text:
Bobbie Brown
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For similarly named persons, see Bobby Brown (disambiguation).
Bobbie Brown
Born
Bobbie Jean Brown
(1969-10-07) October 7, 1969 (age 48)
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.
Height
5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)
Title
Miss Louisiana Teen USA 1987
Spouse(s)
Jani Lane (m. 1991; div. 1993)
Children
1
Beauty pageant titleholder
Hair color
Blonde
Eye color
Blue
Major
competition(s)
Miss Teen USA 1987 (2nd runner-up)
Bobbie Jean Brown (born October 7, 1969),[1] sometimes credited as Bobbie Brown-Lane, is an American actress, model and former beauty pageant contestant. She is best known for her appearance in the video for Warrant's glam metal anthem "Cherry Pie" and the cover of the album of the same name.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Brown was born October 7, 1969 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. She is the oldest child of Bobby Gene and Judy Ann Brown (née Faul).[2] She has three siblings: a brother, a half brother, and a half sister. Her parents divorced when she was a freshman in high school and her mother later remarried.[3] She attended high school at Starkey Academy in Central Louisiana.[4]
Career[edit]
Brown won the Miss Louisiana Teen USA 1987 title and represented Louisiana in the Miss Teen USA 1987 pageant broadcast live from El Paso, Texas in July 1987.[5] Brown won the spokesperson competition on Star Search a record thirteen times. In 1990, she hosted the syndicated fashion series Preview: The Best of the New.[6] Brown also appeared in TV shows such as Married... with Children (three episodes) and films such as 1993's Last Action Hero in which fellow Miss Teen USA Bridgette Wilson portrayed Arnold Schwarzenegger's daughter.
Brown worked as a model for Budweiser and other companies. She also appeared in music videos, including Great White's "Once Bitten, Twice Shy" and "House of Broken Love" and Hurricane's "I'm On To You." She is best remembered as the girl in Warrant's sexually suggestive "Cherry Pie" video released in 1990.[5]
In the late 1990s, she hosted a TV infomercial that advertised the eight-CD set called "Big Rock: The 80s Generation." In 1998, she sued Penthouse for featuring a model also named Bobbie Brown. In 2009, Brown wrote and hosted the VH1 documentary series, "Do It For the Band: Women of the Sunset Strip".[citation needed]
In 2012, Brown joined the cast of the reality show Ex-Wives of Rock, airing on the Fuse network. In November 2013, Brown's memoir co-written with Caroline Ryder and titled Dirty Rocker Boys: Love and Lust on the Sunset Strip, was published by Gallery Books, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc.[7] Brown currently runs an online clothing store bobbiejeanbrown.net.[2]
Personal life[edit]
In her 2013 memoirs, Brown admitted that she was a cocaine and methamphetamine addict for a decade. Brown used the latter to drop weight quickly before modeling shoots. She completed several stints in rehab before finally becoming sober in the 2000s.[8] Brown also revealed that she suffers from trichotillomania, which she developed in 2005 while she was involved in what she called, "the worst relationship of my entire life".[2]
During the shooting of Warrant's "Cherry Pie" video, Brown met lead singer Jani Lane.[9] Lane and Brown married on July 15, 1991.[7] They had a daughter, Taylar Jayne Lane, in 1992, and divorced in 1993.[10] After her divorce from Lane, Brown was engaged to Mötley Crüe drummer Tommy Lee. They broke up in February 1995. Four days later, Lee married Pamela Anderson.[8] Brown has been in a relationship with rocker Joshua Bissell of the band Joy Island since 2014.[11]
Filmography[edit]
Film and television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1991 Cool As Ice Monique Credited as Bobby Brown
1992 Married... with Children Nibbles 3 episodes
1992 Double Trouble Peter's girlfriend
1993 Betrayal of the Dove Erotic Dancer
1993 Last Action Hero Video Babe
1995 Baywatch Nights Wanda 1 episode
1995 Renegade 1 episode
1996 Kounterfeit Dancer
1996 Rudy Coby: Ridiculously Dangerous Hourglass
1997 NewsRadio Irene 2 episodes
1998 Get a Job
1998 Mike Hammer, Private Eye Randi, the Birthday Cake Girl 1 episode
1998 The Godson Sunny's Babe
1999 Battle Dome Bobbie Haven
Music videos
Year
Song title
Performer
1988 "I'm On To You" Hurricane
1989 "Once Bitten, Twice Shy" Great White
1989 "House of Broken Love" Great White
1990 "Cherry Pie" Warrant
2012 "Cougar" Scott Carey
2016 "She's Tight" Steel Panther
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Brown, Bobbie; Ryder, Caroline (2013). Dirty Rocker Boys: Love and Lust On the Sunset Strip. Simon and Schuster. p. 19. ISBN 1-476-73473-9.
^ Jump up to: a b c Thomas, Erika (November 26, 2013). "Bobbie Brown and Her Dirty Rocker Boys". screamermagazine.com.
Jump up ^ Brown 2013 pp.26, 28
Jump up ^ Brown 2013 p.30
^ Jump up to: a b Tannenbaum, Rob; Marks, Craig (2011). I Want My MTV: The Uncensored Story of the Music Video Revolution. Penguin. p. 1969. ISBN 1-101-52641-6.
Jump up ^ "Syndicated series searches for trendiest". Herald-Journal. October 7, 1990. p. 51.
^ Jump up to: a b Storey, Kate (November 15, 2013). "Model Bobbie Brown is dishing the dirt about her former famous lovers". news.com.au.
^ Jump up to: a b Gostin, Nick (December 9, 2013). "'Cherry Pie' girl Bobbi Brown: 'I wanted to shoot myself'". foxnews.com.
Jump up ^ "Lane, Brown to Wed". The Item. July 27, 1991. p. 10A.
Jump up ^ "GET TO KNOW... Bobbie". Retrieved December 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ http://rocksolidguide.blogspot.com/2014/07/episode-156-bobbie-brown.html
External links[edit]
Miss Louisiana Teen USA official website
Bobbie Brown on IMDb
Bobbie Brown at AllMovie
[show]
v
t
e
Louisiana pageant winners
Miss Louisiana
Karmyn Tyler (1995)
Faith Jenkins (2000)
Jennifer Dupont (2004)
Jamie Wilson (2006)
Amanda Joseph (2007)
Katherine Putnam (2009)
Kelsi Crain (2010)
Hope Anderson (2011)
Jaden Leach (2013)
April Nelson (2015)
Miss Louisiana USA
Eurlyne Howell (1958)
Sharon Brown (1961)
Rhonda Shear (1975)
Ali Landry (1996)
Jennifer Dupont (2000)
Brittney Rogers (2003)
Candice Stewart (2005)
Christina Cuenca (2006)
Elizabeth McNulty (2007)
Candice Bennatt (2015)
Miss Louisiana Teen USA
Bobbie Brown (1987)
Ali Landry (1990)
Jennifer Dupont (1998)
Candice Stewart (2002)
Shelley Hennig (2004)
Lindsey Evans (2008)
Katherine Haik (2015)
Miss Louisiana's Outstanding Teen
April Nelson (2008)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobbie_Brown&oldid=817607040"
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Actresses from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Female models from Louisiana
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American women in business
Living people
Miss Teen USA delegates
Participants in American reality television series
Women autobiographers
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text:
Paul Hogan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other people named Paul Hogan, see Paul Hogan (disambiguation).
Paul Hogan
AM
Born
(1939-10-08) 8 October 1939 (age 78)
Lightning Ridge, New South Wales, Australia
Residence
Santa Barbara, California, U.S.[1]
Occupation
Actor, producer, writer, comedian, television presenter, businessman, labourer
Years active
1971–present
Net worth
US$28 million (2015)[2]
Spouse(s)
Noelene Edwards
(m. 1958; div. 1981) &
(m. 1982; div. 1990)
Linda Kozlowski
(m. 1990; div. 2014)[3]
Children
Lauren
Brett
Scott
Todd
Clay
Chance
Paul Hogan, AM (born 8 October 1939)[4] is an Australian comedian, actor and television presenter. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for his performance as outback adventurer Michael "Crocodile" Dundee in Crocodile Dundee (1986), the first in the Dundee film franchise.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Honours
4 Personal life
4.1 Tax problems
5 Filmography
5.1 Acting
5.2 Writing
5.3 Producing
5.4 Himself
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Paul Hogan was born in Lightning Ridge, New South Wales, Australia. He worked as a rigger on the Sydney Harbour Bridge.[5][6][7]
Career[edit]
Hogan's first public appearance was on Australian television, the Nine Network's amateur talent program New Faces in 1971.[8] Hogan had observed to his Harbour Bridge workmates that the program's entertainment value relied significantly on the judges ridiculing and belittling the performers, and suggested the judges deserved similar treatment. Hogan inveigled his way onto the program by claiming to be a "tap-dancing knife-thrower". Hogan appeared on stage in his work boots, holding kitchen knives; he performed a rudimentary shuffle, threw the knives onto the floor and proceeded to make a series of jokes at the judges' expense. Strong positive response from the viewing public saw Hogan invited back for repeated performances on New Faces; in another of these, he proposed to "play the shovels", which consisted of banging two shovels together a few times before making a series of jokes. Hogan's natural ability as a comedic performer attracted the attention of Mike Willesee, host of Nine's news magazine program A Current Affair. Willesee offered Hogan regular appearances on the show, during which Hogan would make humorous comment on some issue of the day. During this time Hogan befriended Current Affair producer John Cornell, who became Hogan's manager and business partner.
Hogan followed this with his own comedy sketch program The Paul Hogan Show, which he produced and wrote, and in which he played characters with Cornell and Delvene Delaney. The series, which ran for 60 episodes between 1973 and 1984, was popular in his native country and South Africa, and showcased his trademark lighthearted but laddish ocker humour. Hogan won the 1973 TV Week Logie Award for 'Best New Talent'.[9] The early series was on Channel Seven and by 1975, it was screened on Channel Nine where it remained until the end of 1984.
In the 1970s, he advertised Winfield cigarettes in television, print and billboard advertisements in which he wore a formal dinner suit. These ads always ended with the catchphrase "Anyhow, have a Winfield". During the early 1980s, Hogan filmed a series of television ads promoting the Australian tourism industry, which aired in the United States. An advertisement with the phrase "shrimp on the barbie" which aired from 1984, was particularly successful.[10]
In 1985, Hogan starred as an Australian World War I 'digger' named Pat Cleary in the critically acclaimed mini-series Anzacs which aired on the Nine Network. Cleary was described as the quintessential Aussie larrikin and series writer John Dixon wrote the part of Cleary with Hogan in mind. The series included a "who's who" of Australian television and film actors of the day including Jon Blake, Andrew Clarke, Megan Williams, Tony Bonner, Bill Kerr, Ilona Rodgers, Vivean Gray and Robert Coleby.
Throughout the decade, he appeared on British TV in advertisements for Foster's Lager, in which he played an earthy Australian abroad in London. The character's most notable line (spoken incredulously at a ballet performance) "Struth, there's a bloke down there with no strides on!", followed Hogan for years, and the popularity of its "fish out of water" humour was repeated with his next endeavour. In another advertisement from the same Foster's series, Hogan's character is approached in a London Tube station by a Japanese tourist who asks, 'Do you know the way to Cockfosters?' (referring to an area in North London), to which Hogan replies (with a puzzled look on his face): "Drink it warm, mate."
Hogan's breakout role was that of Mick "Crocodile" Dundee in the 1986 film Crocodile Dundee. Hogan also co-wrote the movie, which was a massive critical and commercial success in many countries. He won the 1987 Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and was also nominated for Best Actor at the BAFTAs. The screenplay was nominated for an Academy Award, a BAFTA and a Saturn Award. Along with Chevy Chase and Goldie Hawn, Hogan co-hosted the 59th Academy Awards, also in 1987. Hogan again portrayed Mick Dundee in the sequel Crocodile Dundee II, released in 1988. Hogan was also executive producer and co-writer with his son, Brett. Although less popular than the first Crocodile Dundee film with critics, it was also a commercial success. The character made him popular in the United States, with phrases like, "That's not a knife...that's a knife!" entering the lexicon, though Hogan was troubled that the character was perceived as a cross between Chuck Norris and John Rambo, and turned down roles similar to those due to their violent nature, commenting:
“ The movie scene is screaming out for the movie hero who doesn't kill 75 people... less of those commandos, terminators, ex-terminators and squashers. Mick's a good role model. There's no malice in the fellow and he's human. He's not a wimp or a sissy just because he doesn't kill people.[11] ”
In the early 1990s, a Paramount executive pitched a concept of a Crocodile Dundee / Beverly Hills Cop crossover movie.[12] Hogan refused the starring role in the hit film Ghost, choosing instead to make Almost an Angel (1990).[13] In 1994 Hogan co-produced, wrote and starred in the Western comedy film Lightning Jack. In 1996 Hogan starred in a remake of the 1963 film Flipper, a family-friendly movie about a dolphin. In 1998 he co-starred in the made-for-TV drama Floating Away, an adaptation of the Tim Sandlin book Sorrow Floats. Hogan played 'Shane', a recovering alcoholic.[14]
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, he was featured in advertisements for the Subaru Outback. In 2001, Hogan returned to the role that made him famous with Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles.
In 2004, Hogan starred in the Australian-produced comedy film Strange Bedfellows, about two firemen pretending to be in a homosexual relationship for financial benefit. Strange Bedfellows was written and directed by Hogan's friend Dean Murphy and was the highest-grossing Australian-made film of 2004. 2005 saw the release of Paul Hogan - Stand Up Hoges, a DVD compilation of Hogan's favourite live performances throughout his career. In 2009, Hogan starred in another of Murphy's films, Charlie & Boots, a road-movie concerning the relationship between a father (Hogan) and son (Shane Jacobson). It was the second-highest grossing Australian-made film of 2009, after Mao's Last Dancer.[15]
In 2013, 2014 and 2015 Hogan embarked on live stand-up performances throughout Australia.[16] The 2013 An Evening with Hoges tour featured capital cities only but the 2014 tour Hoges: One Night Only featured 25 locations including regional Australia. 2015's Hoges: Live saw shows in Hobart, Melbourne and Sydney only. Some of this material was shown in the 2014 documentary Hanging with Hoges, in which Hogan was interviewed about his life and career by Shane Jacobson.
In 2016 Hogan received the Longford Lyell Award for an outstanding contribution to the Australian screen. Hogan joked he'd only ever been a "one-hit wonder".[17]
Honours[edit]
In 1985, Hogan was named Australian of the Year.[18][19]
In 1986 he was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) "for service to tourism and entertainment".[20]
in 1987 Hogan won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Musical or Comedy for Crocodile Dundee.
In 2016 Hogan received the Longford Lyell Award, the highest honour of the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA), for outstanding services to the Australian screen.
Personal life[edit]
Hogan and his first wife, Noelene Edwards, married in 1958. They separated and divorced in 1981 and remarried less than one year later. A second divorce, initiated in 1986, was considered one of Australia's ugliest celebrity divorces.[21] Hogan married his Crocodile Dundee co-star Linda Kozlowski in 1990. He has five children with his first wife and one with his second wife. In October 2013, Kozlowski filed for divorce from Hogan, citing irreconcilable differences. He is an Australian Republican.[22]
Tax problems[edit]
Hogan has been named as one of a group in connection to a A$300 million Australian tax fraud investigation called Operation Wickenby, investigating 23 companies for allegedly using overseas companies to hide income.[23] In July 2008, Hogan commented to Network Ten that he had "paid plenty of tax" in Australia and that he had nothing to fear from the Australian Taxation Office investigation.[24]
In October 2008, Hogan scored a major victory in his tax fight with the Australian Crime Commission, who were forced to pay up to an estimated A$5 million for legal bills dating back to 2006 and were required to return seized personal financial documents that they had admitted were irrelevant.[25] Hogan has not been charged in connection with the investigation, which began in 2003.[25]
On 18 June 2010 in the Australian High Court, Hogan lost a long-running legal battle to keep the contents of his tax documents secret, paving the way for details of his offshore accounts to be published. Earlier the same year, Australian media reported that the Australian Crime Commission was in the final stages of preparing to lay criminal charges of tax evasion against Hogan, film producer John Cornell and their accountant Anthony Stewart, who it suspected channeled millions of dollars from the proceeds of the film Crocodile Dundee and other films into offshore tax havens. The release of the documents is expected to help finalize the Tax Office's case.[26]
On 20 August 2010, Hogan flew to Sydney for his mother's funeral. Upon arrival he was issued a Departure Prohibition Order by the Australian Taxation Office, which prevented him leaving the country until his alleged tax debt was paid or settled. The nation's tax office claims he owes taxes on A$37.5 million of undeclared income.[27] On 3 September, Hogan was granted permission to return to the US through an agreement between his lawyers and Australian tax officials, though the terms of the agreement have not been disclosed. Hogan continues to deny any wrongdoing in the case.[28]
In November 2010, the Australian Tax Office dropped its criminal investigation of him and his business manager for tax evasion.[29]
In January 2011, it was announced that Hogan is suing the Australian government, his lawyer stating that Hogan's "earning potential and reputation has been decimated."[30] Hogan has since likened the Australian Tax Office to the Taliban[31] and referred to staff as 'a-holes'.[32]
In May 2012, it was announced that, following mediation before an ex-High Court judge, the entities settled with the Commissioner of Taxation in an agreement "without admission". The parties have agreed that the terms of the settlement are to be confidential, but as part of the settlement, the Departure Prohibition Order has been revoked by the Commissioner.[33][34][35] As of April 2013, Hogan's financial advisor Stewart remained in a dispute with the Australian Tax Office.[36]
Hogan then reappeared in the media in April 2013 due to an AU$32.3 million issue with a Swiss bank run by the Geneva firm Strachans. Following the placement of the monetary sum in an offshore account for the purpose of tax avoidance, Hogan is unable to access the funds as of April 2013 and a United States court action that sought AU$80 million in damages proved unsuccessful for Hogan.[37] Hogan publicly stated that he believes that Philip Egglishaw, the principal of Strachans and a former tax advisor to Hogan, has absconded with the money and Hogan's American legal representative Schuyler "Sky" Moore filed corresponding documents in a Californian Court based on this claim.[36] On 18 April 2013, it was reported that Egglishaw denied the allegations of his former client.[38]
Filmography[edit]
Acting[edit]
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1973 - 1984 The Paul Hogan Show Playing different characters TV series
1980 Fatty Finn Third Delivery Man
1985 Anzacs Lance Corporal Pat Cleary Mini-series, also known as Anzacs: The War Down Under
1986 Crocodile Dundee Michael J. 'Crocodile' Dundee Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
Nominated – BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role
1988 Crocodile Dundee II
1990 Almost an Angel Terry Dean/Bonzo Burger Man
1994 Lightning Jack Lightning Jack Kane
1996 Flipper Porter
1998 Floating Away Shane
2001 Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles Michael J. 'Crocodile' Dundee
2004 Strange Bedfellows Vince Hopgood
2009 Charlie & Boots Charlie
Writing[edit]
Year
Title
Notes
1973 The Paul Hogan Show TV Series
1975 Hogan in London TV
1986 Crocodile Dundee Screenplay and story
Nominated – Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay
Nominated – BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay
Nominated – Saturn Award for Best Writing
1988 Crocodile Dundee II
1990 Almost an Angel
1994 Lightning Jack
2001 Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles "Character by" credit
Nominated – Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Remake or Sequel
Producing[edit]
Year
Title
Notes
1988 Crocodile Dundee II Executive producer
1990 Almost an Angel Executive producer
1994 Lightning Jack Producer
2001 Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles Producer
Himself[edit]
Year
Title
Notes
1971 On A Current Affair TV Series
1973 The Paul Hogan Show TV Series
1975 Hogan in London TV
1984 Olympic Gala TV
1987 59th Academy Awards Co-host
1991 Thank Ya, Thank Ya Kindly TV
2013 Adam Hills Tonight Guest
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.propertyobserver.com.au/finding/location/expat-and-international/15578-paul-hogan-lists-malibu-mansion-but-will-keep-santa-barbara.html
Jump up ^ http://www.realtytoday.com/articles/21033/20150717/paul-hogan-net-worth-crocodile-dundee-sells-padaro-beach-california.htm
Jump up ^ Oldenburg, Ann (18 October 2013). "'Croc Dundee' stars Paul Hogan, Linda Kozlowski split". USA Today.
Jump up ^ National library of Australia
Jump up ^ "Sydney Harbour Bridge". australia.gov.au.
Jump up ^ "Info about the Sydney Harbour Bridge.". sydneyharbourbridge.info.
Jump up ^ "Painting the Sydney Harbour Bridge". australiangeographic.com.au.
Jump up ^ Peter Tatchell (1994). "Performers: Paul Hogan". Laugh Magazine #9 / Laughterlog.
Jump up ^ "1973: TV Week".
Jump up ^ Baker, Bill; Peggy Bendel. "Come and Say G’Day!". Travel Marketing Decisions. The Association of Travel Marketing Executives (Summer 2005). Retrieved 21 December 2007.
Jump up ^ TV Week magazine, 4 June 1988, page 11. "Box office war" by Ivor Davies.
Jump up ^ "A ‘Crocodile Dundee’ Crossover and Two Other Rejected Ideas for ‘Beverly Hills Cop III’". Splitsider.
Jump up ^ "Ghost (1990)". IMDb.
Jump up ^ "Floating Away (1998)". IMDb.
Jump up ^ "2009 Australian Yearly Box Office".
Jump up ^ "Hoges Live!". hogeslive.com.au.
Jump up ^ "Paul Hogan lands highest Australian film award".
Jump up ^ Lewis, Wendy (2010). Australians of the Year. Pier 9 Press. ISBN 978-1-74196-809-5.
Jump up ^ "Australian of the Year Awards". australianoftheyear.org.au.
Jump up ^ Australian Honours List 1986 | Retrieved 25 March 2013
Jump up ^ "Paul Hogan and Noelene marry son off". December 15, 2007. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dundee and son: on the comeback trail". 27 August 2000.
Jump up ^ Susannah Moran (13 February 2007). "Paul Hogan linked to $300m tax fraud case". The Australian.
Jump up ^ "Paul Hogan taunts taxman; Come and get me you bastards". The Daily Telegraph (Australia). 4 July 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Janet Fife-Yeomans and Vicky Roach (29 October 2008). "Defiant Paul Hogan humbles tax case clowns". The Daily Telegraph (Australia).
Jump up ^ Malkin, Bonnie (16 June 2010). "Crocodile Dundee Paul Hogan's off-shore tax accounts to be published". The Daily Telegraph. London.
Jump up ^ "Crocodile Dundee star Paul Hogan banned from leaving Australia by taxman over unpaid bill on £21.4m of undeclared income". Daily Mail. UK. 25 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "'Crocodile Dundee' to return to US amid tax fray". MSNBC. US. 3 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Crocodile Dundee's Paul Hogan gets early Christmas present". Reuters. Sydney, AU. 24 Nov 2010.
Jump up ^ "Crocodile Dundee star to sue Australian government". Uk.movies.yahoo.com. 6 January 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Black, Simon (9 March 2011). "Paul Hogan likens the ATO to the Taliban". Dailytelegraph.com.au. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Hogan lashes out at tax office 'A-holes'". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 17 August 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Paul Hogan settles tax dispute". The Sydney Morning Herald.
Jump up ^ Robert W. Wood (4 May 2012). "Crocodile Tears For Paul Hogan Tax Travails". Forbes.
Jump up ^ "Actor Paul Hogan's Australia tax battle 'over'". BBC News.
^ Jump up to: a b Kate McClymont; Francois Pilet (15 April 2013). "Hogan chases his financial adviser and stolen millions". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Susannah Moran (15 April 2013). "Paul Hogan's battle with Swiss firm for 'stolen' $32m". The Australian. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Susannah Moran (18 April 2013). "Philip Egglishaw denies Paul Hogan theft". The Australian. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Paul Hogan
Paul Hogan on IMDb
Paul Hogan at AllMovie
Biography of Paul Hogan's film career
Laughterlog.com article with complete list of Paul Hogan Shows
Paul Hogan at the National Film and Sound Archive
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[show]
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Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
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1960 Frank Macfarlane Burnet
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Myofascial trigger point
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with the "tender points", used for fibromyalgia diagnosis.
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Trigger point
Classification and external resources
Specialty
Rheumatology
ICD-10
M62.8
[edit on Wikidata]
Myofascial trigger points, also known as trigger points, are described as hyperirritable spots in the fascia surrounding skeletal muscle. They are associated with palpable nodules in taut bands of muscle fibers.[1] They are a topic of ongoing controversy, as there is limited data to inform a scientific understanding of the phenomenon. Accordingly, a formal acceptance of myofascial "knots" as an identifiable source of pain is more common among bodyworkers, physical therapists, chiropractors, and osteopathic practitioners. Nonetheless, the concept of trigger points provides a framework which may be used to help address certain musculoskeletal pain.
The trigger point model states that unexplained pain frequently radiates from these points of local tenderness to broader areas, sometimes distant from the trigger point itself. Practitioners claim to have identified reliable referred pain patterns which associate pain in one location with trigger points elsewhere. There is variation in the methodology for diagnosis of trigger points and a dearth of theory to explain how they arise and why they produce specific patterns of referred pain.[2]
Compression of a trigger point may elicit local tenderness, referred pain, or local twitch response. The local twitch response is not the same as a muscle spasm. This is because a muscle spasm refers to the entire muscle contracting whereas the local twitch response also refers to the entire muscle but only involves a small twitch, no contraction.
Among physicians, various specialists might use trigger point therapy. These include physiatrists (physicians specializing in physical medicine and rehabilitation), family medicine, and orthopedics. Osteopathic as well as chiropractic schools also include trigger points in their training.[3] Other health professionals, such as athletic trainers, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, acupuncturists, massage therapists and structural integrators are also aware of these ideas and many of them make use of trigger points in their clinical work as well.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 Diagnosis
2.1 Imaging
2.2 Myofascial pain syndrome
2.3 Misdiagnosis of pain
3 Pathophysiology
4 Treatment
4.1 Physical muscle treatment
4.2 Trigger-point-injection
4.3 Risks
4.4 Efficacy
5 Overlap with acupuncture
6 See also
7 References
Definition[edit]
The term "trigger point" was coined in 1942 by Dr. Janet Travell to describe a clinical finding with the following characteristics:
Pain related to a discrete, irritable point in skeletal muscle or fascia, not caused by acute local trauma, inflammation, degeneration, neoplasm or infection.
The painful point can be felt as a nodule or band in the muscle, and a twitch response can be elicited on stimulation of the trigger point.
Palpation of the trigger point reproduces the patient's complaint of pain, and the pain radiates in a distribution typical of the specific muscle harboring the trigger point.
The pain cannot be explained by findings on neurological examination.
Diagnosis[edit]
Practitioners do not agree on what constitutes a trigger point, but the assessment typically considers symptoms, pain patterns and manual palpation. Usually there is a taut band in muscles containing trigger points, and a hard nodule can be felt. Often a twitch response can be felt in the muscle by running your finger perpendicular to the muscle's direction; this twitch response often activates the "all or nothing" response in a muscle that causes it to contract. Pressing on an affected muscle can often refer pain. Clusters of trigger points are not uncommon in some of the larger muscles, such as the gluteus group (gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus). Often there is a heat differential in the local area of a trigger point.[citation needed]
A 2007 review of diagnostic criteria used in studies of trigger points concluded that
there is as yet limited consensus on case definition in respect of MTrP pain syndrome. Further research is needed to test the reliability and validity of diagnostic criteria. Until reliable diagnostic criteria have been established, there is a need for greater transparency in research papers on how a case of MTrP pain syndrome is defined, and claims for effective interventions in treating the condition should be viewed with caution.[2]
A 2009 review of nine studies examining the reliability of trigger point diagnosis found that physical examination could not be recommended as reliable for the diagnosis of trigger points.[5]
Imaging[edit]
A 2008 review in Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation of two recent studies concludes they present findings that can reduce some of the controversy surrounding the cause and identification of myofascial trigger points (MTPs).[6] The study by Chen on the use of magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) imaging of the taut band of an MTP in an upper trapezius muscle may present a convincing demonstration of the cause of MTP symptoms. MRE is a modification of existing magnetic resonance imaging equipment to image stress produced by adjacent tissues with different degrees of tension. This report presents an MRE image of the taut band that shows the V-shaped signature of the increased tension compared with surrounding tissues.[7] Results were all consistent with the concept that taut bands are detectable and quantifiable with MRE imaging. The findings in the subjects suggest that the stiffness of the taut bands in patients with myofascial pain may be 50% greater than that of the surrounding muscle tissue. The findings suggest that MRE can quantitate asymmetries in muscle tone that could previously only be identified subjectively by examination.[8]
In the study by Shah and associates, they have shown the feasibility of continuous, in vivo recovery of small molecules from soft tissue without harmful effects. With this technique, they have been able to investigate the biochemistry of muscle in subjects with myofascial trigger points and to contrast this with that of the noninvolved muscle.[9]
Myofascial pain syndrome[edit]
The main innovation of Travell's work was the introduction of the myofascial pain syndrome concept (myofascial referring to the fascia that surrounds and permeates muscle). This is described as a focal hyperirritability in muscle that can strongly modulate central nervous system functions. Travell and followers distinguish this from fibromyalgia, which is characterized by widespread pain and tenderness and is described as a central augmentation of nociception giving rise to deep tissue tenderness that includes muscles. Studies estimate that in 75–95 percent of cases, myofascial pain is a primary cause of regional pain. Myofascial pain is associated with muscle tenderness that arises from trigger points, focal points of tenderness, a few millimeters in diameter, found at multiple sites in a muscle and the fascia of muscle tissue. Biopsy tests found that trigger points were hyperirritable and electrically active muscle spindles in general muscle tissue.[10]
Misdiagnosis of pain[edit]
The misdiagnosis of pain is the most important issue taken up by Travell and Simons. Referred pain from trigger points mimics the symptoms of a very long list of common maladies, but physicians, in weighing all the possible causes for a given condition, rarely consider a myofascial source. The study of trigger points has not historically been part of medical education. Travell and Simons hold that most of the common everyday pain is caused by myofascial trigger points and that ignorance of that basic concept could inevitably lead to false diagnoses and the ultimate failure to deal effectively with pain.[11]
Pathophysiology[edit]
Activation of trigger points may be caused by a number of factors, including acute or chronic muscle overload, activation by other trigger points (key/satellite, primary/secondary), disease, psychological distress (via systemic inflammation), homeostatic imbalances, direct trauma to the region, collision trauma (such as a car crash which stresses many muscles and causes instant trigger points) radiculopathy, infections and health issues such as smoking.
Trigger points form only in muscles. They form as a local contraction in a small number of muscle fibers in a larger muscle or muscle bundle. These in turn can pull on tendons and ligaments associated with the muscle and can cause pain deep within a joint where there are no muscles. The integrated hypothesis theory states that trigger points form from excessive release of acetylcholine which produces sustained depolarization of muscle fibers. Indeed, the trigger point has an abnormal biochemical composition with elevated concentrations of acetylcholine, noradrenaline and serotonin and a lower pH.[12] These sustained contractions of muscle sarcomeres compresses local blood supply restricting the energy needs of the local region. This crisis of energy produces sensitizing substances that interact with some nociceptive (pain) nerves traversing in the local region which in turn can produce localized pain within the muscle at the neuromuscular junction (Travell and Simons 1999). When trigger points are present in muscles there is often pain and weakness in the associated structures. These pain patterns in muscles follow specific nerve pathways and have been readily mapped to allow for identification of the causative pain factor. Many trigger points have pain patterns that overlap, and some create reciprocal cyclic relationships that need to be treated extensively to remove them.
Treatment[edit]
Physical muscle treatment[edit]
Therapists may use myotherapy (deep pressure as in Bonnie Prudden's approach, massage or tapotement as in Dr. Griner's approach), mechanical vibration, pulsed ultrasound, electrostimulation,[13] ischemic compression, trigger-point-injection (see below), dry-needling, "spray-and-stretch" using a cooling (vapocoolant) spray, Low Level Laser Therapy and stretching techniques that invoke reciprocal inhibition within the musculoskeletal system. Practitioners may use elbows, feet or various tools to direct pressure directly upon the trigger point, to avoid overuse of their hands.
A successful treatment protocol relies on identifying trigger points, resolving them and, if all trigger points have been deactivated, elongating the structures affected along their natural range of motion and length. In the case of muscles, which is where most treatment occurs, this involves stretching the muscle using combinations of passive, active, active isolated (AIS), muscle energy techniques (MET), and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching to be effective. Fascia surrounding muscles should also be treated to elongate and resolve strain patterns, otherwise muscles will simply be returned to positions where trigger points are likely to re-develop.
The results of manual therapy are related to the skill level of the therapist. If trigger points are pressed too short a time, they may activate or remain active; if pressed too long or hard, they may be irritated or the muscle may be bruised, resulting in pain in the area treated. This bruising may last for a 1–3 days after treatment, and may feel like, but is not similar to, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), the pain felt days after overexerting muscles. Pain is also common after a massage if the practitioner uses pressure on unnoticed latent or active trigger points, or is not skilled in myofascial trigger point therapy.
Researchers of evidence-based medicine concluded as of 2001 that evidence for the usefulness of trigger points in the diagnosis of fibromyalgia is thin.[14] More recently, an association has been made between fibromyalgia tender points and active trigger points.[15][16]
Trigger-point-injection[edit]
Injections without anesthetics, or dry needling, and injections including saline, local anesthetics such as procaine hydrochloride (Novocain) or articaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine,[17] steroids, and botulinum toxin provide more immediate relief and can be effective when other methods fail. In regards to injections with anesthetics, a low concentration, short acting local anesthetic such as procaine 0.5% without steroids or adrenalin is recommended. High concentrations or long acting local anesthetics as well as epinephrine can cause muscle necrosis, while use of steroids can cause tissue damage.
Despite the concerns about long acting agents,[1] a mixture of lidocaine and marcaine is often used.[18] A mixture of 1 part 2% lidocaine with 3 parts 0.5% bupivacaine (trade name:Marcaine) provides 0.5% lidocaine and 0.375% bupivacaine. This has the advantages of immediate anesthesia with lidocaine during injection to minimize injection pain while providing a longer duration of action with a lowered concentration of bupivacaine.
In 1979, a study by Czech physician Karl Lewit reported that dry needling had the same success rate as anesthetic injections for the treatment of trigger points. He dubbed this the 'needle effect'.[19]
In the 1950s and 1960s, studies relevant to trigger points were done by J. H. Kellgren at University College Hospital, London, in the 1930s and, independently, by Michael Gutstein in Berlin and Michael Kelly in Australia. [20]
Health insurance companies in the US such as Blue Cross, Medica, and HealthPartners began covering trigger point injections in 2005.[citation needed]
Risks[edit]
Treatment, whether by self or by a professional, has some inherent dangers. It may lead to damage of soft tissue and other organs. The trigger points in the upper quadratus lumborum, for instance, are very close to the kidneys and poorly administered treatment (particularly injections) may lead to kidney damage. Likewise, treating the masseter muscle may damage the salivary glands superficial to this muscle. Furthermore, some experts believe trigger points may develop as a protective measure against unstable joints.[citation needed]
Efficacy[edit]
Studies to date on the efficacy of dry needling for MTrPs and pain have been too small to be conclusive.[21]
Overlap with acupuncture[edit]
In a June 2000 review, Chang-Zern Hong correlates the MTrP "tender points" to acupunctural "ah shi" ("Oh Yes!") points, and the "local twitch response" to acupuncture's "de qi" ("needle sensation"),[22] based on a 1977 paper by Melzack et al.[23] Peter Dorsher comments on a strong correlation between the locations of trigger points and classical acupuncture points, finding that 92% of the 255 trigger points correspond to acupuncture points, including 79.5% with similar pain indications.[24][25]
See also[edit]
Pressure point
Myofascial pain syndrome
Myofascial release
Neuromuscular therapy
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Travell, Janet; Simons David; Simons Lois (1999). Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual (2 vol. set, 2nd Ed.). USA: Lippincott Williams & Williams. ISBN 9780683083637.
^ Jump up to: a b Tough EA, White AR, Richards S, Campbell J (March–April 2007). "Variability of criteria used to diagnose myofascial trigger point pain syndrome—evidence from a review of the literature". Clin J Pain. 23 (3): 278–86. PMID 17314589. doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e31802fda7c.
Jump up ^ McPartland JM (June 2004). "Travell trigger points--molecular and osteopathic perspectives". Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 104 (6): 244–49. PMID 15233331.
Jump up ^ Alvarez DJ, Rockwell PG (February 2002). "Trigger points: diagnosis and management". Am Fam Physician. 65 (4): 653–60. PMID 11871683.
Jump up ^ Lucas N, Macaskill P, Irwig L, Moran R, Bogduk N (January 2009). "Reliability of physical examination for diagnosis of myofascial trigger points: a systematic review of the literature". Clin J Pain. 25 (1): 80–9. PMID 19158550. doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e31817e13b6.
Jump up ^ Myburgh, C; Larsen AH; Hartvigsen J. (2008). "A systematic, critical review of manual palpation for identifying myofascial trigger points: evidence and clinical significance". Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 89 (6): 1169–76. PMID 18503816. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.12.033. Retrieved 2012-07-23.
Jump up ^ Simons DG (2008). "New views of myofascial trigger points: etiology and diagnosis". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 89 (1): 157–9. PMID 18164347. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.11.016.
Jump up ^ Chen Q, Bensamoun S, Basford JR, Thompson JM, An KN (December 2007). "Identification and quantification of myofascial taut bands with magnetic resonance elastography" (PDF). Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 88 (12): 1658–61. PMID 18047882. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.07.020.
Jump up ^ Shah JP, Danoff JV, Desai MJ, et al. (2008). "Biochemicals associated with pain and inflammation are elevated in sites near to and remote from active myofascial trigger points". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 89 (1): 16–23. PMID 18164325. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.10.018.
Jump up ^ Jantos M (June 2007). "Understanding chronic pelvic pain". Pelviperineology. 26 (2). ISSN 1973-4913. OCLC 263367710. Full open-access article
Jump up ^ Davies Clair; Davies Amber (2004). The trigger point therapy workbook : your self-treatment guide for pain relief (2nd ed.). Oakland, California: New Harbinger Publications. p. 323. ISBN 978-1-57224-375-0.
Jump up ^ Shah JP, Gilliams EA (2008). "Uncovering the biochemical milieu of myofascial trigger points using in vivo microdialysis: an application of muscle pain concepts to myofascial pain syndrome.". J Bodyw Mov Ther. 12 (4): 371–84. PMID 19083696. doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2008.06.006.
Jump up ^ Hsueh TC, Cheng PT, Kuan TS, Hong CZ (November–December 1997). "The immediate effectiveness of electrical nerve stimulation and electrical muscle stimulation on myofascial trigger points". American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 76 (6): 471–6. PMID 9431265. doi:10.1097/00002060-199711000-00007.
Jump up ^ "Fibromyalgia: diagnosis and treatment". Bandolier (90). August 2001. ISSN 1353-9906.
Jump up ^ Ge HY, Nie H, Madeleine P, Danneskiold-Samsøe B, Graven-Nielsen T, Arendt-Nielsen L (2009-12-15). "Contribution of the local and referred pain from active myofascial trigger points in fibromyalgia syndrome". Pain. 147 (1–3): 233–40. PMID 19819074. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2009.09.019.
Jump up ^ Brezinschek HP (December 2008). "Mechanismen des Muskelschmerzes" [Mechanisms of muscle pain : significance of trigger points and tender points]. Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie (in German). 67 (8): 653–4, 656–7. PMID 19015861. doi:10.1007/s00393-008-0353-y.
Jump up ^ Raab D: Craniomandibular disorders simulating odontalgia and Eustachian tube -disorders – a case report. [Durch craniomandibuläre Dysfunktionen vorgetäuschte Zahnschmerzen und Tubenfunktionsstörungen – ein Fallbericht.] Wehrmedizinische Monatsschrift 2015: 59(12); 396-401. http://www.wehrmed.de/article/2738-durch-craniomandibulaere-dysfunktionen-vorgetaeuschte-zahnschmerzen-tubenfunktionsstoerungen-ein-fallbericht.html
Jump up ^ "Trigger point injection". Non-Surgical Orthopaedic & Spine Center. October 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-10-26. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
Jump up ^ Lewit K (1979). "The needle effect in the relief of myofascial pain". Pain. 6 (1): 83–90. PMID 424236. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(79)90142-8.
Jump up ^ Wilson VP (2003). "Janet G. Travell, MD: A Daughter's Recollection". Tex Heart Inst J. 30 (1): 8–12. PMC 152828  . PMID 12638664.
Jump up ^ Tough EA, White AR, Cummings TM, Richards SH, Campbell JL (January 2009). "Acupuncture and dry needling in the management of myofascial trigger point pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". European Journal of Pain. 13 (1): 3–10. PMID 18395479. doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.02.006.
Jump up ^ Hong CZ (June 2000). "Myofascial trigger points: pathophysiology and correlation with acupuncture points". Acupunct Med. 18 (1): 41–47. doi:10.1136/aim.18.1.41.
Jump up ^ Melzack R, Stillwell DM, Fox EJ (February 1977). "Trigger points and acupuncture points for pain: correlations and implications" (PDF). Pain. 3 (1): 3–23. PMID 69288. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(77)90032-X.
Jump up ^ Dorsher PT (May 2006). "Trigger points and acupuncture points: anatomic and clinical correlations". Medical Acupuncture. 17 (3).
Jump up ^ Dorsher PT (July 2009). "Myofascial referred-pain data provide physiologic evidence of acupuncture meridians". J Pain. 10 (7): 723–31. PMID 19409857. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2008.12.010.
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Dye
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Dye (disambiguation).
Yarn drying after being dyed in the early American tradition, at Conner Prairie living history museum.
A dye is a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. The dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution, and may require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber.[1]
Both dyes and pigments are colored, because they absorb only some wavelengths of visible light. Dyes are usually soluble in water whereas pigments are insoluble. Some dyes can be rendered insoluble with the addition of salt to produce a lake pigment.
Contents
[hide]
1 Natural
2 Synthetic
3 Organic
4 Types
5 Food dyes
6 Other important dyes
7 Chromophoric dyes
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
Natural[edit]
Dyeing wool cloth, 1482: from a French translation of Bartolomaeus Anglicus
Main article: Natural dye
The majority of natural dyes are derived from plant sources: roots, berries, bark, leaves, and wood, fungi, and lichens. Textile dyeing dates back to the Neolithic period. Throughout history, people have dyed their textiles using common, locally available materials. Scarce dyestuffs that produced brilliant and permanent colors such as the natural invertebrate dyes Tyrian purple and crimson kermes were highly prized luxury items in the ancient and medieval world. Plant-based dyes such as woad, indigo, saffron, and madder were raised commercially and were important trade goods in the economies of Asia and Europe. Across Asia and Africa, patterned fabrics were produced using resist dyeing techniques to control the absorption of color in piece-dyed cloth. Dyes from the New World such as cochineal and logwood were brought to Europe by the Spanish treasure fleets[2], and the dyestuffs of Europe were carried by colonists to America.[3]
Dyed flax fibers have been found in the Republic of Georgia in a prehistoric cave dated to 36,000 BP.[4][5] Archaeological evidence shows that, particularly in India and Phoenicia, dyeing has been widely carried out for over 5,000 years. The dyes were obtained from animal, vegetable or mineral origin, with none to very little processing. By far the greatest source of dyes has been from the plant kingdom, notably roots, berries, bark, leaves and wood, but only a few have ever been used on a commercial scale.
The discovery of man-made synthetic dyes late in the 19th century ended the large-scale market for natural dyes.
Historical collection of over 10,000 dyes at Technical University Dresden, Germany
Synthetic[edit]
Synthetic dyes are man-made. These dyes are made from petroleum, sometimes in combination with mineral-derived components.
The first human-made organic aniline dye, mauveine, was discovered serendipitously by William Henry Perkin in 1856, the result of a failed attempt at the total synthesis of quinine. Other aniline dyes followed, such as fuchsine, safranine, and induline. Many thousands of synthetic dyes have since been prepared.[6][7]
Organic[edit]
Many dyes are organic compounds. These may be natural (from plant sources)[8] or synthetic.[9] Other than pigmentation, they have a range of applications including organic dye lasers,[10] optical media (CD-R) and camera sensors (color filter array). This is the basic classification for dye
Types[edit]
RIT brand dye from mid-20th century Mexico, part of the permanent collection of the Museo del Objeto del Objeto
Dyes are classified according to their solubility and chemical properties.[1]
Acid dyes are water-soluble anionic dyes that are applied to fibers such as silk, wool, nylon and modified acrylic fibers using neutral to acid dye baths. Attachment to the fiber is attributed, at least partly, to salt formation between anionic groups in the dyes and cationic groups in the fiber. Acid dyes are not substantive to cellulosic fibers. Most synthetic food colors fall in this category.Examples of acid dye are Alizarine Pure Blue B, Acid red 88 etc.
Basic dyes are water-soluble cationic dyes that are mainly applied to acrylic fibers, but find some use for wool and silk. Usually acetic acid is added to the dye bath to help the uptake of the dye onto the fiber. Basic dyes are also used in the coloration of paper.
Direct or substantive dyeing is normally carried out in a neutral or slightly alkaline dye bath, at or near boiling point, with the addition of either sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). Direct dyes are used on cotton, paper, leather, wool, silk and nylon. They are also used as pH indicators and as biological stains.
Mordant dyes require a mordant, which improves the fastness of the dye against water, light and perspiration. The choice of mordant is very important as different mordants can change the final color significantly. Most natural dyes are mordant dyes and there is therefore a large literature base describing dyeing techniques. The most important mordant dyes are the synthetic mordant dyes, or chrome dyes, used for wool; these comprise some 30% of dyes used for wool, and are especially useful for black and navy shades. The mordant, potassium dichromate, is applied as an after-treatment. It is important to note that many mordants, particularly those in the heavy metal category, can be hazardous to health and extreme care must be taken in using them.
Vat dyes are essentially insoluble in water and incapable of dyeing fibres directly. However, reduction in alkaline liquor produces the water-soluble alkali metal salt of the dye, which, in this leuco form, has an affinity for the textile fibre. Subsequent oxidation reforms the original insoluble dye. The color of denim is due to indigo, the original vat dye.
Reactive dyes utilize a chromophore attached to a substituent that is capable of directly reacting with the fiber substrate. The covalent bonds that attach reactive dye to natural fibers make them among the most permanent of dyes. "Cold" reactive dyes, such as Procion MX, Cibacron F, and Drimarene K, are very easy to use because the dye can be applied at room temperature. Reactive dyes are by far the best choice for dyeing cotton and other cellulose fibers at home or in the art studio.
Disperse dyes were originally developed for the dyeing of cellulose acetate, and are water-insoluble. The dyes are finely ground in the presence of a dispersing agent and sold as a paste, or spray-dried and sold as a powder. Their main use is to dye polyester, but they can also be used to dye nylon, cellulose triacetate, and acrylic fibers. In some cases, a dyeing temperature of 130 °C (266 °F) is required, and a pressurized dyebath is used. The very fine particle size gives a large surface area that aids dissolution to allow uptake by the fiber. The dyeing rate can be significantly influenced by the choice of dispersing agent used during the grinding.
Azoic dyeing is a technique in which an insoluble Azo dye is produced directly onto or within the fiber. This is achieved by treating a fiber with both diazoic and coupling components. With suitable adjustment of dyebath conditions the two components react to produce the required insoluble azo dye. This technique of dyeing is unique, in that the final color is controlled by the choice of the diazoic and coupling components. This method of dyeing cotton is declining in importance due to the toxic nature of the chemicals used.
Sulfur dyes are inexpensive dyes used to dye cotton with dark colors. Dyeing is effected by heating the fabric in a solution of an organic compound, typically a nitrophenol derivative, and sulfide or polysulfide. The organic compound reacts with the sulfide source to form dark colors that adhere to the fabric. Sulfur Black 1, the largest selling dye by volume, does not have a well defined chemical structure
Food dyes[edit]
One other class that describes the role of dyes, rather than their mode of use, is the food dye. Because food dyes are classed as food additives, they are manufactured to a higher standard than some industrial dyes. Food dyes can be direct, mordant and vat dyes, and their use is strictly controlled by legislation. Many are azo dyes, although anthraquinone and triphenylmethane compounds are used for colors such as green and blue. Some naturally occurring dyes are also used.
Other important dyes[edit]
A number of other classes have also been established, including:
Oxidation bases, for mainly hair and fur
Laser dyes:rhodamine 6G and coumarin dyes.[11]
Leather dyes, for leather
Fluorescent brighteners, for textile fibres and paper
Solvent dyes, for wood staining and producing colored lacquers, solvent inks, coloring oils, waxes.
Contrast dyes, injected for magnetic resonance imaging, are essentially the same as clothing dye except they are coupled to an agent that has strong paramagnetic properties.[12]
Mayhems dye, used in water cooling for looks, often rebranded RIT dye
Chromophoric dyes[edit]
By the nature of their chromophore, dyes are divided into:[13]
Category:Acridine dyes, derivates of acridine
Category:Anthraquinone dyes, derivates of anthraquinone
Arylmethane dyes
Category:Diarylmethane dyes, based on diphenyl methane
Category:Triarylmethane dyes, derivates of triphenylmethane
Category:Azo dyes, based on -N=N- azo structure
Diazonium dyes, based on diazonium salts
Nitro dyes, based on a -NO2 nitro functional group
Nitroso dyes, based on a -N=O nitroso functional group
Phthalocyanine dyes, derivatives of phthalocyanine
Quinone-imine dyes, derivatives of quinone
Category:Azin dyes
Category:Eurhodin dyes
Category:Safranin dyes, derivates of safranin
Indamins
Category:Indophenol dyes, derivates of indophenol
Category:Oxazin dyes, derivates of oxazin
Oxazone dyes, derivates of oxazone
Category:Thiazine dyes, derivatives of thiazine
Category:Thiazole dyes, derivatives of thiazole
Category:Safranin dyes, derivates of safranin
Xanthene dyes, derived from xanthene
Fluorene dyes, derivatives of fluorene
Pyronin dyes
Category:Fluorone dyes, based on fluorone
Category:Rhodamine dyes, derivatives of rhodamine
See also[edit]
Biological pigment, any colored substance in organisms
Blue Wool Scale
Hair coloring
Industrial dye degradation
J-aggregate
Oxidant
Phototendering
Laser dyes
List of dyes
Natural dyes
Pigments
Inorganic pigments
Organic pigments
Stain
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Booth, Gerald (2000). Dyes, General Survey. Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a09_073.
Jump up ^ Castillejo, Marta; Moreno, Pablo; Oujja, Mohamed; Radvan, Roxana; Ruiz, Javier (15 August 2008). "Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks: Proceedings of the International Conference Lacona VII, Madrid, Spain, 17 - 21 September 2007". CRC Press. Retrieved 8 November 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Adrosko, Rita J. (8 November 1971). "Natural Dyes and Home Dyeing (formerly Titled: Natural Dyes in the United States)". Courier Corporation. Retrieved 8 November 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Balter, M (2009). "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man". Science. 325 (5946): 1329. doi:10.1126/science.325_1329a. PMID 19745126.
Jump up ^ Kvavadze, E; Bar-Yosef, O; Belfer-Cohen, A; Boaretto, E; Jakeli, N; Matskevich, Z; Meshveliani, T (2009). "30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers". Science. 325 (5946): 1359. doi:10.1126/science.1175404. PMID 19745144. Supporting Online Material
Jump up ^ Hunger, K., ed. (2003). Industrial Dyes. Chemistry, Properties, Applications. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
Jump up ^ Zollinger, H. (2003). Color Chemistry. Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Organic Dyes and Pigments, 3rd ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
Jump up ^ Burgess, Rebecca (8 November 2017). "Harvesting Color: How to Find Plants and Make Natural Dyes". Artisan Books. Retrieved 8 November 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "Syntheses, Properties, and Applications of Organic Dyes and Pigments".
Jump up ^ Silfvast, William T. (21 July 2008). "Laser Fundamentals". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 8 November 2017 – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ F. J. Duarte and L. W. Hillman (Eds.), Dye Laser Principles (Academic, New York, 1990).
Jump up ^ "patentstorm.us". Patentstorm.us. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Llewellyn, Bryan D. "Stainsfile - Dye index". Stainsfile.info. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Abelshauser, Werner. German History and Global Enterprise: BASF: The History of a Company (2004) covers 1865 to 2000
Beer, John J. The Emergence of the German Dye Industry (1959)
Look up leuco form in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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