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Stefan Salvatore
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Stefan Salvatore
The Vampire Diaries character
First appearance
"Pilot"
Last appearance
"I Was Feeling Epic"
Created by
L. J. Smith (book series)
Julie Plec
Kevin Williamson (television series)
Portrayed by
Paul Wesley
Sawyer Bell (10 years old)
Luke Judy (Little Kid)
Information
Species
Vampire (Seasons 1-8)
Human (Season 8)
Doppelgänger (Season 5-6)
Gender
Male
Occupation
High school student (Seasons 1-4)
Automobile repairman (Season 6)
Family
Giuseppe Salvatore (father)
Lillian (Lily) Salvatore (mother)
Damon Salvatore (brother)
Caroline Forbes-Salvatore (wife)
Zach Salvatore (nephew)
Silas (ancestor)
Tom Avery (doppelgänger of)
Significant other(s)
Katherine Pierce (ex-girlfriend)
Valerie Tulle (ex-girlfriend)
Rebekah Mikaelson (few encounters)
Elena Gilbert (ex- girlfriend/friend)
Caroline Forbes (wife)
Relatives
Silas (Doppelgänger of)
Sarah Salvatore (great-niece)
Nationality
American
Status
Deceased
Stefan Salvatore is a fictional character from L. J. Smith's novel series The Vampire Diaries. He is portrayed by Paul Wesley in the television series of the same name. Born on November 5, 1846, Stefan was turned into a vampire in 1864, at the age of 17, by Katherine Pierce, with his brother Damon Salvatore.
Contents
[hide]
1 Casting and reception
2 Development
2.1 Characterization
2.2 Relationships
2.3 Blood addiction
3 Television series
3.1 Backstory
3.2 Storyline
3.2.1 Season 1-3
3.2.2 Season 4
3.2.3 Season 5
3.2.4 Season 6
4 References
5 External links
Casting and reception[edit]
On March 27, 2009, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Paul Wesley had joined the cast of The Vampire Diaries as Stefan.[1] He was the last main cast member whose casting was announced.[1] Wesley has become popular with viewers. Carina MacKenzie of the Los Angeles Times noted that he spent "10 years as a successful but under-the-radar TV actor" but shortly after the show premiered, he was "everywhere". MacKenzie wrote: "Last summer his face was on more than 30 "Vampire Diaries" posters at the Century City/Westfield mall alone, not to mention billboards over seemingly every major boulevard in Hollywood".[2] In November 2011, Wesley's ex-wife Torrey DeVitto joined the cast of The Vampire Diaries in the recurring role of Dr. Meredith Fell, who is "intrigued by" Alaric Saltzman (Matt Davis).[3][4]
Development[edit]
Characterization[edit]
Stefan was described as a "beautiful young man" who turns out to be a Vampire 162 years old, who develops a "strong connection" with "tragic heroine" Elena Gilbert (Nina Dobrev).[1] Wesley described the young Stefan as "naive and willing to ride whatever wave life threw" him, because he was "easily manipulated" and "innocent" with a "beautiful young soul". However, Stefan at the age of 160 years has more wisdom in him.[2] Stefan consumes animal blood, refusing to kill humans due to the guilt that he killed his own father. However, Damon on the other hand, does feed on humans.[5]
Relationships[edit]
Stefan has a love-hate relationship with his brother, Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder). Wesley "adores" Somerhalder, who he said he has "natural chemistry" with. Wesley stated: "The dynamic of the characters is so interesting because they love each other, but they hate each other [...] There's always this thing in Stefan's head where he hopes that one day Damon can just be as normal and functioning as possible".[2] However, he also described their relationship as "beautiful" in their flashbacks from the past, because they "loved each other so much back then".[2] Stefan begins a romance with Elena on the show's first episode, without telling her he was a vampire.[6] She was later shocked to find out that he was a vampire, and briefly ended their relationship before getting back together.[7] As the show progressed, Elena began developing feelings for Damon as well. Wesley described Damon and Stefan as having a "silent understanding of the fact that they both are in love with the same girl", and "that was Stefan's girl, and now Damon is suddenly a real factor, he's really in the picture".[8] Wesley's favorite episode of The Vampire Diaries is "The Turning Point" because it was "really beautiful" for Stefan and Elena as a couple.[2] In the episode, Stefan turns around "because he's ashamed of his face" with blood rushing through his eyes and his veins popping out. Wesley said "he's terrified, and he hates himself for it. He runs from that part of himself, but she turns him around and tells him not to be afraid. She touches his face, and she thinks he's beautiful. It's so intimate, that moment, because she accepts the darkest part of him."[2]
Wesley with Nina Dobrev (Elena) and Ian Somerhalder (Damon).
When the original vampire Klaus Mikaelson (Joseph Morgan) is feared dead, it is revealed that everyone in his bloodline will die, including Stefan and Damon. In what International Business Times called "the moment Vampire Diaries fans have been waiting for", Elena had to pick to say goodbye to Stefan or Damon. She ended up choosing Stefan.[9] When Elena became a vampire, her feelings for Damon heightened, and it was later revealed that she had a sired bond to him.[10] Elena and Stefan broke up, and she began a romance with Damon. Stefan became heartbroken, feeling angry and betrayed, and lashed out at Damon and Elena.[11] Wesley urged fans of Stefan and Elena not to lose hope, stating: "The fans should definitely maintain some hope. The thing to remember is that Stefan and Elena have this love that is so strong, and it was sort of the core of Season 1 — you can’t entirely disregard that".[12] The show's head writer, Julie Plec, said "They love each other as deeply as two people can love each other, but that doesn’t mean that their relationship is infallible".[13]
Blood addiction[edit]
In 1864, Stefan "hadn't yet learned the careful control that rules his life now" and was an avid consumer of human blood, which was considered a "dark past" by Zap2it. Of his blood addiction, Wesley said: "It's awesome. It's a drug. He's a drug addict. I get to play a drug addict, which I love. I'm going back to his days of usage, heavy usage. When I'm in my lustful state, it's so much fun. I felt like I got to play a role that I'd never played before. I felt like I was doing something different. I just love it, and I hope it comes out the way that I envisioned."[14] The show's executive producer Kevin Williamson revealed that he was "looking forward to Stefan eventually falling off the wagon and drinking human blood again" after spending decades of consuming only animal blood. Wesley said "everybody has a dark side, especially a vampire, and it'd be unrealistic not to explore that".[2] Stefan became addicted to human blood again, but got it under control with the help of Elena, who began letting him feed off her in small amounts to build up discipline.[14]
However, in the show's third season, Stefan's addiction returned. His humanity was taken away by Klaus, and the audience met "The Ripper", his "bloodthirsty, ruthless alter-ego who had previously only been legend" according to Zap2it, who found "this sociopath version of our hero far more compelling than his usual compassionate martyr self".[8] Wesley, who enjoyed "Ripper Stefan" more, said it "bums me out" when Stefan quit human blood again. He said "Good Stefan doesn't feel as natural in terms of what I want to be doing on screen, and what I want to be saying. I feel a little stifled, myself, whenever he's resisting the urge to do vampiresque things."[8]
Television series[edit]
Backstory[edit]
Stefan Salvatore was born on November 1, 1847 and raised in Mystic Falls, Virginia to Giuseppe Salvatore and Lily Salvatore. Stefan is the younger brother of Damon. When Stefan and Damon were human, they were very close and were best friends in life. Damon always confided and trusted in Stefan and they always defended each other, especially to their father, and was fiercely loyal to him. However, this all seemed to change when Stefan and Damon fell in love with the same girl, Katherine Pierce, who turned out to be a vampire. Stefan fell deeply in love with Katherine before finding out she was a vampire. Katherine, however, compelled Stefan to not be afraid, also to keep her secret and go on as they were. It was also revealed that Katherine compelled Stefan to drink her vampire blood against his will. Damon, on the other hand, drank Katherine's blood willingly, wanting and desiring the immortal life in order to spend an eternity with Katherine. In 1864, Stefan was turned into a vampire after being shot by his father, Giuseppe, along with his brother, Damon with Katherine's blood in his system, before accidentally killing his father during a visit to tell him that he was going to let himself die. Damon, who turned into a vampire as well, promised Stefan an eternity of misery as he was angry that Stefan had forced him to turn and jealous that Katherine had also turned Stefan. A newborn vampire with uncontrollable blood lust, Stefan was unable to resist the temptations of human blood and became severely out of control and addicted (later on known as the Ripper) to the blood, killing many people because of his lack of control and extreme bloodlust. However, Stefan learned to change his ways when he was taught to control it by a vampire named Alexia "Lexi" Branson, who later on became Stefan's best friend and companion. In 1942, Stefan enlisted in the Army to fight in World War II (4x08 "We'll Always Have Bourbon Street"). After decades of absence from the town he called home, Stefan returned to Mystic Falls to visit his home and Zach. On May 23, 2009, Stefan heard the Gilbert's car accident at Wickery Bridge. It was then and there that Stefan fatefully encountered Elena Gilbert for the first time. After only being able to save Elena, Stefan noticed that she looked exactly like Katherine.
Storyline[edit]
Season 1-3[edit]
Stefan and Elena begin a relationship and he revealed to her that he is a vampire. However, Damon returns to Mystic Falls, too, and also falls in love with Elena. Further on in the series, Damon and Stefan start to bond as brothers again and it becomes apparent that they do love each other. Because of his addiction to human blood, Stefan only drank animal blood in the beginning of the series, which made him weaker than other vampires. In season two, Stefan starts to take small amounts of Elena's blood each day to mitigate its effect on him and to increase his strength. When Katherine returns it is discovered that she had always loved Stefan and not Damon; however, Stefan is in love with Elena and not interested in Katherine. Stefan starts to build a friendship with Caroline Forbes after she is turned into a vampire. After Klaus gives Stefan his blood to save Damon from a werewolf bite, he turns Stefan into a Ripper again.
Stefan starts working for him as he agreed to do to save Damon, and hopes it might also protect Elena by making sure Klaus never returns to Mystic Falls, since he believes her to be dead. Klaus later finds out and compels Stefan to kill her, but when he is able to resist the compulsion, Klaus makes him turn his humanity and emotions off. However, he is later able to get his humanity back, which is seen when he saves Klaus's life to protect Damon, but yet he pretends not to care about Elena anymore. He then takes it upon himself to kill Klaus. He steals Klaus's family as retaliation, and uses them as blackmail, when that fails (the witches give Klaus the coffins when he threatens to end the Bennett line), Stefan threatens to drive Elena off Wickery Bridge with vampire blood in her system if Klaus doesn't get his hybrids out of town, Klaus agrees at the last minute. He and Elena get into a fight. In the season three finale, he kisses Elena. In the end, Elena chooses Stefan over Damon, but when Rebekah causes Matt's truck to drive off Wickery Bridge, she is trapped underwater. Stefan barely gets there in time, but Elena makes him save Matt first and she drowns. It is later revealed Dr. Fell gave Elena vampire blood, meaning she died with vampire blood in her system. Then she became a vampire.
Season 4[edit]
In the season four premiere, Stefan tries to get Bonnie to save her from becoming a full vampire, however, she along with several other vampires are captured by the Founder's Council. As Elena begins to die and out of desperation to keep Elena alive, Stefan kills a guard and uses his blood to allow Elena to feed and to complete her transition into a vampire. Stefan gives Elena a daylight ring, which was made by Bonnie, in order to protect Elena from the sun. Stefan tries to assure Elena that everything will be okay and that they'll take Elena's newborn vampirism one day at a time. During the second episode of season 4, Stefan tries to help Elena cope with her hunger for human blood. After his "bunny diet" disagrees with Elena stomach she seeks help from Damon to find an alternative blood source. When blood bags and Damon's own blood fails too, she ends up feeding on Matt under extreme circumstances. Stefan then discovers from Klaus and Rebekah that there is a possible cure for vampirism. Stefan "teams" up with Klaus in order to find the possible cure, so that Stefan can give Elena the choice of becoming human again.
Unfortunately, Klaus needs the vampire hunter Connor to stay alive because he holds the map to the cure in his tattoo, and Stefan must keep him alive at all costs when everyone else wants him dead. When Connor kidnaps Jeremy, April, and Matt, and keeps them hostage at the Grill, Stefan must stop Damon from rashly walking in and killing his chance at curing Elena. After tranquilizing Damon with vervain and taking his daylight ring, Stefan tries to take matters into his own hands and infiltrates the Grille by himself. With Jeremy at gunpoint, Elena comes in and takes Connor by surprise. Stefan manages to get Connor out, but Elena later kills him and is consumed with grief at being a murderer.
When Elena begins to hallucinate because of Connor's death, Klaus informs Stefan and Damon that she must be locked away to keep from killing herself, and kidnaps her before they can say no. Later, Stefan works with one of Klaus's hybrids, Chris, to free Elena who stabs him in the neck and runs away. Stefan sends Damon to find her and goes with Bonnie to see if the Professor Shane knows how to end the hallucinations. He informs them that a potential hunter must kill a vampire so he may take the place of that dead hunter, which is virtually impossible. Luckily, Stefan realizes that Jeremy is a potential hunter, and tells him that to save his sister, he must kill a vampire. Jeremy kills the hybrid Chris who originally helped them free Elena, and in turn her hallucinations end, and she is safe, but only barely.
Later then, Stefan breaks up with Elena because of her feelings for Damon. Stefan goes to Caroline for support since she loathes Damon, and they become closer. During the Miss Mystic Falls Pageant, Stefan Turns a criminal in the hospital and convinces Jeremy to kill him to make the hunter's mark on his arm grow. Afterward, Jeremy becomes anti-vampire and attempts to kill Elena. Stefan is there and saves her, but has to apologize for making him crazy. Elena tries to tell him that she doesn't need the cure if it means it hurts Jeremy.
That night Elena comes to stay at the Salvatore house, and Stefan leaves to crash at Caroline's. While there, he and Caroline realize that Elena is sired to Damon. When Stefan informs Damon of this, they go to New Orleans to find the witch that broke a sire bond years ago that Damon had. Stefan and Damon find that in order to break the bond, Damon has to convince Elena not to care about him, and leave her, which Damon agrees to do for Stefan. Post Jeremy's death, Damon convinces Elena to switch off her humanity leading to her becoming brutal and ruthless. Stefan and Damon try constantly to make her feel something again. Later after Elena's humanity comes back, she chooses Damon, leaving Stefan heartbroken. Then Stefan tries to dump Silas body in the river only to find that Silas is still alive. Silas then reveals that Stefan is his doppelganger. Silas was the one who created the immortality spell 2000 years ago however, as nature creates a balance for everything, it created a version of Silas that could be killed, a shadow-self which ends up being Stefan. Silas then locks Stefan into a vault and drowns him in the river. This incident tempts Stefan to turn his humanity off in order to escape. Stefan happens to be in the safe for 3 months where he keeps on hallucinating.
Season 5[edit]
In season 5, Damon and Elena manage to figure out that Silas has taken Stefan's place and that Stefan is in that safe. When they go to rescue him, Stefan isn't there. Instead, a very powerful witch (Qyetsiyah) had opened the safe for him and fried his brain due to which he suffers from amnesia. Qyetsiyah (or Tessa) loved Silas but on the day of their marriage, he cheated on her and took the immortality spell for the women he actually loved, Amara, the original doppelgänger of Elena. Stefan returns to his old ways but when he saves Elena from Tessa, she wants revenge so he gives Stefan his memories back which gives Stefan Hallucinations of the safe. Caroline tries to help him but when that doesn't work, Katherine comes back in the picture and manages to cure Stefan but they have a one-night stand, which leads Katherine to believe that Stefan still loves her, however he rejects her. Later on, Katherine takes over Elena's body and breaks up with Damon so that she can get Stefan. After trying to woo him and failing, Stefan realises that Katherine is pretending to be Elena and Elena is with Nadia, Katherine's daughter. They rescue her somehow by killing Katherine and sending her to some sort of hell. Then Stefan volunteers himself to the travellers to give his blood as they needed doppelganger blood. Caroline and Enzo try to find and kill Tom Avery, Stefan's last doppelganger in order to save Stefan and they succeed due to which Stefan and Caroline grow even closer. Near the end of the season, Stefan and Elena keep seeing dreams of the two being together and of them as humans. They work out that the travellers planted those dreams there as it was always meant to be Stefan and Elena not Damon and Elena. Through the fight, Stefan and Elena are kidnapped by the travellers as they need their blood to finish their spell. However, Enzo and Caroline save them by killing Tom Avery, Stefan's doppelgänger. In 5x21, Stefan tries to save Caroline's life from Tyler (while a passenger, Julian, is in his body), during which Tyler kills him, sending him to the disintegrating Other Side. In the episode 'Home' he is Resseructed because Liv did a spell due to which he and his other friends can get back but Damon and Bonnie are left there leaving everyone broken.
Season 6[edit]
In season 6, Stefan moves away from Mystic Falls because of Damon's death and finds a new girlfriend called Ivy. However, Enzo and Caroline, find him and Caroline tells Stefan that he's a coward and the worst friend ever. She starts crying so Enzo goes and kills Ivy. Stefan vows revenge. He comes back to Whitmore, and uses Elena's help to find Enzo leaving him to be killed by a vampire hunter. However, Enzo survives. Ivy returns as a vampire and it is revealed that Enzo had fed her vampire blood against her will before killing her. Damon, then returns to Mystic Falls and meets Stefan first which brings Stefan back to his friends. To make things worse, Enzo tells the other vampire hunter about Ivy and all the other vampires and the vampire hunter kills Ivy but is killed by Damon before the vampire hunter would kill anyone else. Enzo, figures out that Stefan's niece, Sarah is alive and that Damon had thought that he had killed Sarah before she was born but Sarah was born before her mother died however, Stefan kept this from Damon and Enzo uses this against Stefan. Meanwhile, the vampires have another threat, a psycho killer, Kai. Added on top of that, Sheriff Liz Forbes (Caroline's mother) is diagnosed with cancer. Stefan supports Caroline through this in which they bond even more and share a passionate kiss however just then Liz dies. At the funeral, Stefan realises that he has fallen in love with Caroline but before he can confess, Caroline switches off her humanity switch after the funeral. Stefan and Elena try to bring Caroline back but it fails and Caroline vows revenge for them not giving her the year she wanted without any feelings. She kidnaps Stefan and Damon's niece, Sarah Salvatore, and blackmails Stefan to turn off his humanity to save her. At the end of the episode 'The Downward Spiral', he does and joins Caroline. Stefan decides to ruin Caroline's life because she has done the same to him. He wants her to lose control and become a Ripper. He eventually is able to and they sleep together for the first time. When Lily, Stefan and Damon's mother, is rescued from the 1903 prison world and turns out to be a vampire, she manages to turn on Stefan's humanity again. However, it later is revealed that Lily lied to get him back and doesn't love her sons any more and only wants her travelling companions back. Stefan then pretends to still have his emotions off to get Caroline back and somehow succeeds, but Caroline tries to avoid him as she feels guilty for everything she had done. Stefan then also tries to talk Damon out of being a human again only to be with Elena but Damon decides to take the cure.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Andreeva, Nellie (27 March 2009). "The CW's final beast is risen". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g MacKenzie, Carina (28 January 2010). "Paul Wesley on his 'Vampire Diaries' character's addiction and more". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (9 November 2011). "'The Vampire Diaries': 'Pretty Little Liars' Torrey DeVitto Joins Cast as Recurring Character (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Bricker, Tierney (9 November 2011). "Vampire Diaries Awkward Alert: Paul Wesley's Wife to Seduce Another Man!". E! Online, Entertainment Television, LLC. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Barbie Kligman, Andrew Chambliss (writers), David Von Ancken (director) (15 April 2010). "The Vampire Diaries episode 18". The Vampire Diaries. Series 1. Episode 18. The CW.
Jump up ^ Kevin Williamson, Julie Plec (writers), Marcos Siega (director) (10 September 2009). "The Vampire Diaries episode 01". The Vampire Diaries. Series 1. Episode 1. The CW.
Jump up ^ Sean Reycraft, Gabrielle Stanton (writers), Kevin Bray (director) (8 October 2009). "The Vampire Diaries episode 05". The Vampire Diaries. Series 1. Episode 5. The CW.
^ Jump up to: a b c MacKenzie, Carina (14 March 2012). "'Vampire Diaries' star Paul Wesley tells us why it's so good to be bad -- and spills on Stefan's response to Damon/Elena". Tribune Media Services. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Remling, Amanda (10 May 2012). "Vampire Diaries? Season 3 Finale: Elena Turns Into A Vampire, Chooses Stefan Before She Dies". International Business Times, Etienne Uzac. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Ng, Philiana (5 October 2012). "'Vampire Diaries' Boss Previews Elena's Dilemmas, Dueling Salvatores and a 'Lonely' Damon". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Gelman, Vlada (28 December 2012). "Vampire Diaries Boss on Stefan's Anger, Jeremy's Killer Urges and Caroline and Tyler's Future". TVLine, PMC. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Gelman, Vlada (21 March 2012). "The Vampire Diaries' Paul Wesley Reveals Why Stefan/Elena Fans Shouldn't Lose Hope". TVLine, PMC. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Gelman, Vlada (11 October 2012). "Post Mortem: Vampire Diaries Boss on Explosive Premiere Cliffhanger, Klaus' New Role and More!". TVLine, PMC. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b MacKenzie, Carina (26 January 2011). "'The Vampire Diaries': Paul Wesley reveals Stefan's 'lustful' side". Zap2it. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
External links[edit]
Stefan Salvatore on IMDb
[hide]
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The Vampire Diaries
Episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
"The Night of the Comet"
"Friday Night Bites"
"Family Ties"
"You're Undead to Me"
"Lost Girls"
"Haunted"
"162 Candles"
"History Repeating"
"The Turning Point"
"Bloodlines"
"Unpleasantville"
"Children of the Damned"
"Fool Me Once"
"A Few Good Men"
"There Goes the Neighborhood"
"Let the Right One In"
"Under Control"
"Miss Mystic Falls"
"Blood Brothers"
"Isobel"
"Founder's Day"
Season 2
"The Return"
"Brave New World"
"Bad Moon Rising"
"Memory Lane"
"Kill or Be Killed"
"Plan B"
"Masquerade"
"Rose"
"Katerina"
"The Sacrifice"
"By the Light of the Moon"
"The Descent"
"Daddy Issues"
"Crying Wolf"
"The Dinner Party"
"The House Guest"
"Know Thy Enemy"
"The Last Dance"
"Klaus"
"The Last Day"
"The Sun Also Rises"
"As I Lay Dying"
Season 3
"The Birthday"
"The Hybrid"
"The End of the Affair"
"Disturbing Behavior"
"The Reckoning"
"Smells Like Teen Spirit"
"Ghost World"
"Ordinary People"
"Homecoming"
"The New Deal"
"Our Town"
"The Ties That Bind"
"Bringing Out the Dead"
"Dangerous Liaisons"
"All My Children"
"The Departed"
Season 4
"Growing Pains"
"Memorial"
"The Rager"
"The Five"
"The Killer"
"We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes"
"My Brother's Keeper"
"We'll Always Have Bourbon Street"
"O Come, All Ye Faithful"
"After School Special"
"Catch Me If You Can"
"A View to a Kill"
Season 5
"I Know What You Did Last Summer"
"True Lies"
"Original Sin"
"For Whom the Bell Tolls"
"Monster's Ball"
"Handle with Care"
"Death and the Maiden"
"Dead Man on Campus"
"The Cell"
"Fifty Shades of Grayson"
"500 Years of Solitude"
"The Devil Inside"
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
"No Exit"
"Gone Girl"
"While You Were Sleeping"
"Rescue Me"
"Resident Evil"
"Man on Fire"
"What Lies Beneath"
"Promised Land"
"Home"
Season 6
"I'll Remember"
"Yellow Ledbetter"
"Welcome to Paradise"
"Black Hole Sun"
"The World Has Turned and Left Me Here"
"The More You Ignore Me, the Closer I Get"
"Do You Remember the First Time?"
"Fade Into You"
"I Alone"
Season 7
"Gods and Monsters"
Season 8
"I Was Feeling Epic"
Characters
Elena Gilbert
Katherine Pierce
Stefan Salvatore
Damon Salvatore
Related
Awards and nominations
Novel series
L. J. Smith
Original Vampires
The Originals
episodes
season 1
2
3
4
5
characters
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Salvatore&oldid=818475565"
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text:
Bed
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 21 December 2017.
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Bed (disambiguation).
Bedroom on the Detmold Open-air Museum premises
A bed is a piece of furniture which is used as a place to sleep or relax.[1][2]
Most modern beds consist of a soft, cushioned mattress on a bed frame, the mattress resting either on a solid base, often wood slats, or a sprung base. Many beds include a box spring inner-sprung base, which is a large mattress-sized box containing wood and springs that provide additional support and suspension for the mattress. Beds are available in many sizes, ranging from infant-sized bassinets and cribs, to small beds for a single person or adult, to large queen and king-size beds designed for two people. While most beds are single mattresses on a fixed frame, there are other varieties, such as the murphy bed, which folds into a wall, the sofa bed, which folds out of a sofa, and the bunk bed, which provides two mattresses on two tiers. Temporary beds include the inflatable air mattress and the folding camp cot. Some beds contain neither a padded mattress nor a bed frame, such as the hammock, which is considered one of the most comfortable places to rest while swaying side to side. Some beds are made especially for animals.
Beds may have a headboard for resting against, and may have side rails and footboards (or "footers"). "Headboard only" beds may incorporate a "dust ruffle", "bed skirt", or "valance sheet" to hide the bed frame. To support the head, a pillow made of a soft, padded material is usually placed on the top of the mattress. Some form of covering blanket is often used to insulate the sleeper, often bed sheets, a quilt, or a duvet, collectively referred to as bedding. Bedding is the removable non-furniture portion of a bed, which enables these components to be washed or aired out.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Ancient world
1.2 Medieval Europe
1.3 Renaissance and modern Europe
2 Bed sizes
3 Notable examples
4 Types
5 Frames
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History
Ancient world
Tutankhamun's gilded bed from the 14th century BC
Early beds were little more than piles of straw or some other natural material (e.g. a heap of palm leaves, animal skins, or dried bracken). An important change was raising them off the ground, to avoid drafts, dirt, and pests. Bedding dated around to 3600 BC was discovered in Sibudu Cave, South Africa.[3] The bedding consists of sedge and other monocotyledons topped with the leaves of Cryptocarya woodii Engl.[3] Beds found in a preserved northern Scottish village, which were raised boxes made of stone and likely topped with comfortable fillers, were dated to between 3200 BC and 2200 BC.[4] The Egyptians had high bedsteads which were ascended by steps, with bolsters or pillows, and curtains to hang around. The elite of Egyptian society such as its pharaohs and queens even had beds made of wood, sometimes gilded. Often there was a head-rest as well, semi-cylindrical and made of stone, wood, or metal. Ancient Assyrians, Medes, and Persians had beds of a similar kind, and frequently decorated their furniture with inlays or appliques of metal, mother-of-pearl, and ivory.
Headrest with Two Images of the God Bes, ca. 1539-1190 B.C.E.,37.435E, Brooklyn Museum
The image to the right showcases a headrest. Headrests like this were used in life to support the head while sleeping. They are also found supporting a mummy’s head in the coffin. This headrest perhaps was made specifically for the tomb, since the offering prayer has been inscribed on the supporting column, although the prayer may have been added after the death of the owner.[5]
The oldest account of a bed is probably that of Odysseus: a charpoy[6] woven of rope plays a role in the Odyssey. A similar bed can be seen at the St Fagans National History Museum in Wales. Odysseus also gives an account of how he crafted the nuptial bed for himself and Penelope, out of an ancient, huge olive tree trunk that used to grow on the spot before the bridal chamber was built. His detailed description finally persuades the doubting Penelope that the shipwrecked, aged man is indeed her long-lost husband. Homer also mentions the inlaying of the woodwork of beds with gold, silver, and ivory. The Greek bed had a wooden frame, with a board at the head and bands of hide laced across, upon which skins were placed. At a later period the bedstead was often veneered with expensive woods; sometimes it was of solid ivory veneered with tortoise-shell and with silver feet; often it was of bronze. The pillows and coverings also became more costly and beautiful; the most celebrated places for their manufacture were Miletus, Corinth and Carthage. Folding beds, too, appear in the famous Ancient Greek vase paintings.
Roman mattresses were stuffed with reeds, hay, or wool. Feathers were used towards the end of the Republic, when custom demanded luxury. Small cushions were placed at the head and sometimes at the back. The bedsteads were high and could only be ascended by the help of steps. They were often arranged for two people, and had a board or railing at the back, as well as the raised portion at the head. The counterpanes were sometimes very costly, generally purple embroidered with figures in gold; and rich hangings fell to the ground masking the front. The bedsteads themselves were often of bronze inlaid with silver, and Elagabalus had one of solid silver. In the walls of some houses at Pompeii bed niches are found which were probably closed by curtains or sliding partitions. Ancient Romans had various kinds of beds for repose. These included:
lectus cubicularis, or chamber bed, for normal sleeping
lectus genialis, the marriage bed, it was much decorated, and was placed in the atrium opposite the door
lectus discubitorius, or table bed, on which they ate—for they ate while lying on their left sides—there usually being three people to one bed, with the middle place accounted the most honorable position
lectus lucubratorius, for studying
and a lectus funebris, or emortualis, on which the dead were carried to the pyre[7]
Medieval Europe
The ancient Germans lay on the floor on beds of leaves covered with skins, or in a kind of shallow chest filled with leaves and moss. In the early Middle Ages they laid carpets on the floor or on a bench against the wall, placed upon them mattresses stuffed with feathers, wool, or hair, and used skins as a covering. Curtains were hung from the ceiling or from an iron arm projecting from the wall.[8] They appear to have generally lain naked in bed, wrapping themselves in large linen sheets which were stretched over the cushions.
Southampton Medieval Merchant's House bedroom
In the 12th century, luxury increased and bedsteads were made of wood much decorated with inlaid, carved, and painted ornamentation. They also used folding beds, which served as couches by day and had cushions covered with silk laid upon leather. At night a linen sheet was spread and pillows placed, while silk-covered skins served as coverlets. The Carolingian manuscripts show metal bedsteads much higher at the head than at the feet, and this shape continued in use until the 13th century in France, many cushions being added to raise the body to a sloping position. In 12th-century manuscripts, the bedsteads appear much richer, with inlays, carving, and painting, and with embroidered coverlets and mattresses in harmony. Curtains were hung above the bed and a small hanging lamp is often shown.
In the 14th century the woodwork became of less importance, generally being entirely covered by hangings of rich materials. Silk, velvet, and even cloth of gold were frequently used. Inventories from the beginning of the 14th century give details of these hangings lined with fur and richly embroidered. It was then that the Four poster bed (also known as a tester bed) made its first appearance, the bed being slung from the ceiling or fastened to the walls, a form which developed later into a room within a room, shut in by double curtains, sometimes even to exclude all drafts. The space between bed and wall was called the ruelle, and very intimate friends were received there. The 14th century is also the time when feather beds became highly prized possessions.[8]
In the 15th century beds became very large, reaching 7 to 8 feet (2.1 to 2.4 m) by 6 to 7 feet (1.8 to 2.1 m). The mattresses were often filled with pea-shucks, straw, or feathers. At this time great personages were in the habit of carrying most of their property about with them, including beds and bed-hangings, and for this reason the bedsteads were for the most part mere frameworks to be covered up; but about the beginning of the 16th century bedsteads were made lighter and more decorative, since the lords remained in the same place for longer periods.
Renaissance and modern Europe
In the 17th century, which has been called "the century of magnificent beds", the style a la duchesse, with tester and curtains only at the head, replaced the more enclosed beds in France, though they lasted much longer in England. Louis XIV had an enormous number of sumptuous beds, as many as 413 being described in the inventories of his palaces. Some of them had embroideries enriched with pearls, and figures on a silver or golden ground. The great bed at Versailles had crimson velvet curtains on which "The Triumph of Venus" was embroidered. So much gold was used that the velvet scarcely showed.
Napoleon I's bed
In the 18th century feather pillows were first used as coverings in Germany, which in the fashions of the bed and the curious etiquette connected with the bedchamber followed France for the most part. The beds were a la duchesse, but in France itself there was great variety both of name and shape. The custom of the "bed of justice" upon which the king of France reclined when he was present in parliament, the princes being seated, the great officials standing, and the lesser officials kneeling, was held to denote the royal power even more than the throne.
Louis XI is credited with its first use and the custom lasted till the end of the monarchy. In the chambre de parade, where the ceremonial bed was placed, certain persons, such as ambassadors or great lords, whom it was desired to honour, were received in a more intimate fashion than the crowd of courtiers. At Versailles women received their friends in their beds, both before and after childbirth, during periods of mourning, and even directly after marriage—in fact in any circumstances which were thought deserving of congratulation or condolence. During the 17th century this curious custom became general, perhaps to avoid the tiresome details of etiquette. Portable beds were used in high society in France till the end of the Ancien Régime. The earliest of which mention has been found belonged to Charles the Bold. They had curtains over a light framework, and were in their way as fine as the stationary beds.
Iron beds appear in the 18th century; the advertisements declare them as free from the insects which sometimes infested wooden bedsteads. Elsewhere, there was also the closed bed with sliding or folding shutters, and in England—where beds were commonly quite simple in form—the four poster was the usual citizen's bed until the middle of the 19th century.
Bed sizes
Main article: Bed size
Bed sizes vary considerably around the world, with most countries having their own standards and terminology. While the "double" size appears to be standard among English speaking countries, based on the imperial measurement of 4 ft 6 in by 6 ft 3 in (137 cm x 190 cm), the sizes for other bed types tend to vary. The mainland European sizes differ, not merely because of the use of the metric system.[9]
In the mid-1950s, the United States bedding industry introduced a new size: the king size.[10] A king-sized bed differs from the other sizes in implementation, as it is not common to have a king-sized box spring; rather, two smaller box-springs are used under a king-sized mattress. It is a common misconception that in a US "standard" or "Eastern king", the box springs are identical in size to a "twin extra-long"; however, "twin extra-long" mattresses next to each other add up to 78 inches (200 cm) wide instead of the 76 inches (190 cm) width that is standard for an "eastern king". Another size variant in the United States is the "California king", which measures 72 by 84 inches (180 cm × 210 cm) long (narrower but longer than the standard king).
What is referred to as a "single bed" in many parts of the world may also be known in US terminology as a "twin bed." In some countries, a "twin bed" may also be used to describe one of two single beds in the same room. As another example, in some cultures, the "full mattress" is referred to as a "master size bed."
When a mattress is available in fixed size (for example, twin or queen), and the description does not specify the exact size, this table may be used.
Mattress size[citation needed]
Size in inches
Size in cm
Cot size 30" wide x 74" long 76x188
Twin 39" wide x 75" long 99x190
Twin extra long 39" wide x 80" long 99x203
Full size 54" wide x 75" long 137x190
Full extra long 54" wide x 80" long 137x203
Queen size 60" wide x 80" long 153x203
Cal-king 72" wide x 84" long 183x214
King size 76" wide x 80" long 193x203
All mattresses are made according to certain standards, but different brands sometimes have exceptions. Most often, the difference is 2-5 inches. When calling a business to check, specify the exact size of the mattress.
Notable examples
The Great Bed of Ware, one of the largest beds in the world
One of the largest beds in the world is the Great Bed of Ware, made in about 1580. It is 3.26 metres (10.7 ft) wide, 3.38 metres (11.1 ft) long. The bed is mentioned by Shakespeare in Twelfth Night. It is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) in London. Another bed in the V&A is the Golden Bed created by William Burges in 1879.[11]
In 1882, an Indian Maharajah had a bed made of solid silver. At each corner of the bed there was a life-sized statue of a naked woman holding a fan. When the Maharajah lay on the bed, his weight started a mechanism that made the women wave their fans.[12]
In 1865, a convertible bed in the form of an upright piano was available, which could provide home entertainment while saving space.[13]
Types
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See also: Category:Beds
Lit à la Polonaise (Polish style bed),[14] Royal Castle in Warsaw, 18th century.
Patent #322,177, on 14 July 1885 issued to Sarah E. Goode for a cabinet bed
Drawing of a candle-lit mourning bed (Trauergerüst) for abbess Franziska Christine von Pfalz-Sulzbach, 1776
Chinese style beds
There are many varieties of beds:
An adjustable bed is a bed that can be adjusted to a number of different positions. Most hospital beds are adjustable, so that a patient can have different parts of her body elevated for medical reasons. Some people have adjustable beds in private homes. Some adjustable beds are designed for couples; they use two separate mattresses and adjustment mechanisms. This permits one partner to be lying flat to sleep while the other has the head and shoulders elevated to watch television or read. Couple adjustable beds also permit partners with different medical conditions to select a mattress positioning that best suits them.
An air bed uses an air-inflated mattress, sometimes connected to an electric air pump and having variable, firmness controls. The portable version of an air bed can also be rolled up and packed; so is meant for travel or temporary guest use.
A bassinet is a bed specifically for newborns.
A box-bed is a bed having the form of a large box with wooden roof, sides, and ends, opening in front with two sliding panels or shutters; often used in cottages in Scotland: sometimes also applied to a bed arranged to fold up into a box.
A brass bed has a frame constructed from brass. A brass-plated bed is a cheaper bed of iron with a thin covering of brass, which with time peels off and the iron is exposed.
A bunk bed is two or more beds one atop the other. Bunk beds are used for adults in military barracks and in some ski lodges. Bunk beds are used for children and teens in summer camps. Some inexpensive hostels provide bunk beds for guests. Bunk beds are used for children in private homes.
A loft bed is similar to a bunk bed, except there is no lower bunk. This leaves space underneath for storage, other furniture, a desk etc.
A captain's bed[15] (also known as a "captain bed", "chest bed", or "cabin bed") is a platform bed with drawers and storage compartments built in underneath.
A camp bed (also "cot") is a simple, temporary, portable bed used by armies and by campers. Cots are also used to provide a sleeping surface for refugees and other homeless people during disasters, floods, or other crises.
A canopy bed is similar to a four poster bed, but the posts usually extend higher and are adorned or draped with cloth, sometimes completely enclosing the bed.
A curtained bed is a luxury bed with curtains.
A daybed is a couch that is used as a seat by day and as a bed by night. Usually it has pop up trundle which is used as bed in the night.
A futon is a traditional style of Japanese bed using a mattress on a wooden frame. Futons are also available in a larger Western style which can fold halfway for sitting. Futons were traditionally made with cotton, but in the 2000s, many futons include synthetic foam.
A four poster bed is a bed with four posts, one in each corner, that support a tester.
A hammock is a piece of suspended fabric or netting, used on ships and in some homes.
A hideaway bed, invented by Sarah E. Goode in response to the needs of apartment-dwellers, folds up into another piece of furniture, such as a shelf or desk, when not in use.
A hospital bed is specifically designed to facilitate convalescence, traditionally in a hospital or nursing facility, but increasingly in other settings, such as a private residence. Hospital beds are typically adjustable, so that the head or feet can be raised or lowered. Modern hospital beds commonly have wheels to assist in moderate relocation, but they are larger and generally more permanently placed than a trolley (US: gurney). The "hospital bed" is also a common unit of measurement for the capacity of any type of inpatient medical facility, though it is just as common to shorten the term to "bed" in that usage (e.g. The hospital has 250 beds...).
An infant bed (also "crib" or "cot") is a small bed specifically for babies and infants.
An iron bed, developed in the 1850s, is constructed of iron and steel.
A kang bed-stove is a Chinese ceramic room heater used as the platform for a bed.
A Manjaa is a traditional Punjabi bed made of tied ropes bordered by a wooden frame.
A mourning bed ("illustration") is a formal canopied bed, with the deceased, a wax effigy, or symbols of rank
A Murphy bed or wallbed is a bed that can fold up into a wall or cabinet to save space.
An Ottoman bed (in the UK) is a type of storage bed in which the storage area is placed underneath the mattress base and accessed by lifting the hinged mattress frame with the help of a spring or hydraulic mechanism.
A pallet is a thin, lightweight mattress.
A platform bed is a mattress resting on a solid, flat raised surface, either free-standing or part of the structure of the room.
A roll-away bed is a bed whose frame folds in half and rolls in order to be more easily stored and moved. This is used in different settings, including hotels for either free or a nominal fee per night, where more people than expected may need to sleep in the same room, e.g. 5 people in a hotel room for 4 (two twin beds).
A rope bed is a pre-modern bed whose wooden frame includes crossing ropes to support the typically down-filled single mattress.
A sofabed ("pull-out" or "pull-out bed") is a folding bed that is stored inside a sofa.
A state bed developed in Early Modern Europe from a hieratic canopy of state.
A toddler bed is a small bed for young children.
A trundle bed or "truckle bed" is a bed usually stored beneath a twin bed also sometimes referred to as a "sleepover bed" or "daybed with pop up trundle"
A vibrating bed (also known as a Magic Fingers bed) is typically a coin-operated novelty found in a vintage (c. 1960s-early 1980s) motel. For a nominal fee, the mattress vibrates for a duration of time. Alternatively it is a modern bed which vibrates by use of an off-centre motor. It is controlled by electronics for varying time and amplitude settings and is used therapeutically to ease back pains or as an erotic aid.
A waterbed is a flexible plastic mattress full of water. The plastic container needs a strong frame around it.
Frames
Main article: Bed frame
Bed frames, also called bed steads, are made of wood or metal. The frame is made up of head, foot, and side rails. For heavy duty or larger frames (such as for queen- and king-sized beds), the bed frame also includes a center support rail. These rails are assembled to create a box for the mattress or mattress/box spring to sit on.
Types include:
platform – typically used without a box spring
captain – has drawers beneath the frame to make use of the space between the floor and the bed frame
waterbed – a heavy-duty frame built specifically to support the weight of the water in the mattress (Mainly used on larger models)
Though not truly parts of a bed frame, headboards, footboards, and bed rails can be included in the definition. Headboards and footboards can be wood or metal. They can be stained, painted, or covered in fabric or leather.
Bed rails are made of wood or metal and are attached to a headboard and footboard. Wooden slats are placed perpendicular to the bed rails to support the mattress/mattress box spring. Bed rails and frames are often attached to the bed post using knock-down fittings.[16][17] A knock-down fitting enables the bed to be easily dismantled for removal. Primary knock-down fittings for bed rails are as follows:
Pin-and-hook fastener. A mortise or slot is cut vertically in the bedpost. Pins are inserted horizontally in the bed post so that the pins perpendicularly intersect the mortise. For example, if one looked in the mortise, one might see part of one horizontal pin at the bottom of the mortise and a part of a second pin toward the top of the mortise. Hooks are installed at the end of the rail. Usually these hooks are part of a plate that is attached to the rail. The hooks then are inserted into the bed post mortise and hook over the pins.
Plate-and-hook fastener. Instead of pins inserted horizontally into the bedpost, an eye plate (post plate) is installed on the bedpost. The hooks are installed on the rail, either as surface mount or recessed. Depending on the hardware, the bedpost may require a mortise in order to allow the hooks to fasten to the plate. This is also referred to as a keyhole fastener, especially if the connector is more of a "plug" than a "hook".
Bed bolts ("through-bolts") are a different means of a knock-down connection. A hole is typically drilled through the bedpost. The bolt head is inset and covered with a plug. In the rail, a dowel nut or other type of nut receives the bolt. The springs are made from metal, which are swirled for maximum comfort
Safety rails,[18] or cot sides, can be added to the sides of a bed (normally a child or elderly person's bed) to stop anyone falling out of the sides of the bed. A safety rail is normally a piece of wood that attaches to the side rails on one or both sides of the bed. They are made so that they can be easily removed when no longer required.
See also
Design portal
Bed-In
Co-sleeping
Sleeping bag
References
Jump up ^ "Bed". The Free Dictionary By Farlex. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Bed". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Wadley L, Sievers C, Bamford M, Goldberg P, Berna F, Miller C. (2011). Middle Stone Age Bedding Construction and Settlement Patterns at Sibudu, South Africa. Science 9 December 2011: Vol. 334 no. 6061 pp. 1388-1391
Jump up ^ "Skara Brae – The Furniture". orkneyjar.com.
Jump up ^ "Headrest with Two Images of the God Bes". Retrieved 8 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Definition of CHARPOY". Retrieved 30 December 2016.
Jump up ^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "article name needed". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (first ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. "BED". History of Science and Technology.
^ Jump up to: a b "Medieval Furniture & Home Decor". furniturestyles.net. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "TCTerms - Standard-double vs. Standard-twin (English)". www.translatorscafe.com. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
Jump up ^ "Even Beds Go King-Size" Popular Mechanics, December 1954, p.128, bottom of page.
Jump up ^ "The Golden Bed". Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Independent. "India's royal riches: The maharajas' opulent lifestyle". Retrieved 31 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Brooklyn Museum. "Decorative Arts: Convertible Bed in Form of Upright Piano". Retrieved 11 March 2012.
Jump up ^ (in English) "Bed (Lit à la Polonaise)". getty.edu. Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Captain's bed". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Historical Guide: Bed Hardware". whitechapel-ltd.com. Archived from the original on 2006-03-12.
Jump up ^ "Bed Rail Fastener Options". home-improvement-and-financing.com.
Jump up ^ "Picture". srbworld.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Beds
Look up bed in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beds.
[show]
v
t
e
Bedding
Bed types
(Bed sizes)
Banig
Bassinet
Box-bed
Bunk bed
Cage bed
Camp bed
Canopy bed
Couch bed
Cradle (bed)
Daybed
Four-poster bed
Futon
Hammock
Hospital bed
Infant bed
Kang bed-stove
Lit a la turque
Loft bed
Charpai
Murphy bed
Petate
Platform bed
Sleigh bed
Sofa bed
Toddler bed
Trundle bed
Bed components
Bed frame
Bed sheet
Bed skirt
Cot side
Footboard
Headboard
Mattresses
Air mattress
Featherbed
Mattress pad
Mattress protector
Memory foam
Orthopedic mattress
Waterbed
Bed bases
Box-spring
Bunkie board
Blankets
Afghan
Comforter
Duvet
Electric blanket
Hudson's Bay point blanket
Patchwork quilt
Photo blanket
Quilt
Razai
Security blanket
Silk comforter
Sleeping bag
Pillows
Acupressure pillow
Bamboo wife
Bolster
Contour leg pillow
Cushion
Dakimakura
Eye pillow
Orthopedic pillow
Phonetic pillow
Sex pillow
Speaker pillow
Throw pillow
Related items
Bed warmer
Couch
Nightstand
[show]
v
t
e
Psychophysiology: Sleep and sleep disorders (F51 and G47 / 307.4 and 327)
Sleep stages
Rapid eye movement (REM)
Non-rapid eye movement
Slow-wave
Brain waves
Alpha wave
Beta wave
Delta wave
Gamma wave
K-complex
Mu rhythm
Sensorimotor rhythm
Sleep spindle
Theta wave
Sleep
disorders
Dyssomnia
Hypersomnia
Insomnia
Kleine–Levin syndrome
Narcolepsy
Sleep apnea
Central hypoventilation syndrome
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
Sleep state misperception
Circadian rhythm
disorder
Advanced sleep phase disorder
Delayed sleep phase disorder
Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
Jet lag
Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
Shift work sleep disorder
Parasomnia
Catathrenia
Night terror
Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
Sleepwalking
Somniloquy
Other
Bruxism
Night eating syndrome
Nocturia
Nocturnal myoclonus
Benign
phenomena
Dream
Exploding head syndrome
False awakening
Hypnagogia / Sleep onset
Hypnic jerk
Lucid dream
Nightmare
Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
Nocturnal emission
Nocturnal penile tumescence
Sleep paralysis
Somnolence
Related
topics
Bed
Bunk bed
Daybed
Four-poster bed
Futon
Hammock
Mattress
Sleeping bag
Bed bug
Bedding
Bedroom
Bedtime
Bedtime story
Bedtime toy
Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
Chronotype
Dream journal
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Hypnopompic state
Lullaby
Microsleep
Nap
Nightwear
Polysomnography
Power nap
Second wind
Siesta
Sleep and creativity
Sleep and learning
Sleep debt
Sleep deprivation
Sleep diary
Sleep hygiene
Sleep induction
Sleep inertia
Sleep medicine
"Sleeping sickness"1
Sleeping while on duty
Sleepover
Snoring
Somnology
1 Not a sleep disorder.
Authority control
GND: 4006250-8
NDL: 00576741
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Four poster bed

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Peuratah – Achinese
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ace
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Bed – Afrikaans
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af
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Cama – Asturian
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ast
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Tupa – Guarani
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gn
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Gwele – Breton
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br
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https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llit
Llit – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

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https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postel
Postel – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

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https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubhedha
Mubhedha – Shona
sn
sn
interlanguage-link-target

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https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwely
Gwely – Welsh
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cy
interlanguage-link-target

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https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seng
Seng – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

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https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bett
Bett – German
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de
interlanguage-link-target

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https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodi
Voodi – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

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Lêt – Emiliano-Romagnolo
eml
eml
interlanguage-link-target

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https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cama
Cama – Spanish
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es
interlanguage-link-target

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Lito – Esperanto
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eo
interlanguage-link-target

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Ohe – Basque
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eu
interlanguage-link-target

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Bêd – Western Frisian
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fy
interlanguage-link-target

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Leaba – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

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https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cama
Cama – Galician
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gl
interlanguage-link-target

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Postelja – Croatian
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hr
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Ranjang – Indonesian
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id
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Letto – Italian
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it
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Dhipan – Javanese
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jv
interlanguage-link-target

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Kitanda – Swahili
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Kabann – Haitian Creole
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ht
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Lectus – Latin
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la
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Gulta – Latvian
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lv
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Bett – Luxembourgish
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lb
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Lova – Lithuanian
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lt
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Lecc – Lombard
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Cama – Portuguese
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Pat – Romanian
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Bed – Simple English
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simple
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Sariir – Somali
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Krevet – Serbo-Croatian
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sh
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Risbang – Sundanese
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Vuode – Finnish
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fi
interlanguage-link-target

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Säng – Swedish
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sv
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Yatak – Turkish
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