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The Archers
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This article is about the radio series. For other uses, see The Archers (disambiguation).
The Archers
Genre
Soap opera
Running time
12 minutes (formerly 15 minutes)
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Language(s)
English
Home station
BBC Light Programme[1]
later BBC Home Service
now BBC Radio 4
Created by
Godfrey Baseley
Edited by
Huw Kennair-Jones[2]
Produced by
Julie Beckett
Recording studio
BBC Birmingham
Original release
29 May – 2 June 1950 (Pilot)
1 January 1951 – present
No. of episodes
18,586 (as of 17 Apr 2018)[3]
Six per week, plus 75 mins. omnibus
Audio format
Stereophonic sound
Opening theme
Barwick Green
Website
Archers homepage
Podcast
The Archers podcast
The Archers is the world's longest-running radio soap opera.[4] The British production, which has aired over 18,550 episodes, is broadcast on Radio 4, the BBC's main spoken-word channel. Originally billed as an everyday story of country folk, it is now described as a contemporary drama in a rural setting.[5]
Five pilot episodes were aired in 1950 and the first episode was broadcast nationally on 1 January 1951. A significant show in British popular culture, and with over five million listeners, it is Radio 4's most listened-to non-news programme,[6][7][8] With over one million listeners via the internet, the programme holds the record for BBC Radio online listening figures.[9]
Partly established with the aim towards educating farmers following World War II, The Archers soon became a popular source of entertainment for the population at large, attracting nine million listeners by 1953.
Contents
[hide]
1 Programme synopsis
2 Characters
3 Ambridge
4 Topicality
5 Actors
6 History
6.1 Death of Grace Archer
6.2 Longevity
6.3 Sixtieth anniversary
7 Themes
8 Cameo appearances
9 Theme tune
9.1 Serious events
10 Ambridge Extra
11 Fan clubs
12 Overseas parallels
13 Parodies
14 Books and audiobooks
14.1 Reference works
14.2 Novelisations
14.3 Published audio episodes
14.4 Maps
15 Documentaries
16 See also
17 References
18 Further reading
19 External links
Programme synopsis[edit]
The Archers is set in the fictional village of Ambridge in the fictional county of Borsetshire, in England. Borsetshire is situated between, in reality, the contiguous counties of Worcestershire and Warwickshire, south of Birmingham in The Midlands. Possibly based on the village of Cutnall Green,[10] various other villages claim to be the inspiration for Ambridge; The Bull, Ambridge's pub, is modelled on The Old Bull in Inkberrow,[11] whereas Hanbury's St Mary the Virgin is often used as a stand-in for Ambridge's parish church, St Stephen's.[12][13]
Other fictional villages include Penny Hassett, Loxley Barrett,[14] Darrington, Hollerton, Edgeley, Waterley Cross and Lakey Green. The county town of Borsetshire is Borchester, and the nearest big city is the cathedral city of Felpersham. Felpersham also has a university. Anywhere further from Ambridge may be referred to humorously with comments such as 'that's on the other side of Felpersham!', but characters do occasionally venture further: several attended the Countryside Alliance march in London,[15] there have been references to the gay scene in Manchester's Canal Street, and a number of scenes have taken place abroad or in other places around the country, with some characters resident overseas in South Africa and Hungary, and other characters have visited Norfolk. Birmingham is a favourite destination for shopping.
Since Easter Sunday 1998, there have been six episodes a week from Sunday to Friday, after the news summary at around 19:02. All except the Friday evening episode are repeated the following day at 14:02. The six episodes are re-run unabridged in the Sunday morning omnibus at 10:00. On Remembrance Sunday, the Omnibus edition begins at the earlier time of 09:15. This information is available in the press and on the BBC's website.[16]
Characters[edit]
Main article: List of The Archers characters
The middle-class Archers. Their family farm, Brookfield, is positioned as a typical example of mixed farming, combining arable, dairy, beef, and sheep. It has been passed down the generations from the original owner Dan (now deceased) to his son Phil (until his death on 13 February 2010, the oldest surviving character), and is now co-owned by Phil and Jill's four children: David, who manages it with his wife Ruth; Shula Hebden-Lloyd, married to vet Alistair and owner of the riding stables; her twin Kenton, who runs the village's only pub with his wife Jolene; and the widowed Elizabeth Pargeter. Jill lives in Brookfield with her son David, his wife Ruth and their children Pip, Josh, and Ben
The prosperous Aldridges at Home Farm. Brian, who is portrayed as a money-driven agribusinessman and his wife Jennifer. They have five children: the two Jennifer brought into their marriage: Adam (a farmer, married to chef Ian Craig) and Debbie (also a farmer, based in Hungary); two born into the marriage, Kate (a hippie entrepreneur, with a family abandoned in South Africa)) and Alice (an engineer, married to farrier Chris Carter); and schoolboy Ruairi, Brian's son by one of his affairs. Also, sometimes, Kate's daughter Phoebe and Jennifer's sister Lilian
The Bridge Farm Archers, who took their land and animals organic a generation ago. They operate a vegetable box scheme, a dairy, a farm shop and farm café. Their children are Helen, Tom, who runs the farm, and their three grandchildren: Johnny, who is the son of their deceased son John; and Henry and Jack
The Pargetters, a landed gentry family who have to make their stately home, Lower Loxley Hall, pay the bills as a public attraction. Nigel Pargetter's widow, Elizabeth née Archer, her son Freddie and his twin sister Lily
The Grundys, formerly struggling tenant farmers who were brought to prominence in the late 1970s and early 1980s as comic characters, but are now seen as doggedly battling adversity
The perpetually struggling Carters, their son Chris is married to Alice Aldridge and daughter Emma has successively married Will and Ed Grundy
The Snells, Lynda, married to the long-suffering Robert, is the butt of many jokes, although her sheer energy makes her a stalwart of village life
Ambridge[edit]
See also: List of fictional towns and villages
Arkwright Hall is a large Victorian mansion with a 17th-century atmosphere. The building served as a community centre for many years, containing a soundproofed room and field studies centre. Later it fell into disrepair, but was renovated when Jack Woolley leased the mansion to the Landmark Trust; architect Lewis Carmichael led the restoration of the building to its Victorian splendour.
Bridge Farm is a 168-acre (68 ha) farm previously on Berrow Estate, but now owned by Pat and Tony Archer. The farm became a wholly organic dairy in 1984, in a storyline inspired by a scriptwriter's visit to Brynllys farm in Ceredigion, the home of Rachel's Organic.[17] In 2003, Tom Archer began producing his own brand of sausage out of Bridge Farm. In early 2013, the family decided to sell their dairy herd and buy organic milk instead. In 2014 Tony Archer decided to go into beef production.
Brookfield Farm is a 469-acre (190 ha) mixed farm which was managed by Dan Archer and then by his son Phil. After Phil's retirement in 2001, his son David Archer took over.
Grange Farm was a working farm run by the Grundys until their eviction in 2000. The farmhouse, along with 50 acres (20 ha) of land, was sold to Oliver Sterling, who then began "hobby farming". He took young Ed Grundy on as cow man and later gave him full responsibility for running the farm.
Grey Gables, once a country club, is now a luxurious hotel. The late Caroline Sterling bought it with her husband Oliver Sterling. The hotel boasts a pool, spa, health club and a golf course. Ian Craig is the executive chef.
Home Farm is a 1,922-acre (778 ha) farm, by far the largest in Ambridge. In recent years, Home Farm expanded into soft fruit and deer farming.
Lower Loxley Hall is a large 300-year-old country house located just outside Ambridge. It serves primarily as a conference centre.
The Bull, the village's only pub is perhaps the most recognisable structure in Ambridge
St. Stephen's Church, established in 1281, dates back to Saxon times. The church has undergone many changes over the years, including a number of different vicars. The eight bells are rung by a group led by Neil Carter.
Ambridge still has a village shop and post office, originally thanks to Jack Woolley's philanthropy. The business is now a community shop managed by Susan and run by a team of volunteers.
Willow Farm is owned by the Tucker family. After Betty's death in 2005, the house was divided to accommodate Roy and his family. The farmland is home to Neil Carter's pigs.
Topicality[edit]
Unlike some soap operas, episodes of The Archers portray events taking place on the date of broadcast, allowing many topical subjects to be included. Real-life events which can be readily predicted in advance are often written into the script, such as the annual Oxford Farming Conference[18] and the FIFA World Cup.[19] On some occasions, scenes recorded at these events are planned and edited into episodes shortly before transmission.
More challengingly for the production team, some significant but unforeseen events require scenes to be rewritten and rerecorded at short notice, such as the death of Princess Margaret (particularly poignant because she had appeared as herself on the programme),[20][21] the World Trade Center attacks,[22] and the 7 July 2005 London bombings.[23] The events and implications of the 2001 foot-and-mouth crisis required many "topical inserts"[24][25][26][27] and the rewriting of several storylines.[28]
In January 2012, Oliver Sterling, owner of Grange Farm, together with his tenant, Ed Grundy, elected to vaccinate the badgers on their farm in an attempt to prevent the spread of bovine tuberculosis. The plotline came within weeks of the government confirming a badger cull trial.[29]
Actors[edit]
Unlike television soaps, The Archers actors are not held on retainers and work on the series usually for a few days a month. By the nature of the storylines concentrating on particular groups of characters, in any one week out of a cast of about 60, the episodes include approximately 20–30 speaking-characters. Most of the cast do acting work on other projects and can disappear for long periods if they are working on commitments such as films or television series. Tamsin Greig plays Debbie Aldridge and has appeared on many television series such as Green Wing, Love Soup, Black Books and Episodes, so Debbie manages a farm in Hungary and her visits to Ambridge are infrequent. Felicity Jones played Emma Carter from the age of 15 but after a period of studying at Wadham College, Oxford, she gave up the role to move into television and cinema.[30]
Some of the actors, when not playing their characters, earn their money through different jobs altogether: Charlotte Connor, when not playing Susan Carter (credited as Charlotte Martin), works full-time as a senior research psychologist at the Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health Foundation; her office is a short walk from BBC Birmingham, and thus she is able to fit her work around recordings.[31] Meanwhile, Graham Blockey, who plays Robert Snell, worked till recently as a full-time general practitioner in Surrey, commuting to and from BBC Birmingham at weekends and on his days off. He kept his role secret from his patients, for fear of losing their respect, until his retirement from medicine in March, 2017.[32] Other examples include Felicity Finch (Ruth Archer), who also works as a BBC journalist having travelled on a number of occasions to Afghanistan; and Ian Pepperell (Roy Tucker), who manages a pub in the New Forest.[33]
History[edit]
A five-episodes pilot series started on Whit Monday, 29 May 1950, and continued throughout that week.[34] It was created by Godfrey Baseley and was broadcast to the English Midlands in the Regional Home Service, as 'a farming Dick Barton'. Recordings were sent to London, and the BBC decided to commission the series for a longer national run. In the five pilots the Archers owned Wimberton Farm, rather than Brookfield. Baseley subsequently edited The Archers for 22 years.
Since 1 January 1951, five 15-minute episodes (since 1998, six 12½-minute episodes) have been transmitted each week, at first on the BBC Light Programme[1] and subsequently on the BBC Home Service (now Radio 4). Early afternoon repeats of the previous evening's episode began on 14 December 1964. The original scriptwriters were Geoffrey Webb and Edward J. Mason, who were also working on the nightly thriller series about the special agent Dick Barton. The popularity of his adventures partly inspired The Archers, which eventually took over Barton's evening slot. At first, however, the national launch placed the serial at the 'terrible'[35] time of 11.45am, but it moved to Dick Barton's former slot of 6.45pm from Monday, 2 April 1951. An omnibus edition of the week's episodes began on Saturday, 5 January 1952. Originally produced with collaborative input from the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, The Archers was conceived as a means of disseminating information to farmers and smallholders to help increase productivity in the postwar era of rationing and food shortages.[1] It was originally formulated around the lives of three farmers; Dan Archer, farming efficiently with little cash, Walter Gabriel, farming inefficiently with little cash, and George Fairbrother, a wealthy businessman farming at a loss for tax purposes (which one could do in those days).[36] The programme was hugely successful, winning the National Radio Awards' 'Most entertaining programme of the Year' award jointly with Take It From Here in 1954, and winning the award outright in 1955, in which year the audience was reported to have peaked at 20 million.[37]
At the late 1950s, despite the growth of television and radio's consequent decline, the programme was still claiming eleven million listeners and was also being transmitted in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.[38] By the mid-'70s, however, the audience for the two daily broadcasts and the weekend omnibus combined was less than 3 million[39] and in 1976 the BBC Radio Four Review Board twice considered whether or not the programme should be axed.[40] The serial's woes at this time were seen to mirror the poor standing of radio drama in general, described as "a failure to fully shake off the conventions of non-realism which had prevailed in the 1940s and 1950s."[41] Programme chief Jock Gallagher, responsible for The Archers, described these as the serial's "dog days".[42] Sweeping editorial reforms followed, included the introduction of women writers (there had been none before 1975), two of whom, Helen Leadbeater and Margaret Phelan, were credited with giving the programme a new definitive style of writing and content, although some listeners complained about their radical feminism.[43] In 1980 Julie Burchill commented that the women of Ambridge were no longer stuck with "the gallons of greengage jam old-guard male scriptwriters kept them occupied with for over twenty years"; but were 'into post-natal depression and alcoholism on the way to self-discovery'.[44] By the mid-'80s the Radio Four Review Board noted that scripts, directing and acting was "very good" and sometimes "better than ever".[45] In August 1985 The Listener said that the programme's revival was "sustained by some of the best acting, direction and writing on radio."[37]
Tony Shryane MBE was the programme's producer from 1 January 1951 to 19 January 1979. Vanessa Whitburn was the programme's editor from 1992 till 2013. Whitburn took service leave from March to July 2012, when John Yorke, a former executive producer of EastEnders, was the acting editor.[46] Yorke's arrival prompted charges that the programme was importing the values of EastEnders to Borsetshire, with fans and commentators complaining that characters were behaving unrealistically simply to generate conflict.[47] This was denied by Yorke, who wrote that he agreed to take over "on one condition - that it stayed exactly as it was and that I didn't have to change anything."[48]
Vanessa Whitburn was succeeded as editor by Sean O'Connor in September 2013.[49] In September 2016, Huw Kennair-Jones took over as editor though O'Connor continued to oversee the Helen and Rob storyline until its conclusion.[2] In February 2018, it was announced that Jeremy Howe would take up the post later in the year.[50]
Since 2007, The Archers has been available as a podcast.[51]
Death of Grace Archer[edit]
One of the most controversial Archers episodes was broadcast on 22 September 1955, the evening of the launch of the UK's first commercial television station, ITV. Phil and Grace Archer had been married just a few months earlier, and their blossoming relationship was the talk of the nation. However, searching for a story which would demonstrate some real tragedy among the increasingly unconvincing episode cliff-hangers, Godfrey Baseley had decided that Grace would have to die. It was explained to the cast as an "exercise in topicality." The scripts for the week of 19 September 1955 were written, recorded, and broadcast on each day. On Thursday evening of that week, listeners heard Grace trying to rescue her horse, Midnight, from a fire at Brookfield stables, and the crash as a beam fell on her.[52]
Whether the timing of the episode was a deliberate attempt to overshadow the opening night of the BBC's first commercial rival has been debated ever since. It was certainly planned some months in advance, but it may well be that the actual date of the death was changed during the scriptwriting stage to coincide with the start of ITV.[53] Deliberate or not, the episode attracted widespread media attention, being reported by newspapers around the world.
This controversy has been parodied twice: in "The Bowmans", an episode of the television comedy programme Hancock, and in the play The Killing of Sister George and its 1968 film adaptation. On the 50th anniversary of ITV's launch, Ysanne Churchman, who played Grace, sent a congratulatory card to ITV, signed "Grace Archer".
In 1996, William Smethurst recounted a conversation with Baseley in which he reveals his real motivation for killing off Grace Archer: Churchman was encouraging the other actors to join a trade union.[54]
Longevity[edit]
The actor Norman Painting played Phil Archer continuously from the first trial series in 1950 until his death on 29 October 2009. His last Archers performance was recorded just two days before his death, and was broadcast on 22 November.[55] He is cited in Guinness World Records as the longest-serving actor in a single soap opera.[55] Under the pseudonym "Bruno Milna", Painting also wrote around 1,200 complete episodes, which culminated in the 10,000th episode.
June Spencer has played Peggy Archer/Woolley from the pilot episode onwards,[56] though not for all of the period since. According to Who's Who in The Archers 2008,[57] episode 15,360 was to be broadcast on 1 January 2008.[58] Episode 15,000 was broadcast on 7 November 2006.[59]
Sixtieth anniversary[edit]
The Archers reached its 60th anniversary on 1 January 2011 and to mark this achievement, a special half-hour episode was broadcast on Sunday, 2 January, on BBC Radio 4 from 7pm. The episode had been advertised as containing events that would "shake Ambridge to the core".[60] This phrase even gave rise to the initialism #SATTC trending on the website Twitter during that weekend as listeners speculated about what might happen, and then reported their views as the story unfolded.
The main events in the episode were Helen Archer giving birth to her son Henry and Nigel Pargetter falling to his death from the roof of Lower Loxley Hall. This unlikely event provoked interest in the frequency and causes of death in the series. In fact, although the incidence of accidental death and suicide is seven times the national average, the overall mortality rate in Ambridge is almost exactly what would be expected.[61]
The writing out of the character of Nigel caused much controversy among listeners,[62][63] with a large number of complaints variously expressing dismay at the death of a popular character, concerns over the manner of the dismissal of the actor, belief that the promise to "shake Ambridge to the core" had been over-hyped, criticism of the credibility of the script and acting for the anniversary episode, and a perceived unwillingness of the editorial team to engage with these listener complaints.
Themes[edit]
The programme has tackled many serious, contemporary social issues: rural drug addiction; rape, including rape in marriage; inter-racial relationships; direct action against genetically modified crops and badger culling; family break-ups; and civil partnerships, and a family being threatened by a gang of farm thieves. There has been criticism from conservative commentators, such as Peter Hitchens[64] that the series has become a vehicle for liberal and left-wing values and agendas, with characters behaving out of character to achieve those goals. However, one of the show's charms is to make much out of everyday, small concerns, such as the possible closure of the village shop, the loss and rediscovery of a pair of spectacles,[65] competitive marmalade-making, or nonsense such as a 'spile troshing' competition,[66] rather than the large-scale and improbable events that form the plots of many soap operas.[67][68]
According to some of the actors, and confirmed in the writings of Godfrey Baseley, in its early days the show was used as a conduit for educational announcements from the Ministry of Agriculture, one actor reading an announcement almost verbatim to another. Direct involvement of the government ended in 1972.[69] The show has reacted within a day to agricultural emergencies such as outbreaks of foot and mouth disease which affect farmers nationwide when livestock movements are restricted.
Cameo appearances[edit]
Many famous people have made cameo appearances on the programme:
Princess Margaret and the Duke of Westminster appeared in 1984 in connection with a fashion show to commemorate the centenary of the NSPCC.[20]
Dame Judi Dench made an appearance as the (hitherto usually silent) Pru Forrest in 1989 for the 10,000th episode. Terry Wogan was featured and Esther Rantzen was responsible for the sound effects.[52]
Radio presenter John Peel appeared as himself in 1991.[70]
Gardener Alan Titchmarsh judged Ambridge's entries in the National Gardens Scheme open gardens competition in May 2003.[71]
Radio presenter Chris Moyles appeared in June 2004 as a random customer—and suspected National Pub of the Year judge—in The Bull.[72][73]
Comedian Griff Rhys Jones appeared as himself in July 2004, when he was drafted into Lynda's campaign to restore the Cat and Fiddle pub.[74]
Zandra Rhodes played herself in an episode in September 2006 in connection with a charity fashion show.[75][76]
Robert Winston appeared as a fertility specialist consulted by Hayley and Roy Tucker in January[77] and February 2007.[78]
Mike Gatting appeared in September 2007 at the centre of a misunderstanding between Sid and Jolene Perks during the npower Village Cup final at Lord's Cricket Ground.[79][80]
Crime novelist Colin Dexter made a cameo in 2010.[81]
Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall appeared on 16 February 2011 in connection with the National Osteoporosis Society's 25th anniversary as well as the show's 60th anniversary.
Others who have made appearances include Britt Ekland, Humphrey Lyttelton (1956), Dame Edna Everage and Antony Gormley (2009).
Sir Bradley Wiggins appeared in an April 2014 episode, presenting prizes at the Ambridge Sport Relief Rough and Tumble event Challenge.
Kirstie Allsopp appeared in July 2014 to open the village fete.
In August, 2014, the Pet Shop Boys were last-minute headliners at the music festival Loxfest.
Anneka Rice has appeared twice in Ambridge; in March 1993 and in March 2016.
In September 2016, in an hour-long episode concluding a highly publicised storyline in which Helen Titchener had stabbed her abusive husband Rob, some notable names guest starred as jury members, including Eileen Atkins, Catherine Tate and Nigel Havers.[82]
Theme tune[edit]
The theme tune of The Archers is called "Barwick Green" and is a maypole dance from the suite My Native Heath, written in 1924 by the Yorkshire composer Arthur Wood. An alternative arrangement, played by The Yetties, is used to introduce the Sunday omnibus.
A library music recording of Barwick Green was used for the pilot and during the early years of the national version, because a bid by Godfrey Baseley to have a special theme composed had been turned down on the grounds of cost, put at £250-£300.[83] However, once the serial had become undeniably established, a new recording of Barwick Green was authorised and performed by the BBC Midland Light Orchestra on 24 March 1954.[84] This mono recording was also accompanied by four movements entitled "A Village Suite", composed by Kenneth Pakeman to complement Barwick Green. Excerpts from these movements were then used for a time as bridging music between scenes. The 1954 recordings were never made available to the public and their use was restricted even inside the BBC, partly because of an agreement with the Musicians' Union.
In 1992 the theme was re-recorded in stereo, retaining the previous arrangements. The venue was Symphony Hall in Birmingham, the conductor Ron Goodwin, producer David Welsby and the sound mixer Norman McLeod. The slightly different sound mixing and more leisurely tempo reportedly led some listeners to consider the new version inferior, specifically that it lacked "brio", although the BBC publicised the fact that the orchestra contained some of the musicians who had played in the previous recording, including Harold Rich (piano) and Norman Parker (percussion).[citation needed]
Robert Robinson once compared the tune to "the genteel abandon of a lifelong teetotaller who has suddenly taken to drink".[citation needed] On April Fool's Day 2004 both The Independent and The Today Programme claimed that BBC executives had commissioned composer Brian Eno to record an electronic version of "Barwick Green" as a replacement for the current theme,[85][86] while comedian Billy Connolly included in his act the joke that the theme was so typically British that it should be the national anthem of the United Kingdom.[87]
In 2009, comedian Rainer Hersch conducted the Philharmonia Orchestra in a performance of the theme, live from the Royal Festival Hall to a listening BBC Radio 3 audience in an attempt to confuse them. He then went on to show how similar it is to "Montagues and Capulets" - "Dance of the Knights" - from Romeo and Juliet by Sergei Prokofiev, claiming that this was a result of Russian spies going through the BBC's rubbish bins looking for the scripts.[88]
Doctors in the United Kingdom are taught that the tempo of the tune is the rate at which to apply cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Alternative tunes used for this purpose include "Nellie the Elephant", Queen's "Another One Bites The Dust" and the Bee Gees' hit "Stayin' Alive" which have the same tempo.[89][90][91]
Serious events[edit]
At times, a cliffhanger involving the death of a major character or a disaster was marked by the traditional closing theme being replaced by the final dramatic section of Barwick Green involving trombones, cymbals and the closing bars of the signature tune - known as the "doom music" to some fan groups[92]. However, this tradition has been dropped more recently, such as the death of Nigel Pargetter when the normal closing music was played despite the gravity of the incident - to the irritation of some followers, who consider the jollity of the normal segment inappropriate in such circumstances[93].
A brief extract from The Dream of Gerontius was played following the death of Phil Archer. When John Archer died no music was played.
There was a nod to The Archers in the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games in London on 27 July 2012, where the theme tune was played at the beginning of a segment celebrating British culture: the sound of a radio could be heard being tuned in as Barwick Green was played.[94]
Ambridge Extra[edit]
BBC Radio 4 Extra ran an occasional short supplement, Ambridge Extra, between 2011 and 2013, featuring characters away from the Ambridge environs. Series 1 and 2 had 26 episodes and series 3, 4 and 5 had 20. The reason offered for non-renewal was limited resources.[95]
Fan clubs[edit]
Two organisations dedicated to the programme were established in the 1990s. Archers Addicts was the official body, run by members of the cast. The club had five thousand members[96] and an online shop where Archers memorabilia was sold under licence. It closed as a club on 31 December 2013 but still has a Facebook page and Twitter feed. Archers Anarchists was formed some time later, objecting to the "castist" assumptions propagated by the BBC, and claiming that the characters are real.
The usenet newsgroup uk.media.radio.archers[97] (referred to as UMRA by its users, who call themselves umrats) has been running since 1995. Its users include experts on many subjects covered by the programme, such as campanology, many aspects of farming, the running of small businesses, etcetera, and lengthy discussions ensue - as well as light-hearted matters, and plot speculation. Various gatherings occur where umrats come together: the first were a series of about ten annual barbecues[98] in Reading [the first of which was attended by Carole Boyd (Lynda Snell)], but subsequently at various points around the world. The 'group has at times included participants from various parts of Europe and north and south America. It has nicknames for many of the main Archers characters, such as S'aint for Shula, and Hellen (it also has nicknames for most of its own regular participants)[99]. Due perhaps to usenet being initially more accessible in academia, the 'group has quite a high academic content, and discussions can thus be quite detailed, though UMRA considers itself to be a friendly and welcoming 'group, where in particular flamewars and the like are not welcome. Despite the general decline of usenet[100] with the advent of trendier media such as Facebook and Twitter, UMRA remains a very active newsgroup compared to many. Its one-time T-shirts[101] and mugs bore the legend (in yellow on "Barwick Green", of course) "An everyday story of internet folk."[102]
Overseas parallels[edit]
In 1994, the BBC World Service in Afghanistan began broadcasting Naway Kor, Naway Jwand ("New Home, New Life"), an everyday story of country folk incorporating pieces of useful information. Although the useful information was more likely to concern unexploded land mines and opium addiction than the latest modern farming techniques, the inspiration and model of Naway Kor, Naway Jwand was The Archers, and the initial workshopping with Afghan writers included an Archers scriptwriter.[103] A 1997 study found that listeners to the soap opera were significantly less likely to be injured by a mine than non-listeners.[104]
In Rwanda, the BBC World Service's Rwanda-Rundi service has been broadcasting the Archers-inspired soap opera Urunana ("Hand in Hand") since 1999.[105][106]
The Archers was also the model for the Russian radio soap opera Dom 7, Podyezd 4 ("House 7, Entrance 4"),[107] on which the former UK Prime Minister, Tony Blair, once made a cameo appearance.[108]
The Japanese NHK, offers a "morning drama" (asadora) that runs for 15 minutes from Monday to Saturday on television. This slot was established on radio in the early postwar era and moved to television in 1961. Each series lasts six months, i. e. approximately 150 episodes. All centre on a heroine, usually a young girl facing challenges (usually in Japanese traditional social ways) to realize her dream. Programmes have often been used as vehicles for discussion of matters of social concern, such as the foster-child system, and to celebrate the locales around Japan where the series are set.
Parodies[edit]
Tony Hancock created "The Bowmans"— a spoof-edition of the Archers—in an episode of the BBC television situation comedy programme Hancock, featuring a new cast which included Constance Chapman and Richard Carpenter.[109]
Ned Sherrin produced a short 1973 film called The Cobblers of Umbridge. The cast included Joan Sims, Lance Percival, Roy Kinnear, Derek Griffiths and John Fortune.[110]
John Finnemore's Souvenir Programme has parodied The Archers with its recurring "The Archers Accidentally" sketches;[111] the sketches claim to portray The Archers the way it sounds to people who only listen to the show inadvertently.
The radio series of Dead Ringers has frequently parodied characters from The Archers, including a special edition.
The subtitle was parodied by Bill Tidy in his long-running cartoon of The Cloggies, "an Everyday Saga in the Life of Clog Dancing Folk", which ran in the satirical magazine Private Eye, and later in The Listener.
Books and audiobooks[edit]
Reference works[edit]
Forever Ambridge — 25 Years of The Archers (1975) by Norman Painting ASIN B0012UT8XM
The Book of The Archers (1994) by Patricia Greene, Charles Collingwood and Hedli Niklaus ISBN 0-7181-3849-X
The Archers: The True Story (1996) by William Smethurst ISBN 1-85833-620-1
The Archers Encyclopaedia (2001) by Joanna Toye and Adrian Flynn ISBN 0-563-53718-3, published to coincide with the 50th anniversary of The Archers
Who's Who in The Archers 2008 by Keri Davies. ISBN 1-84607-326-X
Who's Who in The Archers 2011 by Graham Harvey. ISBN 978-1-849-90015-7
The Archers Miscellany (2010) by Joanna Toye. ISBN 978-1-84607-754-8
The Road to Ambridge (2010) by June Spencer. ISBN 978-1-907532-25-2
The Archers Archives (2010) by Simon Frith & Chris Arnot. ISBN 978-1-84990-013-3
Borsetshire Life (2011). The county magazine. ISBN 978-1-902685-14-4 see borsetshire-life
Novelisations[edit]
The Archers by Jock Gallagher
Ambridge Summer by Keith Miles (1975). ISBN 0-85523-065-7
The Archers: To The Victor The Spoils (1988). ISBN 0-563-20599-7
The Archers: Return to Ambridge (1988). ISBN 0-563-20606-3
The Archers: Borchester Echoes (1988). ISBN 0-563-20607-1
The Archers: Omnibus Edition (1988). ISBN 0-563-36001-1
The Ambridge Chronicles by Joanna Toye
The Archers 1951-1967: Family Ties (1998). ISBN 0-563-38397-6
The Archers 1968-1986: Looking For Love (1999). ISBN 0-563-55125-9
The Archers 1987-2000: Back to the Land (2000). ISBN 0-563-53701-9
The Archers 1951-1967: Family Ties (1998, audiobook, narrated by Miriam Margolyes). ISBN 0-563-55714-1
The Archers 1968-1986: Looking For Love (1999, audiobook, narrated by Stella Gonet). ISBN 0-563-55813-X
The Archers 1987-2000: Back to the Land (2000, audiobook, narrated by Stephanie Cole). ISBN 0-563-55818-0
In 1975, Tandem published a prequel novel about Ambridge in the early 1900s
Spring at Brookfield by Brian Hayles (1975). ISBN 978-0-426-16520-0
Published audio episodes[edit]
Vintage Archers
Vintage Archers: Volume 1 (1988). ISBN 0-563-22586-6
Vintage Archers: Volume 2 (1988). ISBN 0-563-22704-4
Vintage Archers: Volume 3 (1998). ISBN 0-563-55740-0 (contains several "lost episodes" which have been digitally restored)
The Archers: The Wedding Jack and Peggy tie the knot
Vintage Archers: Volumes 1-3 (2001). ISBN 0-563-38281-3
Ambridge Affairs
Ambridge Affairs: Love Triangles (2007). ISBN 1-4056-7733-3
Ambridge Affairs: Heartache at Home Farm (2007). ISBN 1-4056-8785-1
Maps[edit]
In addition to books and audiobooks, purported maps of Ambridge and Borsetshire have been published.[112][113]
Documentaries[edit]
An episode of Arena, broadcast on BBC Four on 1 January 2007, focused on The Archers. It was narrated by Stephen Fry and included interviews with current actors and scriptwriters.[114]
See also[edit]
List of longest-serving soap opera actors
List of radio soaps
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Donovan, Paul (1991), The Radio Companion. London: Grafton; p. 8.
^ Jump up to: a b "Meet The Archers' new editor, Huw Kennair-Jones". BBC. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "About The Archers". BBC. 31 December 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "History of the BBC". BBC. 24 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Adrian, Jack (9 October 2003). "Tony Shryane Obituary". The Independent on Sunday. London. Retrieved 6 January 2008. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "The Archers clocks up 55 years". BBC Press Office. 30 December 2005. Retrieved 6 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Midgley, Neil (5 August 2010). "The Archers hold record ratings". The Daily Telegraph. London.
Jump up ^ "The Ultimate Reference Guide to British Popular Culture". Oxford Royale. 23 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Martin, Nicole (20 August 2007). "The Archers online dwarfs Chris Moyles". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
Jump up ^ Wynne-Jones, Jonathan; Howie, Michael (17 April 2011). "Have they found the real Ambridge?". www.telegraph.co.uk. Telegraph Newspapers. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Compare Ambridge's The Bull Archived 2008-06-28 at the Wayback Machine. with Inkberrow's The Old Bull.
Jump up ^ "Transcript: Any Questions? 22 September 2006". BBC Radio 4. 22 September 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Compare Ambridge's St Stephen's with Hanbury's St Mary the Virgin.
Jump up ^ Loxley Barrett Primary School; goodschoolsguide.co.uk
Jump up ^ "22 September 2002". The Archers. BBC Radio 4.
Jump up ^ 19:00 (1970-01-01). "BBC Radio 4 - The Archers". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-09-12.
Jump up ^ "The Soil Association". The Times. London. 25 September 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Oxford Farming Conference". BBC Radio 4. 3 January 2008. Archived from the original on 28 June 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "27 June 2006". The Archers. BBC Radio 4.
^ Jump up to: a b "Princess Margaret Remembered". BBC Radio 4. 10 February 2002. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "10 February 2002". The Archers. BBC Radio 4.
Jump up ^ "12 September 2001". The Archers. BBC Radio 4.
Jump up ^ "11 July 2005". The Archers. BBC Radio 4.
Jump up ^ "22 February 2001". The Archers. BBC Radio 4.
Jump up ^ "23 February 2001". The Archers. BBC Radio 4.
Jump up ^ "27 February 2001". The Archers. BBC Radio 4.
Jump up ^ "1 March 2001". The Archers. BBC Radio 4.
Jump up ^ "Drama in a Crisis". BBC Radio 4. 2 March 2001. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Archers 2012-01-25". BBC Radio 4. 25 January 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/the-hottest-star-in-hollywood-ndash-who-owes-it-all-to-ambridge-2199000.html
Jump up ^ David Brindle "Young people log on for shared headspace", The Guardian, 9 February 2011
Jump up ^ Matthew Weaver "GP reveals his 30-year secret life as Archers character Robert Snell", The Guardian, 31st March 2017
Jump up ^ Chris Arnot, "The Archers at 60", The Guardian, 6 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Information and FAQs". The Archers. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Smethurst, William (1996), The Archers: The True Story. London: Michael O'Mara Books; p.24. ISBN 1-85479-689-5
Jump up ^ Norman Painting, Forever Ambridge (1975)
^ Jump up to: a b The Listener, 29 August 1985.
Jump up ^ Smethurst, William (1996), The Archers: The True Story. London: Michael O'Mara Books; pp. 75-76. ISBN 1-85479-689-5
Jump up ^ Smethurst (1996) The Archers, p. 144.
Jump up ^ Hendy, David (2007), Life On Air, A history of Radio Four Oxford University Press, p. 205. ISBN 978-0-19-924881-0
Jump up ^ Hendy, David (2007) Life On Air, p. 204.
Jump up ^ Hendy (2007), p. 204.
Jump up ^ Glenys Roberts, The Evening Standard, London; 17 March 1983.
Jump up ^ Hendy (2007), p, 207.
Jump up ^ Hendy (2007), p. 208.
Jump up ^ "BBC - The Archers Blog: Acting Archers editor". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Simon Edge. "EastEnders formula is failing in Ambridge". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "BBC - The Archers Blog: Is The Archers going to get 'darker and bigger? No". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Press Association 2014. "O'Connor takes Archers' top job". The Argus. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jeremy Howe announced as new editor of The Archers" (Press release). BBC. 2018-02-07. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
Jump up ^ "Podcasts". The Archers. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "26 May 1989". The Archers. Episode 10,000. BBC Radio 4.
Jump up ^ Smethurst (1996). "Dead Girls Tell No Tales". The Archers. p. 63. Even this presupposes that the BBC realized the impact that the 'death' would have — and all the evidence is that the BBC was totally taken by surprise.
Jump up ^ Smethurst (1996). "Dead Girls Tell No Tales". The Archers. p. 64. 'She was trying to get the actors to join a trade union,' he told the author of this book, in 1995, 'so I killed her off. Very few of the original actors were professionals. I'd taken them on because they were countrymen with natural country voices. But she was stirring them up and trying to get them to join the actors' union, and saying we should only employ union actors, which would have been fatal.'
^ Jump up to: a b "Voice of Phil Archer dies aged 85". BBC News. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Biographies: June Spencer OBE, The Archers". Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Davies, Keri (2007). Who's Who in The Archers, 2008. Reading: BBC Books. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-84607-326-7.
Jump up ^ "1 January 2008". The Archers. Episode 15,360. BBC Radio 4.
Jump up ^ "7 November 2006". The Archers. Episode 15,000. BBC Radio 4.
Jump up ^ "BBC Statement of Programme Policy for 2010/2011". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Stepney, Rob. Morbidity and Mortality in a Borsetshire Village. BMJ 2011, volume 343, p. 1287-1289. "A series of unfortunate events? Morbidity and mortality in a Borsetshire village". bmj.com. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nigel Pargetter - share your memories". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Archers editor on the 60th anniversary". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Peter Hitchens (2000), The Abolition of Britain, pp. 262–64, Quartet (revised edition).
Jump up ^ "7 June 2005". The Archers. BBC Radio 4.
Jump up ^ "11 August 2000". The Archers. BBC Radio 4.
Jump up ^ Mahoney, Elisabeth (16 April 2008). "Radio review: The Archers". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Archers loses 400,000 listeners amid controversy over sexed-up storylines". The Daily Telegraph. London. 2 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Salute to The Archers". Agriculture: The Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. 79: 43. 1972.
Jump up ^ "Peel's life away from music". BBC News. 26 October 2004. Retrieved 5 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "26 May 2003". The Archers. BBC Radio 4.
Jump up ^ "Chris Moyles braves The Bull". BBC Radio 4. 10 June 2004. Archived from the original on 14 March 2006. Retrieved 5 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "14 June 2004". The Archers. BBC Radio 4.
Jump up ^ "14 July 2004". The Archers. BBC Radio 4.
Jump up ^ "Introducing Ms Zandra Rhodes". Archers Addicts. 11 September 2006. Archived from the original on 3 December 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "22 September 2006". The Archers. BBC Radio 4.
Jump up ^ "2 January 2007". The Archers. BBC Radio 4.
Jump up ^ "7 February 2007". The Archers. BBC Radio 4.
Jump up ^ "From The Ashes to The Archers". BBC Press Office. 7 September 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "9 September 2007". The Archers. BBC Radio 4.
Jump up ^ Andrew French, "Morse author meets the Archers", Oxford Mail, 30 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Archers: Famous names on jury for Helen Titchener's trial - BBC News". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-09-12.
Jump up ^ Smethurst, William (1996), The Archers: The True Story. London: Michael O'Mara Books; p.20. ISBN 1-85479-689-5
Jump up ^ BBC Gramophone Library
Jump up ^ Lister, David (1 April 2004). "Tum-ti tum-ti tum-ti tum... kerrang. Ambridge in uproar over Eno's 'new-wave' theme tune". London: The Independent. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "New Archers Theme Tune". BBC Radio 4. 1 April 2004. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Billy Connelly: National Anthem - YouTube
Jump up ^ "Funny! 'The Archers' and 'Dance of the Knights'". YouTube. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
Jump up ^ M. Woollard; et al. (13 December 2009). "Effect of listening to Nellie the Elephant during CPR training on performance of chest compressions by lay people: randomised crossover trial". British Medical Journal. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Emine Saner (15 December 2009). "Cardiac arrest? Nellie the Elephant could save your life". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Disco Saves Lives: Give CPR to the The Beat of Bee Gees "Stayin' Alive"". Openculture.com. 2 September 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
Jump up ^ See 'doom music' in 'Archers phrases'[1]
Jump up ^ Seek 'doom music' in this:[2]
Jump up ^ Hyde, Marina (28 July 2012). "Olympic Games opening ceremony: irreverent and idiosyncratic". The Guardian. London.
Jump up ^ "BBC - Blogs - The Archers - Ambridge Extra on Radio 4 Extra". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Clive Aslet, et al "Why we love The Archers", Country Life, 7 May 2010.
Jump up ^ uk.media.radio.archers on Google Groups[3]
Jump up ^ UMRA 2000 barbecue[4]
Jump up ^ UMRA nicknames and related matters[5]
Jump up ^ discussion on the decline of usenetUsenet#Decline
Jump up ^ UMRA T-shirt, 2002[6]
Jump up ^ UMRA logo[7]
Jump up ^ Brockes, Emma (23 October 2001). "A long way from Ambridge". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 16 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Neil Andersson, Charles Whitaker, Aparna Swaminathan. Afghanistan: The 1997 National Mine Awareness Evaluation, CIET international 1998. "Executive summary". Accessed 17 November 2006.
Jump up ^ Uwamariya, Josephine Irene; Kalisa Narcisse. "Country life". Developments. Department for International Development. Archived from the original on 13 January 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Urunana Radio Soap — Rwanda". The Communication Initiative Network. 14 August 2003. Archived from the original on 19 January 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Connolly, Joan (22 October 2005). "Dom Syem, Podjezd Chetirie". Television Trust for the Environment. Archived from the original on 22 October 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Bailey, Jemimah (17 October 1997). "Broadcast: Tune in to the power of the viewing public". Brand Republic. Retrieved 5 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Bowmans", Hancock's Half Hour
Jump up ^ "The Cobblers of Umbridge (TV Movie 1973)". IMDb. 28 December 1973. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
Jump up ^ [8]
Jump up ^ Humphreys, John (1994-09-23). Archers Addicts Official Map of Ambridge. Old House Books. ISBN 1-873590-08-3.
Jump up ^ "Wallpaper". The Archers. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 6 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Emily (2006). "Arena: The Archers". BBC Four. Retrieved 5 January 2006.
Further reading[edit]
Sanderson, Ian (1998) The Archers Anarchists' A - Z. London: Boxtree ISBN 0-7522-2442-5 (the author founded the Archers Anarchists in 1995)
External links[edit]
Official website
The Archer Family Tree (unofficial)
Archers Appreciation Group via Facebook
Ambridge Addicts Group via Facebook
Archers Newsgroup via Google Groups
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text:
History of the New York Giants (baseball)
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For the history of the team from 1958 onward, see History of the San Francisco Giants. For information on the franchise in general, see San Francisco Giants. For the National Football League team, see New York Giants.
1948–57. The same logo was later used by the New York Mets.
New York Giants primary logo, 1947-1957
The New York Giants were the New York City–based incarnation of the present day San Francisco Giants prior to the team's relocation to San Francisco in 1958. The franchise was based in the New York metropolitan area from the team's inception in 1883 through the 1957 season. During most of its seasons in New York, the Giants played home games in the Polo Grounds in the Upper Manhattan region of New York City.
Numerous inductees of the Baseball Hall of Fame played for the New York Giants, including John McGraw, Mel Ott, Bill Terry, Willie Mays, Monte Irvin, and Travis Jackson. During the club's 75-season tenure in New York, it won five of the franchise's eight World Series wins and 17 of its 24 National League pennants. Famous moments in the Giants' New York history include the 1922 World Series, in which the Giants swept the Yankees in four games, the 1951 homerun known as the "Shot Heard 'Round the World", and the defensive feat by Willie Mays during the first game of the 1954 World Series known as "the Catch".
The Giants had intense rivalries with their fellow New York teams the New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers; games between any two of these three teams were known collectively as the Subway Series. The New York–Brooklyn rivalry carried over to the West Coast when the Dodgers relocated to Los Angeles at during the same year and continues today as a Los Angeles–San Francisco rivalry.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early days and the John McGraw era
2 1930–57: Five pennants in 28 seasons
2.1 1951: The "Shot Heard 'Round the World"
2.2 Mays's catch and the 1954 Series
2.3 New York Giants of the 1950s
2.4 1957: Move to California
3 References
Early days and the John McGraw era[edit]
1883 Gothams
1908–16, 1919–22, 1928–29
1923–27, 1930–31
The Giants began as the second baseball club founded by millionaire tobacconist John B. Day and veteran amateur baseball player Jim Mutrie. The Gothams, as the Giants were originally known, entered the National League seven years after its 1876 formation, in 1883, while their other club, the Metropolitans (the original New York Mets) played in the rival American Association (1882-1891). Nearly half of the original Gothams players were members of the disbanded Troy Trojans in upstate New York, whose place in the National League the Gothams inherited. While the Metropolitans were initially the more successful club, after they won the 1884 AA championship, Day and Mutrie began moving star players to the NL Gothams, whose fortunes improved while the Metropolitans' afterwards slumped.
It is said that after one particularly satisfying victory over the Philadelphia Phillies, Mutrie (who was also the team's manager) stormed into the dressing room and exclaimed, "My big fellows! My giants!"[1] From then on (1885), the club was known as the Giants.
The team won its first National League pennant in 1888, as well as a victory over the St. Louis Browns in an early incarnation of the pre-modern-era World Series. They repeated as champions the next year with a pennant and world championship victory over the Brooklyn Bridegrooms.
The Giants' original home stadium, the Polo Grounds, also dates from this early era. It was originally located north of Central Park adjacent to Fifth and Sixth Avenues and 110th and 112th Streets, in Harlem in upper Manhattan. After their eviction from that first incarnation of the Polo Grounds after the 1888 season, they moved further uptown to various fields which they also named the "Polo Grounds" located between 155th and 159th Streets in Harlem and Washington Heights, playing in the Washington Heights located famous Polo Grounds until the end of the 1957 season, when they moved to San Francisco.
The Giants were a powerhouse in the late 1880s, winning their first two National League Pennants and World Championships in 1888 & 1889. But nearly all of the Giants' stars jumped to the upstart newly-organized rival loop, the Players' League, whose New York franchise was also named the Giants, in 1890. The new team even built a stadium next door to the NL Polo Grounds. With a decimated roster, the NL Giants finished a distant sixth. Attendance took a nosedive, and the financial strain affected Day's tobacco business as well. The Players' League dissolved after the single season, and Day sold a minority interest in his NL Giants to the defunct PL Giants' principal backer, Edward Talcott. As a condition of the sale, Day had to fire Mutrie as manager. Although the Giants rebounded to third place in 1891, Day was forced to sell a controlling interest to Talcott at the end of the '91 season.
Four years later, Talcott sold the Giants to Andrew Freedman, a real estate developer with ties to the Tammany Hall political machine/of the city/state Democratic Party running New York City. Freedman was one of the most detested owners in baseball history, getting into heated disputes with other owners, writers and his own players, most famously with star pitcher Amos Rusie, author of the first Giants no-hitter. When Freedman offered Rusie only $2,500 for 1896, the disgruntled hurler sat out the entire season. Attendance fell off throughout the league without Rusie, prompting the other owners to chip in $50,000 to get him to return for 1897. Freedman even hired former owner Day as manager for part of the 1899 season.
In 1902, after a series of disastrous moves that left the Giants 53½ games behind the front-runner, Freedman signed John McGraw as player-manager, convincing him to jump in mid-season from the Baltimore Orioles (1901-1902) of the fledgling American League and bring with him several of his teammates. McGraw went on to manage the Giants for three decades until 1932, one of the longest and most successful tenures in professional sports. Hiring "Mr. McGraw," as his players referred to him, was one of Freedman's last significant moves as owner of the Giants, since after that 1902 season he was forced to sell his interest in the club to John T. Brush. McGraw went on to manage the Giants to nine National League pennants (in 1904-1905, 1911–1913, 1914) and three World Series championships (in 1905 & 1921-1922), with a tenth pennant and fourth world championship as Giants owner in 1933 under his handpicked player-manager successor, Bill Terry.
The Giants already had their share of stars beginning in the 1880s & 1890s, such as "Smiling" Mickey Welch, Roger Connor, Tim Keefe, Jim O'Rourke and John Montgomery Ward, the player-lawyer who formed the renegade Players' League in 1890 to protest unfair player contracts. McGraw, a veteran of the infamous 1890s Baltimore Orioles, in his three decades managing the Giants, cultivated a new crop of baseball heroes with names like Christy Mathewson, "Iron Man" Joe McGinnity, Jim Thorpe, Red Ames, Casey Stengel, Art Nehf, Edd Roush, Rogers Hornsby, Bill Terry and Mel Ott.
The Giants under McGraw famously snubbed their first modern World Series chance in 1904, established as the price of peace with the rival Americans, first played the year before, by refusing the invitation to play the reigning world champion Boston Americans (now known as the Boston Red Sox) because McGraw considered the newly established American League of 1901, as little more than a minor league and disliked its firebrand president, Ban Johnson. He also resented his Giants' new intra-city rival New York Highlanders, (from the old relocated charter AL franchise Baltimore Orioles), who almost won the pennant but lost to Boston on the last day, and stuck by his refusal to play whoever won the 1904 AL pennant. Of note, McGraw had managed the relocated Highlanders franchise in their first two seasons (1901–1902), when they were playing in Baltimore.
The ensuing criticism resulted in Brush's taking the lead to formalize the rules and format of the World Series. The Giants won the 1905 World Series over Connie Mack's Philadelphia Athletics, with Christy Mathewson nearly winning the series single-handedly with a still-standing record three complete-game shutouts and 27 consecutive scoreless innings in that one World Series, a feat unlikely ever to be duplicated.
The Giants then had several frustrating years. In 1908, they finished in a tie with the Chicago Cubs due to a late-season home tie game with the Cubs resulting from the Fred Merkle baserunning "boner". They lost the postseason replay of the tie game (ordered by NL president Harry Pulliam) to the Cubs (after disgruntled Giants fans had set fire to the stands the morning of the game), who would go on to win their second (consecutive, and their last for the next 108 years!!) World Series. That post-season game was further darkened by a story that someone on the Giants had attempted to bribe umpire Bill Klem. This could have been a disastrous scandal for baseball, but because Klem was honest and the Giants lost the duel between Christy Mathewson and Mordecai "Three-Fingered" Brown 4–2, it faded over time.
The Giants experienced a mixture of success and hard luck in the early 1910s, losing three straight World Series in 1911–1913 to the A's, Red Sox and A's again (two seasons later, both the Giants and the A's, decimated by the short-lived rival third loop, the Federal League of 1914-1915, with the "jumping ship" signings of many of their stars, finished in eighth [last] place). After losing the 1917 Series to the Chicago White Sox (the last "Chisox Series" win until 2005), the Giants played in four straight World Series in the early 1920s, winning the first two over their Polo Grounds fellow tenants, the Yankees (after winning the first two of their many pennants, led by their new young slugger and former Red Sox and Orioles pitcher George Herman "Babe" Ruth), then losing to the Yankees in 1923 after old Yankee Stadium had opened that May. They also lost in 1924, when the Washington Senators won their only World Series while in D.C. (prior to their move to Minneapolis - St. Paul as the Minnesota Twins before the 1961 season and their later 1987 & 1991 Series wins there).
1930–57: Five pennants in 28 seasons[edit]
McGraw handed over the team to Bill Terry after the 1932 season, and Terry played for and managed the Giants for ten years, winning three pennants, defeating the Senators in the 1933 World Series but swept by the Yankees in consecutive fall classics, 1936 and 1937. Aside from Terry himself, the other stars of the era were slugger Mel Ott and southpaw hurler Carl Hubbell. Known as "King Carl" and "The Meal Ticket", Hubbell gained fame in the first two innings of the 1934 All-Star Game (played at the Polo Grounds) by striking out five future AL Hall of Famers in a row: Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Jimmie Foxx, Al Simmons and Joe Cronin.
Ott succeeded Terry as manager in 1942, but the war years proved to be difficult for the Giants. Midway during the 1948 season Brooklyn Dodgers Leo Durocher left as Dodgers skipper to manage the Giants, not without controversy. Not only was such a midseason managerial switch unprecedented, but Durocher had been accused of gambling in 1947 and subsequently suspended for that whole season by Baseball Commissioner Albert "Happy" Chandler. Durocher's ensuing eight full seasons managing the Giants proved some of the most memorable for their fans, particularly because of the arrival of five-tool superstar Willie Mays, their two pennants in 1951 & 1954, their unexpected sweep of the powerful (111-43) Cleveland Indians in the 1954 World Series and arguably the two most famous plays in Giants history.
1951: The "Shot Heard 'Round the World"[edit]
Main article: Shot Heard 'Round the World (baseball)
The "Shot Heard 'Round the World," or Bobby Thomson's come-from-behind ninth-inning walk-off home run that won the National League pennant for the Giants over their bitter rivals, the Brooklyn Dodgers, in the deciding game of a three-game playoff series ending one of baseball's most memorable pennant races. The Giants had been 13 1/2 games behind the league-leading Dodgers in August, but under Durocher's guidance and with a 16-game winning streak, got hot and caught the Dodgers to tie for the lead on the next-to-last day of the season.
Mays's catch and the 1954 Series[edit]
Main article: The Catch (baseball)
In Game 1 of the 1954 World Series at the Polo Grounds against the Cleveland Indians, Willie Mays made "The Catch," a dramatic over-the-shoulder catch of a fly ball by Vic Wertz after sprinting with his back to the plate on a dead run to deepest center field. At the time the game was tied 2–2 in the eighth inning, with men on first and second and nobody out. Mays caught the ball 450 ft (140 m) from the plate, whirled and threw the ball to the infield, keeping the lead runner, Larry Doby, from scoring. Although Doby took third after the catch, he was stranded there and the Giants won on Dusty Rhodes' tenth-inning pinch-hit walk-off home run with two aboard, 5-2.
The underdog Giants went on to sweep the series in four straight, despite the Indians' American League 111-43 regular season. The 1954 World Series title would be their last appearance in the World Series as the New York Giants, with the team moving to San Francisco to start the 1958 season.
New York Giants of the 1950s[edit]
In addition to Bobby Thomson and Willie Mays, other memorable New York Giants of the 1950s include Hall of Fame manager Leo Durocher, coach Herman Franks, Hall of Fame outfielder Monte Irvin, outfielder and runner-up for the 1954 NL batting championship (won by Willie Mays) Don Mueller, Hall of Fame knuckleball relief pitcher Hoyt Wilhelm, starting pitchers Larry Jansen, Sal Maglie, Jim Hearn, Marv Grissom, Dave Koslo, Don Liddle, Max Lanier, Rubén Gómez, Al Worthington, and Johnny Antonelli, catcher Wes Westrum, catchers Ray Katt and Sal Yvars, shortstop Alvin Dark, third baseman Hank Thompson, first baseman Whitey Lockman, second basemen Davey Williams and Eddie Stanky, outfielder-pitcher Clint Hartung and utility men Johnny Mize, Bill Rigney, Daryl Spencer, Bobby Hofman, Joey Amalfitano, Tookie Gilbert, and 1954 Series hero Dusty Rhodes, among others. In the late 1950s and after the move to San Francisco two Hall of Fame first basemen, Orlando Cepeda and Willie McCovey, joined the team.
1957: Move to California[edit]
The Giants' final three years in New York City were unmemorable. They stumbled to third place the year after their World Series win, and attendance fell off precipitously. While seeking a new stadium to replace the crumbling Polo Grounds, the Giants began to contemplate a move from New York, initially considering Metropolitan Stadium in Bloomington, Minnesota, which was home to their top farm team, the Minneapolis Millers. Under the rules of the time, the Giants' ownership of the Millers gave them priority rights to a major league team in the area (the Washington Senators wound up there as the Minnesota Twins in 1961).
At this time, the Giants were approached by San Francisco mayor George Christopher. Despite objections from shareholders such as Joan Whitney Payson, majority owner Horace Stoneham entered into negotiations with San Francisco officials around the same time the Dodgers' owner Walter O'Malley was courting the city of Los Angeles. O'Malley had been told that the Dodgers would not be allowed to move to Los Angeles unless a second team moved to California as well. He pushed Stoneham toward relocation, and so in the summer of 1957 both the Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers announced their moves to California, ending the three-team golden age of baseball in New York City.
New York would remain a one-team town with the New York Yankees until 1962, when Joan Payson founded the New York Mets and brought National League baseball back to the city (as part of MLB's first wave of expansion). Owners Payson and M. Donald Grant, who became the Mets' chairman, had been the only Giants board members to vote against the Giants' move to California. The "NY" script on the Giants' caps and the orange trim on their uniforms, along with the blue background used by the Dodgers, would be adopted by the Mets, honoring their New York NL forebears with a blend of Giants orange and Dodgers blue.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Jim Mutrie". nyhistory.org. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
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