu, Romania (since 1999)
Jinan, Shandong, China (since 2002)
Diyarbakır, Turkey (since 2016)
Within France
Saint-Gilles-du-Mené, France (since 1978)
Rennes-les-Bains, France (since 1985)
Pacts of cooperation
Huế, Vietnam (since 1992)
Bandiagara Cercle, Mali (since 1995)
Sponsorship
Vouziers, France
Rennes also has the only Institut Franco-Américain in France.
Broadcasting facilities[edit]
Transmitter Rennes-Thourie
Cityscape[edit]
Opera of Rennes
Saint George Palace
Horizons tower (100 metres/328 ft)
New style city centre
Notre-Dame en Saint-Mélaine church
Ouest-France building
Place Rallier du Baty
Place de Bretagne
Windows of the Hôtel Racape de La Feuillée at Place des Lices
Marché des Lices, a market on weekly basis for local producers at Place des Lices
See also[edit]
Brittany portal
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department
List of works of the two Folgoët ateliers
References[edit]
INSEE
Jump up ^ [1] INSEE.fr
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ [3]
Jump up ^ Décret n° 2014-177 du 18 février 2014 portant délimitation des cantons dans le département d'Ille-et-Vilaine
Jump up ^ INSEE 2014 legal populations of the Ille-et-Vilaine department
Jump up ^ "French pedophilia trial casts unsettling light on women sex offenders." Agence France Presse at The Island. 14 March 2005. Retrieved 19 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Données climatiques de la station de Rennes" (in French). Météo France. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Climat France" (in French). Météo France. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Normes et records 1961-1990: Rennes-St Jacques (35) - altitude 36m" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
Jump up ^ [4]
Jump up ^ http://www.dmagalerie.com/rennes-1981-08-avr-08-mai-2011
Jump up ^ (in French) L'état de la langue bretonne dans l'enseignement en Ille-et-Vilaine (State of the Breton language in education in Ille-et-Vilaine) from Ofis ar Brezhoneg
Jump up ^ (in French) Ofis ar Brezhoneg: Enseignement bilingue
Jump up ^ http://ayearinrennes.weebly.com/
Jump up ^ "欧州の補習授業校一覧（平成25年4月15日現在）" (Archive). Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). Retrieved on May 10, 2014. "College Anne de Bretagne 15, rue de Martenot, 35000 RENNES"
Jump up ^ (in French) Rennes.maville.com Le projet de nouvelle ligne du métro sur les rails
Jump up ^ "Rennes à 1h30 de Paris en 2014 – France – Toute l'actualité en France". France Info. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "British towns twinned with French towns [via WaybackMachine.com]". Archant Community Media Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-20.
Jump up ^ "Town twinning". Exeter City Council. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "City of Brno Foreign Relations - Statutory city of Brno" (in Czech). 2003 City of Brno. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2011. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ "Brno – Partnerská města" (in Czech). 2006–2009 City of Brno. Retrieved 17 July 2009. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ Mulcahy, Noreen. "Cork - International Relations". Cork City Council. Archived from the original on 2013-05-18. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
Jump up ^ "Poznań - Miasta partnerskie". 1998–2013 Urząd Miasta Poznania (in Polish). City of Poznań. Archived from the original on 2013-09-23. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
Jump up ^ "Poznań Official Website – Twin Towns". (in Polish) 1998–2008 Urząd Miasta Poznania. Retrieved 29 November 2008.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rennes.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Rennes.
Look up Rennes in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Official site
City council website
Parlement of Brittany
[show]
v
t
e
Prefectures of departments of France
Bourg-en-Bresse (Ain)
Laon (Aisne)
Moulins (Allier)
Digne-les-Bains (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence)
Gap (Hautes-Alpes)
Nice (Alpes-Maritimes)
Privas (Ardèche)
Charleville-Mézières (Ardennes)
Foix (Ariège)
Troyes (Aube)
Carcassonne (Aude)
Rodez (Aveyron)
Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône)
Caen (Calvados)
Aurillac (Cantal)
Angoulême (Charente)
La Rochelle (Charente-Maritime)
Bourges (Cher)
Tulle (Corrèze)
Ajaccio (Corse-du-Sud)
Bastia (Haute-Corse)
Dijon (Côte-d'Or)
Saint-Brieuc (Côtes-d'Armor)
Guéret (Creuse)
Périgueux (Dordogne)
Besançon (Doubs)
Valence (Drôme)
Évreux (Eure)
Chartres (Eure-et-Loir)
Quimper (Finistère)
Nîmes (Gard)
Toulouse (Haute-Garonne)
Auch (Gers)
Bordeaux (Gironde)
Montpellier (Hérault)
Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine)
Châteauroux (Indre)
Tours (Indre-et-Loire)
Grenoble (Isère)
Lons-le-Saunier (Jura)
Mont-de-Marsan (Landes)
Blois (Loir-et-Cher)
Saint-Étienne (Loire)
Le Puy-en-Velay (Haute-Loire)
Nantes (Loire-Atlantique)
Orléans (Loiret)
Cahors (Lot)
Agen (Lot-et-Garonne)
Mende (Lozère)
Angers (Maine-et-Loire)
Saint-Lô (Manche)
Châlons-en-Champagne (Marne)
Chaumont (Haute-Marne)
Laval (Mayenne)
Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle)
Bar-le-Duc (Meuse)
Vannes (Morbihan)
Metz (Moselle)
Nevers (Nièvre)
Lille (Nord)
Beauvais (Oise)
Alençon (Orne)
Arras (Pas-de-Calais)
Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme)
Pau (Pyrénées-Atlantiques)
Tarbes (Hautes-Pyrénées)
Perpignan (Pyrénées-Orientales)
Strasbourg (Bas-Rhin)
Colmar (Haut-Rhin)
Lyon (Rhône)
Vesoul (Haute-Saône)
Mâcon (Saône-et-Loire)
Le Mans (Sarthe)
Chambéry (Savoie)
Annecy (Haute-Savoie)
Paris (Paris)
Rouen (Seine-Maritime)
Melun (Seine-et-Marne)
Versailles (Yvelines)
Niort (Deux-Sèvres)
Amiens (Somme)
Albi (Tarn)
Montauban (Tarn-et-Garonne)
Toulon (Var)
Avignon (Vaucluse)
La Roche-sur-Yon (Vendée)
Poitiers (Vienne)
Limoges (Haute-Vienne)
Épinal (Vosges)
Auxerre (Yonne)
Belfort (Territoire de Belfort)
Évry (Essonne)
Nanterre (Hauts-de-Seine)
Bobigny (Seine-Saint-Denis)
Créteil (Val-de-Marne)
Cergy, Pontoise (Val-d'Oise)
Overseas departments
Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe)
Fort-de-France (Martinique)
Cayenne (French Guiana)
Saint-Denis (Réunion)
Mamoudzou (Mayotte)
[show]
v
t
e
Prefectures of the regions of France
Metropolitan France
Lyon (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes)
Dijon (Bourgogne-Franche-Comté)
Rennes (Brittany)
Orléans (Centre-Val de Loire)
Ajaccio (Corsica)
Strasbourg (Grand Est)
Lille (Hauts-de-France)
Paris (Île-de-France)
Rouen (Normandy)
Bordeaux (Nouvelle-Aquitaine)
Toulouse (Occitanie)
Nantes (Pays de la Loire)
Marseille (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur)
Overseas regions
Cayenne (French Guiana)
Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe)
Fort-de-France (Martinique)
Mamoudzou (Mayotte)
Saint-Denis (Réunion)
[show]
v
t
e
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department
Acigné
Amanlis
Andouillé-Neuville
Antrain
Arbrissel
Argentré-du-Plessis
Aubigné
Availles-sur-Seiche
Baguer-Morvan
Baguer-Pican
Baillé
Bain-de-Bretagne
Bains-sur-Oust
Bais
Balazé
Baulon
La Baussaine
La Bazouge-du-Désert
Bazouges-la-Pérouse
Beaucé
Bécherel
Bédée
Betton
Billé
Bléruais
Boisgervilly
Boistrudan
Bonnemain
La Bosse-de-Bretagne
La Bouëxière
Bourgbarré
Bourg-des-Comptes
La Boussac
Bovel
Bréal-sous-Montfort
Bréal-sous-Vitré
Brécé
Breteil
Brie
Brielles
Broualan
Bruc-sur-Aff
Les Brulais
Bruz
Cancale
Cardroc
Cesson-Sévigné
Champeaux
Chancé
Chanteloup
Chantepie
La Chapelle-aux-Filtzméens
La Chapelle-Bouëxic
La Chapelle-Chaussée
La Chapelle-de-Brain
La Chapelle-des-Fougeretz
La Chapelle-du-Lou-du-Lac
La Chapelle-Erbrée
La Chapelle-Janson
La Chapelle-Saint-Aubert
La Chapelle-Thouarault
Chartres-de-Bretagne
Chasné-sur-Illet
Châteaubourg
Châteaugiron
Châteauneuf-d'Ille-et-Vilaine
Le Châtellier
Châtillon-en-Vendelais
Chauvigné
Chavagne
Chelun
Cherrueix
Chevaigné
Cintré
Clayes
Coësmes
Comblessac
Combourg
Combourtillé
Cornillé
Corps-Nuds
La Couyère
Crevin
Le Crouais
Cuguen
Dinard
Dingé
Dol-de-Bretagne
Domagné
Domalain
La Dominelais
Domloup
Dompierre-du-Chemin
Dourdain
Drouges
Eancé
Epiniac
Erbrée
Ercé-en-Lamée
Ercé-près-Liffré
Essé
Étrelles
Feins
Le Ferré
Fleurigné
La Fontenelle
Forges-la-Forêt
Fougères
La Fresnais
Gaël
Gahard
Gennes-sur-Seiche
Gévezé
Gosné
La Gouesnière
Goven
Grand-Fougeray
La Guerche-de-Bretagne
Guichen
Guignen
Guipel
Guipry-Messac
Hédé-Bazouges
L'Hermitage
Hirel
Iffendic
Les Iffs
Irodouër
Janzé
Javené
Laignelet
Laillé
Lalleu
Landavran
Landéan
Landujan
Langan
Langon
Langouet
Lanhélin
Lanrigan
Lassy
Lécousse
Lieuron
Liffré
Lillemer
Livré-sur-Changeon
Lohéac
Longaulnay
Le Loroux
Lourmais
Loutehel
Louvigné-de-Bais
Louvigné-du-Désert
Luitré
Maen-Roch
Marcillé-Raoul
Marcillé-Robert
Marpiré
Martigné-Ferchaud
Maxent
Mecé
Médréac
Meillac
Melesse
Mellé
Mernel
La Mézière
Mézières-sur-Couesnon
Miniac-Morvan
Miniac-sous-Bécherel
Le Minihic-sur-Rance
Mondevert
Montauban-de-Bretagne
Montautour
Mont-Dol
Monterfil
Montfort-sur-Meu
Montgermont
Monthault
Montreuil-des-Landes
Montreuil-le-Gast
Montreuil-sous-Pérouse
Montreuil-sur-Ille
Mordelles
Mouazé
Moulins
Moussé
Moutiers
Muel
La Noë-Blanche
La Nouaye
Nouvoitou
Noyal-Châtillon-sur-Seiche
Noyal-sous-Bazouges
Noyal-sur-Vilaine
Orgères
Pacé
Paimpont
Pancé
Parcé
Parigné
Parthenay-de-Bretagne
Le Pertre
Le Petit-Fougeray
Pipriac
Piré-sur-Seiche
Pléchâtel
Pleine-Fougères
Plélan-le-Grand
Plerguer
Plesder
Pleugueneuc
Pleumeleuc
Pleurtuit
Pocé-les-Bois
Poilley
Poligné
Pont-Péan
Les Portes du Coglais
Princé
Québriac
Quédillac
Rannée
Redon
Renac
Rennes
Retiers
Le Rheu
La Richardais
Rimou
Romagné
Romazy
Romillé
Roz-Landrieux
Roz-sur-Couesnon
Sains
Saint-Armel
Saint-Aubin-d'Aubigné
Saint-Aubin-des-Landes
Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier
Saint-Benoît-des-Ondes
Saint-Briac-sur-Mer
Saint-Brieuc-des-Iffs
Saint-Broladre
Saint-Christophe-des-Bois
Saint-Christophe-de-Valains
Saint-Coulomb
Saint-Didier
Saint-Domineuc
Sainte-Anne-sur-Vilaine
Sainte-Colombe
Sainte-Marie
Saint-Erblon
Saint-Ganton
Saint-Georges-de-Chesné
Saint-Georges-de-Gréhaigne
Saint-Georges-de-Reintembault
Saint-Germain-du-Pinel
Saint-Germain-en-Coglès
Saint-Germain-sur-Ille
Saint-Gilles
Saint-Gondran
Saint-Gonlay
Saint-Grégoire
Saint-Guinoux
Saint-Hilaire-des-Landes
Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande
Saint-Jean-sur-Couesnon
Saint-Jean-sur-Vilaine
Saint-Jouan-des-Guérets
Saint-Just
Saint-Léger-des-Prés
Saint-Lunaire
Saint-Malo
Saint-Malo-de-Phily
Saint-Malon-sur-Mel
Saint-Marcan
Saint-Marc-le-Blanc
Saint-Marc-sur-Couesnon
Saint-Maugan
Saint-Médard-sur-Ille
Saint-Méen-le-Grand
Saint-Méloir-des-Ondes
Saint-M'Hervé
Saint-M'Hervon
Saint-Onen-la-Chapelle
Saint-Ouen-des-Alleux
Saint-Ouen-la-Rouërie
Saint-Péran
Saint-Père
Saint-Pern
Saint-Pierre-de-Plesguen
Saint-Rémy-du-Plain
Saint-Sauveur-des-Landes
Saint-Séglin
Saint-Senoux
Saint-Suliac
Saint-Sulpice-des-Landes
Saint-Sulpice-la-Forêt
Saint-Symphorien
Saint-Thual
Saint-Thurial
Saint-Uniac
Saulnières
Le Sel-de-Bretagne
La Selle-en-Luitré
La Selle-Guerchaise
Sens-de-Bretagne
Servon-sur-Vilaine
Sixt-sur-Aff
Sougéal
Taillis
Talensac
Teillay
Le Theil-de-Bretagne
Thorigné-Fouillard
Thourie
Le Tiercent
Tinténiac
Torcé
Trans-la-Forêt
Treffendel
Tremblay
Trémeheuc
Tresbœuf
Tressé
Trévérien
Trimer
Le Tronchet
Val d'Anast
Val-d'Izé
Vendel
Vergéal
Le Verger
Vern-sur-Seiche
Vezin-le-Coquet
Vieux-Viel
Vieux-Vy-sur-Couesnon
Vignoc
Villamée
La Ville-ès-Nonais
Visseiche
Vitré
Le Vivier-sur-Mer

Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 312739984
LCCN: n79120270
ISNI: 0000 0001 2326 2423
GND: 4116965-7
SUDOC: 026399458
BNF: cb11865422j (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rennes&oldid=836458353"
Categories:
Rennes
Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine
Cities in Brittany
Cities in France
Prefectures in France
Hidden categories:
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
Articles with French-language external links
CS1 errors: external links
CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)
CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)
Use dmy dates from May 2012
Articles containing Breton-language text
Coordinates on Wikidata
Articles containing Latin-language text
Articles containing French-language text
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikivoyage
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Arpetan
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Boarisch
Brezhoneg
Català
Cebuano
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Estremeñu
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Gaeilge
Gaelg
Gàidhlig
Galego
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
한국어
Hausa
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Interlingue
Ирон
Italiano
עברית
Kalaallisut
ქართული
Қазақша
Kernowek
Kiswahili
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Lingála
Magyar
Македонски
मराठी
مازِرونی
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Nouormand
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
پنجابی
Piemontèis
Polski
Ποντιακά
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
Sardu
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Taqbaylit
Татарча/tatarça
ไทย
Türkçe
Twi
Українська
اردو
ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
Vèneto
Tiếng Việt
Volapük
Winaray
粵語
中文
87 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 April 2018, at 22:59.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Rennes_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Rennes (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: lang title

values:
br
Breton language text

value: i

attrs: class style

value: li

value: ul

values:
/wiki/Prefectures_of_France
mw-redirect
Prefectures of France

values: display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse display:table-row display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0

values: display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0

values: Hochbahnabschnitt Pontchaillou - Anatole France der Metro Rennes.jpg

values: Esplanade du Général de Gaulle à Rennes.jpg

values: Batiments de nuits -Univ Rennes 2 - Louis Arretche.jpg

values: Rennes cathédrale mai 2010 - panorama 1.jpg

values: background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid black;width:300px;display:table display:table-row display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px

values:
/wiki/University_of_Rennes_2
mw-redirect
University of Rennes 2

values:
/wiki/File:Drapeau_Rennes.svg
image
Flag of Rennes

values:
/wiki/File:Blason_Rennes.svg
image
Coat of arms of Rennes

values: text-align: left; display: none; background: transparent; width:264px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto

values: font-size:115%; border:1px solid grey; margin-top:2px; box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;font-size:95%;padding:4px;border:none;

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values:
/wiki/French_Socialist_Party
mw-redirect
French Socialist Party

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values:
/wiki/Latin_language
mw-redirect
Latin language

values:
/wiki/Canton_in_France
mw-redirect
Canton in France

values:
/wiki/Quarter_(country_subdivision)
mw-redirect
Quarter (country subdivision)

values:
/wiki/French_Prison_Service
mw-redirect
French Prison Service

values:
/wiki/Mont_Saint-Michel
mw-redirect
Mont Saint-Michel

values: background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #9797FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #8787FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #0000C9; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium

values: background: #C2C219; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium

values: width:90%; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height: 1.2em; margin:auto;

values: border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px 2px;text-align:right

values: padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa

values: Edit section: The Parlement de Bretagne and city hall area

values:
/wiki/Parlement_de_Bretagne
mw-redirect
Parlement de Bretagne

values: Edit section: The Place des Lices and cathedral area

values:
/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)
mw-redirect
Lock (water transport)

values: Jardin botanique de l'Université de Rennes

values:
/wiki/PSA_Peugeot_Citro%C3%ABn
mw-redirect
PSA Peugeot Citroën

values:
/wiki/France_Telecom
mw-redirect
France Telecom

values: STmicroelectronics (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Sopra_Group
mw-redirect
Sopra Group

values:
/wiki/Ouest_France
mw-redirect
Ouest France

values: Edit section: Museums and exhibitions places

values: École nationale supérieure des télécommunications de Bretagne

values: École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies

values: École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées

values:
/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole
mw-redirect
Grande école

values:
/wiki/INSA_Rennes
mw-redirect
INSA Rennes

values:
/wiki/Fortuneo-Vital_Concept
mw-redirect
Fortuneo-Vital Concept

values: French women's Premier Division (rugby union)

values: Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank

values:
/wiki/Paris-Charles_de_Gaulle
mw-redirect
Paris-Charles de Gaulle

values:
/wiki/Rome-Fiumicino_Airport
mw-redirect
Rome-Fiumicino Airport

values:
/wiki/Barajas_Airport
mw-redirect
Barajas Airport

values:
/wiki/London_Gatwick_Airport
mw-redirect
London Gatwick Airport

values:
/wiki/PPR_(company)
mw-redirect
PPR (company)

values:
/wiki/Pierre_Robiquet
mw-redirect
Pierre Robiquet

values: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

values: Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities

values:
/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities
mw-redirect
Twin towns and sister cities

values:
/wiki/Sendai,_Miyagi
mw-redirect
Sendai, Miyagi

values:
/wiki/Transmitter_Rennes-Thourie
mw-redirect
Transmitter Rennes-Thourie

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

values: List of works of the two Folgoët ateliers

values:
/wiki/Agence_France_Presse
mw-redirect
Agence France Presse

values:
nofollow
http://ayearinrennes.weebly.com/
external free

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.webcitation.org/6PT4aGXC8

values: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?lan=en

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.rennes.fr

values:
nofollow
http://www.ville-rennes.fr/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.parlement-bretagne.com/
external text

values: Template:Prefectures of departments of France

values: Template talk:Prefectures of departments of France

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template:Prefectures of regions of France

values: Template talk:Prefectures of regions of France

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/312739984

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000123262423

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4116965-7

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/026399458

values: Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)

values: Category:Articles with French-language external links

values: Category:CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)

values: Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)

values: Category:Articles containing Breton-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Latin-language text

values: Category:Articles containing French-language text

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Rennes
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Rennes&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frp
display: none;

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren
Ren – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Рэн (горад) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Bavarian
bar
bar
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bar
display: none;

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roazhon
Roazhon – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Cebuano
ceb
ceb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roazhon
Roazhon – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Extremaduran
ext
ext
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ext
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Faroese
fo
fo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roazhon
Roazhon – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roazhon
Roazhon – Manx
gv
gv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gv
display: none;

values:
https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roazhon
Roazhon – Scottish Gaelic
gd
gd
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Hakka Chinese
hak
hak
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Hausa
ha
ha
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ha
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Interlingue
ie
ie
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ie
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-os
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Kalaallisut
kl
kl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roazhon
Roazhon – Cornish
kw
kw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kw
display: none;

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renna
Renna – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renas
Renas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Lingala
ln
ln
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ln
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ms
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Norman
nrm
nrm
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Piedmontese
pms
pms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pms
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values:
https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Sardinian
sc
sc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sc
display: none;

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Рен (Француска) – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: ரேன் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values:
https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Kabyle
kab
kab
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kab
display: none;

values: Ренн – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Twi
tw
tw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ug
display: none;

values:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Volapük
vo
vo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vo
display: none;

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennes
Rennes – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Rennes rootpage-Rennes skin-vector action-view


text:
Competitive intelligence
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
hideThis article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This section appears to contain a large number of buzzwords. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. Please help improve this section if you can. (February 2017)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Strategy
Major dimensions[hide]
Strategy • Strategic management
Military strategy • Maritime strategy
Strategic planning • Game theory
Strategic studies • Strategic thinking
Major thinkers[hide]
Michael Porter • Rita Gunther McGrath
Bruce Henderson • Gary Hamel
Candace A. Yano • C. K. Prahalad
Jim Collins • Liddell Hart
Carl von Clausewitz • Sun Tzu
Julian Corbett • Alfred Thayer Mahan
J.C. Wylie • Adrian Slywotzky
Sharon Oster • Chris Zook
Henry Mintzberg • Clay Christensen
Concepts[hide]
Business model
Competitive advantage • Experience curve
Value chain • Portfolio theory
Core competency • Generic strategies
Uberisation
Sharing economy
Frameworks and tools[hide]
SWOT • Five forces
Balanced scorecard
PEST analysis • Growth–share matrix
v
t
e
Competitive intelligence (CI) is the action of defining, gathering, analyzing, and distributing intelligence about products, customers, competitors, and any aspect of the environment needed to support executives and managers in strategic decision making for an organization.
CI means understanding and learning what is happening in the world outside the business to increase one's competitivity. It means learning as much as possible, as soon as possible, about one's external environment including one's industry in general and relevant competitors.[1]
Key points:
Competitive intelligence is a legal business practice, as opposed to industrial espionage, which is illegal.[2]
The focus is on the external business environment.[3]
There is a process involved in gathering information, converting it into intelligence and then using it in decision making. Some CI professionals erroneously emphasise that if the intelligence gathered is not usable or actionable, it is not intelligence.[4]
Another definition of CI regards it as the organizational function responsible for the early identification of risks and opportunities in the market before they become obvious ("early signal analysis"). This definition focuses attention on the difference between dissemination of widely available factual information (such as market statistics, financial reports, newspaper clippings) performed by functions such as libraries and information centers, and competitive intelligence which is a perspective on developments and events aimed at yielding a competitive edge.[5]
The term CI is often viewed as synonymous with competitor analysis, but competitive intelligence is more than analyzing competitors; it embraces the entire environment and stakeholders: customers, competitors, distributors, technologies, and macroeconomic data.
Contents
[hide]
1 Historic development
2 Recent trends
3 Similar fields
4 Ethics
5 Outsourcing
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Historic development[edit]
CI literature is best exemplified by the bibliographies that were published in the Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals' academic journal The Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management.[6][7][8][9] Although elements of organizational intelligence collection have been a part of business for many years, the history of competitive intelligence arguably began in the U.S. in the 1970s, although the literature on the field pre-dates this time by at least several decades.[9] In 1980, Michael Porter published the study Competitive-Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors which is widely viewed as the foundation of modern competitive intelligence. This has since been extended most notably by the pair of Craig Fleisher and Babette Bensoussan, who through several popular books on competitive analysis have added 48 commonly applied competitive intelligence analysis techniques to the practitioner's tool box.[10][11] In 1985, Leonard Fuld published his best selling book dedicated to competitor intelligence.[12] However, the institutionalization of CI as a formal activity among American corporations can be traced to 1988, when Ben and Tamar Gilad published the first organizational model of a formal corporate CI function, which was then adopted widely by US companies.[13] The first professional certification program (CIP) was created in 1996 with the establishment of The Fuld-Gilad-Herring Academy of Competitive Intelligence in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
In 1986 the Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals (SCIP) was founded in the United States and grew in the late 1990s to around 6,000 members worldwide, mainly in the United States and Canada, but with large numbers especially in the UK and Australia. Due to financial difficulties in 2009, the organization merged with Frost & Sullivan under the Frost & Sullivan Institute. SCIP has since been renamed "Strategic & Competitive Intelligence Professionals" to emphasise the strategic nature of the subject, and also to refocus the organisation's general approach, while keeping the existing SCIP brandname and logo. A number of efforts have been made to discuss the field's advances in post-secondary (university) education, covered by several authors including Blenkhorn & Fleisher,[14] Fleisher,[15] Fuld,[16] Prescott,[17] and McGonagle.[18] Although the general view would be that competitive intelligence concepts can be readily found and taught in many business schools around the globe, there are still relatively few dedicated academic programs, majors, or degrees in the field, a concern to academics in the field who would like to see it further researched.[15] These issues were widely discussed by over a dozen knowledgeable individuals in a special edition of the Competitive Intelligence Magazine that was dedicated to this topic.[19] In France, a Specialized Master in Economic Intelligence and Knowledge Management was created in 1995 within the CERAM Business School, now SKEMA Business School, in Paris, with the objective of delivering a full and professional training in Economic Intelligence. A Centre for Global Intelligence and Influence was created in September 2011 in the same School.
On the other hand, practitioners and companies regard professional accreditation as especially important in this field.[20] In 2011, SCIP recognized the Fuld-Gilad-Herring Academy of Competitive Intelligence's CIP certification process as its global, dual-level (CIP-I and CIP-II) certification program.
Global developments have also been uneven in competitive intelligence.[21] Several academic journals, particularly the Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management in its third volume, provided coverage of the field's global development.[22] For example, in 1997 the École de guerre économique (fr) (School of economic warfare) was founded in Paris, France. It is the first European institution which teaches the tactics of economic warfare within a globalizing world. In Germany, competitive intelligence was unattended until the early 1990s. The term "competitive intelligence" first appeared in German literature in 1997. In 1995 a German SCIP chapter was founded, which is now second in terms of membership in Europe. In summer 2004 the Institute for Competitive Intelligence was founded, which provides a postgraduate certification program for Competitive Intelligence Professionals. Japan is currently the only country that officially maintains an economic intelligence agency (JETRO). It was founded by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) in 1958.
Accepting the importance of competitive intelligence, major multinational corporations, such as ExxonMobil, Procter & Gamble, and Johnson and Johnson, have created formal CI units.[citation needed] Importantly, organizations execute competitive intelligence activities not only as a safeguard to protect against market threats and changes, but also as a method for finding new opportunities and trends.[23]
Organizations use competitive intelligence to compare themselves to other organizations ("competitive benchmarking"), to identify risks and opportunities in their markets, and to pressure-test their plans against market response (business wargaming),[24] which enable them to make informed decisions. Most firms today realize the importance of knowing what their competitors are doing and how the industry is changing, and the information gathered allows organizations to understand their strengths and weaknesses.
One of the major activities involved in corporate competitive intelligence is use of ratio analysis, using key performance indicators (KPI). Organizations compare annual reports of their competitors on certain KPI and ratios, which are intrinsic to their industry. This helps them track their performance, vis-a-vis their competitors.[25]
The actual importance of these categories of information to an organization depends on the contestability of its markets, the organizational culture, the personality and biases of its top decision makers, and the reporting structure of competitive intelligence within the company.
Strategic Intelligence (SI) focuses on the longer term, looking at issues affecting a company's competitiveness over the course of a couple of years. The actual time horizon for SI ultimately depends on the industry and how quickly it's changing. The general questions that SI answers are, ‘Where should we as a company be in X years?' and 'What are the strategic risks and opportunities facing us?' This type of intelligence work involves among others the identification of weak signals and application of methodology and process called Strategic Early Warning (SEW), first introduced by Gilad,[26][27][28] followed by Steven Shaker and Victor Richardson,[29] Alessandro Comai and Joaquin Tena,[30][31] and others. According to Gilad, 20% of the work of competitive intelligence practitioners should be dedicated to strategic early identification of weak signals within a SEW framework.
Tactical Intelligence: the focus is on providing information designed to improve shorter-term decisions, most often related with the intent of growing market share or revenues. Generally, it is the type of information that you would need to support the sales process in an organization. It investigates various aspects of a product/product line marketing:[32]
Product – what are people selling?
Price – what price are they charging?
Promotion – what activities are they conducting for promoting this product?
Place – where are they selling this product?
Other – sales force structure, clinical trial design, technical issues, etc.
With the right amount of information, organizations can avoid unpleasant surprises by anticipating competitors' moves and decreasing response time. Examples of competitive intelligence research is evident in daily newspapers, such as the Wall Street Journal, Business Week, and Fortune. Major airlines change hundreds of fares daily in response to competitors' tactics. They use information to plan their own marketing, pricing, and production strategies.
Resources, such as the Internet, have made gathering information on competitors easy. With a click of a button, analysts can discover future trends and market requirements. However competitive intelligence is much more than this, as the ultimate aim is to lead to competitive advantage. As the Internet is mostly public domain material, information gathered is less likely to result in insights that will be unique to the company. In fact there is a risk that information gathered from the Internet will be misinformation and mislead users, so competitive intelligence researchers are often wary of using such information.
As a result, although the Internet is viewed as a key source, most CI professionals should spend their time and budget gathering intelligence using primary research—networking with industry experts, from trade shows and conferences, from their own customers and suppliers, and so on. Where the Internet is used, it is to gather sources for primary research as well as information on what the company says about itself and its online presence (in the form of links to other companies, its strategy regarding search engines and online advertising, mentions in discussion forums and on blogs, etc.). Also, important are online subscription databases and news aggregation sources which have simplified the secondary source collection process. Social media sources are also becoming important—providing potential interviewee names, as well as opinions and attitudes, and sometimes breaking news (e.g., via Twitter).
Organizations must be careful not to spend too much time and effort on old competitors without realizing the existence of any new competitors. Knowing more about your competitors will allow your business to grow and succeed. The practice of competitive intelligence is growing every year, and most companies and business students now realize the importance of knowing their competitors.
According to Arjan Singh and Andrew Beurschgens in their 2006 article in the Competitive Intelligence Review, there are four stages of development of a competitive intelligence capability with a firm. It starts with "stick fetching", where a CI department is very reactive, up to "world class", where it is completely integrated in the decision-making process.
Recent trends[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The technical advances in massive parallel processing offered by the Hadoop "big data" architecture has allowed the creation of multiple platforms for named-entity recognition such as the Apache Projects OpenNLP and Apache Stanbol. The former includes pre-trained statistical parsers that can discern elements key to establishing trends and evaluating competitive position and responding appropriately.[33] Public information mining from SEC.gov, Federal Contract Awards, social media (Twitter, Reddit, Facebook, and others), vendors, and competitor websites now permit real-time counterintelligence as a strategy for horizontal and vertical market expansion and product positioning. This occurs in an automated fashion on massive marketplaces such as Amazon.com and their classification and prediction of product associations and purchase probability.
Similar fields[edit]
Competitive intelligence has been influenced by national strategic intelligence. Although national intelligence was researched 50 years ago, competitive intelligence was introduced during the 1990s. Competitive-intelligence professionals can learn from national-intelligence experts, especially in the analysis of complex situations.[34] Competitive intelligence may be confused with (or seen to overlap) environmental scanning, business intelligence and market research.[35] Craig Fleisher[35] questions the appropriateness of the term, comparing it to business intelligence, competitor intelligence, knowledge management, market intelligence, marketing research and strategic intelligence.[36]
Fleisher[36][verification needed] suggests that business intelligence has two forms. Its narrow (contemporary) form is more focused on information technology and internal focus than CI, while its broader (historical) definition is more inclusive than CI. Knowledge management (KM), when improperly achieved, is seen as an information-technology driven organizational practice relying on data mining, corporate intranets and mapping organizational assets to make it accessible to organization members for decision-making. CI shares some aspects of KM; they are human-intelligence- and experience-based for a more-sophisticated qualitative analysis. km is essential for effective change. A key effective factor is a powerful, dedicated IT system executing the full intelligence cycle.[37]
Market intelligence (MI) is industry-targeted intelligence developed in real-time aspects of competitive events taking place among the four Ps of the marketing mix (pricing, place, promotion and product) in the product (or service) marketplace to better understand the market's attractiveness.[38] A time-based competitive tactic, MI is used by marketing and sales managers to respond to consumers more quickly in the marketplace. Fleisher suggests it is not distributed as widely as some forms of CI, which are also distributed to non-marketing decision-makers.[36][verification needed] Market intelligence has a shorter time horizon than other intelligence areas, and is measured in days, weeks, or (in slower-moving industries) months.
Market research is a tactical, method-driven field consisting of neutral, primary research of customer data (beliefs and perceptions) gathered in surveys or focus groups, and is analyzed with statistical-research techniques.[39] CI draws on a wider variety (primary and secondary) of sources from a wider range of stakeholders (suppliers, competitors, distributors, substitutes and media) to answer existing questions, raise new ones and guide action.[36][verification needed]
Ben Gilad and Jan Herring lay down a set of prerequisites defining CI, distinguishing it from other information-rich disciplines such as market research or business development. They show that a common body of knowledge and a unique set of tools (key intelligence topics, business war games and blindspots analysis) distinguish CI; while other sensory activities in a commercial firm focus on one segment of the market (customers, suppliers or acquisition targets), CI synthesizes data from all high-impact players (HIP).[20]
Gilad later focused his delineation of CI on the difference between information and intelligence. According to him, the common denominator among organizational sensory functions (whether they are called market research, business intelligence or market intelligence) is that they deliver information rather than intelligence. Intelligence, says Gilad, is a perspective on facts rather than the facts themselves. Unique among corporate functions, competitive intelligence has a perspective of risks and opportunities for a firm's performance; as such, it (not information activities) is part of an organization's risk-management activity.[40]
Ethics[edit]
Ethics has been a long-held issue of discussion among CI practitioners.[35] The questions revolve around what is and is not allowable in terms of CI activity. A number of scholarly treatments have been generated on this topic, most prominently addressed through Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals publications.[41] The book Competitive Intelligence Ethics: Navigating the Gray Zone provides nearly twenty separate views about ethics in CI, as well as another 10 codes used by various individuals or organizations.[41] Combining that with the over two dozen scholarly articles or studies found within the various CI bibliographic entries,[42][verification needed][8][9][43] it is clear that no shortage of study has gone into better classifying, understanding and addressing CI ethics.
Competitive information may be obtained from public or subscription sources, from networking with competitor staff or customers, disassembly of competitor products or from field research interviews. Competitive intelligence research is distinguishable from industrial espionage, as CI practitioners generally abide by local legal guidelines and ethical business norms.[44]
Outsourcing[edit]
Outsourcing has become a big business for competitive intelligence professionals. There a many different companies in this field, including market research and consulting firms.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Business intelligence
Commercial intelligence
Competitor analysis
Due diligence
Economic and industrial espionage
Industry or market research
Information broker
Legal case management
Location intelligence
Market research
Marketing analysis
Open source intelligence
Porter's four corners model
Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals
Sourcing (personnel)
SWOT analysis
Trend analysis
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Competitive Intelligence Definition | Small Business Encyclopedia". Entrepreneur.com. 2014-06-09. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
Jump up ^ "SCIP Code of Ethics for CI Professionals". Strategic and Competitive Intelligence Professionals. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Haag, Stephen. Management Information Systems for the Information Age. Third Edition. McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2006.
Jump up ^ McGonagle, John J. and Carolyn M. Vella (2003). The Manager's Guide to Competitive Intelligence. Westport CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 184. ISBN 1567205712.
Jump up ^ Gilad, Ben. "The Future of Competitive Intelligence: Contest for the Profession's Soul", Competitive Intelligence Magazine, 2008, 11(5), 22
Jump up ^ Dishman, P., Fleisher, C. S., and V. Knip. "Chronological and Categorized Bibliography of Key Competitive Intelligence Scholarship: Part 1 (1997-2003), Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management, 1(1), 16–78.
Jump up ^ Fleisher, Craig S., Wright, Sheila, and R. Tindale. "Bibliography and Assessment of Key Competitive Intelligence Scholarship: Part 4 (2003–2006), Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management, 2007, 4(1), 32–92.
^ Jump up to: a b Fleisher, Craig S., Knip, Victor, and P. Dishman. "Bibliography and Assessment of Key Competitive Intelligence Scholarship: Part 2 (1990-1996), Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management, 2003, 1(2), 11–86.
^ Jump up to: a b c Knip, Victor, P. Dishman, and C.S. Fleisher. "Bibliography and Assessment of Key Competitive Intelligence Scholarship: Part 3 (The Earliest Writings-1989), Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management, 2003, 1(3), 10–79.
Jump up ^ Fleisher, Craig S. and Babette E. Bensoussan. Strategic and Competitive Analysis: Methods and Techniques for Analyzing Business Competition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 2003.
Jump up ^ Fleisher, Craig S. and Babette E. Bensoussan. Business and Competitive Analysis: Effective Application of New and Classic Methods, FT Press, 2007.
Jump up ^ Fuld, Leonard M., Competitor Intelligence: How to Get It, How to Use It. NY: Wiley, 1985.
Jump up ^ Gilad, Benjamin Gilad and Tamar Gilad. The Business Intelligence System. NY: American Management Association, 1988.
Jump up ^ Blenkhorn, D. and C. S. Fleisher (2003). "Teaching CI to three diverse groups: Undergraduates, MBAs, and Executives", Competitive Intelligence Magazine, 6(4), 17-20.
^ Jump up to: a b Fleisher, C. S. (2003). "Competitive Intelligence Education: Competencies, Sources and Trends," Information Management Journal, March/April, 56–62.
Jump up ^ Fuld, 2006[specify]
Jump up ^ Prescott, J. (1999). "Debunking the Academic Abstinence Myth of Competitive Intelligence", Competitive Intelligence Magazine, 2(4).
Jump up ^ McGonagle, J. (2003). "Bibliography: Education in CI," Competitive Intelligence Magazine, 6(4), 50.
Jump up ^ (Competitive Intelligence Magazine, 2003, 6(4), July/August)
^ Jump up to: a b Gilad, Ben and Jan Herring. "CI Certification - Do We Need It?", Competitive Intelligence Magazine, 2001, 4(2), 28-31.
Jump up ^ Blenkhorn, D. and C.S. Fleisher. Competitive Intelligence and Global Business. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005
Jump up ^ (Journal of Competitive Intelligence and Management, volume 2, numbers 1-3
Jump up ^ Calof, Jonathan L; Sheila Wright (2008). "Competitive intelligence: A practitioner, academic and inter-disciplinary perspective". European Journal of Marketing. 42 (7/8): 717–730. doi:10.1108/03090560810877114.
Jump up ^ http://competitive-intelligence.mirum.net/competitive-intelligence-methods/what-is-a-business-wargame.html
Jump up ^ "Why do businesses need competitive intelligence? - Netscribes". Netscribes. 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
Jump up ^ Gilad, Ben (2001). "Industry Risk Management: CI's Next Step", Competitive Intelligence Magazine, 4 (3), May–June.
Jump up ^ Gilad, Ben. Early Warning. NY: American Management Association, 2003.
Jump up ^ Gilad, Ben (2006). "Early Warning Revisited", Competitive Intelligence Magazine, 9(2), March–April.
Jump up ^ Shaker, Steven and Richardson, Victor (2004). "Putting the System Back into Early Warning". Competitive Intelligence Magazine, 7(3), May–June.
Jump up ^ Comai, Alessandro and Tena, Joaquin (2007). "Early Warning Systems for your Competitive Landscape", Competitive Intelligence Magazine, 10(3), May–June.
Jump up ^ Comai, Alessandro and Tena, Joaquin (2006). "Mapping and Anticipating the Competitive Landscape", Emecom Ediciones, Barcelona, Spain.
Jump up ^ "Why do businesses need competitive intelligence? - Netscribes". Netscribes. 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
Jump up ^ Krapohl, Don (14 April 2013). "Working entity extractor with openNLP models for name extraction". AugmentedIntel. AugmentedIntel. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Barnea, A., (2010), "Intelligence Failures: Competitive Intelligence and Strategic Surprises", Competitive Intelligence Magazine, Vol. 13. No. 3, July/September.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fleisher, Craig S. and David Blenkhorn. Controversies in Competitive Intelligence: The Enduring Issues. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Fleisher, Craig S. (2003). "Should the Field be Called 'Competitive Intelligence?' pp. 56-69 in Fleisher, Craig S. and David Blenkhorn [eds.], Controversies in Competitive Intelligence: The Enduring Issues. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003.
Jump up ^ Barnea, Avner (May–June 2009). ""Intelligence Solutions through the Use of Expert Tools",". Competitive Intelligence Magazine. 12 (3).
Jump up ^ Skyrme, D. J. (1989). "The Planning and Marketing of the Market Intelligence Function," Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 7(1/2), 5–10.
Jump up ^ Sharp, S. (2000). "Truth or Consequences: 10 Myths that Cripple Competitive Intelligence", Competitive Intelligence Magazine, 3(1), 37–40.
Jump up ^ Gilad, B. (2008) "The Future of Competitive Intelligence: Contest for the Profession's Soul", Competitive Intelligence Magazine, 11 (5), 21–25.
^ Jump up to: a b Competitive Intelligence Foundation (2006). Competitive Intelligence Ethics: Navigating the Gray Zone. D. Fehringer and Hohhof, B.[Eds], Alexandria, VA: Competitive Intelligence Foundation
Jump up ^ Knip, Fleisher, & Dishman, 2003[specify]
Jump up ^ "Ethics in Competitive Intelligence, University of Ottawa". Wiki.telfer.uottawa.ca. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
Jump up ^ "white pages" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-06-24.
Its and about page and see how we work on Competitive intelligence
External links[edit]
Competitive Intelligence - Explained With Maps (documentary)
Competitive Intelligence - Part 1 (quick pdf short course)
Competitive Intelligence - Part 2 (quick pdf short course)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Competitive_intelligence&oldid=837062009"
Categories:
Competitive intelligence
Innovation economics
Business intelligence
Competition (economics)
Market research
Marketing strategy
Hidden categories:
Articles needing more detailed references
Wikipedia articles needing style editing from February 2017
All articles needing style editing
Wikipedia articles containing buzzwords from February 2017
Articles with multiple maintenance issues
Interlanguage link template link number
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011
Articles needing additional references from May 2013
All articles needing additional references
All pages needing factual verification
Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2008
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018
Pages using div col with deprecated parameters
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Čeština
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Français
हिन्दी
Italiano
עברית
Lietuvių
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Svenska
Українська
中文
8 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 April 2018, at 14:01.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

value: span

attrs: class role tabindex

value: b

attrs: class href

attrs: href title

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style
presentation

values:
mw-collapsible
width:95%; margin: 0.2em 0;

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox

values:
/wiki/File:Strategy_Concept.svg
image
Strategy topics

values:
/wiki/Maritime_strategy
mw-redirect
Maritime strategy

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Decision_making
mw-redirect
Decision making

values:
/wiki/Financial_report
mw-redirect
Financial report

values:
/wiki/Michael_E._Porter
mw-redirect
Michael E. Porter

values: École de guerre économique (page does not exist)

values:
noprint
font-size:85%; font-style: normal;

values:
/wiki/Johnson_and_Johnson
mw-redirect
Johnson and Johnson

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Ratio_analysis
mw-redirect
Ratio analysis

values:
/wiki/Key_performance_indicator
mw-redirect
Key performance indicator

values:
/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal
mw-redirect
Wall Street Journal

values:
/wiki/Business_Week
mw-redirect
Business Week

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Environmental_scanning
mw-redirect
Environmental scanning

values: The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (August 2008)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)

values:
/wiki/Marketing_analysis
mw-redirect
Marketing analysis

values:
/wiki/Open_source_intelligence
mw-redirect
Open source intelligence

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-3

values: -moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.scip.org/CodeOfEthics.php

values: Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (August 2008)

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
https://www.yourstrust.com/about-us/
external text

values: Category:Articles needing more detailed references

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing style editing from February 2017

values: Category:All articles needing style editing

values: Category:Wikipedia articles containing buzzwords from February 2017

values: Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues

values: Category:Interlanguage link template link number

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2013

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All pages needing factual verification

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2008

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018

values: Category:Pages using div col with deprecated parameters

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Competitive_intelligence
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: ذكاء تنافسي – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक समझ – Hindi

values: מודיעין עסקי – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Competitivitate prin informație – Romanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Конкурентная разведка – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: Конкурентна розвідка – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Competitive_intelligence rootpage-Competitive_intelligence skin-vector action-view